A 
 
 EIiSTORY OF Texas, 
 
 'ROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO THE YEAR 1885; WITH AN 
 
 APPENDIX CONTAINING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE 
 
 OF TEXAS, ADOPTED NOVEMBER, 1875, AND 
 
 THE AMENDMENTS OF 1883. 
 
 FOR USE m SCHOOLS, AXD FOR GEXERAL READERS. 
 
 BIT 
 
 H. S. THRALL, A.M. 
 
 \v 
 
 ■ ... •-V 
 
 AUG 6 TS85J 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COxMPANY. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
Copyright, 1876, 
 H. S. THRALL, 
 
 Copyright, 1885, 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 ***8<H. 
 
PKEFACE. 
 
 ■♦♦♦ 
 
 In this volume the aim of tlie author has been to give a 
 clear, concise, and accurate history of Texas. The book is 
 designed for the scliool-room as well as for the general 
 reader. This design precluded elaborate discussions and 
 minuteness of details. Only important facts and incidents 
 are noted, and these are condensed into the smallest practi- 
 cable compass. 
 
 In preparing this history, the author has freely consulted 
 the works of Yoakum, Kennedy, Foote, Holley, and all 
 other reliable sources of information bearing upon the sub- 
 ject. He has also conversed freely and fully with many of 
 that large and honorable class, now so rapidly disappearing 
 from the walks of the living — The Texas Veterans. 
 
 It has been the good fortune of the writer to enjoy the 
 personal friendship of nearly every one who has filled the 
 executive chair, from the organization of the government to 
 the present time, including Governors Smith and Eobinson, 
 appointed by the Consultation in 1835 ; President Burnet, 
 of the government ad interim; all the Presidents of the 
 Eepublic previous to annexation, and the Governors of the 
 State since that period. He cherishes for these great and 
 good men a profound veneration, and would earnestly com- 
 mend to the youth of the State the study of their lives, and 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 an ardent attachment to the political institutions they have 
 bequeathed to posterity. 
 
 The history of Texas possesses a peculiar interest. The 
 contests for the possession of the country; the grand old 
 mission structures erected for the conversion of the natives; 
 the numerous changes of government, give to our history 
 an air of romance. 
 
 In the summary of events in this volume these interest- 
 ing topics are only briefly noticed; but it is hoped this re- 
 cital will stimulate many to a more thorough investigatiou 
 into the heroic period of our history. 
 
 H. S. Thrall. 
 
 San Antonio, Julyl, 1876. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS — FROM 1685 TO 1819. 
 
 Section I.— Landing of La Salle— Loss of his Ships— Erects Fort St. 
 Louis — Starts for Illinois by Land — Assassination — Fort St. Louia 
 destroyed 11 
 
 Section II. — The Spaniards in Texas— El Paso — Santa Fe — De Leon 
 — Indians Conciliated — French Captives Eecovered — Indian 
 Tribes 13 
 
 Section III. — Object of the Spanish Missions — Land Donations to 
 Missions — Mission Churches — Indians Domesticated — Presidios. . 15 
 
 Section IV. — Dates of Principal Missions — San Antonio a Presidio- 
 Immigrants from Canary Isles — La Purisima Concepcion — Our Lady 
 of Eef uge — Missions Secularized 16 
 
 Section V. — The French again in Texas — The Country given to Cro- 
 zat by Louis XIV. — St. Denis's Expeditions — Belisle and La Harpe 
 on Matagorda Bay — Texas Garrisoned by the Spaniards 18 
 
 Section VI. — Indian Coalition to expel Europeans — Defeated by St. 
 Denis — Louisiana Ceded to Spain — Retroceded to France — Sold to 
 the United States — Condition of Texas at the Close of Eighteenth 
 Century 21 
 
 Section VII. — Spanish Jealousy of the United States — Nolan and 
 Bean — Arrest of Pike and Freeman — Hostile Forces on the Sabine — 
 Cordero and Herrera— Neutral Ground 23 
 
 Section VIII. — Magee's Expedition — Bernardo Gutierres — Republi- 
 can Army of the North — Republicans in Goliad — Kemper — Perry— 
 Fight with Salcedo — Battle of Rosillo — Deed of Horror — Battle of 
 Alazan — Battle of Medina — Cruelties of Victors 25 
 
 Section IX. — Affairs at Galveston — The Island Occupied by Aury 
 — Expedition to Soto la Marina — Fate of Perry and Aury — The 
 Pirate Lafitte 31 
 
 Section X. — Long's Expedition — Garrisons in Eastern Texas — Ex- 
 pelled by Perez — Returns to Texas — Takes Possession of Goliad — 
 Assassinated in Mexico 33 
 
 Section XI.— Early Public Roads— Origin of the Name of Texas- 
 Names of Rivers — Population — Treaty between the United States 
 and Spain 1 36 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 COLONIZATION UNDER EMPRESARIO GRANTS — FROM 1820 TO 1834. 
 
 Section I. — Robert Owen's Application Rejected — Grant to Keene — 
 Moses Austin at San Antonio — Obtains a Grant — His Death 40 
 
 Becttion II. — Austin's first Colony — Stephen F. Austin enters Texas — 
 Chooses Location for a Colony — Schooner "Lively" lost — Arrival of 
 first Colonists — Austin in Mexico — Obtains other Contracts 43 
 
 Section III. — Other Colonial Grants— Edwards's DiflBculties — Fredo- 
 nian War — Grants to Zavalla — to Velielin and Burnet — Galveston 
 Bay Company — De Leon's Colony — Grant to De Witt — to Hewitsoii 
 and Powers — to McMullen and McGloin — toLeftwich, Milam, etc. 44 
 
 Section IV. — Colonization Law — Cost of Land to Immigrants — Quan- 
 tity to Each — Land Bonuses — Town Lots to Mechanics and Mer- 
 chants — Premium Lands to Empresarios — Land Commissioner.. . 49 
 
 Section V. — Progress of Settlements — Slavery — Austin's Authority — 
 Texas joined to Coahuila — Political Chiefs — Representatives — Civil 
 Officers — Appellate Court — Taxation 52 
 
 Section VI. — Indians — The Caranchuas — The Comanches — The 
 Smaller Tribes — The Keechies — The Intrusive Tribes — Scalping of 
 Wilbarger — Number of Indians in Texas 56 
 
 Section VII. — 111 Treatment of Colonists — Arrest of Padilla and 
 Madero — Bustemente's Proclamation — Mexican Garrisons in Texas — 
 Trouble at Anahuac — Fight at Velasco — at Nacogdoches — Mexican 
 Soldiers leave Texas 59 
 
 Section VIII. — State of the Colonies — Convention of 1833 — Austin 
 sent to Mexico — Revolution in Coahuila — Austin in Prison — Almonte 
 in Texas — Political Parties — Live Stock — Agriculture — Commerce — 
 Education — Churches 64 
 
 PERIOD III. 
 
 the revolution — THE TEARS 1835 AND 1836. 
 
 Section I. — Troubled State of the Country — Despotism in Mexico — 
 Legislature of Coahuila Dispersed— No Civil Government in Texas 
 — Administrative Council — Austin's Return— Mexican Soldiers in 
 Texas— Proscribed Patriots— Affairs at Gonzales— Capture of Goliad 
 — of Lipantitlan 71 
 
 Section II. — Civil Government — General Consultation— Provisional 
 Government Instituted— Austin Appointed Military Commander — 
 Battle of Concepcion — Capture of San Antonio— Trophies of the 
 Victory 75 
 
 Section III. — Executive Council— Convention of 1836 — Declaration 
 of Independence — Government ad interim — David G. Burnet, Presi- 
 dent — Condition of the Texan Army 82 
 
CONTENTS. 7 
 
 Section IV. — Santa Anna's Plans — His Arrival at San Antonio- 
 Travis Besieged — Capture of the Alamo — Massacre of the Garrison — 
 Death of David Crockett — The Child of the Alamo 84 
 
 Section V. — Urrea in the Southwest — Mexicans at San Patricio — 
 Killing of Grant — Massacre of King's Men at Refugio — Fannin 
 Evacuates Goliad —Battle of Coleta — Fannin and Ward Surrender — 
 The Massacre at Goliad 90 
 
 Section VI. — San Jacinto Campaign — Santa Anna Advances in Three 
 Columns — Houston's Retreat from Gonzales — Crosses the Brazos at 
 Groce's — Camps at the Mouth of the San Jacinto — Santa Anna at 
 New Washington — Skirmishing on the 20th of April 94 
 
 Section VII. — Battle of San Jacinto — Strength of the Two Armies- 
 Battle-cry of the Texans — Furious Charge of the Texans — Total 
 Rout of the Enemy — Capture of Santa Anna 99 
 
 Section VIII. — Retreat of Filisola — Strength of his Army — President 
 Burnet on the Battle-ground — Houston Wounded — Yields the Com- 
 mand to General Rusk — Treaty with Santa Anna — Condition of 
 Affairs in Eastern Texas— Arrival of General Quitman — General 
 Gaines — Texas Navy 101 
 
 Section IX. — Embarrassments of the Country — Treatment of Santa 
 Anna — Dissatisfaction in the Army — Diplomatic Relations with the 
 United States — Election Ordered —Meeting of the First Congress — 
 Inauguration of Constitutional Government 105 
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 TEXAS A REPUBLIC — FROM 1837 TO 1845. 
 
 Section I. — Houston's First Administration — He Surrenders his 
 Sword — Congress — A Loan Authorized — Homesteads to Emigrants 
 — Proposed Reforms — Rejection by Acting President of Mexico of 
 Santa Anna's Treaty with Texas — Another Mexican Invasion Threat- 
 ened — Independence Recognized by the United States — Army and 
 Navy — Houston's Indian Policy — Indian Fights 110 
 
 Section II.— Lamar's Administration — Austin made the Capital — The 
 New Navy — Republic of the Rio Grande — Lamar's Indian Policy— 
 Indio-Mexican League — Expulsion of the Cherokees — Fight with 
 Indian Captives at San Antonio — Comanches Descend to the Coast 
 — Plum Creek Fight — Moore's Fight on the Colorado — Santa Fe Ex- 
 pedition — Finances 116 
 
 Section III. — Houston's Second Administration — Improvement in the 
 Finances — Raids of Vasquez and Woll— Dawson's Defeat — Removal 
 of the Seat of Government — The Meir Expedition — The Navy — 
 Indian Treaty — The Snively Expedition — Regulators and Mod- 
 erators 126 
 
 Section IV. — Jones's Administration — Foreign Relations — Finances 
 of the Country — Annexation of Texas to the United States 136 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 PERIOD V. 
 
 TEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION — FROM 1846 TO 1875. 
 
 Section t. — Henderson's Administration — War with Mexico — Battles 
 of Palo" Alto and Resaca de la Palma — Gov. Henderson in Command 
 of the Texans — Lieut.-Gov. Horton Acting Governor 140 
 
 Section H. — Wood's Administration — The Public Debt — Indian Raids 
 — Santa Fe Controversy 142 
 
 Section HI. — Bell's Administration — Sale of Santa Fe to the United 
 States — New Public Buildings 143 
 
 Section IV. — Pease's Administration — Progress of the Country — 
 School Fund— Public Asylums — Additional Payment for Santa F6 
 — State Aid to Railroads— The Cart War — A Full Treasury 145 
 
 Section V. — Runnels' Administration — Acquisition of Territory — 
 Indian Reservations — Indian Fights — Trouble from Cortina — Evi- 
 dences of Progress 147 
 
 Section VI. — Houston's Administration— Frontier Protection — Sup- 
 posed Incendiary Fires — Political Excitement — Houston's Circular 
 to other Governors — Action of the Legislature — The Convention 
 Recognized — Secession — Houston Displaced 150 
 
 Section VII. — Clark's Administration — War Measures — Texas Ports 
 Blockaded 153 
 
 Section VIII. — Lubbock's Administration — Texas Prosperous — State 
 Military Board — The Arizona Expedition — Confederates Evacuate 
 Galveston — Magruder Recaptures the City — Sabine Pass 155 
 
 Section IX. — Murrah's Administration — Cotton Bureau — The Feder- 
 als at Brownsville — Fight with the Kickapoos — Dispersion of the 
 Confederate Army — Gen. Granger in Command 157 
 
 Section X. — Hamilton's Administration — First Reconstruction — Con- 
 vention of 1866 161 
 
 Section XI, — Throckmorton's Administration — Indian Depredations — 
 Government in Texas Provisional — Throckmorton Removed . . . .163 
 
 Section XII. — Pease's Administration — Military Commander the Real 
 Governor — Second Reconstruction — Couvention of 1868-9 164 
 
 Section XIII. — Davis's Administration — Constitutional Amendments 
 Ratified — Senators and Representatives Admitted to Congress — 
 Frontier Protection — Homestead Law — Increase of Population — 
 Results of a General Election — Excitement at the Capital 165 
 
 Section XIV. — Coke's Administration — Supreme Court Re- organized 
 — Constitutional Convention Provided for — Closing Remarks — In- 
 crease in Population, in Agricultural Products, in Live-Stock, and in 
 Aggregate Wealth — Rail road Progress — Telegraph Lines — Improve- 
 ment of Canals, Channels, etc 169 
 
 Ck)N6TITDTI0N OF THE StATE OP TEXAS 175 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 TEN years' progress—from 1876 TO 1885. 
 
 Section I.— Changes in State Constitution — Succession of Governors 
 — State Legislatures 175 
 
 Section II.— State Debt — State Finances 178 
 
 Section III. — Wealth and Population — Our Public Lands — Public 
 Free Schools 181 
 
 Section IV. — State Institutions of Learning— Charitable Institutions 
 — Penitentiaries 185 
 
 Section V. — State Capitol — Railroads — Conclusion 188 
 
 Constitution of the State of Texas 191 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution 243 
 
History of Texas. 
 
 RUINS OF THE ALAMO— 1837. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS. 
 
 From the Landing of La Salle, in 1685, to the Tueaty between 
 
 THE United States and Spain, in 1819.— Texas a Province 
 
 OF Spain. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 LAKDIN-G OF LA SALLE. — HIS SUBSEQUEl^T MOVEMENTS 
 
 AND DEATH. 
 
 1. The coast of Texas was visited by Robert, Cavalier de 
 La Salle, on the 10th of February, 1685. La Salle sailed 
 
 Section I.-l, When did La Salle land in Texas? At what point? What 
 became of La Salle's principal ships ? 
 
12 MOVEMENTS OF LA SALLE. 
 
 from France with four ships, and upward of three hundred 
 persons, to phint a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. 
 Misled by inaccurate charts, the fleet sailed too far to the 
 westward, and entered a bay named by the French San 
 Bernardo, since called Matagorda. A succession of disasters 
 befell the expedition. One of the vessels was captured by 
 the Spaniards, on the outward voyage. Another was wrecked 
 in attempting to cross the bar. Early in March, the naval 
 commander, in a pet, sailed for France in a third. The 
 Indians, at first friendly, soon became hostile, and some of 
 the French fell victims to their tomahawks. 
 
 2. To secure a more eligible site for a permanent fort, La 
 Salle crossed the bay, and ascended a river which, from the 
 buffalo upon its banks, he named Les Vaclies (Lavaca), 
 Here he erected Fort St. Louis, since known as Dimmit's 
 Point. The transfer of the colonists, and the erection of 
 necessary buildings, occupied the summer months. In Oc- 
 tober, La Salle, with some companions, started eastward by 
 land to find the Mississippi. The only remaining vessel, the 
 Belle, was sent across the bay and lost in a gale. After 
 weeks of absence, in which the Colorado was discovered, La 
 Salle returned and found his colony in a languishing condi- 
 tion. Many were sick, some had died, provisions were be- 
 coming scarce, and some of the reckless adventurers began 
 to exhibit signs of mutiny. 
 
 3. Relief must be obtained, and La Salle determined to 
 cross the country to the French settlements in Illinois. 
 He started on the 22d of April, 1686, with twenty picked 
 men. The country was flat, and the numerous streams 
 swollen by spring rains. While at a village of the Nassonite 
 Indians, on the Neches [nay'-chcs) River, La Salle and his 
 
 2. Where did he erect hie fort? What became of his only remaining vespelt 
 
 3. How did La Salle propose to reach his countrymen? When did he start 
 Why did he return to Fort St. Louis ? 
 
THE SPANIARDS IN TEXAS. 13 
 
 nephew Avere attacked with fever. When they had sufficient- 
 ly recovered to resume their journey, it v/as found that their 
 ammunition was nearly exhausted, and it would be neces- 
 sary to return to Fort St. Louis for a fresh supply. Only 
 eight men survived to reach the fort, on the 22d of October. 
 4. The number in the fort had also greatly diminished. 
 But La Salle again started across the continent, taking, as 
 before, twenty companions. They left on the 12th of Jan- 
 uary, 1687. Fort St. Louis, with its small garrison of twenty 
 persons, including seven women, was left in charge of Bar- 
 bier, who had married one of the maidens that came out 
 from France. La Salle had reached the neighborhood of 
 his former encampment on the Neches, when a mutiny broke 
 out, and he was cruelly assassinated by one of his own men. 
 This was about the 16th of March. The feeble fort was soon 
 afterwards attacked by the Caranchuas, and its inhabitants 
 killed or captured. 
 
 SECTION IL 
 
 THE SPANIARDS IN" TEXAS. — EL PASO. — SAIS^TA FE. — DE 
 LEON.— INDI AIT TRIBES. 
 
 1. The country, thus temporarily occupied by the French, 
 was claimed by the King of Spain. As early as 1582, a com- 
 pany of Spaniards, under Espejo [ays-pay'lio), visited the 
 upper Eio Grande, and established missions at El Paso {ayl 
 pah'so) and Santa Fe. When the Viceroy of Mexico heard 
 of the landing of La Salle, a small force was sent to dislodge 
 
 4, When did he etart the second time? Give the particulars of his death. 
 What became of the fort ? 
 
 Section II. — 1. What European sovereign claimed Texas? Where had tha 
 Spaniards established missions? Who was sent into Texas by the Viceroy o< 
 U exico ? 
 
14 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 bim, under the command of Captain Alonzo De Leon 
 {day lay'-on). As De Leon advanced into the country, he 
 took pains to conciliate the natives. He found Fort St. Louis 
 in ruins, but recovered a few of the French from the In- 
 dians, and humanely sent them to their friends. 
 
 2. When Texas was first visited by Europeans, it was oc- 
 cupied by various tribes of Aborigines. The Cennis, Nas- 
 sonites, Nacogdo'ches, Anadaquas {ah-nali-dah'quahs), Ayish, 
 Ytass'ies, Tehas {tay'-hahs), etc., inhabited the territory be- 
 tween Buffalo Bayou and the Sabine. They lived in villages, 
 possessed domestic animals, and cultivated patches of corn, 
 beans, potatoes, pumpkins, and a variety of garden vegeta- 
 bles. When La Salle reached the villages of the Nassonites, 
 he was hospitably entertained, and furnished with horses and 
 provisions to continue his journey. These Indians were sup- 
 posed to belong to the same race with the Aztecs of Mexico. 
 
 3. A number of nomadic tribes roamed over the western 
 prairies, who subsisted by hunting and fishing. The Caran- 
 chuas, a tall, athletic, and warlike race, lived upon the coast. 
 The Comanches occupied the country between the Brazos and 
 Guadalupe {gwhah-dah-loo'pay) rivers, with their main lodges 
 on the upper Colorado. Then, as now, this tribe lived 
 mostly by plunder. They have been called the *' Arabs of 
 the prairies." The Apaches hunted over the highlands be- 
 tween the San Saba and the Rio Grande, with their head- 
 quarters about the liandiQY'd. {balm-day' -rah) Pass. The prin- 
 cipal village of the Wacoes was on the Brazos {brah'zos), 
 where a city of the same name now stands. The Tehuacanaa 
 {tay-whak' -cah-nahs) gave their name to a range of hills in 
 Limestone county. The Lipans', Ton'kawas, and Musca- 
 lar'oes, were small and kindred tribes. 
 
 2* Name some of the Indian tribes of East Texae. How did they live ? 
 3* What tribe lived on the coast? Where were the main lodges of the Coman 
 ches The Apaches ? Wacoes ? Tehuacanaa t 
 
MISSIONS. 15 
 
 4. It has been said these prairie Indians were cannibals. 
 This is probably a mistake. In their war dances, they some- 
 times tasted morsels of the flesh, and perhaps of the blood, 
 of their enemies. This was done to make them more cour- 
 ageous. Those best acquainted with the manners and cus- 
 toms of these tribes, say they never used human flesh aa 
 food. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 MISSION ESTABLISHMENTS. — THEIR OBJECT. — HOW 
 CONDUCTED. — PRESIDIOS. 
 
 1. The Europeans, in coming to this continent, had two 
 objects in view. Eirst, the acquisition of territory for tlieir 
 respective sovereigns. Second, the conversion of the natives 
 to Christianity. The establishment of missions, it was 
 thought, would accomplish both these objects. Posses- 
 sion of the country was secured, and many of the Indians 
 received Christian baptism, and gradually adopted the hab- 
 its of civilized life. In Texas, these missions were under 
 the supervision of monks of the order of St. Francis. In 
 the west, points were selected capable of irrigation, and a 
 tract of land, several miles square, was given to each estab- 
 lishment. The Eathers, with a few domestics and soldiers, 
 took possession, and by persuasion or by force, Indians were 
 induced to congregate in the neighborhood. 
 
 2. A substantial house (generally of stone) was erected, 
 which answered the double purpose of a place of worship in 
 time of peace, and a fortress for defense in time of danger. 
 
 4. Were the Indians cannibals? 
 
 Section III.— 1. What object? did the Europeans propose to accomplish in 
 coming to America? How did the establiphment of missions a:d them f 
 3. What purposes did the mission church serve? 
 
16 INDIANS DOMESTICATED. 
 
 Suitable houses were also built for the priests, and rude huts 
 for the Indians, who were employed in taking care of stock, 
 and cultivating the ground to supply food. In return for 
 this comparatively light labor, the Indians received religious 
 instruction, food, and clothing. 
 
 3. These domesticated Indians were called In'dios redu'- 
 cidos, while those who still remained in their savage state 
 were called In'dios hrd'vos. If a mission proved prosperous, 
 and a considerable population collected around it, it was 
 erected into ix presidio, and finally into a village or city. In 
 Mexico, and other States of Central and South America, these 
 missions were instrumental in converting almost the entire 
 native population to Christianity, and since the establishment 
 of republican institutions in those countries, full blooded 
 Indians have risen to the highest offices in the various de- 
 partments of their respective governments. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 DATES OF THE PRINCIPAL MISSIONS IN TEXAS. — MISSIONS 
 
 SECULARIZED. 
 
 1. Under the direction of De Leon, who again visited 
 Texas in 1690, a mission was established at Presidio (jway- 
 see'-de-o), on the Rio Grande, and preparations made for 
 another, at Fort St. Louis. Missions were also projected at 
 other points. In 1691, Domingo Teran succeeded De Leon 
 as military commander at Monclova. Teran took measures 
 to plant settlements in Texas. 
 
 3* What name was given to domesticated Indians ? To wild Indians? How wai 
 %, presidio formed ? What was the effect of these miesions in Central and Soutb 
 America? 
 
 Section IV. — 1 . In what year was the mission at Presidio commenced f 
 
DATES OF PRINCIPAL MISSIONS. 17 
 
 2. In 1692, a village called Sail Fernandes (now San An- 
 tonio), was begun near the head of the San Antonio River. 
 Besides fathers for the missions, Teran sent into the prov- 
 ince soldiers, accompanied with laborers, who brought cattle 
 for domestic use, and seeds for planting. The Mission San 
 Antonio de Valero was commenced on the Rio Grande in 
 1703, and removed to the San Antonio River in 1715, and to 
 the plaza, in the city, in 1718. In 1714, Don Domingo 
 Ramon, to secure a settlement on the Guadalupe River, and 
 for the irrigation of the valley, projected the Mission Nues- 
 tra Seiiora de Guadalupe (Mission Valley). In 1715, Ra- 
 mon also commenced missions at La Bahia {lali-lali-hee' -ah), 
 Nacogdo'clies, on Ayish Bayou, and at Adaes, on the east 
 side of the Sabine. 
 
 3. San Antonio was erected into a presidio November 28, 
 1730, and the next year, under orders from the King of 
 Spain, citizens for the new city were brought from the Ca- 
 nary Islands. The transportation of sixteen families, con- 
 sisting of fifty-seven persons, cost the royal treasury $72,000. 
 On the 5th of March, 1731, was laid the foundation of La 
 Purisima Concepcion, and during this period of prosperity, 
 the Missions la Espa'da [lali ays-imh'-dah), San Juan, and 
 San Jose were commenced. The foundation of the Al'amo 
 was laid in 1744. 
 
 4. In 1734, a mission was established among the Co- 
 manches on the San Saba {sah'bah) River. In 1758, a rich 
 silver mine was discovered in the neighborliood. This col- 
 lected a large number of miners. The miners and the In- 
 dians quarrelled. To avenge some real or fancied wrong, at 
 
 2. In what year was San Antonio settled ? When was the mispion San Antonio 
 commenced ? When was it located in the city ? What mission was projected in 
 1714 ? What missions were commenced in 1715 ? 
 
 3. WTien was San Antonio erected into a presidio ? Give the date of the fonnda 
 tion of the mission Concepcion. The Alamo. 
 
 4. When was the San Saba mission established? When broken up ? 
 
18 THE FRENCH AGAIN IN TEXAS. 
 
 a time when all the soldiers were absent, the savages fell 
 upon the defenseless missionaries, and put them all to death. 
 
 5. In 1778, Seiior Gil y Barbo laid the foundation of the 
 old stone house in Nacogdoches ; and in 1790, the Mission 
 of our Lady of Refuge, Refugio {ray-foo'-yeo), was com- 
 menced. This was the last mission undertaken by the Frar,- 
 ci scans in Texas. For a century they had labored for the 
 civilization of the Indians. Some of their mission churches 
 have disappeared. Other massive structures stil] stand, 
 monuments of the religious zeal and enterprise of their 
 founders. 
 
 6. On the 8th of April, 1794, Don Pedro de Nava, Gov- 
 ernor of Chihuahua {chee-ivhali'-whah), issued a decree secu- 
 larizing all the Texas missions, thus transferring them from 
 the control of the monastic orders to the regular clergy. 
 Texas was, at that time, under the jurisdiction of the bishop 
 of Guadalaxara [giuah-dah-lah-liah'-rali). In 1805, it was 
 included in the new bishopric of Nueva Leon, and the 
 bishop, Don Primus Feliciana Maria, paid a visit to the 
 province in company with Governor Cordero. He brought 
 with him a number of priests for the various missions. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 THE FRENCH AGAIN IN TEXAS. — CROZAT. — ST. DENIS. — 
 LA HARPE. — BELISLE. — SPANISH GARRISONS. 
 
 1. Under the right of prior discovery by La Salle, the 
 French still laid claim to the country. By a royal chiirter, 
 
 5. When was the stone house built in Nacogdoches ? When was mission Refngfo 
 commenced ? 
 
 6. When were the missions secularized ? What Bishop visited Texas in 1805? 
 Section V.— 1, To whom did Louis XIV, of France, give Louisiana? 
 
CR0ZAT—8T. DENIS. 19 
 
 dated September 14, 1712, Louis XIV. granted to Anthony 
 Orozat the whole of Louisiana, inckiding all the territory 
 drained by the Mississippi. Crozat was an enterprising mer- 
 chant, and hoped to build up a profitable trade with the 
 northern provinces of Mexico, and, if practicable, carry on 
 extensive mining operations. 
 
 2. Under the advice of Crozat, Condillac, then Governor 
 of Louisiana, sent lluchereau St. Denis on a trading trip 
 to Mexico. The company, consisting of twelve Frenchmen 
 and a few friendly Indians, started from Natchitoches in 
 August, 1714. They arrived safe on the Rio Grande, and 
 were kindly received by the Spanish commander at Presidio, 
 who hoped to derive a profit from the prospective trade. 
 But when Gaspardo Anaya, Governor of Coahuila, heard of 
 the arrival of the French, he ordered tlie whole party ar- 
 rested. St. Denis did not long remain in prison, though it 
 is uncertain how he obtained his liberty. He still main- 
 tained friendly relations with the commander at Presidio, 
 and before leaving the Eio Grande, married the daughter of 
 that officer. 
 
 3. In 1716, St. Denis again visited the Rio Grande with a 
 supply of goods for traffic. This trip was more unfortunate 
 than the first. The men to whom he entrusted his goods 
 acted dishonestly, and he was again thrown into prison. A 
 second time he made his escape, and, taking his wife with 
 him, returned to Mobile, then the capital of Louisiana. 
 
 4. In 1718, the territory of Louisiana passed to the con- 
 trol of the Company of the Indies, of which John Law, tlie 
 
 2. Who was sent into Texas? When did St. Denis leave Natchitoches? How 
 was he treated by Governor Anaya ? To whom was St. Denis married ? 
 
 3. When did he again visit the Rio Grande ? Was that a fortunate trip? 
 
 4. What company controlled Louisiana in 1718 ? What European nations were 
 engaged in war? What Frenchmen entered Texas ? With whom did La Harpe find 
 a refnge ? 
 
20 LA HARPE—BELI8LE. 
 
 celebrated financier, was the leading spirit. In the latter 
 part of this year, Avar broke out between France and Spain. 
 As soon as this was known in America, St. Denis, then in 
 command at Natchitoches, in conjunction with La Harpe, 
 collected a few soldiers for the invasion of Texas. The 
 French expelled the Spaniards from Nacogdoches, and ad 
 Tanced as far as San Antonio. Here they encountered an 
 army of five hundred Spaniards, under Marquis de Aguayo, 
 Avhom the Viceroy had sent to hold the Province. St. 
 Denis hastily retreated to the Sabine. La Harpe, how- 
 ever, remained in Texas, having found a refuge in one of 
 the villages of the Nassonites. He claimed the counti-y fo7 
 France, and carried on a lengthy correspondence with De 
 Alarconne, the Spanish commander who succeeded De 
 Aguayo. The controversy as to the ownership of Texas 
 was kept up by different parties for more than a century 
 
 5. In 1720, the Company of the Indies sent out an expedi- 
 tion to plant a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This 
 fleet, like that brought out by La Salle, was driven too far 
 to the westward, and also entered Matagorda Bay. While 
 the captain of one of the vessels was taking in a supply of 
 water, M. de Belisle and four companions went ashore to 
 hunt. The hunters overstaying their time, were deserted 
 by their countrymen. Belisle found his way to a Nassonitc 
 village, and contrived to send word to St. Denis at Natch- 
 itoches. The fate of his companions is involved in obscuri- 
 ty. The report that they immediately perished from starva- 
 tion, in a country abounding in fish and game, is too incred- 
 ible for belief. 
 
 6. The next year the governor of Louisiana sent a com- 
 
 5. What company attempted to plant a colony in Texas, in 1720 ? How came Be 
 IJBle and his companions to be left? Their fate ? 
 
 6. For what purpose did Belisle and La Harpe again enter Texas? Did they sue 
 coed f Where did Governor Aguayo place garrisons ? 
 
INDIAN COALITION. 21 
 
 pany, under Belisle and La Harpe, to form a settlement on 
 Matagorda Bay. But while the Nassonites were friends of 
 the French, the Caranchuas were allies of the Spaniards, 
 and Belisle met with serious difficulties and his party soon 
 returned to Louisiana, leaving Texas to the Spaniards. To 
 secure the country, Governor Aguayo, in 1722, placed gar- 
 risons at the most important posts: one hundred at Adaes; 
 twenty-five on the Neches; ninety at the Bay of San Ber- 
 nardo (Matagorda), and fifty-three at San Antonio de 
 Bexar. 
 
 SECTION YL 
 
 INDIAN COALITION. — OWNERSHIP OF LOUISIANA.— TEXAS AT 
 THE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY^ 
 
 1. In 1729, a number of powerful Indian tribes formed a 
 coalition for the expulsion of all the Europeans from the 
 country between the Mississippi and the Rio Grande. Tiie 
 Natchez and associate bands, were to fall upon the French 
 in Louisiana, while the Comanches, Apaches, and other 
 prairie tribes, were to expel the Spaniards from Texas. 
 
 2. The ever vigilant St. Denis, at Natchitoches, hearing 
 of this coalition, did not wait to be attacked; but hastily 
 collecting some troops, entered the territory of the Natchez, 
 and dispersed them before they were prepared to resist him. 
 The Spanish commander failed to act with equal prompt- 
 ness; and for two years the settlements in Texas were har- 
 rassed by the Comanches, who sometimes ventured to the 
 very walls of San Antonio. But, in 1732, Governor Bustilloa 
 
 Section VI.— 1. What league was formed by the Indians in 1729 ? 
 2. What measures did St. Dennis adopt ? Did the Spaniards act with equal vigor ! 
 When did BustiJlos chastise the Comanches 
 
22 TEXAS AT THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY. 
 
 organized a military expedition, entered the Indian territory, 
 chastised the savages, and secured peace to the settlements. 
 
 3. In 1762, France transferred her Louisiana iDOSsessions 
 to Spain. This was a fortunate change for Texas, as all re- 
 strictions heretofore existing were removed from trade, 
 which was freely carried on across the Sabine. Texas was 
 attached to the Intendency of San Luis Potosi {po-to-see), 
 commerce extended in that direction, and, upon the whole, 
 this was an era of quiet and prosperity. In 1800, Spain 
 retroceded Louisiana to France, and in 1803, Bonaparte 
 sold it to the United States. 
 
 4. At the close of the eighteenth century Texas had no 
 seaport, though her bays were occasionally visited by pirati- 
 cal vessels belonging to the buccaneers. On the Rio Grande, 
 the towns of Presidio and El Paso had a settled population, 
 and enjoyed many of the luxuries of life. Wheat was ex- 
 tensively cultivated ; grapes grew luxuriantly, and the 
 inhabitants were well supplied with garden vegetables and 
 fruits. The interior of the country had a population esti- 
 mated at about six thousand, of which one third were in 
 San Antonio ; and there were permanent settlements at 
 Goliad, Nacogdoches, and some other points. Almonte 
 estimated that at this period one hundred thousand cattle, 
 and forty thousand horses, grazed upon its broad prairies. 
 
 5. But Texas was connected with Mexico, and under the 
 dominion of a Spanish Viceroy, and Mexico herself already 
 began to exhibit premonitory signs of a coming revolution. 
 She felt the influence of the young republic which had 
 grown up in North America, and was further affected by 
 
 3. To whom was Louisiana transferred in 1762 ? When was it again retroceded tc 
 France ? When sold to the United States ? 
 
 4. What vessels entered the harbors of Texas ? What is said of the number and 
 condition of its inhabitants at the close of the eighteenth century ? 
 
 5 . With what was Mexico threatened ? Why ? 
 
SPANISH JEALO U8T. 23 
 
 the changes which the career of Bonaparte was producing 
 in Europe. The Spanish authorities viewed the Unitec 
 States with distrust, especially after that government had 
 acquired Louisiana and revived the French claim to Texas. 
 
 SECTION VIl. 
 
 SPANISH JEALOUSY OF THE UNITED STATES. — PHILIP NOLAN. 
 — PIKE AND FREEMAN. — CORDEEO AND HERRERA. — 
 WILKINSON. — HOSTILE FORCES ON THE SABINE. 
 
 1. The increasing prosperity of the American republic and 
 the claim that Texas was included in the purchase of Louis- 
 iana, excited the jealousy of the Spaniards, who adopted a 
 most proscriptive policy. They forbade any citizen of the 
 United States from entering Spanish territory without a 
 passport, and that could be obtained only by persons whose 
 object was scientific ey,ploration. This hostile feeling was 
 well expressed by Dor*. Salcedo, general of the Eastern In- 
 ternal Provinces, who said that, "had he the power, he 
 would stop even the birds from flying across the boundary 
 line between the United States and Mexico." 
 
 2. Notwithstanding the hostility of the Spaniards, Am 'ri- 
 cans occasionally entered Mexican territory. In 1800, Philip 
 Nolan, Ellis P. Bean, and eighteen others left Natchez, 
 Mississippi, avowedly to hunt wild horses in Texas. The 
 Spanish Viceroy, believing that Nolan was engaged in 
 some enterprise much more important than catching mus- 
 tangs, sent word to the commander at Nacogdoches to arrest 
 
 Section VII. — 1. How did the Spaniards regard the Americans? What did 
 Balcedo say he would do if he had the power ? 
 2. What party of Americans entered Texas in 1800 ? For what purpose ? 
 
24 PHILIP NOLAN. 
 
 him. Nolan evaded arrest by entering Texas higher up the 
 country. 
 
 3. Arriving on the high prairies, between the Trinity and 
 the Brazos, Xolan halted, erected a block-house, and com- 
 menced his preparations for securing a supply of horses. 
 Here, on the 21st of March, 1801, he was discovered by 
 Lieutenant Musquez, who, with about one huudred soldiers, 
 had been dispatched from San Antonio for his capture. 
 Nolan fell, mortally wounded, at the first fire. After con- 
 tinuing the fight for some time, Bean, upon whom the com- 
 mand devolved, surrendered, upon the promise that he and 
 his party should be conducted back to Nacogdoches, libera- 
 ted, and sent to the United States. But instead of being re- 
 leased, they were put in chains and marched on foot to the 
 Rio Grande. Here they were long kept in different prisons, 
 and it is believed Bean was the only one who ever revisited 
 his native country. 
 
 4. In 1S06, Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike, of the U. S. 
 Army, while out on an exploring tour towards the head- 
 waters of the Rio Grande, was discovered by the Mexicans, 
 arrested, deprived of his papers, and sent home under an 
 escort who acted as spies upon his conduct. The next year. 
 Colonel Freeman, sent out by President Jefferson to explore 
 the Red River country, was also discovered by the Mexicans, 
 arrested, and sent home. 
 
 5. To make sure of the possession of Texas, in 1805, Gov. 
 Don Antonio Oordero advanced from La Bahia (now Goliad) 
 to the Sabine with a military force to hold the country. 
 The next year he was joined by Manuel de Salcedo, Captain 
 
 3. VHiere did Nolan's party erect their block-house ? When was Nolan killed 1 
 What became of his companions ? 
 
 4. How was Pike treated by the Mexicans ? Freeman ? 
 
 6. What Mexican officer entered Texas in 1805 ? By whom was he joined the next 
 year ? Where did Herrera establish his headquarters ? 
 
HOSTILE FORCES ON THE SABINE. 25 
 
 General of the Eastern Internal Provinces, and Simon de 
 Herrera, an experienced general and accomplished diplomat- 
 ist. Herrera crossed the Sabine, and occupied the olo 
 Spanish post at Adaes. This post had been selected by the 
 Spaniards before the boundary line between Texas and Lou- 
 isiana was designated. This step of Herrera, added to 
 other provocations, produced a warlike feeling in the 
 [Jnited States, both with the government and people. 
 
 6. The message of President Jefferson, at the opening of 
 Congress in December, 1805, was considered equivalent to a 
 declaration of war with Spain. General Wilkinson, a zealous 
 advocate for war, was in command at Natchitoches. Under 
 his instructions. Governor Claiborne called out the militia of 
 Louisiana to assist in driving the Spaniards across the 
 Sabine. It was publicly stated that Herrera had peremp- 
 tory orders to maintain his position. 
 
 7. At this juncture, when a collision seemed inevitable, 
 the two commanders met, and by an adjustment, unexpected 
 to all parties, preserved the peace. A narroAV strip between 
 the Sabine and a small bayou, called Arroyo Hondo, was 
 designated as "neutral ground," not to be occupied by 
 either party until the boundary line was finally settled. 
 
 SECTION vm. 
 
 MA gee's expedition. KEMPER. — PERRY. — BATTLE OP 
 
 ROSILLO. — DEED OF HORROR. — BATTLES OF ALAZAN AKD 
 MEDIITA. — HORRIBLE CRUELTIES. 
 
 1. The "'^ neutral ground" becoming a place of resort for 
 
 6, What was the tone of President Jefferson's message ? What American general 
 commanded at Natchitoches ? 
 
 7. How were hostilities prevented ? 
 
 Section VIII,— 1. What was the character of the population of the "neatral 
 groiTnd?" What purpose did Magee form? Wliat was the name of the ne\< 
 organization ? 
 
26 MAGE E' 8 EXPEDITION. 
 
 lawless men and freebooters, the United States soldiers 
 stationed at Natchitoches were frequently called upon to 
 protect the caravans of merchants passing across the terri- 
 tory. One of the officers who assisted in breaking up this 
 nest of robbers, was Lieutenant Augustus W. Magee. While 
 thus engaged, Magee conceived the idea of organizing this 
 floating and turbulent population into an army with which 
 to revolutionize Texas, and rescue it from Mexican control. 
 In this he was encouraged by Bernardo Gutierres, a repub- 
 lican leader, formerly connected with Hidalgo, and who, 
 after the fall of that chief, had made his home on the 
 Sabine. The new organization took the name of tlie Eepub 
 lican Army of the North. 
 
 2. Magee was the controlling spirit, though Bernardo was 
 the nominal commander. The republicans cherished a 
 special hatred against the native Spaniards, who were called 
 Gachupins {gah'choo-2}eens), and this is sometimes called 
 the Gachupin war. Magee and his party, without opposition, 
 took possession of Nacogdoches in July, 1812. In Septem- 
 ber the Republicans, to the number of about three hundred, 
 moved to the west and entered Goliad; the small Spanish 
 garrison retiring without a fight. On the 7th of November, 
 Governor Salcedo and Gen. Herrera arrived in the neigh- 
 borhood with troops from San Antonio. On the 20th, hav- 
 ing received some field pieces, a vigorous but unsuccessful 
 attack was made upon the town. The fight lasted nearly 
 all day, the Spaniards suffering a severe loss. 
 
 3. Finding it impossible to take the place by storm, 
 Herrera next attempted to starve out the garrison. In this 
 he was equally unsuccessful. About the 1st of February, 
 
 2. Who accompanied Magee as nominal commander ? When did the Republicans 
 reach Goliad ? When did Salcedo arrive ? What occurred November 20 ? 
 
 3. What did Herrera next attempt ? What is said of the battle February 14 ? 
 
BATTLE OF ROSILLO. 27 
 
 1813, Magee died, and was succeeded in command by Major 
 Samuel Kemper. On the 14tli of February anotlier severe 
 battle was fouglit. Three times during the day the Span- 
 iards succeeded in getting inside the walls, and were as 
 many times driven out with great slaughter. They soon 
 afterwards abandoned the siege. 
 
 4. News of these successes brought large accessions to 
 the republican ranks. One hundred and seventy-five 
 Americans, and twenty-five Coshattie Indians, joined them 
 from Nacogdoches. A reorganization of the army took 
 place. Gutierres was still nominally the commander. 
 Kemper was elected Colonel, and Eoss, Major. The repub- 
 licans started at once for San Antonio. At the Salado they 
 were reinforced by three hundred Lipan and Tonkawa 
 Indians, tender Captain McFarland. The army at that time 
 numbered eight hundred Americans, three hundred and 
 twenty-five Indians, and one hundred and eighty Mexicans. 
 
 5. The Spaniards had also been reinforced and numbered 
 about two thousand. Salcedo did not wait to be attacked in 
 San Antonio, but, confident of victory, on March 2, 1813, 
 met the republicans at a place called Eosillo, about nine 
 miles from the city, and took position in a chaparral to 
 ambush the Americans. The latter discovered the enemy, 
 and prepared for a vigorous charge. The republicans were 
 again successful, defeating the royalists with great slaughter. 
 and driving them in confusion back to the city. Many of 
 the wounded, after surrendering, were dispatched by the 
 Indians, who, in the hour of victory, were uncontrollable. 
 In this fight the republicans lost nine killed and twenty-five 
 
 4 How was the republican army affected by their successes ? After reorganizing, 
 for what place did they march ? Who joined them at the Salado ? Total number of 
 the Republican Army? 
 
 n. How many Spanish soldiers ? Where and when was the battle fought ? Give 
 the particulars. When did the victors enter San Antonio ? 
 
28 CAPTAIN DELO ADO'S REVENGE, 
 
 wounded. The loss of the enemy was much gretiter. 
 On theotli of March, tlie victors marched in triumph into 
 the town. When 8alcedo surrendered his sword to Kemjoer, 
 b.e paid a high compliment to the valor of the Americans. 
 
 6. After arriving m the city, Gutierres, who had hereto- 
 fore been comparatively passive, now that he was among his 
 countrymen, began to exercise authority and organized a 
 governing junta. Among the republican officers there was 
 a Captain Delgado, whose father had been connected with 
 the revolution under Hidalgo. When that chieftain was 
 shot, the elder Delgado sought refuge in San Antonio. He 
 was here seized by Governor Salcedo, beheaded, and his head 
 stuck upon a pole at one of the public crossings of the river. 
 The younger Delgado, to revenge his father's death, obtained 
 a decree from Bernardo's governing junta for the execution 
 of all the Spanish officers who had surrendered as prisoners 
 of war. As he well knew the Americans would never consent 
 to such a butchery, he conveyed them out of the city, 
 under the pretext that they were on their way to the coast 
 to be sent to New Orleans for safe keeping. When a few 
 miles out they were halted, and all beheaded.* 
 
 7. This shameful act of bad faith induced Colonels 
 Kemper, Ross, Hall, and many others, to abandon the repub- 
 lican cause in disgust. The Americans who remained elect- 
 ed Captain Perry commander. 
 
 8. A month later another Spanish army, said to number 
 about three thousand, under Don y Elisondo, appeared on 
 
 * Among those thus butchered were Salcedo, governor of Texue; Simon de 
 Herrera, sfovernor of Neueva Leon, and his brother Colonel Geronimo Herrera; 
 ex-Governor Cordero, and ten others, captains and lieutenants. 
 
 6. What was organized in the city What did the younger Delgado desire ? How 
 did he execute his horrible design ? 
 
 7. What officers abandoned the republican ranks ? Who was elected comuiandei 
 of the Americans ? 
 
 8. What number of soldiers did Elisondo bring to San Antonio ? 
 
BATTLE OF ALA Z AN. 29 
 
 the heights of the Alazan, just west of San Antonio. So un- 
 expected was the appearance of this new army, that a company 
 of republicans, out grazing their cavalry horses, was surprised 
 and made prisoners. Elisondo might at once have marched 
 into the city, with scarcely a show of opposition; but he 
 halted, and commenced throwing up breastworks. This 
 gave the republicans time to organize. Perry rallied the 
 Americans, while Bernardo, assisted by Captain Manchaca, 
 an influential resident of the place, collected a considerable 
 number of Mexicans. 
 
 9. About midnight, on the 4th of June, the republicans 
 marched quietly out of the city, and waited in silence until 
 daybreak, when a furious assault was made upon the hastily 
 built breastworks. Encouraged by their leaders, the repub- 
 licans entered the camp of the enemy, tore down the Spanish 
 flag, and unfurled their own tri-color in its place. Elisondo 
 rallied his men and re-took the breastworks. The battle 
 raged for several hours with varying fortunes, but finally 
 the desperate valor of the republicans prevailed, and the 
 royalists retreated in disorder to the Eio Grande, leaving a 
 thousand of their number either killed or wounded wpow 
 the battle-field. 
 
 10. After this battle, Gutierres was again displaced from 
 command, and with his family returned to his old home on 
 the Sabine. About this time anotlier distinguished officer 
 appeared at San Antonio. This was Don Juan Alvarez 
 Toledo, who was at once elected commander of the repub- 
 licans. The Americans, demoralized by their splendid 
 victories, were indulging in excesses in the city. Toledo 
 was well assured that the royalists would return, and dis- 
 played considerable energy and capacity in preparing 
 
 9. Give the particulars of the battle of Alazan? 
 
 1 0. What became of Bernardo Gutierres ? Who became commander in hi? 
 place? 
 
30 BATTLE OF MEDINA. 
 
 for defense. He organized a governing junta and a citj? 
 police, and restored the supremacy of civil law. 
 
 11. Unwilling to give np Texas, Arredondo, the com- 
 mander of tlie Eastern Internal Provinces, collected another 
 army of about four thousand, and marched rapidly for San 
 Antonio. Arriving at the Medina, a few miles from the city, 
 he halted and began to fortify. He erected breastworks in 
 the shape of a <^ with the open end towards the city. The 
 republicans were but poorly prepared to meet this new 
 army. Toledo was a Gachupin, a class held in special 
 detestation by many of the soldiers. The Mexicans thought 
 Manchaca ought to be the commander, and they followed 
 Toledo with reluctance. 
 
 12. Instead of awaiting an attack in the city, Toledo 
 marched out, August 18th, to meet the royalists. Arredondo 
 threw forward a line of skirmishers who were instructed, 
 after a few shots, to retire and draw the republicans into 
 the inclosed space within the breastworks. Toledo dis- 
 covered the ambuscade, and ordered a halt, but the impetu- 
 ous Americans, not understanding the reason for the order, 
 rushed forward. Though many Avere slain, they held their 
 ground with unflinching courage, and would, perhaps, have 
 gained a victory, but in the heat of the battle one of the 
 Mexican officers in their ranks deserted to the enemy. 
 This traitor gave Arredondo information as to the strength 
 and position of Toledo's army. The republicans, seeing 
 themselves betrayed and surrounded by an exultant and 
 overwhelming foe, were first thrown into disorder, and then' 
 suffered a terrible slaughter. 
 
 13. The victors inflicted horrible cruelties. Three hun- 
 
 11. What Spanish commander next entered Texas? With how many soldiers! 
 Where did he fortify ? 
 
 1 2. When was the battle of Medina fought ? Give the particulars. 
 
 1 'A. How did the Spaniards conduct themselves in the city ? liow many AmericaTH 
 escaped across the Sabine ? 
 
AFFAIRS A T GAL VESTON. 31 
 
 dred citizens, during a sultry August night, were crowded 
 into a close room, where eighteen perished from suffocation. 
 The most refined ladies were forced to grind corn for tor- 
 tillas ( tor-tee' -y alls, small cakes). Elisondo, chafing under 
 bis former defeat, pursued the fugitives with relentless fury. 
 At the Spanish Bluff some seventy-five or eighty were 
 overtaken and inhumanly butchered. Out of eight hun- 
 dred and fifty Americans, only ninety-three are known cer- 
 tainly to have reached the Sabine River.* 
 
 -^^- 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 AFFAIRS AT GALVESTON". — AURY. — SOTO LA MARIKA. — 
 PERRY. — THE PIRATE LAFITTE. 
 
 1. It is uncertain when Galveston Island was first visited 
 by Europeans. There are conjectures that Pinda was on it 
 in 1519 ; and again, that after the death of De Soto, his party 
 spent several days there in 1543. There is a stronger prob- 
 ability that La Salle, while hunting for the mouth of the 
 Mississippi, in 1686, discovered the Island, and gave it the 
 name of San Luis, a name still borne by a small island be- 
 tween Galveston and the mouth of the Brazos. 
 
 2. But at that early period the coast of Texas was but 
 little known. La Salle placed the mouth of the Mississippi 
 nearly two degrees too far south. Old maps place San An- 
 
 * It is nncertain who commanded the American? in the battle of Medina. 
 Rumor says that Perry, having beun warned by a Mexican <rirl, whose confidence 
 he had trained, that Lieutenant Musquez would desert, profited by tlie warning, and 
 left l)efore the battle. Kennedy says Kemper had returned and re-umed command. 
 Two of the American captains, Bullard and Taylor, made their escape, the' 
 former severely wounded. Perry afterwards figured at Galveston and iu Mina's 
 expedition to Soto la Marina. 
 
 Section IX,— 1. What Europeans are supposed to have visited Galveston in 
 the sixteenth and in the seventeenth centuries ? 
 2. Was the coast of Texas well known ? Who occupied Galveston in 1816 ? 
 
32 A UR Y—SOTO LA MARINA— PEER Y. 
 
 tonio nearly two degrees too far west. All conjectures as tc 
 the points on the Gulf visited by early navigators are un- 
 certain. The buccaneers had discovered Galveston harbor, 
 and occasionally entered it with their piratical vessels, lu 
 1816, Commodore Louis De Anry, formerly of Carthagena, 
 but who was tiien sailing under a commission from Senor 
 Herrera, the Mexican republican ambassador at Washington, 
 took possession of the Island. With a few vessels Aury 
 preyed upon Spanish commerce on the Gulf. On the 24th 
 of November he was reinforced by the arrival of the cele- 
 brated General Mina, who brought several additional vessels 
 and some two hundred men. At the same time Colonel Perry 
 had collected about one hundred men at Bolivar Point. 
 
 3. Learning from some of their cruisers that the town of 
 Soto La Marina, on the Santander River, in Mexico, was in a 
 defenseless condition, Aury and his companions resolved to 
 make a descent upon the place. They sailed from Galves- 
 ton April 6th, 1817. The town was taken without a fight. 
 Soon afterwards a misunderstanding arose in reference to the 
 command, and Aury, who controlled the fleet, returned to 
 the Texas coast. 
 
 4. Perry, conceiving the force too small to maintain itself 
 in the heart of Mexico, with fifty companions started back 
 to Texas by land, a distance of five hundred miles, through 
 the enemy's country. He reached the neighborhood of Go- 
 liad in safety, and might have passed on to the Sabine, but 
 he halted before the place, and summoned the small garrison 
 to surrender. While parleying with the commander of the 
 post, a company of two hundred cavalry, sent by Arredondo 
 to capture him, arrived, and he was thus at the same 
 time attacked both in front and rear. Perry fought until 
 
 3. What to^^•n in Mexico did Aury determine to capture ? Why did Aury retire f 
 
 4. What is said of Perry ? 
 
THE PIRATE LAFITTE. 33 
 
 tlie last of his brave band fell by his side, when he drew hia 
 pistol and died by his own hand. 
 
 5. General Mina, even with his reduced force, gained 
 some brilliant victories, but was finally captured and shot 
 A ury, instead of remaining on the Texas coast, went to 
 assist Sir George McGregor in the conquest of Florida. 
 
 6. In 1817, when the celebrated buccaneer, