LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Sb.elf..2-3.n 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
The NURSERY 
 
 AND 
 
 THE ORCHARD. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Fruit Culture. 
 
 V) v 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 *- 7 
 
 By S. W. Peek, 
 Proprietor Hartwell Nurseries, Hartwell, Georgia. 
 
 ATLANTA, GEORGIA :* 
 
 Jas. P. Harrison <& Co., Printers and Publishers. 
 
 1885. 
 
Copyrighted according to Act of Congress, 
 in the year 1885. 
 
 «\ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This little Booh, brief and plain, was not written for 
 experienced Pomologists. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 Page. 
 
 Annular Budding 25 
 
 Apple 93 
 
 Apricot 110 
 
 B 
 
 Blackberry 114 
 
 Borers 88 
 
 Apple 90 
 
 Peach 88 
 
 Budding 20 
 
 C 
 
 Canning Fruit 79 
 
 Caterpillar 91 
 
 Cherry 116 
 
 Codling Moth 90 
 
 Crossing and Hybridizing 70 
 
 Cultivation 62 
 
 Curculio 87 
 
 Currant 123 
 
 €uttings 43 
 
 D 
 
 Distances for Trees 52 
 
 Dwarf Trees 83 
 
6 INDEX. 
 
 E 
 
 Evaporating Fruit 79 
 
 F 
 
 Fig 126 
 
 G 
 
 Gooseberry 128 
 
 Grafting, Wax and Clay 36 
 
 Grape 130 
 
 Grape Wine 143 
 
 Grafting 26 
 
 By Approach 39 
 
 Cleft 28 
 
 Espalier 42 
 
 Forks prevented from splitting 40 
 
 Forming Letters 42 
 
 Grafting the Grape 139 
 
 New Heads on Old Trees 33 
 
 Objects of 26 
 
 Saddle 31 
 
 Side Cleft 31 
 
 Supplying New Roots 40 
 
 Whip 35 
 
 L 
 
 Labeling 57 
 
 Layers 45 
 
 Laying Out Orchards 50 
 
 LeConte Pear 173 
 
 M 
 
 Mulberry 153 
 
 Mulching 59 
 
INDEX. 7 
 
 N 
 Nectarine 155 
 
 
 Orange 158 
 
 P 
 
 Parts of Trees 9 
 
 Peach 159 
 
 Pear 171 
 
 Pecan Nut 182 
 
 Plum 186 
 
 Pomegranate 192 
 
 Preserving Cuttings 82 
 
 Process of Growing 10 
 
 Pruning 63 
 
 Q 
 
 Quince .193 
 
 R 
 
 Raspberry 196 
 
 Renovating Old Orchards 80 
 
 S 
 
 Saving Girdled Trees 74 
 
 Seed and Seedlings 14 
 
 Strawberry 202 
 
 Succession of Fruits 60 
 
 T 
 
 Thinning and Gathering Fruit 77 
 
 Transplanting 53 
 
 W 
 
 "Wash for Fruit Trees 76 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR 
 FUNCTIONS. 
 
 A tree is a living body, composed of various parts, 
 -which have certain functions to perform; and in order 
 that it may be managed intelligently and successfully, 
 
 Fig. l. 
 
 it is necessary that the manner in which these offices are 
 performed, and their effects upon the tree, be thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
 The organs of vegetation of a plant are root, stem and 
 leaves, the first two of which are shown in figure 1. The 
 
10 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 root is the portion which takes nourishment from the 
 soil and gives it to the plant. It is composed of the main 
 or top root, A, its laterals, B, and the rootlets or fibres, 
 C, C. It also has a large number of exceedingly minute 
 root hairs, not visible to the unaided eye, which absorb 
 moisture very rapidly. The old portions of roots that 
 are covered with hard bark imbibe very little. Trees 
 that naturally have very long tap roots are made to throw 
 out laterals, thus inducing more rapid growth and greater 
 fruitfulness, by shortening the tap root, which checks 
 the growth at its extremity. 
 
 In taking up trees, as it is usually done, the most of the 
 smaller roots are destroyed, and unless circumstances are 
 favorable and the tree has sufficient vitality to re-pro- 
 duce them, growth cannot follow, and the tree dies- 
 Hence, it is necessary to successful transplanting that 
 the roots be injured as little as possible. 
 
 The collar is the point of union between root and stem, 
 just beneath the surface (D,fig. 1.) The stem is the part 
 above the collar that sustains the branches. Both stem 
 and branches are composed of an outer and inner layer 
 of bark, sap wood, perfect wood and pith. Buds are 
 formed on the tree, some of which develop into leaves 
 and aid in its growth. 
 
 THE PROCESS OF GROWING. 
 
 The cells of the roots charge themselves with moisture 
 from the soil, which is carried up through the sap wood 
 until it reaches the leaves. Here, under the influence of 
 the sun, it passes through important modifications and 
 descends through the inner bark, depositing a layer of 
 
THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 11 
 
 cambium, the most of which, when hardened, forms a 
 layer of new wood, a small portion being converted into 
 bark. This process is kept up during the season, and in 
 many instances during the successive years of a long pe- 
 riod, depositing more or less wood each year, according to 
 the species and condition of the tree. 
 
 It is an easy matter to determine the age of a tree by 
 counting the layers or rings in a cross'section of the stem, 
 each of which represents a year's growth. (See jig. 2.) 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 It will be seen from the process of growth that the roots 
 and stem are mutually dependent upon each other, and 
 that the success of the tree depends upon their being vig- 
 orous and properly proportioned. The outer bark when 
 young performs an office similar to that of the leaves, but 
 in some trees it gradually becomes a hard substance, 
 which only affords protection to the more delicate, under- 
 lying parts. The heart or perfect wood adds stability to 
 the tree, and the pith while young promotes growth by 
 retaining moisture. In old trees the pith becomes dry, 
 often disappearing entirely, without any apparent dam- 
 
12 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 age. Thus we see that all parts of the organs of vegeta- 
 tion perform important offices in the growth of trees. 
 
 The leaf, which is so essential to the process of vegeta- 
 tion, is represented in figure 3. It is composed of the 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 frame-work to support the leaf and supply it with sap, 
 and the pulpy portion, which is composed of numerous 
 cells. By the aid of powerful microscopes, an almost in- 
 credible number of breathing pores are discovered 
 on the leaf, through which air and moisture pass 
 during vegetation. In addition to the buds, which de- 
 velop into leaves, in bearing trees, are found other buds, 
 the object of which is not the growth of the tree, but the 
 
 Fig. 4.— Stick of buds, showing the leaf and fruit buds, single, 
 double and triple. 
 
 continuation of the kind. These buds (a and 6, fig. 4) ex- 
 pand into flowers, and, after passing through various 
 
THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 13 
 
 stages, develop into the ripened fruit, containing seeds, 
 which, under the proper conditions, will produce trees 
 similar to the one from which the bud was taken, but 
 not necessarily producing fruit similar in all respects. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 
 
 Seeds are ripened ovules, which, under the proper con- 
 ditions, develop into plants. They should be taken from 
 plants that are healthy and vigorous, and to insure ger- 
 mination require heat, air and moisture, but not light. 
 The seeds of fruit trees are usually planted in nurseries 
 for the purpose of raising stocks to be budded or grafted. 
 
 Apple seeds are obtained by washing them from pom- 
 ace taken from cider mills. They are then mixed with 
 three or four times their bulk of sand, and kept in a cool, 
 shady place till early spring. Freezing and thawing 
 will not injure them. They are then planted in nur- 
 sery rows, three and one-half feet apart, in good soil, at 
 about the rate of one bushel per acre. For raising only 
 a small number of seedlings, well ripened apples may be 
 broken up and planted at once. Some of the seeds 
 will come up the following spring. Excellent apple 
 seeds are obtained from France and sold by dealers in a 
 dry condition. They are prepared for planting in the 
 spring by mixing them with sand and burying them in 
 a hole one or two feet deep in the open ground in a layer 
 a few inches in depth. If not received before February 
 the seeds should be soaked in water a day or two before 
 being buried. The hole is then covered securely with 
 boards, and dirt placed on them a little higher than the 
 surrounding surface. This is one of the numerous meth- 
 
SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 
 
 15 
 
 ods of managing dry apple seeds. Success with fruit tree 
 seeds of any kind is more certain if they are not allowed 
 to become dry. As soon as the buried seeds show signs 
 of sprouting (fig. 5) they are taken up and planted. 
 
 Fig. 5.— Apple^Seed and Young Plantlet. 
 
 Handle them carefully and cover lightly. If to be 
 grafted where they grow, leave the young seedlings about 
 six inches apart ; if to be taken up and grafted in the 
 hand, or transplanted to obtain another year's growth 
 before being grafted, they can be left closer together and 
 the rows need not be so far apart. 
 
 If well cultivated, the young t seedlingscan be budded 
 the ensuing summer, or grafted the following winter or 
 spring. Any one desiring to propagate some valuable 
 apples at once, and not having the stocks, can obtain 
 them at verj r low prices from most nurserymen. The 
 seeds from our native crabs make hardy stocks. A few 
 
16 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 ounces of seed obtained from a reliable seedman and 
 treated as directed in this chapter will produce enough 
 seedlings for an experiment which will usually result in 
 the production of a number of first-class trees. Seedlings 
 of all kinds require careful cultivation to insure a vigor- 
 ous growth the first year. Healthy trees cannot be ob- 
 tained from diseased seedlings. 
 
 It is claimed that the Best Peach Seeds are obtained from 
 the sound, ripe fruit of seedling trees, called natural, as 
 distinguished from the seeds of budded and grafted trees. 
 It is true, however, that the perfect seeds of strong, 
 healthy budded or grafted trees produce seedlings on 
 which excellent trees are grown. 
 
 The seeds of the very early varieties are imperfect and 
 will not germinate when planted. Do not allow peach 
 seeds to become dry ; but as soon as gathered place them 
 in a box or barrel mixed with dirt and leave exposed to 
 the weather. Plant early in the fall, in moderately rich 
 soil. Land that will produce one-half a bale of cotton 
 per acre without manure is rich enough. It is a good 
 plan to sow peas on the ground intended for peach seeds 
 and turn under in the fall. Prepare the land the same as 
 for cotton, and plant the seeds two or three inches apart 
 in rows three and one-half feet distant. Cover two or 
 three inches deep. 
 
 If too thick when they come up in the spring, thin out 
 the young seedlings to five or six inches apart. 
 
 If seeds become dry and are not planted till spring, 
 they should be cracked before planting. When scarce, it 
 is a good plan to spread the seeds out on a smooth piece 
 of ground in a layer a few inches deep, with a covering 
 of three or four inches of sand. When exposed in this 
 
SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. * 17 
 
 manner to the freezes of winter they begin to sprout 
 early in the spring. They are then taken up and sifted 
 to separate them from the sand. 
 
 All that are sprouted are planted at the distance the 
 seedlings are desired to stand — from five to twelve 
 inches, according to soil. The seeds that show no 
 signs of sprouting are put back into the bed to remain a 
 few days. By repeating this process several times the 
 most of the seeds that would come up the first year can 
 be separated from the others and planted. In this way a 
 regular stand will be obtained. If planted in the fall 
 there will be some irregularity. Seeds can be kept in 
 good condition from summer till fall in a dry cellar mix- 
 ed with dirt. If from any cause the seeds cannot be plant- 
 ed early in the spring, sprouting may be retarded by 
 burying them deep in the ground. Peach seeds from the 
 North should be avoided, as the yellows, a fatal disease, 
 prevails in some sections of the Northern States. Small 
 quantities of peach seedlings may be obtained in spring 
 by transplanting to nursery rows, the volunteers found 
 under bearing trees, when one or two inches high. 
 
 If the ground is moderately fertile and the seedlings 
 are well cultivated they will be large enough to bud the 
 summer after planting ; if to be grafted, it is done 
 the following spring. Small peach seedlings can be 
 taken up and grafted in the hand the same as apples, 
 but they do not succeed so well. (See chapter on Whip 
 Grafting.) Peaches are usually budded at the North. 
 
 Plum and almond seedlings are used to some extent as 
 stocks for peaches ; but on most soils the peach succeeds 
 best in the United States, when budded or grafted on its 
 own roots. The best soil for the peach is a good sandy 
 
18 THE NUESERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 loam — the worst a stiff clay. The trees are usually- 
 planted in the orchard when one year old from the bud 
 or graft. Thay are sometimes budded very early in the 
 summer and transplanted when only one year from the 
 seed. These are known as June buds. 
 
 Pear Seeds are obtained and planted in the same man- 
 ner as apple seeds, but owing to the difficulty of man- 
 aging them successfully in this country, large quantities 
 of both seeds and seedlings are brought from France. 
 Persons desiring to raise a few pears for their own plant- 
 ing can obtain French seedlings from nurserymen in 
 this country, which can be budded or grafted after re- 
 ceiving one or two years' careful cultivation in deep, rich 
 soil. 
 
 Plum and cherry seeds are treated in the same way 
 as the seeds of the peach. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 
 
 Living at an age when thousands of choice varieties 
 of fruits are in cultivation, we perhaps do not properly 
 appreciate the labors of the pomologists, who, by- 
 making it a life work, have transformed the insipid 
 peach, the sour crab and the wild and worthless pear into 
 the luscious fruits that we now have in our orchards and 
 fruit gardens. A great deal of pleasure can be derived 
 from the attention and constant watch-care which it is 
 necessary to bestow upon plants in order to produce val- 
 uable new varieties; but what most interests the ordi- 
 nary farmer and fruit grower is to know what varieties 
 of fruit, already in existence, are best adapted to his 
 climate and his soil, and to understand the methods by 
 which they are propagated. After a new and choice 
 variety has been obtained, though at first but a single 
 tree or plant, it may, in a short lime, be greatly mul- 
 tiplied by budding, grafting, layers, suckers or cut- 
 tings. Of these methods, budding and grafting are used 
 principally for the propagation of fruit trees. They in- 
 volve the same principles, produce like results and con- 
 sist simply in the insertion of a bud, or stick of buds, 
 of one tree into another in such a manner as to cause 
 a union between the two, the consequent growth re- 
 sulting in a new compound. 
 
20 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 BUDDING. 
 
 Budding is the process of producing a tree from a single- 
 bud which will bear fruit like that of the tree from which 
 the bud is taken. It is performed during the season of 
 growth — from June till October, according to the climate 
 and the habits of the tree. Young stocks are usually- 
 budded during the summer after planting, at any time 
 when the bark of the stock can be raised easily, and the 
 buds of the variety it is desired to propagate are suffi- 
 ciently matured, which is usually determined by the 
 perfect formation of the bud on the end of the shoot. An 
 excellent time for budding is soon after a rain when the 
 trees are growing vigorously. The only implements 
 necessary are a knife for trimming up the stocks, and a 
 budding knife with a thin sharp blade (fig. 6), for mak- 
 
 ing. 6. 
 
 ing the incision in the bark and cutting off the bud. 
 Some budding knives have an ivory handle, very thin at 
 the end, which is used to raise the bark of the stock for 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 the insertion of the bud. To obtain buds, shoots of the 
 present year's growth are taken from trees of the variety 
 it is desired to propagate, and the leaves all cut away. 
 
BUDDING 
 
 21 
 
 Half an inch of the leafstalk is left for convenience in 
 handling. The undeveloped buds on both ends of the 
 shoots are cut off, and we then have a stick from the mid- 
 dle of the shoots {fig. 7), which can be used at once, or 
 packed away in damp cloth or moss to remain a few 
 days. 
 
 Success is more certain when they are used soon after 
 they are cut from the tree. If the stock has limbs near 
 the ground they, are cut away and a smooth portion of 
 bark selected where the bud is to be inserted, usually on 
 
 Fig. 8. — A row of buds as they appear after the trees have been 
 cut off— budding carelessly done. 
 
 the north side, from two to four inches from the ground. 
 With the budding knife, make an upright incision in the 
 
 Fig. 9. — A row of trees budded by a careful hand. 
 
 bark an inch and a half long, and a cut at right angles 
 across the top, the whole resembling the letter T {fig. 
 10). The bark is then slightly raised {fig. 11.) 
 
 Take the stick of buds in the left hand, and with the 
 budding knife cut off a thin slice of bark, about an inch 
 and a half long, having a bud and a small portion of wood 
 attached {figs. 12 to 14). It is then pushed carefully 
 
22 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Fig. 10. — T-shaped incision Fig. 11.- Bark slightly raised 
 made in hark. for insertion of buds. 
 
 under the bark of the stock (fig. 15), and if the top 
 reaches above the incision it is cut off so as to make a 
 
 Figs. 12 to 14. — Manner of cutting off buds (14), a perfect bud 
 after being taken off the limb (12), and one destroyed (13.) 
 
 complete fit. Strips of bass bark, which can be obtained 
 from dealers in nurserymen's supplies, are used for tying, 
 so applied as to cover the entire wound, leaving only the 
 bud exposed (fig. 16). Good bandages are obtained from 
 the bark of the poplar tree by soaking it in water until 
 the fibrous inner bark can be separated from the outer. It 
 
BUDDING. 
 
 23 
 
 is then torn into thin narrow strips to be used as needed. 
 The bandages are softened before use by thorough wet- 
 ting. They must be tied sufficiently tight to exert a 
 moderate pressure without injuring the bark. If the 
 operation is successful, the leaf stalk will drop off in a 
 few days, the bud presenting a fresh, plump appearance. 
 If the stocks are growing freely, it will be necessary to 
 loosen the bandages in ten to fifteen days. In a month's 
 time they may be removed entirely. 
 
 Buds usually remain dormant till the following 
 
 Fig. 15. — Bud inserted. 
 
 Fig. 16.— Tying. 
 
 spring, but if the stock is cut off several inches above the 
 bud, soon after it has taken, and all other buds and shoots 
 are kept rubbed off, it will make a veiy good growth 
 during the first season. If well grown stocks are budded 
 early in June, and cut off as suggested above, they will 
 make perfect little trees by fall, and can be taken up with 
 the roots almost entire, and when planted in the orchard 
 often bear as early as much older trees set out at the 
 same time. When buds are desired very early their ma- 
 turity can be hastened by pinching off the ends of the 
 
24 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 shoots. It is the general practice, however, not to cut 
 off the stocks till the spring after budding, just as the 
 buds begin to swell. They are then cut two or three 
 inches above the bud, which is at once pushed into vig- 
 orous growth, and when a few inches high should be tied 
 to the stump to prevent its being broken by the wind, 
 and to induce an upright growth (fig. 17). About a 
 
 Fig 17. — The young shoot tied. 
 
 month later the stump of the stock is cut down close to 
 the bud, as represented by the small line ( fig 17). Some 
 nurserymen do not practice tying up the young shoot. 
 All sprouts that appear above or below the bud must be 
 kept rubbed off. 
 
 In the first or second fall after budding, the tree will be 
 large enough to plant in the orchard, and will bear fruit 
 
BUDDING. 
 
 25 
 
 like that of the tree from which the bud was taken. 
 That the operation may be successful, wood buds must 
 always be selected. If fruit buds are used, they will 
 bloom, but will not make any growth. There are three 
 classes of buds : single, double and triple, but the single 
 are used chiefly. The wood buds are easily distinguished 
 by their being rather slender and pointed (c,fig. 4), while 
 the fruit buds are of a fuller and more rounded form (a 
 suidbjig. 4). Double and triple buds are found princi- 
 pally in the stone fruits. The latter are numerous in the 
 peach, the middle one always being a wood bud (d,Jig. 4) t 
 The fruit buds of the peach are formed one year and, 
 bloom the next; hence, both wood and fruit buds are 
 found on the same shoot of the current year's growth; 
 but on the new wood of the apple and the pear are 
 usually found wood buds only. Fig. 18 represents another 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 method called annular budding, sometimes applied to 
 trees with very thick bark. The figure is sufficient ex- 
 planation of the process. Girdled trees are sometimes 
 restored in this way. Budding and grafting both have 
 their special advantages. The former is done at a more 
 convenient season, and can be repeated on stocks that 
 have not taken from the first operation ; the latter may 
 be applied to trees on which budding has failed, and 
 grafted trees require less attention after the operation is 
 performed than those that are budded. 
 2 
 
26 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 GRAFTING. 
 
 The propagation of fruit trees by grafting has been 
 practiced for a long period, and various methods have 
 been employed; but as a few of the most useful and 
 practical, with slight variations, will be found sufficient 
 for most purposes, such methods only will be described 
 in this work. The process of grafting is so simple, and 
 the various results obtained from its application so satis- 
 factory, that every owner of fruit trees should under- 
 stand it perfectly. There is very little mystery con- 
 nected with the operation, and almost any person can, 
 in a short time, learn to graft successfully. 
 
 The principal object of budding and grafting is to 
 propagate certain varieties which do not reproduce 
 themselves from seed; but they are also used for the 
 following other purposes : 
 
 Dwarf Trees. — By grafting a scion from one tree into 
 another of less vigorous growth, the size is reduced, and 
 bearing hastened, as in the case of the pear on the 
 quince, making dwarf pear trees. 
 
 Testing New Varieties. — A new variety grafted on the 
 limb of a bearing tree will often produce fruit the 
 second year, while, if a young seedling is used as a 
 stock, it may not bear in ten years. 
 
 Several Kinds on the Same Tree. — Fine specimens of fruit 
 may be obtained from one tree during several months of 
 the year by grafting different kinds on the branches, 
 or a worthless kind may be changed to one of fine 
 quality by grafting a new head. 
 
 Supplying Branches. — By grafting, trees with long 
 barren limbs may be supplied with branches in all 
 their parts. 
 
GRAFTING. 27 
 
 Rendering Delicate Kinds Hardier. — Certain kinds of 
 fruit may be rendered hardier, or protected against 
 disease by grafting on other stocks, as in the case of 
 the European grapes on American stocks to protect 
 them against the Phylloxera. 
 
 In order that grafting may be successful, several 
 requisites must be carefully observed: The stock and 
 scion must be related, as the pear on its own roots, or 
 the roots of the quince, both of which are seed fruits ; 
 or the plum on its own or the roots of the peach, both 
 of which are stone fruits. But such a union as that of 
 the apple and the peach cannot be effected. 
 
 The operation must be performed with sharp instru- 
 ments to avoid making rough wounds which will not 
 heal readily; and if above ground the wound must be 
 protected by applications of grafting wax or clay. The 
 scion must be so placed in the stock that the inner 
 bark of the two will coincide at least in one point, thus 
 affording a channel for the passage of the sap in its up- 
 ward and downward flow, by means of which life is 
 retained and growth effected. 
 
 The usual time for grafting fruit trees is from Feb- 
 ruary till April, or just before the buds begin to swell, 
 the cherry, plum and peach coming into the proper 
 condition first, followed later by the pear and the apple. 
 
 The scions for grafting are sometimes taken from the 
 trees as wanted for use, but as it is better for the 
 stocks to be a little in advance of the scions, the latter 
 are usually cut in the fall or winter and kept till needed 
 in the manner recommended in the chapter on Pre- 
 serving Cuttings. 
 
 Stocks for grafting are either the root or stem of 
 
28 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 plants one or more years old, into which the scion is 
 inserted, and from which it derives its nourishment.. 
 The scion is simply planted in the stock instead of the- 
 soil, and it determines the nature of the grafted tree. 
 It matters not from what kind of a seed an apple seed- 
 ling may have sprung, if a scion from an "Early Har- 
 vest" apple is grafted into it, the fruit from the grafted 
 tree will be ''Early Harvest" also. 
 
 It is indispensable to the vigor of the future tree- 
 that both stock and scion possess this quality in a high 
 degree. 
 
 CLEFT GRAFTING. 
 
 Cleft Grafting is one of the most useful methods, prac- 
 ticed largely at the South, where it succeeds even on 
 the peach, which is usually budded at the North. It can 
 be applied to stocks of almost any size, and is so sim- 
 ple and easy that a ten-year-old boy can readily per- 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 form it. Fig. 19 represents the young seedling tree 
 which is to be grafted, with the dirt raked away, and 
 the top cut off at the collar of the root, ready to be split 
 for the reception of the scion, which is taken from a 
 tree of the variety it is desired to propagate. Small 
 
GRAFTING. 
 
 29 
 
 stocks can be cut off with a strong, sharp knife, but if 
 too large to be cut in this manner, a fine sharp saw 
 is used, and the top of the stock smoothed over with a 
 knife. A split is then made in the stock an inch or 
 an inch and a half deep by driving in a knife, cutting 
 rather than splitting, the bark. 
 
 A number of different implements have been invented, 
 but for grafting on a small scale a thin-bladed knife of 
 good temper for preparing the scions, and a larger one 
 for cutting the stocks will be found sufficient. 
 
 The scion, which should be well ripened wood of last 
 years growth, containing two or three buds, is cut into 
 
 Fig. 21. Fig. 20. Fig. 22. 
 
 the wedge-shape represented In fig. 20, with the outer edge 
 a little thicker, in order to secure a close fit at this point. 
 The stock is then opened with some kind of a wedge 
 {jig. 21) — a small screwdriver does very well — and the 
 scion inserted as represented in Jig. 22, so that the inner 
 
30 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 bark of the two will be together. The scions are sometimes 
 set at a slight angle (fig. 23) so that the edges will be cer- 
 tain to meet at least in one point. Two scions may be 
 put in large stocks. If both grow, one is cut away when 
 a few inches high. It is a good plan to cut the scions so 
 as to leave a bud on the wedge part, ( fig. 20) as a point 
 of union between the inner bark of the two parts is al- 
 most certain to be found in the peculiar curve at the bud. 
 The dirt is then raked back carefully up to the top bud 
 of the scion. This covering must not be so narrow and 
 pointed that the dirt in settling will leave the stock ex- 
 posed. If the stocks are split in the direction that the 
 rows run, there will not be so much danger of the scions 
 getting dislocated by clods of dirt in cultivating. The 
 work is now completed, and if successful, leaves will 
 soon appear on the scion. All shoots except the one 
 which is to be trained up for the future tree, must be kept 
 rubbed off from both stock and scion, being careful not to 
 move the scion from its position. If well cultivated, the 
 trees will usually be large enough to plant in the orchard 
 at the end of the first or second year after grafting. 
 
 For cleft grafting above ground, see Grafting New Heads 
 on Old Trees. 
 
 Very small scions are generally whip -grafted. Pieces 
 of roots are often used as stocks, but they are not so good 
 as whole roots. 
 
GRAFTING. 
 SADDLE GRAFTING, 
 
 31 
 
 Which is illustrated in figs. 24 to 26, is sometimes use- 
 
 ful. 
 
 Pigs. 24 to 26. 
 
 SIDE CLEFT GRAFTING. 
 
 A modification of cleft grafting, which will often be 
 found useful, is illustrated in fig. 27. It can be applied 
 to seedling stocks which are standing, to whole or pieces 
 of roots taken up and grafted in the hand, and to stems 
 or branches above ground. It will, perhaps, be found most 
 useful in grafting above ground, for the purpose of sup- 
 plying limbs where they are wanting on trees. When the 
 stock to be operated upon is sufficiently large and firm, a 
 sharp chisel about a quarter of an inch wide is used for 
 making the cut. Set the chisel with the straight side 
 next the stock and drive it in with a mallet about three- 
 quarters of an inch deep in the direction the limbs take 
 
32 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 from the tree. Prepare the scion, which should contain 
 two or three buds, the same as for ordinary cleft grafting, 
 except that the edges are to be cut the same thickness 
 and one of the wedge-shaped sides left a little shorter 
 than the other. (See fig. 28.) 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 The scion is then placed firmly in the cut, with the 
 shorter beveled side down, leaving a small portion of the 
 wedge part above the cut. In large stocks, if the opera- 
 tion is carefully performed, the scion will be held firmly 
 in place and will not require tying. When small stocks 
 are grafted, the cuts should be made with a sharp knife, 
 a,nd it will be necessary to tie after the scion is inserted. 
 "When performed above ground the wounds are protected 
 by a coating of grafting wax. 
 
 This method will be found useful in 
 
GRAFTING. 33 
 
 GRAFTING NEW HEADS ON OLD TREES. 
 
 There is scarcely an object in nature more pleasing to 
 the sight than a well developed, symmetrical tree, laden 
 with its yearly tribute of bright and luscious fruit. 
 
 But quite different is the effect produced by the tree 
 that is unproductive, fails to ripen its fruit in season, or 
 yields fruit so inferior in quality as to be utterly worth- 
 less. Still, the owner of such trees should not apply the 
 ■axe to them at once, if they are well grown and in a 
 thrifty condition, as there is within easy reach means 
 of utilizing the well developed bodies and wide-spreading 
 roots, and of converting the worthless fruit into a choice 
 variety ; but large trees, which bear fruit of fair quality, 
 should not be subjected to the process, as it is som-' 
 times the case that they die from the effects of having eu 
 much of the top pruned off. Death, however, will rarely 
 occur if the tree is in a thrifty condition and the opera 
 tion is skillfully performed. 
 
 A tree which is enfeebled from any cause should first 
 be invigorated by moderate pruning and good cultiva- 
 tion and manuring. 
 
 Trees which are vigorous and well supplied with ^mall 
 branches should have only a portion of their tops grafted 
 the first year. 
 
 The remaining p- i non will make a vigorous growth 
 an<? will be in goou condition for grafting the next year. 
 It is sometimes b< si co leave a portion to be grafted the 
 third year. 
 
 GRAFTING NEW TOPS ON OLD TREES. 
 
 No limb as large as two inches in diameter should be 
 cut if it can be avoided. Let the scions be inserted in 
 
84 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 the smaller limbs, making an effort to leave the tree in 
 a symmetrical shape. 
 
 If the trees are well grown, and have tops made up 
 principally of a few large branches, they should first 
 have a portion of their tops cut away, which will induce 
 a vigorous growth of young shoots, as in fig. 29. These 
 
 Fig. 29.— A new head grafted. 
 
 will be in excellent condition for grafting when one or two 
 years old. The scions are inserted in the ends of the limbs 
 in the same manner as in cleft grafting underground. 
 They are then wrapped and waxed, and in a short time 
 begin to make a vigorous growth. Two scions should be 
 put in limbs three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and 
 if both grow, one should be cut away smoothly when a 
 few inches long. All sprouts that appear near the grow- 
 ing scion should be kept rubbed off. Long barren 
 branches can be supplied with limbs wherever desired 
 by the foregoing method of side cleft grafting. The 
 proper time for grafting above ground is when the buds 
 begin to swell. 
 
 The scions may be cut from the trees at the time of 
 grafting, but success is more certain if they are retarded 
 in the manner described in the chapter on preserving 
 
GRAFTING. 35 
 
 cuttings. As the grafts gradually enlarge, the wood of 
 the old tree can be cut away, until within a few years 
 the entire head will be of the new and better variety. 
 
 GRAFTING WAX. 
 
 Grafting wax, to be used for protecting wounds caused 
 by grafting above ground, may be made by the following 
 formula : 
 
 3 parts beeswax. 
 2 parts rosin. 
 2 parts tallow. 
 Melt and work like candy. 
 
 It is applied to the wounded surface, so as to thor- 
 oughly exclude air and moisture. 
 
 GRAFTING CLAY, 
 
 which is composed of equal parts of clay and horse ma- 
 nure, or cow dung, is sometimes applied to the grape in 
 preference to grafting wax. 
 
 WHIP GRAFTING. 
 
 This method is much practiced, and is particularly 
 useful in grafting small stocks, which are usually young 
 seedlings taken up in the winter or early spring. 
 
 After they are cleanly washed and their tap roots 
 shortened, they are cut off at the collar of the root with 
 a slope, and split or tongued, as shown in jig. 30. The 
 scion is then cut in the same manner (Jig. 31) and they 
 are fitted together as in^. 32, so as to insure a union of 
 the inner bark of the two parts. 
 
36 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 They are then wrapped firmly when they are ready to 
 be$packed away in the cellar, if in winter, or planted at 
 onceTTT in early spring. 
 
 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32. 
 
 A number of methods of wrapping are employed — 
 some using paper or thin cotton cloth, waxed and cut 
 into narrow strips, while others prefer cotton warp drawn 
 through melted grafting wax. When waxed material is 
 used it is unnecessary to tie. The operation may be suc- 
 cessfully performed without tying or using wax, by wrap- 
 ping firmly with soft cotton strings so as to fasten one 
 end of the string as the wrapping proceeds, the other end 
 being looped when it it finished. 
 
 Grafting in this way may he done all through the win- 
 ter, the grafts being packed away in damp soil, moss or 
 sawdust and kept till spring, but as it requires some care 
 to maintain the proper degree of moisture, it is better, 
 
GRAFTING. 3T 
 
 when only a few are to be grafted, to wait until they can 
 be planted in the nursery rows at once. In planting, the 
 grafts'must be handled very carefully to prevent dislo- 
 cating'the scions. The ground should be rich and deeply 
 plowed. Plant the grafts about one foot apart in the 
 row, leaving the top bud of the scion even with the sur- 
 face [of the ground. Press the dirt firmly about them. 
 When the stocks have long lateral roots it is better to 
 open furrows with a spade and pack the dirt around the 
 roots with the hand. But when large numbers of small 
 grafts are to be planted, it can be done much more rap- 
 idly by using a dibble, which is made of a piece of wood 
 about one foot long, pointed with iron (fig. 33.) With this 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 a hole of sufficient depth is made and the dirt pressed 
 firmly around the graft with the dibble by thrust- 
 ing it into the ground near the graft, and pressing the 
 dirt so as to thoroughly close the opening from bottom to 
 top. A good implement for this purpose is a trowel made 
 of a piece of steel three or four inches wide and eight or 
 ten inches in length. Planted in this manner, if the 
 soil is good, the grafts, with proper attention, will often 
 be of sufficient size for transplanting at the end of the 
 
38 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 first year. In raising a few trees for his own planting, 
 the fruit grower will usually obtain better results from 
 cleft grafting stocks as they stand — without taking them 
 up ; but as much time is saved by grafting large num- 
 bers of trees during the winter months, whip grafting in 
 the hand is a very useful method of propagation, and 
 is much practiced. When the stock is much larger than 
 the scion, the top and one side are cut away, as 
 shown in figs. 34 to 36. As in cleft grafting, all 
 
 Fig. 34, Fig. 36, Fig. 35. 
 
 sprouts from the roots must be kept rubbed off, and a 
 single bud trained up from the scion. Unless great care 
 is taken a sprout from the root may be left for the future 
 tree, as sometimes happens in nurseries, in this way pro- 
 ducing a seedling tree, generally of no value. This 
 method of grafting may be applied to standing stocks. 
 
 Some Southern Nurserymen obtain most of their apple 
 stocks from localities farther north, and whip graft them 
 
GRAFTING. 39 
 
 at once, or set them in nursery rows to be cleft grafted 
 after getting one year's growth. In buying stocks for 
 fruit trees, always get the best. Cheap, low grade stocks 
 are often worthless. 
 
 GRAFTING BY APPROACH. 
 
 Examples of this mode of grafting maybe seen in our 
 forests where we find limbs of trees firmly united by con- 
 tinued contact. The French, who are the most skillful of 
 all horticulturists, and describe in their works more than 
 
 Fig. 37. — The grape grafted by approach. 
 
 one hundred modes of grafting practiced at different ages, 
 thoroughly understand this method, and practice it ex- 
 tensively in their systems of training. The season for 
 
40 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 this method of grafting is during the flow of the sap,, 
 and it may be performed on either ripe or green wood. 
 Though but little used in this country, there are instan- 
 ces in which it may be applied with very happy results. 
 It is divided into two classes. The first is illustrated in 
 jig. 37, in which the upper part of the scion is retained 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 for the future plant; the second, in jigs. 38 and 39, where 
 the top of the scion is inserted under the bark of the 
 stock, called inarching. 
 
 Preventing Splitting. — It is sometimes the case that the 
 splitting of forks in trees may be prevented by this 
 operation. The two prongs of the fork are held'together 
 by attaching to one prong a limb that grows from the 
 other, or by uniting an independent limb to both prongs. 
 
 Similar portions of bark are removed from the parts to 
 be united, and they are fitted together and securely bound. 
 The bandage may require loosening, but should not be 
 removed until a perfect union has taken place. 
 
 Supplying New Roots. — A useful application of this 
 
GRAFTING. 41 
 
 method of grafting is made for the purpose of supplying 
 new roots for dwarf trees when they begin to decline. Fig. 
 39 represents the old stem and the young standard trees, 
 growing near, with their tops cut off and inserted under 
 the bark. An inverted j/shaped incision (c,fig. 37, 38) 
 is made in the bark of the stock, after which the scion is 
 cut with a slope two or three inches long (a) and placed 
 under. 
 
 The whole is then carefully bandaged and w r axed. One 
 or more scions may be inserted. The vigorous young 
 stems impart new life to the old tree, and often prolong 
 its period of bearing many years. Trees with injured 
 stems may be operated upon in the same manner ; and 
 after the grafts have become thoroughly established, the 
 old stems may be removed. 
 
 Grafting the Vine. — Owing to the difficulty attending 
 ordinary grafting of the vine, this method is sometimes 
 resorted to as a more certain means of converting a grape 
 of poor quality into a choice variety. (See chapter on 
 grafting the grape). In this way the old vine is not de- 
 stroyed, and if the first operation is not successful it may 
 be repeated. Fig. 37 represents the old vine, or stock, 
 and the new variety, or scion, with a slice of bark two or 
 three inches long removed from each, and fitted together 
 ready for the bandage and the application of grafting 
 clay. The bandage should be loosened during the sum- 
 mer, but not removed, and the top of the stock pinched 
 back to throw a more vigorous growth into the scion. 
 
 In joining the stock and scion they may be tongued as 
 
 in ordinary whip grafting. The dotted lines in the figure 
 
 represent the points at which the vines are severed in 
 
 the fall, after a thorough union has taken place. Figs. 
 
 3 
 
42 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 40a, 406 and 40c represent self-supporting espalier and 
 mode of forming letters by approach grafting. It requires 
 
 Fig. 40a. 
 
