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AETS EEVEALED, 
 
 AND 
 
 ?Wv)& il^ /-pi TpT 
 
 CO.NTAINING MANY RARE AND 
 
 INVALUABLE RECIPES AND DIRECTIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES. 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR TREATING DISEASES— BEHAVIOR OP LA- 
 DIES AND GENTLExMEX— EMBROIDERY, AND OTHER 
 KINDS OF NEEDLE-WORK— INFORxMATION AS 
 TO ROOTS AND HERBS-COMPOUNDING 
 MEDICINES— HOW TO BE PRE- 
 PARED FOR ACCIDENTS, 
 cStc, &c., &c. 
 
 SEVERAL EECIPES COST FROl 820 TO 850 EACH, 
 
 HAVING NEVER BEFOBE BEEN PUBLISHED. 
 
 EK 
 
 NEW YO 
 AMERICAN FAMILY PUBLICATION ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 lOO NASSAU STREET. 
 .' i 353. 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
1i 
 
 S3 
 
 .fl^' 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, 
 
 By E, HUTCHINSON, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt for the Southern District 
 
 of New York. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Tlte Arts Revealed, or Secrets Made 
 Known. 
 
 The Celebrated Chinese Cement, 
 for Mending Glass, Marble, Chi- 
 na, Earthenware, &c 7 
 
 The Magic Copying Press or Mani- 
 fold Writer— Recipe for the Col- 
 ors used 7 
 
 To make a Powder by which you 
 
 Write with Water 7 
 
 Powder for Removing Superfluous 
 
 Hair 8 
 
 French Rose Pomatum 8 
 
 Imperial Ginger Pop S 
 
 Volatile Soap, for Removing Paint, 
 
 Grease-spots, &c. 8 
 
 White Spruce Beer 8 
 
 Cheap and Excellent Blue Color 
 
 for Ceilings, &c 8 
 
 Unsurpassed Blacking . 8 
 
 Ink Powder for Immediate Use 9 
 
 To make Ink for Marking Linen 
 
 with Type 9 
 
 For Red Marking Ink 9 
 
 For Indelible Ink 9 
 
 Common Small Beer. . 9 
 
 Root Beer 9 
 
 To make Cologne Water . 9 
 
 A Varnish to Prevent the Rays of 
 the Sun from Passing through 
 
 Window or other Glass 10 
 
 To Take off Instantly the Copy of 
 
 a Print 10 
 
 To Prepare a Transparent Paper 
 
 for Drawing 10 
 
 To make Water Oil, for Painters.. 10 
 To make Paint without White 
 
 Lead and Oil 11 
 
 To PrepareQun Cotton 11 
 
 To Remove Writing Ink from a 
 
 Printed Page 11 
 
 Composition for Lucifer Matches.. 12 
 Turkish Rouge, to give a Beautiful 
 
 Complejuon .. 12 
 
 Lemon Syrnp 12 
 
 To make Sarsaparilla Mead 12 
 
 Essence'* 12 
 
 To Stain HarpR, Violins, or any 
 other Musical InstTument,a Crim- 
 son Stain 12 
 
 For a Purple Stain. 13 
 
 For a FineBlack 13 
 
 A Fine Blue Stain 13 
 
 A Fine Green Stain i 13 
 
 For a Bright Yellow 13 
 
 A Water-proof Gluo 13 
 
 Celebrated Recipe for Silver Wash 13 
 Remarkable Chemical Erasive Com- 
 pound 13 
 
 Gold and Silver Coin Detecter 1-1 
 
 Diaarond C<-mont— Another U 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Iron Cement .... 14 
 
 Wood Cement 14 
 
 Infallible Cure for Cancer 14 
 
 PART II. 
 Invaluable liecipes /or Families. 
 To Set Colors Fast in Calicoes and 
 
 other Goods 15 
 
 To Take Stains out of M»hogany 15 
 To Restore Colors taken out by 
 
 Acids 1 lo 
 
 To Take Mildew out of Linen 15 
 
 To Prevent Lamps from Smoking 15 
 
 To Clean badly-soiled Bed-ticks... lo 
 
 To Destroy Red Ants 16 
 
 To Cleanse Black Veils 16 
 
 To Clean Britannia or Silver 16 
 
 To Wash White Merino Shawls.. 16 
 
 Cure for Bleeding at the Stomach 15 
 
 Hard Soap is 
 
 Method of Cleaning China 16 
 
 To Cleanse fonl Casks It5 
 
 To Preserve Hams 17 
 
 To Destroy Bedbugs 17 
 
 To Preserve Cheese 17 
 
 Labor-saving Soap 17 
 
 To Clean Light Kid Gloves 17 
 
 To Clean Stoves and Stone Hearths 17 
 To Clean Mahogany and Marble 
 
 Furniture-. ig 
 
 To Restore Rusty Italian Crape.. 19 
 To Cleanse Phials and Pie Plates 19 
 To Cleanse Feather Beds and Mat- 
 tresses 19 
 
 To Remove Paint and Putty from 
 
 WiudowGlass , 20 
 
 To Extract Stains from White Cot- 
 ton Goods and Colored Silks 20 
 
 To Extract Grease from Silks, Pa- 
 per, Woolen Goods, and Floors.. 21 
 To Extract Paint from Cotton, 
 
 Silk, and Woolen Goods 21 
 
 To Remove Black Stains on Scarlet 
 
 Woolen Goods 21 
 
 To Remove Stains from Broad- 
 cloth ii 
 
 To Extract Ink from Floors 22 
 
 For Scouring thick Cotton, to wit. 
 
 Counterpanes, Quilts, &c 'i2 
 
 On the Mixture of Colors 33 
 
 Names of Principal Dyeing Drugs i3 
 
 Causes for the Holding of Colors. 23 
 
 Lime Water -^4 
 
 or Blue— Black 24 
 
 To make Chemic Blue and Green . -io 
 To make Muriatic or Bleaching 
 
 Acid : '. . -io 
 
 On Dyeing Silks in the Small or 
 
 False Dye j.i 
 
 Directions for Re-dyeing or Chang- 
 ing the Colors of Garments al- 
 
 read V Dyed -'6 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 For Discharging Colors 26 
 
 Light Blue Silk— Green Silks 26 
 
 A very Pretty Hair Brown 27 
 
 Kor Slate-colored Silks 27 
 
 For a Stone-colored Silk 27 
 
 For Dyeing Silks Red, (of all 
 shades,) of a permanent color.. 23 
 The French Way of Dyeing Yel- 
 low Silk 28 
 
 To make Fawn-color Drabs .... 29 
 Brown, inclining to a Brick Color, 
 
 for a Silk Pelisse, &c 29 
 
 Brown, inclining to a Mulberry, 
 
 for a Silk Pelisse 29 
 
 To Make Half Violet or Lilac 29 
 
 To Dye a Shawl Crimson 30 
 
 To make Flesh-colors 30 
 
 Eor a Common Shawl 30 
 
 For Dyeing Straw and Chip Bon- 
 nets 31 
 
 For Dyeing Silk Stockings Black. 31 
 
 On Dyeing Blacks and Browns. .. 31 
 
 For Dyeing and Cleaning Feathers 31 
 
 To take Stain of Dye from Hands. 32 
 For Cleaning any Copper or Brass 
 
 Utensils used for Dyeing ii 
 
 For Bleaching Cottons 33 
 
 For Slate-colored Cotton 33 
 
 For an Olive Green .34 
 
 For a Full Yellow 34 
 
 To Finish Cotton and Silk Velvets 34 
 
 To Dye a Pelisse Black 34 
 
 To Dye Woolen Stufls Black 35 
 
 A Pretty Red Brown, very bright, 
 
 the Dye costing but sixpence. . . 36 
 For Dyeing Black Cloth a Dark 
 
 Green 36 
 
 Directions for Washing Calicoes . 36 
 
 For Cleaning Silk Goods 37 
 
 For washing White Cotton Cloths 38 
 
 For Washing Woolens 39 
 
 To Clean Woolen and Silk Shawls 40 
 
 Directions for Carpets 40 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Moderator's Guide, or Parliamentary 
 Rules for Conducting Pub'ic Meet- 
 ings. 
 
 Election of Moderator, or Chair- 
 man 41 
 
 Power and Duties of the Chairman 41 
 
 PART IV. 
 Important Instructions to Young La- 
 dies and Young Gentlemen in Respect 
 to Dress, Cleanliness, <5'c. 
 
 The Dress — Evening Dresses 43 
 
 The Hat— High-neck Dresses 44 
 
 Flounces — Tucks 44 
 
 Short Cloaks — Dressing the Hair . 45 
 
 Caps— Purity of Breath 4-3 
 
 Important Hints to Young Men... 46 
 
 Style and Dress of Gentiemen 46 
 
 PAGS 
 
 Choice of a Wife 47 
 
 How to Treat a Wife 47 
 
 A Guide in all things 48 
 
 PART V. 
 
 Needle- Work for Young Ladies, em- 
 bracing Instructions in Embroidery 
 on Muslin, Silk, Velvet, ifc. 
 Embroidery with Floss, three-cord- 
 ed Silk, Chenille, Worsted, &c.. 49 
 
 Raised Embroidery 51 
 
 Stitches in Embroidery on Muslin 
 
 and Lace-work 62 
 
 Double B utton-hole Stitch 62 
 
 Glover's Stitch —Eyelet Holes 52 
 
 Embroidery, Feather Stitch 52 
 
 Formation of Bars 63 
 
 Button-hole Stitch— Darning.. .'.'. 63 
 
 Eyelet Holes in Lace- work 63 
 
 Interior Stitch— Chain Stitch 63 
 
 Veining Open Hem 64 
 
 Pearling — Lines 84 
 
 Straight, Open Hem 64 
 
 Half Herring-bone Stitch 64 
 
 Tambour Stitch— Spots on Net... 64 
 
 Embroidery on Muslin 55 
 
 Embroidery in Gold Thread 55 
 
 Instructions in Lace-work 56 
 
 Embroidery for Insertion 67 
 
 Things to be Remembered 58 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 Rules of Politeness for Gentlemen end 
 
 Ladies. 
 
 Rules of Politeness 59 
 
 Models of Invitation Cards 60 
 
 How to Address a Lady 60 
 
 Language of the Finger-Ring .... 60 
 
 Rules ol Conversation 61 
 
 Young Peoi)le's Primary Instruc- 
 tion in the Art of Drawing 61 
 
 PART VII. 
 
 Miscellaneous Recipes. 
 
 To Keep the Hair from falling oil". 66 
 
 Oil for the Hair — to make it Curl. 66 
 
 To Cure Freckles — Shaving Soap. 66 
 
 Tincture for Diseased Gums 67 
 
 Red Bottle Wax 67 
 
 U'hite-wash that will not rub off. 67 
 
 To make Cloth wind and rain proof 67 
 
 Feathers — ley Steps 67 
 
 'io Polish Stoves- Black Ball ... . 67 
 
 Inflamed Eyes 68 
 
 To Blacken the Eye-lashes 68 
 
 To Perfume Clothes 63 
 
 Certain Cure for Eruptions, Pim- 68 
 
 pies, &c 68 
 
 Cheap, White, House Paint «a 
 
 Confectionery 69 
 
 Ornamental Frosting 69 
 
 To Clarifv Sugar for Ca-ndies &) 
 
:,ONTE^TS. 
 
 Fine Peppeimini Lozenges C9 
 
 Icing for Cakes '^9 
 
 Saffrou Lozenges 69 
 
 Strawberry Ice Cream 09 
 
 Common Twist or Cough Candy. . 69 
 
 Fruit Candied TO 
 
 Candied Lemon or Peppermint for 
 
 Colds TO 
 
 Fruit and Fruit Trees 70 
 
 How to Kill Borers in Trees 70 
 
 Plum — Peach "0 
 
 Quince— Pear — Apple Tree 71 
 
 To Kill Weeds in Gravel and Brick 
 
 Walks 71 
 
 Brief Hints for Transplanting — 71 
 
 Parlor Plants 72 
 
 Flowers ^ 73 
 
 Canary Birds — General Directions 74 
 How to Distinguish the Male from 
 
 the Female 74 
 
 PAKT VIII 
 The Doctor at Home. 
 New Cure for Consumption, Scrof- 
 ula, Rickets, Diarrhoea, &c 75 
 
 Cure for a Nail Run into the Foo^^ 75 
 
 Fever and Ague 75 
 
 Cure for the Tooth-ache 75 
 
 A very Strengthening Drink 75 
 
 Cure for Rheumatism 75 
 
 Very Valuable Remedy for Rheu- 
 
 mati sm 75 
 
 Cure for Hydrophobia 76 
 
 Tonic — Bitters — Bowel Complaints 76 
 
 Inflammation of the Bowels 76 
 
 Common Canker — Gravel 77 
 
 Preventive of Bilious Fever 77 
 
 Consumption 77 
 
 Hypochondria, or Hysteric Passion 77 
 
 Rabes, or Hydrophobia 78 
 
 Incubus, or Nightmare 79 
 
 Cough Compound — Canker Cure. 79 
 
 Piles — Dysentery 79 
 
 Pain in the Breast or Side 80 
 
 Convulsion Fits — Inward Ulcers.. 80 
 
 Sore Eyes — Numb Palsy 80 
 
 Flying Rheumatism 80 
 
 Rheumatic Oil — Soothing Lotion. 81 
 Dysentery Specific — particularly 
 
 for Bloody Dysentery 81 
 
 Invalid Cordial 81 
 
 Balm of Life— Head-ache Drops. . . 82 
 For Cleansing and Purifying the 
 
 Blood 82 
 
 For Strengthening and Invigorat- 82 
 
 ing the Nerves 82 
 
 A Shrunk Sinew, or Stiff Joint ... 82 
 
 Cancer of the Breast — Symptoms. 83 
 
 Remedy for C ancer 84 
 
 PART IX. 
 
 Medical Qualities of Roots and Herbs. 
 
 Black Alder 85 
 
 Alum Root -Angelica 86 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Thoiu App.e m 
 
 Arrow-Root — A vens Root ST 
 
 Asarum, or Swamp Asarabacca ... 87 
 
 Agrimony S7 
 
 Beecli Drops— Bearberry 88 
 
 Celandine 88 
 
 Five Fingers, or Cinqnefoil SS 
 
 Crawley, or Fever Root !?i> 
 
 Conil'rey — Klecampane b9 
 
 Feverlew, Feather-few Sfl 
 
 Blackberry B9 
 
 Daiv.lelion — Wild Turnip 9U 
 
 Blood Root — Thoroughwort 90 
 
 Indian Tobacco — Wintergreen 91 
 
 Burdock — Pleurisy Root 9-2 
 
 Queen of t)ie Meadow 9i 
 
 Cicuta, or Poison Hemlock 93 
 
 Broad-Leaved Laurel 93 
 
 Sweet Flag— Hose Willow 93 
 
 Dogwood — Dwarf liider 94 
 
 American Gentain 94 
 
 Sampson Snakeroot 94 
 
 Foxglove — Tobacco 9o 
 
 Mustard— Mallows g.5 
 
 Oak Bark— Deadly Nightshade. . . 96 
 
 American Ipecac, or Indian Physio 96 
 
 Camomile— Rliuharb Root 96 
 
 Mandrake, or -May Apple 97 
 
 Colt's Foot — Bittersweet 97 
 
 Pokcw eed 97 
 
 Sumach, or Shocinake 9S 
 
 Sliii|iery Kim — Poplar 96 
 
 Sanicle, Black Snake-root 98 
 
 Skunk Cat)bage — Tansy 98 
 
 Wormwood — Horse-Kadish 99 
 
 King's Evil Weed 99 
 
 Oak of Jerusalem, or Wormseed.. 99 
 
 American Senna 99 
 
 Veliow Dock — Gravel Weed 100 
 
 Sarsaparilla— Beth Root 100 
 
 Tag Alder 100 
 
 Lungwort — Ladies' Slipper 101 
 
 Rattlesnake's Plantain — Blue Flag 101 
 
 Sassafras — River Willow 101 
 
 .Milkweed 101 
 
 Peach Tree — Valerian 102 
 
 Butternut Tree — Ground Pine. . .. 102 
 
 Blue Cohosh— White Poppy 103 
 
 Peppermint — Charcoal of Wood... 103 
 
 Ergot, Smut Rye, or Spurred Rye 103 
 
 Hops — Sweet Pern 104 
 
 •Meadow Saffron 104 
 
 Witch Hazel— Prickly Ash 105 
 
 Directions for Collecting and Pre- IO.7 
 
 serving Vegetables 105 
 
 Roots — Seeds and Fruits lOa 
 
 Loaves and Flowers — Warts 105 
 
 PART X. 
 Diseases of Children. 
 
 Treatment of Infants lOS 
 
 Infants' Syrup .... 106 
 
 Cholera Infantum — Hiccups 107 
 
 Griping and Flatulency 107 
 
 The Thrush- -Diarrhoea 108 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cutaneous Eruptions 108 
 
 Fallina: down of the Fundameut . . 108 
 
 Dentition, or Cutting Teeth 109 
 
 Convulsions — The Kickets 103 
 
 Distortion of the Spine 110 
 
 Inward Fits 110 
 
 Dropsy on the Brain, or Hydro- 
 cephalus — Causes 110 
 
 Treatment Ill 
 
 Inflammation of the Trachea,Hives, 
 
 Rattles, or Croup Ill 
 
 Croup — Symptoms Ill 
 
 Causes, Treatment 11'2 
 
 Tne Sleep of Infants 113 
 
 The Bodily Habits of the two Sexes 
 
 the same 113 
 
 The Yellow Gum 114 
 
 Ajihthse, or Thrush — Acidities ... 114 
 
 Galling and Excoriation 114 
 
 Vomiting 114 
 
 PART XI. 
 
 C$B>iBt Sibdical Compouuda to tm &ept 
 
 on Hand- 
 To Measure Medicine Instead of 
 
 Weighing 115 
 
 List of Simples, to Keep on Hand 
 
 for Family Use 115 
 
 Liquid Measure — Dry Measure... 116 
 Signs Used by Physicians in Writ- 
 ing their Recipes 116 
 
 Table of Medicines, their Doses 
 and Qualities 117 
 
 PART XII. 
 Accidents or Emergencies. 
 How to be Prepared for Accidents 
 
 and Emergencies 118 
 
 Remedies for Poisons liO 
 
 For Corrosive Sublimate 120 
 
 Sugar of Lead lai 
 
 For Opium, Laudanum, Hemlock, 
 
 and other Vegetablo Poisons ... 121 
 
 For Tartar Emetic 121 
 
 Bite of a Rattlesnake 121 
 
 For Oil of Vitiioi, Tartaric or Prns- 
 
 sic Acid, or any other Acids.... 122 
 
 For Potash or other Alkalies 122 
 
 For Rrsenic — Drowned Persons .. 122 
 
 Cautions in Visiting Sick Rooms . 123 
 
 Sea Sickness 123 
 
 Security against Lightning 123 
 
 PA OB 
 
 The Tongue — Poultices 124 
 
 To Make Leeches Take Hold 124 
 
 Castor-oil Made Palatable 124 
 
 To Purify the Atmosphere of a 
 
 Sick Room 125 
 
 Importance of Well-ventilated A- 
 
 partments 125 
 
 Three Rules .for Preserving Good 
 
 Health 125 
 
 Consumption 126 
 
 Codfish LiverOil for Consumption 127 
 
 R'lles for Diet &nd Digestion 127<. 
 
 General Rules for Preserving Life 
 
 and Health 123 
 
 Sir R. Philips' Rules 128 
 
 Dr. Boerhaave's Rules 128 
 
 PART XIII. 
 Cake Book. 
 
 Queen's Cake — Gingernuts 129 
 
 Crullers — Lemon CEike 129 
 
 Common Cuj) Cake liS9 
 
 Indian Cake — Pancakes, extra 130 
 
 Plain Cake— Fruit Cake 130 
 
 Tea Cake — Baker's Gingerbread . . 1 30 
 
 Hard Gingerbread 130 
 
 Soft and Excellent Gingerbread .. 130 
 
 Sponge Gingerbread 131 
 
 Superior Indian Cake 131 
 
 Wedding Cake— Fruit Cake 131 
 
 Jumbles — Plum Cake 132 
 
 Rich Bridecake 132 
 
 Graham Cake — Caraway Cake.... 133 
 
 Molasses Cup Cake....' 133 
 
 Lemon Cheese Cake 133 
 
 Doughnuts — Icing for Cakes 133 
 
 The Famous St. Charles Indian 
 
 Bread 134 
 
 Family Gingerbread 134 
 
 Economical Doughnuts 134 
 
 Buckwheat Cakes 134 
 
 Common Flat Jacks 134 
 
 Wafers — Fried Wafers 134 
 
 Composition Cake — Election Cake 134 
 
 Queen Cake — Loaf Cake 135 
 
 Short Cake— Sponge Cake 13* 
 
 Milk Biscuit — Soft Cake for Tea.. 13s 
 
 Poor Man's Pound Cake 135 
 
 Cream Cup Cake 135 
 
 Sweet Potato Cakes 136 
 
 Wafers and Jelly 136 
 
 Weights and Measures 139 
 
 Liquid Measure 138 
 
 W. Lord, Printer & Stereotyper, 
 
 183 William Street. 
 
PART I. 
 
 THE ARTS REVEALED; 
 
 OR, 
 
 SECRETS MADE KNOWN. 
 
 The celebrated Chinese Cement, for Mending 
 Ghiss, Marble, Cliina, Earthen-ware, <^c. — White 
 siiOilac 1 oz. dissolved in 2 oz. of spirits of wine, 10 
 ^'rains vi' borax dissolved in 2 drams of sulphuric ether. 
 After the ingredients are dissolved, put them together. 
 
 I )irtcliun.s for Use. — Put it on the edges of the 
 bruktii ware with a brush or feather ; then burn it off 
 with ii spirit light. Put the pieces together, hold them 
 until they set, and the}' will be as firm as they were 
 bet'ure they were broken. 
 
 The Ma<^ic Copying-Press or Manifold Writer. 
 liuci/ie for (he Colors Used. — Ptassian blue, Veoe- 
 tian red, crome green, and prepared lampblack. 
 
 Put the paints into different vessels, mix with sweet 
 oil, apply ic to both sides of the paper with a brush or 
 sponge, lay the pieces prepared between two pieces of 
 paper, and let it lie for 10 hours. 
 
 To Make a Powder, by ichich you tnuy Write 
 icilh Water. — Bruise to powder a handful of galls, 
 half an ounce of vitriol, an ounce of gum arable and 
 gum sandrick. Mingle them, finely sifted together, 
 then rub your paper with a little of it, laid upon cotton 
 
8 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 "VTOol ; anJ, having smoothed it. take vrater and write 
 upon the paper ; then, suffering it to dry. it will be 
 black. 
 
 Powder for Removing Superjluous Hair. — Pow- 
 dered quicklime two parts ; sulphuret of arsenic one 
 part ; starch one part. Mix in fine powder, and keep 
 in a close vessel. 
 
 French Rose Pomattim. — White wax one pound : 
 lard three pounds ; suet three pounds. Melt, and 
 when partly cold, stir in rose-water one pint ; ottar of 
 rose forty drops. The appearance of this pomatum is 
 much improved by giving it a pink color. 
 
 ^ Imperial Ginger Pop. — Take cream of tartar one 
 pound ; ginger one and a half ounce ; white sugar 
 seven pounds ; essence of lemon one dram ; water six 
 gallons ; yeast half a pint. Mix. Tie the corks down. 
 
 Volatile Soap^ for Removing Paint., Grease-spots., 
 d^c. — Four table-spoonfuls of spirits of hartshorn, four 
 table-spoonfuls of alcohol, and a table-spoonful of salt. 
 Shake the whole well together in a bottle, and apply 
 with a sponge or brush. 
 
 White Spruce Beer. — Three pounds of loaf sugar ; 
 five gallons of water, with enough of essence of spruce 
 to give it a flavor; a cup of good yeast; a little lemon 
 peel, if you choose ; and when fermented, bottle it up 
 close. It is a delightful beverage in warm weather. 
 
 Clieap and Excellent Blue Color fur Ceilings. 6,*c. 
 — Boil slowly, for three hours, a pound of blue vitriol 
 and half a pound of the best whiting, in about three 
 quarts of water; stir it frequently while boiling, and 
 also on taking it off the fire. When it has stood till 
 quite cold, pour off the blue liquor ; then mix the cake 
 of color with good size, and use it with a plasterer's 
 brush in the same manner as white-wash, either foi 
 walls or ceilings. 
 
 Unsurpassable Blacking. — Put one gallon of vine- 
 gar into a stone jug, and one pound of ivory-black well 
 
V 
 
 ARTS REVEALED. 9 
 
 pulverized, a half pound of loaf sugar, a half ounce of 
 oil of vitriol, and six ounces of sweet oil ; incorporate 
 the whole b}^ stirring. 
 
 Ink Powder for Immediate Use. — Reduce to pow- 
 der ten ounces of gallnuts, three ounces of green cop- 
 peras, two ounces each of powdered alum and guin 
 arabic. Put a little of this mixture into white wine, 
 and it will be fit for immediate use. 
 
 To Make Ink for Marking Linen luith Type. — 
 Dissolve one part of asphaltura in four parts of oil of 
 turpentine ; add lampblack or black lead in fine pow- 
 der, in sufficient quantity to render of proper consist- 
 ence to print with type. 
 
 For Red Marking Ink. — Half an ounce of vermil- 
 ion, one dram of salt of steel, finely levigated with lin- 
 seed oil to a proper consistenqi'. 
 
 For Indelible Ink. — To four drams of lunar cau&Mc, 
 in four ounces of water, add sixty drops of nutgalls 
 made strong by being pulverized and steeped in soft 
 water. The mordant which is to be applied to the 
 cloth before writing, is composed of one ounce of pearl- 
 ash dissolved in four ounces of water, with a little 
 gum arable dissolved in it. Wet the spot with this ; 
 dry and iron the cloth ; then write. 
 
 Common Sm,all Beer. — A handful of hops to a pail- 
 ful of water ; ai^int of bran, and half a pint of mo- 
 lasses ; a cup of yeast and a spoonful of ginger. 
 
 Root Beer. — Take a pint of bran, a handful of hops, 
 some twigs of spruce, hemlock or cedar, a little sassa- 
 fras, or not, as you have it ; roots of various kinds, 
 plantains, burdocks, dock, dandelions, &c. ; boil and 
 strain ; add a spoonful of ginger, molasses to piake it 
 pleasant, and a cup of yeast. When you want it soon, 
 let one bottle stand where it is warm, and the rest will 
 work cold. This is for a gallon. 
 
 To Make Cologne Water. — Take a pint of alco 
 hoi, and put in thirty drops of oil of lemon, thirty of 
 bergamot. and half a gill of water. If you desire 
 
10 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 musk or lavender, add the same quantity of each. The 
 oils should be put in the alcohol and shaken well, before 
 the water is added. Bottle it for use. 
 
 A Varnish to Prevent the Rays of the Sun from 
 Passing- through Window or other Glass. — Pound 
 iTum aciragant into powder, and put it to dissolve for 
 twenty-four hours in whites of eggs well beaten. Lay 
 a coat of this on your glass with a soft brush, and let 
 it dry. 
 
 To take off Instantly the Copy of a Print. — Make 
 a water of soap and alum, with which wet a cloth or 
 paper, lay it on a print or picture, and press it once 
 under the rolling-press, and you will have a very fine 
 Qppy of whatever you ^hall have Ijaid it upon. SoipJe 
 other powerful pressure will produce the same result. 
 
 To Prepare a Transparent Paper for Drawing. 
 — Take one or several sheets of fine and very thin 
 paper, and rub them over with oil or spirits of turpen- 
 tine, mixed in double the quantity of the oil of nuts. 
 To cause the paper to imbibe this mixture, dip a 
 sponge or feather in it, which you will pass on both 
 sides of the paper, and let it dry. 
 
 When you want to use it, lay it on a print. Then, 
 with a brush, a pencil, or a pen, pass over all the 
 strokes, lines and turns of the design laid under. You 
 may even thus learn to shade with neatness, if you 
 v/ash that same design, while fixed on the original 
 print, with India ink. 
 
 By practising often, you may learn to draw very 
 neatly, and even with boldness. This method will cer- 
 tainly prove very useful and entertaining for those 
 who have not the patience to learn in the common way. 
 
 To Make Water Oil, for Painters. — Take eight 
 pounds of pure unslacked lime, add twelve quarts of 
 water ; stir it and let it settle ; turn it off gently, and 
 bottle it ; keep it corked till used. This will mix with 
 oil, and, in proportion of half, will render paint more 
 durable. 
 
AR'%8 REVEALED. 11 
 
 To Make Paint without White Lead and Oil. — 
 Tb,ke two quarts of skimmed milk, two ounces fresh- 
 slacked lime, and five pounds of whiting. Put the lime 
 into a stone-ware vessel, pour upon it a sufficient quan- 
 tity of milk to make a mixture resembling cream ; the 
 remainder of the milk is then to be added ; and lastly 
 the whiting is to be crumbled and spread on the sur- 
 face of the fluid, in which it gradually sinks. At this 
 period it must be well stirred in, or ground as you 
 would other paint, and it is fit for use. You may add 
 any coloring matter that suits the fancy. 
 
 it is to be applied in the same manner as other 
 paint, and in a few hours it will become perfectly dry. 
 Another coat may then be added, and so on, until the 
 "B?ork is completed to your liking. This paint is of 
 great tenacity, and a slight elasticity, which admits of 
 being rubbed hard, even with a coarse woolen cloth, 
 without being injured in the least. 
 
 It has little or no smell when wet, and when dry is 
 perfectly inodorous. It is not subject to be blackened 
 up by sulphurous vapors, and it is not injurious to the 
 health — all which qualities give it a decided prefer- 
 ence. The above will cover twenty-seven square yards 
 once over. 
 
 To Prepare Gun Cotton. — Mix in a glass vessel 
 one part (weight) pure nitric acid with two parts 
 (weight) concentrated sulphuric acid. With this mix- 
 ture saturate, for ten minutes, finely-carded wool cot- 
 ton ; then with a glass rod press the cotton so as to 
 remove as much of the acids as possible, after which it 
 must be washed with rain-water until all the acid taste 
 is removed ; then carefully dry, and it is ready to " go 
 ofi"." Much care must be used both in preparing and 
 using this vegetable lightning. Must not let much of 
 the acids get on the hands — it bites badly. All the 
 materials should be of the best quality. 
 
 To Remove Writing Ink fro7n a Printed Page. — 
 Add one half part red oxide lead to three parts muri- 
 atic acid ; pour it on the page, and immediately wash 
 it off with water. 
 
12 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Composition for Lucifer Matches. — Take four parts 
 glue, dissolve, and when it is hot add one part phos- 
 phorus, and sift in a few spoonfuls of whiting, to bring 
 it to the proper thickness. This is the identical re- 
 cipe from which the N. E. Friction Match Company's 
 matches are made. 
 
 Turkish Rouge, to give a Beautiful Complexion. 
 — Get three cents worth of alkanet chips at any drug- 
 gist's ; tie them in a gauze bag, and suspend in a 
 glass vessel containing a half pint of alcohol. When 
 it comes to the right color, take out the alkanet. This 
 is a superior rouge ; it will not rub off, and is in no- 
 wise injurious to the face. 
 
 Lemon Syrup. — Take one pound of Havana sugar, 
 boil it in water down to a quart, drop in the white of 
 an egg, and strain it. Add one quarter of an ounce 
 of tartaric acid ; let it stand two days ; shake it often. 
 Four drops of oil of lemon will much improve it. 
 
 To Make Sarsaparilla Mead. — One pound of Span- 
 ish sarsaparilla ; boil five hours, so as to strain off two 
 gallons ; add sixteen pounds of sugar and ten ounces 
 of tartaric acid. One half wine-glass of syrup to one 
 half pint tumbler of water, and one half tea-spoonful 
 of soda powder, is a f\iir proportion for a drink. 
 
 Essences. — An ounce of oil to one pint of alcohol is 
 about a fair proportion. Let them be well shaken to- 
 gether. 
 
 To Stain Harps, Violins, or any other Musical 
 Instru?ne7it, a Crimson Stain. — Take one pound of 
 ground Brazil, and boil it in three quarts of water for 
 an hour ; strain it, and add half an ounce of cochineal ; 
 boil it again for half an hour gently, and it will be fit 
 for use. N. B. — If you would have it of the scarlet 
 tint, boil half an ounce of saffron in a quart of water, 
 and pass over the work previous to the red stain. Ob- 
 serve, the work must be very clean ; and of air-wood 
 or good sycamore, without blemish. When varnished 
 it will look very rich. 
 
ARTS REVEALED. 13 
 
 For a Purple Slain. — Take a pound of chip-log- 
 ^•oolI, to which put three quarts of water ; boil it well 
 for an hour ; add four ounces of pearlash, and two 
 ounces of indif!;o pounded, and you will have a good 
 purple. 
 
 For a Fine Black. — When black is required in 
 rausicnl instruments, it is produced by japanning, the 
 work being well prepared with size and lamp-black ; 
 take some black japan (from the varnish maker's) and 
 give it two coats, after which varnish and polish it. 
 
 A Fine Bine Stain. — Take a pound of oil of vitriol 
 in a glass bottle, in which put four ounces of indigo. 
 
 A Fine Green Stain. — Take three pints of strong 
 vinegar, to which put four ounces of the best verdigris 
 ground fine, half an ounce of sap-green, and half an 
 ounce of indigo. 
 
 For a Bright Yellow. — There is no need whatever 
 to stain the wood, as a very small bit of aloes put in 
 the varnish will make it of good color, and has the de- 
 sired effect. 
 
 A Water-proof Glue. — Melt common glue in the 
 smallest possible quantity of water, and add by drops 
 linseed oil that has been rendered drying by having a 
 small quantity of litharge boiled in it — the glue being 
 briskly stirred when the oil is added. 
 
 Celebrated Recipe for Silver Wash. — One ounce 
 of nitric acid, one ten cent piece, and one ounce of 
 quick silver. Put in an open glass vessel, and let it 
 stand until dissolved ; then add one pint of water, and 
 it is ready for use. Make it into a powder by adding 
 whiting, and it may be used on brass, copper, German 
 silver, &c. 
 
 Remarkable Chemical Erasive Compound — This 
 compound is unrivaled for removintr .LTvease-spots, pitch, 
 tar and paint from every descripti >n of woolen goods, 
 for cleaning coat-co]l;\rs, &c. Take four and a half 
 pounds of oM castile soap, one p'ut of camphor, half a 
 
14 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 pound of salaeratus. and one pint of water ; cut the 
 soap into small pieces, and raelt over a slow fire. 
 
 A PKEMIUM WAS TAKEN FOR THE ABOVE PREPARATION 
 IN THREE DIFFERENT StATE FaIRS. 
 
 Gold and Silver Coin Detector. — Ten grains of 
 nitrate of silver, and one ounce of water. 
 
 Diamond Cement. — Take isinglass, soak it in water 
 until it becomes soft ; then dissolve in proof spirits 
 and a little resin varnish. Used for joining china, 
 glass, and joining and fixing precious stones, (fcc. 
 
 Another. — Take the white of an egg and very quick 
 lime, mix into a paste ; apply it to the edges to be 
 joined. This article is easily prepared, and makes a 
 very good cement. 
 
 Iron Cement.— ^oko iron borings ninety-eight parts, 
 sal-ammoniac two parts, and water to make them into 
 a paste for use. 
 
 Wood Cement. — Use common shellac and alcohol ; 
 put it in a vessel and let it dissolve. Put it on with a 
 brush. This cement is far superior to common glue, 
 and will make the parts joined quite as firm as before 
 they were broken. 
 
 An Infallible Cure for Cancel'. — Take arsenic and 
 pulverized root of cokeberry, in equal parts, and sprin- 
 kle upon a bread and milk poultice, which keep moist, 
 and renew every 36 hours. In a few days every fiber 
 of the cancer will be destroyed. This remedy being 
 very poisonous, cannot of course be applied where i* 
 may interfere with respiration. 
 
PART II. 
 
 INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. 
 
 To Set Colors Fast in Calico atid other Goods. — 
 Ox's gall will set the color of any goods, whether silk, 
 woolen, or cotton. Dissolve one table-spoonful of gall 
 in a gallon of warm water, and wash the article in it, 
 without soap. The gall is a cheap article, and a bottle 
 of it should be kept by every family. 
 
 To Take Stains 07it of Mahogany. — Spirits of 
 salts six parts ; salts of lemon one part. Mix, then 
 drop a little on the stains, and rub them until they 
 disappear. 
 
 To Restore Colors Taken ont by Acids. — Sal-vol- 
 atile or hartshorn will restore colors taken out by 
 acids. It will not harm the garment. 
 
 To Take Mildew out of Linen. — Take soap and 
 rub it well ; then scrape some fine chalk, and rub that 
 also in the linen. Lay it on the grass ; as it dries, 
 wet it a little ; and it will soon come out. 
 
 To Prevent Lamps from Smoking. — It is very 
 often diflBcult to get a good light from a lamp, and yet 
 keep it from smoking ; but if the wick is first soaked 
 in strong vinegac, and then thoroughly dried, this an- 
 noyance will be prevented. Still the wick must not be 
 put up too high. 
 
 To Clean Bed-ticks, liowever badly soiled. — Apply 
 Poland starch, by rubbing it on thick with a wet cloth. 
 Place it in the sun. When dry, rub it in with the 
 hands ; repeat it. if necessary. The soiled part will 
 be as clean as new 
 
16 UNIVERSAL GUIDK. 
 
 These Recipes are Kaown to be Esscellent. 
 
 To Destroy Red Ants. — Cvack shagbark walnuts, 
 and lay where you wish to collect them, and then wet 
 the cracks where they come, with corrosive sublimate. 
 
 To Cleanse Black Veils. — Pass tliem through a 
 liquor of beef's gall and water; then take a small 
 piece of glue, pour boiling water on it, and pass the 
 veil through it ; clay and frame it dry, and it will be 
 as beautiful as new. 
 
 To Clean Britannia or Silver. — Simple whiting, 
 powdered, and moistet;^! with alcohol, is the best arti- 
 cle ever used. 
 
 To Wash White Marino Shawls. — Wash the shawl 
 in fair suds made beforehand, rub no soap on the shawl, 
 rinse in clear warm water, with two changes if you 
 please ; then take a solution of gum arable, and add to 
 it warm water till you think it will produce a little 
 stiffness like starch when dry. Press with a mode- 
 rately hot iron before quite dry, laying a clean cotton 
 or linen cloth between the iron and the shawl. 
 
 Cure for Bleeding at the Stomach. — Take a pound 
 
 of yellow dock-root, dry it thoroughly, pound fine, boil 
 it in a quart of sweet milk, and strain off. Drink a 
 gill three times a day. Take also a pill of white-pine 
 turpentine every day, to heal the vessels that leak. 
 
 Hard Soap. — One pound of salt of soda, two pounds 
 of hard soap, five quarts of water ; boil down to three 
 (Quarts, let it stand until cold, then cut it in slices to 
 dry. 
 
 Method of Cleaning China. — Mix a little pearlash, 
 or potter's claj^, or soda, with your water, and it will 
 give them a bright appearance. 
 
 To Cleanse foul Casks. — Fill them with meal, or 
 bran, and water, and let them stand till fermentation 
 takes place ; it will entirely cleanse them without ex- 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. IT 
 
 pense, as the mixture is afterwards better food'for swine 
 than before. 
 
 To Preserve Hams. — Hams, after being well salted 
 and smoked, may be preserved sweet a year by pack- 
 ing them down in oats. 
 
 To Destroy Bedbugs. — Rub the bedsteads well 
 with lamp-oil ; this alone is good, but to make it more 
 effectual, get a sixpence worth of quicksilver and add 
 to it. Put it into all the cracks around the bed, and 
 they will soon disappear. The bedsteads should first 
 be scalded and wiped dry ; then put on with a feather. 
 
 To Preserve Cheese. — Cover them carefully with 
 paper, put on with flour paste, so as to keep out the 
 air. In this way they may be kept from insects for 
 years. Keep them in a cool, dry place. 
 
 Labor-saving Soap. — Take two pounds of sal-soda, 
 two pounds of yellow bar soap, and ten quarts of water 
 Cut the soap in thin slices, and boil together two 
 hours ; strain, and it will be fit for use. Put the 
 clothes in soak the night before you wash, and to every 
 pail of water in which you boil them, add a pound of 
 soap. They will need no rubbing ; merely rinse them 
 out, and they will be perfectly clean and white. 
 
 The Most Approved Methods of Scouring and 
 Dyeing. 
 
 To Clean Light Kid Gloves. — Magnesia, moist 
 bread, and India rubber, are all of them good to clean 
 light kid gloves. They should be rubbed on the gloves 
 thoroughly. If so much soiled that they cannot be 
 cleaned, sew up the tops of the gloves, and rub them 
 over with a sponge dipped in a decoction of saffron 
 and water. The gloves will be yellow or brown, ac- 
 cording to the strength of the decoction. 
 
 To Clean Stoves and Stone Hearths — Varnished 
 stoves should have several coats of varnish put on in 
 summer, in order to have it get hard before being used. 
 
18 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 They should be swished in ^v.arm water, without soap , 
 a little oil rubbed on them occasionally, makes them 
 look nice, and tends to keep the varnish from wearing 
 off. Black lead and British lustre are both of them 
 good to black stoves which have never been varnished ; 
 if they have been, it will not answer. They should be 
 mixed with cold water, to form a paste ; then rubbed 
 on the stoves, and remain till quite dry; they skould 
 then be rubbed with a dry, stiff, and flat brush, till 
 clean and polished. If you wish to preserve the color 
 of free-stone hearths, wash them in water without any 
 soap ; then rub on them, while damp, free-stone thai 
 has been reduced to a powder ; let it remain until dry, 
 then rub it off. If the hearths are stained, rub them 
 hard with a piece of free-stone. If you wish to have 
 your hearth look dark, rub it over with hot soft soap, 
 alone, or diluted with water. For brick hearths, use 
 redding, mixed with thin hot starch and milk. 
 
 To Clean Mahogany and Marble F^irnitiire. — 
 No soap should ever be used for them ; they should be 
 washed in fair water, and rubbed with a clean, soft 
 cloth till dry. A little sweet oil, rubbed on occasion- 
 ally, gives them a fine polish. The furniture should 
 be rubbed over with a cloth dipped in oil, then rubbed 
 over with a clean cloth till it appears dry and polished. 
 White spots on varnished furniture may be removed 
 by rubbing them with a warm flannel, dipped in spirits 
 of turpentine. Ink-spots may be removed by rubbing 
 them with a woolen cloth, dipped in oil of vitriol and 
 water mixed, being careful not to touch any part of the 
 furniture that is not spotted. As soon as the ink is 
 extracted, rinse the spot with pearlash water, and then 
 with fair water. It is said that blotting paper alone 
 will extract the ink, if rolled up tight and rubbed hard 
 on the spots. If it answers the purpose, it is alto- 
 gether best to use it, as there is always danger attend- 
 ing the use of the oil of vitriol, it being so powerful as 
 to corrode whatever it may get dropped on, without its 
 effects are destroyed by the use of an alkali. 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES, 19 
 
 To Restore Rusty Italian Crajje. — Heat skim-iailk 
 and water ; dissolve in half a pint of it a pie'ce of glue 
 an inch square, then take it from the fire. Rinse the 
 crape out in vinegar to clean it ; then, to stiffen it, put 
 it in the mixed glue and milk. Wring it out and clap 
 it till dry, then smooth it out with a hot iron ; a paper 
 should be laid over it when it is ironed. Gin is an ex- 
 cellent thing to restore rusty crape ; dip it in, and let; 
 it get saturated with it; then clap it till dry, and 
 smooth it out with a moderately hot iron. Italian 
 crape can be dyed to look as nice as that which is new. 
 
 To Cleanse Phials and Pie Plates. — Bottles and 
 phials that have had medicine in them may be cleansed 
 by putting ashes into each one, and immersing them 
 in a pot of cold water, then heating the water gradu- 
 ally until it boils. When they have boiled in it an 
 hour, take it from the fire and let them remain in it 
 till cold ; then wash them in soap-suds, and rinse them 
 in fair water till clean. Pie plates that have been used 
 much for baking are apt to impart an unpleasant taste 
 to the pies, which is owing to the lard and butter of 
 the crust soaking into them and becoming rancid. It 
 may be removed by putting them in a brass kettle 
 with ashes and cool water, and boiling them in it an 
 hour. 
 
 To Cleanse Feather Beds and Mattresses. — When 
 feather beds become soiled or heavy, they may be 
 made clean and light by being treated in the following 
 manner : Rub them over with a stiff brush, dipped in 
 hot soap-suds. When clean, lay them on a shed, or 
 any other clean place, where the rain will fall on them. 
 When thoroughly soaked, let them dry in a hot sun 
 for six or seven successive days, shaking them up well 
 and turning them over each day. They should be 
 covered over with a thick cloth during the night ; if 
 exposed to the night air, they will become damp, and 
 mildew. This way of washing the bed-ticking and 
 feathers makes them very fresh and light, and is much 
 easier than the old-fashioned way of emptying th« 
 
20 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 beds and washing the feathers separately, while it an- 
 swers quite as well. Care must be taken to dry the 
 bed perfectly, before sleeping on it. Hair mattresses 
 that have become hard and dirty, can be made nearly 
 as good as new, by ripping them, washing the ticking, 
 and picking the hair free from bunches and keeping it 
 in a dry, airy place several days. Whenever the tick- 
 ing gets dry, fill it lightly with the hair, and tack it 
 together. 
 
 To Remove Paint aiid Putty from Window Glass. 
 — -Put sufficient pearlash into hot water to make it 
 very strong of it ; then saturate with it the paint 
 which is daubed on the glass. Let it remain till nearly 
 dry ; then rub it ofi" hard, with a woolen cloth. Pearl- 
 ash water is also good to remove putty before it is 
 dried on the glass. If it dries on, whiting is good to 
 remove it. 
 
 To Extract Stains from White Cotton Goods and 
 Colored Silks. — Salts of ammonia, mixed with lime, 
 will take out the stains of wine from silk. Spirits of 
 turpentine, alcohol and clear ammonia are all good to 
 remove stains on colored silks. Spots of common or 
 durable ink can be removed by saturating them with 
 lemon-juice and rubbing on salt, then putting them 
 where the sun will shine on them hot for several hours. 
 As fast as they dry, put on more lemon-juice and salt. 
 Vv'hen lemon-juice cannot be obtained, citric acid is 
 a good substitute. Iron mould may be removed in the 
 same way. Mildew and most other stains are removed 
 by rubbing on soft soap and salt, and placing the arti- 
 cle where the sun will shine on it hot. Where soap and 
 salt will not remove stains, lemon-juice and salt will 
 generally answer. The above things will only remove 
 stains in warm, clear weather, when the sun is hot. 
 Sulphuric acid, diluted with water, is very effectual in 
 removing fruit stains. Care should be taken not to 
 have it so strong as to eat a hole in the garment ; and 
 as soon as the stain is out, it should be rinsed in pearl- 
 ash water, and then in fair water. Colored cotton 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES 21 
 
 goods, that have common ink spilt on them, should be 
 soaked in lukewarm sour milk. 
 
 To Extract Grease from /Silks, Paper, Woolen 
 Goods, and Floors. — To remove grease-spots from 
 goods and paper, grate on them, very thick, French 
 chalk. (Common chalk will answer, but is not as good 
 as the French chalk.) Cover the spots with brown 
 paper, and set on a moderately warm iron, and let it 
 remain till cold. Care must be taken not to have the 
 iron so hot as to scorch or change the color of the 
 cloth. If the grease does not appear to be out on re- 
 moving the iron, grate on more chalk, heat the iron 
 again, and put it on. Repeat the process till the 
 grease is entirely out. Strong pearlash water, mixed 
 with sand, and rubbed on grease-spots in floors, is one 
 of the most effective things that can be used to extract 
 the grease. 
 
 To Extract Pamt from Cotton, Silk, and Woolen 
 Goods. — Saturate the spot with spirits of turpentine, 
 and let it remain several hours ; then rub it between 
 the hands. It will crumple away, without injuring 
 either the color or the texture of the article. 
 
 To Remove Black Stains on Scarlet Woolen Goods. 
 — Mix enough tartaric acid with water, to give it a pleas- 
 ant taste ; then saturate the black .spots with it, taking 
 care not to have it touch the clean part of the gar- 
 ment. Rinse the spots immediately, in fair water. 
 Weak pearlash water is good to remove stains that 
 are produced by acids. 
 
 To Remove Stains from Broadcloth. — Take an 
 ounce of pipe-clay that has been ground fine, and mix 
 it with twelve drops of alcohol and the same quantity 
 of spirits of turpentine. Whenever you v/ish to re- 
 move any stains from cloth, moisten a little of this 
 mixture with alcohol, and rub it on the spots. Let it 
 remain till dry, then rub it off with a woolen cloth, and 
 the spots will disappear. 
 
22 UNIVERSAL GriI>K. 
 
 To Extract Ink from Floors. — Ink -spots on floors 
 can be removed by scouring them ^vith sand wet iu oil 
 of vitriol, and water, mixed. Rinse tliera, when the 
 ink is extracted, with strong pearlash water. 
 
 For Scouring thick Cotton; as Coimterpanes, 
 Quilts, <^c. — Cut a pound of mottled soap into thin 
 slices ; put it into a pan with a quarter of an ounce of 
 potash, and one ounce of pearlash ; then pour a pail 
 of boiling water on it ; let it stand till it is quite 
 dissolved ; then pour hot and cold water into your 
 6Couring-tub; with a bowl of your solution of soap. 
 Put your counterpane in it, and beat it well out witl; 
 a doll, often turning the counterpane over in the tub 
 When this is done, wring it across a gallows or a hook, 
 "trhich is done by turning the two opposite ends round 
 each other, and putting a small clean stick between 
 them. By this method you may wring it as dry as 
 possible ; the harder, without injuring it, the better. 
 Having given it this first liquor, you may put in some 
 old cottons or woolens, that the liquor may not be 
 thrown away, and then give your counterpane a second 
 liquor, as before. Wring it out again, and rinse in 
 clean cold water ; then pour a sufficient quantity of 
 boiling water into your tub, with a small quantity of 
 the solution of soap, so that you will reduce it to a 
 very thin lather. Put three tea-spoonfuls of liquid 
 blue into the tub whence your goods were taken, and 
 the acid of the liquid blue, and the alkali of the pearl- 
 ash, and the soap lye, will cause a slight fermentation 
 or effervescence : stir this thin, blue liquor, with a 
 stick, and put in your counterpane ; beat it out with 
 the doll about five minutes, which will color the coun- 
 terpane of a fine azure blue, of the lightest shade ; 
 but as it dries in the wind, the blue mostly goes off. 
 and leaves a brilliant white. 
 
 On Colors. — The five chief colors are blue, red, 
 yellow, black, and brown ; each of these, separately, 
 will afford an infinite number of colors, or rather 
 
INVALUABLE RF.CIPKS FOR FAMILIES. 23 
 
 shades, and by the combinatiou of tv/o or move of them, 
 all the colors ia dyeing are fonp.eu. 
 
 On the Mixture of the Five CJdef Colors^ taken 
 by three and three, to produce the various Componml 
 Colors. — From blue, red, and yellow, the red olives 
 and greenish graj^s are made : from blue, red, and 
 brown, olives are made from the lightest to the darkest - 
 shades ; and by giving a' greater shade of r,ed the 
 slated and layender greys are made. From blue, red. 
 and black, greys of all shades are made, such as sage, 
 pigeon, slate, and lead greys. The king's or prince's 
 color is duller than usual. This mixture produces a 
 variety of hues or colors almost to infinity. From 
 yellow, blue, and brown, are made the goose dung, and 
 olives of all kinds. From brown, blue, and black, are 
 produced the brown olives, and their shades. From 
 the red, 3'ellow, and broAvn, are derived the orange, the 
 gold color, feuille mort, or faded leaf, dead carnations, 
 cinnamon, fawn, and tobacco, by using three, or two 
 of the colors, as required. From yellow, red, and 
 black, browns of every shade are made. From blue 
 and yellow, greens of all shades. From red and blue, 
 purples of all kinds are formed. 
 
 The Names of the Principal Dyeing Drugs. — 
 From this an accurate idea may be formed as to the 
 expense of dyeing each garment, which will not exceed 
 one eighth of the charge made by a dyer. Thus it 
 will be seen that eight garments may be dyed and 
 re-dyed at the expense charged by the trade for a 
 single one. The names of the principal dyeing mate- 
 rials are alum, argol, or tartar, green copperas, verdi- 
 gris, blue vitriol, rock alum, quercitron, and oak-bark, 
 lenugreek, logwood, old and young fustic, Brazil wood, 
 braziletto, camwood, bar wood, and other red woods, 
 peachwood, sumach, galls, weld, madder of three 01 
 four sorts, safilower, savory, green wootl, annatto, tur- 
 meric, archil, cudbear, cochineal, lac dye, and Indigo. 
 
 The Cause why some Colors are more Holding 
 than others. — Browns and l.lu'.'S. or shades from them, 
 
24 UNIVERSAL GUIDP. 
 
 require no preparation ; but reda and yellows, either 
 of silk, cotton, or woolen, require a preparation to 
 make them receive the dye, and hold it fast when it 
 has received it. Alum and tartar, boiled together, 
 when cold, form a mastic, within the pores of the sub- 
 stance, that serves to retain the dye, and reflect the 
 color in a manner transparently. 
 
 Lime Water. — Lime water, in dyeing browns or 
 blacks, especially browns, is found to be a good correc- 
 tive, as also an alterative, when the goods are not 
 come to the shade required ; but practice alone can 
 show its utility : it answers for either woolens, silks, 
 or cottons. 
 
 Of Blue. — Blue is also reckoned a fast color, when 
 dyed either by indigo or wood, in a prepared vat ; this 
 vat containing the necessary properties to seize and 
 cement the coloring atoms. The blue, with oil of 
 vitriol alone, never can be ranked among the fast dyes ; 
 but blues obtained from logwood may be made suffi- 
 ciently holding to be adopted almost for general use ; 
 though in the method now practised, and simply boil- 
 ing the logwood with blue vitriol, the color is easily 
 acted upon by wind, rain, and sun. Goods for blue 
 require no other preparation but dipping them in warm 
 water previous to their being dipped in a vat. 
 
 Of Black. — Blacks require no preparation ; but it 
 IS necessary to body them ; that is, to fill up the pores 
 of the wood, silk, or any other substance ; on being 
 put into hot water, it is dilated, and the astringent 
 qualities of the dyeing materials adhere to it, and fill 
 up the little cavities in its pores. The articles that 
 are generally used for this purpose are galls, sandal, 
 sumach, fustic, alder-bark, oak-sawdust, <fcc. When 
 the cloth, or other thing, is filled with these substances, 
 it is then in a prepared state to take the staining or 
 dye-liquor, which is generally logwood and green cop- 
 peras, with alder-bark, or sumach, and sometimes blue 
 vitriol. 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMIL ES. 25 
 
 To Make Chetfiic Blue and Green. — Chemic for 
 light blues and greens, on silk, cotton, or woolen, and 
 for cleaning and whitening cottons, is made by the 
 following process : 
 
 Take one pound of the best oil of vitriol, which 
 pour upon one ounce of the best Spanish flora indigo, 
 well pounded and sifted ; add to this, after it has been 
 well stirred, a small lump of common pearlash as big 
 as a pea, or from that to the size of two peas ; this will 
 immediately raise a great fermentation, and cause the 
 indigo to dissolve in minuter and finer particles than 
 otherwise. As soon as this fermentation ceases, put it 
 into a bottle, tightly corked, and it may be used the 
 next day. Observe, if more than the quantity pre- 
 scribed of pearlash should be used, it will deaden and 
 sully the color. 
 
 Chemic for green, as above for blue, is made by 
 only adding one fourth more of the oil of vitriol. 
 
 If the chemic is to be used for woolen, East India 
 indigo will answer the purpose even better than Span- 
 ish indigo, and at a less price ; but the oil of vitriol is 
 good for both. 
 
 To Make Muriatic or Bleaching Acid. — Take of 
 sea-salt, eight parts ; of sulphuric acid, (oil of vitriol,) 
 five parts ; black oxide of manganese, three parts ; 
 water four parts. 
 
 On Dyeing Silks in the Sviall or False Dye. — 
 Without enumerating the whole, I shall now describe 
 those colors that are most easily made, and most worn 
 in spencers, shawls, pelisses, scarfs, bonnets, gowns, 
 (fcc., beginning with light blue. 
 
 Directions for Re-dyeing or Changing the Colors 
 of Garments^ ^c, already Dyed. — Every color in 
 nature will dye black, whether blue, yellow, red, or 
 brown, and black will always dye black again. All 
 colors will take the same color again which they already 
 possess ; and blues can be made green or black ; green 
 
26 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 may be made brown, and brown green, and every color 
 will take a darker than it at first has. 
 
 For Discharging Colors. — The dyers generally put 
 all colored silks which are to be discharged, into a 
 copper in which half a pound of white soap has been 
 dissolved. They are then to be boiled off. The copper 
 beginning to be full of color, the silks are taken out 
 and rinsed in warm water. In the interim, a fresh 
 solution of soap is to be added to the copper, and then 
 proceed as before, till all the color is discharged. 
 
 Light Bbie Silk. — Your silk being boiled off in 
 white soap and water, and made quite white, must be 
 rinsed in lukewarm water. Then take a vessel of a 
 sufficient size to wash your goods in ; as, for instance, 
 for a small article, a wash hand-basin. Pour into this 
 a quantity of cold water, sufficient to cover your goods 
 to the depth of two or three inches. Then drop, from 
 your chemic blue bottle, one or two drops ; if the 
 shade is to be azure blue, or pale blue, these will be 
 sufficient : but if for a darker shade, more must be 
 used. Put in your goods, and handle them from five 
 minutes to half an hour, according to the shade re- 
 quired, lift up, now and then, with your hand, some of 
 the dye, and letting it fall again, look through it as it 
 falls, to see if the blue is expended ; and then, accord- 
 ing to the color of the dye-water, will be that of your 
 silk. 
 
 Green Silks. — Greens of all shades are procured 
 from yellow and blue. Supposing the garment to be 
 a lady's silk spencer, and intended to be dyed a full 
 grass green, inclining to laurel, put it in a small pan ; 
 pour a tea-kettle full of boiling water on it ; then stir 
 it, and afterwards cover it with a cloth for a minute or 
 two : strain it off ; then put in your spencer, and let it 
 remain half an hour ; take it out, and rinse it in its 
 own liquor from the bits of ebony wood which may be 
 sticking to it. Have ready at hand a small pan of 
 cold spring-water, and pour into this a table-spoonful 
 
}Xvah;aiu.k rf.ciprs for families. 2T 
 
 cr more of cliemie blue. acc'"iriiip.^ to the ilepth of color 
 required : rinse it in spring uuter, and dry in a ^^•arm 
 room. 
 
 A very Pretty Hair Brown. — If the article to be 
 dved is ii, silk pelisse, fill your copper full of river 
 water ; ■when it boils, put in a quarter of a pound of 
 chipped fusti'C, two ounces of madder, one ounce of 
 sumach, and half an ounce of camwood ; but if not re- 
 quired to bo so red, the camwood may be omitted. 
 These should boil, at least, half an hour ; but they 
 may boil for two hours, that the ingredients may be 
 well incorporated — and wdiich should always be the 
 case for browns, and all colors where two or three are 
 mixed together. The copper must then be cooled down 
 by pouring in cold water : the goods may then be put 
 in, and sinnnered gentl}' from half an hour to an hour. 
 If this color should appear to want darkening, or sad- 
 dening, it may be done by taking out your goods, and 
 adding a small quantity of oM black liquor ; or, for 
 want of black liquor, a small piece of green copperas 
 may be used ; rinse in two or three waters, and hang 
 up to dry. 
 
 N. B. If» the water boil too fast after the goods 
 are put in, it may be apt to injure the silk ; it is, 
 therefore, preferable to keep it only on the simmer. 
 
 For Slate-col or cd Silks. — Innumerable gradations 
 of shades of gray may be made, by varying the quanti- 
 ties of ingredients in the preceding recipe. 
 
 For a Stone-colored Silk. — Bruise one or two blue 
 galls, and boil them for five minutes ; then cool your 
 copper down by adding cold water ; enter your silk, 
 ajid simmer it twenty minutes ; then take it out, and 
 rinse it in cold water. In the interim, boil a fresh 
 copper of water, and add to it, by degrees, a small 
 quantity of solution oroopperas. This will produce o 
 gray ; then add a sufficient quantity of purple archil. 
 Sometimes, wdien the stone color is required of a red 
 sandy cast, red archil is used. Simmer your silk in 
 
28 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 this a few minutes, then take it out and cool it in the 
 air ; rinse it in one or two cold waters ; dry in the air, 
 and frame it or pin it out. For stiffening the silk, you 
 may use isinglass dissolved in hot water ; and, with a 
 Bponge dipped in this, the silk must be rubbed on the 
 wrong side, and dried by the fire. 
 
 For Dyeing Silks, Red of all shades, Crimsons 
 (.^-c. of a Permanent Color. — For a scarlet silk shawl ; 
 first, dissolve two ounces of white soap in boiling water ; 
 handle your shawl through this liquor, now and then 
 rubbing such places with your hands as may appear 
 dirty, till it is as clean as this water will make it. A 
 second, or even a third liquor, may be used, if required ; 
 the shawl must be rinsed out in warm water. 
 
 Then take half an ounce of the best Spanish annatto, 
 and dissolve it in hot water ; pour this solution into a 
 pan of warm water, and handle your shawl through 
 this for a quarter of an hour ; take it out and rinse it 
 in clean water. In the meanwhile dissolve a piece of 
 alum as big as a horse-bean, in warm water, and let 
 your shawl remain in this half an hour ; take it out, 
 and rinse in clear water. In the interim, boil a quar- 
 ter of an ounce of the best cochineal for twenty min- 
 tes ; then dip it out of your copper into a pan, let your 
 shawl remain in this from twenty minutes to half an 
 hour, which will make it a full blood red. Then take 
 out your shawl, and add to your liquor in the pan a 
 quart more of that out of your copper, if you have as 
 much remaining, and about half a small wine-glassful 
 of the solution of tin, or more, if you require your color 
 to be of the scarlet. But observe, that too much solu- 
 tion impoverishes the color ; when cold, rinse it slightly 
 out in spring water. 
 
 The French Way of Dyeing Yellow Silk. — First, 
 alum your silks, half an hour, in cold alum liquor ; then 
 wash them. Pass them through a pan of weld liquor, 
 at a hand heat. If they are to be of a lemon yellow, 
 dissolve a trifling quantity of blue vitriol in your pan, 
 to the color required. \1 orange color is wanting, first 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. 29 
 
 dye the silk buif, with annatto or turmeric, but annatto 
 is the best ; then let it be washed in cold water, and 
 alumed afterwards for twelve hours ; run through the 
 weld liquor to the color required. 
 
 To Make Fawn-color Drabs. — Boil one ounce of 
 fustic, half an ounce of alder-bark, and two drachms of 
 archil. Or I frequently make use of old madder liquor, 
 that has been used for dyeing reds, when nothing but 
 the brown dregs of the madder remain, the red hdving 
 been all extracted ; but if madder be boiled an hour or 
 two, strongly, it has the same effect. From one to four 
 drams of the best crop madder must be added to a 
 very small quantity of old black liquor, if at hand, sup- 
 posing you require it to be darker. If you have no 
 black liquor, a small piece of green copperas will an- 
 swer the same purpose 
 
 Brown, inclining to a Brick Color, for a Silk 
 Pelisse, c^'c. — Take of dyer's galls, two ounces ; cam- 
 wood, three ounces ; fustic, one ounce ; madder, that 
 has been boiled for two hours, from one to three ounces, 
 as required. 
 
 Broion, inclining to a Mulberry, for a Silk Pelisse, 
 — Proceed in boiling the dyeing materials as directed 
 above, observing to cool the liquor before you put in 
 the goods, as well as to wet out the silks previously to 
 their being put into the dye. 
 
 Take two ounces of sumach, or, instead of it one 
 ounce of galls, one ounce of logwood, two or three 
 ounces of camwood, or madder. 
 
 If these should not be sufficiently on the mulberry, 
 add as much purple archil as may be required. 
 
 To make Half Violet or Lilac. — For every pound 
 of silk take one pound and a half of archil, mix it well 
 with the liquor ; make it boil a quarter of an hour, dip 
 the silk quickly, then let it cool, and wash it in river 
 water, and you will have a fine half violet, or lilac, more 
 or less full. 
 
^'J UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 To Dye a Shmd Crimsoji.—'Iake about a table- 
 spoonful of cudbear ; put it into a small pan pour 
 boiling water upon it, stir and let it stand a few minutes, 
 then put in your silk, and turn it over a short time, 
 and when the color is full enough, take it out ; but if 
 it should require more violet or crimson, add a spoonful 
 or two of purple archil to some warm water, and dry it 
 within doors. To finish it, it must be mangled or calen- 
 dered, and may be pressed, if such a convenience is at 
 hand. 
 
 • To Make Flesh-colors. — Flesh-colors are done with 
 cochineal. In preparing your silk, wet it first in warm 
 water, then in warm water again, in which a small 
 quantity of alum-water, and a smaller of tartar, have 
 been dissolved. Both these together must hardly make 
 the water taste. Then, if you have been dyeing com 
 raon red with cochineal, dip a small quantity of this 
 old dye into your pan ; but if too strong, add hot water ; 
 then put in your goods, and handle them to color. If 
 you want them deeper, strengthen your liquor an'd your 
 
 lye. 
 
 For a Common Shaiol. — For a common-sized silk 
 shawl, boil for half an hour, from one to two ounces of 
 weld ; take this dye-liquor, and put it in a pan, to which 
 add a quarter of an ounce of alum ; when dissolved, put 
 in the shawl for half an hour ; draw it out, and rinse 
 it in cold water ; in the meantime, dissolve a quarter 
 of an ounce of annatto, with an ounce of pearlash, in a 
 tea-cup of water ; add this solution to a small pan of 
 warm water ; put in the shawl, and keep handhng i+ 
 for half an hour, at least ; then take it out and pass i<- 
 tlirough lime-water, then back again through the an 
 natto, and again through the lime-water ; lastly rinse i*- 
 in cold wa,ter, which finishes it. Dry in a warm room, 
 and send it to a calenderer's. 
 
 This color will wash well, if a small quantity of 
 pearlash be used with the soap-liquor, and it be at last 
 rinsed in pearlash and water. 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. -Ji 
 
 For Dyeing Straw and Chip Bonnets. — Chip hats 
 being composed of the shavings of wood, are stained 
 bhick in various ways. First, by being boiled in strong 
 iogwood-liquor, three or four hours ; they must be often 
 taken out to cool in the air, and now and then a small 
 quantity of green copperas must be added to the liquor, 
 and this continued for several hours. The sauce-pan 
 or kettle that they are dyed in, may remain with the 
 bonnets in it all night ; the next morning, they must 
 be takf/n out and dried in the air, and brushed with a 
 soft brush. Lastly, a sponge is dipped in oil, and 
 squeezed almost to dryness ; with this the bonnets are 
 rubbed all over, both inside and out, and then sent to 
 tlie blockers to be blocked. 
 
 Others boil them in logwood ; and, instead of green 
 copperas, use steel filings, steeped in vinegar ; after 
 which they are finished as above. 
 
 For Dyeing Silk Stockings Black. — These are 
 dyed like other silks, excepting that they must be 
 steeped a day or two in bark-liquor, before they are 
 put into the black silk dye. At first they will be an 
 iron-grey ; but to finish and black them, they must be 
 put on wooden legs, lain on a table, and rubbed with 
 your oily rubber, or flannel, upon which is oil of olives ; 
 and then, the more they are rubbed the better. Each 
 pair of stockings will require half a table-spoonful of 
 oil at least, and half an hour's rubbing, to finish them 
 well. Sweet oil is the best in this process, as it leaves 
 no disagreeable smell. 
 
 On Dyeing Blacks and Broions. — It is immaterial 
 how great the quantity of dyeing materials are, which 
 is used in dyeing either black or brown, so that it is 
 according to proportion. For blacks, I would always 
 advise a good body for finishing. 
 
 For Dyeing and Cleaning Feathers. — Feathers, 
 to be dyed, must first be cleaned, by passing them 
 through or between the hands, in warm soap :ind 
 water, and by giving them fresh liquors of soap and 
 
32 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Avater, and at last rinsing them in warm -water. Pre- 
 viously to their being dyed, it is necessary that they 
 should be soaked in warm water for several hours. 
 The same degree of heat should be kept up, but the 
 water must be but little more than blood warm. If for 
 yellows or reds, they must be alumed in cold alum- 
 liquor for a day or two, according to the body of color 
 you require the feathers to imbibe ; then immerse 
 them in your dye-liquor. 
 
 The only difficulty in dyeing feathers is in com- 
 pounding the dyeing materials, and making a homo 
 geneous liquor of them, so as to produce the desired 
 shade, after being saddened or made of a dark color by 
 means of green copperas, which is generally used to 
 darken brown grays, blacks, slate-colors, &c. Sumach 
 and fustic, or sumach alone, is the general ground of 
 browns ; the red, as I have before observed, is obtained 
 by archil ; and the black hue by green copperas, in 
 warm water ; after the feather has been put into the 
 copperas-water, it may be returned again into the dye- 
 water, and back again into the copperas ; but care 
 should be taken, each time, that the feather is rinsed 
 from the copperas-water before it is again returned 
 into the dye-liquor, otherwise copperas would spoil it. 
 
 The same preparation as would dye silk of the same 
 color will dye feathers ; in short, feathers as well as 
 silk, being animal substances, are more alike in nature 
 than any other two bodies, either animal or vegetable. 
 You must remember that, in dyeing silks, the water is 
 useii hot, or on the simmer, for most colors ; but feath- 
 ers must always be dyed in cold liquors, except for 
 black, the dyeing materials being first boiled, and then 
 left to cool ; your feathers must then be put in, and 
 when this liquor is exhausted, add a fresh one. pouring 
 off the old liquor. 
 
 How to take the Stain of the Dye from the Hands. 
 — Take a small quantity of the oil of vitriol, and pour 
 it into some cold water, in a wash-hand basin, and 
 wash your hands in it, without soap ; the dye will then 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. 33 
 
 come oflf. You may afterwards cleanse them completely 
 in hot soap and water, taking care that all the acid is 
 washed away before the soap is applied. 
 
 For Cle&ning Copper or Brass Utensils used for 
 Dyeing. — After you have been dyeing any color in 
 your copper or brass boiler, it is frequently tinged 
 with the dye used ; it is, therefore, customary to clean 
 these utensils out with a small quantity of oil of vitriol 
 and water, a little fiije sand, or ashes, and a coarse 
 flannel cloth ; it must afterwards be rubbed quite dry. 
 
 For Bleaching Cottons. — Cottons are .bleached and 
 made white by running them through muriatic acid 
 and water ; the dyeing of them is somewhat similar to 
 silk. It would be impossible to give recipes for every 
 shade, as this would fill a large volume ; but the reader 
 is reminded, that from the chief colors already de- 
 scribed, every hue and shade may be produced. The 
 recipes which follow, are for the colors most commonly 
 wanted. 
 
 For Slate-colored Cotton. — First wash your cotton 
 clean in soap and water, and rinse in warm water : 
 then put a half pound of sumach in a sieve, and pour 
 boiling water over it, and let it drain into a pan ; put 
 in your article, and let it steep for two hours, now and 
 then handling it, that it may take the color evenly ; 
 then take it out, and immerse it for five minutes in a 
 pan of warm water, in which a quarter or half an 
 ounce of green copperas has been dissolved. It will 
 tlien be a lead gary, more or less full. But, to turn it 
 on the blue slate, draw the article from that liquor, 
 and run it through a decoction of weak logwood liquor, 
 made by boiling an ounce of logwood chips in a quart 
 of water, with a small bit of pearlash, and throwing it 
 into a pan of warm water ; handle the gown in this till 
 it comes to the shade required ; wash and dry it in 
 the air. 
 
 To make the above a lavender shade, put a small 
 quantity of Brazil-wood in with the logwood. 
 
 3 
 
84 UNIVRIISAL GUIDE. 
 
 For (in Olive Green. — Let the article be first washed 
 in soap and Avatcr, then wetted out in warm water ; 
 then boil two ounces of chipped logwood, and three 
 ounces of chipped fustic, together for half an hour ; 
 dip out your dye-liquor, and put it into a pan with hot 
 water ; put in your goods ; dissolve two drams of 
 verdigris in a tea-cupful of warm water, which put 
 into a pan of cold water; take the article from the 
 (lye, and run it through the verdigris-water, well hand- 
 ling it for ten minutes; take it out, and wash it in 
 clean water, then through the dye liquor, and again in 
 the verdigris-water, and so continue this process till 
 you obtain the color required, only taking care to wash 
 it out of the verdigris-water before you put it into dye- 
 liquor ; dry it in the shade. 
 
 For a Full Yellow. — Wash your goods well in soap 
 and water, and rinse in warm water ; then dissolve 
 from a qualrter to half an ounce of alum in a pan of 
 boiling water ; when at a hand heat, put in your goods, 
 and let them remain for two hours, handling them now 
 and then ; boil a sufficient quantity of weld, and dip 
 the liquor out in a pan ; take your goods from tlie 
 alum-water, and put them into the dye, and handle 
 them well for one hour, or till they come to the shade 
 required ; wash and dry in the air. 
 
 To Fijiish Cotto7i and Silk Velvets. — This is done 
 by brushing them almost dry, near a fire ; and, if pinned 
 out on a table, (for want of a frame,) rub them with a 
 hard brush to and from you, till the nap or plush is 
 raised upright, and every hair appears to stand in its 
 place. Velvets are seldom stiffened ; when they are, 
 a small portion of gum or isinglass must be dissolved 
 in water, and lightly rubbed on the wrong side of the 
 velvets, with a sponge wrung almos* dry. 
 
 To Dye a Pelisse Black. — Fill your copper with 
 soft water to the brim, and when it begins to boil, add 
 four ounces of logwood, three ounces of sumach, three 
 ounces of alder-bark. 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. 35 
 
 When these ingredients have boiled half an hour, 
 put in your pelisse, always recollecting to handle it 
 over every ten minutes, which is done with a short 
 stick ; when you have done handling it, keep it under 
 the water, and boil it this first time an hour ; then take 
 out your pelisse, and hang it across your horse or stick, 
 to cool. In the interim, take a bowl of your boiling 
 liquor out, and put therein six ounces of green copperas, 
 to dissolve ; when dissolved, put almost two thirds of 
 it into your copper, and mix it well with the liquor ; 
 then check your copper, by throwing in as much water 
 as may have evaporated, (or old black liquor, if at 
 hand ;) put in your pelisse again, handling as before, 
 with a stick, <fec., at a boiling heat, during an hour ; 
 then it is to be taken out again, and cooled in all parts 
 alike. In the interim, add the remainder of your dis- 
 solved copperas ; check your copper again with cold 
 water or old liquor, and put in your pelisse again, 
 and boil as before, for two hours ; then cool it again. 
 While the cooling is carrying on, put into your copper 
 two or three ounces of logwood, two or three ounces of 
 bark, an ounce of green copperas, nearly two ounces of 
 pearlash, and about half an ounce of pounded argol. 
 These ingredients must be made to boil one hour ; 
 when the copper must be checked as before, and the 
 pelisse put in, and made to boil one hoi^r, keeping it 
 handled as before. Instead of the pearlash, in this 
 process, chamber-lye may be substituted. If the cloth 
 should not be sufficiently bodied, or should seem not to 
 be black enough, you may add a little more bark, and a 
 little more logwood and copperas ; then put it in cloth, 
 put it again into the copper, and there let it remain 
 till next day ; but if you are in a hurry, there will be 
 no occasion for this. Lastly, rinse your pelisse, &c., 
 in three or four cold waters. If this process be regu- 
 larly followed, it will produce a most beautiful black. 
 
 To Dye Woolen Stuffs Black. — The process of 
 dyeing black is one of the most tedious, on account of 
 the time it takes, which is at least ten hours. 
 
S6 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 A Pretty Red Brown, re7narkahly Bright ; and 
 the Cost of the Dye not more than Sixpence. — For a 
 middling-sized woman's pelisse ; when your copper 
 boils, put in the following dyeing materials. Half a 
 pound of ground camwood, two ounces of sumach, 
 (ground,) one ounce of logwood chips, one ounce of 
 alder-bark, two ounces of chipped fustic. 
 
 N. B. A larger quantity of ingredients may be 
 used, but they must be in the same proportion as men- 
 tioned in this recipe. 
 
 When these ingredients have boiled half an hour, 
 cool your copper by throwing in a pint of cold water ; 
 put in your goods, and boil from one hour to an hour 
 and a half; take them out, and add from half an ounce 
 to one of green copperas, a tea-spoonful of powdered 
 argol, take out your goods, and rinse them in one or 
 two clean waters, and hang in the air to dry ; send 
 them to the press to be finished. 
 
 For Dyeing Black Cloth Dark Green. — Clean 
 your coat well with bullock's gall and water, and rinse 
 in warm water ; then make a copper full of river water 
 boiling hot, and take from one pound to one pound and 
 a half of fustic ; put it in, and boil it twenty minutes, 
 to which add a lump of alum as big as a walnut ; when 
 this is dissolved in your copper, put in your coat, and 
 boil it twenty minutes ; then take it out, and add a 
 small wine-glass, three parts full, of chemic blue, and 
 boil again from half an hour to an hour, and the cloth 
 will be a beautiful dark green; then wash out and di'y 
 
 Directions for Washi7ig Calicoes. — Calico clothes 
 before they are put in water, should have the grease- 
 spots rubbed out, as they cannot be seen when the 
 whole of the garment is wet. They should never be 
 washed in very hot soap-suda ; that which is mildly 
 warm will cleanse them quite as well, and will not ex 
 tract the color so much. Soft soap should never be 
 nsed for calicoes, excepting for the various shades of 
 yellow, which look the best washe^d with soft soap, and 
 ftot rinsed in fair water. Other colors should be rinsed 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. 37 
 
 in fair water, and dried in the shade. When calicoes 
 incline to fade, the colors can be set by washing them 
 in lukewarm water, with beef's gall, in the proportion 
 of a tea-cupful to four or five gallons of water. Rinse 
 them in fair water ; no soap is necessary, without the 
 clothes are very dirty. If so, wash them in lukewarm 
 suds, after they have been first rubbed out in beef's 
 gall water. The beef's gall can be kept several 
 months, by squeezing it out of the skin in which it is 
 enclosed, adding salt to it, and bottled and corked tight. 
 The water that potatoes have been boiled in is an ex- 
 cellent thing to wash black calicoes in. When there 
 are many black garments to wish in a family, it is a 
 good plan to save, during the week, all the water in 
 which potatoes are boiled. The following method is said 
 to set the colors of calicoes so that they will not fade 
 by subsequent washing : Infuse three gills of salt in 
 four quarts of boiling water ; put in the calicoes, (which 
 should be perfectly clean ; if not so, the dirt will be 
 set.) Let the calicoes remain in till the water is cold. 
 I have never seen this tried, but I think it not im- 
 probable that it may be an excellent way to set the 
 colors, as rinsing calicoes in cold salt and water serves 
 to set the colors, particularly of black, blue, and green 
 colors. A little vinegar in the rinsing water of pink, 
 red, and green calicoes, is good to brighten the colors, 
 and keep them from mixing. All kinds of calicoes but 
 black look better for starching ; but black calicoes will 
 not look clear, if starched. On this account, potato 
 water is an excellent thing to wash them, if boiled 
 down to a thick consistence, as it stiffens them without 
 showing. 
 
 Directions for Cleaning Silk Goods. — When silk 
 cushions, or silk coverings to furniture, become dingy, 
 rub dry bran on them gently, with a woolen cloth, till 
 clean. Silk garments should have the spots extracted 
 before being washed ; use hard soap for all colors but 
 yellow, for which soft soap is the best. Put the soap 
 into hot water, beat it till it is perfectly dissolved, then 
 
3b UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 add sufficient cold water to make it just lukewarm. 
 Put in the silks, and rub them in it till clean ; take 
 them out without wringing, and rinse them in fair 
 lukewarm water. Rinse it in another water, and for 
 bright yellows, crimsons, and maroons, add sulphuric 
 acid enough to the water to give it an acid taste, before 
 rinsing the garment in it. To restore the colors of the 
 different shades of pink, put in the second rinsing water 
 a little vinegar, or lemon-juice. For scarlet, use a 
 solution of tin ; for blues, purples, and their shades, 
 use pearlash ; and for olive-greens, dissolve verdigris 
 in the rinsing water : fawn and browns should be rinsed 
 in pure water. Dip the silk up and down in the rinsing 
 water ; take them out of it ■without wringing, and dry 
 them in the shade. Fold them up while damp ; let 
 them remain to have the dampness strike through all 
 parts of them alike, then put them in a mangier ; if 
 you have not one, iron them on the wrong side, with 
 an iron only just hot enough to smooth them. A 
 little isinglass, or gum arable, dissolved in the rinsing 
 water of gauze shawls and ribbons, is good to stiffen 
 them. The water in which pared potatoes have been 
 boiled is an excellent thing to wash black silks in ; it 
 stiffens, and makes them glossy and black. Beef's gall 
 and lukewarm water is also a nice thing to restore rusty 
 silk, and soap-suds answers very well. They look bet- 
 ter not to be rinsed in clear water, but they should be 
 washed in two different waters. 
 
 Directions for Washing White Cotton ClotJis. — 
 Table-cloths, or any white cloths that have coffee or 
 fruit stains on them, before being put into soap-suds, 
 should have boiling water turned on them, and remain 
 in it till the water is cold ; the spots in it should then 
 be rubbed out. If they are put into soap-suds with 
 \he stains in, they will be set by it, so that no subse- 
 4uent washing will remove them. Table-cloths will be 
 less likely to get stained up, if they are always rinsed 
 in thin starch water, as it tends to keep coffee and 
 fruit from sinking into the texture of the cloth. White 
 
INVALUABLE RECIPES FOR FAMILIES. oy 
 
 clothes that are very dirty -nill come clean easily if put 
 into strong, cool suds, and hung on the iBre the night 
 previous to the day in which they are to be washed. 
 It they get to boiling, it will not do them any harm, 
 piovided the suds is cool when they are put in ; if it 
 is hot at first, it will set the dirt in. The following 
 method of washing clothes is a saving of a great deal 
 of labor : Soak the clothes in lukewarm soap-suds ; if 
 they are quite dirty, soak them over night. To every 
 three pails of water put a pint of soft soap, and a table- 
 ripoonful of the salts of soda. Heat it till mildly 
 warm ; then put in the clothes, without any rubbing, 
 and boil them an hour. Drain the suds out of them 
 as much as possible, as it is bad for the hands ; then 
 add water till cool enough for the hands. The dirt 
 Avill be loose, so that they will require but a little rub- 
 bing. E-inse them thoroughly in clear water, then in 
 indigo water. The soda can be procured cheap, by 
 purchasing it in large quantities ; soda is an excellent 
 thing to soften hard water. The soda suds will not 
 do to wash calicoes in. It is a good plan to save your 
 suds, after washing, to enter your garden, if you have 
 one, or to harden cellars and yards, when sandy. 
 
 Dir ections for Washing Woolens. — If you do not 
 wish to have white flannels shrink when washed, make 
 a good suds of hard soap, and wash the flannels in ifc, 
 without rubbing any soap on them ; rub them out in 
 another suds, then wring them out of it, and put them 
 in a clean tub, and turn on sufiicient boiling water to 
 cover them, and let them remain till the water is cold. 
 A little indigo in the boiling water makes the flannels 
 look nicer. If you wish to have your white flannels 
 shrink, so as to have them thick, wash them in soft 
 soap-suds, and rinse them in cold water. Colored 
 woolens, that incline to fade, should be washed with 
 beef's gall and warm water before they are put into 
 soap-suds. Colored pantaloons look very well washed 
 with beef's gall and fair warm water, and pressed on 
 the wrong side while damp. 
 
40 UMVBRSAL GUIDE. 
 
 To Clean Woolen and Silk Shawls. — Pare and 
 grate raw, mealy potatoes, and put to each pint of the 
 potato pulp a couple of quarts of cold water. Let it 
 stand five hours ; then strain the water through a 
 sieve, and rub as much of the potato pulp through as 
 possible ; let the strained water stand to settle again ; 
 when very clear, turn the water off from the dregs 
 carefully. Put a clean white cotton sheet on a per- 
 fectly clean table ; lay on the shawl which you wish to 
 clean, and pin it down tight. Dip a sponge, that has 
 never been used, into the potato water, and rub the 
 shawl with it till clean ; then rinse the shawl in clear 
 water, with a tea-cup of salt to a pailful of water. 
 Spread it on a clean, level place, where it will dry 
 quick; if hung up to dry, the colors are apt to run, and 
 make the shawl streaked. Fold it up while damp, and 
 let it remain half an hour ; then put it in a mangier ; 
 if you have not one, wrap it in a clean white cloth, 
 and put under a weight, and let it remain till dry. If 
 there are any grease, spots on the shawl, they should 
 be extracted before the shawl is washed. 
 
 Directions for Carpets. — Carpets, if in constant use, 
 should be thoroughly shaken three or four times in a 
 year; and»thcy should be taken up as often as once a 
 year, even if not much used, as there is danger of 
 moths getting into them. If there is any appearance 
 of moths in carpets when they are taken up, sprinkle 
 tobacco or black pepper on the floor before the carpets 
 •are put down, and let it remain after they are laid 
 down. When the dust is well shaken out of carpets, 
 if there are any grease-spots on them, grate on potter's 
 clay very thick, cover them with a brown paper, and 
 Bet on a warm iron. It will be necessary to repeat 
 this process several times, to get out all the grease. 
 If the carpets are so much soiled as to require clean- 
 ing all over, after the dirt has been shaken out, spread 
 them on a clean floor, and rub on them, with a neir? 
 broom, pared and grated raw potatoes. Let the car- 
 pets remain till dry, before walking on them. 
 
PART III. 
 
 MODERATOR'S GUIDE; 
 
 OR, PARLIAMENTARY 
 
 RULES FOR CONDUCTING PUBLIC MEETINGS. 
 
 Election of Moderator, or Chairman. 
 
 1. Select a man ■who is liiglily respected. 
 
 2. He should be a man of rare and commanding per- 
 sonal appearance. 
 
 3. He should have a peculiar fitness for the oflSce. 
 This includes standing in society, intelligence, business 
 tact, self-possession, <fcc. 
 
 4. The chairman should be chosen, in small meet- 
 ings, by nomination ; and each person named, the mo- 
 tion being seconded, should be voted for until a choice 
 is made. 
 
 5. The chairman chosen should always be properly 
 conducted to the chair, and he may be introduced to 
 the ijieeting in a brief speech. 
 
 6. On taking the chair, a few words of remark on 
 the part of the chairman is in order, and generally ex- 
 pected. 
 
 Power and Duties of the Chairman. 
 
 7. In a public meeting, the chairman should be ele- 
 vated above the assembly. 
 
 8. It is improper . for a chairman to hold conversa- 
 tion with any person while the floor is occupied by a 
 speaker. 
 
42 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 9. No person should accept the office of chairman, 
 unless he is prepared to resign all thoughts of promot- 
 ing any private views of his own. 
 
 10. When a motion is presented to the meeting, it 
 should be read by the chairman, and objections called 
 for ; there being none, the motion should be put to the 
 meeting, and decided by a majority of votes. 
 
 11. Persons wishing to advocate the motion, should 
 be allowed to do so. 
 
 12. If there be an objection, it must take one of the 
 following shapes : it must be an amendment, or nega- 
 tive, or to postpo7ie, or for the previous question, or to 
 adjonrfi the meeting. 
 
 13. The right of reply, as it is termed, exists in the 
 mover of an original proposition ; but belongs not to 
 the mover of an amendment. 
 
 14. The rule of speaking is one speech for each per- 
 son, on each motion. 
 
 15. If a vote be doubted, it will be the duty of the 
 chairman to " divide the house," and decide the ques- 
 tion by count. 
 
 16. If there be amendments to an original motion, 
 the amendments must be acted upon first. 
 
 17. At an adjourned meeting, the chairman should 
 cause the minutes of the last meeting to be read. 
 
 18. If it is desirable to get rid of a chairman, it may 
 be done, 1st, by refusing to do any business ; or 2nd, 
 by an adjournment of the meeting, sirie die. 
 
 19. No speaker should be interrupted while speak- 
 ing, unless called to a point of order by the chairman. 
 
 20. When a point of order is raised, the person 
 speaking should cease, and await the decision of the 
 chairman. 
 
 21. When several persons rise to speak at the same 
 time, the preference should be given to the one whose 
 eye was first caught by the chairman. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG LADIES. 
 
 IN RESPECT TO 
 
 DRESS, CLEANLINESS, &c. 
 
 The Color and Style of Bonnets, Dresses, &c., 
 best suited to various Complexions. 
 
 Every lady should study and determine ■what dress 
 and hat best become her form and complexion. In 
 America there is not the distinction made in the style 
 of dress it is necessary there should be, between a tall 
 and a short, or a slender and a thick person, or a dark 
 or light complexion ; but all must dress in the latest 
 fashion, however unbecoming it may be. 
 
 1. The Dress. — Suit the dress to the complexion, 
 the same as the hat. A short figure should not wear 
 so full a skirt as a tall one. Every species of drapery 
 is graceful to a tall figure, and may be worn to advan- 
 tage. Tight sleeves without trimming are becoming 
 to full forms, the medium height, or below it. To a 
 tall, slender figure, with long arms, they are very un- 
 graceful, unless trimmed with folds or drapery. 
 
 2. Evening Dresses. — Evening dresses of trans- 
 parent materials look well when made high in the 
 neck ; but upon very young girls it is more graceful to 
 cut the dresses low, leaving part of the shoulders 
 exposed. A dress should always be made loose over 
 
44 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 the chest and tight over the shoulder blades. Long 
 sashes fastened in front arc more becoming than belts, 
 unless there is much trimming upon the dress. Cuffs 
 or narrow lace at the wrist finish the dress, and give 
 the hands a small appearance. The effect of a well- 
 made tournure (or bustle) is to make the waist look 
 round and delicate. An extremely small and waspish- 
 looking waist can never be considered handsome. It 
 is exceedingly hurtful to those who attain it by tight- 
 lacing, and doubly ungraceful, since it prevents all 
 graceful movements. 
 
 3. The Hat. — A delicate, pale complexion should 
 wear a pink lining, but where there is color with it, 
 blue or straw -color should be worn. A brunette or 
 dark complexion should wear white lining, with a deli- 
 cate rose trimming ; never black unless unavoidable. 
 A large person, with prominent features should never 
 wear a small hat. The reverse with small persons. 
 An extremely red or yellow complexion should not wear 
 high colors. Yellow, lilac, and red, are the most try- 
 ing colors to the complexion. A close cottage is 
 generally becoming, and never considered unfashion- 
 able. 
 
 4. High-Jieck Dresses. — High-neck dresses are sim- 
 ple and generally becoming ; upon a very high-should- 
 ered person a low-necked dress is more appropriate, 
 and if the shoulders are only moderately high, the 
 neck may still be covered and the dress finished off 
 about the throat with a narrow piece of lace, instead 
 of a collar. Dresses with loose backs are only becom- 
 ing upon very fine and slender figures. 
 
 5. Flounces. — Flounces are graceful upon tall per- 
 sons, whether slender or otherwise, but never upon 
 diminutive ones. 
 
 6. Tucks. — Tucks are equally graceful upon both, 
 and never look out of fashion. A couple of wide tucks, 
 which give the appearance of two skirts, are very beau 
 tiful for an cvenincr dress, made of delicate materials. 
 
INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG LADIES. 45 
 
 Any *|k5cie3 ^f trimming down the front or sides of 
 the skirv, increases the apparent height. Capes are 
 only becoming to persons with falling shoulders, unless 
 made to fit the form. 
 
 7. Short Cloaks. — Short cloaks are very unbecom- 
 ing to short and clumsily built persons, but to a tall 
 figure the reverse. 
 
 How to Dress the Hair. 
 
 1. Dressing the Hair. — Light hair is generally 
 most becoming when curled. For an oval face, long 
 and thick ringlets are suitable ; but if the face is thin 
 and sharp, the ringlets should be light, and not too 
 long. Open braids are very beautiful when made of 
 dark hair. A simple and graceful mode of arranging 
 the hair, is to fold the front locks behind the ears, per- 
 mitting the ends to fall in a couple of ringlets on 
 either side behind. Great care should be taken to 
 part the hair directly in the centre of the forehead. 
 Persons with very long, narrow heads may wear the 
 hair knotted very low at the back of the neck. If the 
 head is long, but hot very narrow, the back hair may 
 be drawn to one side, braided in a thick braid, and 
 wound around the head. When the head is round, the 
 hair should be formed in a braid in the middle of the 
 back of the head. If the braid is made to resemble a 
 basket, and a few curls permitted to faU from within 
 it, the shape of the head is much improved. 
 
 2. Caps. — Caps are becoming to most ladies, but 
 they should be trimmed with as few bows and as little 
 lace as possible. Upon a long head they look well 
 with a narrow border of lace, tying close to the face 
 and forehead. 
 
 The Mouth. 
 
 1. Purity of Breath. — Purity of breath is an advan- 
 tage that cannot be too highly prized, as the want of it 
 is the most unfortunate circumstance that can befall 
 
46 UNIVERSAL GUIDE, 
 
 beauty, and is alone sufficient to annihila^ in an instant 
 the most perfect and otherwise inviting charms. 
 
 2. A fetid breath may be the consequence of various 
 causes. When it proceeds from a diseased state of the 
 lungs, riding on horseback, fresh air, and the use of 
 gargles of myrrh, or of the infusion of oak bark, A\-ith 
 proper attention to the state of the bowels, may palliate 
 the affection, and ultimately remove it, if not too deeply 
 seated. 
 
 3. If it arise from causes which derange the diges- 
 tive organs, the causes must be removed by proper 
 medicines before the effect can cease ; but cleanliness. 
 and attention to the state of the mouth and teeth, 
 morning and night, will assist to remove the inconven- 
 ience. The celebrated Peruvian Tooth Powder is 
 decidedly the best dentifrice, and greatest corrector of 
 a bad breath ever yet offered to the public. 
 
 Important Hints to Young Men.— Style and 
 Dress of Gentlemen. 
 
 1. The importance of dressing properly can scarcely 
 be overrated. It not only influences the opinions of 
 others in regard to us, but governs our own self-respect. 
 A shabbily dressed man is likely to feel shabbily, and 
 to commit shabby actions. A man with his coat out at 
 the elbows, a shocking bad hat, and boots run down ac 
 the heels, will do things of which, in his dressed mo- 
 ments, he would be heartily ashamed. 
 
 2. A dandy farmer, an over-drebsed mechanic, and 
 a finical tradesman, are ridiculous ; but there is no 
 reason why people of all employments should not wear 
 clean linen and dress with perfect neatness. 
 
 3. A plain, simple style, is most proper for people 
 of every class — the richest as well as the poorest. 
 Flashy dresses, fancy colors, and excess of ornament, 
 are the distinguishing marks of blacklegs and prosti- 
 tutes. 
 
 Full dress, for gentlemen, admits of but two colors, 
 
HINTS TO YOUNG GENTLEMEN. 47 
 
 black and white. Undress allows of greys, browns, 
 olives, indigos, and other quiet colors. 
 
 " Neat but not gaudy," is the best possible maxim 
 for both sexes and all conditions, though the ladies 
 are allowed a greater variety, and a more fanciful dis- 
 play. 
 
 Perhaps the best way is to have a sensible tailor, 
 amd leave the whole matter to his discretion ; that is, 
 if you can rely upon his disinterestedness. 
 
 The best rule for both sexes, is to dress so that do 
 one can remember what you wore, or anything about 
 it, except the generally pleasing effect. 
 
 Choice of a Wife. 
 
 1. Young gentlemen, a word of advice to you in 
 the choice of a wife. Don't allow yourself to be de 
 ceivcd and fliscinated by a gay, dashing young lady, 
 fond of company, extravagant, vain, artistical and 
 shoAvy in dress. It is not a doll or a coquette you 
 want for a partner. Choose rather one of those re- 
 tiring, modest, sensible, neat young ladies, who has 
 learned to deny herself, and possess a decided mind, 
 and has acquainted herself with the domestic affairs 
 of a family. 
 
 2. How to Treat a Wife. — You may have great 
 trials ami perplexities in your business with the world ; 
 but do not, therefore, carry to your home a clouded 
 OT contracted brow. Your wife may have had trials, 
 whicli, though of less magnitude, may have been as 
 hard to bear. A kind, consoling, and tender look, will 
 do wonders in chasing from her brow all clouds of 
 gloom. 
 
 3. Notice "jindly her little attentions and eJ0forts to 
 promote your comfort. Do not take them all as a 
 matter of course, and pass them by ; at the same time 
 being very sure to notice any omission of what you 
 may consider her duty to you. Do not treat her with 
 indificrence, if you would not sear and palsy her heart, 
 
48 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 which, watered by kindness, would, to the latest day 
 of your existence, throb with sincere and constant affec- 
 tion. 
 
 4. Sometimes yield your wishes to hers. She has 
 preferences as strong as you, and perhaps just as try- 
 ing to her to yield her choice as to you. Do you find 
 it hard to yield it sofnetimes ? Think you it is not 
 hard for her to give up always 7 
 
 5. Again, show yourself manly, so that your wife 
 can look up to you, and feel that you will act nobly, 
 and that she can confide in your judgment. 
 
 6. Read the Bible as your guide in all things. Read 
 it often by yourself and in your family. Obey its pre- 
 cepts, d,nd endeavor to influence your wife to do the 
 same. Such a course will be the best foundation for 
 happiness in this life and in the future world. The 
 happiest families are those whose members are truly 
 pious, and who, morning and evening, gather around 
 the family altar and offer up their grateful offerings to 
 Him who bestows upon them every blessing, spiritual 
 and temporal, which they enjoy. 
 
PART V. 
 
 NEEDLE-WORK FOB YOUNG LADIES, 
 
 EMBRACING INSTRUCTIONS IN 
 
 EMBROIDERY ON MUSLIN, SILK, VELVET, &C. 
 
 Embroidery with Floss, Three-corded, or Sad- 
 dler's Silk, Chenille, "Worsted, &c. 
 
 1. Worsted is used principally for embroidery on 
 canvas ; but gn fine merino, brown holland, and even 
 white muslin, it is equally beautiful. The colors of 
 German worsteds do not fade when washed with soap. 
 
 2. Floss silk is used to embroider on either silks, 
 satin merino, or any fine material which does not require 
 washing. 
 
 3. To embroider on cloth, fine flannel, or merino, 
 that is to be washed, it is necessary to use three corded, 
 or saddler's silk. 
 
 4. Chenille is sometimes employed in canvas work, 
 »ut being one of the richest materials used in embroid- 
 ery, it shows to the greatest advantage on velvet, silk, 
 or satin. 
 
 5. For worsted work a rather coarse darning-needle 
 should be used, and for floss silk a fine one. A large 
 round-eyed needle is necessary for chenille and three- 
 corded silk. If the needle is too large, besides being 
 clumsy, it will make a hole in the work. 
 
 6. A light and simple frame is the most convenient 
 for the above mentioned species of embroidery. The 
 
 4 
 
50 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 frame should inereiy consist of four smooth pieces of 
 light wood, half or three quarters of a yard in length, 
 and a quarter of an inch in thickness, neatly joined to- 
 gether. The frame should then be covered with ribbon 
 or muslin, wound tightly around it. To this muslin the 
 material designed to be embroidered is to be sewed. 
 Square frames are preferable. 
 
 7. After the frame has been prepared, the pattern 
 to be embroidered should be drawn. If the material 
 which is used be silk, satin, muslin, or any transparent 
 substance, the pattern may be fastened on the wrong 
 side, hung over a window pane, and traced upon the 
 material with a lead-pencil. When velvet, or cloth, or 
 any dark colored silk is to be embroidered, the pattern 
 should be drawn on white tissue or blotting paper, and 
 the paper lightly tacked upon the right side of the 
 velvet. The embroidery is to be executed over the 
 paper, and when the work is completed the paper is 
 carefully torn away. Sometimes patterns are drawn 
 on dark materials by means of chalk, but the chalk is 
 apt to rub oflf. • 
 
 8. After the pattern is 3rawn, the work should be 
 sewed into the frame in such a manner as to be per- 
 fectly smooth and even. It is not necessary that the 
 frame should be of the same size as the material to be 
 embroidered. If the stuff is wider or longer than the 
 frame, the portion over should be rolled up and covered 
 with white paper. When the article is smaller than 
 the frame, a piece of muslin may be sewed to the stuff 
 so as to make it of the necessary size. 
 
 9. The stitch for embroidery is very easy. You 
 make a knot at the end of the silk, chenille, or worsted, 
 and bring your needle through the material on which 
 you intend to work, from the under side to the upper 
 one. Next, the needle is again put through to the 
 under side, following the pattern, and then put back 
 and brought to the upper side, close to where it came 
 through before. The same process is then repeated, 
 care being taken not to draw the silk too tight. The 
 
EMBROIDERY. 51 
 
 Stitches should lay slantingly and beside each other. 
 To embroider the stalks of flowers, a stitch very simi- 
 lar to the back-stitch should be used. 
 
 10. The way to embroider in the manner above de- 
 signated, may be learned without further instructions 
 than those we have already given. The work, when 
 once understood, is accomplished with great rapidity, 
 and never becomes tedious. 
 
 Raised Embroidery. 
 
 This kind of embroidery is extremely pretty in fancy 
 pi&ftes, for working animals, birds, shells, fruits, or 
 flowers. It may be done with either silk, worsted, or 
 chenille. The pattern must be traced and the mate- 
 rial framed as usual ; then commence a foundation for 
 the raised parts by working with coarse cotton or wool, 
 layer upon layer, with long stitches, until the outline 
 of the design is closely approached, paying attention 
 at the same time to the shape of the object. When 
 this is finished, begin the embroidery over it with a 
 long needle, and shade in the usual manner, passing 
 the needle through the whole substance of the founda- 
 tion, which will the more easily be done should it be 
 formed of wool. 
 
 Flowers, such as roses, on a very reduced scale for 
 sprig work, may be beautifully and easily executed in 
 this description of embroidery. A small round must 
 first be slightly raised with cotton ; then commence 
 the centre of the rose with two or three small French 
 knots, and form the flower by working round them in 
 small stitches, keeping the middle of the darkest 
 shades ; the stitches should partly cross each other, so 
 as to give the appearance of one leaf over another. If 
 skilfully done, the centre of the flower should have the 
 sunken appearance which it has in nature. If worked 
 too large, their beauty and effect will be lost. Four 
 shades of silk will be found sufficient. 
 
52 UNIVERSAL GUII>E. 
 
 Stitches in Embroidery, on Muslin and Lace 
 "Work. 
 
 1. Satin Stitch. — This' resembles the threads in 
 satin, and is much used in embroidery. You make a 
 knot at the end of the cotton, silk, or worsted, and 
 bring it through the material on which you intend to 
 work, from the under side to the upper one. Next, the 
 needle is again put through to the under side, at about 
 half an inch distance, and is then put back and brought 
 to the upper side, about half way from the first point ; 
 the next stitch is carried to the same distance from 
 the second : again the needle is brought back, and the 
 same process is repeated. In working on a surface, 
 the stitches run in parallel lines to each other, and are 
 taken lengthwise of the figure or subject you are mark- 
 ing. They are also of unequal lengths, in order that 
 the ground may be more efi"ectually covered. In the 
 working of drapery, you must be sure to take each 
 stitch the way the threads or grain would naturally 
 fall. 
 
 2. Dotible Button-hole Stitch. — This is two stitches 
 together, then the space for two left unoccupied, then 
 the two button-hole stitches repeated, and so on alter- 
 nately. 
 
 3. Glover's Stitch. — This is the same as the button- 
 hole stitch, only each stitch is taken a little higher up 
 than the one which preceded it. 
 
 4. Embroidery Feather Stitch. — Leaves arc often 
 worked in this stitch, which is only an elongated but- 
 ton-hole stitch. Its appearance, on a leaf, is very 
 beautiful. 
 
 5. Eyelet Holes. — These are first run round ; then 
 a hole is cut out, or made by a piercer, which is the 
 preferable way ; and the needle is passed through the 
 aperture, under the inner thread, and you sew round 
 it thickly, so as to entirely conceal it. You may make 
 oval eyelet holes in the same manner, making the open- 
 ing oval instead of round. 
 
EMBROIDERY. 53 
 
 6. Formation of Bars. — You take four threads of 
 the muslin on the needle, and sew three times over 
 them, passing the needle through the same opening 
 each time, and drawing the four threads as close as 
 possible. Each succeeding four threads are taken up 
 the same way ; and thus the required number of bars 
 can be easily formed. The thread in this stitch passes 
 from bar to bar, on the right hand. 
 
 7. Buttoji-hole Stitch. — The needle must go in on 
 the wrong side, and be brought out on the right, five 
 threads down. To make the stitch, the needle is passed 
 through the loop before it is tightened or drawn close. 
 
 8. Eyelet Holes in Lace-work. — These are not 
 difficult to execute, and when well arranged, have a 
 beautiful appearance. One mesh of the net is left 
 for the centre, and you work round it in button-hole 
 stitch. A great variety of devices may be formed, 
 by a tasteful and judicious disposition of these eyelet 
 holes. 
 
 9. Interior Stitch. — So called, because often em- 
 ployed to fill up the centres of leaves, in lace-work. 
 The stitch is formed by taking two threads breadth- 
 wise of the leaf, and sewing over them ; then leaving a 
 row of one thread, and sewing over two threads, as 
 before. 
 
 10. Darning. — This is, when employed in lace-work, 
 done as follows : It is worked as common darning, but 
 with fine cotton, which is doubled ; and, in this stitch, 
 the inner edge of flowers is sometimes worked, the 
 centre being executed in half herrin-bone stitch. It 
 looks well ; but rows of chain stitch are, in opinion, 
 preferable. 
 
 11. Chain Stiteh. — This is often employed in lace- 
 work. Make a knot at the end of the cotton, and draw 
 it through the right side. While you put in the needle, 
 let the end hang loose, and bring it out below, so as to 
 incline a little to the left hand ; pass the needle over 
 the cotton, as you draw it out, and this will form a 
 
64 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 loop ; each succeeding one is done in the same man- 
 ner. 
 
 12. Veining Open Hem. — This is worked in a 
 curve, or other pattern, in which the threads cannot be 
 drawn out. The hem is made by sewing over two 
 threads, taken the angular way of the muslin, and tljen 
 pursuing the same method with two threads taken the 
 contrary way, and uniting them together as in a straight 
 open hem. The appearance is the same, but the pat- 
 tern is a curve or other shape. 
 
 13. Pearling. — This is a kind of lace edging, not 
 worked with needles, but often used as a finish to em- 
 broidery on muslin. It is very pretty, and is sold 
 ready for use. 
 
 14. Lines. — These are formed by drawing together 
 six threads of the muslin, and sewing over them with 
 fine thread, as close as possible. 
 
 15. Straight Open Hem. — This is done by drawing 
 out three or four threads, the selvedge-wise of the 
 muslin, and working over the cross threads from side, 
 to side, in a kind of zigzag direction. 
 
 16. Half Herring-hone Stitch. — This is worked the 
 cross way of the muslin ; four threads are taken on the 
 mesh at once. 
 
 17. Tambour Stitch. — This has a close resem- 
 blance to chain stitch. The needle, which has a small 
 hook at the end, and is fixed in a handle of ivory, ia 
 put through the material stretched in the frame, on the 
 upper side, and the cotton being held underneath, in 
 the left hand, is put upon the hook and drawn through 
 to the right or upper side, where it forms a loop. 
 Through this loop the needle is again passed, and 
 also through the material, a few threads from the place 
 it passed through before. The cotton is again drawn 
 through, and thus a succession of loops is formed. The 
 pattern is worked entirely in these loops or stitches. 
 
 18. Spots on Net. — These, though simple, form an 
 
EMBROIDERY. 55 
 
 elegant variety in lace-work. To make each spot, the 
 middle is to be passed backwards, and forwards, through 
 one hole in the net, and alternately under and over two 
 of the threads of which that hole is formed. These 
 spots must be placed in clusters, but an open mesh must 
 be left between each. 
 
 These are the stitches most commonly employed. 
 and therefore the most necessary to be known. Wo 
 have done all in our power to so explain them, as to 
 enable our readers to practise them with facility. 
 
 Embroidery on Muslin. 
 
 A degree of skill which can only be acquired by 
 practice, is necessary to those who would excel in this 
 branch of the art. The work must, of course, be done 
 by pattern, and a very beautiful one may be purchased 
 at a moderate cost. 
 
 The material generally employed ia working on 
 muslin is cotton. 
 
 The pattern is placed against a window, and drawn 
 with a black lead-pencil on the muslin. To secure 
 accuracy, the muslin should be tacked down to the 
 pattern before the tracing is commenced. 
 
 The outlines of the pattern are then run around with 
 fine cotton, directly over the pencil-marks. Then com- 
 mence working in the usual embroidery stitch, taking 
 care that the stitches do not lay over each other, but 
 side by side, so as to give the work a smooth and even 
 appearance. A frame is not necessary. 
 
 Embroidery in Gold Thread. 
 
 This kind of embroidery is usually employed in 
 large and bold designs, as it is never used except in 
 cases where much display and extreme brilliancy are 
 required. The materials made use of as foundations 
 for these costly displays of needle-work are various, 
 according to the taste of the wearer, or the occasion 
 on which they are employed. Crape. India muslin, or 
 
56 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 some kind of silk, are generally employed, as the best 
 calculated to give the desired eifect, and to exhibit the 
 beautiful devices to the best possible advantage. The 
 gold thread should be of a fine and uniform texture, 
 and little or no difficulty ■will be found in working it. 
 When it is properly made, it is almost as flexible as 
 common thread. 
 
 The stich in which gold thread embroidery is worked 
 is (with occasional exceptions) satin stich, and, of 
 course, you work by a pattern previously prepared. 
 This must be laid under the material used as a founda- 
 tion, and which is generally sufficiently transparent to 
 allow it to be seen through it, and the outline of the 
 subject intended to be worked is sewn on in white 
 thread. This done, you commence working in gold 
 thread, or with silver, but this latter is not desirable, 
 as it soon gets black and tarnished. 
 
 Instructions in Lace-work. 
 
 In commencing this delicate and beautiful work, you 
 must place over the net a piece of French cambric, 
 proportionate in size to the subject or device you are 
 intending to work ; and under both these the paper 
 pattern is to be placed, and secured by a tack at the 
 edge in its proper position. It is essential to remark 
 that though the design, as a whole, may be large, yet 
 each part should be small ; the introduction of large 
 leaves, sprigs, or flowers, would greatly detract from 
 that beauty of appearance, which is so essential to be 
 preserved. Clusters of small flowers, or leaves, are 
 proper ornaments in this elaborately-wrought fabric. 
 Having placed the materials and pattern as directed, 
 the outlines of the design are to be run round with 
 cotton. This sewing must be done twice, and the run- 
 ning thread be sewn over with fine cotton ; the sewing 
 to be moderately thick ; this will give the extreme 
 edge of each leaf or flower a raised appearance — a 
 point in this work of most essential importance. The 
 cambric is then, with a pair of small and sharp scis- 
 
KMBROIDERY. 57 
 
 Bors, to be cut off, as near to the raised edge as pos- 
 Bible. 
 
 The various patterns are so numerous, that it is 
 Qext to impossible to enumerate them. One beautiful 
 variety is formed by filling up the centres of flowers 
 with insertion stitch ; for the mode of doing which, the 
 reader is referred to the chapter on stitches. Leaves 
 and flowers thus filled up have a remarkably neat ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Embroidery for Insertion, 
 
 Embroidery is often done upon muslin, in narrow 
 stripes, for insertion work, and looks extremely pretty. 
 Almost any device, but chiefly foliage and flowers, and 
 sometimes fruit, are proper for this kind of work, and 
 any or all of the various stitches may be introduced 
 with the happiest effect. It is unnecessary to give 
 examples as they would only tend to confuse and mis- 
 lead. Every lady must use her own judgment in these 
 cases, and be guided in her choice by the use to which 
 the insertion work is to be applied. In all patterns 
 for this kind of embroidery, there must be a hem stitch 
 on each side of the embroidery, the manner of form- 
 ing which is fully explained in the following descrip- 
 tion. 
 
 It is done either in a straight line or in a curve. 
 For the first kind you draw out threads to the breadth 
 of a narrow hem, at a little distance from the row of 
 insertion work previously executed. The number of 
 threads thus drawn out should not exceed four, Avhich 
 are to be taken up on the needle, commencing on one 
 side, and these are to be sewn over three times with 
 very fine cotton. The threads are taken and sewn 
 over singly, and when the thread has reached the 
 opposite side, you take up four more of the cross threads 
 and sew them over twice, thus uniting the eight to- 
 gether at the side opposite to that one on which you 
 commenced. Then sew the last four, three times over, 
 as in the first stitch, and the thread will here again be 
 
58 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 found at the side on which you begin. You proceed 
 in this manner to the end, and the open hem when 
 thus worked forms a kind of undulating wave, that 
 looks elegant and appropriate. 
 
 Things to be Remembered. 
 
 1. Cut your wools into certain lengths, and put 
 them into elongated papers, or you may wind them on 
 a reel. Each paper should be labelled with its peculiar 
 shade, or it may be numbered. 
 
 2. During the* progress of your work, it is desirable 
 that you keep that portion still untouched covered 
 with tissue paper, or it will otherwise have a soiled 
 appearance. 
 
 3. In many departments of fancy needle-work great 
 and unceasing care is requisite, in order to avoid faults 
 which afterwards cannot be repaired. In cloth-work, 
 for instance, be careful not to split the threads of the 
 canvas. 
 
 4. In fancy -needle-work t)xQ light ofda,yis especially 
 important. 
 
 5. Plaid patterns may be worked from plaid rib- 
 bons ; and in so doing, the choice of elegant material 
 will be as attainable as it is multifarious. 
 
 6. When beads are introduced, they should not bo 
 too numerous, or they will give an appearance of heavi- 
 ness to the work. 
 
 7. In using floss silk, it should be cut in short lengths 
 or it is apt to get round. 
 
PART VI. 
 
 RULES OF POLITENESS 
 
 FOR 
 
 GENTLEMEN AND LADIES. 
 
 Rules of Politeness. 
 
 1. It is considered a mark of respect to commence a 
 letter towards the middle of the page. 
 
 2. Notes of invitation should not be sealed. 
 
 3. Invitations should be answered within two days. 
 
 4. Figured and colored paper is out of style ; pure 
 white paper, with gilt edges, is in far better taste. 
 
 5. A letter of introduction, note of invitation, or 
 reply, should always be enclosed in an envelop. 
 
 6. A letter of introduction should always enclose 
 the card and address of the person introduced. 
 
 7. Notes of invitation should always be sent in the 
 name of the lady of the house. 
 
 8. Printed cards should be used when the party is 
 large. 
 
 9. All letters should be sealed and superscribed as 
 in the following example. It gives room for the post- 
 mark, without defacing the superscription. 
 
 MISS MARY CRAM, 
 New YorK; 
 
 N. Y. 
 
60 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Models of Invitation Cards and Notes. 
 
 The usual form is simply : 
 
 Mrs. requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 -'s company on Thursday evening, at 8 o'clock. 
 
 Separate notes should be sent to the sons and daugh- 
 ters, if their company is wished. 
 
 The answer should be as follows : 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. accept with pleasure Mrs. 's 
 
 invitation for Thursday evening next. 
 
 If a refusal is sent, it should be expressed thus : 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. regret that it will not be in their 
 
 power to accept Mr. and Mrs. 's invitation for 
 
 Thursday evening next. 
 
 The date should always be put at the bottom of the 
 note, on the left hand side. 
 
 How to Address a Lady. 
 
 We address a married lady, or widow, as Madam, or 
 by name, as Mrs. or Mistress Jones. In answering a 
 question, we contract the Madam to ma'am : as, " Yes 
 ma'am," " No ma'am," " Very fine day, ma'am." 
 
 A young lady, if the eldest of the family and un- 
 married, is entitled to the surname — as, Miss Smith — 
 while her yoiinger sisters are called Miss Mary, Miss 
 Julia, &c. The term " Miss," used by itself, is very 
 ineleorant. 
 
 Language of the Finger-Ring. 
 
 If a gentleman wants a wife, he wears a ring on the 
 first finger of his left hand. 
 
 If he is engaged, he wears it on the second finger. 
 
 If married, he wears it on the third finger. 
 
 If he never intends to get -married, he wears it on 
 the fourth finger. 
 
 When a lady is not engaged, she wears a whoop or 
 diamond on her first finger. 
 
 If engaged, she wears it upon the second finger. 
 
 If married, she wears it upon the t'.iird finger. 
 
CONVERSATION — DRAWING. 61 "^ 
 
 If she intends to remain a maid, she wears her ring 
 upon her fourth finger. 
 
 Thus, by a few simple tokens, the passion of love is 
 expressed. 
 
 Rules of Conversation. 
 
 1. Address yourself to the capacity of those to whom 
 you speak. 
 
 2. Direct your conversation to such subjects as you 
 know to be agreeable to the company. 
 
 3. Good humor and wit is the charm of conversation, 
 
 4. It is not impolite to laugh, in company, when 
 there is anything amusing going on. 
 
 5. Nothing is more annoying than to be frequently 
 interrupted in conversation. 
 
 6. Contradiction is the greatest rudeness any person 
 can be guilty of. 
 
 7. Whispering in company is highly improper. 
 
 8. Never attempt to take the lead in conversation. 
 
 9. It is not good taste for a lady to say, " Yes, Sii\^ 
 and " No, aS'zV," to a gentleman. 
 
 10. Due deference should always be paid to the 
 ajred. 
 
 Toung People's Primary Instructions in the Art 
 of Drawing. 
 
 1. The apparatus required to teach drawing is not 
 expensive. Let each pupil be provided with a slate, 
 and a slate-pencil cut to a point ; ako a small piece of 
 sponge, wherewith to wipe and clean the slate when 
 necessary. 
 
 A sheet of paper, and a softish black lead-pencil, 
 may be adopted in preference to a slate and slate-pen- 
 cil, but they are less economical, and therefore need not 
 be used till an advance has been made in the lessons. 
 
 In some schools where rigid accuracy is enforced, a 
 boy somewhat advanced in his lessons stands at the 
 black-board, and from the book in his hand copies a 
 figure upon it. The pupils in their seats observe the 
 
I 02 bXlVRUSi^L GUIDE. 
 
 motions of his band, and. following him slowly and 
 according to their best judgment, they copy the figure 
 from the board upon their slates. 
 
 2. The principle of this practice, whice we wish to 
 see adopted and followed, is, first, to teach the art in 
 the simplest possible manner and at the least expense ; 
 and, second, to give freedom of hand or execution. The 
 child, it ^7ill be observed, commences with the slate and 
 slate-pencil, and having got over the initiatory diffi- 
 culties and gained a little confidence, he is promoted to 
 the board. Here copying figures in the first instance, 
 and afterwards working from his improved taste and 
 imitative faculties, he acquires a free, bold style of 
 delineation, without which the povrer of drawing re- 
 mains stiff and spiritless. 
 
 3. To commence, in whatever manner, place the 
 pupil fairly before his slate, and cause him to draw 
 perfectly straight lines. The lines must be drawn 
 with the hand alone, that is, without any assistance 
 from squares or rulers. The lines should in this 
 easy manner, but with as much steadiness as possible, 
 be drawn horizontally, perpendicularly, and obliquely ; 
 in short, in all directions that may be thought pro- 
 per ; and their accuracy may be tested with the instru 
 ments. 
 
 Being tolerably perfect in strai'ght lines, we advance 
 to bends or curves. Explain that all lines whatsoever, 
 used in drawing, are either straight, or curved, or a 
 modification of either ; and point out how much more 
 beautiful is the appearance and effect of a curve, in 
 comparison with a straight line. 
 
 4. We now come to the drawing of objects, beginning 
 with those of the simplest forms. In these and other 
 figures it will be observed that some of the lines arc 
 thin and others thick, the thin lines indicating those 
 which are in the shade. Point out how it is possible 
 to represent a solid object — such as a block of stone or 
 a house — on a flat surfarce, by means of a due mixture 
 or arrangement of thin and thick lino or marks, and 
 
ART OF DRAWING. 63 
 
 by giving some of them an inclination in a particular 
 direction. 
 
 5. There are examples of exercises in drawing of 
 familiar objects or utensils. This usually yields much 
 pleasure to the beginner, and excites his imagination 
 to discover objects which he may sketch in a similar 
 style. Let this fancy be liberally indulged. Desire 
 him to draw the outlines of a cup, vase, drinking glass, 
 basin, hook, hammer, axe, desk, chair, nail, candlestick, 
 box, &c. Having drawn them in a front view, then 
 puc them in a different attitude, so as to express an 
 end, a side, a corner, or any other point of view. 
 Drawing of objects in this manner from nature, and 
 not from paper, may be called a great step in ad- 
 vance, and is really the practical commencement of the 
 art. 
 
 While about this stage of advancement, and while 
 the mind is awakening to the power of expressing ob- 
 jects by means of various lines of a light and dark 
 character, invite attention to the method in which a 
 person is able to draw a subject from its appearance 
 or from memory. It may be done in something like 
 the following terms : 
 
 When we see, for example, a chair standing on the 
 floor, we observe its shape or figure, its line of back, 
 seat, legs, and all parts about it. We then take a 
 pencil, and bending the mind intensely on the form of 
 the chair, try to define all the lines of the object on 
 the paper or board. The more perfectly the hand can 
 obey the direction of the mind while thought is on 
 the object, so the more true will be the drawing in all 
 its details. 
 
 6. Plant and flower drawing is a valuable branch of 
 the art, and is particularly suitable for females. The 
 course of instruction should not be confined to a few 
 objects merely, but be extended to exercises on all the 
 elegant objects of this kind which are ready at hand. 
 Any flower growing in a pot on the window-sill, any 
 tree or bush that presents itself, nr any shrub or blade 
 
64 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 from a garden, may be copied. On the correct imita 
 tion of these objects from nature, is founded the art of 
 designing carvings in architecture and carpentry, mould- 
 ings for plaster-work, and patterns for lace, paper-hang- 
 ings, carpets, and other objects of taste. 
 
 7. From plants we proceed to the sketching of 
 animals, such as dogs, cats, swine, rabbits, horses, 
 goats, sheep, birds, or other creatures which are fa- 
 miliar to observation, and of which a few examples are 
 given. Next, the pupil may advance to the drawing 
 of faces and human figures, but this only, in a great 
 measure, as an amusemet ; for a correct method of de- 
 lineating these objects in thier various forms and atti- 
 tudes, is not to be gained without the most patient 
 study of models and Tiving figures, and maj^ very 
 properly be delayed till a more advanced period. 
 
 8. It is necessarry to add, with respect to drawing 
 plans of houses, or maps of fields and countries, that 
 the pupil should be taught to measure and compute 
 dimensions in height, length, and breadth. This is to 
 be done in the first place by a foot-rule, or a diminish- 
 ed scale of inches and fractional parts, prepared for 
 the purpose ; but afterwards, and when a little skilled 
 in these computations, he must learn to guess, or 
 measure by the eye, the dimensions of the object on 
 which he is engaged, and then to draw it, preserving 
 the just proportions of the several parts. This is a 
 kind of exercise which will largely contribute to culti- 
 vate the perceptive faculties of pupils, and make them 
 useful to themselves in many of the common occupa- 
 tions of life. 
 
 9. The first, or purely elementary course of lessons, 
 will properly terminate with exercises in drawing, with 
 the hand alone, a variety of simple mathematical figures, 
 such as circles, squares, and parallelograms. These 
 may be tried again and again, to give precision of hand 
 and eye, or till the figures approach so near perfect 
 accuracy in form as to stand the test of measurement 
 by the compasses. 
 
ART OF DRAWING. 65 
 
 Let the pupil be instructed to avoid any approach to 
 confusion in the designs, to give all the lines with an 
 easy sweeping effect, so as to express what is called 
 spirit, and to cultivate at the same time simplicity and 
 chasteness. 
 
 10. We conclude the brief directions by mentioning, 
 in the most emphatic manner, that, further than mere 
 amusement for the moment, the exercises on this or 
 any other elementary work on drawing, will be of no 
 use whatever, unless the pupil do the things with his 
 own hand, and seek for originals in actual objects 
 before him. 
 
 Exercises to a reasonable extent on the black-board 
 are absolutely indispensable, for giving that freedo-m 
 of hand which we have already adverted to, and for 
 teaching the art of handling compasses, measuring dis- 
 tances, and other matters of practical utility. 
 
PART VII 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES, 
 
 To prevent the Hair from falling off. — One of the 
 most eflScacious methods of preventing the hair from 
 falling out is to moisten it occasionally with a little fresh 
 strong beer. It also keeps hair in curls. When first 
 used it is apt to render the hair dry, but a small quan- 
 tity of bear's oil will remove this objection. 
 
 Oil for the Hair. — A very excellent ready-made 
 oil for the hair, which answers all common purposes, is 
 made by mixing one part brandy with three parts of 
 sweet oil. Add any scent you prefer ; a selection can 
 be sot at the dru2£rists. 
 
 "oo' 
 
 To make the Hair cnrl. — At any time you may 
 make your hair curl the more easily by rubbing it with 
 beaten yolk of an egg, washed off afterward with clear 
 water, and then putting on a little pomatum before you 
 put up your curls ; it is well always to go through this 
 process when you change to curls after having worn 
 your hair plain. 
 
 To cure Freckles. — Take two ounces of lemon-juice, 
 a half dram of powdered borax, and one dram of 
 sugar. Mix together, and let them stand in a glass 
 bottle for a few days then rub it on the hands and face 
 occasionally. 
 
 Shaving Soap. — A very nice soap for shaving may 
 be made by mixing a quirter of a pound of Castile 
 
MISCELl^ANEaUS RECIPES. 6^ 
 
 Qoap, one cake of old Windsor soap, a gill cf lavender, 
 water, the same of Cologne water, and a very little 
 alcohol. Boil all these together, until thoroughly 
 mixed. 
 
 Tincture for Diseased Gums. — Take Peruvian bark 
 coarsely powdered, one ounce, and infuse it for a fort- 
 night in half a pint of brandy. Gargle the mouth at 
 night with a tea-spoonful of this tincture, diluted with 
 an equal quantity of rose water. 
 
 Red Bottle Wax, — Common resin four pounds ; tal- 
 low one pound; red lead one pound. . Mix with heat. 
 Any coloring matter may be substituted, if other colors 
 are wanted. 
 
 White-wash that rvill not rub off. — Mix up half a 
 pailful of lime and water, take half a pint of flour and 
 make a starch of it, and pour it into the white-wash 
 while hot. Stir it well and it is ready for use. 
 
 To render Cloth, Wind and Rain Proof. Boil 
 two pounds of turpentine, and one pound of litharge in 
 powder, and two or three pints of linseed oil. The 
 article is to be brushed over and dried in the sun. 
 
 Feathers. — It is said that tumbled plumes may be 
 restored to elasticity and beauty by dipping them in 
 hot water, then shaking and drying them. 
 
 Icy Steps. — Salt strewed upon the door-steps in 
 winter will cause the ice to crack, so that it can be 
 easily removed. 
 
 Black Bali. — Melt together, moderately, ten ounces 
 of bayberry tallow, five ounces of bees' wax, one ounce 
 of mutton tallow. When melted, add lamp or ivory 
 black, to give it a good black color. Stir the whole 
 well together, and add, when taken from the fire, half 
 a glass of rum. 
 
 To Polish Stoves. — Mix powder of black lead with 
 a little common gin or alcohol, and lay it on the stove 
 with a piece of linen rag ; then take a dry, but not 
 
tfb UNIVERSAL GUir>E. 
 
 hard, brush, dip it in some of the dry, black-lead poTr 
 der, and rub it to a beautiful brightness. 
 
 Inflamed Eyes. — This painful disorder may be 
 cured in a week, and the eyes made perfectly strongp 
 by using a decoction of elder flowers and laudanum. 
 Add three or four drops of the laudanum to a small 
 glass of the tea, and let the mixture run into the eyes 
 three or four times a day. 
 
 To Blacken the Eye-lashes. — The simple prepara 
 tions for this purpose are the juice of elder-berries, 
 burnt cork, and cloves burnt at the candle. Another 
 means is, to take the black of frankincense, resin, and 
 mastic. This black will not come off with perspira- 
 tion. It is also equally as good for the hair of the 
 head. 
 
 To Perfume Clothes. — Take cloves, cedar, and rhu- 
 barb, each one ounce ; pulverize and sprinkle it in the 
 chest or drawer. It will create a beautiful scent, and 
 prevent moths 
 
 Certain Cure for Eruptio7is, Pimples, 6^c. — Hav- 
 ing in numberless instances seen the good effects of 
 the following prescription, I can certify to its perfect 
 remedy. Dilute corrosive sublimate with the oil of 
 almonds, apply it to the face occasionally, and in a few 
 days a cure will be effected. 
 
 Cheap, White House-Paint. — Take skim-milk two 
 quarts, eight ounces fresh slacked lime, six ounces lin- 
 seed oil, two ounces white Burgundy pitch, thr8& 
 pounds Spanish white. Slack the lime in water, ex- 
 pose it to the air, and mix in about one-fourth of the 
 milk ; the oil, in which the pitch is previously dis- 
 solved, to be added a little at a time ; then the rest 
 of the milk, and afterwards the Spanish white, This 
 quantity is sufficient for thirty square yards, two coats, 
 and costs but a few cents. If other colors are wanted, 
 use, instead of Spanish white, other coloring matter. 
 
CONFECTIONERY. 69 
 
 Confectinery. 
 
 Ornamental Frosting. — For this purpose have a 
 small syringe, draw it full of th^e icing, and work it in 
 any design you fancy. Wheels, Grecian border, or 
 flowers, look well ; or borders of beading. 
 
 To Clarify Sugar for Candies. — To every pound 
 of sugar add a large cup of water, and put it in a brass 
 or copper kettle, over a slow fire, for half an hour ; 
 pour into it a small quantity of isinglass and gum 
 arabic, dissolved together. This will cause all impu- 
 rities to rise to the surface ; skim it as it rises ; flavor 
 according to taste. All kinds of sugar, for candy, are 
 boiled as above directed. When boiling loaf sugar, add 
 a table-spoonful of rum or vinegar, to prevent its be- 
 coming too brittle whilst making. 
 
 Fine Peppermint Lozenges. — Best powdered white 
 sugar seven pounds ; pure starch one pound ; oil of 
 peppermint to flavor. Mix with mucilage. 
 
 Icing for Cakes. — Beat the whites of two small 
 eggs to a high froth ; then add to them a quarter of a 
 pound of white ground or powdered sugar ; beat it 
 well until it will lie in a heap ; flavor with lemon or 
 rose. This will frost the top of a common-sized cake. 
 Heap what you suppose to be sufficient in the centre 
 of the cake, then dip a broad- bladed knife in cold wa- 
 ter, and spread the ice evenly over the whole surface- 
 
 Saffron Lozenges. — Finely powdered hay-safiron 
 one ounce ; finely powdered sugar one pound ; finely 
 powdered starch eight ounces. Mucilage to mix. 
 
 Strawberry Ice Cream. — Take a pint of picked 
 strawberries, rub them through a sieve with a wooden 
 spoon ; add four ounces of powdered sugar and a pint 
 of cream. 
 
 Common Twist or Cough Candy. — Boil three lbs. 
 of common sugar and one pint of Avater over a slow fire 
 for half an hour, without skimmiUiT- When boiled 
 
^0 UNIV^ERSAL OUIDK. 
 
 enough, take it off; rub the hands over with butter ; 
 take that which is a little cooled, and pull it, as you 
 would molasses candy, until it is white ;■ then twist or 
 braid it, and cut it in strips. 
 
 Fruit Candied. — When the fruit is preserved, take 
 it from the syrup, dry it in an oven, then dip it in sugar 
 boiled to candy weight, and dry it again. 
 
 Candied Lemon oi^ Peppermint, for Colds. — Boil 
 one pound and a half of sugar in a half pint of water, 
 till it begins to candy round the sides ; put in eight 
 drops of essence ; pour it upon buttered paper, and 
 cut it with a knife. 
 
 Fruit and Fruit Trees. 
 
 How to Kill Borers in Trees. — Rub hard soap into 
 every place in the tree that seems wounded by them ; 
 it will eflFectually destroy them. Strong lye made of 
 potash and swabbed on, is equally good — one pound to 
 a gallon of water. 
 
 Plum. — This tree is becoming much affected with 
 the " black g-umj" caused by an insect. Cut off the 
 diseased part without delay, and burn it. This will 
 preserve it. 
 
 Peach. — These trees do best in elevated situations ; 
 svhen the soil is unfavorable on hills, it should be 
 improved ; cold, wet, or spongy soil, is unfavorable. 
 When peach trees begin to languish, remove the soil 
 around them, and supply its place with charcoal * it 
 will produce a sudden renovation and improve the rich- 
 ness of the fruit. Prune in the extremities of the 
 Dranches of bearing trees, two feet, in July every year. 
 This will keep the tree full of bearing buds and healthy 
 wood. All trees that have the yellows must be re- 
 moved, as the disease is contagious. Graft them in 
 September. Peach trees may be preserved from the 
 ravages of the worms, by freeing the diseased part 
 from earth and gum, and spreading over it a thin coat 
 ©f common hard soap, and filling up with fresh soiL 
 
FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES. 71 
 
 It roust be repeated every season, and as it is dissolved 
 by the rain, it descends to the roots, and causes it to 
 gro-w vigorously, besides destroying insects and eggs. 
 and cleansing the bark. Several hundred trees may 
 be done in a few hours. It is equally good for other 
 fruit. 
 
 Qiiiiice. — This is a beautiful tree when in blossom, 
 and when the fruit is ripe it is highly ornamental. It 
 is easily raised from cuttings or layers taken from the 
 tree in April, and planted in a shady place, and the 
 soil enriched, which will keep it from sudden drought. 
 Also water occasionally. They might grow in any 
 part of the country with suitable care. 
 
 Pear. — This tree dies of a disease called the fire- 
 biight. It occurs in summer ; the leaves, from the 
 extremities of the branches, for two or more feet, ap- 
 pear as if scorched. This should be cut off a foot or 
 more from the diseased part, and immediately buried. 
 When this is practised, the evil is arrested. 
 
 Apple Tree. — Prune the decayed limbs, and rub the 
 trunks with a hard brush, then paint with a mixture of 
 soft soap and sulphur ; strew lime under the trees and 
 around the trunk. This course will destroy the worms 
 and improve the quality of the fruit and grass, and will 
 prevent the trees from decay. Five gallons of soap to 
 one of sulphur. 
 
 To Kill Weeds in Gravel and Briek Walks. — Keep 
 them moist with brine a week in the spring, and three 
 or four days in fall, and it will prevent their growing. 
 
 Brief Hii its for Transplanting. — Previous to lay- 
 ing out an orchard or fruit garden, the soil should be 
 manured and pulverized to a great depth. It should 
 be made sweet, that the nutriment which the roots 
 receive may be wholesome ; free, that they may be at 
 full liberty to range in quest of it ; and rich, that there 
 may be no defect in the food. 
 
 If orchards are made from meadows or pasture 
 lands, the ground should be improved as much as pos- 
 
72 UNIVKRSAL GUIDE. 
 
 siblc by manuring, trenching, ploughing, &c. A.t the 
 time of planting, let the holes be dug somewhat larger 
 than is sufficient to admit the roots in their natural 
 position, and of sufficient depth to allow of a foot of 
 rich and well pulverized mould to be thrown in before 
 the trees are planted. 
 
 Transplanting trees, they should not be placed more 
 than an inch or two deeper than they were in the 
 nursery beds, and the earth intended for filling in 
 should be enriched and well pulverized by mixing in 
 some good old manure ; and if any leaves, decayed 
 brush, or other refuse of a farm are attainable, let such 
 be used around the trees in filling, taking care that the 
 best pulverized mould is admitted among the fine roots. 
 The trees, in planting, should be kept at ease, and 
 several times shaken, so as to cause an equal distribu- 
 tion of the finer particles of earth to be connected 
 with the small fibres of the roots ; and when com- 
 pletely levelled, let the ground be well trodden down 
 and moderately watered, which should be repeated oc- 
 casionally after spring planting, if the weather should 
 prove dry. 
 
 Trees and plants should always be carefully packed 
 at the nursery for the protection of the roots and 
 limbs, as well as for convenience. [Orders will in all 
 cases be packed, and reasonable charges made for 
 packing, unless otherwise ordered.] 
 
 Parlor Plants. 
 
 1. Plants which have bloomed through the summer, 
 will rest during the winter. To remove them from 
 the heat and dust of the parlor — to place them in a 
 dry, light, warm cellar, will certainly conduce to their 
 entire rest ; and the parlor will lose no grace by the 
 removal of ragged stems, falling leaves, and flowerless 
 branches. 
 
 2. There can be no such thing- as floral health with- 
 
PARLOR Pr.ANTS. 73 
 
 out fresh, air and enough of it. This must be procured 
 by frequent ventilation. 
 
 3. According to your accommodation, select a fe}p 
 vigorous, symmetrical, hearty, healthy plants, for the 
 window. One plant^i well tended, will afford you more 
 pleasure than twenty half nurtured. 
 
 4. All plants Avhich are not growing, or for whose 
 growth your parlors are not suitable, should be put 
 into, the cellar, and should there be allowed to stand 
 over in a state of rest. 
 
 5. Where the plants are wanted to bloom in the 
 parlor late in the winter, it is often better to let them 
 spend the fore part of the winter in the cellar or pit. 
 
 6. Very little, if any, water should be given to plants 
 thus at rest, 
 
 7. To restore frozen plants, dip them in cold water- 
 till they are thawed, then set them in a moderately 
 warm place. They will often die down to the roots, 
 but sprout again ; frequently, they only shed their 
 leaves. 
 
 8. It is found that plants have the property of 
 correcting bad air within a few hours, when they are 
 exposed to the light of the sun ; but that, on the 
 contrary, during the night, or in the shade, they cor- 
 rupt the common air of the atmosphere. Hence it is a 
 dangerous practice to have shrubs in an apartment that 
 is slept in. 
 
 9. The practice of watering plants by the roots — that 
 is pouring water into dishes in which the pot sits — is 
 highly improper. It should always be poured upon 
 the surface, that it may filter through and refresh the 
 fibres of the plant. 
 
 Flowers. — Flowers may be preserved fresh in tum- 
 blers or vases by putting a handful of salt in the water, 
 to increase its coldness. If put under a glass vase, 
 from which the air is entirely excluded, they will keep 
 a Ions: while. 
 
74 UNIVERSAL GUIDR. 
 
 Canary Birds. 
 
 General Directions. — To keep canaries healthy, the 
 cage should be washed as often as once in two weeks, 
 and often cleaned. Fresh lettuce or cabbage may bo 
 given them in July and August ; plantain is also good, 
 — it may be given in hot weather three time a day. 
 Lettuce seed and plantain seed is also good to be given 
 as food, mixed in a small pot. In hot weather they 
 should have clean water in pans once a day, to wash 
 and bathe in, which greatly refreshes them. A piece 
 of cuttlefish bone or sand should be in the cage, to keep 
 them in a healthy condition. Their fountains should 
 be filled, and the water fountains changed every day. 
 The bird-seed is a mixture already prepared, to be used 
 as it is. Sponge cake may be given occasionally, and 
 crackers and sweet apples ; worms are also good ; but 
 food containing salt is injurious. 
 
 How to distinguish the Male from the Female.— 
 To distinguish the male from the female, it is observed 
 that a streak of bright yellow may be noticed over the 
 eyes and under the throat ; his head is wider and 
 longer, and in general is much higher colored ; his 
 feet too are larger. They also begin to warble first, 
 which is often at a month old. They are quicker, more 
 taper, and sprightlier than the hens. If the hen lays, 
 take out the egg and substitute an ivory or wooden one, 
 as they then will hatch all at the S9.me time. 
 
PART VIII. 
 
 THE DOCTOR AT HOME. 
 
 New Cure for Consiimptio7i, Scrofula, general Li- 
 fantile Atrophy, Rickets, Diarrhoea, and Tubercu- 
 lous Diseases. — Eight grains of phosphate of lime, 
 administered in cod-liver oil three times a day. 
 
 Cure for a Nail Run into the Foot. — Fresh beet, 
 thoroughly pounded. Apply to the part frequently. 
 
 Fever and Ague. — Pound a piece of alum and nut- 
 meg in half a tumbler of water. Take it when you 
 find the fever coming on. 
 
 Cure for Tooth-ache. — Put a piece of cotton, dipped 
 in collodion, into the tooth. When hardened, it will 
 adhere strongly and stop the pain. 
 
 A very Strengthening Drink. — Put a tea-cupful of 
 pearl barley into a sauce-pan and three pints of cold 
 water, the rind of a lemon, and a small piece of cinna- 
 mon ; boil gently till the barley becomes tender strain 
 it and sweeten with sugar or molasses. 
 
 Cure for Rheumatism. — One gill of alcohol, one of 
 beef's gall, one of spirits of turpentine, one of sweet 
 oil, and four ounces of camphor gum. Put them all in 
 a bottle and shake it up ; use it two or three times a 
 day, a tea-spoonful at a time. Apply it to the parts 
 aflfected before the fire. It is good also for frost-bites. 
 
 Very Vahiahle Remedy for Rheiimatisrn. — Peel ofi" 
 the outside bark of the elder, scrape ofi" the green bark 
 that is under it, and stew in lard till it is crisp. 
 
 This is a most valuable salve, and of positive efficacy 
 in cases of burns, sores. (Sec 
 
76 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Cure for Hydrophobia. — Take the root of the com- 
 mon upland ash, generally called black ash, peel off 
 the bark, and boil it to a strong decoction. Take one 
 gill three times a day, for eight or ten days. 
 
 Tonic. — The follo\Ying is the tonic used by reformed 
 drunkards to restore the vigor of the stomach : Take 
 of gention root half an ounce, valerian root one dram, 
 best rhubarb root two drams, bitter orange peel three 
 drams, cardamom seeds half an ounce, and cinnamon 
 bark one dram. Having bruised all the above to- 
 gether in a mortar, (the druggist will do it, if request- 
 ed,) pour upon it one and a half pints of boiling water, 
 and cover up close ; let it stand till cold ; strain, bot- 
 tle, and cork securely ; keep in a dark place. Two 
 table-spoonfuls may be taken every hour before meals, 
 and half that quantity whenever the patient feels that 
 distressing sickness and prostration, so generally pres- 
 ent for some time after alcoholic stimulants have been 
 abandoned. 
 
 Bitters. — Garden salendine, black cherry inside 
 bark, poplar inside bark, and low century herb, in 
 equal proportions. 
 
 Diets and Remedies. 
 
 Bowel Complaints. — Tea and coffee, and toast with- 
 out butter, arrow-root, crackers of any kind, and chicken 
 broth, or anything else of that nature, will not be inju- 
 rious ; and enough of it should be taken to keep the 
 strength and spirits as much unimpaired as possible, as 
 no treatment is more dangerous than to have nothing 
 to eat ; but on no account should a patient be permitted 
 to have access to fruit of any kind (with the exception, 
 perhaps, of figs, which may be eaten freely), or to use 
 meat, until recovered. 
 
 Infiamviatioii of the Bowels. — Apply a mustard 
 plaster until sufficient irritation is produced, and, on 
 taking it off. fiannel dipped in hot water should be ap- 
 plieil every half hour until relief is obtained. Great 
 
DOCTOR AT HOME. 77 
 
 care should be used as to diet, the simplest and most 
 nutritious alone being safe ; and on no account should 
 any fruit be allowed to pass into the bowels while suf- 
 fering from the complaint. 
 
 Convmon Canker. — Take a pound of canker root, 
 •wash it well and pound it fine. Soak it in warm water 
 three hours, stirring it up well occasionally, so as to 
 extract its strength. Wash the canker with it, and 
 drink of it three times a day for a week. 
 
 Gravel. — Make a strong tea of the root of the plant 
 called Jacob's ladder, and drink five or six times a day, 
 in doses of half a pint at a time. It is an infallible 
 cure. 
 
 Preventive of Bilious Fever. — If you are bilious in 
 the spring, it will be well to physic with a syrup made 
 of four ounces of rhubarb, four ounces of blood root, 
 four ounces of mandrake root, ground or pounded fine, 
 and stirred in half a pint of molasses, of which two 
 table-spoonfuls is a dose. Then make a beer of equal 
 parts of elder roots, burdock roots, sarsaparilla and 
 spikenard roots, and white-ash bark and hops, and four 
 times their weight of spruce boughs ; add sufficient 
 water, and place over a fire until sufficient mixture and 
 extraction of the strervgth of the ingredients has taken 
 place, then add yeast and put into a keg ; after twelve 
 hours, bottle, cork, and tie down the corks. 
 
 Cojisumption. — Take a peck of barley malt, add to 
 it nine gallons of water boiling hot. Let it stand six 
 hours, then add to the water in which the malt was 
 soaked a peck of white pine bark, half a pound of spike- 
 nard root, and half a pound of Syria grass. Boil half 
 away, then put the liquid part into a keg, adding a 
 quart of brewer's yeast. 
 
 Hypochondria, or Hysteric Passion. — These dis- 
 orders are most common to women, and imitate almost 
 all diseases. They complain of almost every thing, 
 although all have not the same complaints. Some- 
 times they huve ague or hot sweats, and faintness 
 
'T8 UNIVERSAL GUIDE 
 
 comes on them ; but the symptoms aro varied accord- 
 ing to the temper and constitution of the patient, and 
 her mode of living. All that can give rest or relief, is 
 to administer things to strengthen the blood. Filings 
 of iron steeped in v,-'me, sundue, goldthread, rue, bur- 
 dock-seeds, and mustard-seed, pulverized and put into 
 brandy, is a superior medicine in cold, phlegmatic tem- 
 peraments. These hysteric fits differ according to the 
 nature of the patient ; therefore the medicine that will 
 help one will hurt another. Sanguine persons cannot 
 bear spirit or cordial, but must have such as tend to 
 quench, in some degree, the animal spirits, as asafoetida, 
 castor, and all foetid medicines, used in pills, with aloes 
 and myrrh. Let these be given as an attenuativc 
 every night. If the person be pale, of a cold, phleg- 
 matic constitution, give ens. veneris, and a .preparation 
 of steel, dissolved ; also, ens. veneris, given in powder, 
 two or three grains at a time, every morning, and a tea 
 of rue, sage, pennyroyal, and sweet flagroot, in brandy, 
 is good. Hysteric women generally obtain their dis- 
 ease by taking cold in their feet, which stops their 
 menses or courses, and, in a few months, brings on 
 spasms, accasioned by a suffocation of the womb. 
 These fits are exceedingly violent, and will not be cured 
 until blood-root in powder is mixed with brandy and 
 taken. A spoonful every morning, taken by a phleg- 
 matic girl, will abate the disorder, and cure the fits aris- 
 ing from that cause. But should the fits happen from 
 some other cause, as too much relaxation, which is often 
 the case, and at the same time the woman have her 
 menses once a fortnight or oftener, than they are to be 
 cured by Peruvian bark, sloe-root bark, or fungus. 
 
 Rabes, or Htjdrophohia. — This is a sort of a dis- 
 order occasioned by the bite of a mad dog, or the saliva 
 of some animal which is in rage with this disease. 
 This poison is very strong, so that the cure is difl&cult 
 after the madness has come on ; but as soon as the 
 bite is made, it may be drawn out by many things, as 
 onions beat up with salt and applied to the wound, jalap 
 
DOCTOR AT HOME. . 79 
 
 pounded, put on, and often shifted, till the saliva be 
 drawn out. Give intcrniilly snakeroot and camphor, 
 some burn the place with liot iron. Others apply a 
 cupping-glass. All that have a great dread of water 
 die of this disorder. 
 
 Incubus, or Nightmare. — This disease is generally 
 well understood in its effects and symptoms. It is not 
 mortal, though by some supposed to be so ; however, 
 it often degenerates into apoplexy. The best cure is, 
 live temperately and eat light suppers, using anti- 
 flatulents, as anise-seed, burdock-seed, and mustard 
 seed, steeped in spirits and taken at night. 
 
 Coug-fi Compound. — For the cure of coughs, colds, 
 asthma whooping-cough, and all diseases of the lungs : 
 One spoonful of common tar, 3 spoonfuls of honey, the 
 yollc of 3 hen's eggs, and 1-2 pint of wine ; beat the 
 tar, eggs, and honey well together ; then add the wine, 
 and beat all together with a knife, and bottle for use. 
 A tea-spoonful every morning, noon and night, before 
 eating. 
 
 Canker Cure. — Take one large spoonful of soft 
 water, 2 tea-spoonfuls of honey, 2 of loaf sugar, 3 of 
 powdered sage, 2 of powdered gold-thread, and 1 of 
 alum. Stir up all together ; put into a vessel, and let 
 it simmer moderately over a steady fire. An oven is 
 better. Then bottle for use. Give a tea-spoonful oc- 
 casionally through the day. 
 
 Piles. — Make an ointment of equal parts of sage, 
 parsley, burdock, and chamomile leaves, simmer half an 
 hour in fresh butter or sweet oil and lard ; then rub 
 the parts affected with it, and drink half a gill of tar 
 water twice a day ; if the piles are inward, take the 
 same quantity of tar water, and half a small glass of 
 the essence of fir each night, on going to bed. Con- 
 tinue this course two months, and it will do you more 
 good than all the quack medicines in existence. 
 
 Dysentery.— in dise:jscs of this kind, the Indians 
 use the root and leaves of the blackberry bush — a de- 
 
80 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 coction of which in hot water, well boiled down, is taken 
 in doses of a gill before each meal, and before retiring 
 to bed. It is an almost infallible cure. 
 
 Pain in the Breast or Side. — The Indian remedy 
 for this is, two pounds of fir boughs, a quarter of a 
 pound of spikenard, half a pound of red clover, and a 
 gallon of sweet cider, boiled to three pints. Drink 
 half a gill of the mixture each night on going to bed. 
 and morning, on getting up. 
 
 Convulsion Fits. — Make a strong tea of the root 
 called convulsion root, and take it in doses of a half 
 pint, whenever there is any appearance of the fit com- 
 ing on. 
 
 Inward Ulcers. — Take a quarter of a pound of sas- 
 safras root bark, a quarter of a pound of colt's foot 
 root, two ounces of gum myrrh, two ounces of winter 
 bark, and two ounces of succatrine aloes ; boil them 
 well in four quarts of spirits, and drink a small glass 
 every morning, fasting. 
 
 Sore Eyes. — A teaspoonful of sugar of lead, same 
 quantity of white vitriol, and two ounces of gunpowder, 
 mixed well together in a quart of soft water, applied 
 to the eyes as a wash three times a day for a week, will 
 cure the most inveterate cases. 
 
 Numb Palsy. — Bleed the patient freely, if it be pos- 
 sible, and administer a table-spoonful of sulphur every 
 hour, continually bathing the numb parts with spirits 
 of hartshorn. Boil a pound of roll brimstone in four 
 quarts of water, until it is reduced to one quart ; then 
 give a table spoonful every hour. If you commence 
 the course early, the complaint will soon yield. 
 
 Flying Rhenmatism. — A quarter of a pound each 
 of prince's pine tops, horse radish roots, elecampane 
 roots, prickly ash bark, sweet bark oflF the roots, pill 
 of white pine turpentine every day, which will have 
 the effect of healing the blood vessels from which the 
 blood escapes. 
 
DOCTOR AT HOME. » 81 
 
 Recipes 
 
 The following recipes accompany this system of 
 practice, one of which is worth more than twenty times 
 the cost of this book. 
 
 These preparations should be made and kept on 
 hand by every family. The expense is but little, and, 
 in sudden cases, the patient may die before they can be 
 obtained ; and besides, age improves their quality, pro- 
 vided they are kept from the air, by being tightly 
 corked in bottles. 
 
 Rheumatic Oil. — This is made by taking two ounces 
 of sweet oil and one of cajeput, and shaking them well 
 together. 
 
 Soothing Lotion. — Two quarts of alcohol, six ounces 
 fine castile soap, one ounce of camphor, one ounce 
 laudanum, one ounce rosemary. 
 
 Dysentery Specific — 'particularly for Bloody Dys- 
 entery in Adults and Children. — Take one pound gum 
 arable, one ounce gum tragacanth, dissolved in two 
 quarts of soft water, and strained. Then take one 
 pound of cloves, half pound cinnamon, half pound all- 
 spice, and boil in two quarts of soft water, and strain. 
 Add it to the gums, and boil all together over a 
 moderate fire, and stir into it two pounds of loaf sugar. 
 Strain the whole again when you take it off, and when 
 it is cool, add to it half a pint sweet tincture rhubarb, 
 and a pint and a half of best brandy. Cork it tight in 
 bottles, as the gums will sour, if exposed ; if corked 
 properly, it will keep for years. 
 
 This is very useful in bowel diseases among children. 
 Every family should take pains to make it ; they should 
 not think of passing a summer without it in the house, 
 ready for use. Many persons, by its use, have been 
 raised from the very brink of the grave. 
 
 Invalid Cordial. — An excellent article to strength- 
 en and restore the tone of the stomach. It prevents 
 faintness or a sinking feeling at the stomach, and for 
 persons subject to low and depressed spirits, it affords 
 great relief It is made thus : 
 
 G 
 
82 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Dissolve of gum arable 2 oz. in 1 pint of rain water, 
 and add 1 1-2 wine-glass of best brandy ; take a table- 
 spoonful three or four times a day. 
 
 Balm of Life. — This is a most excellent medicine 
 for consumptive complaints. It is very good for pain 
 m the stomach or side, or for a feverish stomach ; it 
 strengthens weak lungs, and helps the whooping-cough. 
 It is a relief from suffering, in nearly all diseases. 
 
 It is made thus : Gum benzoin 4 oz., gum storax 
 callintee 3 oz., balsam tolu 1 oz., gum aloes, sucatine, 
 1 1-2 oz., gum myrrh 1 1-2 oz., root of angelica 2 os., 
 tops of Johnswort 2 oz. Pound all these together, and 
 put them into about three pounds of rectified spirits of 
 wine, in a glass bottle. Let them stand in the spirits 
 four weeks in a moderate heat ; shake them once a day, 
 strain it off, and it is fit for use. If the gums are not 
 all dissolved, add a little more spirits to the same ; 
 shake it, and let it stand as before. The patient should 
 take from 12 to 15 drops in a glass of wine, in the 
 morning, before eating. 
 
 For Cleansmg and Purifying the Blood. — Take 
 1 lb. sarsaparilla, 1-2 lb. guaiacum shavings, 1 oz. sas- 
 safras, 1-2 lb. elder-fiowers, 1-2 lb, alder-buds, 1-2 lb. 
 burdock-root ; put all these together, and add 2 quarts 
 boiling water to one third of it. Take a wine-glass- 
 ful three times a day, and a dose of pills twice a week. 
 
 Head-ache Drops. — For the cure of nervous, sun, and 
 sick head-ache, take 2 quarts alcohol, 3 oz. castile soap, 
 1 oz. camphor, and 2 oz, ammonia. Bathe forehead 
 and temples. 
 
 For Strengthe7iing and Invigorating the Nei'ves. 
 — 1 oz. juniper berries, 2 oz. orris root, 1 oz. bitter 
 bugle, 3 oz. chamomile flowers ; break them up fine, 
 steep 1 table-spoonful in half a pint of boiling water, 
 and drink it through the day. Take a dose of pills 
 twice a week, 
 
 A Shnmk Sinew, or Stiff Joint. — Mix half an ounce 
 each of green melilor, yellow^ besilicon. oil of amber, 
 
DOCTOR AT HOME. 83 
 
 and a piece of blue vitriol as large as a thimble, well 
 together, simmer over a slow fire, to the consistency of 
 salve, in two ounces of lard ; apply the salve (rubbing 
 it in well each time to the shrunken part, and the joint 
 next above it), at least three times a day. 
 
 Cancer of the Breast 
 
 It is indeed a sad reflection, that woman, from the 
 performance of duties most endearing to her offspring, 
 should become the frequent victim of the most intract- 
 able diseases that afllict her. Cancer of the breast, 
 although it occasionally originates in males and un- 
 married females, is far more frequent among those who 
 are nursing, or have nursed, one or more children. It 
 is most likely to show itself between the thirtieth 
 and forty-fifth years ; the cases increasing in frequency 
 as the female approaches the cessation of the menstru- 
 ating period. 
 
 Symptoms. — The first apearance of cancer is gener- 
 ally that of a small tumor, the size of a cranberry, 
 situated deep in the substance of the breast. This, if 
 taken hold of and handled freely between the thumb 
 and two fingers, will be found perfectly movable with 
 the substance or mass of the breast, and more or less 
 hard. If not removed, and it really be a cancer, it 
 gradually becomes immovable, from attachment to the 
 parts beneath it, larger, harder, and more or less pain- 
 t'ul. All these characteristics increase, with greater 
 or less rapidity, until the skin becomes congested and 
 attached to the tumor, and alters in its hue, growing 
 redder and more tense ; the tumor then attaches itself 
 to the body, and becomes immovable — increases in size, 
 either on one side, elevating that part of the breast into 
 an irregular surface, or it surrounds the nipple, swal- 
 lowing it up as it were in itself. The pain becomes of 
 a cutting or lancinating kind, and it gradually opens 
 and discharges a thin and unhealthy sort of bloody 
 matter. When the disease has proceeded to this ex- 
 
84 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 tent, its further progress, with affection of the general 
 health, is rapid. 
 
 Remedy. — This is one of those diseases which it 
 is almost impossibe to cure. Its progress, however, 
 may sometimes be retarded, and some of its most disa- 
 greeable symptoms mitigated, by proper applications. 
 One misfortune attending the disease is, that the un- 
 happy patient often conceals it too long. Were proper 
 means used in due time, a cancer might often be 
 prevented ; but after the disorder has arrived at a 
 certain height, it often sets all medicine at defiance. 
 
 The fact respecting a cancer, however, is this ; it is 
 canker making its appearance in one part of the body, 
 showing that the whole body is more or less affected 
 with the same. Many appearances in the body are 
 called cancers, which are only warts or things which 
 never injure the system ; and often men have the name 
 of curing a cancer, when they have only removed some- 
 thing else. A real cancer may be taken out, but this 
 can never cure the disease in the person, for it is in 
 every part, more or less. To cure a real cancer, whether 
 the common kind, or what is called a rose cancer, the 
 whole system must first be cleared of canker. When 
 this is done, there is nothing left to support what is 
 called the cancer. 
 
 My method of curing is, first to clear the system 
 with the emetic, &,c., giving powders, bitters, &,c., to 
 help the digestion ; and continue this course until the 
 whole body is cleared of what makes and supports the 
 cancer. While attending to this, apply the cancer 
 plaster, which goes into the sore, and lessens it. The 
 cancer eats the plaster, instead of being eaten out by 
 the plaster. When the plaster is all gone from the 
 soft leather or bladder on which it is spread, more must 
 be put on, until a cure is performed. This is a very 
 simple, safe, and generally effectual remedy. The best 
 cancer plaster with which I have any knowledge, is the 
 extract of clover. [See, also, a new and wonderful 
 cure for cancer, p 14.] 
 
PART IX. 
 
 MEDICAL QUALITIES OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 
 
 It is not to be doubted but that every country con- 
 tains the best remedies for its own diseases. North 
 America, for its botanical remedial agents, is perhaps 
 exceeded by no other land ; and as an old practitioner 
 remarks : " Instead of sending our ships to foreign 
 climes after costly, unnatural medicines, why is it that 
 we do not open our eyes on the vegetable kingdom 
 around us, and accept at our own doors, without money 
 or price, those natural remedies which the God of 
 nature has planted for us, as being more congenial to 
 our constitutions ? What, then, is the use, in the 
 name of common sense, of importing Peruvian bark 
 from South America, when the common dogwood (Cor- 
 nus Florida) of our own country produces the same 
 effect ? Or of sending to Europe for Spanish flies, 
 when the American potato fly is far superior, and will 
 draw a blister without producing strangury, which the 
 Spanish fly is very apt to do." 
 
 In the following, the reader will find briefly described 
 the most important plants and roots, together with 
 their medical properties, and how to use and apply 
 them. 
 
 Black Alder {Alnus Nigra). — Grows in moist places, 
 and frequently sends up several slender stalks to the 
 height of ten feet ; it bears a red berry. It is tonic 
 and antiseptic, and is therefore good to stop mortifica- 
 tion. For this purpose drink a decoction, or tea, of 
 the inner bark, and uiake a poultice of the same and 
 
86 UNIVERSAL GVIDK. 
 
 apply externally. It is somctitoes called Virginia win- 
 ter berry. 
 
 Alum Root {Heiichera Americana). — The root is a 
 powerful astringent, and much better than gum kino, 
 which is brought from Africa. It is used in hemor- 
 rhage, or bleeding from weakness, such as flooding, 
 whites, <fcc. It is good for the gravel, and is used as a 
 gargle for sore mouths. It is proper to be put into 
 spirits, or instead of that, the powder or tea may be 
 given. The Indians apply it to wounds, ulcers, and 
 cancers. 
 
 Angelica, — This is well known. It grows in marshy 
 woods and hedges, flowering in June and July, and is 
 frequently cultivated in our gardens. The root of 
 angelica is strengthening and aromatic ; it is good for 
 colic arising from wind in the stomach and bowels. 
 One or two tea-spoonfuls of the powdered root is a 
 dose. Or it may be used in a decoction, and dogwood 
 berries or bark may be steeped with it. One gill is a 
 dose, three or four times a day. 
 
 Thorn Apple {Datura Stramonium). — It is also 
 called French apple, stink-weed, &c. It gi*ows to the 
 height of two or three feet, flowers in July and Au- 
 gust ; the apple or pod is large, egg-shaped, and cov- 
 ered with sharp thorns. It has a very disagreeable 
 smell. It is used internally for apoplexy, epilepsy, 
 mania, chronic rheumatism, and diflicult menstruation, 
 in the form of an extract^ which is made by exposing 
 the juice of the plant to the heat of the sun ; or, boil 
 the plant in water four hours, strain ofiF the liquor, 
 simmer down to a syrup without taking off the scum, 
 then pour it into an earthen vessel, which is now to be 
 kept in a warm oven until it becomes thick. The dose 
 is one or two grains once a day, increasing very gradu- 
 ally. It is a very active medicine, and when taken 
 internally must be used with the greatest caution. 
 
 Externally, it is used on fresh wounds, bruises, 
 scalds, burns, piles, ulcers, and cancers, in the form ot 
 
MEDICAL aUALITIES OF ROUTS AND HERBS. 87 
 
 ointment, which is made b}' simmering slowly the fresh 
 leaves bruised in hog's lard, with about one-eighth part 
 of beeswax, for one hour, and then straining it through 
 u coarse cloth. 
 
 Arroiv-Root {Maranta Arundinacea — Is cultivated 
 in the United States, and those who do not cultivate it, 
 will find that it is for sale at almost every druggist 
 store. A table-spoonful makes a pint of the finest 
 jelly in nature, and is the most nutritious and harm- 
 less food that can be for sick persons, especially in 
 bowel complaints. 
 
 To make the jelly, add as much cold water to a tea- 
 spoonful as will make it into a thin paste ; then pour 
 on boiling water, stirring it at the same time till it 
 becomes a clear jelly ; nutmeg and sugar, with a little 
 wine or lemon juice, may then be added. But for 
 children it is better to give it with new milk. 
 
 Asarum, or Swamp Asarabacca. — Grows in low 
 grounds ; has but two leaves rising from the root — the 
 flowers are purple and bell-shaped, and proceed from 
 between the leaves. It has a nauseous, bitter taste. 
 From a half to a table-spoonful of the powdered root, 
 operates upwards and downwards. Steeped in boiling 
 water, a table-spoonful may be given every half hour 
 for hooping cough. In the dose of a tea-cupful three 
 times a day it promotes the menses, or courses. 
 
 Avens Root ( Gejium Urhanum). — Grows a foot 
 high, near fences, blossoms in July, white or yellowish, 
 and smells very much like cloves. Two handfuis of 
 the root to a quart of spirits will make a tincture which 
 is an excellent remedy in all cases where tonics are 
 necessary. There is another kind, the water avens, 
 the blossoms of which are purplish, and appear in May, 
 but its properties are much the same as the preceding. 
 A decoction of it is good for a sore throat. It is also 
 used as a substitute for tea and cofi"ee. 
 
 Agrimony. — Grows two or three feet high, in 
 hedges, &.c. It blossoms in July, on long spikes 
 
00 UNIVERSAL GUIDK. 
 
 which are yellow, and the seeds of it in the fall of the 
 year are remarkable for sticking to the clothes. Some 
 people call it cuckold. In the form of tea it is a good 
 drink in fevers. The juice of this plant, sweetened 
 with honey, is an excellent medicine in the jaundice, 
 scurvy, and diarrhoea. A wine-glass full of the juice, 
 three times a day, is a proper dose. The herb is ap- 
 plied externally in fresh wounds. 
 
 Beech Drops ( Orohanche Virginiana). — Cancer root, 
 or broom-rape. It grows under beech trees six or eight 
 inches high, brittle, of a brown color, but no leaves ; 
 the root bulbous. It is disagreeably bitter tonic, and 
 astringent. The fresh bruised root externally applied 
 is celebrated for curing the cancer, ulcers, and St. 
 Anthony's fire. Internally it is good for convulsions, 
 and after physic has been taken for dysentery and 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 Bearberry [ArbiUus Uva Ursi). — Is a low evergreen 
 shrub, also called whortleberry, and wild cranberry. It 
 relieves the stone, gravel, courses of females, and also 
 catarrhs and consumptions. Make a tea of the leaves, 
 a handful to a pint of water, and take half a pint two 
 or three times a day. 
 
 Celandine {Chelidonium). — This plant grows by 
 I'^anning brooks, about two feet high ; the stalks have 
 larger joints than are common with other plants, and 
 are very easily broken. It is generally well known. 
 Twenty or thirty drops of the juice, or half a tea-spoon- 
 ful of the powdered root, in new milk, morning and 
 evening, is a cure for the dropsy, green sickness, and 
 cutaneous eruptions. The juice, rubbed in warts, ring 
 and tetter worms, completely removes them. Made 
 into an ointment or plaster, it is a good application for 
 piles, and eifectually cures the king's evil. 
 
 Five Fingers, or Citiqiiefoil {Potejitilla Rcptans). 
 — Creeps on the ground, with long slender tendrils like 
 strawberries. The leaves are of five parts, with in- 
 dented edires : tiic flowers are vellow ; and the root has 
 
MKDICAL aUALiTlFS OF ROOTS AND HKRBS. 89 
 
 a dark-brov,-n color, long and fibrous. It is a very good 
 tonic astringent. It relieves urinary complaints, fluxes, 
 sexual weakness, ague, and epilepsy. It is sometimes 
 used instead of tea. 
 
 Crawley^ or Fever Root. — It is found in the neigh- 
 borhood of beech drops. It has no leaves ; comes up 
 with a single stalk about a foot high, with numerous 
 pods around it that hang downwards, containing, when 
 ripe, an extremely fine seed. The appearance of the 
 root is a curiosity ; it is brittle, not so large as a quill, 
 and appears in strata or layers, like hands and fingers 
 on the top of each other, forming a bunch or cluster. 
 The powdered root mixed with molasses, adding a little 
 skunk cabbage and wild turnip root, will cure a cough 
 when nothing else will do it. After mixing up a 
 tea-cupful, take a tea-spoonful three or four times a 
 day. 
 
 Comfrey {ConsoUda). — Boiled in milk, is excellent 
 in the dysentery, bowel complaints, immoderate courses, 
 and other diseases. It isbeneficial in all cases attend- 
 ed with burning heat in urinary evacuations. A poul- 
 tice of the pounded root is good for wounds and inflam- 
 matory swellings. 
 
 Fever-few., Feather-few {Pyrethum Parthenu7n). — 
 Is an aromatic tonic. A decoction of the herb, in 
 hysterics and other female complaints, may be used to 
 advantage. 
 
 Elecampane {Iinila Helunuun). — In the form of 
 strong tea, made by boiling, it is good for hoarseness, 
 coughs, stoppage of urine, or of the courses of females. 
 It is also good for spitting blood, to destroy worms, 
 and to fasten loose teeth. 
 
 Blackberry. — The berry, when ripe, is known to be 
 pleasant and wholesome, and two handfuls of the root, in 
 three pints of milk or water, boiled down to a quart, in 
 the dose of a tea-cupful every two or three hours, has 
 often cured diarrhoea and dysentery, when the apothe- 
 cary's medicine has failed. 
 
90 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Dandelion {Leontodon Taraxacmn). — A decoction 
 of dandelion will correct an unhealthy state of the 
 stomach and liver, and procure an appetite. It is 
 diuretic, and very beneficial in jaundice. Given in the 
 form of extract in from three to five grain doses, three 
 time.s a day, and continued for a long time, has the 
 happiest effect upon the liver when its disease has 
 assumed a chronic form 
 
 Wild Turnip {Arum Tryphyllum). — Indian tur- 
 nip. Dragon root, wake robin, or cuckoo platit. By 
 some of these names it is well known to every one. . Its 
 virtues are destroyed by drying, and by too much 
 pounding. To use it as a medicine it should be 
 scraped, and mixed with something oily, sweet, and 
 mucilaginous. It is useful to old people, in cases of 
 asohma, coughs, dec. It is good for women who are 
 not regular, and a decoction of the root is used for eye- 
 water. 
 
 Blood Root {Sanguinaria Canadensis). — It is also 
 called red root, puccoon, Indian plant, &.C., and is 
 generally well known. The powdered root, from twenty 
 to thirty grains, is a powerful emetic. In smaller doses, 
 for ulcerous sore throats, croup, and hives, it is equal 
 to the Seneca snake-root ; and one or two grains every 
 two or three hours is an excellent diaphoretic in colds, 
 pleurisies, &,c. 
 
 Thorough-wort {Eupatorium Perfoliatum). Bone- 
 set, Crosswort, Thoroughstem, or Indian Sage, and 
 is so generally known by one of these names, that it 
 needs no description. A wine-glassful evsry two hours 
 of the warm decoction is beneficial in fevers, by excit- 
 ing a copious perspiration. In larger doses it proves 
 emetic, and in this way it is an excellent remedy for 
 the ague, to be given when the fit is coming on. When 
 taken cold, in small doses, it is very strengthening to 
 the stomach ; and the flowers, especially, are as good a 
 tonic bitter as the camomile flowers. 
 
MEDICAL QUALTTfRS OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 91 
 
 Indian Tobacco {I^obelia hijlata). Is generally 
 well known. It rises up one or two feet with branched 
 stems, fxml the flowers, of a pale blue color, appear in 
 July and August. The capsules or pods are inflated, 
 and filled with small seeds. Says the U. S. Dispensa- 
 tory, by Wood and Bache, Lobelia is emetic, and like 
 other medicines of the same class, is occasionally ca- 
 thartic, and in small doses, diaphoretic and expectorant. 
 It is also possessed of narcotic properties. The dis- 
 ease in which it has proved most useful is spasmodic 
 asthma, the paroxysms of which it often greatly miti- 
 gates, and sometimes wholly relieves, even when not 
 given in doses sufficiently large to produce active vom- 
 iting. In Cox's Dispensatory, page 400, the Rev. Dr. 
 Cutler says : " I had a tincture made from the fresh 
 plant, (Lobelia Inflata) ; and took care to have the 
 spirit fully saturated, which, I think, is important, In 
 a paroxysm of the asthma which perhaps was as severe 
 as I ever experienced, the difficulty of breathing ex- 
 treme, and after it had continued for a considerable 
 time, I took a table-spoonful. In three or four minutes 
 my breathing was as free as ever it was, but I felt no 
 nausea at the stomach. In ten minutes I took another 
 spoonful, which occasioned sickness. After ten min- 
 utes I took a third, which produced sensible effects 
 upon the coat of the stomach, and a very little mod- 
 erate puking, and a kind of prickly sensation through 
 the whole system, even to the extremities of the fingers 
 and toes. The urinary passage was perceptibly affected, 
 by producing a smarting sensation in passing urine, 
 which was probably provoked by stimulus upon the 
 bladder. But all these sensations very soon subsided, 
 and a vigor seemed to be restored to the constitution, 
 which I had not experienced for years." It will not 
 always do to take as much for a dose as Dr. Cutler 
 did, as some have been severely vomited with only a 
 tea-spoonful. 
 
 Wintergreen ( Gaultheria ProcuTiihens).— Moun- 
 tain tea, deerherry, grand ivy, spiceberry, are differ 
 
92 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 ent names for the same thing. It is useful in spas- 
 modic asthraa, in urinary, and in female weaknesses. 
 It relieves cramp from wind in the stomach, and the 
 juice boiled with sweet oil, wax and turpentine, makes 
 a salve, which is used to heal wounds. 
 
 Burdock {Arctium Lappa). — Operates gently on 
 the bowels, sweetens the blood, promotes sweat and 
 urine, and is used in rheumatic, scorbutic, and vene- 
 real diseases. Dose of the juice, a wine-glassful ; of 
 the decoction, half a pint, three times a day. 
 
 Pleurisy Root (Asclepias Deciimbens). — Some call 
 it white-root^ wind-root, flax-root, butterfly-weed, har- 
 vest flower, S^'c. It is a beautiful plant, growing two 
 or three feet high under fences, and on upland pas- 
 tures. The flowers are of a bright orange color, and 
 appear in July and August. These are succeeded by 
 long, slender pods, with a delicate kind of silk attached 
 to them ; the root is spindle, or carrot-shaped, of a 
 light brownish color outside, and white within. No 
 medicine is better than this in producing general and 
 plentiful perspiration, without heating the body, and 
 from this it derives its well-merited fame in curing 
 pleurisy, inflammation of the lungs, liver, and dysen- 
 tery ; but in these acute diseases, the stomach and 
 bowels should first be cleansed by a smart dose of 
 physic or emetic. A handful of the root is then to be 
 steeped in a quart of boiling water, and a tea-cupful 
 given every two or three hours. 
 
 Queen of the meadow {Eupatoritim Purpureum.) 
 
 — It is also called trumpet-roeed, gravel-weed. It 
 grows in hedges, and on the sides of meadows, about 
 four feet high ; the stalk is reddish, the flowers pur- 
 ple : the leaves are long, spear-shaped, and opposite 
 each other. A large handful of the roots boirled in 
 three pints of water, down to a quart, and given in 
 doses of a tea-cupful every two hours, is an excellent 
 remedy in the gravel, bloody urine, and suppressions 
 of urine ; it strengthens the urinary organs, and car- 
 ries off the water in droosv. 
 
MEDICAL QUALITIES OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 93 
 
 Ciaifa, or Poison Hemlock {Conium Maculatmn). 
 — Grows from three to six feet high, in moist and 
 shady places, resembling parsley, but the root resem- 
 bles the carrot. The stalk is round, smooth, hollow, 
 and marked with reddish, or brown spots. The under 
 side of the leaf is whitish green, the upper side dark 
 green. The flowers are white, heart-shaped, and con- 
 sist of five leaves. The seeds are greenish, fiat on one 
 side, convex on the other, and the convex side is marked 
 with five furrows. The smell of the plant resembles 
 the urine of a cat. It is of a narcotic nature, and 
 when taken in an over dose is a deadly poison. It is 
 used in fluxes, epilepsy, chronic rheumatism, jaundice, 
 cutaneous afl"ections, rickets, swelled testicals, cancer, 
 Bcrofulous affections, (fcc. The dose is from one to 
 three grains a day of the leaves, gradually increasing, 
 until it produces giddiness. The leaves should be col- 
 lected in June, dried quickly before a fire on tin plates, 
 and kept in well stopped phials, secluded from the light. 
 It may also be given in extract. Dose, two or three 
 grains twice a day, gradually increased until evidence 
 of its action upon the system is afforded. 
 
 Broad-Leaved Laurel [Kabnia Latifoli). — Grows 
 seven or eight feet high, in swamps, and moist rocky 
 pastures. The blossoms are white, and tinged with 
 red. An ointment made by simmering the leaves in 
 lard, is good for scald head, obstinate sores, and has 
 often cured the itch. There is another species called 
 narrow leave, or dwarf laurel. Both kinds are pois- 
 onous. 
 
 Sweet Jlag {Acorus Calamus). — This is known by 
 everybody by the name of Calamus. It is good for 
 wind colics in children, where there is no fever. 
 
 Rose Willoiv. — Grows on the banks of brooks or 
 rivers, or borders of meadows, about the size of an 
 apple tree, with a bunch in the top resembling a bunch 
 of roses ; gray colored bark outside, red within. A 
 large handful of bark boiled in three pints of water, 
 
94 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 down to a quart, is used for the gleet, whites, im 
 moderate flowing of the menses, and cutaneous erup- 
 tions. 
 
 Dogroood. — Grows fifteen or twenty feet high bear- 
 ing large white flowers, and is well known. It is a 
 powerful tonic, and is equal to the Peruvian bark. The 
 bark is used for the ague, either pulverized, or in tinc- 
 ture, or decoction ; and the Indians make use of the 
 flowers for the same purpose. 
 
 Dwarf Elder. — This plant dies every year, and 
 rises afresh in the spring, with a four-square, rough, 
 prickly stalk, three or four feet high. The flowers are 
 white, with a dash of purple, standing in umbels on the 
 top of the stalk, and terminating in reddish or dark 
 colored berries. The root creeps under the upper 
 crust of the ground, as large as the finger, and springs 
 up again in difi"erent places. It colors the hair black ; 
 is a powerful diuretic, and has acquired great frame in 
 curing the dropsy. It is used in decoction. 
 
 American Gentain. — It grows on the side of roads, 
 in waste pastures, two or three feet high. The stem 
 is strong and erect, and the leaves are spearshaped, 
 somewhat like common milk-weed. But the leaf sur- 
 rounds the stalk like thoroughwort, and at the junction 
 of the leaf with the stalk, on the upper side, yellow 
 flowers appear which terminate in bitter berries, con- 
 taining the seed. It is better than imported gentian ; 
 not only is it a tonic, but it corrects unhealthy secre- 
 tions, and produce that healing efiect upon the lungs 
 and liver, which no other medicine can do. 
 
 Sampson Snake-root. — Grows from one two or threo 
 feet high ; the leaves are dark green, and very smooth 
 on the under side. It blosoms about the last of August 
 or the first of September, bearing circular, pale blue 
 flowers on the top of the stalk. The roots are fibrous, 
 of an agreeable taste, running near the surface, from 
 which in the fall, red sprouts are found shooting up to 
 form the stalk. It is used in debility of the nervous 
 
MEDICAL DUALITIES OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 95 
 
 system ; a •wine-glassful of the tincture, or more of the 
 (itcoction, three times a day. 
 
 Fox Glove. — It grows to the height of two or more 
 feet, and its leaves are large, egg-shaped, notched like 
 a saw, and covered with hairs. The blossoms are of a 
 beautiful purple color, hanging downwards in a row 
 along one side, which are compared with the fingers of 
 a glove, and in the inside are elegantly mottled with 
 spots like little eyes. When taken in large doses, 
 digitalus produces vomiting, purging, dimness of sight, 
 vertigo, delirium, hiccough, convulsions, collapse, and 
 death. Cordials and stimulants are the best antidotes. 
 As a medicine it diminishes the frequency of the pulse, 
 lessens the irritability of the system, increases the dis- 
 charge of urine, and the action of the absorbents. In 
 small doses, therefore, it is good for inflammatory com- 
 plaints. Externally it has been applied for scrofulous 
 tumors. The powdered leaf may be given internally, 
 one grain twice a day, gradually increasing until it 
 produces some effect, and then stop. Or a decoction 
 may be used about as strong as common tea, in tho 
 dose of a tea-spoonful every two or three hours. It is 
 cultivated in some of our gardens. 
 
 Tobacco. — It is emetic, cathartic, sudorific, diuretic, 
 expectorant, narcotic, and anti-spasmodic. Two or three 
 tea-spoonsful of tobacco infusion, mixed with half a 
 pint of gruel, and used as injection, will afford relief in 
 violent colics, when the bowels cannot be moved by any 
 other physic. 
 
 Mustard. — The pulverized seeds are a diffusible 
 stimulus. When taken whole, in the dose of a table- 
 spoonful or more, they produce a gentle evacuation, 
 without weakening the stomach and bowels. 
 
 Mallou's. — Grows in almost every door-yard. There 
 are two kinds, but the properties of both are the same. 
 It is mucilaginous, and useful in dysenteries, gravel, 
 stranguary, and scalding urine. 
 
96 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Oak hark. — Either black or red oak bark is tonic, 
 astringent, and powerfully antiseptic. It is good in all 
 cases where Peruvian bark is good, and may be used 
 in decoction internally and externally. 
 
 Deadly Nightshade [Atropa Belladonna). — Grows 
 two or three feet high among rubbish and uncultivated 
 places. The berries are very plump and round, first 
 green, then changing to red, and when ripe, of a shining 
 black. This poisonous plant has performed great cures 
 in palsy, epilepsy, jaundice, dropsy, and cancer. A 
 half a grain of the powdered root or leaves is sufficient 
 to begin with. Or, infuse twenty grains in a pint of 
 boiling water ; strain it when cool ; and one or two 
 table-spooufuls once a day is a dose. The leaves are 
 applied externally to the cancerous tumors and ulcers. 
 
 Camomile. — A warm decoction of the flowers in 
 large quantities, will act as an emetic ; in small doses, 
 taken cold, it is an excellent tonic to strengthen the 
 stomach. 
 
 Americaji Ipecac^ or Indian Physic {Spiraea Tri- 
 foleata.) — Grows about two or three feet high in low 
 woods and meadows, and is very common in all parts 
 of the country. It is equal to foreign ipecac. Thirty 
 or forty grains of the pulverized root act as an emetic ; 
 in the dose of five or six grains every two hours it 
 acts as a sudorific. Or, a handful of the fresh root 
 may be infused in a pint of boiling water, and a small 
 tea-cupful, taken every fifteen or twenty minutes, until 
 it produces vomiting. 
 
 Rhubarb Root [Radix Rhei). — It is generally cul- 
 tivated in our gardens for the sake of the stalks, which 
 are made jnto excellent pies ; the root, however, is of 
 great efficacy in some diseases. Six to ten grains are 
 astringent and strengthening to the stomach. In larger 
 doses, from a scruple to half a dram, it is first purga- 
 tive, and then astringent. It is, therefore, an excellent 
 medicine for diarrhoea and dysentery, because it evac- 
 
MEDICAL dUALITIES OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 97 
 
 tiates any acrid matter that may be offending the bowels, 
 before it acts as an astringent. 
 
 Mandrake^ or Mat/ Apple {Podophyllum Peltatum)- 
 — Needs no description. It is an excellent purgative, 
 in doses from ten to thirty grains, or double that quan- 
 tity in a gill of water, or equal quantities of the man- 
 drake juice and molasses may be mixed, and a table- 
 spoonful taken every hour or two until it operates. 
 The Indians gather the root in autumn, when' the 
 leaves turn yellow, dry it in the shade, and pulverize 
 it for use, 
 
 CoWs Foot {Asarum Canadense). — Is generally 
 known. Boiling injures it. Better put it into spirits. 
 A strong tea, made by steeping, brings out a moisture 
 on the skin, and strengthens the stomach. 
 
 Bittersweet {Solanum Dulcamara). — Grows in 
 hedges, and climbs upon other bushes Avith winding, 
 woody stalks. The flowers are in clusters, of a blue 
 purple color, appearing in June and July, and always 
 turning against the sun. The berries are red. It 
 operates by sweat, urine, and stool, and is good in 
 acute rheumatism, jaundice, scurvy, obstruction of the 
 menses and cutaneous disorders. A tea-cupful of the 
 tea may be taken twice a day. Or, steep four ounces 
 of the twigs in vinegar, adding a little flaxseed, make a 
 good poultice for hard swellings. An open cancer has 
 been cured by applying the juice and leaves. 
 
 Pokeweed {Phytolacca Decandra). — It is very ac- 
 tive and operates as an emetic and cathartic. If an 
 ounce of the root steeped in a pint of wine, two table- 
 spoonfuls will operate well as a puke. In smaller doses 
 it is an excellent remedy for rheumatism and several 
 other affections where mercury is used. A decoction of 
 the leaves is used externally for the piles, and an oint- 
 ment made by simmering a handful of the root or leaves 
 in a pint of lard, adding a little beeswax, is applied to 
 cancers and ulcers. 7 
 
98 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Sumach, or Shoemakc {Rhus Capallinum). — It is 
 well known. An infusion or tea of the seeds, sweeten- 
 ed with hone)^, makes a good gnrgle for sore throat, 
 and for cleansing the mouth in typhus fever. The inner 
 bark of the root in decoction, externally as a wash, or 
 taken internally, is one of the most powerful vegetable 
 antiseptics which our country produces. It is fre- 
 ijuently used in hectic scrofulous complaints. 
 
 Slippery Elm, ( Ulmus Americana). — By infusing 
 the bark in water it produces a nourishing jelly, which 
 is capable of supporting life without any other food. 
 It is beneficial in fevers ; and Dr. Grrant, who acquired 
 great celebrity in the cure of dysentery, has declared 
 that he is indebted for that reputation to the use of 
 this mucilaginous jelly. Externally applied it prevents 
 mortification ; and as an emollient poultice for swellings, 
 it is better than bread and milk, or flax-seed. 
 
 Poplar {Liriodendriim, TuUpifera). — Poplar bark 
 is a very strong, bitter tonic, and aromatic. It is used 
 in the ague ; in dysentery, after the bowels are cleans- 
 ed by physic, and finally in all cases of debility, it 
 has the same effect as Peruvian bark. 
 
 Sanicle, Black Snake-root [Sanicida Marilaiidica). 
 — It is a cordial, stimulating, and diaphoretic medicine, 
 and is used in complaints of debility to renovate and 
 strengthen the system. It is generally found in mead- 
 ows, bears a number of burs on the top, the root is 
 dark colored, and has an agreeable strong smell. 
 
 Sknnk Cabbage. — Grows ten or twelve feet high, 
 by the side of rivers, lakes, or ponds. The berries 
 hang in bunches, about the size of a white bean, con- 
 taining a kind of stone, and when ripe they are black, 
 of a sweetish taste. In the hectic fever attending 
 complaints of the lungs and breast, a tea made of the 
 bark is more effectual as a febrifuge than anything 
 else yet known. 
 
 Tansy ( Tanacetnni Vidgare). — Relieves hysterical 
 affections. A wine-glassful of tansy juice will throw 
 
MEDICAL QUALITIES OF ROOTS AND HERBS. 99 
 
 off an ague fit, if taken a few minutes before the at- 
 tack. 
 
 WorTnwood {Artimisia Absinthium). — Is also well 
 known. A handful to a quart of boiling water, in the 
 dose of a tea-cupful, or a tea-spoonful of the powdered 
 leaves three times a day, is excellent for worms, hys- 
 terics, weakness of the stomach, difficult menstruation, 
 intermittents, jaundice and dropsy. Externally, as a 
 poultice, it is good for bruises, <fec. 
 
 Horse- Radish {Cochlearia Armoracea). — This is an 
 
 anti-scorbutic and stimulating medicine. It may be 
 taken either in substance or infused in wine, for the 
 scurvy, dropsy, palsy, chronic rheumatism, &c. An 
 infusion of horse-radish in milk is the best cosmetic 
 for the ladies, and, steeped in vinegar, it removes frec- 
 kles from the face. ^ 
 
 King^s Evil Weed. — Grows in the woods, some- 
 what like a plantain, but the leaves are smaller, spotted, 
 green and white, and a single stalk runs up from the 
 middle of the plant six or eight inches high, bearing 
 on the top a small round bud. It is considered an 
 infallible cure for King's evil. Make a poultice of the 
 Avliole plant, and apply it to the swelling, and use a tea 
 of the same for constant drink. 
 
 Oak of Jerusalem, or Wormseed {Chenopdittm 
 Anthelmenticnm,). — This is a vermifuge or anthelmin- 
 tic medicine, that is good to destory worms. A table- 
 spoonful of the juice of the plant expressed or squeezed 
 out in a dose. The seed may be boiled in milk ; give 
 a wine-glassful. Or one or two tea-spoonfuls of the 
 seed itself may be mixed with molasses or honey, and 
 given to a child two or three years old, on an empty 
 stomach, twice a day, and continued several days. 
 
 American Senna {Cassia Marilandica). — Grows 
 well in this country, is very easily raised from the 
 seeds, and ought to be cultivated in every garden. It 
 IS well known as a physic for children ; a handful of 
 
100 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 the leaves to a pint of hot water, ami a teacupful oi 
 less every hour or two, till it operates. 
 
 Yelloio Dock. — Is very effectual in cleansing the 
 blood of humors. An open cancer has been cured by 
 applying the narrow-leaved dock as a fomentation and 
 poultice, and by drinking each day from a pint to a 
 quart of the decoction. 
 
 Gravel Weed. — Grows on dry land where winter- 
 green is found. The stalk rises not much from the 
 ground, but runs along and takes a new root. The 
 leaf is oval, of a pale green, thick and rough, but not 
 hairy, as wide as a spoon bowl, but not so long, and 
 bears a small white blossom. It grows in little beds 
 or mats, like camomile, with the leaves thick together, 
 almost one on the top of the other. It is injured by 
 boiling. An infusion of the leaves and vines in hot 
 water, is said to be an effectual cure for gravel in the 
 kidney, or stone in the bladder. The use of it must be 
 continued for some time. 
 
 Sarsaparilla [Smilax Sarsaparilla). — It is good 
 for impurity of the blood, and is used for scrofula, rheu- 
 matism, disorders of the skin, &c. If used in decoc- 
 tion, a large handful of the root may be boiled away 
 one third in a quart of water, or two drams of the 
 powder, or one of the extract, may be given three or 
 four times a day. 
 
 Beth Root {Trillium Rhomboydum). — Orrows 
 about a foot high, three oval leaves at the top of the 
 stalk, and one flower of a purple color, bell-shaped, 
 which produces a small berry, containing the seed. 
 The root is brown, bulbous, and full of small fibres. 
 It is tonic, astringent, aud antiseptic. A tea-spoonful 
 of the powdered root, three or four times a day, is used 
 in spitting blood, immoderate courses, and bloody 
 urine. A poultice of the root is applied to putriO 
 ulcers, and to stop mortification. 
 
 Tag Alder. — The bark of the roots boiled in cider, 
 is the best thing to cleanse the blood in the spring of 
 
MEDICAL DUALITIES OF ROOTS AND iiERBS. 101 
 
 the year. Take a tea-cupful every hour or two, until 
 it operates as physic. 
 
 Lungwort {Lichen). — Is a thin shell or skin re- 
 sembling the lungs, which grows on the bark of the 
 white-oak tree. A handful to a quart of boiling water, 
 may be used as a common drink for consumption and 
 hooping cough. 
 
 Ladies Slipper. — Is well known. A decoction of 
 the root is a febrifuge (a remdy for fever), and a fine 
 regulating medicine in female complaints. 
 
 Rattlesnake's Plantain. — Grows in almost every 
 meadow. The leaf is more notched and smaller than 
 the common plantain, and the root has a hot, peppery 
 taste. A poultice of the fresh pounded leaves is cele- 
 brated for curing the bite of a rattlesnake. 
 
 Blue Flag {Iris Pseudacorus). — Grows by the 
 brink of rivers, in swamps, and meadows ; blossoms in 
 July ; blue flowers, variegated with white, yellow, and 
 purple. A teaspoonful of the juice, diluted with water, 
 is an active cathartic, and the decoction for constant 
 drink is used in venereal complaints. 
 
 Sassafras {Laurus Sassafras). — It is an aromatic 
 or pleasant tonic. Sassafras, prickly ash, dogwood, 
 and American gentian, makes as powerful and as pleas- 
 ant a bitter as the foreign gentian, Colombo, Peruvian 
 bark, cloves and cinnamon, that we buy at the Drug- 
 gist's store. 
 
 River Willow. — An ointment to cure the salt-rheum 
 18 made from the bark of this root, blue flag, and skunk 
 cabbage roots. 
 
 Milkweed { Vincetoxicum). — It is sometimes called 
 silk weed, and is well known. A decoction of the 
 root in doses of a gill or more, three or four times a 
 day, has the reputation of being an effectual cure for 
 the dropsy, and beneficial in gravel, scrofula, and rheu- 
 matism. 
 
102 UNIVERSAL GUIDR. 
 
 Peach Tree {Amydalus Persica). — Both the leaves 
 and flowers ai-e excellent physic, and can easily be 
 gathered by every family. A tea-spoonful of a strong 
 infusion with boiling water, sweetened and taken every 
 hour or two, will operate mildly on the bowels, without 
 griping as senna does. Grown persons may take of 
 the infusion from a gill to half a pint, once in two or 
 three hours. 
 
 Valerian ( Valeriana OJJicinalis). — Grows abund- 
 antly near the Ohio river, two or three feet high ; the 
 leaves are in pairs, large, hairy, and of a dusky green 
 color. The flowers stand in large tufts on the tops of 
 the branches, of a pale, whitish-red color. The root 
 consists of a number of slender fibres, matted together, 
 and attached to one head ; it has a brown color, and 
 strong, unpleasant smell. Valerian root has long 
 been recommended by the most learned physicians as 
 a medicine of great use in debilities of the nervous 
 system, especially in hysterics and hypochondriasis. 
 Boiling injures it. The common dose is from a scruple 
 to a dram in powder. 
 
 Butternut Tree {Inglans Cinerea). — For diarrhoea, 
 dysentery, and costiveness, it is about the best physic 
 that grows. The bark of the root should be collected 
 in May or June ; after cleaning, cutting, and bruising, 
 should have eight times its weight of water added to it ; 
 it should then be boiled to one half, strained through a 
 thick cloth, and afterwards evaporated to the consist- 
 ency of thick honey, at such a distance from the fire 
 that it shall not be burnt in the least. It may then be 
 dried in a warm oven until it will pill ; take from three 
 to five pills the size of a pea. 
 
 Ground Pine {Arthetica), — Grows in stony lands, 
 about six inches high, sends out many small branches, 
 with small, narrow, grayish leaves, somewhat hairy, 
 flowers of a pale color, growing from the joint of the 
 stalk among the leaves, terminating in small round 
 husks. It is used for the same purpose as blue cohosh. 
 Steep a handful of the leaves and flowers in a pint of 
 
MEDICAL aUALlTIKS OF HOOTS AND HERBS. 108 
 
 wine, and take a Tvine-glassful two or three times a 
 day. 
 
 Blue Cohosh {Caulophyllum JVialictrovides). — Is 
 an excellent remedy in rheumatism, dropsy, and ob- 
 structions of the menses or courses. A handful of the 
 root to a quart of boiling water — drink a tea-cupful 
 three or four times a day. Or put the same quantity 
 in a quart of spirits, and take a wine-glassful two or 
 three times a day. 
 
 White Popjpy {Papaver Somniferum). — The milky 
 juice that uxudes from the poppy, by drying away in 
 the sun, becomes pure opium. A decoction of the 
 plant, especially of the capsules or heads, boiled dov/n 
 to an extract, has the properties of opium, though it is 
 not so powerful. A strong decoction of dried poppy 
 heads, adding half the quantity of sugar or honey, and 
 then simmered slowly for an hour, is an excellent ano- 
 dyne for coughs, and breast complaints, in the dose of 
 a table-spoonful. 
 
 Peppermint {Mentha Piperita). — Is a diffusible 
 stimulant, good in flatulent colics, hysterics and vomit- 
 ing. In cholera morbus, peppermint steeped in spirits. 
 and the herb applied hot to the stomach and bowels, 
 will stop the puking, so that physic can be kept on the 
 stomach. 
 
 Charcoal of Wood {Carbo Ligni). — In fifteen or 
 sixteen cases of obstinate constipation of the bowels, 
 Dr. Daniel, of Georgia, iidministered three table-spoon- 
 fuls of pulverized charcoal every half hour, and in 
 about seventeen hours the bowels were freely evacu- 
 ated. It is slow, but sure. A table-spoonful two or 
 three times a day will remove costiveness. In smaller 
 doses it corrects a bad breath, and prevents putrid 
 belching of wind from the stomach. It is a powerful 
 antiseptic, or anti-mortification remedy. 
 
 Ergot., Smut Rye., or Spurred Rye {Secale Cornu- 
 tum). — Flooding has been checked, and suppression 
 of the courses has also been removed by Ergot. Boil 
 
104 
 
 UNIVERSAL GUinF. 
 
 gently thirty grains of the powder in half a pint of 
 water, and give one third of it every twenty minutes 
 to bring on effectual pains in lingering labors. When 
 the pains commence discontinue it. 
 
 Hops [Hiunulus LupiUus). — Contain an aromatic, 
 nu astringent, a. tonic, and a narcotic principle. The 
 first three are obtained by infusion (steeping) in water. 
 The second and third are also obtained by decoction, 
 (boiling,) but the first, or aromatic principle is then de- 
 stroyed, or driven off, and the fourth, or narcotic prin- 
 ciple is not obtained by steeping or boiling. As alco- 
 hol or spirits extracts all its virtues together, it is 
 better perhaps either to take the tincture, from a half 
 to a whole dram, once or twice a day, or the substance 
 itself, in powder, in the dose of three grains. It is 
 given as an anodyne in rheumatism and gout ; a pillow 
 of hops is used to procure sleep ; and an ointment of 
 the same has relieved the violent pain of cancer when 
 all other applications were ineffectual. 
 
 Sweet Fern {Poli/podiiwi, or Comptonia Aspleni- 
 folia). — Grows in woods and stony places, flowers from 
 June to October, and is well known. It is a powerful 
 medicine to expel the tapeworm, in the dose of a pint a 
 day of the decoction, or one or two tea-spoonfuls of the 
 powder; to be followed on the fifth day by a. dose of 
 some kind of physic. It is also good in chronic rheu- 
 matism, and a wash of it is considered beneficial in St. 
 Anthony's fire, and other cutaneous affections. 
 
 Meadow Saffron {Colchicum Autumnale. )~-Is of a 
 purgative, emetic, diuretic, and anodyne nature. The 
 bulb of the root and the seeds are used in gout, rheu- 
 matism, asthma, and dropsy. Colchicum root is dis- 
 tinguished by a small projection, like a nail or peg on 
 one side at the bottom part of the bulb, which makes it 
 totally different from every other bulbous root. In 
 July it is to be dug, sliced, and dried for use. An 
 ounce of the seed to a pint of wine — macerate foi 
 fourteen days, and filter through paper. Dose, one tea- 
 
COLLKCTIXCr AND PRKSKRVING VKGKTABLKS, 105 
 
 spoonful. The dose of tlfe dried bulb is from two to 
 eight grains, whieli rn;vy be repeated every four or six 
 hours, till the effects of the medicine are obtained. 
 
 Witch Hazel [Hannamelis Virglniana). — The 
 habits of this well known shrub are very singular ; it 
 blossoms in the fill after its leaves are destroyed by 
 frost, and the fruit thus exposed to the severity of 
 'winter, is not injured at all, and does not ripen until 
 autumn the next year, when it flowers again ; and then 
 ripe fruit and blossoms will be found on the same tree. 
 The twigs and flowers in decoction are esteemed a 
 valuable tonic, similar in virtue to good wine. 
 
 Prlckli/ Ash {Aralia Spmosa). A watery infusi.^a 
 of the inner bark is a good sudorific (sweating) meill- 
 cine, and removes the pains of chronic rheumatism. 
 The berries, sometimes called Indian cloves, are used 
 in the form of tincture with spirits for the toothache. 
 
 Directions for Collecting and Preserving Vege- 
 tables. 
 
 Rants — Should be gathered before the sap rises ia 
 the spring, or after it returns in autumn, and tnkeu 
 from the driest land where they grow. In washin.'.', 
 let them remain in the water as short a time as possible, 
 or dry them without washing, and clean with a brusii 
 afterwards. Virtue is retained, by keeping in dry sand. 
 
 Seeds and Fruits. — Are generally to be gathered 
 when ripe ; Sprouts, before the buds are open ; Stalks 
 in autumn, and Barks in spring and autumn. 
 
 Leaves and Flowers. — Should be gathered in dry 
 ■weather, after the dew is off, and while they are in full 
 vigor. They may be tied in small bundles and hung 
 up to dry ; but the better way is to dry them quicker, 
 by the gentle hen t of a stove or fire-place. 
 
 Warts. — Fi-equently wash them with a strong de- 
 coction of oak bark, or wet lunar caustic and rub it on 
 the warts a few time-*. 
 
PART X. 
 
 DISEASES OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Treatm,ent of Infants. — Many children are troubled 
 with a constant disease of the bowels. Some physi- 
 cians call it a " consumption of the bowels, chronic 
 dysentery, &c." Its symptoms are deformity, large- 
 ness of the head, suspension of growth, leanness and 
 emaciation, &.c. Such children, for want of proper 
 attention, often grow up sickly and deformed with the 
 rickets, and in after life unable to enjoy the blessings 
 of a pleasurable existence. 
 
 It is my belief, if they were fed frequently with the 
 syrup we give below, much of the evil, if not all, might 
 be prevented. It would expel the humors and impuri- 
 ties from their blood which they inherited from their 
 parents before them, and render them healthy and 
 happy. 
 
 Infants' Syrup. — The syrup is made thus : one 
 pound best box raisins, half an ounce of anise-seed, two 
 sticks liquorice ; split the raisins, pound the anise-seed, 
 and cut the liquorice fine ; add to it three quarts rain 
 water, and boil down to two quarts. Feed three or 
 four times a day, as much as the child will willingly 
 drink. The raisins are to strengthen, the anise is to 
 expel the wind, and the liquorice as a physic. This 
 syrup causes the humor to appear on the surface of 
 the body ; then rub on the green ointment, to kill the 
 humor as it makes its appearance. Apply bandages to 
 the joints that are weak, till they become strong. D() 
 not omit the salaeratus wash every day, and wash also 
 every day with the soothing lotion, mentioned in this 
 book. 
 
IJISK.ASF.S OF CHILDRKN. 107 
 
 Cholera Lifantiim.^This disease prevails during 
 tlie summer, and nttacks children from a week after 
 birth until two or three years old. It is attended with 
 vomiting — purging of green or yellow matter, of slime, 
 or of blood — attended with pain, swelling of the belly, 
 and heat of the skin, growing worse towards evening. 
 It is generally attributed to hot weather, and is aggra- 
 vated by teething or excessive use of fruit. 
 
 In this disease the stomach and bowels must be 
 evacuated, and afterwards give charcoal and magnesia, 
 or the latter alone. When there is much irritability, 
 clysters of flaxseed tea, mutton broth, and starch, with 
 a little laudanum in them, will give ease. Fomenta- 
 tions to the bowels and abdomen are useful. After the 
 violence of the symptoms are over, give the Peruvian 
 bark in powder or decoction, adding a little nutmeg. 
 Or, use a tea of avens, or hayberry-root, or the leaves 
 of red raspberry. The removal of children to the 
 countr}^ — abstaining from fruit — the use of flannel and 
 the cloth bath — are the means prescribed for preven- 
 tion. 
 
 Hiccups. — Hiccups generally arise from a sour stom- 
 ach, and may be cured by giving eight grains of pre- 
 pared chalk, mixed with two grains of rhubarb, in a 
 little gruel. 
 
 Griping and Flatulency. — Their presence is mani- 
 r<:^sted by continual crying, restlessness, and drawing 
 up thy legs. When attended by diarrhoea and given 
 stools, it is generally relieved by giving a few grains 
 of rhubarb and magnesia ; but if the pains are very 
 great, take of prepared chalk one scruple, tincture of 
 caraway seeds three drams, compound spirit of laven- 
 <ler one dram, peppermint-water two ounces, laudanum 
 five or six drops ; mix together and give two tea- 
 spoonfuls immediately, and as soon as the pain ceases, 
 a cathartic of caster-oil will be proper. The above 
 mentioned absorbent mixture may afterwards be con- 
 tinued occasiovally in smaller doses, omitting the laud 
 anum. 
 
108 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 The Tltriish. — The thrush makes its appearance by 
 little ulcerations in the mouth, tongue, &c., of a white 
 color, and sometimes of a yellow appearance. It is 
 owing to acidity or sourness of the stomach, and noth- 
 ing is better at first, than to give an emetic, and then 
 a little magnesia and rhubarb, with weak chicken-broth 
 as drink. T^he absorbent mixture will also be proper, 
 and if there is no looseness, give three or four grains 
 of rhubarb, cleansing the mouth and throat by gargles, 
 such as sage tea sweetened with honey, alum water, or 
 borax. The syrup of black currants may be given to 
 children in the thrush, in the dose of a tea-spoonful at 
 a time ; it is made by dissolving twenty-four ounces 
 of double refined sugar in one pint of th'i strained 
 juice, and boiling down to a syrup. 
 
 Cutaneous Eniptions. — All that can be done to 
 advantage is to keep the bowels open, and to guard 
 against cold, which might drive the eruption inward, 
 and occasion internal inflammation. If there should 
 be any sickness and vomiting, give the absorbent mix- 
 ture. 
 
 Diarrhma. — If the stools are green, this will be 
 relieved by a purgative of 4 or 5 grains of rhubarb, ac- 
 cording to the age of the child ; after its operation, the 
 absorbent mixture may be given. If the stools are 
 very frequent, slimy, or tinged with blood, it will then 
 be proper to give five grains of rhubarb every four or 
 six hours, and let the food be beef tea, sngo, isinglass 
 in milk, or calf's-foot jelly. The body should be wrap- 
 ped in warm flannel, and a small blister may also be 
 applied to the belly. 
 
 Falling doion of the Fundament. — Falling down of 
 the fundament happens frequently to children who cry 
 much, or have had a diarrhoea, or from straining on 
 going to stool. If the child be costive, give mild clys- 
 ters ; and if the gut be swelled or inflamed, foment 
 with warm milk, or decoction of oak bark, or wash fre- 
 
DISEASES OF CHILDREN. 109 
 
 quently with cold water. The parts are to be repLiced 
 by the finger, and supported by a truss, or bandage. 
 The internal use of tonics will also be proper. 
 
 , Dentition, or Cutting Teeth. — Leeches, or blisters, 
 may be applied behind the ears. The gums ought to 
 divided crosswise by a lancet, or sharp knife, and any 
 person can perform the operation as well as a doctor. 
 If the bowels are costive, they should be* kept regu- 
 lar by gentle physic, as oil, rhubarb, &c, ; and if there 
 is looseness, it should not be checked. Instead of 
 anything hard, let the child nibble at a piece of wax 
 candle. 
 
 Co?iviilsio7is.— Children are liable to convulsions from 
 teething, wearing tight clothes, small-pox, measles. 
 <fcc. Bathing in warm water, with a mild clyster, will 
 soon relieve them ; and to make the fit still shorter, 
 cold water may be poured over the face and neck, while 
 the remainder 8f the body is immersed in the warm 
 bath. 
 
 The Rickets. — This disorder exhibits itself in the 
 bones of children, and is generally caused by improper 
 nursing. It usually appears about the eighth or ninth 
 month, and continues to the sixth or seventh year. 
 The head becomes large, and the bones continue sepa- 
 rate for a long time ; the countenance is full and florid ; 
 the joints knotty and distorted ; the belly swells, and 
 there is finally a cough and disorder of the lungs. The 
 understanding is generally more forward than common. 
 In this disease cold sea bathing is of great importance, 
 after which the child should be rubbed and placed be- 
 tween two blankets to encourage perspiration. The 
 back should be well rubbed with opodeldoc, or good old 
 rum. as often as every night. A few grains of ipecac, 
 may be given occasionally. Mineral water is beneficial, 
 and so is a decoction of Peruvian bark with red wine, 
 used with moderation. Excercise in a dry clear air 
 should be encouraged : the diet should be light and 
 
110 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 well seasoned ; and so itir as it can be done without 
 causing pain, the limbs should be kept in a proper 
 situation by the use of some kind of bandage or instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Inward Fits. — These are known by the infant ap- 
 pearing as if asleep ; the eyelids, however, are not 
 quite closed, but frequently twinkle, and show tlie 
 white turned upwards ; the mouth sometimes has the 
 appearance of a laugh or smile ; the breath is either 
 quick, or stops for a time ; the eyelids and lips are 
 pale and dark alternately. The infant startles on the 
 least noise, and sighs deeply, or breaks wind. This 
 relieves him for a little, but he soon relapses into a 
 doze. Whenever these symptoms are noticed, the chihl 
 may be awakened, and its back and belly should be well 
 rubbed before the fire until Avind escapes : at the same 
 time two drops of the oil of anise or caraway may be 
 given in some kind of drink; and ^s soon after as 
 possible, a purgative of castor-oil should be given to 
 empty the bowels of whatever crude matter may have 
 occasioned the disorder. 
 
 Distortion of the Spine. — In this affection, an ounce 
 of prevention is worth more than all the cure that has 
 ever been discovered. The child's back bone should be 
 frequently and closely examined, and on the slightest 
 appearance of any deformity, it is to be washed with 
 brandy night and morning, and the child kept in a 
 straight posture both sleeping and waking ; cold bath- 
 ing is also good. 
 
 Dropsy on the Brain or Hydrocephalus. 
 
 Causes. — Those of a scrofulous habit of body are 
 naturally predisposed to it ; and hence it is that chil- 
 dren sometimes inherit a predisposition to it from their 
 parents. Others, however, are liable to it from falls, 
 blows on the head, or from any cause that produces 
 
DTSEASKS OF CHILDREN. Ill 
 
 irritation of the brain. It is fjenerally supposed that 
 the serum or watery fluid is effused on the brain as a 
 consequence of the inflammatory action existing there 
 in the first and second stages of the disease. 
 
 Treatment. — In the first stage, the patient is some- 
 times cured ; in the second, very seldom ; in the third, 
 almo?t never ; in the fourth, never. Unless, therefore, 
 it bo attended to in the very beginning, medicine is of 
 little avail, and the patient will generally die in about 
 three weeks. The inflammation is to be subdued by 
 bleeding, leeches or cupping to the head and temples, 
 and a blister on the back of the neck. Tlie bowels 
 must be thoroughly cleansed by some active cathartic, 
 as jalap. Ptyalism, or sore mouth, should then be 
 attempted, by giving a grain or two of calomel once ia 
 an hour or two, until the gums begin to be sore, and 
 the bowels are to be kept open by giving other physic 
 if necessary. Digitalis or foxglove may be given dur- 
 ing the fevir, in the common dose for children, which 
 will have a tendency to diminish the arterial action. 
 After reducing the inflammation, the warm bath and 
 diaphoretic medicines are proper. If the complaint 
 should thus be happily orrested, the strength must be 
 restored by nourishing food and tonic medicines — tak- 
 ing care to keep the head, cool, the bowels in good 
 order, and a seton, or issue, should now be applied and 
 continued for some time to the back of the neck. 
 
 Inflammation of the Trachea, Hives, Rattles, or 
 Croup. 
 
 Crovp. — Croup is an inflammation of the trachea, 
 or lower part of the windpipe, and is mostly prevalent 
 among children. They are most liable to it between 
 the first and third years of life, though sometimes it is 
 met with later. 
 
 Symjitoms. — Inflammatory croup is often preceded 
 by the symptoms of a common catarrh, or cold ; but 
 
112 UNIVERSVL GUIDE. 
 
 sometimes it comes on without any previous indisposi 
 tion. The child is attacked with fever and a very sin- 
 gular cough. It is easily distinguished by that crowing 
 or croaking noise which in this disease always accom- 
 panies the act of coughing. The pulse is hard and 
 quick ; the child is restless and uneasy ; and yet he 
 will frequently be seen taking food and running about 
 while the disease is making rapid progress. The 
 cough and wheezing steadily continue to increase, the 
 breathing becomes more difficult, and if left to itself, 
 the patient will die from suffocation within the short 
 time of three or four days. To give an idea of this 
 complaint, it is proper to remark that, if nothing be 
 done to arrest it within the first twelve hours, it is 
 generally beyond the reach of medicine. 
 
 Causes. — Cold, and exposure to a damp atmosphere, 
 are most commonly the exciting causes : but those 
 who have an attack of the croup are more liable to 
 have it again than those who have never- had it; and 
 in such constitutions a common cold will often be at- 
 tended by croupy symptoms until the thirteenth or 
 fourteenth year of life. In its most malignant form 
 this disease is by some considered contagious or catch- 
 ing. Authors and practitioners, however, are not agreed 
 on this point — and who shall decide when doctors dis- 
 agree ']■ 
 
 Treatment. — A small bleeding must be immediately 
 resorted to ; an emetic should then be given, and the 
 bleeding promptly repeated as often as the symptoms 
 require it. It is generally the case, however, that one 
 bleeding from the arm is sufficient ; and as soon as the 
 emetic has operated, leeches, or a large blister to the 
 throat, must not be forgotten. Nausea or sickness at 
 the stomach must be kept up, but not so much as to 
 induce any further vomiting : a small solution of tartar 
 emtic, or ipecac, or squills, will do for this purpose ; and 
 if the emetic does not operate as physic, the bowels are 
 then to be moved by a dose of some gentle cathartic. 
 The tincture or decoction of digitalis (foxglove), in 
 
DISKASFS OF CHILDREN. 118 
 
 small doses once in an hour or two, has a great effect 
 in lessening the force of the blood in the arteries. 
 Calomel in very large doses is said to perform wonders. 
 Dr. Ewell speaks of it in the most exalted terms, and 
 I trust I shall need no apology for introducing the 
 testimony of his own words : 
 
 " The most speedy and eflScacious of all remedies, in 
 this alarming disease, which has come under my notice 
 is calomel in very large doses. For this valuable 
 remedy, I acknowledge myself indebted to my excellent 
 and very learned friend, Professor Davidge of Balti- 
 more. From him I have been emboldened to use it in 
 desperate cases, in doses from thirty to sixty grains, 
 to children. On my own daughter, only four years 
 old, and apparently in the very act of suffocation, I 
 used it in the dose of at least sixty grains. The 
 cure was almost instantaneous. Among other in- 
 stances of cure as surprising, was one in the infant 
 of my amiable friend, Mrs. Chalmers, lady of the Rev. 
 Mr. Chalmers, of Washington. The dose was forty 
 grains. The cure was so immediate, that the overjoyed 
 parent insisted I would instruct her in the remedy, for 
 fear, on the next attack, I might not be in the way to 
 prescribe." 
 
 Note. — The warm bath should seldom be omitted in 
 this disease. 
 
 The Sleep of Infants. — Infants cannot sleep too 
 long ; and to awaken them with a noise, or in a very 
 impetuous manner, is extremely improper ; and sud- 
 denly exposing them to a glaring light, lays a sure 
 foundation for weak eyes. 
 
 Never administer spirits or drops to make the infant 
 sleep, if it be possible to avoid it. Let their diet, aa 
 they grow, be simple — and the more simple, the better 
 they will thrive. 
 
 The Bodily Habits of the two Sexes the same. — It 
 is too much the case that parents, being anxious to ac- 
 complish their girls, imagine that they must be kept 
 
 8 
 
114 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 under a certain restraint. Boj-s arc not laced — but 
 poor girls are compressed tight enough to suffocate 
 them, in order to give them an elegant shape ! The 
 contrary effect, however, is always produced — for it is 
 the sure way of making children round-shouldered :ind 
 deformed. 
 
 The Yellow Gum. — It is known by a yellow tingo. 
 nf the skin, with languor, and a tendency to sleep. To 
 cure it, give a tea-spoonful of castor oil ; keep the bow- 
 els open and regular, and in a few days it will pass off. 
 
 AphthcB. or Thrush. — These are little whitish ulcers 
 .-ifiecting the mouth, tongue, throat, and stomach. It 
 is difficult to apply remedies in this disease to young 
 children. The nurse may rub the child's mouth with 
 a little borax and honey, to which a little burnt alum 
 may be added sometimes, keeping the bowels open with 
 magnesia. 
 
 Acidities. — The magnesia, given in food, purges, 
 and at the same time corrects the acidity, and tlius 
 carries off the cause. Where there is griping, rub 
 a little brandy or any spiint on the bowels, warm, before 
 the fire. If any thing be given internally, let it be a 
 little peppermint, anise, checkerberry, and the like. 
 
 Galling and Excoriation. — Wash the parts fre- 
 quently with cold water, and sprinkle on some ab- 
 sorbent powder, as burnt hartshorn, chalk, or flesh 
 powder. Washing the parts with water in which a 
 little white vitriol has been dissolved, heals the sores 
 very quick. 
 
 Vomiting. — When occasioned by too much food, 
 promote the evacuation by an occasional tea-spoonful 
 of lobelia tincture, or half a tea-spoonful of tincture of 
 blood-root. When the food is of too acrid or irritating 
 quality, it must be changed to that of a milder nature. 
 Where this cannot be done, a little magnesia, soda, 
 lime-water, or wenk pearlash-water, may be given to 
 neutralize the acidity. 
 
PART XL 
 
 CHOICE MEDICAL COMPOUNDS, TO BE KEPT ON HAND. 
 
 THE DOSES MENTIONED BELOW ARE GENERALLY INTENDED 
 FOR ADULTS. 
 
 Children of 14 years, may take two-thirds of a dose. 
 
 7 « 
 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 
 one-half. 
 
 5 « 
 
 C( 
 
 (. 
 
 one-third. 
 
 3 « 
 
 i( 
 
 t( 
 
 one-fourth. 
 
 28 months 
 
 u 
 
 .'( 
 
 one-fifth. 
 
 14 " 
 
 (C 
 
 ct 
 
 one-eighth. 
 
 7 « 
 
 a 
 
 ;< 
 
 one-twelfth. 
 
 2 " 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 one-fifteenth. 
 
 1 « 
 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 
 one-twentieth. 
 
 1 « 
 
 (( 
 
 " 
 
 one-twenty-fourth. 
 
 " under 
 
 To Measure Medicine instead of Weighing. 
 A drachm of any substance that is near the weight of water, 
 will fill a common tea-spoon level full. Four tea-spoonfuls make 
 a table-spoonful, or one-half of an ounce ; two table-spoonfuls 
 an ounce, and so on. One the same principle, one-third of a tea- 
 spoonful will be one scruple, or twenty grains in weight. 
 
 List of Simples, to Keep on Hand for Fam- 
 ily Use. 
 
 Senna — Dose : a table-spoonful of the leaves steeped, for a 
 
 child. 
 Hot Drops — Dose : 20 drops in water, for a child. 
 Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb. — Dose : from a tea-spoonful to 
 
 a table-spoonful, for a child. 
 Pennyroyal — For colds. 
 
 Red Raspberry Leaves — For canker, dysentery, &c. 
 White Lily Root — For canker, &c. 
 Slippery Elm — For poultices, and for a drink. 
 Mullen Leaves — For poultices and fomentations. 
 Avens Root — An astringent and tonic. 
 Castor Oil — Dose : for an adult, a table-spoonful ; for a child, 
 
 a tea-spoonful. 
 
116 
 
 MEDICAL MEASURES AND SIGN3- 
 
 Camphor — Dose : a tea-spoonful. 
 
 Composition — Dose: a tea- spoonful. 
 
 Cranesbill — For canker. 
 
 Paregoric — Dose for a child, 5 to 20 drops. 
 
 Lobelia, or Blood-root Tincture — Dose: a tea-spoonful for 
 an adult. 
 
 Wormwood — For bruises and worms. 
 
 Boneset — A tea for colds, &c. 
 
 Wine Ipecac — Dose, to act as an emetic, fifteen drops, re- 
 peated every fifteen minutes till it operates ; for an adult, 
 a tea-spoonful, repeated as above. 
 
 Syrup Squills — Dose, for a child, half a tea-spoonful. 
 
 Sweet Oil — Sage — Thoroughwort — Catnip — Spearmint — 
 ValeHan — Burdock Leaves — Hoarhound, dj-c. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 A Pint 
 A Tea-cup 
 A Wine-glass 
 A Table-spoonful 
 A Tea-spoonful 
 
 contains 
 
 Sixteen Ounces. 
 A Gill. 
 Two Ounces. 
 Half an Ounce. 
 Sixty Drops. 
 
 Four Tea-spoonfuls are equal to one Table-spoonful. 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 A Table-spoonful contains Four Drachms, or 4 an oz- 
 A Tea-spoon " One Drachm. 
 
 A Tea-spoon " Sixty Grains. 
 
 Signs Used by Physicians in Writing their 
 Recipes. 
 
 & ileiiutos a pound. 
 
 3, an ounce. 
 
 3, a drachm. 
 
 3, a scruple. 
 
 gr. a grain. 
 
 Be, recipe. 
 
 ana, of each alike. 
 
 Coch. a spoonful. 
 
 P. ^. equal quantities. 
 
 S5. half of anything. 
 
 MS. one and a half of anything. 
 
 q. s. sufficient quantity. 
 
 q.pl. mn»h as you please. 
 
 O. a pint. 
 
 M. 60th part of a fluid drachm. 
 
 ;. one of anything. 
 
 ij. two of anything. 
 
 iij. three of anything. 
 
 iv. four of anything. 
 
 X. ten of anything. 
 
 xij. twelve of anything. 
 
 f, prefixed to dr. otoz., denotre 
 
 fluid drachm, or ounce. 
 git. a drop, 
 f iv. V. a cupful. 
 I iss. to 5 ij. a wine-glassful. 
 /. 5 ss. a table-spoonful. 
 /. 5 iij. a dessert-spoonful 
 f. I _;. a tea-spoonful. 
 PugiUas, as much as can be 
 held between the thumb and 
 finger. 
 
TABLE OF MEDICINES. 
 
 117 
 
 Table of Medicines, their Doses and Qualities, 
 
 Medicine J. 
 
 Peruvian bark 
 Wine of Antimony 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Aloes 
 Calomel 
 Oamphoi 
 Croam of Tartai 
 Colombo 
 Prepared Chalk 
 Camomile Flowers 
 Castor Oil 
 El.xir vitriol 
 
 Spirit Hartshorn 
 
 Honey 
 
 Ipecacuanha 
 
 Jalap 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Manna 
 
 Olive Oil 
 
 Opium 
 
 Paregoric 
 
 Pink Root 
 
 Powdered Rhubarb 
 
 Uust of Steel 
 
 Epsom Salts 
 
 Senna 
 
 Spirits of Lavender 
 
 Flour of Sulphur 
 
 Tartar Emetic 
 
 Tincture Iron 
 •' Bark 
 " Rhubarb 
 '• Foxglove 
 " Cantharidea 
 " Colombo 
 " Myrrh 
 
 Virginia Snake- root 
 
 Quinine 
 
 Gentian 
 
 Catechu 
 
 Syrup of Squills 
 
 Rochelle Salts 
 
 Croton Oil 
 
 Spirits of Nitre 
 Seneca Root 
 Nitre (Saltpetre) 
 Sarsaparilla 
 
 Solution of Arsenic 
 Lobelia 
 
 DosefoT an AduU. 
 
 A table-spoonful 
 
 3 to 4 tea-spoonfuls 
 20 to 60 drops 
 
 5 to 20 grains 
 8 to 25 grains 
 
 4 to 20 grains 
 
 1 or 2 table-spoonfuls 
 10 to 60 grains 
 
 25 to 50 grains 
 Table-spoonful decoction 
 Table-spoonful [water 
 15 to 20 drops in 1 gill of 
 ( Half a tea-spoonful in ) 
 ( 1 gill of water i 
 
 2 tea-spoonfuls 
 15 to 25 grains 
 15 to 30 grains 
 20 to 60 drops 
 Tea-spoonful 
 
 1 or 2 ounces 
 Half a tea-spoonful 
 1 to 2 grains 
 
 1 to 2 tea-spoonfuls 
 Strong tea 
 
 25 to 60 grains 
 
 5 to 25 grains 
 
 Half an ounce to 1 ounce 
 Strong infusioi 
 30 to 60 drops 
 
 2 to 8 drachms 
 
 3 to 10 grains 
 8 to 16 drops 
 
 2 to 6 drachms 
 
 1 to 2 ounces 
 
 10 to 20 drops 
 
 10 to 15 drops 
 
 I to 4 drachms 
 
 20 drops 
 
 10 to 20 grains. 
 
 1 to 5 grains 
 
 Half a drachm 
 
 10 to 20 grains 
 
 1 drachm 
 
 1 oz., dis.solved in water 
 J 1 drop in sugar every I 
 I 15 minutes I 
 
 1 drachm 
 
 10 to 20 grains 
 
 5 to 10 grains 
 
 Strong decoction 
 
 5 to 10 drops 
 
 I 2 drachms of the tine- 1 
 } ture, repeated every > 
 ( half hour. ) 
 
 Qualitiet 
 
 To strengthen. 
 
 Emetic. 
 
 To sweat. 
 
 Physic. 
 
 Active physic. 
 
 Stimulant. 
 
 Cooling, gentle physic. 
 
 Strengthen the stomach. 
 
 Absorbent. 
 
 Strengthen the stomach 
 
 Purgative. 
 
 Strengthen. 
 
 Stimulant. 
 
 For cough. 
 
 Emetic. 
 
 Physic. 
 
 Anodyne.' 
 
 Absorbent. 
 
 Mild laxative. 
 
 Loosening. 
 
 Anodyne aed narcotic. 
 
 Anodyne and pectoral. 
 
 For worms. 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Strengthen. 
 
 Physic. 
 
 Physic. 
 
 Cordial. 
 
 Gentle physic. 
 
 Fmetic. 
 
 Strengthen. 
 
 Strengthen. 
 
 Cathartic and tonic. 
 
 Increase urine. 
 
 Stimulant. 
 
 Strengthen. 
 
 Detergent. 
 
 To stimulate stomach. 
 
 Ague and fever. 
 
 Strengthen stomach. 
 
 Diarrhcea. 
 
 Expectorant. 
 
 Physic. 
 
 Active Physic. 
 
 To sweat. 
 
 Expectorant. 
 
 For fever. 
 
 To purify the blood. 
 { To strengthen against 
 I ague and fevet 
 
 Emetic. 
 
PART XII. 
 
 ACCIDENTS OR EMERGENCIES 
 
 How to be Prepared for them. 
 
 One ought to consider every possible accident that 
 may occur, so as to be prepared for any emergency. 
 The surest way to have presence of mind, is to have 
 planned everything beforehand. 
 
 You may fall from a height — practise jumping from 
 slighter elevations, relaxing your joints and muscles so 
 as to alight with the greatest ease. 
 
 You may fall into a river — learn to swim, or at least 
 to float, which you can do by merely holding your head 
 back and keeping your arms under water. 
 
 The house may catch fire — have what you would pre- 
 fer to save where you can lay your hand on it. If the 
 rooms fill with smoke, get out on your hands and knees, 
 the purest air being near the floor. If your room is 
 high, and there is no other escape, get upon the roof, 
 or let yourself down from the window by the bed-cord, 
 or a rope made of the sheets and pillows. One can 
 rush through the fire and smoke by having a wet silk 
 handkerchief over the face. 
 
 When a house first catches fire, you can put it out 
 with a mop and pail of water, or smother it in woolens. 
 
 If the chimney takes fire, so as to endanger the 
 building, you can put it out by throwing upon the fire 
 a handful of sulphur, or putting a wet blanket over the 
 fireplace. 
 
 If your clothes catch fire, lay down on the floor or 
 carpet and smother it out. If you see the clothes of 
 
ACCIDKNTS on kMRRGF.NCI ES. 119 
 
 Others on fire, throw them down, and wrap ihem up 
 in a carpet, rug, or any other woolen article ; or in any 
 way smother the fire. 
 
 In^. B. Probably an hundred cliildren are killed every 
 year by their clothes taking fire. Every such case 
 might have been prevented, had they worn woolen 
 clothes. 
 
 If the boiler of a steamboat explodes, throw your 
 r-elf flat on your face, and avoid inhaling the steam. 
 
 If you are run away with in a carriage, stick to 3^our 
 seat, as long as it holds together. People are almost 
 always killed or severely injured by jumping out. 
 
 If a person near you is struck with lightning, dash 
 pailfuls of cold water over them, standing at the head. 
 So that it may receive the principal shock — and perse- 
 vere in this for at least half an hour. 
 
 To apparently drowned persons do not use violence, 
 such as rolling on a barrel, &c., but get them strippc'l 
 and into hot blankets, hot clothes, with friction, bottles 
 of hot water to their feet and hands, and inflate their 
 lungs, so as to produce breathing artificially. This, if 
 anything, will bring them to. 
 
 Persons who faint away, come to if placed in a hori- 
 zontal position. 
 
 If you have swallowed poison, take as quickly as 
 possible some rapid emetic — a table spoonful of ground 
 mustard in a tumbler of warm water is as good and 
 handy as any. 
 
 The hydro-peroxide of iron is a perfect antidote to 
 arsenic or ratsbane. Iron rust in water will answer. 
 It may be taken freely. 
 
 Sharp vinegar or lemon juice, corrects the efi'ects 
 of opium, but it should be got out of the stomach if pos- 
 sible. 
 
 In case of a wound, if a vein is injured, the ligature 
 must be below, but if an artery, above the wound — in 
 the artery the blood is of a lighter red, and flows by 
 jerks. The great artery of the leg may be compressed 
 by the thumb, at the groin, where it presses over the 
 hip-boiH.' In this way life maybe saved, where other- 
 
120 UNIVFIRSAL GUIDE, 
 
 wise, a person wouM bleed to death in a few moraents^ 
 Hemorrhages or common bleeding may be stopped 
 by lint and cold water, or water and a little pearlash, 
 or powdered alum, or burnt sponge, or a weak solution 
 of kreosote, or by any powerful acid or alkali, or by 
 merely mechanical uieans. Bleeding at the lungs may 
 be checked by inhaling the vapor of kreosote, made by 
 dropping the solution on a hot shovel. 
 
 If bitten by a mad dog, cut out the wound as quickly 
 as possible, and wash the wound thoroughly in aqua- 
 ammonia, or, for want of that, in a solution of potash 
 or common salt. The bite of the rattle-snake, and 
 most common bites and stings, may be cured in this 
 way. 
 
 When men are overpowered by choke damp in de- 
 scending a well, dash down some pails of water upon 
 them, before you descend to their assistance, and be 
 securely lashed before you descend. Cold water should 
 also be dashed over persons supposed to be killed in 
 this way, or by the fumes of charcoal. 
 
 Most animals can be cowed by steadily looking them 
 in the eye. If attacked by a dog, bear, or any beast 
 of prey, seize him by the roots of the tongue — if by 
 an alligator, gouge out his eyes. A mad bull may be 
 held by one horn, and grasping with the thumb and 
 finger the middle gristle of his nostril, or he may be 
 held fast to a post or sapling by his tail, if you can 
 take a turn and belay. 
 
 Remedies for Poisons. — It is very important to be 
 familiar with this subject, because poisons are fre- 
 quently taken, by mistake, for medicines, and are often 
 so rapid in their effects as to produce death before aid 
 can be called. The stomach-pump is unquestionably 
 the best expedient in such cases ; but before a physi- 
 cian can be obtained, the following antidotes may be 
 used. 
 
 For Corrosive Sublitnale. — Give the white of an 
 egg every two or three minutes, or copious draughts 
 of linseed tea, or rice-water, or even warm water 
 
ACCIDENTS OR EMERGENCIES. 121 
 
 with emollient clysters, and warm fomentations to the 
 bowels. 
 
 Sugar of Lead. — Give Epsom salts in large quan- 
 tities, or water with some acid in it. or large draughts 
 of warm water. 
 
 F^or Opmm, Laudanum^ Hemlock, and other Vege- 
 table Poisons. — Drink freely of vinegar or lemon-juice. 
 If vomiting has been occasioned by the poison, and the 
 efforts are still continued, promote it by large draughts 
 of warm water, or thin gruel. 
 
 For Tartar Etnetic. — Give strong green tea, oak 
 or willow bark, in large quantities, to dilute and de- 
 compose the poison. 
 
 In stings from bees and other insects, bathe with 
 salt and vinegar, or sal-ammoniac and vinegar. 
 
 In case of poison from the bite of venomous rep- 
 tiles, apply a poultice of tobacco and vinegar. A 
 lobelia emetic has great eflFect in expelling the poison. 
 
 When poisoned by dogwood, ivy, or swamp sumach, 
 dissolve a quarter of an ounce of copperas (sulphate 
 of iron) in a pint of water, and bathe the part affected. 
 
 Where a large quantity of opium or laudanum has 
 been taken, the patient is to be kept in constant mo- 
 tion, on his legs or by shaking and moving his body, 
 rubbing him at the same time with warm salt or other 
 stimulating applications, to rouse the system from 
 torpoi'. 
 
 Olive or sweet oil, mixed with warm milk and water, 
 and drank plentifully until it acts as an emetic, is an 
 antidote to poisons in general. 
 
 Bite of a Rattlesnake. — Half a wine-glass of olive 
 oil, taken inwardly, is said to be a certain cure for the 
 bite of a rattlesnake and other poisonous reptiles. A 
 little should also be applied to the wound. Another 
 remedy is the following : — The roots and branches of 
 plantain and hoarhound, bruised in a mortar, and the 
 juice expressed ; of which give one large spoonful as 
 soon as possible. In an hour, if necessary, give an- 
 other spoonful. Apply t.) the wound a leaf of tobacco. 
 
122 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 moistened in rum. This remedy was discovered by a 
 negro, for which his freedom wtis purchased, and an 
 annuity settled upon him by the general assembly of 
 Carolina. 
 
 For Oil of Vitriol^ Tartaric, or Prussia Acid, or 
 any other Acids. — Give alkalies : as an ounce of mag- 
 nesia, in a quart of warm water, a wine-glassful every 
 two minutes ; soap suds, or chalk and water, will do, 
 if magnesia is not at hand. Tickle the throat to 
 produce vomiting, and drink freely of pearlash or lime 
 water. 
 
 For Potash, or other Alkalies. — Drink freely of 
 vinegar or lemon-juice. 
 
 For Arsenic. — In solution, drink pearlash water, or 
 chalk and water. If arsenic in powder has been taken, 
 give linseed tea, warm water, milk, water sweetened 
 with sugar or honey, tickling the throat to promote 
 
 vomiting. 
 
 Droimied Persons. — In attempting to recover per- 
 sons apparently drowned, the principal intention is to 
 restore the natural warmth. This must be done by 
 rubbing the body with warm cloths, and by warm bricks 
 applied to the stomach and bowels, palms of the hands 
 and soles of the feet. Camphor, or some strong volatile 
 spirits, must be applied to the nose and temples, and 
 the spine of the back and pit of the stomach rubbed 
 with warm brandy or other spirits. A strong person 
 may blow his own breath into the patient's mouth, as 
 hard as he can, holding his nostrils at the same time. 
 When the lungs are inflated, stop blowing, and press 
 the breast and belly so as to expel the air again. Let 
 the operation be repeated for some time. If the lungs 
 cannot be inflated in this manner, let it be tried by 
 blowing through one of the nostrils, keeping the other 
 closed. To stimulate the intestines, clysters of warm 
 water, with a little salt, and some wine or spirits, must 
 be used. And as soon as it can be made ready, the 
 patient should be put into a warm bath. Until the 
 
ACCIDENTS OR EMERGENCIES. 123 
 
 person shows signs of life, and can swallow, it would 
 be dangerous to pour liquors into his mouth. His 
 lips and tongue may be wet with a feather dipped in 
 some strong spirits, and as soon as the power of swal- 
 lowing is recovered, a little warm wine or cordial should 
 now and then be given. Assistance must not be dis- 
 continued as soon as the patient gives signs of life, as 
 persons have sometimes expired after the first appear- 
 ances of recovery. 
 
 Cautions in Visiting Sick Rooms. — Never venture 
 into a sick room if you are in a violent perspiration, (if 
 circumstances require your continuance there for any 
 time,) for the moment your body becomes cold, it is in 
 a state likely to absorb the infection, and give you the 
 disease ; nor visit a sick person, especially if the com- 
 plaint be of a contagious nature, with an empty stom- 
 ach, as this disposes the system more readily to receive 
 the contagion. In attending a sick person, place your- 
 self where the air passes from the door or window to 
 the bed of the diseased, not betwixt the diseased per- 
 son and any fire that is in the room, as the heat of 
 the fire will draw the infectious vapor in that direction, 
 and you would run much danger from breathing in it. 
 
 Sea-Sickness. — Make some green tea, strong, with 
 just as much sugar in it as will make it palatable, and 
 bottle it up. When sickness begins to come on, take 
 a cup full ; and if that does not prevent the vomiting, 
 let the stomach be completely emptied ; take the same 
 quantity, more or less, as the stomach is able to receive 
 it ; repeat it two or three times, and a restoration will 
 take place. 
 
 Security against Lightning. — Silk is the most 
 useful covering for the body ; lightning cannot pass 
 through a dry silk handkerchief, so decidedly a non- 
 conductor is it. Hence, if worn next the skin, the air 
 cannot absorb the electricity of the human body. Damp 
 air is a conductor of electricity — dry air is a non-con- 
 ductor ; hence a dry place is the safest retreat. 
 
124 
 
 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 The Tongue. — A white fur on the tongue attends 
 simple fever and inflammation. Yellowness of the 
 tongue attends a derangement of the liver, and is com- 
 mon to bilious and typhus fevers. A tongue vividly 
 red on the tip and edges, or down the centre, or over 
 the whole surface, attends inflammation of the mucous 
 membrane of the stomach or bowels. A white velvety 
 tongue attends mental disease. A tongue red at the 
 lips, becoming brown, dry and glazed, attends typhus 
 state. 
 
 To Make Leeches Take Hold. — To make leeches 
 take hold on the spot required, take a piece of white 
 paper, cut small holes in it where you wish them to 
 bite, lay this over the place, and put the leeches on the 
 paper. Not liking the paper,they will take hold of the 
 skin where it appears through the hole. 
 
 Castor-oil Made Palatable. — Boil castor-oil with 
 twice its quantity of milk, and sweeten it with sugar. 
 Let it cool. Children will not refuse it. 
 
 Poultices. — A good poultice may be made of crumbs 
 of bread boiled with milk, or sweet oil, or spring- 
 water. 
 
 Brown sugar and soap make a good poultice, or salve, 
 for a boil. 
 
 Four ounces of white lily roots, a pound of figs, and 
 four ounces of meal or bean flour, boiled together with 
 as much water as will cover them, make an excellent 
 poultice for swellings and suppurating sores. 
 
 A good poultice for ordinary occasions may be made 
 of bread boiled in milk. 
 
 For cancers and running sores, a grated carrot, 
 boiled quite soft, makes a good poultice. 
 
 Salad leaves well boiled, make a poultice that relieves 
 acute pain. 
 
 A poultice of flax-seed, or camomile flowers boiled 
 with the tops of wormAvood, make an excellent poultice 
 for inflammations. 
 
 4- sinapism, or stimulating poultice, is made by 
 
PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 125 
 
 using vinegar instead of water, and the addition of 
 garlic, mustard, horse-radish, <fcc., to crunabs of bread. 
 or to flour. 
 
 To Purify the Atmosphere of a Sick Room. — Keep 
 always on the shelf of the washing-stand, or on the 
 mantle-piece or table, or in a corner of the floor, a 
 saucer, or small bread pan, or a shallow mug, filled 
 with a solution of chloride of lime in cold water, stir- 
 ring it up frequently. The proportion may be about a 
 tabTe-spoonful of the powder to half a pint of water. 
 Renew it every two or three days. If the room is 
 large, place the chloride of lime in more than one ves- 
 sel. In stirring it, any unpleasant odor will be dis- 
 pelled. 
 
 On going to sea it is well to take with you one or 
 more quart bottles of this solution, to sprinkle occa- 
 sionally about your state-room. 
 
 Importance of Well-ventilated Apartments. — A 
 man consumes or spoils over one gallon of air in one 
 minute; consequently, all closely-confined places must 
 be very unwholesome. Candles and lamps become 
 dim in public assemblies, and this is an indication of 
 the impurity of the air. The perspiration from animal 
 bodies is exceedingly injurious in a confined space. 
 Every room ought to be completely purified, by the 
 opening of the door and windows at least once in the 
 day. A close bed-room is also extremely unwhole- 
 some, neither ought the bed to be surrounded with 
 curtains. 
 
 The fire-place should never be stopped up by chim- 
 ney-boards, but in damp and very cold weather a fire 
 is essential to health, care being taken that the room 
 is not over-heated. Many dangerous colds are caught, 
 by those whose lungs are delicate, by changing the 
 atmosphere of a warm and dry sitting-room for that of 
 a damp and cold bed-chamber. 
 
 Three Rules for Preserving good Health. — 1st. 
 Keep the feet warm ; 2d. The head cool ; 3d. The 
 bowels suflBciently open, by your diet. 
 
126 UNIVEUSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Consumption. — This complaint is generally caused 
 by some acute disorder not being removed, and the 
 patient being run down by the fashionable practice, 
 until nature makes a compromise "with disease, and the 
 house becomes divided against itself. There is a con- 
 stant warfare kept up between the inward heat and cold, 
 the flesh wastes away in consequence of not digesting 
 the food, the canker becomes seated on the stomach and 
 bowels, and then takes hold of the lungs. When they 
 get into this situation, it is called a seated consump- 
 tion, and is pronounced by the doctors to be incurable. 
 I have had a great many cases of this kind, and have 
 in all of them, where there was life enough left to build 
 upon, been able to effect a cure by my system of prac- 
 tice. The most important thing is to raise the inward 
 heat and get a perspiration, clear the system of canker, 
 and restore the digestive powers, so that food will 
 nourish the body, and keep up the heat on which life 
 depends. This must be done by the regular course of 
 medicine, as has been directed in all violent attacks of 
 disease, and persevering in it till the cause is removed. 
 
 This complaint is called by the doctors a hectic fever, 
 because the patients are subject to cold chills and hot 
 flashes on the surface ; but this is an error, for there is 
 no fever about it ; and this is the greatest difiiculty : if 
 there was, it would have a crisis and nature would be 
 able to drive out the cold and effect a cure. The only 
 difRulty is to raise a fever, which must be done by such 
 medicine as will raise and hold the inward heat, till 
 nature has the complete command. When the patients 
 are very weak and low, they will have what is called 
 cold sweats ; the cause of this is not understood : the 
 water that collects on the skin does not come through 
 the pores, but it is atti'acted from the air in the room, 
 which is warmer than the body, and condenses on the 
 surface. The same may be seen on the outside of a mug 
 or tumbler on a hot day, when filled with cold water, 
 which is from the same cause. It is of more import- 
 ance to attend to the preventing this complaint than to 
 cure it If people would make use of those means 
 
DIET AND DIGESTION. 127 
 
 which I have recommondctl, and cure themselves of 
 diease in its first stages, and avoid all poisonous drugs, 
 there would never be a case of consumption or any 
 other chronic disorder. 
 
 Remark. — The Codfish Liver Oil is almost a certan 
 remedy for this complaint. Its efficacy was discovered 
 not long since in Germany ; and so great has been its 
 success, that its use is noAV sanctioned by the entire 
 Faculty. It is no quack nostrum, but is simply what 
 its name indicates. No consumptive person should be 
 without it a single day, as it is almost certain to effect 
 a cure if taken in season. 
 
 Rules for Diet and Digestion. 
 
 The following rules are drawn from Dr. Beaumont's 
 well known Observations and Experiments, persever- 
 ingly made upon a healthy young man, whose stomach 
 was exposed by a wound which healed, leaving ;in ex- 
 ternal opening. The rules are valuable for all, whether 
 sick or well. 
 
 1. " Bulk is nearly as necessary to the articles of 
 diet as the nutrient principle. They should be so m;ui- 
 aged that one will be in proportion to the other. Too 
 highly nutritive diet is probably as fatal to life aii<l 
 health as that which is insufficient in nourishment. 
 
 2. The more plain and simple the preparation of 
 food, and the less of seasonings of any kind, the better 
 for health. 
 
 3. Thorough mastication and slow swallowing are of 
 great importance. 
 
 4. A due q^iantity of food is of the utmost imp )rt- 
 ance. " There is no subject of dietetic economy,"' smvs 
 Dr. B., "about which people are so mucli in error, ns 
 that which relates to qiiantity.'^ •' Dyspepsia is oflcn-er 
 tJie effect of over-eating and over-drinking iJian an ij 
 other cause. 
 
 5. Solid food, if properly masticated, is iiiDre casj' 
 of digestion than soups and broths. 
 
128 
 
 UNIVERSAL GWDK. 
 
 6. Butter, fat meat and all oily substances, being 
 always bard of digestion, tending to derangement of 
 the stomach, are better omitted. 
 
 7. Simple pu7'e water is the only fiuid necessary 
 for drink, or for the wants of the system. The arti- 
 ficial drinks are all more or less injurious. 
 
 8. Violent exercise very soon after a full meal is 
 injurious, but gentle exercise promotes digestion. Sleep 
 soon after a meal is better avoided. 
 
 9. Strong mental exercise and emotions of the 
 mind, as grief, anger, fear, etc., particularly with a full 
 stomach, tend to impair digestion. 
 
 General Rules for Preserving Life and Health. 
 
 Sir R. Philip^s Rules. — 1. Rise early, and never 
 sit up late. 
 
 2. Wash the whole body every morning with cold 
 water by means of a sponge, and rub it dry with a 
 rough towel, or scrub the whole body for ten or fifteen 
 minutes with flesh brushes. 
 
 3. Drink water generally, and avoid spirits, wine, and 
 fermented liquors. 
 
 4. Keep the body open by the free use of the syr- 
 inge, and remove superior obstructions by aperient pills. 
 
 5. Sleep in a room having free access to the open air. 
 
 6. Keep the head cool by washing it when necessary 
 with cold water, and abate feverish and inflammatory 
 symptoms, when they arise, by persevering stillness. 
 
 7. Correct symptoms of plethora and indigestion by 
 eating and drinking less every day for a few days. 
 
 8. Never eat a hearty supper, especially of animnl 
 food ; and do not drink wine, spirits, and' beer. 
 
 Dr. Boerhaave's Rules. — Keep the feet warm ; the 
 head cool ; and the body open. If these were gen- 
 erally attended to, the physician's aid would seldom be 
 required. 
 
PART XIII. 
 
 CAKE BOOK. 
 
 Queen's Cake. — One quart of flour, one pint of su- 
 gar, half a pound of butter, one cup of sweet milk, one 
 nutmeg, a little cinnamon, one pound of currants, one 
 of raisins, and five eggs. 
 
 Ginger Nuts. — Two quarts of molasses, twelve 
 ounces of ground cloves, one pound of sugar, two ounces 
 of ground ginger, two ounces allspice, as much flour as 
 will make a batter. 
 
 Crullers. — One pint of milk, two cups of sugar, one 
 cup of butter, three eggs, one tea-spoonful of salseratua 
 dissolved in water, one tea-spoonful of salt, and half a 
 nutmeg grated ; and a tea-spoonful of essenc* of lemon ; 
 use as m'ich flour as will make a good dough, flour a 
 cake-board, and roll out the cake about half an inch 
 thick ; cut them according to fancy, and fry in hot fat. 
 {BiQ Fried Cakes, or Doughnuts.) 
 
 Lemon Cake. — One and a half cups of sugar, half 
 a cup of butter, half a cup of sweet milk, one tea-spoon- 
 ful of salaratus, three eggs, two and a half cups of 
 flour, oue lemon grated. 
 
 Common Cup Cake. — One cup of butter, two cups 
 of sugar, four cups of flour, four eggs, one cup of sour 
 milk, one teaspoonful of salaeratus in water, one tea- 
 spoonful of essence of lemon, and half a nutmeg. Beat 
 the mixture well. Butter a couple of two quart basins, 
 •.nd divide the mixture between them. Bake it in a 
 quick oven, for three-quarters of an hour. 
 
 
 
130 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Indian Cake. — Take one egg, half a pint of sour 
 milk, a tea-spoonful of saeleratus, three table-spoonfuls 
 of molasses, and Indian meal to make it just about 
 thick enough to pour. A good, plain Indian cake, can 
 be made without the egg and molasses. 
 
 Paficakes, extra. — Half a pint of milk, three great 
 spoonfuls of sugar, one or two eggs, a teaspoonful of 
 salaeratus, and spice to your taste. 
 
 Plain Cake. — Mix two cups of sour cream or milk, 
 with one cup of sugar and some salaeratus ; then Btir in 
 five cups of wheat flour. 
 
 Fruit Cake. — One pound and four ounces of flour, 
 one pound of butter, one pound of sugar, ten eggs, one 
 pound of currants, one pound of raisins, half a pound 
 of citron ; spice to your taste, and a small teaspoonful 
 of salaeratus. 
 
 Tea Cake. — Take four cups of flour, three of sugar, 
 one of butter, three eggs, one cup of milk, one spoonful 
 of saleratus ; a gill of yeast, and a little cinnamon. 
 Bake fifteen minutes. 
 
 Baker's Gingerbread. — Three-fourths of a pound 
 of flour, one quart of molasses, and one-fourth of a 
 pound of butter, one ounce of salaeratus, and one ounce 
 of ginger. 
 
 Hard Gingerbread. — One pound of flour, half a 
 pound of butter and sugar rubbed into it, half a pound 
 of sugar,a great spoonful of ginger, a spoonful of rose- 
 water, and a handful of caraway-seed, well beaten up, 
 kneaded stiff" enough to roll out, and bake in pans. 
 Bake twenty or thirty minutes. 
 
 Soft Gingerbread. — One cup of cream, one of mo- 
 lasses, a teaspoonful of ginger, one of salaeratus, dis- 
 solved, a little salt. Bake in half an hour. 
 
 Excellent Gingerbread. — One quart of sour milk, 
 buttermilk, or sour cream ; stir into it as much flour 
 as will make it a thick batter, then a tea- spoonful of 
 
CAKE BOOK. 131 
 
 finely-powdered salaeratus, two teacupfuls of brown 
 sugar, two table-spoonfuls of powdered ginger, a pap- 
 spoonful of salt, and a grated nutmeg ; let the batter 
 be so thick that a spoon will stand up in it ; bake as 
 soon as mixed, in buttered tin pans, and about an inch 
 thick ; eat hot. 
 
 Sponge Gingerbread. — A pint of molasses, a tea- 
 cup of sour milk or buttermilk, a table-spoonful of 
 ginger, two spoonfuls of melted butter, two tea-spoon- 
 fuls of saeleratus, dissolved, and flour sufficient to roll. 
 Cut it about half an inch thick, and bake it in a quick 
 oven. 
 
 Superior Indian Cake. — Take two cups of Indian 
 raeal, one table-spoonful of molasses, two cups of milk, 
 a little salt, a handful of flour, and a little saeleratus ; 
 mix them, and pour into a buttered bake-pan, and bake 
 half an hour. 
 
 Wedding Cake. — Take four quarts of flour, three 
 pounds of butter, three of sugar, four of currants, two 
 of raisins, two dozen of eggs, one ounce of mace, and 
 three nutmegs ; a little citron and molasses improve it. 
 Bake about three hours. 
 
 Fruit Cake. — Make a cake of one quart of flour ; 
 about a quart of sugar ; three-quarters of a pound of 
 butter, and ten eggs. 
 
 First, beat the yolks and sugar together ; then add 
 the flour and butter, beaten to a cream ; and, lastly, 
 mix in lightly, the whites of the eggs, beaten to a high 
 froth. Then have a pound and a half of raisins stoned 
 and chopped ; two pounds of currants, well washed, 
 picked clean and dried ; one pound of citron cut in 
 slips ; mace and nutmeg, each half an ounce ; and half 
 a pint of brandy. Strew a pint of flour over the cur- 
 rants and raisins, and then stir them well into the 
 cake. Line tin basins with buttered paper, fill them 
 two inches deep, and bake in a moderate oven for three 
 or four hours. 
 
132 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Jumbles. — Take four eggs, three cups of sugar, a 
 little nutmeg, a tea-spoonful of salaeratus, a cup of but- 
 ter. Stir in the flour until it will roll ; cut in rounds, 
 with a hole in the centre Roll them in sugar. 
 
 Plum Cake. — One quart of flour ; nine eggs, the 
 whites and yolks beaten separately ; one pound of but- 
 ter ; half a pint of brandy ; one cup of molasses, and 
 one pound of brown sugar ; nutmeg and mace, each 
 half an ounce. Beat this mixture well, then, having 
 washed and dried three pounds of currants, and stoned 
 and chopped three pounds of raisins, strew half a pound 
 of flour over them ; rub it well through them, and then 
 stir them into the cake, with a pound of citron cut in 
 slips. Line round tin pans with buttered paper, and 
 fill them two inches deep with the mixture. Bake, in 
 a moderate oven, for three or four hours. 
 
 Rich Bride Cake. — Take four quarts of fine flour ; 
 dry it ; four pounds of sweet fresh butter, beaten to a 
 cream ; and two pounds of white sugar ; add six eggs 
 to every quart of flour ; mace and nutmeg, half an 
 ounce each ; pound them fine. 
 
 Wash through several waters and pick clean from 
 grit, four pounds of currants ; spread them on a thick 
 folded cloth to dry ; stone and chop four pounds of 
 raisins ; cut two pounds of citron, in slices of a quarter 
 of an inch in thickness ; and chop or cut in slices, one 
 pound of almonds. 
 
 Beat the yolks of the eggs, with the sugar, to a 
 smooth paste ; besvt the butter and flour together, and 
 add them to the yolks and sugar ; and, lastly, add the 
 spices, half a pint of brandy and the whites of the 
 eggs, beaten to a high froth. 
 
 Beat the cake mixture well together ; then stir into 
 it, by degrees, the currants, citron, raisins, and al- 
 monds. 
 
 Butter the pans, line them with paper, and put the 
 mixture two inches deep in each. 
 
 Bake, according to the depth of the cakes, three or 
 four hours in a moderate oven. 
 
CAKE BOOK 133 
 
 Chraham Cake. — Two cups of sugar, one cup of sour 
 milk, one tea-spoonful of salseratus, one tea-spoonful of 
 salt, one table-spoonful of butter, and a little nutmeg, 
 if you like. 
 
 This ought to be eaten fresh. 
 
 ^ Molasses Cup Cake. — Two cups of molasses ; two 
 cups of butter, one cup of milk, one tea-spoonful of 
 salasratus, dissolved in a little hot water, one tea-spoon- 
 ful of essence of lemon, half a nutmeg and two eggs, 
 and flour sufficient to make it as stiflf as you can stir 
 with a spoon ; beat it well. Bake in a quick oven. 
 
 Caraway Cake. — Take one quart of flour, three- 
 quarters of a pound of sugar, half a pound of butter, a 
 glass of rose-water, four eggs, and three large spoon- 
 fuls of caraway seeds ; drop them from a spoon, and 
 bake them brown in a slow oven. 
 
 Lemon Cheese Cake. — Two eggs, well beaten, one 
 fourth of a pound of loaf-sugar crushed, one fourth of a 
 pound of butter, a little lemon-peel grated, or essence, 
 and a few almonds peeled and bruised. Bake like 
 tarts. 
 
 Doughnuts, — Rub a quarter of a pound of butter 
 into a quart of flour ; add five ounces of sugar, two 
 eggs, a spoonful of yeast, and sufficient milk to make 
 into a stiff paste. When it has risen, roll it out, cut it 
 into proper shapes, and boil it in lard until it is nicely 
 browned. 
 
 Another way. —Take one pint of flour, half a pint 
 of sugar, three eggs, a piece of butter as big as an egg, 
 and a tea-spoonful of dissolved salaeratus ; spice to 
 your taste ; when you have no eggs, a gill of yeast will 
 do, but in that case, they must stand over night. 
 
 Icing for Cakes. — Beat the whites of eggs to an 
 entire froth ; to each egg add five spoonfuls of sifted 
 loaf sugar ; gradually beat it a great while. Put it 
 on while your cake is hot, and set it in a warm oven 
 to dry. 
 
134 UNIVERSAL GUIDE 
 
 The famous St. Charles Indian Bread — Beat 
 two eggs very light, mix alternately with them one 
 pint of sour milk or butter-milk, one pint of fine 
 Indian meal, melt one table-spoonful of butter and add 
 to the mixture ; dissolve one table-spoonful of soda or 
 salaeratus in a small portion of the milk and add to the 
 mixture ; beat all hard and bake in a quick oven. 
 
 Family Gingerbread. — Four cups of molasses, two 
 cups of boiling water, four tea-spoonfuls of salaeratus, a 
 small piece of melted butter ; make it stiff with flour ; 
 roll it thin, and bake in pans. 
 
 Economical Doughnuts. — One cup of sweet milk, 
 one cup of sugar, one tea-spoonful of salaeratus, flour 
 enough to make it roll. Salt and spice to suit your 
 taste ; two or three plums in each cake, improves 
 them. 
 
 Buckwheat Cakes. — Mix your flour with cold water ; 
 add a cup of yeast and a little salt ; put it in a warm 
 place over night. If it should sour in the morning, put 
 in a little salaeratus ; fry the same as flat-jacks ; leave 
 enough to raise the next mess. 
 
 Common Flat Jacks. — One quart sour milk ; thicken 
 it with flour, two-spoonfuls of salaeratus, and a little 
 salt. 
 
 Fried Wafers. — Two eggs, two large spoonfuls of 
 sugar, one nutmeg ; flour enough to knead up hard ; 
 rolled thin. 
 
 Composition Cake. — One quart of flour, one cup of 
 sugar, half a pound of butter, seven eggs, half a pint of 
 cream. 
 
 Wafers. — One quart of flour, quarter of a pound of 
 butter, two eggs beaten, one glass of preserved quince- 
 juice, and a nutmeg. 
 
 Election Cake. — Four quarts of flour, three quarters 
 of a pound of butter, four eggs, one pound of sugar, 
 one pound of currants or raisins, half a pint of good 
 yeast ; wet it very soft, but not too soft to mould well 
 on a board. Leave it to rise over night, in winter : 
 
CAKE BOOK. 185 
 
 in warm weather, three hours are usually enough for it 
 to rise. 
 
 Queen Cake. — Beat one pound of butter to a cream, 
 with some rose-water, one quart of flour, one pound of 
 sifted sugar — beat all well together — and a few cur- 
 rants, washed and dried — butter small pans, of a size 
 for the purpose, grate sugar over them — they may be 
 done in a Yankee baker. 
 
 Loaf Cake. — Take two quarts of flour, half a pound 
 of sugar, a quarter of a pound of butter, three eggs, 
 one gill of milk, one half tea-cupful of sweet yeast, 
 cloves and nutmeg for spice. 
 
 Short Cake. — Rub a very small bit of shortening, 
 or three table-spoonfuls of cream, with the flour ; put 
 a tea-spoonful of dissolved salseratus into your sour 
 milk, and mix the cake pretty stiff, to bake quick. 
 
 ' Sponge Cake. — Four large eggs, two cups of flour, 
 two cups of sugar, even full, a tea-spoonful of salaeratus, 
 rose-water, lemon, or nutmeg for spices ; beat the two 
 parts of eggs separate, the white to a froth, then beat 
 them together, then stir in the flour, and without delay, 
 put it into the oven. 
 
 Milk Biscuit. — Take four quarts of flour, two pounds 
 of lard, and butter rolled well ; mix with milk ; add a 
 little salt. 
 
 Soft Cake for Tea. — Beat ten eggs light, and one 
 and a half-pounds of sugar ; add a half-pound of butter, 
 and two pounds of flour, a glass of rose-water, and half 
 a nutmeg. 
 
 Poor Man's Pound Cake. — Two cups of bread 
 dough, one cup of sugar, one cup of butter, one egg, a 
 tea-spoonful of pearlash, with rose-water according to 
 taste. 
 
 Cream Cup Cake. — Four cups of flour, two cups of 
 sugar, three cups of cream, and four eggs. Beat 
 well, and bake in square tin pans. When cold; cut in 
 squares ; bake in a quick oven. 
 
186 UNIVERSAL GUIDE. 
 
 Sweet Potato Cakes. — Grate boiled sweet potatoes, 
 and mix witli an equal quantity of flour, four ounces 
 of butter, and add salt and milk ; cut out and bake in 
 a hot oven. Slice and butter for tea. 
 
 Wafers and Jelly. — Take three ounces of butter, 
 the yolks of three eggs, three-quarters of a pound of 
 flour, and three-quarters of a pound of sugar ; melt the 
 butter, and put it to the eggs ; then beat the whole 
 together, with water suflBcient to make a thick batter. 
 Heat the wafer-irons, and bake five or six wafers. 
 Spread one with jelly, lay another on that, and spread 
 it also with jelly or jam ; continue to do so until all are 
 used ; then trim off the edges neatly, and serve out in 
 quarters. 
 
 To remedy a difficulty that has heretofore existed in works of 
 this character, the quantity of ingredients used being generally 
 given in weight, we subjoin the following valuable Table of 
 Weights and Measures. It is necessary to observe, however, that 
 due allowance must be made for quaiity, dryness, moisture, etc., 
 of the articles used. 
 
 Weights and Measures. 
 
 Wheat Flour, one pound is one quart. 
 
 Indian Meal, one pound, two ounces " " 
 
 Butter, soft. one pound, one ounce '' 
 
 Loaf Sugar, broken. one pound, one ounce " •' 
 White Sugar, pounded, one pound, one ovmce " '' 
 Best Brown Sugar, one pound, two ounces, " " 
 
 Ten Eggs .... are one pound. 
 
 An ounce of cinnamon, ginger, pepper, spice, or cloves, two 
 large table-spoonfuls. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 Sixteen large tabie-spoonfuis . . are half a pint ^^ 
 
 Eight large table-spoonfuls . . are one giU. ^- 
 
 Four large table-spoonfuls . . are half a gill. ^^ 
 
 A common sized tumbler . holds half a pint. ^^ 
 
 A common sized wine-glass . . holds half a gill. 
 
 A common tea-cup . . holds half a pint. ^^ 
 
 An ounce of butter or lard melted, a large table-spoonfuk 
 
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