 Fig. 406. 
 
 considerable time, patience and skill on the part of the op- 
 erator in order to obtain such happy results ; but they are 
 
 Fig. 40c. 
 
 often accomplished and show to what extent the art of 
 grafting may be carried. From the foregoing explana- 
 
PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 
 
 43 
 
 tions, it will be understood how the operations are per- 
 formed. These complicated designs are produced more 
 readily by training the tree to a trellis which has the 
 outline marked upon it. In figs. 40a and 40& the branches 
 are united where they touch back to back, not where they 
 cross. In this mode of training it will sometimes be 
 necessary to supply branches where they are wanting^ 
 which can be done by methods already described. While 
 of little practical value, such experiments will be pecu- 
 liarly interesting to the enthusiastic pomologist. 
 
 PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 
 
 Cuttings are portions of plants, which, under favorable 
 circumstances, produce other plants similar to those from 
 which they are taken. 
 
 Fig. 41. Fig. 42. 
 
 This method of propagation is applied to the grape, 
 mulberry, quince, raspberry, blackberry, fig, gooseberry, 
 currant and some kinds of pears. 
 
44 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Cuttings are usually portions of wood of the last year's 
 growth, from six inches to a foot in length, cut close to a 
 a bud at each end. They are planted in the fall in deep- 
 ly-spaded ground, well enriched, especially at the bot- 
 tom, leaving one or two inches above the surface. Only 
 one bud of grape cuttings should be left above the ground. 
 Press the dirt firmly around them. 
 
 The descending sap that exudes from the lower end of 
 a cutting forms a callus {fig. 41), from which roots are 
 emitted {fig. 42). The buds at the top develop into 
 shoots, and in one season the simple stick of buds becomes- 
 a well-rooted plant, in many instances several feet high- 
 
 Figs. 43, 
 
 Success with cuttings is more certain if a portion of 
 the old wood is attached, as in fig. 43. Cuttings of this- 
 kind are termed mallet cuttings. If side shoots are used^ 
 cut them so as to contain the enlarged portion^of wood 
 near the main stem (fig. 44). 
 
PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 45 
 
 Cuttings require careful cultivation, and during dry 
 seasons watering will prove very beneficial. They are 
 sometimes placed in a hole in the open ground, with 
 their butt-ends up, tied evenly together and covered with 
 .a few inches of dirt to remain till callus is formed in 
 •spring on the ends turned up to the sun. 
 
 They are then taken up and planted a few inches apart 
 in nursery rows. They must be handled carefully and 
 not exposed to the sun. Such plants as the blackberry, 
 that throw up suckers readily, can be propagated from 
 root cuttings, which are small pieces of roots two or three 
 inches long, planted in good soil, at an angle of about 
 forty-five degrees, and covered lightly. 
 
 PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 
 
 Layers differ from cuttings in being left attached to 
 the parent from which they receive nourishment ; and 
 while not a very rapid method of propagation, they pro- 
 duce excellent plants. Layers are made from ripe or 
 green wood, and some plants that do not root readily 
 from cuttings are propagated without difficulty by layer- 
 ing. 
 
 Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 
 
 Fig. 45 represents a cane of the vine laid down about 
 mid-summer, buried in the ground five or six inches 
 
46 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 deep, with the extremity, which is sometimes tied to a 
 stake, left uncovered. A flat stone placed over the 
 buried portion will aid in retaining moisture and in 
 keeping the vine to its place. By fall the layers will be 
 well rooted, when the entire cane is cut from the parent 
 and the rooted parts separated {fig. 46). They are 
 then ready for setting out. Plants are sometimes hooked 
 down, and those having hard wood have incisions made 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 near the buds, as represented in fig. 47, to facilitate root- 
 ing. 
 
 A cane is sometimes placed in the ground in several 
 places at intervals of a few inches (fig. 47). This is 
 
 Pig. 48. 
 
 called serpentine layering. For spring layering, wood of 
 last year's growth is used. 
 A strong cane growing as near the ground as'possible,. 
 
PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 
 
 47 
 
 after having about one-third of its length cut away, is 
 laid down level in a trench five or six inches deep, and 
 secured with stones or pegs. As soon as the buds on the 
 cane make a growth of several inches, cover the layered 
 cane with an inch or two of soil. Continue covering, as 
 the young canes increase in length, until the trench is 
 filled. Leave the young shoots about a foot apart (fig. 
 48). With good attention they will be well rooted by 
 fall, when the old cane is separated from the parent and 
 taken up entire. The rooted plants can now be cut 
 apart and planted in nursery rows or where they are to 
 
 Fig. 49J 
 
 remain. Fig. 49 represents stool layering, which is ap- 
 plied to the quince and the Paradise and Doucain apples 
 for raising stocks. 
 
 The plant is cut down to a few buds before growth 
 commences in spring, and during the following season a 
 number of vigorous shoots spring up from the 3tump. 
 The next fall or spring the dirt is drawn up so as to 
 cover the old stump. One or two years after hilling up, 
 the young shoots become well rooted, and are taken from 
 
48 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 the stool to be used as stocks for budding or grafting. 
 The stools are enlarged until one will furnish a great 
 many plants. Suckers are shoots from buds on the 
 roots — spontaneous layers. 
 
 They sometimes appear in large numbers around trees 
 that have had their roots broken by a plow. They are 
 much employed for multiplying the raspberry. Suckers 
 are sometimes used for stocks, but seedlings are much 
 better. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ' PLANS FOR ORCHARDS. 
 
 Besides being much more pleasing in appearance, the 
 trees of a carefully laid out orchard can be properly cul- 
 tivated with far less difficulty than those that are out of 
 line in the rows and at irregular distances apart. The 
 following plans, which can be varied in many ways, will 
 be found very convenient : 
 
 QUINCUNX PLANTING. 
 
 By this method the trees are in rows in various ways, 
 and may be plowed in three directions. 
 
 The fallowing plan is given by Mr. Randolph Peters, 
 of Delaware. An acre planted in this manner contains 
 165 trees. 
 
 48 standard apples, 30 feet apart, marked 0. 
 
 35 standard pears or cheries, marked S. 
 
50 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 82 dwarf pears, dwarf apples, dwarf cherries, plums, 
 quinces or peaches, marked X. 
 
 OxOxOxOx 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 OxOxO x 
 
 LAYING OUT ORCHARDS. 
 
 It requires considerable time for one person to plant 
 an orchard of a hundred trees when the rows have to be 
 straightened by the usual method of sighting backward 
 and forward ; but by means of a simple device, which is 
 described in The American Fruit Culturist, the labor is 
 greatly lessened. Afstrong cord is procured, as long as 
 one side of the orchard, if possible. This is ^stretched 
 tightly along the line^intended for the first row of trees. 
 Then with a measure lay off along the cord the proper 
 distances apart for thejtrees, marking each place by stick- 
 ing up a small peg. These pegs indicate where the trees 
 should stand ; but when the holes are dug and the pegs 
 removed, the proper places for the trees cannot be ascer- 
 
PLANS FOR ORCHARDS. 51 
 
 tained. It is at this juncture that the hoard, represented 
 in fig. 50, is so useful. It should be four or five inches 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 wide, with an opening in the middle and a hole in each 
 end, as shown in the figure. Lay the board down in any 
 direction, so that the opening in the middle is around 
 one of the pegs along the cord, and drive pins into the 
 ground through the end holes. Remove the board 
 and dig the hole. Replace the board as it was, 
 with the holes in the ends over the pins, which were 
 driven through them, and set the tree with its stem 
 in the opening in the middle of the board. It is evident 
 that the tree will stand exactly in the position of the 
 peg which was removed, and will be in a line with the 
 other pegs. By repeating this process, the entire or- 
 chard can be planted in a short time, and the rows will 
 be perfectly straight. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 DISTANCES FOR PLANTING. 
 
 Apples— standard 20 feet each way. 
 
 Apples— dwarf 6 to 8 feet each way. 
 
 Pears— standard 16 feet each way. 
 
 Pears — dwarf 8 to 12 feet each way. 
 
 Peaches, Plums, Cherries, etc. ... 16 to 20 feet each way. 
 Grapes 8 to 10 feet each way. 
 
 Scupper nong 20 to 30 feet in the row, and rows 10 to 
 20 feet apart, according to soil. 
 
 NUMBER OF TREES ON AN ACRE AT GIVEN DIS- 
 TANCES. 
 
 Distances Apart Each Way. 
 No. of Trees 
 
 4 feet 2,722 
 
 6 feet 1,210 
 
 8 feet 680 
 
 10 feet 435 
 
 12 feet 302 
 
 14 feet 222 
 
 16 feet 170 
 
 18 feet 134 
 
 20 feet 108 
 
 25 feet 69 
 
 30 feet 48 
 
 40 feet 27 
 
 Distances Apart. 
 
 No. of Trees. 
 
 4x6 ...1,815 
 
 6x8 907 
 
 8x10 544 
 
 10x12 363 
 
 10x20 217 
 
 15x30 97 
 
 20x30 75 
 
 20x40 24 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 TRANSPLANTING. 
 
 Perhaps no operation connected with fruit culture is 
 so often improperly done as transplanting or taking up 
 and setting out trees. It may seem strange to the man 
 who succeeds so well in raising farm products that he 
 
 -*?*!&x»M 
 
 ^J2&»3= 
 
 Txee showing length of roots. 
 
 should need any instructions on so simple as subject a 
 transplanting trees. Yes, but the very man who takes 
 the utmost care to have his ground in a perfect condition 
 for the reception of corn or cotton seed very often crams 
 his fruit trees into the hard soil, post-like, and then ex- 
 pects them to thrive and produce large crops of fruit. If 
 
54 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 a fruit tree will do well when its roots are placed in a 
 hole in the unbroken ground hardly large enough to 
 receive them, then why will not a grain of corn produce 
 a fine stalk and well developed ears when planted in 
 the hard ground, with scarcely enough dirt to cover it? 
 This process of removing a tree from one position to 
 another is applied to seedlings which are usually taken 
 from the seed beds to nursery rows when one year old, 
 and to nursery trees which are removed to the orchard 
 when from one to three years old from the bud or graft. 
 
 The proper time for transplanting at the South is soon 
 after the first killing frost, thus giving the trees time to 
 become established in their new position before growth 
 begins in spring. It is one of the requisites to success- 
 ful transplanting to make a thorough preparation of the 
 soil. 
 
 It is an excellent plan to sow peas on the ground in- 
 tended for an orchard, and turn them under in early fall 
 with a two-horse plow followed by a subsoil. Holes are 
 dug three feet wide and two feet deep, to be filled with 
 surface soil, thoroughly mixed with about a peck of good 
 cotton seed and stable manure compost to each hole. 
 Do not let any strong manure come in contact with the 
 roots. 
 
 Many failures in transplanting result from careless 
 digging. It is an easy matter to take up small seedlings 
 with their roots almost entire, but as the roots of a tree 
 extend on each side to a distance about equal to the 
 height, it is impossible, in digging trees five or six feet 
 high from nursery rows, to avoid leaving a large portion 
 of the roots in the ground. 
 
 In nurseries, trees are dug very rapidly by thrusting a 
 
TRANSPLANTING. 
 
 55 
 
 spade into the ground on each side of the tree, a foot or 
 two from it, and raising it from its position. It requires 
 two hands to do the work. When only a few trees are 
 to be taken up, it is better to dig large circles around 
 them and get as much root as possible. Make it a rule 
 
 Fig. 51.— A Fig. 52— A one Fig. 53.— A 2 or 3 year Fig. 54.— A tree 2 or 
 one year tree, year tree with- tree as received from 3 years old prepared 
 with all in- out branches, the nursery. for planting, 
 
 jured roots as received 
 and branches from the nur- 
 
 pruned off, sery. 
 
 and the top 
 
 shortened. 
 
 to avoid all unnecessary mutilation of the roots. After 
 seedlings are dug, their tap roots are shortened and they 
 are planted in the same manner as whip grafts. 
 
 When nursery trees are dug they are prepared for 
 planting in the onchard by cutting smooth all injured 
 
56 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 roots, and shortening-in the head to restore the balance- 
 between root and top. As a part of the roots are neces- 
 sarily left in the ground when a tree is dug, the top must 
 be lessened in proportion. A one-year tree is usually 
 cut back to a naked stern from two to three feet high 
 (figs. 51 and 52). Older trees have about one-half the 
 length of their limbs pruned off, leaving them longest 
 at the bottom, and tapering up to the leader. This is 
 not very well represented in fig. 54. 
 
 The tree is then placed in the hole a little deeper than 
 it stood in the nursery, with all its roots spread out to 
 their full extent, and the soil well worked among them 
 with the hand. The dirt must be pressed down around 
 the tree firmly, so that it will be held in its position, and 
 no roots left in an open space to die from want 
 of moisture. Bank the dirt up around the tree a little 
 higher than the surrounding surface. It will sink down 
 to a level. In transplanting, it is well to immerse the 
 roots in soft mud, and they must not be exposed to the 
 sun very long. When trees are shipped long distances, 
 they are sometimes injured by freezing or drying. 
 Frozen trees are not much injured if buried in the 
 ground till they thaw ; if shriveled from want of moist- 
 ure, they are usually restored by keeping them buried 
 in the ground several days, top and all. 
 
 Always select young, well rooted trees. One year from 
 the bud or graft is usually the best age. When large 
 trees are taken up, they receive a severe check from, 
 which they sometimes fail to recover. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 REGISTERING AND LABELING. 
 
 When a lot of trees from a nursery are to be plant-, 
 ed, the wire labels showing the different kind9 should 
 be removed, but some plan must be adopted by which 
 the variety of each tree will be known in after years. 
 Maps of orchards are often made and answer a very good 
 purpose, but labeling each tree is far more convenient* 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 Thin strips of soft wood, written on when wet with 
 an ordinary lead pencil, and fastened to the tree with 
 a twine string, will last a while, but they require con- 
 stant renewing and are not to be recommended. 
 
 The best labels are made from strips of sheet zinc, 
 about an inch wide and three or four inches long, soaked 
 a day or two in water and exposed to the air till a slight 
 corrosion takes place. The names are written on them 
 with a lead pencil. In a short time they show plainly, 
 and will be legible for several years. They are attached 
 4 
 
58 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 to the limbs with copper wire {fig. 55), and examined 
 often to see that the wires do not become imbedded in 
 the growing wood. They are sometimes cut with a nar- 
 row end, which is bent around the limb in a single 
 coil, it expands as the limb grows, and does noti cut 
 into the bark. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MULCHING AND WATERING. 
 
 Mulching consists in placing around the tree to the 
 distance of three or four feet a coating a few inches 
 deep of rotten leaves, straw, half decomposed manure, 
 or other such substance that will retain moisture. It 
 is an excellent protection against summer drought, and 
 should be a universal practice in our hot, dry climate. 
 Many trees that die during summer could be saved by 
 mulching. A good time to apply it is in spring, when 
 growth has started, soon after a rain. 
 
 p If trees are well mulched, they will not need much 
 watering, but in very dry seasons newly set trees should 
 have occasional copious waterings in addition to the 
 mulch. Do not let a valuable young tree die from want 
 of a little attention in this way. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PLANT A SUCCESSION OF FRUITS AT ONCE. 
 
 The man who settles on a new place, waits a few years 
 to get ready to set out an orchard, and finally plants 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 nothing but a few peach and apple trees, with the inten- 
 tion of waiting a few years to see how these do before 
 planting more, will not eat much fruit from his own 
 orchard in a long time. Do not wait till next year, nor 
 the year after, to begin ; go to work at once and set out 
 trees and plants of every kind of fruit that succeeds in 
 your climate. A few apple and peach trees are not suffi- 
 cient. Plant the small fruits, strawberries, raspberries 
 and grapes, also currants and gooseberries wherever they 
 
PLANT A SUCCESSION OP FRUITS AT ONGE. 61 
 
 succeed. They will begin to bear at once, and will sup- 
 ply you with fruit every year during the period that you 
 are waiting on your apples, pears, etc. No matter if your 
 ground is fresh and full of roots ; dig big holes, fill them 
 with surface soil, and all will flourish. From the 
 earliest strawberry to the best-keeping apple, we have a 
 succession of fruits that spans the year; and every per- 
 son who has a few rods of ground can raise them on his 
 own premises. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 It very often happens that the owner of a fruit tree is 
 disappointed because his fruit is not so large and excel- 
 lent as specimens of the same variety that he has seen 
 elsewhere. He is then ready to pronounce the variety 
 a failure, or the nurseryman a fraud, when the fault is 
 really his own, and the lack of proper cultivation the 
 principal cause of his disappointment. If a tree is de- 
 
 Pig. 57. — The orchard that is neglected and the one that is well cultivated. 
 
 prived of cultivation, the same results may be expected, 
 that every farmer knows will follow, if his corn is allowed 
 to stand in soil that is baked and grown up with weeds. 
 
 From the planting of the seed, through all the stages 
 of the trees' growth, clean cultivation is necessary. After 
 orchards come into bearing, it is better to give up the 
 land entirely to the trees, giving them repeated plow- 
 ings and a top dressing of manure each year. A com- 
 post containing lime and ashes is excellent. Do not in- 
 jure the roots by plowing too deeply, and carefully avoid 
 mutilating the trees with the plow. 
 
 Low growing, hoed crops may be cultivated in orchards 
 without injury, but never corn or sown crops. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 PRUNING. 
 
 This subject has been discussed for many years ; much 
 has been said and written upon it, but even now it is 
 very imperfectly understood by the masses of people, and 
 often wholly disregarded. Our climate, it is true, is very 
 favorable to the growth and perfect development of fruit 
 trees, and renders unnecessary much of the labor and ex- 
 pense attached to fruit raising in some other countries, 
 but to obtain the best results, even in this genial climate, 
 pruning for some purpose will be necessary through all 
 the successive stages. While intelligent pruning is ever 
 productive of the most satisfactory results, an entirely 
 different effect is produced when it is performed in a 
 bungling manner without any regard to the object to be 
 accomplished. The time and manner of pruning will be 
 determined by the purpose in view and the nature and 
 condition of the tree. 
 
 We prune all parts of a tree, at various seasons of the 
 year, to accomplish very different purposes. In this 
 country it is practiced principally to regulate the shape, 
 to produce a vigorous growth, or to induce greater fruit- 
 fulness. When the first of these is the object in view, it 
 will be necessary to do some pruning at almost every sea- 
 son of the year. While at the South all large limbs, 
 which through neglect have been left to grow in an un- 
 favorable position, should be removed in the fall, it will 
 
THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 often be "necessary in the growing season to cut away or 
 shorten-in certain shoots which have been overlooked, 
 or, are making a very vigorous growth at the expense 
 of other portions of the tree.^If properly pruned at trans- 
 planting and during the first^few years of growth, it will 
 rarely be necessary to remove large limbs, as all useless 
 shoots will be kept cut away while small. No sucker 
 from the root or limb that will have to be removed should 
 be left to obtain a year's growth, as they can be easily 
 rubbed off while young without the slightest injury; but 
 it is often the case that trees are neglected until their 
 heads are composed of numerous useless branches, whose 
 removal the future welfare of the tree demands. 
 
 In pruning, all cuts must be made with sharp instru- 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 ments. For small limbs a knife is sufficient, but when 
 too large to be cut in this manner, a pruning saw 
 
 "Fig. 59. 
 
 must be used. When very large limbs are to be 
 sawed off, it is well to first saw about half through from 
 the bottom, finishing from the top, in order to prevent 
 splitting. The rough surface is then smoothed over with 
 a sharp knife and an application made of paint, grafting 
 wax or gum shellac, mixed with alcohol, to the consistency 
 
PRUNING. 65 
 
 of paint, to exclude moisture. The small line in fig. 60 
 shows the point at which the limb should be cut, just at 
 the beginning of the enlargement at its base. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 Some orchardists prefer to leave the stump of the limb 
 which is pruned off about one foot long, to be cut again 
 at the base the first of June. Wounds made at this time 
 heal very rapidly, leaving the wounded surface exposed 
 a shorter time. While for the accomplishment of cer- 
 tain purposes, and for different trees, in which the growth 
 is very unlike, various methods of pruning will be 
 adopted, it will be necessary in all cases to remove dead 
 wood, or crossing branches, which often produce harbors 
 for insects ; to avoid crotches or equal forks, and to ob- 
 tain a well balanced head sufficiently open to admit air 
 and sunlight, without which neither the highest color- 
 ing nor the best quality of fruit can be obtained. Figs. 
 61, 62 and 63 show the directions taken by limbs from 
 buds in different positions. By giving some attention 
 to these results, the shape of trees may be materially al- 
 tered by pruning, rendering very open heads more com- 
 pact, and vice versa. Vacant places can often be supplied 
 by cutting a limb*to a bud which points in the Jdesired 
 
66 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 direction. The adjacent figures represent the correct 
 and the incorrect methods of cutting off a branch at a 
 
 Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63. 
 
 bud. If too far from the bud, as in fig. 64, the stump 
 above the bud will die, making anotherjcut necessary . In 
 fig. 65 the bud is enfeebled by having a portionjof wood to 
 
 Figs. 64, 
 
 which it is attached removed. The perfect cut is seen'in 
 fig. 66. When done in this manner, the healing of the 
 wound will be rapid and complete, while the bud will be 
 left in a thrifty condition. 
 
PRUNING. 67 
 
 After orchards have borne full crops, there are many 
 broken limbs to be removed, which should be done as 
 Boon as the fruit is gathered, and the brush taken away. 
 Trees which appear to be ruined by breaking down, 
 caused by overbearing, are often entirely restored by ju- 
 dicious pruning. 
 
 If the object of the pruning be a more vigorous wood 
 growth, it is done soon after the fall of the leaves in au- 
 tumn, as at this time, in mild climates, there sets in a 
 vigorous storing up of nutriment in the cells of the tree 
 to be expended on the next year's growth. The process 
 is kept up during the winter, and this plant food is dis- 
 tributed among all the branches. It is evident that the 
 fewer the limbs among which this material is to be di- 
 vided, the larger will be the portion which each is to re- 
 ceive, and the greater the consequent growth during the 
 ensuing year. Hence, if a portion of the branches are 
 removed early in the fall, a larger quantity of this life- 
 giving substance will accumulate in those that remain 
 than would be the case if all were left till spring. Much 
 can be done toward obtaining a vigorous growth of fruit 
 trees by proper pruning. When all useless branches, 
 such as are not necessary to the form or equality of the 
 head, are removed, and all branches are cut back which 
 are growing so rapidly as to destroy the form or detract 
 from the growth of the other parts of the tree, a proper 
 balance is maintained, the sap is evenly distributed to 
 every portion, and a strong, healthy growth is the result. 
 In most instances it is desired that fruit trees maintain 
 a vigorous growing condition, but it sometimes occurs 
 that after trees have become of sufficient age and size to 
 yield abundant crops, they are still unfruitful on account 
 
68 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 of too vigorous wood growth. If immediate bearing is 
 desired, some method of reducing vitality must be re- 
 sorted to, as whatever retards the formation of wood is 
 favorable to the production of fruit. This can be done 
 by pruning in summer. At this time the plant food 
 which was stored up in winter is largely expended, and 
 when a portion of the tree is removed the flow of the 
 sap is retarded, the growth is checked, and the result is 
 the formation of numerous fruit buds, which otherwise 
 would have developed into wood buds. This is done very 
 successfully by pinching off the ends of the shoots, as 
 the bruising wounds of the finger retard the growth 
 more effectually than the smooth cuts of a knife. But 
 summer pruning is a severe process, and should be prac- 
 ticed only to a moderate extent. Root pruning is also 
 resorted to for the purpose of retarding growth, or, which 
 is the same, inducing fruitfulness. It consists in sever- 
 ing the roots at a greater or less distance from the trunk, 
 according to the size and vigor of the tree and the pur- 
 pose to be accomplished. In our climate it should be 
 practiced with great caution, and only in cases of very 
 luxuriant growth and obstinate unfruitfulness. 
 
 An unproductive limb may be made to bear by bending 
 it down below a horizontal line, and retaining it in 
 this unnatural position, which is unfavorable to a free 
 circulation, until it becomes permanent. Portions of bark 
 are sometimes removed from trees to render them more 
 fruitful, but the practice is not to be commended. 
 
 Some specific directions will be given for pruning the 
 different fruit trees treated of in this work, which, to- 
 gether with the instructions in this chapter, will be 
 found sufficient for ordinary purposes. 
 
PRUNING. 
 
 6& 
 
 In our favorable climate the intricate systems of train- 
 ing of other countries are wholly unnecessary, except in 
 the extreme north and Canada, where they are practiced 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 to some extent. Fig. 67 represents a tree pruner, which 
 is very useful in reaching the extremities of long 
 branches. The length of the pole'can^be regulated ac- 
 cording to the height of the trees. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 
 
 The production of new varieties will certainly engage 
 a portion of the attention of every person who is inter- 
 ested in the subject of fruit culture. He will not be sat- 
 isfied simply to propagate the varieties produced by ac- 
 cident, or through the labors of other men, but will feel 
 a desire himself to become instrumental in the produc- 
 tion of something new. It is sometimes the case that 
 we find two varieties of fruit, each of which possesses, 
 in a marked degree, the qualities that are wanting in the 
 other. For instance, one may be large, but poorly fla- 
 vored, while the other is finely flavored, but inferior in 
 size. By crossing these two we may obtain a new varie- 
 ty, partaking of the qualities of both, but superior to 
 either. Crossing or hybridizing has not been practiced 
 largely a great many years, but some of our finest varie- 
 ties of fruit are known to owe their origin to this process. 
 It is now well understood by experienced horticulturists, 
 and through its agency we expect many valuable new 
 varieties to be obtained. The process of crossing is very 
 readily performed, and consists in fertilizing the pistil 
 of one variety with the pollen from another. 
 
 Fig. 68 represents a flower of the pear ; o, style of pis- 
 til ; b, stigma ; c, ovary or seed vessel ; d, anther, and e, 
 filament of stamen. The anthers, when matured, dis- 
 
CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 71 
 
 charge a powdery substance called pollen, which, com- 
 ing in contact with the stigma, fertilizes the young fruit 
 at its base. 
 
 When it is desired to make a cross between two varie- 
 ties, select blossoms not fully open on the tree intended 
 
 Fig 68. Fig. 69. 
 
 for the female parent, and cut off all the anthers, as rep- 
 resented in fig. 69. This must be done before the flower 
 is fully expanded, otherwise the process of crossing may 
 be performed by other agencies — insects or the wind. 
 Bees, no doubt, carry the pollen from one flower to an- 
 other and effect crosses regardless of consequences. In 
 order to get ahead of these busy little meddlers, and avoid 
 the natural fertilization which will result if the flowers 
 are left to themselves, with sharp scissors carefully cut 
 the anthers from the flower intended for the female pa- 
 rent before it is entirely open, and protect it by a cover- 
 ing of thin gauze until the pollen of the male parent is 
 well matured. Then collect the ripened dry powder with 
 a soft brush and apply it to the moist stigma of the cov- 
 ered flower. It is sometimes applied with the finger, or 
 by touching the stigma with the anthers containing the 
 dry pollen. After this process is complete, keep the 
 flower covered until all danger of accidental fertilization 
 has passed. It is well to repeat the operation several 
 
72 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 times on the same flower to be certain of success. In 
 the case of flowers that do not open at exactly the same 
 time, it may be necessary to preserve the pollen till the 
 pistil is in a proper condition for its reception. This can 
 be done by carefully bottling the ripened anthers. The 
 fertilized flower must be watched and protected until the 
 fruit is fully ripe. When planted, the seed of this spe- 
 cimen is supposed to produce fruit partaking of the na- 
 
 K 
 
 
 spqps 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 ture of both parents. Fig. 70 represents the flower orthe 
 cherry, the letters indicating the same parts, as in fig. 68. 
 In figs. 71 and 72 are seen the flowers of the grape, the 
 
 Fig. 71. Fig. 72. 
 
 first of which represents the stamens coveredjby the 
 petals, which, in the case of the grape, drop off instead 
 of expanding, as in most other flowers ; the latter|shows 
 the same flower after the petals have disappeared. The 
 process of crossing is interesting, and to be performed 
 successfully requires considerable care and some'skill on 
 the part of the operator ; and, while it is readily per- 
 
CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 73 
 
 formed under the proper conditions, there are limits be- 
 yond which it cannot be carried. It is very common be. 
 tween two varieties of the same species, as two kinds of 
 apples, and it is sometimes successful between closely 
 allied species of the same genera, as the different species 
 of the gourd and melon families, but not between the 
 apple and the pear. When two varieties of the same 
 species are united the result is called a cross, but when 
 different species are crossed the result is known as a hy- 
 brid. 
 
 The organs concerned in the production of seeds and 
 fruit are the stamens and the pistils, the former repre- 
 senting the male and the latter the female organs. They 
 are sometimes found in the same flower, as in the blooms 
 of the pear or cherry ; but in Indian corn the tassel rep- 
 resents the male portion, while the female is represented 
 by the silk and ear. Again, the pistils are in one plant 
 while the stamens are in another, as in the strawberry 
 some plants of which contain only male organs, and are 
 known as staminate, while others contain only the female 
 organs, and are called pistillate. The seeds of hybrids 
 are usually imperfect. Crosses have perfect seeds, but 
 when planted do not produce precisely the same kinds of 
 fruit. Some may be superior, while others are inferior 
 to the fruit of the parent trees. In order to have a better 
 chance of producing a superior kind by crossing, a num- 
 ber of flowers should be operated upon at the same time. 
 The first fruit of a tree, raised from a seed obtained by 
 crossing, may not be a fair specimen of what it will pro- 
 duce when a few years older. 
 5 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SAVING GIRDLED TREES. 
 
 It very often happens that negleeted trees are girdled 
 by mice or rabbits N and die in consequence, unless connec- 
 tion is restored between the two portions of bark. All 
 such intruders are readily kept off by making a few ap- 
 plications of the coal tar fruit tree wash described on 
 page 76 during the fall and winter. Thick paper with 
 
 Fig. 73.— Girdled tree. Fig. 74.— Damage repaired. 
 
 tar on the outside is often tied around the bodies of trees 
 to prevent girdling, with good effect. In using tarred 
 paper it is necessary to guard against getting much of the 
 tar on the bark of the tree. 
 
 When only partially girdled, trees may often be saved 
 by banking up the dirt so as to cover the wound, or by 
 surrounding the trunk with a plaster of clay and cow 
 dung mixed with water to the consistency of mortar, 
 
SAVING GIRDLED TREES. 75 
 
 letting it extend above and below the wound. It is then 
 wrapped with some coarse fabric and kept moist during 
 dry weather. But when the girdling is complete — noth- 
 ing left to connect the two portions of bark — it will be 
 necessary to resort to another remedy. Figs. 73 and 74 
 represent the girdling, and the repairing of the damage 
 by inserting scions of the same kind of wood above and 
 below the wound. Cuts are made in the tree with a knife 
 or small chisel, and the limbs, with their ends cut slop- 
 ing, inserted, as shown in the figure. The scions are bent 
 outward in the middle and the ends pushed firmly into 
 the cuts so that the edges of the two portions of cut bark 
 will be in contact. If too high to be covered with a 
 mound of earth, the whole should be protected by an ap- 
 plication of grafting wax. In oases of girdling, the tops 
 of the trees should be pruned more or less severely ac- 
 cording to the extent of the injury. By this process 
 valuable trees may often be saved that otherwise would 
 be lost. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 COAL TAR WASH. 
 
 The following wash is now used by some of our largest 
 and most successful nurserymen and fruit raisers, both 
 North and South. 
 
 Wherever tried it is invariably pronounced the best 
 preparation of the kind ever used. In addition to the 
 advantages of extreme cheapness, it has the merits of 
 effectually keeping off rabbits, preventing the attacks of 
 borers and of cleansing the bark and giving the tree a 
 bright healthy appearance. Old peach orchards, almost 
 entirely destroyed by borers, have been reclaimed by its 
 use. It can be prepared at nominal cost ; its application 
 is very easy and rapid, and the results of its use are very 
 beneficial. It is prepared in the following manner : 
 To two gallons of ordinary lime whitewash, add one pint 
 of coal tar (not pine tar) and one pound of potash; then 
 mix thoroughly and keep constantly stirred while in use. 
 Apply to the tree with a common white-wash brush at 
 least twice a year — early in spring and fall. Let the 
 wash reach from the limbs to the roots; coal tar is very 
 cheap; one gallon can be obtained for 25 cents or less, and 
 will be worth many dollars to the fruit grower. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THINNING AND GATHERING FRUIT. 
 
 The theory of thinning fruit has been reduced to 
 practice by some of our most successful cultivators with 
 very happy effects. Besides injuring the trees, over- 
 bearing always tends to produce inferior and often 
 worthless fruit. If the largest size and best quality of 
 fruit are desired, it is as necessary to reduce the quantity 
 on an overburdened tree as it is to thin out cotton or 
 corn to the proper stand. A good time for thinning is 
 when the fruit is about half grown, as much that is de- 
 fective can then be detected and removed. By giving 
 every sound specimen of fruit plenty of room to develop, 
 and allowing no limb to be burdened beyond its capacity, 
 at gathering time the quantity of fruit will not be ma- 
 terially reduced, the quality will be greatly improved, 
 and the trees will be left in a much better condition. 
 After a good crop of fruit has grown, it is often serious- 
 ly damaged by careless gathering. There are numerous 
 fruit pickers which are often useful, but with good lad- 
 ders of convenient lengths, gathering can be done well 
 and rapidly by hand. Shaking to the ground or threshing 
 off with polls must be avoided and the fruit carefully 
 handled, not poured from one vessel to another like 
 so much dry grain. When properly handled and as- 
 sorted according to grade, fruit will keep much longer 
 and bring far better prices in market. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 CANNING FRUIT. 
 
 Canning or preserving fruit in its natural state in air- 
 tight jars is an excellent method of supplying the table- 
 with fruit the year round almost as good as when first 
 pulled from the tree. It is absolutely necessary to suc- 
 cess in canning to use good sound fruit and jars that can 
 be closed perfectly air-tight. The fru it is prepared the 
 same as for cooking, sugar added if desired, and heated 
 more or less according to kind. Strawberries require 
 very little cuoking, but peaches must be cooked a much 
 longer time. The jars are heated and filled to the top 
 with the hot fruit and sealed at once. All air must be 
 excluded. Jars are sometimes thought to be air-tight, 
 when, if the tops are turned down, the water will es- 
 cape. When properly canned and kept in a cool, dry- 
 place, exposed to light as little as possible, fruit will re- 
 main in a good condition several years. It will mould 
 in a damp cellar. 
 
 As large quantities of peaches are preserved in this 
 manner, every orchard should be supplied with trees of 
 the best late varieties. When canned in the fall the- 
 fruit escapes the trying heat of summer, which often, 
 induces decay. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 EVAPORATING FRUIT. 
 
 It often happens that large quantities of fruit are 
 allowed to rot in the orchard for want of a convenient 
 way to dispose of it. When shipping facilities are in- 
 adequate, ;and there is not sufficient demand in the 
 home markets, drying in the sun is often the only 
 method of utilizing a valuable crop of fruit. But since 
 the introduction of patent evaporators, of various ca- 
 pacities and prices, there is no excuse for the farmer 
 who lets a crop of fruit waste on his hands. The evapo- 
 rator can be worked in all kinds of weather, and the 
 product is vastly superior to the wormy, dark-colored 
 fruit that is dried in the sun. 
 
 Retaining almost perfectly the natural flavor, a good 
 article of evaporated fruit can hardly be distinguished 
 from fruit in a fresh state when placed on the table. 
 Fancy grades sometimes sell as high as forty cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Patent evaporators of various kinds are now on the 
 market, all claiming special merits. By investigation 
 the purchaser can determine the kind and the size best 
 adapted to his purpose. . 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 
 
 It is no uncommon thing to see old neglected trees 
 standing in uncultivated fields, or, it may be, outside of 
 any enclosure, that could be renovated by proper treat- 
 ment, and made to'bear abundant crops for many seasons. 
 
 Fig. 75. — Old neglected tree 
 
 Fig. 76 — Old tree renovated. 
 
 As it is the work of years to plant an orchard and bring 
 it up to profitable bearing, the time and attention are 
 well spent that restore fresh vigor to the enfeebled trees 
 and impart to them a new lease of life. The principal 
 cause of the going down in most of our orchards is the 
 want of cultivation and manuring. Begin with the 
 pruning saw and remove all dead, crowded or crossing 
 branches. Relieve the " hide-bound" trees by scraping 
 
RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 81 
 
 off the old dead bark, break up the lodges of insects in 
 the root, body or limbs, and make a thorough applica- 
 tion of the coal tar wash. Examine the trees often dur- 
 ing the season, destroying borers or other insects, and 
 wash the body and forks occasionally. The root will 
 need attention also. Root-pruning and manuring are 
 usually combined in one process by digging a trench a 
 foot or more wide and a foot in depth around the tree, at 
 a distance from the stem of three-fourths the length of 
 the limbs, and filling it with good compost. One of our 
 most intelligent horticulturists recommends digging 
 trenches around the tree the width of a spade, from 
 two to four feet apart, radiating from the tree as repre 
 
 Fig. 77. 
 
 sented in fig. 77, and filling them with compost. After 
 a thorough overhauling in this way, the old tree, if not 
 too m uch exhausted, will soon show signs of new life. 
 And, if manuring, the necessary pruning and good culti- 
 vation, are given in after years, full crops of fruit will be 
 -the reward. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PRESERVING CUTTINGS. 
 
 It is often necessary to prune trees in the fall from 
 which cuttings will be wanted in the spring. These can 
 be kept in good condition by burying about two-thirds of 
 their butt ends in the ground. If the cuttings are placed 
 in the ground, under the tree from which they are taken, 
 there will not be any danger of mistaking varieties. Grape 
 cuttings are often kept during winter to be planted in 
 early spring by burying them entirely in a hole in the 
 open ground, and covering them with several inches of 
 dirt, and placing a mound of earth over the hole to throw 
 ofif the water. Root grafts and cuttings are often kept in 
 a perfect condition during winter by packing them away 
 in a cool place in damp moss or sawdust. A mixture of 
 sawdust and sand is sometimes used. Care must be taken, 
 to retain only a moderate degree of moisture. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 DWARF TREES. 
 
 While dwarfs do not deserve the rich encomiums be- 
 stowed upon them by some writers, and can never become 
 so popular or profitable as standard trees, they are nev- 
 ertheless deserving of cultivation, and if properly man- 
 aged will give satisfactory results. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Pears are more extensively grown as dwarfs than the 
 other fruits which are mentioned in this chapter. The 
 stock usually employed is the Angers quince, obtained 
 from France. When budded or grafted on this stock, the 
 yearling tree should be cut back within a foot of the 
 ground, and left to obtain another year's growth before 
 being transplanted to the orchard. A portion of the 
 
84 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 shoots, which spring from the buds that are left when the 
 top is prunned off, are so managed as to obtain the 
 pyramid shape illustrated in figure 78, the lines show- 
 ing where the limbs should be cut. A vigorous branch 
 is left to form a leader, and the remaining branches are 
 
 so pruned as to be longest at the base and gradually be- 
 coming shorter towards the top. After this system of pru- 
 ning is kept up a few years, and all useless shoots are kept 
 cut away, being careful not to let the head become so 
 thick as to exclude air and light, the tree will assume 
 the appearance of figure 79, and will be ornamental as 
 well as useful. Rich soil, oareful cultivation and con- 
 stant and systematic pruning are necessary to succeed 
 
DWARF TREES. 85 
 
 with dwarf pears. The trees are not so long-lived as the 
 standard, but they bear very young and can be planted 
 much closer together, the spaces between standard trees 
 sometimes being used for them, as they can be removed 
 when the standards become of sufficient size to require 
 the space. Dwarf pears are usually planted deep enough 
 to cover the quince roots two or three inches, and they 
 very often taka root above the graft and become stand- 
 ard or half standard. In this way the advantages of early 
 bearing are combined with larger size and longer life. 
 Some kinds of pears do not succeed well on the quince. 
 The Duchesse d'Angouleme is excellent as a dwarf. 
 Kinds which do not take readily on the quince are some- 
 times grafted on a pear which was previously grafted on 
 the quince. This is called double working. Ordinary 
 quince roots are used as stocks for dwarfing the pear, but 
 the French is better, well rooted stocks of which can be 
 obtained from nurserymen in this country or in France. 
 The fruit of dwarfs is usually larger than the same va- 
 riety grown on standards. 
 
 the apple 
 
 Is dwarfed by grafting on a wild species growing in 
 France, known as the Paradise apple. Another species, 
 the Doucain, is used when dwarf standards are desired. 
 Stocks for dwarfing the apple and the pear are raised 
 from layers. Dwarf apples should be planted so as to 
 leave the point of union between stock and scion even 
 with the surface of the ground. To maintain their dwarf 
 nature, they must be carefully watched to prevent root- 
 ing above the graft, which renders them standard. They 
 
86 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 do not require so much pruning as dwarf pears, and 
 usually grow only eight or ten feet high. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Summer and fall varieties as dwarfs are preferred to 
 later kinds, as the dwarf stock ceases vegetation earlier 
 than the standard, and renders the fruit of the winter 
 varieties unfit for keeping. This class of trees requires 
 rich soil and such cultivation as is necessary for garden 
 crops. 
 
 THE CHERRY 
 
 Is dwarfed by grafting on a species known as the 
 Mahaleb, which adapts them much better to our South- 
 ern climate. The Mirabelle plum is sometimes used as 
 a dwarf stock for peaches and plums. Any of the fore- 
 going stocks may be obtained from nurserymen. 
 
CHAPTER XXL 
 
 THE CURCULIO. 
 
 The curculio or plum weevil attacks the apricot, nec- 
 tarine, apple, cherry, peach and quince, but to the plum 
 it is truly a relentless foe. Figure 81 represents the 
 
 Fig. 81.— Curcalio. Fig. 82. — Incision of curculio on plum 
 
 magnified. 
 
 -weevil, which is a dark colored insect, about one-fourth 
 of an inch long, with varied spots, easily distinguished 
 by its peculiar beak or snout, which is bent between the 
 fore legs when the insect is at rest. Early in the Spring 
 it begins its depredations on the young fruit by flying from 
 tree to tree and depositing eggs as shown in figure 82. 
 After the incision is made, the insect lays its egg and 
 carefully conceals it in the cut, where it remains a short 
 time and develops into a white grub in which state it 
 preys upon the fruit until it drops to the ground. It 
 then works its way into the soil to come forth in the fu- 
 ture a winged weevil to repeat the same process. One of 
 the little pests will lay a large number of eggs during 
 the season, and so numerous do they become if unmoles- 
 ted, that entire plum crops are often destroyed by them. 
 The young crop may be very promising in the Spring, 
 but it often happens that not a single specimen of fruit 
 
88 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 is left to mature on a well grown tree. Many methods of 
 protection against the enemy have been tried with par- 
 tial success, among them, smoking with the fumes of coal 
 tar, syringing with Paris green or other poisons, dusting 
 with sulphur and lime and various ways of entrapping, 
 but perhaps the best results are obtained by jarring the 
 trees and destroying the insects and stung fruit that fall. 
 By giving a sharp, quick blow with a mallet on the stub 
 of a limb sawed off, or a peg inserted in the tree to pre- 
 vent bruising, many of the insects will fall, and can be 
 caught on a sheet spread under the tree for the purpose. 
 The jarring is commonly done early in the morning or 
 just before night. When hogs are turned under the trees 
 while the fruit is dropping, they consume large quanti- 
 ties of the grubs, and thus prevent so rapid multiplica- 
 tion, but they afford no immediate protection. Trees 
 planted near the house, where they will be constantly 
 tramped around, are comparatively free from attacks of 
 this troublesome insect. To succeed in raising large 
 crops of fine plums, war must be declared very early 
 against the curculio, and waged unremittingly until the 
 fruit is gathered. 
 
 If you have never seen this insect, quietly approach 
 one of your plum or nectarine trees early some morning 
 in May, give the tree a quick rap, and you will be likely 
 to enjoy the pleasure. 
 
 THE PEACH TREE BORER. 
 
 This troublesome insect attacks the peach, nectarine 
 and apricot, and if left unmolested will in a few years 
 become very destructive. Large orchards fall a prey to 
 
THE PEACH TREE BORER. 89 
 
 its ravages, and even nursery trees do not always escape 
 its attacks. Its presence is indicated by a trashy looking 
 gum that exudes from the tree about the surface of the 
 ground. Figures 83 and 84 represent the insect of the 
 
 Fig. 83 — Male insect of peach Fig. 84.— Female insect of peach 
 
 tree borer. tree borer. 
 
 peachtree borer. In summer these insects deposit eggs 
 in the bark of the tree near the top of the ground. The 
 eggs are hatched in a short time, and in the form of a 
 white grub bore their way under the bark, often girdling 
 and entirely destroying the tree. The destruction of the 
 borers is not very difficult, as they confine themselves to 
 the bark. All trees must be carefully examined before they 
 are set out, as borers often get into them before they are 
 taken from the nursery. In early spring apply the coal 
 tar wash, and rake up a small mound of earth around the 
 tree. As the eggs are always deposited near the surface 
 of the ground, in trees that are hilled up they will be a 
 considerable distance from the root, where they can be 
 easily found and destroyed. Besides, the bark several 
 inches above the ground is harder than that near the sur- 
 face, and resists their attacks more effectively. 
 
 Let the mound of earth remain till winter, then rake 
 it away down to the roots, examine the tree for borers and 
 make another application of the wash. Do not replace 
 6 
 
90 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 the dirt till early the next spring, when the process is 
 repeated. In this manner the tree can be kept clear of 
 borers. 
 
 APPLE TREE BORERS. 
 
 These borers are entirely distinct from the one just 
 described, and as they do not confine their attacks to the 
 bark, but perforate the wood in all directions, are more 
 injurious, and not so easily destroyed. Several of them 
 will soon kill a thrifty tree. In summer the eggs are 
 laid by beetles on the bark near the ground or in the 
 forks or wounded places, and they soon hatch and begin 
 their circuit through the tree. Examine the trees often 
 and kill the borers by thrusting a flexible wire into the 
 holes made by them, or hunt them out with a knife, in- 
 juring the tree as little as possible. 
 
 Their attacks are prevented to some extent by appli- 
 cations of the coal tar wash to the bodies and forks of the 
 trees. 
 
 THE APPLE WORM OR CODLING MOTH. 
 
 This insect is most injurious to the apple, but also at- 
 tacks the pear. 
 
 The eggs are deposited in the blossom end of the young 
 fruit in spring. They soon hatch and burrow into the 
 core of the fruit, which ripens prematurely and drops to 
 the ground. In about three weeks the worm attains its 
 full size, and emerges from the fruit through a hole which 
 it makes in the side. It conceals itself under scales of 
 bark or in other such place, and in a few weeks is trans- 
 formed into a winged insect, which repeats the process of 
 
THE TENT CATERPILLAR. 91 
 
 laying eggs in the young fruit. The fall brood does not 
 appear as moths until spring, remaining in the cocoons 
 during winter. As a means of preventing the multiplica- 
 tion of these insects, Mr. Downing recommends the 
 building of bonfires in the orchard at night during 
 spring and summer. Many of the moths and other in- 
 sects are destroyed in the flames. 
 
 It is very important to wash and clean the bark of the 
 trees in early spring, and see that no cocoons are left in 
 •the crevices or under the scales of bark. 
 
 All immature fruit that falls to ihe ground should be 
 picked up at once. If hogs are kept in the orchard, they 
 destroy many of the worms by eating the fallen fruit. 
 
 THE TENT CATERPILLAR. 
 
 This troublesome insect often proves very injurious to 
 apple orchards. In summer a reddish brown moth lays 
 -eggs in rings, on the branches of the trees, usually 
 in the forks or near the ends of the limbs. A single ring 
 often contains several hundred eggs. These eggs remain 
 till the following spring, when they hatch and begin 
 their ravages upon the foliage. For several weeks they 
 feed voraciously, and often leave the trees almost bare of 
 leaves. They then spin their cocoons, pass into the 
 pupa state, and in a few weeks come forth winged in- 
 sects to lay eggs for the next spring's hatching. They 
 -can be destroyed by cutting off and burning the ends of 
 the limbs containing the rings of eggs, and by raking 
 -off and killing all that have hatched and spun their 
 webs. 
 
 They will be found in their tents early in the morning. 
 
FRUIT TREES ADAPTED TO PARTICULAR 
 LOCALITIES. 
 
 In all sections of the United States there are large nur- 
 series conducted by men of intelligence and experience,, 
 who prepare annual catalogues of much value to fruit 
 raisers. By reading these a great deal will be learned 
 concerning the fruits adapted to particular localities. 
 Every person will learn something on this subject by 
 observing the orchards in his own vicinity. There are 
 so many varieties of fruit in cultivation, that in a book 
 of this size only a small portion of them can be even brief- 
 ly described ; but while many good varieties are omitted 
 in the lists which are given in this work, they are com- 
 posed principally of well known varieties which cover 
 the entire season, and will be found sufficient for most 
 purposes. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE APPLE. 
 
 This king of fruits, whose range is almost unlimited 
 has been cultivated and highly esteemed;from the most 
 remote period. It is grown in nearly all parts of the 
 United States, and in some sections attains to the highest 
 degree of excellence. The apple is propagated by bud- 
 ding and grafting on its own seedlings. Pieces of roots 
 are sometimes used as stocks, but this practice is con- 
 demned by some of our most intelligent pomologists, as 
 having a tendency to produce feeble and short-lived trees. 
 Originating from a wild and worthless species, fhe ap- 
 ple has, by a long period of amelioration through cultiva- 
 tion and reproduction from seed, reached its present de- 
 gree of perfection. By planting a succession of varieties 
 and using some care to preserve them, we may have this 
 fruit fresh during the entire year. The trees are rather 
 slow growing, hardy and long-lived, sometimes reaching 
 the age of one hundred or more years. The apple will 
 succeed in almost any kind of soil, unless it is very wet 
 or very dry and sandy, if well cultivated and manured. 
 In portions of the South, the trees are often injured, in 
 many instances totally destroyed, by two much exposure 
 of the bodies to the hot afternoon sun. This can to some 
 extent be avoided by planting orchards in northern or 
 northeastern exposures, and training the trees with low 
 heads, or by setting up boards on the southwest side. 
 
94 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Two boards nailed together by their edges at right angles 
 and placed securely near the tree protect it very effective- 
 ly. While the apple is a world-renown fruit, many of 
 its varieties are exceedingly local in their habits. At 
 
 Fig. 85. — Siberian Crabs. 
 
 the South we must rely upon our native seedlings for 
 late fall and winter varieties. The finest Northern apples 
 of this class when brought to the South fail to mature 
 their fruit, which often drops off in August. Earlier fall 
 and summer varieties of Northern origin succeed at the 
 
THE APPLE. 95 
 
 South, but they ripen much sooner. Even in the State 
 of Georgia, some varieties that succeed well in the moun- 
 tainous regions are worthless lower down in the State. 
 
 Observation and the experience of intelligent fruit 
 raisers will often be necessary to make a good selection of 
 apple trees. For orchards, vigorous young trees one 
 or two years old from the graft should be selected. They 
 are planted at distances varying from twenty to thirty 
 feet. When the greater distance is adopted, the spaces 
 between the trees are usually filled with other shorter- 
 lived trees, which will be out of the way by the time the 
 apples require the ground. When planted at this dis- 
 tance, other crops are cultivated in the orchard very con- 
 veniently, but if the entire space is to be given up to the 
 trees, twenty feet apart each way is-a very suitable dis- 
 tance. Unless the young fruit is killed by frosts, apple 
 trees usually bear full crops in alternate years. By thin- 
 ning the young fruit in the bearing year and giving the 
 trees liberal supplies of manure, crops may be had an- 
 nually. The soil of many apple orchards is so impover- 
 ished that they cannot produce respectable crops even 
 in the alternate years. In most soils lime and ashes aro 
 needed in abundance, but almost any kind of manure 
 will be found beneficial, the more the better. Of course, 
 no sensible person would heap up a whole barrel of lime- 
 around the trunk of a single tree ; but there is far more 
 danger that the orchard will suffer from want of manure 
 than from too large a quanity. The kind of manure used 
 and the condition of trees and soil will determined how 
 much is necessary. It is better to give up the ground to 
 the trees, manuring annually and keeping the soil clean 
 and mellow by cultivation, but if crops are to be gather- 
 
96 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 edfrom the orchard, a sufficient quantity of manure must 
 be used to supply all demands of both crop and trees. 
 After a well-shaped, evenly-balanced head has been ob- 
 tained in the apple tree, little pruning will be required, 
 other than cutting out dead wood and crossing branches, 
 or such as interfere with each other's growth, and remov- 
 ing suckers from the roots. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. 
 SUMMER VARIETIES. 
 
 In this list of apples, the names of the kinds most pop- 
 ular in Georgia are in bold-faced type. The names in 
 italics are synonyms. 
 
 Astrachan Red* 
 
 Large, yellow, roundish conical, covered with crimson > 
 flesh juicy, crisp and tender; calyx prominent; tree 
 vigorous and prolific, bears young ; ripens in May and 
 June ; an excellent early apple. 
 
 Carolina Red June. 
 
 (Red June.) Medium, conical, deep red; flesh white, 
 juicy, subacid ; variable stalk, in narrow cavity ; basin 
 narrow, with closed calyx ; tree vigorous, upright ; bears 
 early and abundantly. June. 
 
 Carolina Watson. 
 
 Large, oblate conical ; greenish, striped with red, and 
 dull red cheek ; flesh white, subacid, of good quality ; 
 tree very prolific ; ripens in July. 
 
 Early Harvest. 
 
 Medium to large, straw color, with white dots, round- 
 ish, or roundish oblate ; flesh tender, juicy and finely fla- 
 
THE APPLE. 97 
 
 vored; stalk about an inch long; cavity medium ; basin 
 shallow; ripens in June; tree moderately vigorous, 
 spreading ; a very popular and profitable apple. 
 
 Early Red Margaret. 
 
 (Striped June.) Below medium, rather flat; skin green- 
 ish yellow, with dark red stripes ; flesh white, subacid, of 
 agreeable flavor; tree a moderate bearer; June to July. 
 
 EARLY RIPE. 
 Similar to Early Harvest, larger and later. 
 
 Family. 
 
 Medium, oblate conical ; yellowish, striped with dull 
 red ; flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid ; stalk short ; 
 cavity large ; calyx closed, in basin of medium depth ; 
 tree a regular grower and prolific. July to August. 
 
 FANNY. 
 Large, roundish, deep red, with light dots ; flesh white, 
 •stained next the skin, tender, subacid, pleasant flavor ; 
 small short stalk, in deep cavity ; closed calyx ; tree vig- 
 orous and productive. July. 
 
 FOURTH OF JULY. 
 Medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
 white, subacid ; tree a strong upright grower ; short stalk 
 in medium cavity ; calyx closed. June. 
 GOLDEN SWEET. 
 Large, roundish, straw color; flesh tender, excellent 
 quality; tree spreading, vigorous and prolific. June. 
 Hames. 
 Very large, roundish oblate ; yellow with crimson 
 cheek and dark carmine stripes ; flesh white, coarse, acid ; 
 short stalk in large cavity ; calyx closed, in medium ba- 
 sin ; ripens in June. Origin, Troup county, Ga. 
 
98 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Hightop Sweet. 
 
 Medium, roundish, yellow, with green dots; flesh yel- 
 low, sweet and<of pleasant flavor ; stalk inserted in a deep 
 cavity ; shallow basin, with closed calyx ; vigorous, pro- 
 ductive. June. 
 
 Horse. 
 
 A popular, well known summer f fruit. 
 
 Jewette's jBest. 
 
 Large, oblate, yellowish green, with red cheek; flesh 
 yellowish, subacid, pleasant flavor; small basin, with 
 closed calyx; stalk short, in large cavity; tree vigorous. 
 August. 
 
 Julian. 
 
 Medium, conical, yellow, with crimson stripes; flesh 
 yellowish white, tender, subacid, highly flavored; small 
 stalk, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, prolific. July. 
 
 Kansas Queen. 
 
 Medium, yellow, nearly covered with crimson ; flesh 
 white, subacid, firm and of good quality ; stalk short, in 
 deep cavity; almost or entirely closed calyx in basin 'of 
 medium depth ; tree vigorous and productive. 
 
 KNOWLES' EARLY. 
 Small, roundish oblate, greenish^yellow, with crimson 
 stripes; flesh white, tender, subacid, of good quality; 
 long stalk ; closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
 lific. Ripens with Astrachan Red. 
 
 LADY. 
 
 Small, regular, flat, yellow withered cheek ; flesh white, 
 tender, juicy, and with a pleasant flavor; tree very pro- 
 lific. August. 
 
THE APPLE. 99 
 
 MAIDEN'S BLUSH. 
 Medium, yellow, with crimson cheek; flesh white, sub- 
 acid, sprightly ; tree a rapid grower and fine bearer. Au- 
 gust. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 Medium, roundish, yellow ground, nearly covered with 
 red; flesh rich, subacid, of good quality; short stalk; 
 closed calyx; tree moderately vigorous, upright, prolific. 
 Last of August. 
 
 Nantalialee. 
 Medium, oblate conic, yellowish green ; flesh white, 
 tender, acid and of good quality ; medium stalk in large 
 cavity; small basin with closed calyx ; tree a rapid, strag- 
 gling grower. July. 
 
 Rhodes' Orange. 
 
 Medium, conical, red on yellowish ground ; flesh white, 
 subacid and of pleasant flavor ; tree a slow grower. July. 
 
 Sweet Bough. 
 
 (Large Yellow Bough.) Above medium, yellow, oblong, 
 ovate ; flesh white, tender, sweet ; tree moderately vigor- 
 ous and prolific. July. 
 
 Sops of Wine. 
 
 (Hominy.) Medium, roundish ; yellow, shaded with 
 deep red ; flesh white, tender, very good; small stalk, in 
 a narrow cavity; calyx closed, in shallow basin; tree 
 moderately vigorous and a good bearer. June to July. 
 
 SUMMER R08E. 
 Below medium, yellow, striped with red ; flesh tender, 
 juicy, excellent ; often in clusters; short stalk ; closed 
 calyx, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, bears early. July. 
 
100 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 TET OF SKY. 
 
 Medium, nearly round, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
 white, juicy, acid ; tree a regular and early bearer. A 
 Russian apple. June. 
 
 WASHINGTON STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Large, yellow, roundish, conical ; flesh yellow, coarse, 
 juicy, subacid ; tree a regular and early bearer. June. 
 
 Yellow May. 
 
 {May Pippin, Early May, White Juneating.) Small, 
 round, yellow ; flesh crisp, and of pleasant flavor ; tree 
 moderately vigorous and productive ; the first of the sea- 
 son. 
 
 Yellow June. 
 
 Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with brown dots ; 
 flesh white, sprightly, subacid, and of good quality. 
 Ripens with Red June. 
 
 AUTUMN VARIETIES. 
 
 BONUM. 
 
 Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson, and 
 sprinkled with light dots; flesh white, rich and of fine 
 quality; tree upright spreading a strong grower, and 
 early and abundant bearer. Origin, North Carolina. 
 
 Buckingham. 
 
 (Equinetely). Large, oblate, yellow, with red cheek, 
 and light brown dots ; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, subacid; 
 closed calyx, in deep basin; tree vigorous and bears 
 young. Last September. 
 
THE APPLE. 101 
 
 Carter's Blue. 
 
 Very large, roundish oblate greenish, washed with> 
 dull red, covered with a blue I loom ; flesh yellow, su- 
 gary, aromatic ; tree an upright grower and early bearer. 
 September. 
 
 COLVERT. 
 
 Large, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red; 
 flesh whitish, juicy, subacid and of fair quality; tree 
 vigorous and very productive. September. 
 
 Disharoon. 
 
 Medium to large, conical, greenish, with gray dots ; 
 flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacia and of pleasant flavor ; 
 origin, Habersham county, Georgia; tree a strong, up- 
 right grower, productive. October. 
 
 Elgin Pippin. 
 
 Very large, oblate, orange, with gray dots; flesh yellow, 
 crisp, subacid, of good quality; open calyx, in deep ba- 
 sin ; tree a strong grower. August and September. 
 GOLDEN RUSSET. 
 
 Medium, yellowish, nearly covered with russet, with a 
 bronzed cheek ; flesh whitish, compact, subacid ; stalk 
 short, in cavity of medium depth ; closed calyx, in broad 
 basin ; tree a thrifty, irregular grower, and early bearer. 
 October. 
 
 Gravenstein. 
 
 Large, flattened, yellow, marbled with red and orange ; 
 flesh tender, aromatic, of fine flavor ; short stalk ; deep 
 basin, with closed calyx; tree a strong grower, spreading, 
 bears young. September. 
 
102 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Green Cheese. 
 
 Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with brown dots; 
 flesh yellow, tender, subacid; cavity deep, calyx closed; 
 tree moderately vigorous, prolific. A good keeper. Last 
 of September. 
 
 Grimes' Golden Pippin. 
 
 Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with light dots ; 
 flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, aromatic; tree vigorous, pro- 
 lific, upright spreading. September and October. 
 
 HOOVER. 
 
 Medium, roundish oblate, dark red; flesh yellow, firm, 
 juicy, subacid and of good flavor ; tree upright spread- 
 ing, with large foliage ; origin South Carolina. Septem- 
 ber and October. 
 
 HUNGE. 
 
 Large, roundish, pale green, with a brown blush ; flesh 
 tender and juicy; good for drying and cooking; tree 
 rapid grower and prolific. Early autumn. 
 
 JLaurens Greening. 
 
 Large, oblate, greenish; flesh white, acid and of pleas- 
 ant flavor ; tree a strong grower ; origin Laurens county, 
 ■Georgia. September 
 
 Mamma. 
 
 Large, oblate, red ; flesh yellow, subacid, of fine flavor ; 
 tree a strong, compact grower. October. 
 
 Oconee Greening. 
 
 Large, roundish, yellow, with scattering russet dots; 
 flesh yellow, crisp, aromatic, subacid ; basin shallow, with 
 
THE APPLE. 103 
 
 open calyx ; stalk short, in a deep cavity ; tree a strong 
 grower, prolific ; origin Georgia. September and Octo- 
 ber. 
 
 Red Winter Pearinain. 
 
 (Buncombe.) Large, oblong, yellowish white, nearly cov- 
 ered with carmine ; flesh yellow, nearly sweet, and of ex- 
 cellent quality ; very short stalk, in deep cavity ; calyx 
 closed ; tree an upright grower and regular bearer. Last 
 of September. 
 
 ROXBTJRY RUSSET. 
 
 Large, roundish, brownish yellow ; flesh greenish, 
 moderately juicy, subacid, and of good quality ; tree 
 spreading, very prolific. October. 
 
 Simmons' 1 Red. 
 
 Large, oblate, red, on yellow ground ; flesh yellow, su- 
 gary, aromatic ; tree vigorous and upright grower and 
 early bearer. June to September. 
 
 Taunton. 
 
 Rather large, conical, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; 
 flesh yellow, tender, acid, fine flavor ; deep cavity ; closed 
 calyx ; tree vigorous and prolific, but a straggling grower. 
 First of September. 
 
 WINE. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow 
 ground; flesh crisp, juicy, vinous and of pleasant flavor ; 
 tree thrifty, prolific, has small leaves and a spreading 
 head. September. 
 
 Yopp's Favorite. 
 
 Large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few russet 
 
104 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 dots ; flesh white, juicy, subacid ; stalk short, in deep 
 cavity ; open calyx in deep basin ; tree moderately vig- 
 orous, upright spreading, prolific. September and Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 WINTER VARIETIES. 
 
 Ben Davis. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, with crim- 
 son cheek ; flesh white, tender, subacid, of pleasant fla- 
 vor ; calyx partially open, in broad basin ; deep cavity, 
 with slender stalk ; tree strong grower, prolific, early 
 bearing ; excellent keeper. , 
 
 Black Twig. 
 
 Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded with red, and sprinkled 
 with brown dots ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, of 
 good quality; tree vigorous, with an open spreading 
 head, and a regular bearer. Supposed to have originated 
 in Tennessee. November. 
 
 Black Warrior. 
 
 Medium, roundish, green with scattering brown dots ; 
 flesh white, firm, subacid, and of good quality. A good 
 keeper ; tree prolific. October. 
 
 Cannon Pearmain. 
 
 Medium, conical, yellow, shaded red, with grayish dots; 
 flesh firm, yellow, subacid, of very good quality ; open 
 calyx, in deep basin ; small cavity with short stalk ; 
 keeps well; tree a strong grower, spreading, prolific. 
 
 Clarke Pearmain. 
 
 Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, nearly covered with 
 
THE APPLE. 105 
 
 red, and russet dots; flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, good 
 •quality ; closed calyx, in small basin ; tree a slow grower, 
 prolific. November. 
 
 Chattahoochee. 
 
 Medium, greenish, with a red cheek ; flesh yellowish, 
 tender, of pleasant flavor; calyx partially open, in a 
 large, deep basin ;tree upright grower, vigorous and pro- 
 lific. November. 
 
 Cullasaga. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with 
 dark crimson, and whitish dots; flesh yellow, subacid, of 
 good quality ; open calyx, in shallow basin ; tree a good 
 grower and prolific. November. 
 
 Edwards. 
 
 Below medium, oblate, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
 firm, juicy, and of fair quality ; tree moderately vigorous 
 and productive. Origin, North Carolina. 
 
 Etowah. 
 
 Medium, conical, yellow, nearly covered with bright 
 red ; flesh whitish, crisp, sweet, of pleasant flavor and 
 good quality ; half open calyx in very deep basin ; short 
 stalk, in deep cavity ; tree moderately vigorous, upright 
 grower, a regular and abundant bearer. 
 
 Hockett's Sweet. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish oblate, deep red on yellow 
 ground ; flesh yellowish white, crisp, sweet ; of good 
 quality ; tree prolific. Origin, North Carolina. October. 
 
 Hewes' Virginia Crab. 
 
 Very small, roundish, dull red with white specks ; 
 
 7 
 
106 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 flesh fibrous, acid, astringent ; tree small, healthy, and 
 remarkably prolific ; one of the best cider apples. 
 
 Kittagesk.ee. 
 
 Medium, oblate, yellow with dark colored dots ; flesh 
 yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality; partially 
 closed calyx, in shallow basin ; short stalk, in broad cav- 
 ity ; tree of strong, spreading growth. November. 
 
 LIMBER TWIG. 
 
 Medium, oblate, shaded and striped with crimson, 
 sprinkled with light dots ; flesh white, rather firm, juicy, 
 subacid, of fair quality ; cavity deep ; basin small, with 
 closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, prolific. Novem- 
 ber. 
 
 Mauguiu. 
 
 Medium, oblate, yellow, with red shade and bronze 
 dots ; flesh yellow, very tender and juicy ; tree moder- 
 ately vigorous and productive. October. 
 MASON'S STRANGER. 
 
 Medium, oblate, yellow, with a light red cheek and 
 brown dots ; flesh white, compact, crisp, nearly sweet, of 
 good quality ; tree a strong grower, a regular and abun- 
 dant bearer; open calyx, in deep basin; origin, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Maverick's Sweet. 
 
 Large, oblate, greenish yellow, with dark red cheek and 
 gray dots; flesh yellow, rather coarse, sweet; calyx open, 
 in deep basin ; tree a good grower and early bearer ; orig- 
 inated in Pendleton, South Carolina. October. 
 
 Mountain Sweet. 
 
 Large, roundish oblate, yellow ground, small dots; 
 
THE APPLE 107 
 
 flesh white, tender, sweet, of good quality ; origin, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Nicfeajack. 
 
 Large, roundish, shaded with red and having a gray- 
 ish appearance; flesh yellow, rather firm, of only fair 
 quality ; large cavity ; partially open calyx, in medium 
 basin; tree upright spreading, vigorous and prolific; 
 best for mountain region ; origin, North Carolina. No- 
 vember. 
 
 PRYOR'S RED. 
 
 Medium to large, red, with light colored dots and rus- 
 set ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ; closed 
 calyx, in a small basin ; tree moderately vigorous and 
 productive. November. 
 
 RAWLE'8 JANET. 
 
 Large, conical, yellowish, shaded with red, striped with 
 crimson ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ; 
 partially open calyx, in a shallow basin ; tree a strong, 
 spreading grower and good bearer ; origin, Virginia. 
 
 Romanite. 
 
 Small to medium, conical, red, with light dots on yel- 
 low ground ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of good quality ; 
 tree of vigorous, spreading growth, prolific ; by some, con- 
 sidered identical with Shockley. October. 
 
 Rome Beauty. 
 
 Large, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright 
 red ; flesh yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality ; cavity 
 deep; partially open calyx, in deep basin ; tree moder- 
 ately vigorous and productive ; origin, Ohio. October 
 and November. 
 
108 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Santa. 
 
 Medium to large, oblate, light yellow and russet ; flesh 
 yellowish, tender, subacid, of fair quality ; popular in 
 some localities; supposed to have originated in White 
 county, Georgia; tree a spreading and moderately vig- 
 orous grower. October. 
 
 Shockley. 
 
 Small to medium, conical, yellow, with a bright, red 
 cheek ; flesh crisp, juicy, of fair quality ; shallow ba- 
 sin, with partially closed calyx ; long stalk in a deep 
 cavity; tree a vigorous, upright grower, very prolific, bears 
 young ; a good keeper and very popular in some sections ; 
 origin, Georgia. October. 
 
 Stephenson's Winter. 
 
 Medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with 
 brown; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, subacid, of good qual- 
 ity ; calyx open ; stalk long ; tree a moderate grower and 
 regular bearer ; a good keeper ; origin, Mississippi. 
 
 Striped Winter Pearmain. 
 
 Large, yellow, nearly covered with a shade of red, 
 sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, 
 subacid, of good quality ; small calyx in broad basin ; 
 short stalk, in large cavity; tree vigorous, spreadiDg, 
 prolific. November. 
 
 STUMP. 
 
 Medium, yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh white, 
 crisp, tender, subacid ; calyx partially open ; tree a mod- 
 erate grower, spreading, prolific. October. 
 
 Waugli's Crab. 
 
 Small, conical, red; flesh whitish, firm, subacid, of 
 
THE APPLE. 109 
 
 good quality ; tree a strong grower, prolific ; a good cider 
 apple. 
 
 Wine Sap. 
 
 Medium, oblong, dark red; flesh yellow, firm, of^fine 
 flavor; tree an irregular grower, bears early; a good 
 keeper, and excellent for cider ; should be in every or- 
 chard. 
 
 Yates. 
 
 Small, oblate, dark red, with small white dots ; flesh 
 white, firm, juicy, and of pleasant aroma ; tree an up- 
 right grower and very prolific ; an excellent keeper and 
 one of the best cider apples ; origin, Georgia. 
 
 YELLOW NEWTON PIPPIN. 
 
 (Albemarle Pippin.) Large, roundish, yellow, some- 
 times with red cheek; flesh firm, yellow, acid, of pleasant 
 flavor ; tree a slow grower ; good bearer. 
 
 YORK IMPERIAL. 
 
 Medium, roundish, whitish, shaded with crimson, a 
 few gray dots; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, very good; 
 tree a fair grower and bearer ; closed, or partially open 
 calyx, in deep basin. 
 
 CKAB APPLES. 
 
 The crabs in the following list are both ornamental 
 and useful : 
 
 Red Siberian. 
 Yellow Siberian. 
 Transcendent. 
 Golden. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE APRICOT. 
 
 This excellent fruit, partaking of the nature both of 
 the peach and the plum, is hardy south of the 43d de- 
 gree of latitude in this country, and should find a place 
 
 Fig. 86.— Moorpark Apricot. 
 
 in every collection of fruit trees. The native countiy of 
 the apricot is uncertain, but it is cultivated largely in 
 both Europe and Asia. The stone is smooth like that of 
 
THE APRICOT. Ill 
 
 the plum, but the flavor is more like that of the peach. 
 Its large white blossoms appear early in spring, and 
 render the tree very attractive, but the young fruit is 
 often killed by frost. The apricot should be planted near 
 the house with a northern exposure, as a protection 
 against the frosts of early spring. It is propagated by 
 budding or grafting on the peach, almond, plum, or its 
 own roots. The plum is by some considered the best 
 stock, especially so when the trees are to be planted on 
 heavy soil, but peach stocks are generally preferred. 
 Hardy and productive trees are sometimes raised from 
 the seed. The directions given for cultivating, manuring, 
 pruning and training the peach apply as well to the 
 apricot. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 BREDA. 
 Small, roundish, sometimes rather four-sided, one of 
 the best varieties ; free stone, yellow flesh, ripens early. 
 Originated in Africa. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Small and round, resembling a dark round plum ; skin 
 pale red in the shade, but reddish purple in the sun, cov- 
 ered with slight down ; flesh red next the skin, yellow 
 near the stone, adhering to the stone somewhat, juicy 
 and pleasantly flavored ; very hardy, small oval foliage. 
 June. 
 
 ;early|golden. 
 
 Free stone, medium size, roundish oval, skin light 
 orange, flesh yellow and juicy ; tree vigorous grower ; 
 ripens early in June. 
 
 HEMSKIRKE. 
 
 Large, roundish, resembles Moorpark; orange skin 
 
112 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 with crimson cheek ; flesh rich and juicy ; stone small ;. 
 ripens earlier than the Moor park. 
 
 KAISHA. 
 
 Medium, roundish, light yellow, mottled with red in 
 the sun; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, parting freely 
 from the stone; tree tender and unhealthy; a variety 
 from Syria. Season medium. 
 
 LARGE EARLY 
 
 Medium, oblong and compressed; suture deep; skin 
 orange, with spotted cheek, slightly downy ; flesh orange, 
 juicy, sweet, and separates readily from the stone ; tree 
 vigorous and productive. Season early. 
 
 LARGE RED. 
 
 Large, deep orange red; flesh rich and juicy, separat- 
 ing freely from the stone ; tree hardy ; a variety of Peach 
 apricot. Season medium. 
 
 Z MOORPARK. 
 Large, roundish, skin orange in the shade, deep 
 orange or brownish red in the sun, with numerous dots 
 and specks ; flesh bright orange, firm, very juicy, sepa- 
 rating freely from the stone. A fine variety, very popu- 
 lar and widely disseminated in this country; ripens late- 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 Medium, roundish, orange, with a ruddy tint in the 
 sun ; flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, does not separate en- 
 tirely from stone. Small stone, roundish ; season me- 
 dium. 
 I EACH. 
 
 Roundish, very large, skin orange, with deep orange 
 cheek, spotted with brown, resembles the Moorpark, only 
 a little larger, and ripens about the time of it ; flesh 
 very rich and juicy. One of the best apricots that we 
 have. July. 
 
 ROYAL. 
 
 Large, roundish oval ; skin yellow ; flesh light orange, 
 firm, juicy, delicious, slightly vinous. Season medium. 
 
THE APRICOT. 113 
 
 ROMAN. 
 
 ' Size medium; skin pale yellow, sometimes dotted with 
 red in the sun; flesh dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone oblong, 
 with bitter kernel. The blossoms will bear a severe frost 
 without injury. One of the largest growing and hardiest 
 apricots we have. 
 
 RUSSIAN. 
 
 Very valuable, being productive and of good quality 
 and ripening early ; tree hardy. 
 
 SHIPLEYS. 
 (Blenheim). Small or medium size; skin orange; 
 flesh deep yellow, juicy and moderately rich; stone 
 roundish with bitter kernel ; growth vigorous but slen- 
 der. Early variety. 
 
 ST. AMBROISE. 
 
 Large, early ; color yellow, reddish next the sun ; flesh 
 juicy, sweet and rich. Almost the size and earlier than 
 the Moorpark ; season medium. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 Roundish, of medium size, yellow, with brownish 
 orange cheek ; flesh yellow, firm, sweet and slightly acid ; 
 freestone. Season late. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE BLACKBERRY 
 
 Islndigenous to this country and at the South grows 
 wild in great profusion. On account of the abundant 
 supplies of this berry, which may be gathered from our 
 old fields, it has been cultivated, in most sections of the 
 Southern States, to a very limited extent. The fruit is 
 very valuable, being used for cooking in various ways, 
 evaporating, wine-making, etc. It is much improved by 
 
 Fig. 87.— Wilson's Early. Fig. 88 — Kittattinny. 
 
 cultivation, requiring about the same pruning as the 
 raspberry. The propagation from suckers and root cut- 
 tings is very easy and rapid. White varieties of this 
 fruit are sometimes found growing wild among the blacks. 
 While something of a novelty, they are of no especial 
 value. The fruit of the trailing dewberry is superior to 
 
THE BLAEBERRY. 115 
 
 that of the high bushes, and ripens several days earlier. 
 Of the improved kinds, Wilson's Early and Kittattinny 
 are among the best. Even at the South a rich spot of 
 ground planted in the best varieties of blackberries, prop- 
 erly pruned and cultivated, gives very satisfactory 
 results. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 LAWTON. 
 
 (New Rochelle.) Large, oval, very black when fully 
 ripe; quite sweet and juicy, rather soft and tender; the 
 granules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy 
 than any other kind; of vigorous growth, strong spines, 
 hardy and very productive. 
 ♦ WILSON'S EARLY. 
 
 Large, oblong, oval, black ; flesh firm, sweet ; growth 
 trailing somewhat ; hardy, productive ; said to be the 
 earliest variety yet introduced; valuable for market. 
 May and June. 
 
 CRYSTAL WHITE. 
 Medium, oblong, creamy white, translucent ; sweet, 
 very good ; vigorous grower, suckers freely, not hardy ; 
 desirable simply as a curiosity. 
 
 DORCHESTER. 
 Large, oblong, conic, glossy black ; sweet and highly 
 flavored ; high bush; a vigorous grower, heavy bearer ; 
 before they are gathered, the berries should be fully ma- 
 tured. 
 
 HOOSAC THORNLESS. 
 
 Medium, fine quality, hardy and prolific ; almost thorn- 
 less; a very promising variety. 
 
 KITTATTINNY. 
 
 Very large, roundish, conical, rich shining black, mod- 
 erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, luscious; canes hardy and 
 productive, ripening early and continuing a long time. 
 The best variety for general planting, either for home use 
 or market. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE CHERRY. 
 
 The cherry, which came originally from Asia, is es- 
 teemed both for its fruit and its shade. In some coun- 
 tries large numbers of the trees are planted along the 
 road-side, from which the traveler gathers the fruit at 
 pleasure. The wood is susceptible of a high degree of 
 polish, and is considered very valuable. The cherry is 
 divided into two distinct classes. The trees of the first 
 class, which comprises the Hearts and Bigarreaus, are of 
 very vigorous growth, with luxuriant foliage, spreading 
 branches and drooping leaves, while the fruit is of heart- 
 shape, sweet and tender. Of the second class, which 
 comprises the Dukes, Morelloes and common Pie cherries, 
 the trees are smaller and of more compact growth, and 
 the fruit decidedly acid. The cherry is propagated by 
 budding and grafting on seedling stocks. For standard 
 trees, stocks are obtained from the seeds of the Mazzard, 
 a very free growing sort ; but as standards do not succeed 
 in the warmer portions of the Southern States, seed- 
 lings of the Mahaleb or Perfmued cherry are used, as- 
 they dwarf the growth, thus inducing fruitfulness, and 
 they succeed on a greater variety of soils than the standard 
 stocks. Plant the seeds in fall ; they can be kept till 
 spring, but if sprouting begins before they are planted, 
 there is danger of their being lost. The seeds should be- 
 
THE CHERRY. 
 
 117 
 
 covered lightly, and if the ground is liable to become 
 crusted on top, a light mulch of some kind should be 
 
 Fig. 89— Early Richmond Cherry. 
 
 used. The cherry is grafted very early, before the buds 
 begin to swell. It succeeds best on dry soils of only 
 
118 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 moderate fertility, and requires very little pruning. 
 When large limbs are cut, gum exudes from the wound 
 which often induces decay. Start the trees while young 
 with short bodies and well balanced heads, and when 
 grown little pruning will be necessary. A few trees of 
 common Pie cherry, planted in hard ground near the 
 house, will usually give large quantities of fruit of fair 
 quality ; but do not rely on these entirely ; plant some 
 of the improved kinds also. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 Dukes and Morelloes. 
 
 BELLE DbCHOISY. 
 
 Round or slightly depressed ; amber colored, mottled 
 with red ; skin very thin ; stalk short and swollen at 
 the upper end ; flavor mild, subacid ; trees make a fine 
 pyramid ; need good cultivation. Originated in France. 
 May and June. 
 
 BELLE MAGNIFIQUE. 
 
 Large, roundish, bright red ; stalk long, slender, i n. 
 open, medium cavity ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid ; tre e 
 hardy ; moderately vigorous, productive. June. 
 CARNATION. 
 
 Large, round, yellowish white, mottled with red ; stalk 
 stout ; flesh tender, juicy; moderate, but regular bearer ; 
 foliage large, wood strong ; fruit hangs a long while on 
 the branches. Season of ripening medium. 
 EARLY RICHMOND. 
 
 Medium dark red ; flesh melting, juicy, sprightly, very 
 good ; tree a splendid grower, with roundish, spreading 
 head, exceedingly productive ; one of the most hardy va- 
 rieties ; fine for cooking purposes. May. 
 
THE CHERRY. 11£ 
 
 EMPRESS EUGENIE. 
 Large, roundish, flattened, dark red; suture broad, 
 shallow ; stalk short in deep cavity ; flesh red, tender and 
 juicy, very good ; dwarf in habit ; shoots stout, very pro- 
 ductive. May and June. 
 
 ENGLISH MORELLO. 
 Large, round, heart-shaped, dark red ; flesh dark red, 
 tender, juicy, subacid flavor ; very productive, valuable 
 for preserves, a very fine fruit. May and June. 
 
 MAY DUKE. 
 
 Large, roundish, red, almost black when ripe ; flesh 
 reddish, tender and melting, excellent flavor at matur- 
 ity ; tree very hardy, early, though often varying in its 
 season of ripening. Origin France. May. 
 OLIVET. 
 
 Large, globular, bright, deep red ; flesh red, tender, 
 rich and vinous; it possesses the fertility of the best of 
 Duke tribe, and is the largest, perhaps, of that class. Of 
 French origin, said to be very early, and to ripen over a 
 long period. 
 
 REINE HORTENSE. 
 
 Very large, roundish, skin bright red, slightly mot- 
 tled ; suture distinctly marked by a line without any 
 depression ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, delicious; tree 
 healthy, productive, very handsome. French origin, of 
 Duke habit. Medium season. 
 
 ROYAL DUKE. 
 Large, roundish, and oblate or flattened ; skin dark red; 
 flesh reddish, tender, very juicy, good ; of upright growth, 
 compact head, branches less slender than Mayduke; 
 moderate bearer. 
 
 HEART AND BEGARREAU. 
 
 AMERICAN AMBER. 
 Medium, roundish, heart-shaped, slightly indented at 
 the apex ; skin thin, light amber, mottled with red ; 
 
120 THE NURSERY AND THB ORCHARD. 
 
 stalk long and slender, inserted in narow cavity ; flesh 
 tender, sprightly; tree vigorous and productive, raised 
 by Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. June. 
 
 BAUMANNO'S MAY. 
 
 Small, heart-shaped ; deep red, very dark when fully 
 ripe ; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, set in narrow 
 cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy ; growth vigorous, 
 very productive, of good quality, of foreign origin, early 
 in the season. 
 
 BLACKgEAGLE. 
 
 Large, dark red, nearly black, excellent quality ; flesh 
 deep purple, tender, highly flavored ; stalk medium 
 length and rather slender ; branches strong, with large 
 leaves ; moderate bearer. 
 
 BLACK HEART. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, little "^irregular, dark crimson, al- 
 most black ; flesh tender, highly flavored; growth hardy ; 
 an old variety everywhere esteemed. 
 BLACK TARTARIAN. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, irregular and uneven on the sur- 
 face, black ; flesh purplish, thick, half tender, rich, juicy; 
 tree vigorous growth, bears well, very popular. It is a 
 Russian and West Asian variety, introduced into Eng- 
 land about 1796, and brought into this country. May 
 and June. 
 
 BOWYER'S EARLY HEART. 
 
 Medium, obtuse, heart-shaped ; amber shade and mot- 
 tled with red ; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, very hardy 
 and prolific ; excellent for culinary purposes. May. 
 
 CLEVELAND. 
 
 Large, round, heart-shapedf; suture broad, almost 
 round ; bright red, on yellowish ground ; flesh fine and 
 juicy ; thrifty grower, spreading, productive and a fine 
 fruit. Raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland. 
 
THE CHERRY. 121 
 
 COE'S TRANSPARENT. 
 Medium, remarkably round and regular in form; am- 
 ber and red ; meat tender, very sweat and juicy ; tree 
 vigorous and hardy, with round and spreading head. 
 May. 
 
 EARLY LAMAURIE. 
 
 Large, purple, flesh rich, very juicy, excellent, similar 
 to early purple Guigne, but earlier and a better tree. 
 May. 
 
 ELTON. 
 
 Large, heart- shaped, pointed; skin thin, pale 3'ellow 
 cheek mottled with red next the sun ; flesh firm, nearly 
 tender and quite juicy; tree vigorous, readily known 
 when in foliage by the dark red color of the foot stalks of 
 the leaves. Last of May. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, amber, mottled with red ; flesh 
 amber color, firm, rich and sweet, very good ; stone small. 
 Originally brought from Florence, Italy; fruit hangs on 
 the tree a long time, will keep several days after gath- 
 ering. June. 
 
 GOVERNOR WOOD. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, pale yellow, marbled with red ; 
 flesh nearly tender, juicy, sweet, of excellent flavor; tree 
 vigorous, forming a regular head, prolific. May. 
 
 IDA. 
 
 Medium, conical, compressed, suture slight ; whitish 
 yellow, almost covered with red ; stalk medium length, 
 slender, inserted i n large, deep cavity ; flesh tender, 
 juicy ; tree very vigorous, hardy, upright, profuse bearer. 
 June. 
 
 KIRTLAND'S MAMMOTH. 
 Large, heart-shaped, bright yellow, marbled with red; 
 flesh nearly tender, sweet and juicy ; tree vigorous, but 
 poor bearer. 
 
 8 
 
122 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 NAPOLEON BIGARREAU. 
 Large, heart-shaped, inclining to oblong, pale yellow, 
 marbled with red; flesh firm, juicy, fine flavored; stalk 
 stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity ; a good and con- 
 stant bearer, vigorous grower. June. 
 OHIO BEAUTY. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, very handsome, almost covered 
 
 with red on light ground ; flesh tender, brisk, juicy ; tree 
 
 vigorous and productive, with spreading head, a very 
 
 valuable kind. Originated by Professor Kirtland. May. 
 
 ROCKPORT. 
 
 Large, roundish, heart-shaped, bright red, with a shade 
 of amber; flesh rather firm, juicy and very sweet ; tree 
 vigorous, healthy, upright, a good bearer ; raised by Dr. 
 Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, one of the very best in qual- 
 ity. May. 
 
 WERDER'S EARhY BLACK. 
 Large, roundish, heart-shaped, black; flesh purple, 
 -tender, sweet and excellent; tree vigorous, spreading, 
 moderately productive ; an early variety. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE CURRANT. 
 
 For a long period this cooling and healthful fruit has 
 been much esteemed and largely cultivated in climates 
 adapted to its growth. It succeeds admirably in the 
 mountainous regions of the South, but near the coast it 
 is not successful. The fruit is produced on a low grow- 
 ing shrub, and being a great improvement on the small 
 sour fruit of the original species, it is considered almost 
 indispensable in cool climates. The currant is propa- 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 gated very readily from cuttings, from six inches 
 to a foot in length, taken from the last year's growth and 
 planted in good soil, about two-thirds of their length in 
 the ground (see chapter on cuttings). The cuttings can 
 be set every two inches in rows fifteen inches apart. 
 They will be sufficiently rooted the succeeding fall to be 
 planted where they are to remain. It is some protection 
 against the summer's sun to plant them on the north or 
 
124 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 east side of a fence. As the fruit of the currant is borne* 
 on wood two or more years old, a succession of young- 
 shoots should be provided for by annually thinning out- 
 the old bearing spurs where they are too thick. By 
 training them as a bush, letting the limbs start within 
 a few inches of the ground, and keeping the heads prop- 
 erly thinned out, the best specimens of fruit are obtained,, 
 but in warm climates they will perhaps succeed better 
 if allowed to sucker moderately. If to be trained as a 
 bush, all the buds that will be under the ground should; 
 be cut off before planting the cuttings. After currant, 
 trees are six or eight years old, their places are usually 
 supplied with young trees. The currant responds read- 
 ily to good cultivation, pruning and manuring, delights 
 in rich, moist soil, and is well worthy of attention' 
 wherever it will succeed. Currant worms can be de- 
 stroyed by a few light applications of powdered white- 
 hellebore while the trees are wet. 
 
 Ashes applied in the same manner are often beneficial 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 BLACK NAPLES. 
 Large, black; bunches small, with a musky flavor; an 
 excellent black kind. 
 
 CHERRY. 
 Very large, round, dark red, acid ; clusters short ;: 
 growth tall and luxuriant. 
 
 LA VERSAILLAISE. 
 Large, deep red, acid ; bunches long; a valuable kind., 
 resembling the cherry. 
 
 RED DUTCH. 
 Large, deep red, with a rich acid flavor ; prolific. 
 
THE CURRANT. 125 
 
 RED GRAPE. 
 
 Large,^ red, sweet and good ; bunches very long ; a 
 tslow, spreading grower. 
 
 WHITE DUTCH. 
 
 Medium, yellowish white, somewhat acid; bunches 
 xath erelong. 
 
 WHITE GRAPE. 
 
 JS Large, of excellent quality ; growth spreading and 
 moderately vigorous. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE FIG. 
 
 From time immemorial the fig has been a favorite fruit 
 of warm climates. In this country it is raised in the 
 open air without protection in most sections south of 
 Virginia, but north of that State it requires protection 
 during the winter, which is effected by bending the 
 trees down and covering them securely with dirt, or by 
 placing evergreens around them while standing. The 
 usual height of the fig tree is from ten to fifteen feet, but 
 in its native country it often grows to the height of 
 twenty-five feet. 
 
 The flowers do not open to view, but on examining the 
 interior of the fruit, it is found to be composed of a large 
 number of minute flowers. The ripened fruit is very 
 wholesome and much esteemed. The fig is propagated 
 from seed, layers, suckers or cuttings, the latter method 
 being used principally at the South. A favorable situ- 
 ation is near a building with a southern aspect. The 
 trees bear two crops annually, the first on the wood of 
 the previous year's growth, the second on the new wood^ 
 both of which mature at the South. 
 
 A moderately rich soil of a calcareous nature is the- 
 best. 
 
 When the growth of the tree is very luxuriant at the 
 expense of the crop, root prune at any time during: 
 
THE FIG. 12T 
 
 the winter by digging a trench around the tree at a dis- 
 tance from the body of about half the length of the- 
 branches. Every home in the South should be provided 
 with fig trees of the hardiest and most reliable kinds, as; 
 their yearly crops of delicious fruit will handsomely re- 
 pay the cultivator for the attention bestowed upon them. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 ANGELIQUE. 
 Small, obovate; skin greenish yellow ; flesh white, not 
 very sweet ; tree hardy and prolific. 
 BLACK GENOA. 
 Fruit long, obovate ; skin nearly black; pulp bright red, 
 excellent flavor. 
 
 BRUNSWICK. 
 Large, reddish brown, rich flavor; tree a very strong 
 grower. 
 
 BLACK ISCHIA. 
 
 Medium, roundish, flattened at the apex; skin dark 
 violet, almost black when ripe ; pulp deep red, sweet, and 
 of fine flavor. 
 
 BROWN TURKEY. 
 Large, oblong ; skin dark brown ; pulp red and finely 
 flavored ; tree a regular and abundant bearer. One of 
 the best. 
 
 WHITE ISCHIA. 
 Small, roundish ; skin yellowish green ; pulp pur- 
 plish, of good flavor ; prolific. 
 
 WHITE MARSEILLES. 
 Small, roundish; skin nearly white; pulp white, 
 sweet and of rich flavor. 
 
 NERII. 
 Small roundish ; skin greenish yellow ; pulp red, rich 
 flavor. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 The gooseberry, like the currant, delights in a rich, 
 nioist^soil, and succeeds best in a cool climate. In this 
 
 Fig. 91 — Houphton Seedling Gooseberry. 
 
 country it is very popular at the North, where large 
 quantities are used for various purposes — pies, jellies, 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 129 
 
 etc. It is propagated from cuttings the same as the cur- 
 rant, also from layers which are made soon after fruiting. 
 In soil naturally very dry, a mulch of some material that 
 will aid in retaining moisture is exceedingly beneficial. 
 The gooseberry is more impatient of heat than the cur- 
 rant, but can be grown with tolerable success in some 
 portions of the Southern States. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 HOUGHTON'S SEEDLING. 
 
 Small oval ; skin thin, reddish brown, marked with 
 greenish lines ; flesh tender, sweet, of pleasant flavor 
 very prolific. A very reliable kind. 
 DOWNING. 
 Medium to large, oval, pale green, of good quality ; 
 bush a strong, upright grower; productive. 
 MOUNTAIN SEEDLING. 
 Similar to Hughtom's Seedling, but larger, has thicker 
 skin, and rather inferior in quality. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE GRAPE. 
 
 From the earliest period the grape has been cultivated? 
 and esteemed. It is now one of the most popular and 
 profitable of American fruits, and ranks in importance 
 with the apple, the peach and the pear. The foreign grape 
 is unsuited to our climate, but from our native species 
 have sprung a large number of varieties that rival even 
 the finest grapes of Europe. It has been said by a wri- 
 ter on horticulture that raising grapes is as easy as 
 sliding down hill. This statement is about correct, 
 the long, intricate and useless instructions of amateurs 
 to the contrary notwithstanding. It is so easy to have 
 an abundant supply of delicious grapes annually that it 
 seems almost criminal for any family to be without 
 them. Even the person on the crowded city lot, with 
 only a few rods of spare ground, need not despair ; he, 
 too, has room for grapes. Where space is limited, they 
 can be trained on fences, buildings, and in many places 
 where they will not be in the way of anything else. 
 The grape is propagated by grafting, and from seeds, 
 layers or cuttings. In this country grafting is not prac- 
 ticed to a great extent, and seeds are planted only to ob- 
 tain new varieties. See chapters on layers and cuttings,, 
 the principal means of propagating the grape, in an- 
 other part of this work. 
 
 Grapes will thrive in this country on almost any kind; 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 131 
 
 of soil of a dryish nature that will produce ordinary 
 farm products. Only moderate fertility is necessary, but 
 annual manuring will in most cases be beneficial, the- 
 
 quality and the quantity of the manure being deter- 
 mined by the soil and the condition of the vine. Ashes, 
 lime, ground bone and barn-yard manure are all good. 
 As in planting all kinds of fruit trees the ground for the 
 grape should be well prepared by thorough plowing, and 
 holes dug large enough to receive the roots when spread, 
 
132 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 out as represented in fig. 92. Strong, well-rooted vines 
 of one or two years' growth are selected. Fig. 93 repre- 
 sents a well grown one-year vine trained to a single 
 stem. A good root is indispensable, while a few well 
 
 Fig. 8'Z — Transplanting. 
 
 F ; g. 9J — One-year vine 
 trained to single shoot. 
 
 developed buds make up all the top that is necessary to 
 the young vine. 
 
 Very long, slender roots are shortened and the tops 
 cut back to a few buds, fig. 92. The vine is planted a 
 little deeper than it grew in the nursery, and the holes 
 filled with surface soil thoroughly mixed with a mod- 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 133 
 
 erate quantity of some kind of manure. Half a peck of 
 stable manure and cotton seed compost to each hole will 
 give good results. 
 
 When many vines are to be planted, it can be done 
 very expeditiously by laying off furrows with a large 
 shovel-plow, followed by a subsoil, and applying some 
 
 Fig. Si — The young vine as it 
 appears in summer. 
 
 Fig. 9ft— Young vine trained 10 
 two shoots. 
 
 such fertilizer as Merryman's Dissolved Bones at the 
 rate of two or three hundred pounds per acre, to be 
 bedded on the same as for cotton. The vines are then 
 planted in the bed from six to ten feet apart, according 
 to variety, deep enough to keep the roots out of the way 
 of the plow. A top dressing of ashes, or a light coating 
 of stable manure before bedding, is excellent. When 
 the buds on the young vine begin to grow in the spring,. 
 
134 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 all but the most thrifty one are rubbed off. The one that 
 is left is trained to a stake, and after it grows several 
 feet the top is pinched off to strengthen the cane. 
 
 Fig. 94 represents the vine during the summer of the 
 first year. In the following fall it is cut back to a few 
 buds, two of which are to be left to make canes if the 
 vine has made a strong growth. At the end of the 
 second season it presents the appearance of fig. 95. 
 These two canes should be from twelve to fifteen inches 
 from the ground. By thus retarding the growth of the 
 vine and preventing it from bearing during the first two 
 years, the root becomes so strong and well established 
 that in after years it produces full crops of the finest 
 fruit without injury. Many young vines are ruined by 
 overbearing. 
 
 At this period training may begin; and while many 
 of our best varieties of grapes grow and bear crops with- 
 out any attention in the way of pruning and training, 
 more than supplying a frame of some kind to run upon 
 and a bungling cleaning out every few years, the great 
 superiority of the fruit, when intelligent pruning and 
 training are practiced, ought to induce every owner of a 
 grape vine to give these operations some attention. 
 Various systems have been adopted, each of which has 
 its advocates and advantages. Some of these systems 
 appear very complicated to the beginner, but by apply- 
 ing a few principles, which are easily understood, they 
 will all be readily comprehended, and can be adopted in 
 whole, or with such modifications as may suit the cir- 
 cumstances. In all systems the principal object should 
 be to obtain the proper quantity of strong bearing wood, 
 the fruit being produced on the shoots of the current 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 135 
 
 year's growth. If it is desired to train to stakes, let 
 them be of durable wood and well set in the ground. 
 Each stake will support from one to four canes, which 
 should be tied up neatly. If more than four canes are 
 left, it will be necessary to have another stake or a 
 trellis. 
 
 Pig. 9fc 
 
 Fan training, which is represented in figure 96, is a 
 very good method, though not so symmetrical as some 
 others. The vines are fastened to the trellis, and each 
 year young canes are trained up to produce bearing shoots 
 for the following year. The vine must be kept in suffi- 
 cient bounds to be under perfect control by cutting out 
 old and useless canes in the fall, and rubbing off unne- 
 cessary shoots in the summer. The canes must be tied 
 to the trellis at sufficient distances apart to give the bear- 
 ing shoots plenty of room, and the ends of the shoots 
 should be pinched off when three or four leaves are form- 
 ed above the last bunch of fruit. Let it be determined 
 each fall how many canes are to be left for the next year's 
 fruiting, also how many young canes are to be trained up 
 
136 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 to supply the places of those that will be cut away the- 
 following fall. 
 
 The fall pruning will be governed accordingly. 
 
 All unnecessary canes from which no young shoots are 
 to grow the next year will be cut entirely away, while 
 those from which new canes are to be grown will be cut 
 back to the desired number of buds. 
 
 Fig. 97; — The Fuller method of training. 
 
 The Fuller system, which is represented in figure 97 r 
 is doubtless one of the best. It is in substance as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 The trellis is made by planting posts two feet deep, in 
 a row with the vines, between each two, and equally dis- 
 tant from them. 
 
 The figure shows three slats nailed to the posts, but if 
 the trellis is not more than four feet high, as recommend- 
 ed by Mr. Fuller, two will be sufficient. The slata 
 are from two to three inches wide, and one inch thick. 
 They are nailed to the posts, one a foot from the ground, 
 the other at the top. Wires are then fastened to the 
 slats by twisting them around, from eight to twelve 
 inches apart. The two canes, figure 95, are cut back to 
 four feet, and fastened to the bottom slat. In order that 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 137 
 
 the buds may all get an even start in the spring, the 
 arms are sometimes bent down to the ground till the 
 young shoots are a few inches long. When fastened to 
 the trellis at once, the sudden bend near the base of the 
 
 Fig. 98. 
 
 cane so checks the sap that the buds at that point are un- 
 duly developed, while the strong tendency of the sap to 
 the extremity makes the buds there grow more rapidly 
 
 Fig. 99. 
 
 than those on the middle of the cane. See figures 98 and 
 99. When the two arms are fastened to the trellis, five 
 or six buds are selected on the upper side of each, at 
 which wires are placed.- 
 
 The wires are left so they can be moved to any desired 
 position. When the young shoots are several inches long, 
 they are tied to the wires and all other buds and shoots are 
 rubbed off. To equalize the space, it is sometimes neces- 
 sary to train up a bud from the bottom of the cane. The 
 upright shoots are not allowed to reach much above the 
 trellis, and the laterals are kept pinched back. The en- 
 tire vine must be kept equally Dalanced, with the same 
 number of canes to each arm, and all kept at the same 
 9 
 
138 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 height. At the end of the first year of training the ver- 
 tical canes are cut back to two buds each, which make 
 canes for the next year's bearing — twice as many as there 
 were the first year, or two to each spur. At the end of 
 the second year, the upper cane of each spur is cut away 
 entirely, and the other is cut back to two buds, which 
 make canes for the next year's bearing. It is thus kept 
 up year after year, and may be varied and enlarged upon 
 in many ways. The underlying principle is the horizon- 
 tal arm, from which young fruiting shoots are grown 
 «ach year. Bow training to a single stake is represented 
 
 Fig. 100.— Bow system of 
 training. 
 
 Fig. 101.— Multiplied bow 
 training. 
 
 in fig. 100. One of the canes (fig. 95) is left to form the 
 bow for next year's bearing, and the other is cut back to 
 two buds, which make upright canes. At the close of 
 the season, the bow has borne a crop, and is cut away, 
 
THE GRAPE. 139 
 
 •while one of the upright canes is left to make a bow for 
 the next year, and the other cut back to two buds, which 
 produce two more upright canes, thus repeating the pro- 
 •cess. In very strong vines two or more bows may be left. 
 Fig. 101 represents multiplied bow training, which is, 
 perhaps, more ornamental than useful. 
 
 Fig. 102.— Horizontal method of training. 
 
 The horizontal method is shown in fig. 102. The trel- 
 lis is made three or four feet high. The cane is trained 
 to the middle wire, which should be fastened to the posts, 
 so as to be a little lower than the others. This causes 
 the laterals to grow at a slight angle upward, which aids 
 the flow of sap and promotes growth. 
 
 GRAFTING THE GRAPE VINE. 
 
 This is comparatively little practiced in the United 
 States, but it is resorted to largely in Europe, as a means 
 ■of protection against the phylloxera, a destructive insect 
 which infects European vineyards. American kinds are 
 used as stocks, and the results of their use during the last 
 few years have proven very beneficial. This method of 
 propagating the vine has been practiced to a limited ex- 
 tent for a great many years, and various methods have 
 been employed, but it is still regarded as somewhat diffi. 
 ■oult and uncertain on account of the profusion of sap 
 And the thinness of the bark. As the grape is so readily 
 
140 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 propagated from layers and cuttings, there is really little- 
 necessity for resorting to grafting in this country, except 
 in a few instances. On many farms, in almost all vine- 
 yards, there will be found large, healthy vines, whose 
 fruit never matures, or is of very inferior quality. If 
 such vines can, in a short time, be made to produce 
 abundant crops of choice grapes, it is certainly impor- 
 tant that the process of grafting be applied rather than 
 destroy thern and depend on new vines to fill their places. 
 Again, it is often desired to obtain vines of some new va- 
 riety as rapidly as possible, and as the wood is scarce, 
 every bud should be utilized. This is done by means of 
 grafting, and the growth of a bud in a single season is 
 often from fifteen to twenty feet. Another purpose for 
 which the grafting of the vine is very effective is the- 
 early testing of new varieties. We sometimes obtain 
 fruit of the new kind the first year by grafting on a vig- 
 orous bearing vine. At the South the fall or early win- 
 ter is probably the best season for performing the opera- 
 tion. In colder climates it is usually done in the spring. 
 The method generally applied is cleft grafting, and it is 
 successful on stocks of almost any size. (See chapter on 
 grafting). The dirt is cleared away from the root of the 
 stock to the depth of about four inches, and it is then 
 sawed or cut off horizontalh'- below the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 A cleft is made witb a sharp instrument one or two 
 inches deep, cutting rather than splitting. The scion 
 is prepared in the same manner as for apples, and in- 
 serted very carefully so that the inner bark of the stock 
 and scion will fit nicely together. If the stock does not 
 press the scion tightly, it will be necessary to tie. Se& 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 141 
 
 fig. 103. The ground is then filled in firmly around the 
 stock, up to the bud at the top of the scion. The whole 
 
 Fig. 103. 
 
 should be covered with a mulch of some light material, 
 such as hay or straw, as a protection against freezing, 
 
 Fig. 104. 
 
 which sometimes raises the scions from the stocks. Re- 
 move the mulch in spring as soon as freezing is over. 
 The stocks should be vigorous and healthy. Scions are 
 
142 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 taken from the well matured wood of last summer's; 
 growth, about the size of a lead pencil, containing only- 
 one bud, unless the wood is very short-jointed, in which 
 case two buds are allowed. Very small stocks can be 
 whip-grafted like apple trees. Large stocks are some- 
 times grafted in the manner shown in fig. 104. 
 
 A thin wedge is taken out with a very sharp knife and 
 the scion cut so as to make a perfect fit. It is then se- 
 curely bound and covered as directed for ordinary cleft 
 grafting. The cleft is sometimes made in very large and 
 twisted stocks with an open saw. The slit is made about 
 two inches deep, and the scion is cut to fit exactly, leav- 
 ing shoulders resting on each side of the stock, as shown 
 
 Fig. 105. 
 
 in fig. 105. Persons desiring to try their skill in grape- 
 grafting, and not caring to risk the entire vine, can do 
 so by grafting the end of a layered cane (fig. 106), cover- 
 ing the point of union the same as in grafting the entire 
 stock. Saddle grafting is represented in the figure. In 
 the latter part of summer, the layered cane can be sepa- 
 rated from the parent and transplanted in the fall- 
 Grafting the grape above ground is not so successful. If 
 
THE GRAPE. 
 
 143 
 
 the grafting is to be done late in the spring, the scions 
 should be cut in the fall. Grafting clay, in preference to 
 ordinary grafting wax, is sometimes applied to the vine 
 
 Pig. 106. 
 
 before banking up with dirt. Success in the operation 
 depends upon the vigor of stock and scion, the smooth- 
 ness of the cuts and the perfect union of the inner bark 
 of the two parts. 
 
 GRAPE WINE. 
 
 " Wine-making," in detail, would compose a large vol- 
 ume, but the following brief suggestions will be found 
 useful when it is desired to make a few gallons without 
 expensive preparations : The grapes must be dry, sound, 
 clean and ripe, and all vessels used must be thoroughly 
 cleansed. Crush the grapes and let them stand from 24 
 to 48 hours. Draw off the juice from a hole near the bot- 
 tom of the vessel, then press the skins and put all the 
 juice together in a barrel or keg, filling it within about 
 an inch of the top. Add from one to two pounds of granu- 
 lated sugar, dissolved in water, to every gallon of unfer- 
 
144 THE NURSERY AND THK ORCHARD. 
 
 merited juice. Do not fill so full that the lees will escape, 
 but during violent fermentation keep the juice within 
 an inch or two of the bung by the addition of similar 
 juice. Close the bung by laying a grape leaf over it and 
 placing on top of this a small bag of sand from three to 
 four inches square. This permits the escape of the gas 
 that rises during fermentation. In the winter following, 
 draw off without shaking to other clean vessels. After 
 the second fermentation in spring draw off to the vessels 
 in which it is to remain. 
 
 NATIVE GRAPES. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 In the following list of varieties, Labr. indicates that 
 the variety belongs to Vitis Labruska or Fox Grape ; 
 AesL, Vitis Aestivalis or Summer Grape ; Ripa., Vitis 
 Eiparia (the grape of the river banks) ; Rotund., Vitis 
 Rotundifolia or Vulpina (muscadine) ; Hybrd., Hybrid 
 Varieties : 
 
 ADIRONDAC. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, compact, sometimes should- 
 ered ; roundish berry, large, black, covered with a deli- 
 cate bloom ; tender, juicy and vinous; a slow grower, not 
 very valuable. 
 
 AGAWAM. 
 
 (Rogers' Hybrid, No. 15.) Bunch medium, compact, 
 often shouldered ; berries very large ; skin thick; dark 
 red; vine vigorous and productive; long-jointed; ripens 
 soon after Concord. 
 
 ALLEN'S HYBRID. 
 
 (Hybrd.) Bunches large and long ; berries large ; 
 skin thin; nearly white; flesh tender, juicy and deli- 
 cious; good quality; ripens about with Concord. 
 ALVEY. 
 
 (Hybrd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berries small, 
 
THE GRAPE. 145 
 
 folack ; a slow grower; wood short-jointed; moderately 
 productive. 
 
 ARIADNE. 
 
 (Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact ; berry small, black 
 with a blue bloom ; flesh tender, juicy and sweet , vine 
 moderately vigorous and very prolific, with short-jointed 
 wood ; a good wine grape. 
 
 BACCHUS. 
 (Ripa.) An improved seedling of Clinton, which it re- 
 sembles in bunches and berry. 
 
 BARRY. 
 (Rogers' No. 43)* Bunch large, compact; berry large, 
 roundish, black ; skin thin ; flesh tender, of a pleasant 
 flavor ; vine vigorous ; as early as Concord. 
 
 BERCKMAN'S. 
 A cross between Clinton and Delaware ; bunches and 
 berries larger than!j : Delaware, which it resembles in 
 •color; good quality; vine vigorous and prolific. 
 3LACK EAGLE. 
 (Hybrd.) Bunches large; berries large, black, with 
 blue bloom ; good quality ; vine a vigorous grower. 
 
 BRIGHTON. 
 
 (Labr. X ) An excellent variety, resembling the Ca- 
 tawba in color., bunch and berrv; vine vigorous grower; 
 prolific ; ripens soon after Hartford Prolific. 
 CATAWBA. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries 
 large, round, deep red, with lilac bloom ; skin thick ; 
 flesh juicy, with some pulp, vinous: vine a vigorous 
 grower. Last of August. Discarded in many sections 
 on account of its liability to rot. 
 
 CHAMPION. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry me- 
 dium round, bluish black ; skin thick ; inferior to Hart- 
 ford in quality; vine a strong grower and prolific; very 
 early, "and valued chiefly on that account. 
 
146 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 CLINTON. 
 (Ripa.) Bunches medium, compact ; berries below me- 
 dium, black, with a thick bloom; flesh juicy, with some 
 acidity and brisk vinous flavor; vine a very strong 
 grower and profuse bearer ; makes a good wine. 
 CONCORD. 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, compact ; berries large, al- 
 most black, with blue bloom; flesh juicy and sweet; 
 vine a very vigorous grower and good bearer. July. A 
 most popular and profitable grape of second rate qual- 
 ity ; a good wine grape. 
 
 CREVELING. 
 (Labr. X.) Bunches long and loose ; berries medium to 
 large, oval, black with blue bloom; flesh tender, sweet, of 
 good quality ; vine a fine grower, uncertain bearer ; not 
 very popular; ripens early. 
 
 CYNTHIANA. 
 (Aest.) Very much like Norton's Virginia, but ripens 
 a little earlier. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 One of the finest grapes. Bunches medium, compact, 
 shouldered; berries medium, round; skin thin, light red, 
 with a whitish bloom; flesh juicy, sweet, of delicious 
 flavor; vine moderately vigorous and productive; ripens 
 about a week after Hartford Prolific. 
 DEVEREUX. 
 (Aest.) Bunches long, slightly shouldered; berries 
 small, black, sweet and vinous ; vine a strong grower, 
 moderately prolific ; good for wine. 
 
 DIANA. 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, compact ; berries large, round- 
 ish ; pale red, with lilac bloom ; flesh sweet, vinous 
 and rich ; very productive and a standard variety. 
 DUCHESS. 
 (Hybrd.) A fine white grape; bunches large, compact,, 
 shouldered; berries medium, oval; skin thick; flesh. 
 
THE GRAPE. 147 
 
 tender, juicy and of excellent quality ; ripsns soon after 
 Concord. 
 
 EARLY DAWN. 
 
 (Hybrd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berry medium, 
 black ; skin thin ; flesh sweet, rich and of good quality ; 
 vine vigorous and productive ; earlier than Hartford 
 Prolific. 
 
 EARLY VICTOR. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunch medium, compact, sometimes should- 
 ered ; berry medium, black with blue bloom; some pulp, 
 juicy, vinous, good; vine vigorous, healthy and prolific; 
 ripens with or before Hartford Prolific. 
 
 ELVIRA. 
 
 (A seedling of Taylor.) Bunches small to medium, 
 compact, shouldered; berry larger than Taylor, round, 
 white ; skin thin ; pulp tender, juicy and of excellent 
 flavor; vine very vigorous and productive; from one to 
 two weeks later than Concord. 
 
 EUMELAN. 
 
 (Aest.) Bunches medium, moderately compact ; berry 
 mdium to large, round, black, with fine bloom, adher- 
 ing firmly to the bunch ; flesh tender, rich and vinous ; 
 vine a strong grower ; wood short, pointed ; ripens early 
 and evenly. 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 (Hybrd.) Bunch large, shouldered, compact ; berry 
 pale red, sweet and aromatic ; vine moderately vig- 
 orous, short-jointed ; ripens about with Catawba. 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 (Rotund.) Bunches medium size; skin dark black; 
 flesh vinous and sweet. October. 
 
 GOETHE. 
 (Rogers' hybrid, No. 1.) A good late kind; bunches 
 large ; berries large, pink when ripe ; vine healthy and 
 productive. 
 
148 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 GOLDEN GEM. 
 
 (Hybrd ) Bunch small, sometimes shouldered ; berry 
 small, golden; flesh tender, juicy and of the best qual- 
 ity ; vine moderately vigorous, with short pointed wood; 
 ripens with Hartford Prolific. 
 
 HARTFORD PROLIFIC. 
 
 (Labr ) Bunches large, shouldered, compact ; berries 
 medium, round, black; skin rather thick ; flesh pulpy, 
 sweet and musky; vine grows rapidly and bears abun- 
 dantly. July. 
 
 HERBERT. 
 
 (Rogers', No. 41.) Bunch large, long shouldered ; berry 
 large, round, black ; flesh sweet and tender; vine very 
 vigorous, an excellent early grape. 
 
 HERMANN. 
 (Aest.) Bunch long; berry small, black; a good wine 
 grape; vine vigorous. 
 
 HERBEMONT. 
 (Aest.) (Warren.) Bunches large and compact, 
 shouldered ; berries small, black and blue bloom ; skin 
 thin ; a delicious grape, sweet and well flavored ; highly 
 esteemed for wine. August. 
 
 HIGHLAND. 
 (Hybrid.) Bunch large, compact, long, heavily should- 
 ered ; berry large, round, black, with a blue bloom; little 
 pulp, juicy, sweet, vinous, of good flavor; vine a strong 
 grower, with short-jointed wood; ripens after Concord ; 
 a cross of Concord and Jura-muscat. 
 
 HUMBOLDT. 
 (Ripa X.) Bunch and'berry medium; round, yellowish, 
 sweet and of good flavor; vine vigorous; a good white 
 wine grape. 
 
 ISABELLA. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunches large, loose, shouldered ; very hand- 
 some ; berry large, oval, ff black, with beautiful bloom; 
 
THE GRAPE. 14^ 
 
 flesh juicy, musky; pulp tough, acid ; vine vigorous and 
 prolific. 
 
 IVES. 
 (Labr.) Bunches and berries large ; skin thick, black ; 
 flesh sweet and musky ; vine vigorous and prolific ; a 
 good wine grape. July. 
 
 JANESVILLE. 
 (Labr. X Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry large, 
 black, with thick skin and pulpy flesh; similar to Hart- 
 ford in quality; vine vigorous and productive; ripens 
 about with Hartford; supposed to be a cross of Hartford 
 and Clinton. 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 (Labr. X ) A handsome red grape ; a cross between 
 the Concord and Iona; bunch large, compact, shouldered ; 
 berry large, oval ; flesh tender, sweet and juicy; ripens 
 soon after Concord. 
 
 LADY. 
 
 (Labr.) A seedling of Concord, and a little earlier; 
 bunch and berry lar?e ; skin yellowish green ; handsome ; 
 fair quality ; vine vigorous. 
 
 LADY WASHINGTON. 
 (Hybrid.) Bunch veiy large, shouldered, moderately 
 compact; berries medium, round, pale amber; flesh ten- 
 der, sweet, juicy and of good quality ; vine a good grower, 
 short-jointed; ripens with Concord; produced by cross- 
 ing Concord with Allen's Hybrid. 
 
 LENOIR. 
 (Aest.) Bunch large, moderately compact; berries 
 small, dark purple, juicy and vinous. 
 LINDLEY. 
 (Rogers' Hybrid, No. 9.) Bunch medium, long should- 
 ered, loose; berries large, round, red; flesh tender, with 
 little pulp, rich and aromatic ; vine very vigorous, long- 
 jointed ; early. 
 
150 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 MARION. 
 
 (Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry medium; 
 round, black, juicy and sweet ; vine rather straggling, 
 vigorous grower ; ripens late. 
 
 MARTHA. 
 (Labr.) A white Concord, rather inferior in quality. 
 
 MASSASOIT. 
 (Rogers' Hybrid, No. 3). Bunch medium, short, shoul- 
 dered ; berry large, dark red ; flesh tender and sweet ; 
 vine moderately vigorous and productive. Ripens with 
 Hartford Prolific. 
 
 MAXATAWNEY. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunches medium; berries large, oblong ; skin 
 greenish white; flesh sweet and delicious; one of the 
 best of the white kind ; not a very strong grower. 
 MERRIMACK. 
 
 (Rogers' Hybrid, No. 19.) Bunch medium, short, com- 
 pact ; berry large, black, very good ; vine healthy and a 
 strong grower. Ripens in August. 
 MRS. McCLURE. 
 
 (Hybrd.) A cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie ; 
 bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium, white, fair 
 quality ; vine a strong grower ; foliage resembles the 
 Clinton. 
 
 MOORE'S EARLY. 
 (Labr.) An excellent early grape ; a seedling of the 
 Concord, which it very much resembles, ripening about 
 two weeks earlier. 
 
 NIAGARA. 
 (Cross of Concord and Cassady.) A new grape, promis- 
 ing well ; a cross of Concord and Cassady ; bunch medium 
 to large, uniform, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry 
 large, roundish, with a thin, tough, greenish yellow 
 skin, and a whitish bloom ; flesh tender and in quality 
 about the same as Concord ; ripens with or soon after 
 Concord. 
 
THE GRAPE. 151 
 
 NOAH. 
 
 (Rip. X.) A prolific, strong-growing, white grape; 
 'bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry large ; skin 
 thin, transparent; ripens a week after Concord. 
 NORTON'S VIRGINIA. 
 
 (Aest.) Bunches long, compact; berries small, dark 
 purple; skin thin; flesh vinous, sweet and juicy; an 
 excellent wine grape. August. 
 
 PERKINS. 
 
 (Labr.) Bunch medium to large, shouldered ; berries 
 medium, lilac when fully ripe, with white bloom and 
 thick skin ; flesh pulpy, sweet and juicy ; vine a strong 
 grower, prolific. Ripens several days after Hartford Pro- 
 lific. 
 
 PETER WYLIE. 
 
 (Hybrd.) Bunches large, shouldered, loose ; berries 
 medium, round, transparent, golden yellow at maturity ; 
 flesh melting, vinous, of excellent quality; vine vigor- 
 ous, short-jointed. July. 
 
 POCKLINGTON. 
 (Labr.) A seedling of Concord ; bunch and berry' 
 large ; golden, fair quality ; vigorous ; ripens with Con- 
 cord; a good shipper. 
 
 PRENTISS. 
 (Labr.) A white grape of good quality ; slow grower, 
 productive ; wood short-jointed. 
 REBECCA. 
 (Labr.) A good white grape ; bunch and berry medi- 
 um ; slow grower, not productive. 
 
 SALEM. 
 (Hybrid — Rogers', No. 53 ) Bunch large, compact and 
 shouldered ; berry large, dark and chestnut with little 
 pulp; flesh tender, sweet, aromatic, of good quality ; large 
 foliage ; vine vigorous and healthy ; can be propagated 
 readily from cuttings ; nearly as early as Concord. 
 SCUPPERNONG. 
 
 (Rotund.) Bunches small, rarely containing more than 
 
152 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 eight or ten berries each ; berrie8 large, round and of a 
 bronze color; skin thick ; flesh juicy, sweet and vinous, 
 free from rot, a rapid grower, very prolific ; an excellent 
 w r ine grape ; ver}' popular and profitable. August and 
 September. 
 
 SECRETARY. 
 (Hybrid.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry 
 large, oval, black with handsome bloom ; flesh sweet, vi- 
 nous; vine vigorous. 
 
 SENASQUA. 
 (Hybrd.) Bunch medium to large, compact; berry 
 large, black, with blue bloom, of excellent quality ; flesh 
 of a brisk and vinous flavor; vine moderately vigorous 
 and productive ; ripens soon after Concord. 
 TRIUMPH. 
 (Hybrd ) Bunch and berry very large, pale green to 
 golden yellow; thin skin, no pulp; flesh sweet, vinous, 
 of excellent quality ; a showy variety; vine healthy and 
 productive; ripens later than Concord. 
 TENDER PULP. 
 (Rotund) A seedling of Flowers, ripening earlier. 
 
 THOMAS. 
 (Rotund.) Bunch very small ; b°rries large, of a violet 
 color, transparent ; tender, sweet and vinous. August to 
 September. 
 
 VERGENNESE. 
 (Labr). Bunch large ; berry large, round, amber with 
 blue bloom, ot rich flavor. Early, vine very hardy, 
 vigorous; good wine gmpe. 
 
 WALTER. 
 
 (A cross of Delaware and Diana). Bunches and ber- 
 ries medium to large, in shape and color resembling Dela- 
 ware; flesh lender, rich and sweet, almost equal to Dela- 
 ware ; moderately vigorous and productive. Wood short 
 jointed. Ripens about with Delaware. 
 WORD EN. 
 
 (Labr). A seedling ol Concord, a little earlier ; bunch 
 and berry large, black ; vine very hardy, and strong 
 grower. Resembles Concord. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE MULBERRY. 
 
 The mulberry is a deciduous fruit tree, cultivated to a 
 considerable extent in some sections of the Southern 
 States. The trees are propagated by grafting and from 
 seeds or cuttings. Stocks are sometimes obtained by 
 
 planting seeds of the white mulberry, but the best stocks 
 <;an be had by planting cuttings of the variety known as 
 Morus Multicaulis. The Hicks and Downing ever-bear- 
 ing are the most popular kinds. They bear immense 
 10 
 
154 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 quantities of fruit during three or four months of the 
 year, which is excellent for hogs and poultry. Every 
 farmer would find an orchard of this fruit a profitable 
 investment. 
 
 ssssa 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 BLACK ENGLISH. 
 
 The best black, hardy and prolific, growth rather slow. 
 
 DOWNINGS. 
 
 Flesh rich, subacid ; tree a rapid grower, not so prolific 
 as Hicks. 
 
 HICKS. 
 
 Flesh sweet and insipid ; tree a fine grower and bears 
 large crops for three or four months in the year. 
 
 RUSSIAN. 
 
 Large jet black, fine flavor, commences to fruit when 
 two years old. A very pretty rapid growing tree. 
 
 STUBBS. 
 
 A new variety ; fruit large and of good quality. 
 
 WHITE MULBERRY. 
 
 The best variety for silk worms. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE NECTARINE. 
 
 The nectarine is nothing more than an accidental seed- 
 ling of the peach, with a smooth skin, which is shown 
 by the fact that the same tree sometimes produces both 
 peaches and nectarines. The growth of the tree is the 
 same as that of the peach from which it is not easily dis- 
 tinguished. The fruit is not so large as the peach, free 
 from down, and in flavor resembles the peach leaf. The 
 nectarine is usually propagated by grafting or budding 
 on peach stocks, and the cultivation, pruning, etc., 
 are the same as required by that fruit. Failures to pro- 
 duce crops are more common with nectarines than with 
 peaches, owing principally to the destructive attacks of 
 the curculio or plum weevil. By following the directions 
 given for destroying the curculio, regular crops may be 
 obtained. It is well to plant the trees where hogs will 
 have access to them, as they destroy large numbersof the 
 worms by eating the fallen fruit. Protection against 
 borers is the same as for peach trees. Persons desiring 
 an assortment of fruits should by all means leave room 
 for a few nectarine and apricot trees. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 BOSTON. 
 Large and handsome, roundish oval ; yellow with crim- 
 son cheek, mottled slightly with red ; flesh yellow, sweet, 
 not very rich, pleasant flavor; separates from the stone; 
 flowers small; tree hardy and productive. Medium sea- 
 son. 
 
156 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 COOSA. 
 
 Large, red ; flesh white, quality very good, a new seed- 
 ling. 
 
 DOWNTON. 
 Large, roundish oval, light green with crimson cheek ; 
 flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone, melting and 
 rich ; separates from the stone ; flowers small ; season 
 medium. 
 
 EARLY NEWINGTON. 
 
 Large, roundish ovate, pale green, almost covered with 
 red, marbled and mottled with very dark red; flesh 
 greenish white, red at the stone, sugary, juicy ad rich ;n 
 flowers large ; season early. 
 
 EARLY VIOLET. 
 
 Large, roundish, yellowish green in the shade, almost 
 covered with dark red, moltted with pale brown dots, 
 when exposed ; flesh whitish, red at the stone, melting 
 juicy, rich ; tree hardy and productive. French Origin; 
 flowers small. Season early. 
 
 ELRUGE. 
 
 Medium, roundish oval ; pale green with red cheek 
 and small brown specks; flesh pale green, melting, 
 juicy, of excellent flavor ; separates from the stone ; sea- 
 son medium. 
 
 ^GOLDEN CLING. 
 
 Medium, clingstone, yellow with scarlet cheek ; flesh 
 orange yellow, firm, sweet and juicy ; flowers small. 
 Ripens medium season. 
 
 HARD WICK. 
 
 Large, oval, freestone, light green with crimson cheek ; 
 flesh greenish white, red near the stone, juicy and rich ; 
 resembles the Elruge somewhat. One of the best and 
 hardiest Nectarines ; excellent bearer. Season medium. 
 
 HUNTS TAWNY. 
 
 About medium, slightly enlarged on one side, pointed 
 at apex ; skin orange and deep red, with brown in spots ; 
 
THE NECTARINE. 157 
 
 flesh yellow and juicy; separates from the stone ; hardy, 
 and abundant bearer ; flowers small. 
 NEW WHITE. 
 Large, nearly round, freestone, skin white, slightly 
 tinged with crimson ; flesh white, juicy and vinous ; 
 stone small, separates freely ; flowers large. Early. 
 PITM ASTON ORANGE. 
 Large, roundish, deep yellow, with brownish cheeks ; 
 flesh yellow, red at the stone, rich, juicy and excellent 
 flavor ; stone small, separtes freely ; tree vigorous ; flow- 
 ers large. 
 
 RED ROMAN. 
 
 Large, roundish, or little flattened at the top ; skin yel- 
 low or greenish, and dark reddish brown, with spots of 
 russet ; flesh yellow, red near the stone, rich and juicy; 
 one of the best of clingstone nectarines ; tree healthy and 
 productive ; season medium ; flowers large. 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 Large, roundish, flattened at the top ; greenish yellow, 
 red on the side next the sun ; flesh rich and sweet ; flow- 
 ers small; season medium. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE ORANGE. 
 
 The orange is now grown very extensively in Florida, 
 and to some extent in other States. The trees, which 
 grow to a height of twenty or thirty feet, are the most at- 
 tractive of all fruit trees, while the fruit is highly es- 
 teemed and sells at such prices as render orange culture 
 under favorable circumstances very profitable. The trees 
 are propagated from seeds and by budding. By plant- 
 ing the seeds of good varieties,excellent trees are obtained, 
 which begin to bear when seven or eight years old ; trees 
 budded on stocks three or four years old begin to bear in 
 two or three years after budding. The orange requires 
 ■clean, shallow cultivation and'liberal manuring. Pea- 
 vines turned under, cotton seed, stable manure and muck 
 are all good fertilizers. The trees are very prolific; in 
 some instances yielding ten thousand oranges each. 
 They have few diseases, and with proper attention live 
 to be very old. The fruit begins to ripen in October, 
 and in mild winters will remain in good condition on 
 the trees the year round. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 THE PEACH. 
 
 This popular fruit is a native of Persia and was intro- 
 duced into this country about two hundred years ago. It 
 succeeds admirably here anywhere south of 40o north 
 latitude, and is now raised in greater quantities and with 
 less labor than in any other country. The soil and cli- 
 mate of the Southern states are peculiarly adapted to its 
 culture, and it has become one of the most profitable of 
 Southern fruits. Requiring a soil of only moderate fer- 
 tility, having so few enemies at the South, and giving 
 so rich and speedy returns, it is no wonder that the 
 peach has become a favorite among fruits, and is cultiva- 
 ted so extensively in some sections of the Southern States. 
 The trees are shorter-lived than most fruit trees of our 
 climate, but with proper treatment they live and bear 
 crops from ten to thirty years. In rare instances they 
 have been kown to live from fifty to one hundred years. 
 The different varieties of the peach are distinguished by 
 the presence or absence of glands (slight protuberances) 
 on the leaves, by the size and color of the blooms, and by 
 the quality of the flesh, whether cling or free-stone. 
 
 The propagation of the peach is very easy and rapid. 
 Seedlings sometimes bear fruit the second year, and bud- 
 ded or grafted trees often yield moderate crops when 
 only two years from the bud. In planting orchards of 
 the peach, trees one year from the bud or graft are usual- 
 
160 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 ly selected. The soil should be a dry, moderately rich, 
 sandy loam, rather than heavy clay, well prepared by 
 deep plowing. Orchards on elevated sites are considered 
 least liable to injury from frost. Some kinds of peaches 
 produce the same, or with slight variations, from the 
 seed. Seedling trees are very hardy, and their fruit is 
 often of good quality ; but this method cannot be relied 
 upon to propagate our improved varieties, as it is the 
 natural tendency, when their seeds are planted to de- 
 teriorate — go back to the lower type from which they 
 sprang. Trees combining hardiness with superior qual- 
 ity of fruit may be obtained by planting well matured 
 seeds from vigorous seedling trees in hills the proper dis- 
 tance apart for the trees, on ground where they can re- 
 main, and budding on them the kind it is desired to pro- 
 pagate. Several seeds should be planted in each hill, 
 and when a few inches high all but the most vigorous 
 one of the seedlings can be removed ; with the proper at- 
 tention in the way of pruning, cultivation and protec- 
 tion from insects, trees raised in this way will live many 
 years. 
 
 One great difficulty in peach culture is the result of 
 bad pruning. When the limbs are left to take their own 
 course, they soon become long and slim with very few 
 branches near their base, as represented in figure 108. 
 The tendency of the sap is strongly to the extremity of 
 the limbs at the expense of the buds on the lower part, 
 which are usually lost if not excited into growth the first 
 season after their formation. As the fruit is borne on 
 the wood of the preceding year's growth,a system of prun- 
 ing must be practiced that will keep the tree constantly 
 supplied with young bearing wood in all its parts. The 
 
THE PEACH. 
 
 161 
 
 method adopted is known as the shortening-in system 
 which consists in cutting off each year about one-half of 
 
 the previous year's growth. When the ends of the limbs 
 are pruned off. the rush of sap to the extremities is 
 
 Fig. 109. — The badly pruned peach tree, 
 broken down by overbearing. 
 
 Fig. 110.— The well pre- 
 served peach tree. 
 
 checked and shoots come out on the lower parts, thus 
 supplying the trees with abundance of bearing wood ; 
 the limbs grow shorter and stronger, not so liable to be 
 
162 "; ] [the 'nursery and the orchard. 
 
 nana 
 
 broken by overbearing ; the fruit is better, and the trees 
 longer-lived. But we must not go from one extreme to 
 another. While no pruning leaves the tree unsightly 
 and short-lived, the results of shortening-in are about as 
 bad if the proper attention is not given the trees after- 
 wards. The dense undergrowth which follows the prun- 
 ing must be kept thinned out, so as to admit air and sun- 
 light, and leave the tree with an open, well-balanced 
 head. Good judgment and some experience, on the part 
 of the peach grower, will enable him to keep his trees in 
 symmetrical shape and well supplied with bearing wood, 
 at the same time guarding against injuries caused by the 
 breaking of limbs from overbearing. The hardiest and 
 longest-lived trees of an orchard are often found in fence 
 corners where they are protected against the hot summer 
 sun and injuries from the plow. 
 
 An application of woods earth, or chip manure mixed 
 with ashes or lime, is an excellent fertilizer for peach or- 
 chards. 
 
 VARIETIES OF FREESTONES. 
 
 ALBERT SIDNEY. 
 Medium, oblomr, creamy white, with crimson cheek; 
 flesh rich, melting; Chinese type. July. 
 
 AMELIA. 
 Large, conical, white skin, with a shade of crimson; 
 flesh white, very juicy and sweet ; flowers small. July. 
 ALEXANDER. 
 Medium, dark red skin ; flesh greenish white, very 
 juicy and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone ; tree vig- 
 orous and productive ; the most popular of the very early 
 kinds. May and June. 
 
THE PEACH. 163 
 
 AMSDEN. 
 
 An excellent, very early peach, considered identical 
 with Alexander. 
 
 BALDWIN'S LATE. 
 
 j JLarge, oblong ; swollen point ; greenish white, with 
 red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy ; flowers small. October. 
 
 BEATRICE. 
 
 P [Small, dark red, mottled with a deeper hue of red ; 
 flesh juicy, vinous; matures soon after Alexander; re- 
 quires rich soil and thinning. June. 
 
 BRIGGS' MAY. 
 ^Large, highly colored cheek, on white ground ; flesh 
 greenish white, vinous, of excellent quality ; adheres 
 somewhat to the stone. Early. 
 
 * CANARY. 
 
 Medium, oblong, bright yellow ; flesh yellow, juicy, 
 melting ; flowers small ; season early. 
 COLUMBIA. 
 Very large, excellent; skin downy, yellow, with red 
 cheek ; flesh yellow, rich and juicy ; very popular variety 
 in the South ; easily reproduced from seed. July. 
 
 CORA. 
 
 Above medium, white, with delicate pink cheek ; flesh 
 white, juicy ; improved' seedling of Lady Parham. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 CRAWFORD'S EARLY. 
 Jl \ Very large, oblong, yellow, with crimson blush; flesh 
 yellow, melting, rich and excellent; tree vigorous, fruit- 
 ful and hardy ; flowers small ; one of the most popular 
 market varieties. July. 
 
 CRAWFORD'S LATE. 
 Jf Very large, roundish, shallow but distinct suture ; yel- 
 low, with red cheek ; flesh very deep yellow, red near 
 the stone, rich, juicy, vinous ; flowers small ; season me- 
 dium. 
 
164 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 DRUID HILL. 
 
 Large, roundish, the cavity of stalk narrow, suture 
 very slight; skin greenish white, with clouds of carmine; 
 flesh greenish white, purple near the stone, rich, vinous; 
 tree very vigorous, bears abundantly ; flowers small. 
 August. 
 
 EARLY LOUISE. 
 
 Medium, bright red; thin skin; flesh juicy, excellent; 
 not a good market kind. June. 
 
 EARLY TILLOTSON. 
 
 Medium, round, yellowish white,|nearly covered'with 
 red; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting; flowers 
 small. June. 
 
 EARLY RIVERS. 
 Large, straw color, with pink blush ; flesh white, sub- 
 acid, very vinous and very juicy ; flowers large ; very 
 prolific. June. 
 
 ELBERTA. 
 Very large, handsome, yellow and red ; flesh yellow, 
 flavor excellent, supposed to be a seedling of Chinese 
 cling ; fine variety for shipping. July. 
 
 FAMILY FAVORITE. 
 Large, inclining to oblong, suture shallow; apex me- 
 dium; skin cream-color, with crimson blush; flesh streaked 
 next the stone, firm, juicy ; tree vigorous with large 
 leaves ; flowers small ; earlier than its parent, Chinese 
 Cling. 
 
 FLAT PEACH OF CHINA— (PEEN-TO.) 
 Small, flattened, forming a deep hollow at both ends ; 
 yellowish green skin, with red on one side ; flesh yellow 
 circle of red round the stone, sweet, juicy ; tree of dwarf- 
 ish habits ; flowers large. Ripens in Florida from April 
 15 to May 10. 
 
 FLEITAS ST. JOHN. 
 Large, roundish, orange yellow, s with crimson blush; 
 flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; originated in New Orleans. 
 Ripens with Early Tillotson. 
 
THE PEACH. 165 
 
 FOSTER. 
 
 Large, slightly flattened ; suture slight ; flesh yellow, 
 of good flavor, earlier than Early Crawford, which it 
 resembles ; valuable for market. 
 
 FRUITLAND. 
 Large, greenish white, mottled with red ; flesh green- 
 ish white, very juicy, vinous, red at the stone. Origin- 
 ated at Augusta, Ga. First of September. 
 GAYLORD. 
 Large, round, sharp point, rosy skin, with crimson 
 blush; flesh white, rich and juicy. Origin Mississippi ; 
 flowers small. August. 
 
 GREAT EASTERN. 
 Very large, greenish white skin, with a shade of red; 
 flesh white and juicy, rather coarse ; flowers small. 
 Originated at Augusta, Ga. July. 
 
 GROSSE MIGNONNE. 
 Large, roundish, sligntly depressed, with hollow 
 suture at the top, greenish yellow, mettled with red and 
 deep red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red near the stone, 
 melting, juicy, rich and vinous flavor ; flowers large ; 
 season medium. 
 
 HALE'S EARLY. 
 
 Medium, nearly round, greenish, mottled with red; 
 flesh white, juicy, rich; tree hardy and productive ; flow- 
 ers large. June. 
 
 HONEY. 
 
 Small, oval, whitish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh 
 white, juicy, delicious ; flowers large. June to July. 
 Lagrange. 
 Large, oblong, greenish white ; flesh white and finely 
 flavored. Late in the season. 
 
 LADY PALMERSTON. 
 Large, greenish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh light 
 yellow, melting ; flowers small August to September 
 
 LATE RED RARERIPE. 
 
 Large, oval; suture depressed at the top, where the 
 
ff 
 
 166 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 swollen point is distinctly sunken; skin pale yellow, 
 covered with red spots, cheek deep red; flesh white, red 
 at the stone ; flowers small ; season medium. 
 
 ~ LATE ADMIRABLE. ;■* ~ 
 Very large, roundish ; bold suture, dividing the fruit 
 all around, and small, swollen point at the top; yellow- 
 ish green, red cheek, marbled with darker red; flesh 
 greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy ; flowers 
 small ; season medium. 
 
 LORD PALMERSTON. 
 Large, skin white, with pink cheek ; flesh firm, juicy 
 and rich ; flowers large. August. 
 
 MOUNTAIN ROSE. 
 Large, white, washed with a carmine; flesh tinged 
 pink, juicy, vinous, subacid ; flowers small; tree a strong 
 grower, prolific. June to July. 
 
 MUSCOGEE. 
 Large, round, yellow, almost covered with red; flesh 
 white with red streaks near the stone, melting, juicy ; 
 flowers small ; resembles Columbia. August. 
 OSCEOLA. 
 Medium, round ; suture medium ; yellow, with orange 
 cheek, veined with red ; flesh yellow, streaked with red, 
 sweet ; flowers large. September. Origin Georgia. 
 OLD MIXON FREE STONE. 
 Large, roundish, one side swollen, and the suture visi- 
 ble only at the top ; cavity slightly sunk at the stalk ; 
 skin yellowish white, mottled with red, red cheek; 
 flesh white, red at the stone, tender, rich and excellent, 
 flowers small. August. 
 
 PICQUET'S LATE. 
 Very large, yellow, with crimson cheek ; flesh yellow, 
 rich and sweet. Originated by Antoine Picquet, Esq., 
 Belair, Ga. August to September. 
 
 PRINCESS OP WALES. 
 Large, round, cream-colored, with a shade of blush ; 
 

 THE PEACH. " f 16T 
 
 flesh melting, deep red at the stone, quite'juicy'and rich; 
 flowers large. September. 
 
 I REEVE'S FAVORITE..*^BB 
 Large, roundish, point swollen ; skin yellow withered 
 cheek ; flesh deep yellow , red at the stone, juicy, melt- 
 ing, vinous ; flowers small. July. fcaSM 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE. £^? 
 
 Above medium; skin white, sprinkled with redjdots; 
 cheek deep red ; flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, very 
 rich ; flowers small. July. W T<—r~ 
 
 SNOW. 
 
 Large, globular; suture faintly marked, except at the 
 top ; skin pure white; flesh white, sweet, sprightly ; flow- 
 ers small. August. 
 
 STUMP THE WORLD.; 1 Z^MNZ2&HMK 
 Very large, white, with bright cheek ;"flesh white and 
 juicy ; flowers small. July. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA. 
 
 Very large, yellow and crimsonfjskin ; flesh yellow, 
 rich and jucy J^Last of^July. 
 
 THURBER. 
 
 Very large, pure white, crimson mottlings ; flesh quite 
 luscious, of fine texture. A seedling of Chinese Cling, 
 which it resembles in size and color. Originated by Dr. 
 L. E. Berckmans, Rome, Ga. July. 
 WHEATLAJSD. 
 
 Large, roundish, a distinct suture, not large ; cavity 
 medium ; skin deep golden yellow, shaded with crimson ; 
 flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, pale red around the stone; tree 
 very vigorous, healthy, resembles Crawford's Late ; flow- 
 ers large. August. 
 
 YELLOW ST. JOHN. 
 Large, resembles Early Crawford, but of a deeper color; 
 flesh yellow, juicy, very sweet. Ripens early. 
 
168 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 CLINGSTONE. 
 
 ANNIE WYLIE. 
 
 Large, globular ; suture shallow, extending beyond the 
 apex, which is a small joint ; cavity narrow, deep; skin 
 creamy white, with crimson cheek ; flesh white, juicy, 
 vinous ; tree vigorous and a good bearer ; flowers small ; 
 originated in Chester, S. C. September. 
 
 BUSTIAN'S OCTOBER. 
 Large, white, late variety, of good quality. 
 BORDEAUX CLING. 
 
 Large, oblong, inclined to be one-sided; suture shallow ; 
 skin pale yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yellow, red 
 at stone, juicy ; flowers large. August. 
 CHINESE CLING. 
 
 Large, globular, sides compressed; suture shallow ; skin 
 creamy white, with crimson cheek; flesh white, red at 
 stone, juicy and deliciously flavored ; a very desirable 
 variety for market ; flowers* small. July. General Lee 
 and Stone wallJackson are excellent sub-varieties of Chi- 
 nese Cling. 
 
 CROFT'S GOLDEN. 
 
 Large, deep yellow with red cheek ; flesh yellow, sub- 
 acid, vinous. July to August. 
 
 DARBY. 
 Large, round, creamy white skin, excellent variety, ma- 
 tures middle of October. Origin, South Carolina. 
 DEMMING'S SEPTEMBER. 
 Large, oblong, yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yel- 
 low, red near the stone, very juicy and vinous; similar 
 to Lemon Cling, but later. 
 
 DUFF YELLOW. 
 Very large, round, with sharp point, yellow and nearly 
 covered with a dark hue of red; flesh yellow and juicy, 
 red at the stone ; flowers small. July. 
 
THE PEACH. 169 
 
 EATON'S GOLDEN. 
 Medium, round ; suture shallow ; skin golden yellow, 
 with a few pink spots near the base ; flesh golden yellow, 
 sweet, juicy, with flavor of the apricot ; flowers large. 
 September. 
 
 FLEWELLEN. 
 
 Large, dark red, of the Indian type ; flesh red, very 
 juicy and sweet, vinous ; ripens in July. 
 GOODE'S OCTOBER. 
 
 Large, round or oblong, white, with veins of carmine, 
 downy ; flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy 
 and subacid. Originated in South Carolina. First of 
 October. 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR. 
 
 Medium, white or almost covered with red tinge ; flesh 
 white, juicy and sweet. July. Originated in Mississippi. 
 
 HEATH LATE WHITE. 
 
 (Henrietta.) Large, oval, apex-pointed; skin white'; 
 flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, good quality, ex- 
 cellent for preserving. September. 
 HEATH RED. 
 
 Large, oblong, the skin white, with red wash ; flesh 
 juicy, red near the stone, of good flavor, rich and melting ; 
 flowers small. August. 
 
 INDIAN BLOOD CLINGSTONE. 
 
 Large, roundish, oval, distinct suture ; skin downy, of 
 a deep, almost purple red ; flesh same color, firm, juicy ; 
 flowers small. August. 
 
 LARGE WHITE CLINGSTONE. 
 Large, round, suture slight, and the swollen point at 
 the top small ; skin creamy white with light red cheek ; 
 flesh whitish, tender, melting, juicy and very sweet; 
 flowers small. July. 
 
 LEMON CLING. 
 Large, oblong, point swollen, like that of a lemon ; skin 
 yellow, with brownish cheek ; flesh firm, yellow, red at 
 the stone, rich, vinous, juicy ; flowers small. July. 
 11 
 
170 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 NEWINGTON CLING. 
 Large, oblong, white with red cheek; flesh firm, juicy. 
 August. 
 
 NIX LATE WHITE. 
 Large, oblong; suture medium, extending to the apex, 
 which is a little sunk ; white, downy, reddish in the sun; 
 flesh white; flowers large. October. 
 
 OLD MIXON CLINGSTONE. 
 Large, roundish, swollen on one side; suture visible 
 only at the top ; creamy white, dotted with red, cheek a 
 deep red ; flesh white, juicy, of excellent flavor ; flowers 
 small. August. 
 
 SCOTT'S OCTOBER. 
 Medium to large, light yellow ; flesh firm, with flavor 
 of lemon. Originated in Columbia, S. C. 
 
 SHELBY. 
 Large, white, with crimson blush, juicy, finely flavored. 
 July and August. 
 
 TINLEY'S OCTOBER. 
 Medium, oblong, white, slightly tinged with red; flesh 
 white, juicy, vinous; flowers large. Origin Macon, Ga. 
 TUSKENA. 
 Above medium, oblong, yellow and deep red ; flesh 
 subacid, vinous. Origin Mississippi. June. 
 
 WASHINGTON CLINGSTONE. 
 ^•Medium, roundish, yellowish green, with gray specks; 
 flesh juicy, luscious ; flowers small. August. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 THE PEAR. 
 
 The wild pear of Europe and Asia is one of the most 
 austere of all fruits, entirely unfit for the palate, but 
 through the ameliorating influences of cross-breeding 
 and reproduction from seeds, it has become a favorite 
 fruit of modern times. The trees, under favorable cir- 
 cumstances, are very long-lived and exceedingly prolific. 
 Instances are on record of trees reaching the age of four 
 hundred years, and from one hundred to one hundred and 
 fifty bushels of fruit have have been gathered from a sin- 
 gle tree. The pear is propagated by budding and graft- 
 ing on its own roots for standards, and on the roots of the 
 quince for dwarfs. For orchard culture, standards are 
 much preferred, but for garden and amateur culture, 
 dwarfs are very interesting. Some varieties are grown 
 readily from cuttings. As was stated in the chapter on 
 seeds and seedlings, it is more difficult in this country to 
 raise seedlings of the pear than of any other fruit tree. 
 The soil should be deep, rich and moist (not wet.) 
 
 It is useless to plant pear seeds on poor, dry soils. The 
 seeds may be planted either in the spring or fall, and 
 require the best of cultivation to induce a vigorous 
 growth during the early part of the season, without 
 which failure often results 
 
 Good stocks may be obtained from the seeds of the 
 hardy common sorts, often found growing on farms, in a 
 
172 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 very thrifty condition. If planted in a seed-bed in rows 
 about eighteen inches apart, to be transplanted to nur- 
 sery rows, which is the usual practice, the tap roots are 
 shortened at the time of removal. If the seedlings are 
 
 Fig. 111.— Kieffer Pear. 
 
 raised in nursery rows three or three and a half feet 
 apart, the tap root can be shortened by running a sharp 
 spade under them in the fall, and they can be budded or 
 grafted where they grow. When seedlings are bought, 
 they can be budded during the summer after setting out, 
 if they are growing vigorously ; if not, they are grafted 
 the following spring. 
 
 Suckers are sometimes used as stocks, but seedlings 
 
THE PEAR. 173 
 
 are much preferred. The pear adapts itself to a great 
 variety of soils; it requires good cultivation, and on 
 most soils liberal manuring will be necessary. Ashes 
 and lime are very beneficial. 
 
 Standard pears require about the same pruning as 
 apple trees. The fruit of most varieties of the pear is 
 very much improved by ripening off the tree. It should 
 be gathered carefully to prevent bruising, when matured, 
 but not colored. The proper time is when some of the 
 full grown but unsound fruit begins to color and drop 
 from the tree. If carefully packed in boxes with some- 
 thing between the layers, and kept in a cool, dry place, 
 the fruit will be fully ripened in from five to fifteen days. 
 The greatest difficulty in the way of pear culture is the 
 disease known as blight. It seems to attack mercilessly 
 trees of almost all ages, varieties and localities; and, 
 although many theories have been advanced and reme- 
 dies suggested, its ravages continue almost unabated. 
 Its presence is indicated by a sudden withering and turn- 
 ing black of the leaves in certain portions of the tree, 
 while the other parts remain apparently in full vigor. 
 Unless the disease is checked, the tree is soon de- 
 stroyed. Trees that are attacked by blight often recover 
 after having the diseased portion pruned off. Always cut 
 a considerable distance below the affected part. 
 
 Damp soils, which induce a late growth and imper- 
 fectly matured wood, are unfavorable for the pear. 
 
 THE LeCONTE PEAR. 
 
 The introduction of this pear has, during the last few 
 years, created quite a stir at the South in pear culture. 
 It was introduced into Liberty county, Ga., in 1856, from 
 
174 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 a Northern nursery, and the original tree is still alive, 
 and bears large crops annually. The LeConte is a hy- 
 
 Fig. 112. 
 
 brid, the result of a cross between the Chinese Sand Pear 
 and some cultivated variety. The tree is of rapid growth, 
 very prolific, bears young, and is comparatively free from 
 blight. The fruit is large, of good quality, an excellent 
 shipper, and sells at high prices. It is gathered when 
 the color first begins to change, and, if intended for ship- 
 ment, each specimen is wrapped in paper, and packed in 
 crates containing about one bushel each. The propaga- 
 tion is principally from cuttings. In furrows the width 
 of a spade, about fifteen inches deep, well enriched, cut- 
 tings of the last year's growth, ten or twelve inches long, 
 
THE PEAR. 
 
 175 
 
 are planted, with one or two inches- of the top uncovered, 
 and the dirt pressed firmly about them. They must be 
 kept clear of weeds and watered in dry weather. The 
 time for planting cuttings varies in different localities 
 
 Fig. 113.— Young Kieffer Pear Tree. 
 
 from September to February. Perhaps the best time in 
 all places is soon after the years growth has stopped. 
 Sometimes three-fourths of the cuttings will live at other 
 
176 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 times all fail. When planted in the orchard large holes 
 should be dug, and well enriched with good manure and 
 top soil thoroughly mixed together. The young trees 
 should be cut back to within two feet of the ground, and 
 have one-half of their growth cut back annually for a few 
 years, always leaving the last bud on the outer side of the 
 limb, so that the growth will be from the tree and make 
 a more open head and a larger bearing surface. The trees 
 require good cultivation and manuring. They are hardy 
 anywhere in the United States, but are most valuable at 
 the South. The Kieffer, another hybrid of late introduc- 
 tionis becoming very popular, especially so at the North. 
 
 List of Summer Varieties. 
 
 bartlett. 
 
 Large, oblong, obtuse, pyriform, yellow ; flesh white, 
 buttery, juicy, vinous ; open calyx, in shallow basin ; 
 tree a strong, upright grower, and a very early and abun- 
 dant bearer ; a most popular kind of English origin. 
 July and August. 
 
 BELLE LUCRATIVE. 
 
 ^Medium to large, yellowish green, slightly russeted ; 
 flesh juicy, melting, delicious, of excellent quality ; me- 
 dium basin, with open calyx; tree is upright, moder- 
 ately vigorous and prolific. July and August. 
 
 BLOODGOOD. 
 
 Medium, turbinate, yellow, with russet dots ; flesh 
 whitish, buttery, melting, aromatic ; open calyx in 
 very shallow basin ; the tree is a good grower, and bears 
 early and regularly. July. 
 
 BRANDYWINE. 
 Medium, pyriform, greenish, russeted with a brown 
 blush ; flesh white, rich, juicy and excellent ; open calyx 
 
THE PEAR. 177 
 
 in shallow basin ; tree a strong, upright grower, prolific. 
 July. Origin Pennsylvania. 
 
 BETJRRE GIFFARD. 
 Medium, pyrifonn, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh 
 white, melting, juicy and finely flavored; small basin, 
 with closed calyx ; tree a straggling grower. June. 
 BUFFUM. 
 
 Medium, obovate, deep yellow, with a]broad red cheek, 
 and slightly russeted ; flesh white, buttery, sweet and 
 of very good quality; tree a strong, compact grower, pro- 
 ductive. August. Origin Rhode Island. 
 CHAMBERS. 
 
 Medium, obovate, yellow, red next the sun and dotted 
 with green ; flesh white, of fair quality ; tree a spreading 
 grower of moderate vigor. July. 
 
 CLAPP'S FAVORITE. 
 
 Large, ovate, yellow, with brown dots ; flesh white, 
 buttery, melting, sweet,, of good quality; tree vigorous, 
 upright spreading, prolific. July and August. Origin 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 DOYENNE d'ETE. 
 
 Small, roundish-obovate, shaaed with and covered 
 with grayish dots ; flesh white, sweet, melting and of 
 agreeable flavor; tree a strong, upright grower, bears 
 early and abundantly. June. 
 
 FLEMISH BEAUTY. 
 
 Large, pyriform, pale yellow, with a brown cheek, rus- 
 seted ; flesh whitish, melting and rich ; a handsome pear 
 of good quality ; tree a strong, upright grower, bears 
 •early. August. 
 
 HENKELL. 
 Large, round-obovate, yehow ; flesh yellowish white, 
 buttery, melting; partially closed calyx in large basin ; 
 tree upright, vigorous and productive. July. 
 HOWELL. 
 Large, wide-obovate, yellow, with handsome cheek and 
 small dots ; flesh white, melting, buttery, aromatic, of 
 fine quality ; small basin ; tree a strong, open grower, 
 prolific. August. 
 
178 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 LeCONTE. 
 
 Supposed to be a hybrid between the Chinese Sand 
 Pear and a cultivated variety. Large, oblong, pyriform, 
 pale yellow ; quality variable, usually second rate ; much 
 improved by ripening in the house ; the tree is a very 
 strong grower with dense foliage, bears early, compara- 
 tively free from blight ; very valuable at the Soutn ; 
 propagated readily from cuttings. August. 
 
 LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY. 
 Large, pyriform, slightly one-sided, yellowish green,, 
 with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting 
 buttery, of good quality ; basin shallow ; tree a good 
 grower and hea\y bearer ; best on quince. August. 
 
 OSBAND'S SUMMER. 
 Small to medium, obovate, yellow, with a brown 
 cheek, often slightly russeted ; flesh white, granular, 
 v-ith a sweet, agreeable flavor ; tree a good grower and 
 p iductive. July. 
 
 OTT. 
 Small, roundisa-obovate, greenish yellow, partly rus- 
 seted, sometimes mottled with red ; flesh resembles that 
 of its parent, the Seckel ; large calyx, in shallow basin ; 
 tree a strong, erect grower. July. 
 
 PETITE MARGUERITE. 
 Small, short, obovate, yellow ; flesh juicy, melting and 
 of good quality. June. 
 
 SECKEL. 
 Small, obovate, yellowish brown, with a red cheek ; 
 flesh very fine grained, sweet, juicy, melting, buttery, of 
 the highest flavor — a standard of excellence ; tree very 
 hardy, but a slow grower. August. 
 
 STEVENS GENESEE. 
 Large, round-obovate, often flattened, yellow ; flesh half 
 buttery, granular, rich and well flavored ; tree a vigor- 
 ous grower. 
 
 ST. MICHAEL ARCHANGEL. 
 Large, pyriform, yellow, partly russeted ; flesh rather 
 
THE PEAR. 179 
 
 coarse, rich, aromatic ; calyx closed, in small basin ; tree 
 pyramidal, a tardy bearer. August. 
 
 TYSON. 
 
 Medium, conic pyriform, yellow, with a reddish brown 
 cheek, sometimes russeted ; flesh juicy, melting, buttery, 
 with an aromatic flavor — one of the finest summer pears ; 
 tree vigorous. July and August. 
 
 WHITE DOYENNE. 
 
 Medium to large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh white, 
 melting, buttery, of excellent quality ; small calyx in 
 shallow basin ; tree a strong grower and productive. 
 August. 
 
 URBANISTE. 
 Large, short, pear-shaped, pale yellow, slightly rus- 
 seted; flesh melting, buttery, somewhat acid, well fla- 
 vored; tree a moderate grower, rather tardy bearer. Au- 
 gust. 
 
 List of Autumn or Winter Varieties. 
 
 BEURRE EASTER. 
 Large, obovate, yellowish green, slightly russeted, often 
 with a red cheek ; flesh fine grained, rich, melting, but- 
 tery, of good quality ; small, closed calyx, in shallow 
 basin ; an excellent keeper ; tree a good grower. No- 
 vember. 
 
 BEURRE LANGELIER. 
 
 Medium, pyriform, yellow, with some russet ; flesh 
 buttery, melting, with a sweet, slightly vinous flavor ; 
 tree a good grower, but rather tardy bearer. October and 
 November. 
 
 BEURRE SUPERPIN. 
 
 Large, obovate, greenish yellow, somewhat russeted, 
 with a brownish cheek ; flesh juicy, subacid, melting, 
 with an agreeable, vinous flavor ; tree vigorous and a 
 regular bearer. August. 
 
 DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME. 
 
 Very large, obtuse, pyriform, greenish yellow, often 
 russeted; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy and well 
 
180 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 flovored; tree vigorous and a very reliable bearer ; best 
 on quince. September. 
 
 BEURRE BOSC. 
 Large, very distinct pyriform, deep yellow, partially 
 russeted; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, excellent; basin 
 shallow ; tree a moderate grower, a regular bearer. Early 
 autumn. 
 
 BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. 
 
 Large, pyramidal pyriform, with brown dots, and 
 
 crimson toward the sun ; flesh white, somewhat granular, 
 
 buttery, melting, quality variable ; tree of stout, erect 
 
 growth, and a regular bearer. September and October. 
 
 BEURRE D'ANJOU. 
 Large, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, russeted ; 
 flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, melting, 
 highly flavored ; sometimes a little astringent ; fine tree 
 and regular bearer. September. 
 
 BEURRE DIEL. 
 Very large, thick pyriform, dull yellow, dotted, with 
 some russet ; flesh rather coarse, rich, buttery ; tree a 
 vigorous grower. September. 
 
 DUCHESSE d'BORDEAUX. 
 Medium, roundish, yellow, with russet dots; flesh 
 white, moderately juicy, sweet, of pleasant flavor; open 
 calyx in medium basin; tree moderately vigorous. Oc- 
 tober to November. 
 
 GLOUT MORCEAU. 
 Large, short pyriform, greenish yellow; flesh white, 
 fine grained, melting, buttery, sweet, of excellent flavor ; 
 tree a spreading grower, rather tardy bearer, best on 
 quince. October. 
 
 HEBE. 
 Very large, round, obovate, lemon color, russeted; flesh 
 melting, buttery, sprightly, coarse, with a vinous flavor, 
 a good keeper ; tree thrifty and productive. Origin 
 South Carolina. 
 
THE PEAR. 181 
 
 KIEFFER. 
 
 Said to be a hybrid, between the Bartlett and China 
 Sand Pear; fruit large, handsome; skin deep yellow, 
 with a bright vermillion cheek and some russet ; flesh 
 white, brittle, juicy, of fair quality ; tree very much like 
 LeConte, bears early. September and October. Origin- 
 ated near Philadelphia. 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 
 Medium, pyriform, lemon color with numerous small 
 dots ; flesh white, buttery, with a rich, aromatic flavor ; 
 tree a spreading, moderately vigorous grower, bears 
 early and abundantly. September and October. 
 ONONDAGA. 
 
 (Swan's Orange.) Large, nearly in the form of a double 
 cone, yellow, numerous dots, sometimes with a brown 
 cheek ; closed calyx, in narrow basin ; flesh somewhat 
 coarse, buttery, melting, of fair quality ; tree vigorous 
 and productive. September and October. 
 PASSE COLMAR. 
 
 Medium to large, distinct pyriform, yellow, often rus- 
 seted ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, sweet, of very good 
 flavor ; tree a slender grower, inclined to overbear. Oc- 
 tober and November. 
 
 POUND. 
 
 (Winter Bell, Angora.) Very large, pyriform, crown 
 wide, yellow, with a brown cheek ; flesh compact, good 
 for cooking; tree a strong, upright grower, and a good 
 bearer. October and December. 
 
 VICAR OF WINKFIELD. 
 
 Very large, long, pyriform, conical toward the crown^ 
 yellow, with red cheek ; flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, of- 
 ten astringent ; good for cooking ; best on quince ; very 
 productive. October. 
 
 WINTER NELIS. 
 
 Medium, roundish, pyriform, yellowish green, rus- 
 seted ; flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, of ex- 
 cellent flavor ; tree a slender and straggling grower. 
 October to December. Origin Belgium. 
 
CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 THE PECAN NUT. 
 
 Of the nut bearing trees, the walnut, chestnut and fil- 
 bert are ail worth) 7 - o\ cultivation, but they are far less 
 valuable than the pecan (carya olivae-formis) which is 
 of the same genus as the hickory, and succeeds wherever 
 that tree grows. The natural range of the pecan is in 
 
 the valleys of the Western rivers from Illinois to Texas, 
 and it is cultivated with remarkable success in most 
 states of the Union, especiall}' so at the South. The 
 tallest tree of which we have any account is growing 
 near Philadelphia, Pa., and the largest nut which has 
 yet been brought before the public was obtained from 
 Illinois. There are fine specimens of the trees grow- 
 ing in the Southern States, which often bear fifteen 
 bushels of excellent nuts per tree ; and as they sell 
 readily at from three to five dollars per bushel, the net 
 
THE PECAN NUT. 183 
 
 income from a single pecan tree is often more than 
 from several acres of ordinary farm products. 
 
 It is trul}' surprising that this nut has not ere now 
 received the attention it so richly deserves. The trees 
 are exceedingly prolific, hardy, and long-lived. After 
 they begin to bear, each year adds greatly to the yield 
 and they continue to increase in vigor and productive- 
 ness until more than fifty years old. Daring the last few 
 years, considerable attention has been given to the cul- 
 ture of pecans, and as the people begin to understand 
 their merits, the trees will be planted until at no dis- 
 tant time, pecan groves will be as popular and prof- 
 itable at the South, and in many of the Northern States, 
 as orange groves now are in Florida. Many persons who 
 read this will doubtless live to regret that they did not 
 take my advice to plant a pecan grove at once. The fol- 
 lowing quotation from an article written by E. T Hollis- 
 ter, and published in the Rural World, shows how high 
 an estimate is placed upon the pecan by one who is in 
 every way capacitated to judge of its worth : 
 
 " The pecan is one of the most remunerative crops a 
 farmer can produce. Young man, plant a pecan grove, 
 and it will support you in your old age and enable you 
 to pass the evening of your life in luxury, free from the 
 toil and care necessary to the ordinary callings. Old gen- 
 tleman, whose tide of life is upon the ebb, and whose 
 tottering footsteps are slowly carrying you towards the 
 other side of the great river, plant a pecan grove, because 
 it does not require the amount of care and cultivation 
 necessary to other crops, and if you do not live to reap 
 the benefits from it yourself, those who come after you, 
 and for whom it is } r our duty to provide, while enjoying 
 
184 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 the fruit of your labor and forethought, -will always have 
 a green spot in their memory for the good old man who 
 was so thoughtful as to provide bountifully for them in 
 his old age, and they will plant a fresh flower on your 
 grave with every recurring spring." 
 
 Plant a grove of at least one hundred trees next fall ; do 
 not wait till next year. There can be no doubt that in a 
 few years they will prove to be the most profitable invest- 
 ment you ever made. Read what Mr. A. C. Daniel, of 
 Crawford, Ga., has to say of the pecan : 
 
 " I have a row of trees at the back of my garden of dif- 
 ferent sizes. The largest one is five feet in circumfer- 
 ence, and I gathered from it day before yesterday eleven 
 bushels and one peck of nuts, which I sold in Athens, to 
 Mr. Jester, for forty-five dollars ($45.00). I have trees 
 six or seven years old that are bearing. I believe they 
 can be made to bear at four or five years of age. A pecan 
 nut raised in this climate is far superior to others. I can 
 sell all the nuts I raise to my neighbors; can retail them 
 at twenty cents per pound — $8.00 per bushel. I am 
 going to set me out an orchard and push them from the 
 jump." 
 
 Pecan trees are propagated by planting the nuts and 
 by budding or grafting. There is a great difference in 
 the quality and market value of the nuts from different 
 sections and from different trees. 
 
 Some are small, thick shelled, of poor quality, and 
 should be carefully avoided. The best varieties are large, 
 very thin shelled, of fine flavor, and come into bearing in 
 a much shorter time than the ordinary kinds. Nursery 
 trees two or three years old are of very suitable size for 
 planting in groves, and if properly pruned they can be 
 
THE PECAN NUT. 185 
 
 transplanted about as successfully as any fruit tree of the 
 same age. They will grow in almost any soil with little 
 attention, but much better results will be obtained when 
 planted in rich soil, and well cultivated and manured. 
 Rich bottom land, if not too wet, is excellent for them ; 
 but the largest tree that I have ever seen is growing in 
 an elevated place, and has received very little attention 
 It is now 8 feet in circumference, two feet from the 
 ground, has very long branches, and bears immense 
 crops of fine nuts. 
 
 Plant the trees thirty feet apart in large, well manured 
 holes. Cultivate well. 
 
 Examine the trees often and burn all twiggs cut by 
 the girdler. This insect is the same that attacks the 
 hickory. It is not very injurious to large trees. 
 12 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 THE PLUM. 
 
 While not so valuable as the peach or the pear, the 
 plum is largely cultivated in this country, and some of 
 the best varieties are highly esteemed. It is propagated 
 by budding and grafting on its own roots, or those of the 
 peach, which are chiefly employed, and on most soils con- 
 sidered superior to the plum stocks. On very compact, 
 clayey soils, it will succeed better on its own roots. If 
 plum stocks are to be used, they are obtained from the 
 seeds of free growing kinds, managed in the same man- 
 ner as peach seeds, requiring more care to prevent them 
 from becoming dry. The native or Chickasaw plum is 
 sometimes used as a stock. When this is used, the tree 
 should be planted deep to induce rooting above the graft. 
 The Wild Goose, an exceedingly popular improved vari- 
 ety of the Chickasaw, is a very profitable market fruit. 
 It is not injured by the curculio so much as other varie- 
 ties, bears early and abundantly, ships in a perfect con- 
 dition to almost any distance, and often sells in North- 
 ern markets for as much as twelve dollars per bushel. 
 
 As with some other fruits, the best flavor of the Wild 
 Goose is obtained when gathered as it begins to color and 
 ripen in the house. The trees are short-lived, but 
 as every farmer can raise as many as he needs by graft- 
 ing on peach seedlings, it matters little if a few die every 
 
THE PLUM. 
 
 187 
 
 year. Market orchards of this plum would doubtless be 
 profitable in most sections of the South. 
 
 Plum trees are heavy croppers, and to remain vigor- 
 ous and healthy require liberal manuring and good cul- 
 tivation. The pruning of the tree is similar to that of 
 the peach. 
 
 Fig. 115.— Wild Goose Plum. 
 
 The greatest drawback to the successfuFcultivation of 
 the plum is the curculio or plum weevil, which is no- 
 ticed in the chapter on insects. 
 
188 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD-. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 In this list (/) indicates a foreign variety; (c) Chick- 
 asaw or native kind. Plums of the latter class are very 
 vigorous, productive, and comparatively free from at- 
 tacks of the curculio, but the foreign kinds are superior 
 in quality. 
 
 BASSETTE S AMERICAN, (c.) 
 Small, crimson, with heavy bloom ; flesh sweet, rich, of 
 good quality ; tree bears young and exceedingly prolific ; 
 excellent for cooking. August. 
 
 COE'S GOLDEN DROP. (/.) 
 Large, oval; skin light yellow, with dark-red spots; 
 stalk about an inch long; flesh yellow, firm, adhering 
 close to stone, rich, sweet and delicious ; tree moderately 
 vigorous. August. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, (c.) 
 
 Large, yellow, very sweet and juicy Origin Augusta. 
 August and September. 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 Large, brownish purple, dotted with fawn-colored 
 specks, covered with much bloom ; stalk about an inch 
 long, stout, inserted in a narrow, small cavity ; flesh 
 orange, not very juicy, but very sugary when fully ripe, 
 separates freely from the stone, except on the edge. Me- 
 dium season. 
 
 DAMSON (COMMON BLUE, WELL KNOWN.) (/".) 
 A valuable market sort ; very prolific ; comparatively 
 free from attacks of the curculio ; separates partially from 
 the stone. September. 
 
 DkCARADEUC (c.) 
 Medium, round; skin yellow, with dull red cheek; flesh 
 juicy and finely flavored ; this excellent variety is hy- 
 brid between the Chickasaw and a European variety. 
 Origin South Carolina. June. 
 
THE PLUM. 189 
 
 DUANE'S PURPLE. (/.) 
 
 Large, oblong ; handsome skin, a reddish purple ; flesh 
 amber-colored, juicy and of good flavor, adheres partially 
 to the stone; tree prolific and a strong grower. Season 
 medium. 
 
 EARLY YELLOW PRUNE, (f.) 
 Large, oval ; yellow, with red dots in the sun ; flesh 
 yellow, sweet, juicy, with a very agreeable flavor ; sepa- 
 rates from the stone ; tree a good grower and bears well. 
 Julv. 
 
 GERMAN PRUNE. ( f.) 
 
 Long, oval ; one side swollen, dark purple, with a blue 
 bloom ; flesh sweet, green and of a very agreeable flavor, 
 separates from the stone ; much esteemed for drying, 
 abundant bearer. August. 
 
 GREEN GAGE. ( f) 
 
 Small, round, yellowish green ; flesh pale green, of best 
 quality ; usually separates from the stone; tree a spread- 
 ing, slow grower. July. 
 
 HULING'S SUPERB. (/) 
 Large, roundish, oval, with distinct, though shallow 
 suture ; greenish yellow, covered with pale bloom ; flesh 
 greenish, yellow, rather coarse, but with rich, sprightly 
 fivaor; tree very vigorous, upright, large foliage, mod- 
 erate bearer, good quality, adheres to the stone. July. 
 IMPERIAL GAGE. ( f) 
 Large, greenish yellow, rich, juicy, of fine quality ; 
 usually nearly free from the stone; a vigorous, upright 
 grower, prolific. July. 
 
 ITALIAN PRUNE. ( f ) 
 Medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh yellow, sweet, of good 
 quality, separates from the stone ; tree a strong, spread- 
 ing grower. August. 
 
 LOMBARD. ( / ) 
 Medium, oval ; skin red ; flesh yellow, juicy and of 
 agreeable flavor adheres to the stone ; tree strong 
 grower, prolific. July. 
 
190 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 MARIANNA. (c) 
 
 Seedling of Wild Goose. Of Texas origin ; large, round; 
 skin bright red ; good quality, prolific. 
 
 MAGNUM BONUM (YELLOW EGG.) (/.) 
 Very large, oval, yellow, with white dots ; flesh yellow, 
 sweet, of fair flavor ; tree moderately vigorous and pro- 
 ductive. July. 
 
 MOROCCO. (/) 
 Medium, roundish ; skin purple, covered with a pale 
 thin bloom; flesh greenish yellow, juicy and finely fla- 
 vored, adhering slightly to the stone; growth rather 
 slow and moderate bearer; a good early plum, free from 
 curculio. 
 
 MINER, (c) 
 
 Medium, oblong, red, with a fine bloom, adheres to the 
 stone ; tree a strong grower, prolific. September. 
 
 NEWMAN'S, (c) 
 Medium, oval, light scarlet, with a thin bloom ; flesh 
 pinkish, juicy, adheres to the stone; tree healthy, hardy, 
 vigorous and productive. July. 
 
 ORLEANS. (/) 
 Medium, round, a little enlarged on one side of the dis- 
 tinct suture ; skin dark red, purple in the sun ; flesh 
 yellowish, sweet, somewhat acid, separates freely from 
 the stone; tree vigorous; season medium. 
 POND'S SEEDLING. ( /) 
 Very large, oval, skin yellowish, nearly covered with 
 red or carmine, thin whitish bloom, sprinkled with 
 brownish dots; flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy and 
 sweet; tree very vigorous and productive. August. 
 PRINCE'S YELLOW GAGE. (/.) 
 Above medium, deep yellow; flesh yellow, rich and 
 sweet, productive. August. 
 
 RED MAGNUM BOMUN (RED EGG.) (/) 
 Large, oval, red, with gray dots ; flesh greenish, coarse, 
 subacid, separating from the stone ; tree a slow grower. 
 August. 
 
THE PLUM. 191 
 
 RICHLAND, (f) 
 
 Medium, oval, a little pointed at apex ; skin reddish 
 purple, covered with a thin bloom; stalk in a small cavi- 
 ty ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially 
 to the stone ; tree upright, vigorous, very valuable for 
 market. 
 
 SHROPSHIRE DAMSON. (/") 
 
 Resembles common blue Damson ; but little superior 
 to it, almost free from curculio ; blooms late and is very 
 prolific. 
 
 WEAVER PLUM. 
 
 Medium, purple, with blue bloom ; of fine quality ; 
 bears regularly and profusely ; tree very hardy. August. 
 WILD GOOSE, (c) 
 
 An improved variety of the Chickasaw ; large, oblong; 
 skin bright red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, cling ; tree very 
 prolific ; a very profitable market fruit. Ripens in June. 
 
 QUACKENBOS. ( f) 
 
 Large, oblong, roundish ; skin deep purple, covered 
 with bluish bloom ; suture hardly apparent ; stalk long 
 and slender, set in a slight depressed cavity; flesh 
 greenish yellow, a little coarse, but sweet and juicy, ad- 
 heres slightly to the stone ; a rapid, upright grower and 
 productive. Origin Albany. August. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 THE POMEGRANATE. 
 
 This beautiful fruit succeeds perfectly in the warmer 
 portions of the Southern States, and can be grown in 
 colder latitudes if protected in winter. The pomegran- 
 ate has an agreeable, sweet flavor, and is much esteemed. 
 The skin of the fruit is hard, of an orange color with a 
 red cheek. The peculiar crown on the blossom end is 
 the result of an enlargement of the calyx. 
 
 The tree grows from ten to twenty feet; has numerous 
 small branches. 
 
 It is propagated by layers, cuttings, suckers or seeds, 
 requires very little pruning, and gives best results when 
 planted in rich soil. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 THE QUINCE. 
 
 This small, hardy, irregular growing tree, as usually- 
 seen, is, perhaps, the most unsightly of all fruit trees; 
 but by a little attention by the way of pruning and 
 
 Fig. 116 — Orange Quince. 
 
 training, it becomes an object of ornament, both when in 
 blossom and when laden with its ripe orange-colored 
 fruit. 
 
 It succeeds admirably in this country and is highly 
 
194 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 esteemed. The trees seldom grow higher than fifteen 
 feet, and have a strong tendency to send up numerous 
 suckers from their base. They are sometimes trained 
 with several stems from the same roots, but they have a 
 much neater appearance if only one is left, about two 
 feet high. 
 
 The trees are propagated by grafting, and from layers 
 and cuttings. They are gross feeders, and to be healthy 
 and productive, must have a generous supply of nutri- 
 ment. In very cold climates, the roots are injured by 
 deep freezing, and mulching is resorted to as a means of 
 protection. The roots of quince trees are very near the 
 surface, hence their cultivation should not be very deep. 
 A small quantity of salt applied to the soil will be found 
 beneficial to most fruit trees, especially so to the quince. 
 The two principal obstacles in the way of quince culture 
 are the blight and the borer. 
 
 There is always a good market price for fine specimens 
 of this fruit, and the person who devotes his attention 
 to its culture, studies its habits and learns to minister 
 property to its wants, will certainly be highly pleased 
 with the results, and amply repaid for all his trouble. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 ANGERS. 
 
 Large, pear-shaped, good quality ; tree a ihrifty grower 
 and very prolific. 
 
 APPLE OR ORANGE. 
 
 Large, roundish, bright golden yellow, cooks tender, 
 fine flavor; highly esteemed for preserving; the most 
 popular of the old varieties. 
 
THE QUINCE. 195 
 
 CHAMPION. 
 
 Large and handsome ; fruit good quality ; tree very 
 productive. 
 
 CHINESE. 
 Very large, greenish yellow ; tree grows luxuriantly ; 
 blooms very early in spring ; fruit of fair quality and 
 will keep till March. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 Large, of mild flavor, esteemed for baking ; tree a strong 
 grower, but not so certain bearer as the Orange Quince. 
 REA'S MAMMOTH. 
 
 Very large, said to be a seedling of the Orange Quince, 
 which it very much resembles ; iruit of good quality ; 
 tree thrifty grower. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 The raspberry is a low growing shrub common to both 
 Europe and America. The wood is biennial — that of 
 one year's growth, bearing the succeeding year, and dy- 
 ing soon after fruiting. It is divided into two distinct 
 classes, known as the upright growing, which includes 
 the red kinds, and the cap, which includes the black 
 kinds. The first class is propagated from suckers, which 
 spring up from the roots every year. They are increased 
 very rapidly from root-cuttings, which are pieces of roots 
 an inch or two long, planted in the fall or early spring, and 
 
 Fig. 117. 
 
 covered one or two inches deep. A mulch of some light 
 material will prevent the ground from baking. Numer- 
 ous plants can be obtained by cutting circles with a 
 spade a few inches apart around the plant. The cut 
 portions of root will make strong plants by the end of 
 the season. In taking up sucker kinds be careful to re- 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 197 
 
 tain a portion of the old root, as represented in fig. 117. 
 The cap varieties are propagated from the tips or ends 
 of the young canes which bend over and take root. To 
 facilitate rooting the ends of the canes are covered with 
 a few inches of soil in the latter part of summer, or as 
 soon as they stop growing. They will be ready for 
 taking up in the fall. The tip varieties can be increased 
 very rapidly by checking the new growth when it gets 
 
 Fig. 118. 
 
 about two feet high, as shown in fig. 118. This causes the 
 plants to throw out side branches, which are in turn 
 shortened in when a foot or two long, and produce other 
 branches. In this way a single bush will furnish a 
 large number of tips to be layered late in the season. 
 
 The soil for the raspberry should be deep and rich. 
 For garden culture they can be planted in stools of three 
 or four plants each, two or three feet apart. The grow- 
 ing canes should be pinched back when three feet high — 
 not allowed to obtain their full growth. By this means 
 they grow strong and branching, produce better fruit, 
 and do not require supports. If the tops and side 
 branches are kept properly pinched back while growing r 
 they form a perfect hedge and bear immense crops of ther 
 
198 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 finest specimens of berries. In cultivating, all young 
 canes are kept cut away, except those that are to be left 
 for the next year's bearing. After fruiting, the bearing 
 
 Fig. 119.— Cuthbert. 
 
 canes are of no further use, and are cut away to give the 
 young canes a better chance to make a vigorous growth. 
 If supports for raspberries are desired, they can be kept 
 in hills and tied to stakes, or strips nailed to the tops of 
 posts three feet high may be used. The raspberry has 
 become one of the most profitable of small fruits, and 
 large quantities are marketed, both fresh and evaporated. 
 It succeeds best at the South when planted on the north 
 side of a fence or building. By planting the earliest 
 and latest kinds, the season of this berry may be ex- 
 tended over a period of several weeks. They may be 
 had late in the season by cutting down the stools to 
 within a few inches of the ground in spring. The 
 young canes that come up will mature their crop in Au- 
 gust and September. 
 
 Raspberries delight in rich soil, and respond readily to 
 good cultivation, but no one should be deterred from 
 planting them by the thought that they require too 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 199 
 
 much attention to be profitable. A few rows near the 
 house with only a little attention in the way of pinching 
 and cultivating will supply a family with this fruit for 
 several weeks in the early summer. Even from a few 
 plants that are put out in fence, corners, and have an 
 occasional cleaning out of weeds and old wood, moderate 
 quantities of fair fruit are obtained. Coming in at so 
 
 Fig. 120.— Gregg. 
 
 favorable a season, being a certain crop, and bearing so 
 large quantities of fruit in a small space and with little 
 attention, it is surprising that every family is not sup- 
 plied with the raspberry. Of the red varieties, the Cuth- 
 bert is one of the best, while of the black, the Gregg is 
 very popular. 
 
200 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 
 BRANDYWINE. 
 
 Medium, roundish, obtuse, conical, bright red; flesh 
 firm, moderately juicy, sprightly, subacid. Origin said 
 to be Delaware. 
 
 CAROLINE. 
 
 Large, roundish, oblate, orange yellow, with a slight 
 bloom, grains medium size ; flesh soft, juicj', sweet and 
 rich ; canes strong, vigorous, sometimes branching, pale 
 red in the sun, with a thin whitish bloom and a few 
 slender green spines ; a very prolific bearer ; it is thought 
 to be a seedling of Brinckle's Orange and a Golden Cap. 
 CUTHBERT. 
 
 Medium, roundish, bright red or crimson, a darker 
 shade when fully ripe ; grains small, compact, separates 
 freely from the stalk ; flesh firm, sweet and juicy ; canes 
 strong, vigorous, upright, often branching ; spines short, 
 stout, purplish and numerous ; it suckers freely ; fine for 
 family and market use. 
 
 DAVISON'S THORNLESS. 
 
 Similar to the American Blackcap, only it ripens a 
 few days earlier; almost as vigorous and about as pro- 
 ductive, not so large, but sweeter; canes have no spines, 
 except small ones on the leaf stalk. Origin New York. 
 
 DOOLITTLE. 
 
 Similar to the American Black, though much better ; 
 canes vigorous, branching ; spines whitish, stout and 
 numerous ; very productive ; fine for market. 
 
 GOLDEN THORNLESS. 
 
 Oblate, sometimes conical, slight bloom, dull orange ; 
 tolerably firm, sweet and juicy; moderately vigorous, 
 very productive, and has very few spines. 
 
 GREGG. 
 
 Large, roundish oblate, black with slight bloom grains 
 large, compact ; flesh moderately juicy, rich and sweet ; 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 201 
 
 similar to the Mammoth Cluster in quality, but larger 
 and more productive; it is one of the largest of the Black- 
 cap family, hardy, strong grower ; canes strong, branch- 
 ing, with a few sharp greenish spines ; it commands the 
 highest price in market. 
 
 HERSTINE. 
 Very large, bright scarlet ; flesh moderately firm, 
 sweet and juicy ; separates from the core freely; canes 
 strong, erect, spines short, strong, scattering, greenish 
 white, a little purple. 
 
 MAMMOTH CLUSTER. 
 
 Larger than Doolittle Black Cap, but a little later. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 Medium, roundish, dark crimson ; flesh soft, mild, sub- 
 acid, separates freely; canes vigorous, tall, branching, al- 
 most free from spines. 
 
 SOUTHERN THORNLESS. 
 Medium, roundish, conical, brilliant red ; grains of 
 medium size, compact ; flesh soft, sweet, not rich ; canes 
 vigorous, reddish on the sunny side; upright, not often 
 with branches ; few short, purple spines ; foliage large 
 and abundant, productive ; a nice variety for family 
 use. 
 
 13 
 
CHAPTER XL. 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 It is uncertain how the name "strawberry" origi- 
 nated, but it is a fact patent to all that it is applied to 
 the earliest, most beautiful and most delicious of small 
 fruits. 
 
 Strawberries should find a welcome at every home. 
 'No spot of ground on the farm will give so rich returns 
 as the strawberry bed that receives the proper attention, 
 and in field culture the profits are sometimes almost fab- 
 ulous. The plants are raised principally from runners, 
 which are thrown out after fruiting, take root during 
 the summer and autumn, and are ready to trans- 
 plant in the fall or the following spring. One hundred root- 
 ed runners are sometimes taken from a single plant in one 
 season. While the strawberry will grow and bear crops 
 on almost any kind of soil, with the most indifferent treat- 
 ment, to give the best results, it requires a deep, rich soil, 
 good cultivation and abundance of moisture. It is indeed 
 a gross feeder, and there is little danger that the supply 
 of nutriment will be too great. 
 
 Almost" any kind of manure is received with thanks, 
 and a top dressing of ashes is very highly appreciated. 
 
 A large number of varieties have been introduced, 
 many of which have special merits that adapt them to 
 certain localities, but it often happens that the variety 
 which succeeds best at one place is wholly unsuited to 
 another. Hence, in making large plantings of the straw- 
 berry it is best to use only such kinds as are known to 
 succeed in the particular locality. Some varieties of this 
 fruit are bisexual, or have perfect flowers, and produce 
 fruit when planted alone ; others have imperfect flowers, 
 and are either entirely barren, or bear fruit only when 
 their flowers are fertilized with the pollen from other 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 203 
 
 flowers. Fig. 121 represents a perfect flower, having both 
 stamens and pistils ; a pistillate flower, having only the 
 female organs, is shown in fig. 122. Flowers of the stam- 
 inate or barren kind, having only male organs. 
 
 Fig. 121. Pig. 122. 
 
 Some of our most popular varieties of strawberries r are 
 pistillate and require fertilizing with the pollenifrom'the 
 male organs of other flowers to be fruitful. ^Thi's is 
 
 Fig. 123.— Sharpless. 
 
 usually done by planting one row of a kind producing 
 perfect flowers to every four or five rows of the pistillate 
 varieties. 
 Staminate plants are of very little value, an the per- 
 
204 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 feet flowering or bisexual kinds will bear crops and fer- 
 tilizes the pistillate varieties at the same time. Do 
 not mix the two classes of plants in the same row. They 
 can be kept separate, if the rows are only a few feet apart, 
 by cutting off all the runners, but the fruit of the pistil- 
 late kind will be a cross, and the seeds from the fruit 
 when planted may produce valuable new varieties, but 
 the chances are not very favorable When seeds are to 
 be planted, the thoroughly ripened fruit is mashed up 
 and well mixed with sand, and the whole planted in a 
 partially shaded place, or in a box, and covered very 
 lightly, not more than an eighth of inch deep, with fine 
 soil. If well watered, the plants will be large enough in 
 the fall to set out in the bed. Some of them may devel- 
 op superior qualities, but we already have so many val- 
 uable kinds, superior seedlings will be obtained only in 
 rare instances. At the South, fall is the usual time 
 of setting out strawberries. If done in August or Sep- 
 tember, and the plants are well watered and protected 
 from the sun, they will bear good crops the next spring 
 
 Fig. 124. 
 
 after planting. The ground must be deeply plowed and 
 thoroughly enriched. If for field culture, the rows are 
 made three or three and one-half feet apart, with a space 
 of one to two feet between the plants. For garden cul- 
 ture, they can be planted much closer together, leaving 
 the plants far enough apart to be cultivated conven- 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 205 
 
 iently. Rooted runners of one year's growth are used. 
 They should be taken up very carefully and the roots 
 kept straight, until ready for planting, and placed 
 
 Pig. 125. 
 
 -A Badly Dug 
 Plant. 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 Fig. 126.— A Bad'y Planted 
 wherry Plant. 
 
 placed in the ground up to the crown of the plant, with 
 the dirt thoroughly worked in among the roots. Fur- 
 
 Fig. 127. 
 
 rows may be made with a plow, or holes made with a 
 dibble or trowel, anything, so the roots are not matted, and 
 the dirt is pressed firmly about tbem. (Sue fig. 124). 
 
206 
 
 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 In dry weather the roots should be wet before planting. 
 Various systems of cultivation are in practice, each of 
 which has its advocates and advantages. In the hill sys- 
 tem all the runners are kept cut away before they take 
 root, as represented in fig. 127- By this method, which 
 is well suited to garden culture, the quantity of the fruit 
 is reduced while the quality is improved. The largest 
 specimens may be raised by cutting off all the young 
 berries, except a few of the most promising, and keeping 
 the plants well watered. The matted row system is^rep- 
 resented in^. 128. The runners are allowed to take 
 
 Fig. 128. 
 
 root on the row, the middle being kept clean by cultiva- 
 tion. Large quantities of fruit are obtained in this 
 way, but considerable- labor is required to keep down 
 weeds and grass, much of which has to be done by hand. 
 Modifications of these systems are sometimes adopted. 
 Matted hills are preferred by some. The runners are al- 
 lowed to take root, but are kept in hills by cultivating 
 both ways. 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 207 
 
 They are sometimes left in rows and only a portion of 
 the runners allowed to take root. 
 
 Whatever system of cultivation is adopted, abundant 
 nutriment and moisture are indispensable. As a means 
 of protection during winter in cold climates, and at the 
 same time for the purpose of retaining moisture, mulch- 
 ing is resorted to. Such material as hay, straw or pine 
 leaves is used. A covering an inch or two deep put on in 
 the fall prevents the freezing and thawing, by which the 
 plants are often raised out of the ground and die in con- 
 sequence. The mulch is sometimes laft on till fruiting 
 is over. If the ground becomes hard, the mulch should 
 be removed and a good stirring given before the blos- 
 soms are set. It can then be replaced to remain till fruit- 
 ing is over, as a protection to the crops. By some, the 
 mulch is retained during the summer; others prefer 
 clean cultivation after fruiting. A coating of well rotted 
 manure or compost spread over the vines acts as an ex- 
 cellent mulch and fertilizer. 
 
 Cotton seed applied in the fall and forked in lightly 
 in the spring enriches the ground and protects the plants 
 during winter. 
 
 The crowns of the plants must not be smothered by too 
 deep covering. Strawberry beds or plantations should 
 be renewed every few years. This is sometimes done by 
 letting the runners take root in the middles and plowing 
 up the old vines. The season of the strawberry can be 
 very much prolonged by planting the latest and earliest 
 kinds in northern and southern exposures, respectively. 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIES. 
 BID WELL. 
 Medium to large, bright crimson; flesh red, firm, juicy, 
 subacid, rich, very vigorous, with light, green leaves, 
 productive, and continues long in bearing. 
 
 CHARLES DOWNING. 
 Large, .deep scarlet ; flesh sweet, luscious; plant vig- 
 orous and very productive. 
 
208 TIIE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
 
 CRESCENT SEEDLING. 
 
 Medium, conical, uniform in size, brilliant red, excel- 
 lent quality; plants strong, vigorous, yield abundantly; 
 fine for market. Pistillate. 
 
 DUCHESS. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish, regular in form, scarlet; 
 flesh pale red, firm, juicy, sprightly, subacid ; plant vig- 
 orous; foliage medium size, of a ver} 7 dark green, very 
 productive. 
 
 OLEN 7 DALE. 
 
 Medium, long, conical, light red; flesh firm ; plant 
 hardy, heakhy, vigorous, large green leaves, very pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 MONARCH OF THE WEST. 
 Large, light red ; flesh moderately firm and delicious; 
 plant strong, vigorous, leaves unusually large; very 
 early, valuable for market. 
 
 SHARPLESS. 
 Large, roundish, conical, bright scarlet ; flesh light red, 
 firm, sweet and pleasant flavor; plant vigorous, large, 
 dark green leaves. 
 
 TRIOMPHE DeGAND. 
 Large, roundish, often coxcomb shape ; bright red next 
 the calyx, greenish white at the point ; flesh firm, white, 
 hollow at the core ; vines vigorous, hardy. 
 WILSON'S ALBANY. 
 Large, pointed, deep crimson ; flesh tender, acid and 
 agreeable; productive and hardy ; valuable for family use 
 and market. 
 
 WINDSOR CHIEF. 
 Large, conical, deep scarlet ; flesh dark red, soft, rich 
 and acid; vigorous grower, with healthy foliage of a dark 
 green. Pistillate. 
 
 MINORO MINER'S PROLIFIC. 
 Medium roundish, surface irregular, dark red ; flesh 
 pale red, moderately firm, subacid, juicy ; plant hardy, 
 vigorous, light green foliage ; prolific bearer. 
 KENTUCKY. 
 Large, conical, bright red ; flesh white, firm, sweet and 
 juicy; plant vigorous, strong and productive; long fruit 
 stalks, bearing the berries up from the ground. 
 
A Journal for Gardeners and Fruit Growers— A helper for Flo. ists — 
 An aid for Market Gardeners — A guide for amateurs, is 
 
 The AMERICAN GARDEN 
 
 Established 1872, 
 By Dr. F. M. BEXAMER. 
 
 A Monthly Illustrated Magazine 
 
 OF HORTICULTURE. 
 
 '4, • -Kf a Connected with any mercantile house. 
 
 pT J§ ©/NOT An organ of any merchant. 
 An advertising sheet. 
 
 ft; 
 
 Thoroughly practical. 
 
 5 An independant Journal. 
 Devoted wholly to horticulture. 
 Edited and written by horticulturists. 
 
 The cordial co-operation of horticulturists. 
 A good word for it to your friends. 
 
 i\ <§As% 
 
 /cCa No axes to grind. dL* • QQ a Puff unworthy varieties. 
 
 j\ r\(!\\ Nothing to sell y\ \^u[ DOT Admit fraudulent advertistv 
 *• J Nothing to puff. ( ments. 
 
 (&\ ' PP Give every promising new variety and method a fair hearing, 
 jX V^lll Expose fraud of every degree. 
 
 Stand fearlessly for truth. 
 
 Promote all good work in horticulture . 
 
 Be greatly improved under the new owners. 
 
 Deserve support. 
 
 Its contributors are such men as P. J. Berckmans, Peter Henderson, William Fal* 
 coner, M. Milton. P. T. Quinn, A. S. Fuller, E. P. Roe, W. C. Barry, E. D. Sturte* 
 vant, Charles E. Parnell, Josiah Hoopes, Marshall P. Wilder, E. S. Rand, Charles 
 H. Shinn, and a host of others. 
 
 It is carefully and beautifully illustrated, and elegantly printed on fine paper. 
 
 Subscription price, |i oo a year. Single number to cts. 
 
 No free sample copies. Address 
 
 E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, 
 
 47 Dey St., New York, or Greenfield, Mass, 
 
Jackson County Nurseries, 
 
 J- O-- CTTTSIU CE, Proprietor. 
 
 OFFERS A LARGE AND VARIED 
 STOCK OF 
 
 FIT 11, GRAPE NB, 
 
 Ornamental Trees, SMS, Hoses, k 
 
 The proprietor has for many years made a specialty of South- 
 ern seedling fruits, aud having collected and tested many of 
 he most desirable kinds, now offers to So ^thern Planters a list 
 of varieties which cannot fail to please. 
 
 Believing that the soil and climate of most of the Southern 
 
 States are well suited to grape culture, he has tested, and is still 
 
 testing, most of the old and new varieties of grapes, and hopes 
 
 oon to present a list of reliable varieties, more desirable than. 
 
 hose now generally cultivated. 
 
 Most liberal terms to agents. 
 
POMONA 
 
 NURSERI 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1838. 
 
 ^>^> 
 
 d^f^^ 
 
 im 
 
 LAWSOH I 
 
 WILSON, Jr. 
 
 The LARGEST and MOST BEAUTI- 
 FUL PEAR of GOOD QUALITY, 
 Ripening in New York State in July. 
 HEADQUARTERS for Kieffer's Hybrid Pears. Also, LeUonte 
 and other Oriental and Hybrids. 
 
 f MARLBORO, HAN^ELL 
 1 and RANCOCAS Rasp- 
 berries. J0^" WILSON, JUNIOR, BLACKBERRIES. 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE RED, ULSTER PROLIFIC, HAYES 
 and NIAGARA GRAPES. 
 
 Send for complete catalogue of all the new and worthy old varieties 
 Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Grapes, Currants, Fruit, 
 Shade and Ornamental Trees. Vines a id Plants in variety. 
 
 WILLIAM PARRY, 
 Parry P. O., New Jersey. 
 
 PARRY STRAWBERRIES 
 
A. BLANC, 
 
 314 N. 11TH ST., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 <^X°10,000 ELECTROS,!^ 
 
 OF 
 
 f Flowers, Fruits, Trees, and 
 
 Ornamental Cuts, 1 
 
 ^ST" FOR SALE CHEAP. -83^ 
 
 LARGE BOOK, showing each one. sent on § 
 m receipt of 25 cents, deducted front first order. § 
 
 ALL KINDS OF CUTS MADE TO ORDER 
 
 at low rates. LIST of Fruit Electros and Col- 
 ored Plates free. 
 
 ENGRAVER FOR 
 
 a 
 
 FLORISTS, SEEDSMEN and NURSERYMEN. | 
 
 s 
 
 IIIIIIMUIlMBMlttMIIIIMB 
 
PURDY'S 
 
 FRUIT RECORDER. 
 
 Published and edited by a man having 36 years' practical experience, 
 and now having 200 acres under fruit, with evaporating buildings, 
 green-ho.u?es, etc., right in the midst of the great fruit section of west- 
 ern New York. Monthly, 20 pagev, $1 00 per year. Specimen free. 
 
 Each number speaks for itself. Valuable premium to every sub- 
 scriber. Grand and liberal inducements to club agents. Address 
 
 A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. Y. 
 
 PURDY'S 
 
 NEW EDITION (1880) OF THE 
 
 Small Fruit Instructor 
 
 It tells, in plain, simple language, how to plant, grow and market 
 the above, how to get the best crops, giving the best plans for grow- 
 ing; how to dry, force, pot grow seedlings; plans of drying-houses, 
 grape-trellises, etc. It is as full oi practical matter as an egg is of 
 meat. You wouldn't exchange it for any $1.00 or $1.50 book on the 
 same subject that you ever saw. The writer has compressed into this 
 work his thirty years' experience. 64 pages. Paper cover, 25c; cloth 
 bound 50c. — postpaid. Postage stamps accepted. 
 
 Agents wanted. Also his Catalogue of 
 
 SMALL FRUITS, TREES, SEED, Etc., 
 
 Free to all applicants. Address A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. Y. 
 
POMONA HILL 
 
 Salem Junction, N. C, 
 
 (Near Greensboro.) 
 
 OVEK TWO HUNDRED ACRES IN KURSERY STOCK. 
 
 All the new and old varieties suited to the Southern and 
 border States. 
 
 My trees are now bearing in nearly every county in the 
 Southern States, and my fruit giving general satisfaction, as 
 many complimentary letters and increased sales in sections 
 where my trees are bearing will show. 
 
 If you want good fruit, get my trees, and you will have it. 
 
 My stock consists of Apples in almost endless variety, all 
 the new and rare varieties of Pears. Peach, no better selec- 
 tion can be found, including the Lady Ingold, the great com- 
 ing market variety. 
 
 Plums, Cherry, Grapes, all the best varieties. 
 
 Apricots, Nectarines, Quince, Figs, Mulberries, Strawber- 
 ries, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, Blackberries, Aspar- 
 agus, Pie Plant, Shade Trees, Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, &c. 
 
 Special inducements to large planters. Correspondence 
 solicited. Descriptive catalogue free. 
 
 J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, 
 
 Salem Junction, N. C. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS' INSTRUMENTS 
 AND OFFICE SUPPLIES. 
 
 W. & L, E. GURLEY'S 
 
 Instrument Manufactory. 
 
 Light Mountain Transit, with Solar Attachment. 
 
 Free Illustrated Price List on application to — 
 
 W. & L. E. GORLEY, 
 
 Troy, New York. 
 
 Instrument Makers. 
 
Pc. E. MATTBON & CO.H 
 
 Proprietors. 
 
 GROWERS, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 
 
 TREES, PLANTS 1 SEEDS 
 
 SEND FOR PRICE LIST. 
 
 Address MATTISON & CO., Jacksonville, N. Y. 
 
 P. S.— We have branch Nurseries near New York and 
 Rochester, for the benefit of our Eastern and Western custo- 
 mers, but all communications by mail should be addressed 
 as above. 
 
 * 
 
&TA REMEDY FOR DORMANT GRANGES. 
 
 ^THE AMERICANS 
 
 Grange ♦ Bulletin 
 
 Being the recognized National Journal of the Order, it gives its 
 readers a weekly review of Grange doings in every State and Ter- 
 ritory of the Union. Its Washington correspondence reflects the 
 Order's influence at our national capital. Its corps of Grange 
 and agricultural writers are unexcelled. It publishes official 
 correspondence of State Grange officers Its market reports from 
 the various business centers of the country are strictly and per- 
 fectly made up for our readers, and are certainly superior in ex- 
 tent and correctness to those published by any other Grange or 
 agricultural journal. 
 
 These reports are for farmers, and not made up for ring man- 
 ipulations and fraud. 
 
 Every department of the Bulletin will be found conducted for 
 the advancement of the financial, intellectual and agricultural in- 
 terests of the American farmer. 
 
 To the Patron Farmer the Bulletin is 
 Indispensable. 
 
 An agent wanted in every Grange, to whom Premium Lists, 
 Blanks, etc., will be promptly sent. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTIONS: 
 
 One year $1.50 
 
 One year, cluhs of ten 1.25 
 
 One year, clubs of twenty 1.00 
 
 Address— GRANGE BULLETIN CO., 
 
 S. E. Cor. 6th and Elm Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
Huhter's Sifter. 
 
 The most popular kitchen utensil ever in- 
 vented. Millions of them in daily use. 
 
 Every woman who ever used one will rec- 
 ommend it. 
 
 For sale everywhere by dealers. 
 
 Double-Safety Odorless Hollow- Ware. 
 
 "^g,No burned hands. No 
 scalded arms. No cloth need- 
 ed. Every woman needs one 
 of these Kettles. 
 
 No disagreeab'e odors fill- 
 ing the house. No overflow 
 on tbe stove. Recommended 
 by physicians. So d by agents 
 Carrying all steam and dis- 
 agreeable odors from cook- 
 ing down into the fire. 
 
 The most COMPLETE COOKING UTENSIL ever invented. 
 
 HUNTER'S 
 
 Cyclone Egg-Beater, 
 
 Mixer, Cup, Cream Whip- 
 
 per, and Egg Nogg 
 
 Machine. 
 
 ^@i,Six most useful and 
 necessary articles known, 
 combined in and sold for 
 the price of one. j^~Ac- j§ 
 knowledged by everybody 1p 
 far superior to any Egg- "g 
 Beater heretofore offered rr = — 
 the public HUNTERS CYCLONE EGG BEATER 
 
 «®* For sale by dealers. «®" Ask for them. S®* Take no others. 
 
 THE HUNTER SIFTER COOK BOOK. 
 
 This is a volume of 285 pages, beautifully printed on good, heavy paper, ele- 
 gantly bound in fine cloth, and embossed in colors. The Receipts "are selected 
 with great care, and tried by experienced housekeepers. It is the peer of any 
 Cook Book published. 
 
 Agents wanted all over the United States for these goods. They sell fast, and. 
 pay good profits— 83 to $8 per day. Call or write for circulars. 
 
 THE HUNTER SIFTER MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 30 to 40 E. Fifth Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
4 The WHITE is King £ 
 
 THE BEST PAYING MACHINE TO AGENTS AND DEALERS,. 
 BECAUSE ALL THE PEOPLE WANT IT. 
 
 It is never out of order, and will last a lifetime. m 
 
 Needles, Oils and parts for all Machines. Dealers wanted in 
 unoccupied territory. For prices, terms, &c, address 
 
 WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, 
 
 14 No. 4th St., ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
'fumtttm 
 
 ONLY EIGHT-PAGE EVENING PAPER 
 IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 LTfrLigj^TgjQLTLlLlL^g^ 
 
 Independent in Politics ; Progressive in 
 
 Policy 
 
 Full Telegraphic Service. 
 
 Latest Commercial News. 
 
 i^mT5Qafi5tT^Ttn^i3B551aldSm^^^ 
 
 FULL CORPS OF EDITORIAL AND LOCAL WRITERS. 
 ONLY $6 PER ANNUM. 
 
 ^F"Best Advertising Medium in its section. Read by 
 
 Everybody, and recognized as the 
 
 People's Paper. 
 
 Address— B. H. RICHARDSON, 
 
 Editor and General Manager. 
 
FRDITNURSERIES 
 
 -^-i-j^nsrx)- 
 
 L^SSiro/iiwiHDTfl m mum pi dm .S^ 
 
 *%» VEGETABLE PLANT FARM. gfl* 
 
 Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Grapes, 
 
 old and new, including Niagara, 
 
 Meech's Prolific Quince, early and abundant 
 
 bearer, and unsurpassed in quality. 
 
 Apple, Peach, Pear and Ornamental Trees and 
 Shrubbery. 
 
 Asparagus, Sweet Potato, Celery and Cabbage 
 Plants a specialty. 
 
 I. & J. L. LEONARD Proprietors, 
 
 Iona, N. J., W. J. R. R., 
 
 Twenty-five miles South of Philadelphia. 
 
 Circulars and Price List free on application 
 
Small Pox Marks 
 
 C-A.iT IBIE IRJEm^EO^EE. 
 
 ^LEOIST & CO> 
 
 London, Perfumers to H. M. the Queen, have invented and patented 
 the world renowned 
 
 OBLITE3RATOR, 
 
 which removes Small Pox Marks of however long standing. The application is sim- 
 ple and harmless, causes no inconvenience, and contains nothing injurious. 
 Price, S3.50. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS HAIR. | LE0N .. & D ^; s AT0RY , 
 
 Removes superfluous Hair in a few minutes, without pain or unpleasant sensation 
 —never to grow again. Simple and harmless. Full directions sent by mail. Price, 
 One Dollar? GEO W. SHAW. General Agent, 
 
 319 Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 MERRELL & AHTHOHY, 
 
 Nurserymen, 
 
 ozE2sr:iirv\A. istew ttoze^iec. 
 
 Specialties : — Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees and 
 Choice Grape Vines. 
 
 Also, a full line of all kinds of Fruit Trees, Small 
 Fruits, Roses and Ornamentals. 
 
 Correspondence solicited. 
 
ef « oc § « u tt.5 J 
 
 M 
 
 .2* 
 
 - i_l 
 2 Of 
 
 ° of E « ." 
 
 — — > « 
 
 3 03 +J I- — , \J -\j 
 
 o „r aj ^ >i -< o , z 
 
 so -co &g 3«-«^S 
 
Subscribe and Advertise in the 
 
 Western Tobacco Journal, 
 
 Sample copies free. Send for one. 
 
Esta.-blisl5.ecl in 1S3S. J0g 
 
 FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, 
 TRUETT & CO., . . . . Proprietors. 
 
 GROWERS OF ALL KINDS OP 
 
 aarcTRSEKTr stock, 
 
 AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
 t6T"~ Orders oy Mail Promptly Attended to. .JgJ 
 
 Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries, 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, ALA. 
 
 LeConte and Kieffer Pears on their own 
 roots, and Bartlett and other Pears on Le- 
 Conte roots a Specialty. A large stock of 
 PEARS, PLUMS, 
 
 CHERRIES, PEACHES, 
 
 RUSSIAN and other APRICOTS, 
 QUINCES, APPLES, Dwarf and Standard, 
 PEACHES on Plum Stocks, 
 ROSES, H. P.'s, Mosses and Climber?. 
 Catalogue on application. Address 
 
 W. F. HEIKES, Manager, 
 
 Huntsville, Ala. 
 
 OEIENTAL PEABS 
 A SPECIALTY. 
 
Ufa fitokpa Jnquirr r. 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS 
 FAMILY 
 
 AND 
 
 BUSINESS 
 
 DAILY 
 
 MORNING 
 
 NEWSPAPER. 
 
 ESTALISHED 1829. 
 
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 riers at 12 Cents a 
 Week, Payable 
 to the Carrier. 
 
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 Including Postage. 
 
 THE INQUIRER bas a large circulation in families and 
 among capitalists and business men in Philadelphia and 
 throughout Pennsylvania and the neighboring States. It 
 sustains a highly favorable reputation as a first-class 
 journal, and is a most desirable medium for advertisers. 
 
 W. W. HARDING, Publisher, 
 304 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
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 **^^p^«^w»^^^^»^*^«mw» 
 
W. R. CHURCH, 
 
 -MANUFACTURER OF- 
 
 ROAD CARTS, CARRIAGES, 
 
 BUGGIES. PHAETONS. He, Etc, 
 
 Our Road Carts Entirely Overcome the Horse Motion. 
 
 The "Dexters" are the Easiest Riding Buggies Mad 
 
 TTOKETVTIJliIE, ILL. 
 
A perfect two-wheeled vehicle. Nurserymen, farmers and 
 men about town who have much driving to do will find the York- 
 ville Road Cart invaluable for many reasons, among which are 
 that with it the horse is relieved of more than one-half the draft, 
 and the Cart is so balanced on the axle as not to throw weight 
 on the horse's back and cause chafing and soreness. No horse 
 motion is felt by the driver, and an extended journey is not 
 attended with as much fatigue in the Cart as in a four-wheeler. 
 Space is provided under the seat for carrying small parcels, 
 and the cart is so well adapted to the wants of the busy man that 
 its merits can be seen and felt better than described. I append 
 a few letters which show how the cart is looked upon by those 
 who are using them. 
 
 Mesquite, Texas, July 17, 1885. 
 W. R. Church, Yorkville. 
 
 Dear Sir :— The cart is all you claim for it. I have never seen 
 anything of the kind that equals it ; in fact, it is better than I 
 thought any kind of a vehicle could be made on two wheels. I 
 would not be without mine for $250 if I could not get another. I 
 have a No. 1 buggy which I paid $250 for, and I would not near 
 give the cart for it for my use. 
 
 Should you wish a certificate any time from me, recommend- 
 ing it, I will give it with pleasure, for it fills the bill completely. 
 Respectfully, D. A. Paschall. 
 
 Mendham, N. J., July 26, 1885. 
 W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111. 
 
 Dear Sir : — I am very much pleased with the cart, and sha 
 recommend them and your fair dealing whenever I have an op- 
 portunity. Yours respectfully, G. S. DeGROOT. 
 
 French Lick, Ind , June 22, 1885. 
 W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111. 
 
 Dear Sir : — The cart I bought of you over a year ago has stood 
 as rough roads and as many miles as I would want any vehicle to. 
 I have not spent five cents on it, except for grease. It seems to 
 be self-supporting, furnishing its own oil most of the time. I 
 mean by that that it is neglected, yet it is not to be outdone. 
 Yours, etc., W. E. RYAN, M. D. 
 
 Thirty-two page descriptive catalogue sent free on applica- 
 tion to the manufacturer. 
 
 W. R. CHURCH, Yorkville, III., 
 
 Or the BRANCH OFFICE, 
 
 53 S. Broad Street, ATLANTA, GA. 
 
THE POULTRY MESSENGER, 
 
 Issued 1st and 15th of Each*Month. 
 
 CHEAPEST I BEST POULTRY JOURNAL in the WORLD. 
 
 34 NtJl^BHlR-S BOO. 
 SAMPLE COPY 5c. 
 
 Address POULTRY MESSENGER, 
 
 CLIFTON FORGE, VA. 
 
 " SUBSCRIBE fOW FOR THE COTTON PUNT, 
 
 The leading Agricultural Journal pubished in the Southern States, and 
 should be patronized by reading men of all classes. 
 
 It is an eight page forty column paper, and published at the low price of 
 SIXTY CENTS A. YEA.K,. 
 
 The best farmers in the State and South are coutributors to its columns. 
 Leading men of all professions are its supporters. Endorsed by the Grange. 
 
 SEND FOR SPECIMEN COPIES. 
 
 Stock or Poultry Breeders and Manufacturers of Improved Agricultural 
 Implements will find the columns of The Cotton Plant a capital medium 
 through which to reach th^faimersof Souih Carolina and the Southern States. 
 Should be taken by every farmer South. Address, 
 
 THE COTTON PLANT, 
 
 3wi.A.:K.x©:r>T, s. c. 
 
 THE TEMPERANCE"W0RKErT 
 
 Removed from Columbia, S. C. 
 
 A * LIVE * TEM PERANCE * PAPER, 
 
 PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY IN 
 
 SUMTEB, - - S. O. 
 
 UNDER THE EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT OF 
 
 :R,:EV. IHI. IF 1 . OHBEITZBERG-, 
 
 G. W. C. T. OP I. O. G. T. OF 8. C. 
 
 ASSISTED BY AN ABLE CORPS OF EDITORS. 
 
 The patronage and influence of all frieivs of Temperance is solicited' 
 Terms only 60 cents a year To advertisers desiring a wide circulation, it offers 
 a n excellent medium. 
 
 On business, address 
 
 N. G. OSTEEN, Publisher. 
 
t GREAT NEW QUINCE 
 
 ^MEECH'S PROLIFIC^ 
 
 The most wondeiful of all new Fruits. Will thrive 
 anywhere. £sot a local variety. 
 
 Handsome photograph of branch of fruit, and circu- 
 lar giving description, directions in culture, method of 
 (.Tuning, valuable receipt?, interesting articles from the 
 press, etc , all free. 
 
 The largest stock of 
 
 MULBERRY TREES 
 
 in America — all varieties. Send for circular and price 
 list. 
 
 Hardv SHADE TREES, SHRUBS and VINES, 
 RARE PLANTS, EVERGREENS, FRUIT TREES 
 and VINES. 
 
 HANCE & BORDEN, Rumson Nurseries, 
 Redbank, N. J., and 31 Fulton St., N. Y. 
 
Special Announcement. 
 
 To those who buy good plants 
 of Roses, Carnations, Gerani- 
 ums, Verbenas, Begonias, Fuch- 
 sias, &c Lowest prices guaran- 
 teed. Just try a $2 sample or- 
 der. It will surely please you. 
 
 New and rare Roses. A large 
 stock in fine condition. William 
 Francis Bennett, the famous 
 crimson hybrid Tea, always in 
 bloom. American Beauty, the 
 great American new hybrid Tea. 
 The coming Rose extra. Her 
 Majesty, the largest Rose in the 
 world, will be offered for the 
 first time this fall. 
 
 We grow to sell, and study to 
 please all, large and small. Ev- 
 ery order packed in the greatest 
 of care, and safe arrival guaran- 
 teed. 
 
 Plants shipped to all points. 
 
 CHAS T. SIEBEBT, 
 The Restless and Sleepless Florist, Stanton Ave., E E, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Over 30,00C now in use. Eyery Machine is warranted 
 to suit, or moDey refunded. 
 
 Price of Mills, $20 to $40; Shelters, $5. 
 
 Do not buy a Mill or Sheller until you have seen our terms 
 and illustrated circular. Address, with stamp, 
 
 LIVINGSTON & CO., 
 Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
F. L. WRIGHT, 
 
 Plainfield, Michigan, 
 
 HAS a large stock of Grape Vines, Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Cur- 
 rant, Catalpa, Chestnut, Russian Apricot, Mulberry, etc., etc., which he 
 will sell at very low prices in single, 100 or 100a lots. We make a specialty of 
 
 Lucretia Dewberry, Marlboro and Michigan Early Raspberries, 
 Niagara, Early Yictor, Worden, Moore's Early, 
 
 Vereennes, Triumph and other Grapes ; Atlantic, Daniel Boon, Parry and Mrs. 
 Garfield Strawberries, etc., etc. 
 
 WIX-L. NOT BE UUDEHSOLD! 
 
 Either retail or wholesale, bv reliable parties 
 
 All stock packed securely and guaranteed to reach purchaser in good condi- 
 tion 
 
 We also edit the Horticultural Department of the Western Plowman, and re- 
 ceive subscriptions and advertisements for the same. Sample copy free. 
 
 ITALIAN AND CYPRIAN BEES AND QUEENS for sa e at all times, at low 
 prices. Send for Catalogues and Trade L- sts 
 
 F. L- WRIGHT 
 
 Plainfield, Michigan, 
 
 Livingston, Co. 
 
 CARBOUNEUWI AVENAR1US ! 
 
 I BEG TO OFFER CARBOLINEUM AVENARIUS, 
 
 AN • ANTISEPTIC WOOD PRESERVER, 
 
 in liquid form, which has been used in Europe for over 10 years with the greatest 
 success and satisfaction. It penetrates easily into the wood and forces out the water 
 contained in the capillary cells, while its fatty constituents do not allow any to re- 
 enter, and it protects the timber against the atmospheric influences. It contains 
 about 20 per cent, of antiseptic bodies, which have the effect to destroy all germs 
 of decay and fungus, and to prevent rotting and decay of the timber, at the same 
 time killing the vermin and woodworm, which may be in the timber, and prevent* 
 their generating in it. . 
 
 The CARBOLINEUM AVENARIUS is applied like paint, with a brush ; it 
 turns on wood into a handsome nut brown stain ; it is not inflammable and very 
 cheap to use. .. 
 
 A pamphlet containing detailed and full instructions for the use of the < arboli— 
 neum Avenarius will be sent on application 
 
 SOHULZE-BERGE & KOECHL, N. Y., Importers. 
 
 Address, R y. ZACHABX 
 
 Norfolk, Va., Sole Agent for the Southern fctates. 
 lso, Agent for the Howard Weatherproof Paints. 
 
LeCONTE nursery. 
 
 All the premiums taken for these fruits and trees at New Orleans. Can't be un- 
 did. Send for Catalogue. W.W.THOMPSON, 
 
 Smithville, Ga. 
 
 THE SOUTHER1T WOULD, 
 
 A JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY FOR THE HOME AND WORKSHOP— 
 Published on the ist and 15th of each Month, at $1 per annum, Atlanta, Ga 
 It is published on the ist and 15th of each month, having an average circulation of 
 15,000 copies. While it has a large circulation throughout the Southern States,the 
 diffusiveness of its circulation is established by the fact that it finds its way into 
 every State and Territory of the United States, the Canadas and Europe. It is 
 printed on fine book paper and handsomely illustrated, and is presented in such 
 form that it is not only capable of being preserved, but is worthy of it. These 
 two points — a diffusive circulation and its preservation — render it unsurpassed and 
 unapproachable as an advertising medium 
 
 In Club : THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR and THE 
 
 SOUTHERN WORLD, one year, both papers, $1.75. 
 
 Sample Copies Free. 
 
 The Jasper County News 
 
 Is Published every Thursday at Monticello, Jasper County, 
 Georgia. 
 
 JOHN C. KEY, Editor. 
 
 A. P. PENN, Publisher and Proprietor. 
 
 The News is a wide awake local family paper, circulating freely 
 among the intelligent farmers of Jasper and adjoining coun- 
 ties. It is read by nearly every family in the town as well as the 
 -surrounding towns and villages. 
 
 Advertisements inserted at liberal rates. Terms, $1.00 per annum, 
 in advance. 
 
The Denison Nurseries, ""rcsT" 
 
 And Grow a Large Stock of 
 
 Japan Persimmons, Blackberries, Peachec, Grapes, Plums, 
 
 and hardy Ornamental Shrubs and Trees, 
 
 Most successful in the South. 
 
 T. V. MUNSON, Proprietor, DENISON, TEX. 
 
 P. O. Lock Box 508. i^~ Catalogue free. 
 
 ftJP WABfAMMA BTfTM (DESCRIPTION— The Marianna Plum is an acd- 
 liktt Sk&MftMn iUUSi ] dental seedling of Wild Goose of Texas origin. 
 Tree a rapid and uniform grower. Fruit round, and a little larger than the Wild 
 Goose ; a deep cardinal red when fully ripe ; stone small, and fruit of fine quality ; 
 persistent, and not liable to be blown off by winds ; ripens before the Wild Goose. 
 It grows from cuttings as readily as the willow, and never sprouts from the root. This 
 fruit is said to be entirely free from the ravages of the curculio and other insect* ; 
 and bears unifrormly heavy crops all seasons. Trees first offered Fall 1884. 
 Ore dollar each. No scions or buds for sale at any price. 
 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 E. W. Kirkpatrick, - Proprietor. 
 
 FRUIT, EVERGREEN" AND SHADE TREES, 
 BLOOMING SHRUBS and PLANTS. 
 
 Located in the famous Black Land, at McKinney, Texas, and 
 the rich Sandy Loam, at Denison, Texas. 
 
 We compare with the best, and compete with all. We study 
 adaptation of soil and climate, and give thorough cultivation to 
 the best varieties, skillful labor and fair dealing. 
 
 Instructions free. Send for catalogue and special rates on large 
 orders. We refer to our patrons, and to the Collin County Na- 
 tional Bank, at McKinney, Texas. 
 
IF YOU WANT TO ADVERTISE, BE SURE YOU GET THE 
 BEST PAPER. 
 
 The Watchman and Southron, 
 
 SUMTER, S. C, 
 The Oldest Paper and the Largest Circula- 
 tion in this section of the State. 
 
 The Watchman and Southron is composed of the joint subscription and in- 
 fluence of the Sumter Watchman and the True Southron, the two having been 
 consolidated by us in August, 1881. These papers were the oldest and most in- 
 fluential in Sumter, the former having been established in 1850, and the laiter 
 in 1866. Before the consolidation they were both alive and active, and doing a 
 good business. 
 
 The combination of the two has given to our subscribers a first-class journal, 
 and offers to our advertising patrons a better means of addressing the pubiic 
 than can be provided by any other paper in this section. 
 
 Subscription $3 a year in advance. Contract advertisers re- 
 quested to write for rates for time and space desired. 
 
 WATCHMAN & SOUTHRON PUB. CO., 
 
 V SUMTER, S. C. 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN and SOUTHERN 
 
 USTTTIFLSIECilFLTEJS. 
 
 PEACH TREES suited to all sections. APPLE TREES, extra long 
 keeping kinds. 
 
 KIEFFER and LeCONTE FEARS. 
 fi®~A full line of all kinds of Nursery Stock, cheap. Trees, Grape 
 Vines Small Fruit, and other Plants by mail. American and French Seedlings 
 and Grafts put up to order for the trade in the best manner. Eighty page cat- 
 alogue showing how and what to plant, with much valuable information, free. 
 __ RANDOLPH PETERS, Will* ington, Del. 
 
 GMflllSlI 15. 
 
 MAMMOTH BLACK TWIG, HATCHER'S SEEDLING, GILL'S BEAUTY. 
 KOSSUTH AND BRIGHTWATER. Apples that will, in the near future, occupy 
 leading positions in the list of Arkansas Fruits . 
 
 ANDREW'S MAMMOTH, a peach that will please the eye as well as the 
 palate of every lover of the good and the be*u»iful. 
 
 Send for circular and price list of ge teral stock to 
 
 JOHN B. GILL, 
 
 SPRINGDALE, ARKANSAS. 
 
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Would You Save Money ? 
 
 If so, send 3,11 orders for 
 
 LETTER HEADS, ENVELOPES, 
 
 BILL HEADS, STATEMENTS, 
 
 RECEIPTS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, 
 DRUG LABELS, BALL AND 
 WEDDING INVITATIONS, 
 
 CARDS, ETC., ETC., TO 
 
 GULLEY & MORRIS, 
 
 Plain and Fancy Job Printers, 
 
 FRANKLINTON, N. G. 
 
 JP^T'Samples and Prices Furnished Free on Application. 
 
 SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. 
 
 TREES! VINES! PLANTS 
 
 The undersigned firm offers to the trade p, large and well-grown stock- of 
 everything to be found in a well appointed nursery. 
 
 Having superior advantages, both as to climate and soil, as well as un- 
 rivalled facilities for shipping and packing, we are growing, and now offer to- 
 the trade, stock suited to planters in every locality, both North and South. 
 
 Among our new and tried specialties we offer a large stock of the celebra- 
 ted Meeche's Prolific Quince. 
 
 Catalogues and circulars giving full information sent on application. 
 
 Address WEST JERSEY NURSERY CO., 
 
 BRIDGETON, NEW JERSEY. 
 
 J. A. ROSS & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN — 
 
 Fire Arms and Sporting Goods* 
 
 16 & 17 DOCK SQUARE, 
 
 BOSTON, - MjAJSS. 
 
THE JACKSON NEWS 
 
 Eight Pages— Forty-Eight Columns 
 
 PUBLISHED AT 
 
 JACKSON, BUTTS COUNTY, Ga. 
 
 INSTRUCTIVE AND ENTERTAINING. 
 
 200 Valuable Presents Given Away Every Year I 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION ONLY $1.50 A Year. 
 
 The Advertiser's Friend— Circulating in Five Counties. 
 
 Special Inducements to Advertisers. 
 
 A mammoth Trade Paper issued on the 1st of October in- 
 each year. 5000 copies. W. E. HARP, Publisher. 
 
 Mice, Advertisers, Notice 
 
 If you want to advertise in a LIVE COUNTRY 
 WEEKLY NEWSPAPER send your advertisements to 
 the 
 
 Haralson County Banner 
 
 The Banner is a live seven column weekly, with a large- 
 and increasing circulation — all printed at home. It cir- 
 culates extensively in Haralson, Polk, Paulding and Car- 
 roll counties, Ga., and in Alabama and Texas. 
 
 Write at once for terms. 
 
 Address, A. B. FITTS, Editor and Publisher, 
 
 Haralson Co. Buchanan, Ga. 
 
fc GRAPE VINES. ;S 
 
 A Full Assortment, New and Old. 
 
 THE JEFFERSON, EMPIRE STATE AND OTHER NEW 
 VARIETIES A SPECIALTY. 
 
 '■»" Also, small Fruit Plants at lowest living prices. Send for my illustrated 
 Catalogue, free to all. 
 
 J. a. BURROW, 
 
 FISHKILL, NEW YORK. 
 
 j£& 3^coisrE"3r o< ^^ 
 
 IN 
 
 SIMIAJLILi FRUITS. 
 
 Olioicest StzeiTKrToexxies- 
 
 ^r*Small Fruits Our 
 
 Specialty. 
 
 Raspberries, Blackberries, 
 Grapes, etc. 
 
 GREEN HOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS. 
 
 Illustrated catalogue free. GEO. L. MILLER, 
 
 Rldgewood Nurseries, Stockton, Ohio 
 
 Only seventeen miles from Cincinnati. Shipping facilities excellent. 
 
11 PROFITABLE NEW FIELD. 
 
 Pecan * Culture. 
 
 The Pecan is of the same genus as the Hickory, and will 
 flourish wherever the Hickory grows. 
 One well grown Pecan tree will yield a net annual income of 
 
 $25.00 TO $50.00. 
 
 Read what Mr. A. C. Daniel, of Crawford, Ga., says of the 
 
 FECLAJST : 
 
 "I have a row of trees at the back of my garden of different 
 sizes. The largest one is five feet in circumference, and I gather- 
 ed from it day before yesterday eleven bushels and one peck of 
 nuts, which I sold in Athens, to Mr. Jester, for forty-five dollars, 
 ($45.00). I have trees six or seven years old that are, bearing. 
 I believe they can be made to bear at four or five years of age. 
 A Pecan nut raised in this climate is far superior to others. I can 
 sell all the nuts I raise to my neighbors ; can retail them at 20 
 cents per pound — $8.00 per bushel. I am going to set me out an 
 orchard, and push them from the jump." rt^r: -^Z 
 
 I make a specialty of this nut, propagating only the ' finest 
 varieties. 
 
 Send your address on postal card for prices. 
 
 s. w. peek:, 
 
 Proprietor Hartwell Nurseries, 
 
 HARTWELL, GA. 
 
-sn THE ROME COURIER, &- 
 
 WM. H. HIDELL, Proprietor, , ROME, GEORGIA. 
 
 There are 153 newspapers published in Georgia, and in circulation The Courier 
 ranks seventh. The only paper in North Georgia that takes the Associated Press 
 and other telegraphic news. It has a large and steadily increasing circulation in 
 Cherokee Georgia, and the Northeastern counties of Alabama, and is the BEST AD- 
 VERTISING MEDIUM in this section. 
 
 Subscription— Daily, 88.00; Weekly, $1.50, cash. 
 
 Population of Rome and suburbs, over 8,000. 
 
 Annual receipts of cotton average 90,000 bales. 
 
 SUBSCRIBE FOR 
 
 The V/aY of LlFE 
 
 REV. "W. A. DODGE, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 It is a four -page, six column Holiness paper, published for the 
 sole purpose of promoting the doctrine and experience of " Entire 
 Sanctification," as presented by the Word of God and taught by all 
 the standards of Methodism. 
 
 Subscription: Per annum, $1.00; six months, 60 cents; three 
 months, 40 cents. Address REV. W. A. DODGE, Gainesville, Ga. 
 
 Macon Evening News, 
 
 J. B. POUND & BRO., Proprietors. 
 
 Newsy, progressive! Largest city circulation! The best ad- 
 vertising medium in Macon and vicinity. 
 
 No. 88 SECOND STREET, 
 
 MiLCOlT, a-BOI^Crl-A.. 
 
 JOS. H. FELKER. GEO. M. NAPIER. 
 
 Felker & Napier, 
 
 ATTORNEYS AT LAW and REAL ESTATE AGENTS. 
 
 Also, Editors, Publishers and Proprietors of THE WALTON 
 NEWS, Monroe, Walton County, Ga. 
 
TEACH SCHOOL. 
 
 Any one can become so thoroughly posted in three weeks reviewing with the 
 Common School Question Hook as to successfully pass the most difficult and 
 technical legal examinations for teachers' certificates By its aid thousands of 
 young people earn an honorable and lucrative livelihood. 25.000 sold last year. 
 
 Full descriptive circulars and specimen pages sent for stamp. Agents wanted. 
 A. H. CRAIG, Publisher, Caldwell, Racine Co., Wisconsin. 
 
 HATCH CHICKS BY STEAM- 
 
 The Craig Folding Incubator and Brooder (combined) is thfl cheapest 
 and best. Will hatch from 1 200 to 1 500 chicks per year, worth as broilers from 
 $4 to $12 per dozen. Pleasant and profitable at ail seasons No cost or experi- 
 ence to operate . Holds 100 egas. Price S12 complete. Any one can raise a few 
 chickens. An absolute success. Perfect imitation of the hen. No lumps to 
 explode. Ten hens will pay $200 profit per year. 500 Incuba'ors in use. Gives 
 universal satisfaction. Send stamp for new 32-page book on Poultry, incuba- 
 tors, Brooders, Diseases, Remedies, Etc. E. D. CRAIG, Manufacturer, 
 
 North Evanston, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 EVERGREEN KUIISEKIES, 
 
 ©EH.MIAJV. TEXAS, 
 
 i G. A. McKEE, ----- Proprietor, 
 
 GROWER OP 
 
 GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. 
 
 EVER-BEARING MULBERRIES 
 
 and JAPANESE PERSIMMONS 
 7pgg~ Specialties. Send for catalogue and prices. ^§g£ 
 
 $50,000 IN LIBEL SUITS, 
 
 AND STILL 
 
 THE !^OTl2<TTlZrGr 2jTET7s7-S 
 
 Remains above the rising tide, and is the leading paper in Dela- 
 ware, and the best advertising medium on the Peninsula. Send 
 for card of rates and specimen copy. 
 
 THE NEWS PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 WATSON R. SPERRY, Editor in Chief; EDGAR M. HOOPES, 
 Manager. 
 
 CLIFFORD'S EXQUISITE PERFUME, 
 EMPRESS BOUQUET, 
 
 (REGISTERED 1885.) 
 In 50 Cts., 75 Cts., and Sl.OO Bottles. 
 
 At all Perfumery and Drug Stores in the United States. Sample bot- 
 les sent b y mail, anywhere in the United States, for 25 cts. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Perfumer, 
 
 23 School St., Boston, Mass. 
 
SAVE HONEY 
 
 By baying GUNS, REVOLVERS, RELOADING TOOLS, 
 
 ROLLER SKATES, CUTLERY, Etc., Etc., from 
 
 J. A. ROSS & CO., 
 
 16 and 17 Dock Square, Boston, Mass 
 
 ^®, Send your address on a postal card for our 32 page illustrated 
 catalogue. 
 
 iUBBER 
 I STAM 
 
 COTTON GINS. 
 
 I AM NOW OFFEKING THE CELEBRATED 
 
 IZSL COTTOIT GKEILT 
 
 LOWER THAN ANY GIN ON THE MARKET. 
 
 This GIN is strictly first-class in every particular, equal to any and 
 SUPERIOR to many now offered. Parties desiring 
 
 would do well to write for circulars and prices. They are offered at 
 ^ LOW FIGURES because they ^sg, Ml/ST BE SOLD. 
 
 C. S. FINDLAV, Manager, 
 
 Macon, Georgia. 
 
FOR SALE. 
 
 GEORGE CT. MILLER, 
 
 PROPRIETOR OF THE 
 
 OHIO VALLEY NURSERIES, 
 
 Situated on the banks of the Ohio river, and on the Baltimore and 
 Ohio and Ohio River Railroads, offers for sale for the year 1886-1887 : 
 1,000,000 Apple Trees, 75,000 Pear, 75,000 Cherry, 75,000 Plum, 100,000 
 Peach. 20,000 Quinces, 300,000 Evergreens, 400,000 Small Fruits. 5,000 
 Deciduous Shrubs, such as Altheas, Snowball, Weigelias. Deutzias Pur- 
 ple and White Fringe Hydrangeas Oalycanthus, 40.000 Ornamental 
 Trees— Maple, Lombard Poplars, Box Elder, Catalpa, Linden, 
 Birch, Weeping Trees, Ash, Birch and Killmarnock Willow, etc. 
 Greenhouse and Vegetable Plants. 
 
 IsTE^T" FPtXJITS. 
 
 CORNELIA 
 
 STRAWBERRY 
 
 MARLBORO 
 
 RASPBERRY 
 
 KIEFER'S HYBRID PEAR. 
 
 Also, all the older Fruits, Ornamentals, etc. Catalogue free. Es- 
 ablished 1885. H. S. ANDERSON, Union Springs, N. Y. 
 
 THE MARLIH FIRE ARMS CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 NEW HAYEN, CT. 
 
 P. O. Box, 429. 
 
OHIDS. 
 
 Write for our new Catalogue. It will give you practical hints on how to grow 
 these beautiful plants. We are noAv making special offers, and have made se- 
 lections of the different varieties to suit the taste of the buyer. 
 
 We offer 12 Cattleyas 12 kinds good plants, for 812.00; 12 Lfelias 6 kinds good 
 plants, for $ 9.00 ; 12 Oncidium-, 12 kinds good plants, for $9.00; 12 Dendiobi- 
 ums, 12 kinds good plants, lor $9.' 0. 
 
 We have lately added to our collection 4,00») Established Orchids, and 
 from 3,000 to 5,000 Not Established. If you want to buy good Plants as 
 cheap as good Roses, write to us, stating what you want, and what size of plant, 
 and we promise to answer you by return mail. We grow to sell and only ask a 
 trial. 
 
 Plants frorn Guatemala.— Our latest acquisition is the great exhibit of the 
 Court of Guatemala at the New Orleans Exposition, comprising 7,000 large 
 plants, among which are fine masses of Eycaste, Skinnerii, Odontoglossum 
 grade, O. pulchellum, majus, etc. 
 
 It is safe to sav that our collection is unequaled by commercial florists in 
 America. A. BKACKENRIDGK. Established 1854. KOSEBANK 
 NURSERIES, Govanstown, Baltimore Co.. Md. 
 
 OBSTACLES TO MARRIAGE. 
 
 Happy relief to young men from the errors and abuses in early life. Man- 
 hood restored ; impediments to marriage removed ; new method of treatment, 
 new and r3markable remedies. Books and circulars sent free in sealed envel- 
 opes. Address HOWAKD ASSOCIATION, Philadelphia, Pa., an insti- 
 tution having a high reputation for honorable conduct and professional skill. 
 
 ORANGE GROVES IN FLORIDA. 
 
 C. G. ADAMS, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla, 
 
 Practical and Experienced ORANGE GROWER and REAL ESTATE 
 
 DEALER. Lands bought, cleared and Groves started for 
 
 noa-res dents on annual installments 
 
 A comfortable bome, surrounded by a beautiful and profitable 
 ORANGE GROVE, is one of tbe best of investments Full particulars 
 by addressing above. PURE ITALIAN BEES for sale 
 
 497,803 STRAWBERRY PLANTS. 
 
 All tbe best and leading sorts— new and old Fine stock (75 000) 
 " Gregg " R spberry Plants. "Hansell," "Marlboro," "Rancocas," 
 and other Raspberries. Prices lower tban same qua ity of stock can 
 be bought elsewhere. 
 
 LeConte Pear Trees. The " Lutie " Grape, 
 b' st of all early grapes for tbe South. Send for circular and price list. 
 
 Save express cbarges by having your orders filled near home. 
 
 Address, E. M. H. & J. B. CARNEY, 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 References : Hon. A. J. McWhirter, Commissioner Agriculture this 
 State; Fourth National Bank, this city. 
 
vtm#f 
 
 tda^m; 
 
 Treats all Surgical Diseases, particularly 
 Rectal troubles. 
 
 Residence: 167 Jones St., Office: 77 South Pryor, 
 Third door West Opposite New 
 
 of McDonough. Court House. 
 
 uanta, ^y&e&ima. 
 
 The Cochran Messenger, 
 
 Published every Friday, at Cochran, 
 Pulaski County, Ga. 
 
 BY J. D. RICHARDSON & BROTHER, 
 
 Editors and Proprietors. 
 
 Contains each week poetry, short story, Talmage's sermon, farm 
 news and miscellaneous reading matter, State news, editorial com- 
 ment, full local department, gotten up by the editor and his corre- 
 spondents. Good circulation in a fine territory. Subscription, $1.50 
 per year. Advertising rates furnished on application. 
 
GRIFFIN, GEORGIA. 
 
 The Great Dollar Weekly 
 of the South. 
 
 And Live Exponent of the inter- 
 ests of Middle Georgia, the Gar- 
 den Spot of the World, and 
 Fruit Center of the United State*. 
 r Northern people wanting sonce idea of this section, and Southern people desir- 
 ing the best weekly paper in the State of Georgia, should not fail to subscribe for the 
 GRIFFIN WEEKLY NEWS, a large 8-page, 48-column paper, full of news and in- 
 teresting reading matter, at One Dollar per year Send for free sample copy Address 
 
 DOUGLAS GLESSNER, Publisher, Griffin, Ga. 
 
 The Franklin lews, 
 
 Published every Friday, at Franklin, Heard county, Ga. P. 
 T. McCutchen, editor and publisher. Official organ of the 
 county. One of the most enterprising and interesting little 
 weeklies in the State. Large circulation. Rates cheap. It 
 circulates among a progressive people, and advertising in it will 
 pay. 
 
 100,000^ROSES ! 
 
 OWN ROOTS. 
 
 Out-doors growing, strong as any in trade. Nothing but leading 
 kinds of older and newest sorts, at $3.00 a dozen. 
 Special rates for larger quantities, on application, bv 
 
 OELSCHIG & MEYER, 
 Rose Growers, Savannah, Ga. 
 
SOLID SOUTH. 
 
 Official Organ of City and County. Published every 
 Saturday at C»nyers, Georgia. 
 
 MADDOX & IRWIN, Proprietors- 
 
 A live Democratic Paper, which Deeds no bolstering up, either as 
 a newspaper or an advertising medium. 
 
 Its guaranteed circulation is larger than that of any other paper 
 published in the county, and it reaches and is read by more 
 people who are in prosperous circumstances than any 
 other paper which circulars in this por- 
 tion of the State. 
 
 The tide of Southern prosperity, which set in a few years ago, is 
 steadily rising, and the gain of material wealth is enormous. 
 
 No better field exists for the sale of articles, both useful and orna- 
 mental, than this section of the South, and c a rtainly no better paper 
 can be found in which to advertise than the SOLID SOUTH. Rates 
 furnished on application. 
 
 G-AZETTE, 
 
 STJMMERVILLE, GEORGIA. 
 
 J. C. LOOMIS, - - - - Editor and Publisher. 
 
 Issued on Wednesdays. Published in one of the best counties, 
 financially, in Georgia, which is admitted to rank higher in this 
 respect than any other Southern State. Has ala-ge circulation in 
 adjoining counties. Advertising rates moderate. 
 
 MIDDLE GEORGIA ARGUS, 
 
 OFFICIAL ORGAN OF BUTTS COUNTY. 
 
 An Exceptionally Good Advertising Medium for 
 All Business Pursuits. 
 
 Being in a thrifty agricultural and fruit-growing section, we can 
 offer superior inducements to parties desiring to engage in either 
 Farming, Fruit-Growing or Gardening Send $1.25 for the ARGUS 
 one year, which will give all the necessary information. 
 
 DAVID J. THOXTON, Editor. 
 
RIPI F^ °f evei 7 kind— Muzzle and Breech Loading, single, double 
 nilLLO and repeating, 7, 16 and 34 shooters, from $10 to $100, for 
 Hunting, Target or Farm use. 
 
 ^UflT RIIN^ Double and Single Barrel, Muzzle and Breech Load- 
 OnV/l OUliO ing of all the best actions, at prices lower than ever 
 offered in this country. Warranted not to kick or scatter, and to 
 shoot close at very long distance, with great penetration. Double 
 Gun from $5 to $200. Single, $3 to $30. 
 
 RPVfll VFR^ 4 > 5 > 6and7 shooters, for powder and ball or fixed 
 nLVULVLnO ammunition; blue or full nickel plated for Rim or 
 Central Fire ammunition ; Pocket, Belt and Navy Sides ; also, Ladies' 
 Revolvers, all prices, from $1 to $25. 
 Pistols, all kinds and siz s, from 75c to $10. Fishing Tackle. _ 
 Large Illustrated Price List sent free to anv one who will write to 
 GREAT WESTERN GUN WORKS, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 any post-office in the Unit- 
 ed States and Canadas. 
 Guns s nt by Express to 
 PlTTSBURG.PA.,U.S.A.^* li «^ any Express office in the 
 United States to be examined before paid for. All goods warranted. 
 
 A full assortment of everything in the line of Ammunition, Gun 
 Fixtures, Fishing Tackle, Seines, Nets, Rods, Lines, Hooks Reels, 
 Flies, etc. A large lot of very long and extra heavy Gun-- on hand. 
 
 THE 
 
 Success Hatcher. 
 
 If you are going to buy an Incubator, Brooder, or Poultry, 
 or anything in the line of Poultry Supplies, it will PAY you 
 to eorresp >nd with 
 
 Address- THE SUCCESS HATCHER CO., 
 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 P. S.— State where you saw this. 
 
LaCYGNE NURSERY, 
 
 LaCYGNE, LINN CO., KANSAS, 
 
 Midway between Fort Scott, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri, 
 on the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad. Also, direct line 
 to Memphis, Tennessee. 
 
 FEVCTXT TREES, SMAX.X- FRUITS, 
 
 FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS, 
 
 APPLE GRAFTS, PEAR GRAFTS, 
 
 CHERRY and PLUM GRAFTS, 
 
 and everything kept in a first-class Nursery, at wholesale or 
 retail. Write for prices. Address 
 
 D. W. COZAD, Box 25. 
 
 GRAPE VINES. 
 
 All the best new and old varieties at reasonable rates. 
 All Plants WARRANTED True to Name. 
 
 LARGE SUPPLY OF 
 
 STRAWBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, 
 
 BLACKBERRIES, CURRANTS, Etc. 
 
 Any of the above small Fruits can be sent safely by mail or express 
 
 TO ANY PART OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Send your own and neighbor's name for free catalogue. Address 
 JOEL HORNER & SON, 
 Mercliantville, Camden Co., N. Jersey. 
 
STE^LinSTO- GOOSEBERRY 
 
 Will be for sale fall of 1886. Orders booked from this time will be 
 filled in rotation. I am propagating the NATIVE NEBRASKA. 
 CURRANTS, lirge as cherry, not so sour as the red, nor so dry and 
 musky as the black currants— very hardy. Box Elder Seedlings, Rus- 
 sian Mulberry and Apricot, Grapes, Raspberries, Strawberries, Hardy 
 Apples, etc. List free. I ship across the continent. 
 
 CHAS. H. SUMNER, Franklin, Nebraska. 
 
 ROLLER SKATING BADGES, 
 
 School and College Medals, Sporting and So- 
 ciety Badges and Pins, Badges from your own 
 designs. Write for estimates. R. W. KIP, 
 63 Fulton St., New York 
 
 BADGES FROM YOUR OWN DESIGNS. 
 
 An engraved Copper Plate and 50 Visiting 
 Cards — latest style, $1.25 by mail. Monograms, 
 Seals, Rubber Stamps, etc. The unique Linen 
 Marker for marking linen, an old English letter, 
 with ink and brush, only 20 cents. Write for 
 estimates. R. W.KIP, 63 Fulton St., N. Y. 
 
 -f THE EITGLISXI OLEMATES," 
 
 The finest climbing Flowering Vine in cultivation. Period of bloom- 
 ing covers three months. Twenty different colors. Strong, two-year 
 old plants by mail $1.00 each. Address 
 
 Box 273. P. C. WILDEY, Albany, N. Y. 
 
 A PARTNER WANTED 
 
 ■wirriEi $500 CAPITAL 
 
 TO HELP RUN A 
 
 NURSERY, TRUCK: FARM, ETC- 
 
 Business long established. Address 
 
 W. K. NELSON, Prop. Georgia Nursery, 
 
 Augusta, Georgia. 
 
GATE CITY WIRE WORKS, 
 
 No. 5 North Forsyth Street, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, 
 
 — MANUFACTURERS OF — 
 
 Tree Guards, Wire Work of every description, Wire Chairs. Set- 
 tees, Arches and Hanging Baskets, Fire Screens, Nursery Fendera 
 Window Guards, Office Railing and Wire Cloth. 
 
 J. L. SOUTHCOMB, Manager. 
 
 BILIOUSNESS! 
 
 With its attending train of symptoms, cured by 
 
 U son 
 
 UVEE Ml 
 
 Purely Vegetable, perfectly harmless. 
 
 SORE and INFLAMED EYES CURED without pain, by 
 DR. SALTER'S EYE LOTION. 
 
 Cures in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, absolutely with* 
 out pain. These remedies for sale, at wholesale and retail, at 
 
 THE REFORM DISPENSARY, 
 
 Corner Broad and Walton Sts., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
ifiriee: tisi-a.XjI 
 
 Whether Young or Old, having impaired their PROOREATIVE 
 
 POWERS by the Indiscretions of Youth or Excesses of Maturer 
 
 Years may V>e quickly restored to PERFECT MANHOOD 
 
 AND SEXUAL POWER by the use of NERVITA. 
 
 Thousands of cases of Nervous Debility, mental and physical weakness, lost man- 
 hood, nervous prostration, results of indiscretions, excesses or any cause cured by 
 NERVITA. No remedy ever offered to the afflicted has met with such un- 
 precedented success. It has no equal for curing all forms of NERVOUS WASTE, 
 EXHAUSTION, DEBILITY OR DECAY. Its beneficial effects are immediately 
 perceptible; in a few weeks after commencing its use a feeling of renewed vigor and 
 strength is apparent. It effects a prompt and radical cure, and is the only safe and 
 effectual remedy known for curing all forms of NERVOUS DEBILITY from any 
 cause. Its effects are permanent. No matter how aggravated your case, how many 
 remedies you have tried, or how many doctors have failed. When the disease has 
 baffled the skill of the ablest physicians, when melancholy and despair have taken 
 the place of hope, and the world looks blank and dreary, Nervita will inspire new 
 life and permanently cure body and mind. 14,727 cases cured by its use in 1884. 
 Strong faith that it will cure every case prompts us to send a trial package on receipt 
 of 12 cents postage. Free at office. Price per package, $1 00; six for $5.00. Name 
 this paper. Address DR. A. G. OI.IN CO., 
 
 P. O. Box 343. 180 E. Washington St., Chicago, II. 
 
 QUAKER CITY 
 
 DOUBLE 
 
 Reduction Grinding Mill 
 
 For Corn and Cob, 
 FEED AND TABLE MEAL. 
 
 THIS MILL, 
 received the First Pre- 
 mium at the Penn- 
 sylvania State Fair 
 1884. Send for Cir- 
 cular. 
 
 A. W. STRAUB & CO., 
 3737 Filbert St., . . . Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
THE CARROLL FREE PRESS 
 
 CARROLLTON, GEORGIA. 
 
 EDWIN R. SHARPE, Editor and Proprietor. 
 
 Is published every Friday morning, at $1.00 per annum. 
 
 The FREE PRESS is the official organ of the Ordinary of 
 Carroll county, and has a large and growing circulation in this 
 and adjoining counties. 
 
 The FREE PRESS makes a specialty of local news, and 
 hence its success as a local paper. 
 
 The FREE PRESS terms for advertising are quite liberal, 
 and parties desiring to advertise in this section of Georgia 
 would do well to consult us. 
 
 Send for specimen copy. 
 
 If you want to find out all about 
 
 Weft 11 Carol, 
 
 SUBSCRIBE FOR THE 
 
 Blue Ridge Enterprise, 
 
 The ENTERPRISE gives reliable and accurate information in 
 regard to the rich mineral, timber and agricultural resources of West- 
 ern North Carolina. 
 
 Terms, $1.50 per year. Fifty cents in stamps will pay for the pa- 
 per three months. 
 
 Address "ENTERPRISE," Webster, N. C, Jackson County. 
 
THE MOUNTAIN BANNER, 
 
 RUTHERFORDTON, N. C, 
 
 By Wm. C. IVY, Editor and Proprietor. 
 
 -A. HOl^E-FISinSTTEID SHEET, 
 
 Circulating extensively in Western North Carolina 
 and Northern South Carolina, offers 
 
 UNEQUALED ADVANTAGES to Advertisers. 
 W IRA-TIEIS XjO W- 
 
 SXTBaCBIFTIO^T OlfTXiY $1 A YBAB . 
 
 WM. K. NELSON, 
 
 PROPRIETOR OF THE 
 
 GEORGIA NURSERY 
 
 CULTIVATOR OF AND DEALER IN 
 
 FHT7IT THEES, GHAFE VHTES, 
 
 STRAWBERRY PLANTS, Etc., 
 
 AUGUSTA, GEORGIA, 
 
 E. A. ANGIER, 
 
 ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR AT LAW, 
 _A.tlstra.ta,, O-eoxgria-. 
 
 Practices in all the Courts — State and Federal. 
 
LINCOL^ POTTEBY WOKKS. 
 
 GEOKGE MOBLET,t 
 
 Manufacturer of WHITE GRANITE, DECORATED 
 
 and MAJOLICA WARE, 
 
 East Liverpool, --------- Ohio. 
 
 Quality of Wares equal to any, either foreign or domestic. Ask your 
 dealer for these Wares, and see that the manufacturer's stamp is on 
 each piece. 
 
 In Farming, Stock-Breeding, Household, and every 
 Business; Money-Making Recipes: Staadard Infor- 
 mation on the Keeping and Breeding of Cage Birds 
 and Pet Stock; Valuable Poultry Information; 
 Fine Illustrations, etc., etc., etc., is the contents of 
 
 TELE GSTJtDE AJND FRIEND. 
 
 Only 25 cents per year. Address 
 
 MICHAEL K. BOYER & CO., 
 P. O. Box 116, Reading, Pa. 
 
 BIETHDAT -O-^IRIDS. 
 
 On receipt of twelve 2-cent stamps I will mail four fine Birth- 
 day, Christmas or New Year Cards, that retail anywhere at 
 10 cents each. I manufacture cards and can undersell any 
 dealer. Address JOHN G. ZOOK, 
 
 Lititz, Pa. 
 
 P. S.— Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. All 
 kinds of Fancy Cards. 
 
 THE FAKMEK SEEJDJSMAN. 
 
 WHEAT, OATS, CORN and POTATOES, 
 
 ALL KINDS 01 FARM SEEDS. 
 PLYMOUTH ROCK EGGS. 9,000 EGGS shipped in four 
 years for sitting. Also, WYANDOTTES. 
 Write for what you want. I must have your trade. 
 
 R. G. CRIST, 
 Oakland Seed Farm, New Market, Ind. 
 
THE GREAT ONTARIO STRAWBERRY 
 
 Is the largest berry, strongest plant, and best flavored of all. 
 Send for description. Also, a large stock of the standard and 
 
 for fall and next spring planting. 
 
 FETJIT TREES.— A general assortment of healthy, well-grown 
 trees. The South should order in the fall. Inquiries promptly 
 answered. Send for prices. E. JOHNSTON, 
 
 Shortsville, Ontario Co., 
 New York. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1858. 
 
 DAVENPORT NURSERIES, 
 
 A 4 O ACRES. 
 
 NICHOLS & LORTON, Proprietors- 
 
 ¥W1W, SF7TOE Tip 0OTMEN Wfih 5?REEg, 
 
 APPLE, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY SEEDLINGS. 
 
 Jp^^ Special low prices on car load lots. Nursery one mile 
 Northeast of East Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS 
 
 TREES AND SEEDLINGS, 
 
 STRA WBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, 
 
 CURRANTS, GRAPE VINES. 
 
 JpflT Im.na.em.se Steels:— Grrea,t "Variety. .jRH 
 Free Catalogue. J. JENKINS' NURSERIES, 
 
 Weuoua. Columbiana Co., Ohio. 
 
 fl-owersfor. everybody! 
 
 BEA.CH &. CO., Rose-Growers 
 
 And FLORISTS, 901 South 9th Street, Richmond, Indiana, will forward 
 their new and beautiful catalogue of Roses and general collection of 
 Flowers and Ornamental Stock to any address upon receipt of stamp. 
 Large Feld-grown, Ever-blooming Roses for falliplanting is our specially 
 for this season. A full line of Greenhouse aud Garden Plants coustantly 
 on hand. We guarantee all goods sent by mail or express to reach the 
 
 fmrchaser in good gro wing condition. Our catalogue is handsomely il- 
 ustrated and contains much valuable information. Send us a trial 
 order. 
 
"POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS." 
 
 POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS' 
 
 Planted in July or August, will produce a full crop of berries 
 
 the following season. On and after July 25, I shall 
 
 have a choice lot of 
 
 POT-OROWN PLANTS 
 
 of all the leading sorts. Price during July and August, $3.00 
 
 per hundred ; $20.00 per thousand. During September, $2.00 
 
 per hundred ; $15.00 per thousand. No charge for packing. 
 
 Address D. C. WIL.DEY, 
 
 Box 273. Albany, N. Y. 
 
 MT ARBOR NURSERY, 
 
 SHENANDOAH, IOWA. 
 NEW VARIETIES OF RUSSIAN FRUIT, 
 
 Including APPLE, PEAR. APRICOT and MULBERRY. Choice 
 varieties of GRAPES, RASPBERRIES and STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 Special attention given to the packing and handling of all orders in- 
 trusted to our care. 
 T. E. B. MASON. 
 
 THE WILLIAMSON NURSERY, 
 
 NEA.R FRANKLIN, TENN^ 
 
 Offers for sale a very choice stock of Apple, Peach, Pear, Oherry, Plum and 
 Apricot Trees. Also, Strawberry, RasDberry and Grape Vines, Apple Seed- 
 lings, etc., etc. Two new Winter Apples and one new and very fine Peach 
 never before offered to the public. We grow our trees, etc., especially for the 
 retail trade, and guarantee satisfaction to all who will care for their trees. 
 
 Special inducements on large orders. Best of references given to unknown 
 parties. Good Local Agents Wanted. Catalogues free. Correspondence 
 solicited. Address Wm. Hy. SMITH, Proprietor, 
 
 Leiper's Fork, Williamson Co., Tenn. 
 
 — » LOMPOC NURSERY <€- 
 
 COR. O STREET and OLIVE AVENUE. 
 Headquarters of the 
 
 IMZIC^TTZEIjITO gooseberby. 
 
 The new California Seedling Plants ready for delivery fall of 
 '86. Also, a general stock of FRUIT, ORNAMENTAL TREES, 
 etc, WM. BARKER, 
 
 Lompoc, California. 
 
PALMER'S MONTHLY, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. 
 S. C. PALMER, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER ANNUM. 
 
 PALMER'S MONTHLY 
 
 Is a large Sixteen-Page Monthry Pap -r, devoted to the 
 
 INTERESTS OP NURSERYMEN, 
 
 TREE AGENTS, and KINDRED AFFAIRS. 
 
 Is the only Paper of its Class in America, and is 
 
 intended to be a General Organ for 
 
 the Trade. 
 
 REGULAR RATES FOR 1885, $2.00 PER INCH. 
 ^jU Special contracts for advertising will be made to specialty ad- 
 vertisers. Sample copies mailed free, which must be seen to be ap- 
 preciated. GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., Agents, 
 
 10 Spruce Street. New York. 
 
 Catalogues of everything pertaining to the 
 
 PLANT, SEE® 0<R NU<RSE<RY &USINESS. 
 
 Catalogue of New, Rare and Beautiful Plants, issued in February, 
 with a colored plate free to all customers. To others 10 cts. or a plain 
 copy free. 
 
 Catalogue of Roses. — All the novelties as well as standard sorts, well- 
 grown Pot Plants, cheap. 
 
 Catalogue of Orchids. — Cool, Intermediate and Tropical Orchids. An 
 immense stock of well established plants. 
 
 Cataogue of Seeds. — Seeds of the finest strain of single Dahlias, with 
 all novelties of value among flowers and vegetables. These seeds are 
 of the finest quality, fresh, pure, grown by myself or specially for me, 
 or my importations. 
 
 Catalogue of Fruits. — All the standard fruits, Pears, Apples, Peaches, 
 Plums, Cherries, Standard and Dwarf, Grape Vines, Small Fruits, etc. 
 
 Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, etc., of all sizes and in great variety 
 for Parks, Lawns, Gardens, etc. Finest quality and lowest prices. 
 
 Catalogues of Fruit Trees, Roses, Seeds and Orchids free. 
 
 JOHN SAUL., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
LARGEST STOCK OF FRUIT TREES 
 
 IN NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 At GUILFORD NURSERIES, Vandalla P. O., N. C, (near Greensboro). Con- 
 sisting in part of the following : Apple, Peach, Pears of all the new and old 
 varieties. Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Quinces, Almonds and the 
 Nut-Bearing Trees Also, Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Evergreens, Grape of 
 all the old and new, scarce and rare varieties, a large lot of Strawberry of 
 twenty varieties. 
 
 The proprietor received first premium on Apples and Peaches awarded at the 
 8tate Fruit Fair in Greensboro, N. C, August 12 and 13, 1885, for the largest 
 and best collection and finest display. Respectfully, 
 
 G. L,. ANTHONY. 
 
 THE WESTERN TRIBUNE, 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS 32-COLUMN WEEKLY NEWSPAPER ! 
 
 CHAS. EDWARD WILSON, Editor and Proprietor. 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: One year, $1.50; six months, 75c; three months, 
 50c in advance. 
 
 BSr FTJLZ, AND RELIABLE MARKET REPORTS. "Wl 
 
 The Tribune is printed from new type, on a new and improved 
 
 Power Press. ftfJF' Advertising rates furnished on application. 
 Address THE WESTERN TRIBUNE, 
 
 Asheville, N. C. 
 
 jfjie cepcap ww®R Wh% 
 
 PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY AT 
 
 EVERGREEN", (Conecuh County,) AI^V. 
 
 J. W. DAVISON, Editor and Publishe.. 
 
 The Official Journal of Conecuh county, and the best Adver- 
 tising Medium in South Alabama. 
 
 }gg- TERMS : «1.00 PER ANNUM, STRICTEY IN ADVANCE. _££ 
 
 THE CONCORD TIMES, 
 
 A WIDE-AWAKE, WEEKLY JOURNAL. 
 
 8HERRILL BROS. «fc JLIJDWIG, I»ixl»lisliers. 
 
 Published in one of the growing sections of North Carolina. 
 
 Organ of the North Carolina State Grange. 
 
 fW A Fine Premium will be Given to all New Subscribers. S£\ 
 Terms : $1 .50 a year in advance. Sample copy free. Address, 
 
 THE TIMES, Lock Box 39, 
 Concord, N. C. 
 
*»- ESTABLISHED 1869. "«* 
 
 FRUITLAND NURSERY, 
 
 THOMAS J. WARD, Proprietor, 
 
 ST. MARY'S, VIGO CO., INTV A full assortment of Nursery Stock always 
 for sale In season, at LOWEST living rates. Apple and Russian Mulberry 
 Trees and Raspberry Plants specialties. Also, Forest Tree Seeds. Price lists 
 free to all wishing them. 
 
 I also breed High Class Plymouth Rock and Black Cochin Fowls. Chicks, 
 and Eggs for hatching, cheap in season. A ddress 
 
 THOMAS J. WARD, 
 
 St. Mary's, Vigo Co., Ind. 
 
 Railroad, Mercantile and Pamphlet Printing 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, -fg^ 
 
 B. F. BENNETT, - - - Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 All kinds Law Blanks for sale, u?ed by Attorneys, Clerks of Court and Jus- 
 tices Peace. Send for the iron-clad note— waiving all exemptions and making 
 wages subject to garnishment— 50 in book for 35 cents. 
 
 Having the best outfit in the city, I guarantee the best work done here. Or- 
 ders accompanied with cash will receive prompt attrition. 
 
 THE TAR RIVER TALKER, 
 
 99- A newspaper *devoted?to the" r material advancement of Eastern Caro- 
 lina—democratic in principle and the people's friend. A splendid advertising 
 medium. Subscription price $1.50 'per annum : $1.00 for six months, in ad- 
 vance. George P. Hart, editor>nd proprietor. The only paper in Nash county. 
 
 Address THE TALKER, Rocky Mount, N. U. 
 
 C3-EO- IP- HART, 
 
 ATTORNEY and COUNSELOR AT LAW, Rocky Mount, N. C. 
 
 Practices in all courts,'both"State and.Federal. tt3B~ Collections a specialty. 
 
 i-iisT of stocz:. 
 
 Apple-grafted leading Southern varieties. About*20,000. $5.00 per 
 thousand to the trade ; $7.50 at retail. Peach Seedlings a specialty. 
 grown from the best seedling trees, with no yellows or disease — about 
 100,000—$2.50 per thousand to the trade ; $3-50 per thousand at'retail. 
 Best Peach Seed at 50 cents per bushel from seed stock Strawberries, 
 leading sort, $2.00 per thousand to the trade. Raspberries, Grapes, 
 etc., etc., cheaper than the cheapest. All packed and labeled true to 
 name, and delivered at depot at above prices. 
 
 MERRELL BROTHERS, Fruitland, N. C. 
 
That everyjfamily in the Southern States should have is 
 
 TIHIIE " SOTJTS:iL,^.IsriD 7 " 
 
 a large, handsome, 8-page, 48-column paper, devoted to the in- 
 terest of the South. Only one dollar a year^ Address, 
 
 SOUTHLAND, 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 ^ILi^T SOAP, 
 
 The invention of a Practical Chemist; used for all cleansing 
 purposes. 
 
 FIL.IE© and MO8QUITO8 
 
 will not stay where it is used. It does not poison them but drives 
 them out— they simply get out and stay out. Pleasant! Harmless! 
 Cheap ! Order one bar and be rid of all flies and mosquitos. 
 
 A Bonanza for Agents. — Agents make $3.00 to $20.00 per day. We 
 prepay all postage and express charges. One bar by mail, 15c ; one 
 dozen bars by express, $1.00 ; one gross bars by express, $6.00. Ad- 
 dress FLY SOAP MANUPAOTUKLNG CO., 
 
 703 Preston St., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 40 .tt.cres.| (BSTABliISHED 1879.) 4=3 Acxea 
 
 OLD RELIABLE BUCKEYE POULTRY, YARD. 
 
 C. HARRIS, Proprietor, Columbus, Ohio, 
 
 Breeder, of following varieties— each a ^specialty : Wyaadottes, Plymouth 
 Rocks, Langshans, Buff and Partridge Cochins, Light Brahmas, Hose-Combed 
 American Dominiques, White-CresteU Black Polish, vVhite ana Brown Leghorn, 
 .fit Games. Mammoth Bronze Turkeys, i*ekin and Rouen Ducks— (pedigreed.) 
 
 Berkshire Pigs, ^o.'jO each, at 8 weeks old ; limited number, riend for circu- 
 lar and mention seeing ad. in this book. 
 
 TOWbK HILL NURSERIES. 
 
 g/£~ (FIFTEEN YEARS ESTABLISHED.) 
 
 A fine stock of APPLE, PLUM, PEAR, PEACH, ORNA- 
 MENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, ETC. SMALL 
 FRUITS* A SPElJLaLTx\ Low for cash, or exchange 
 for other stock, fciend for circular and price list. 
 
 ARMSTRONG & CO., 
 .Lawrence. Mass.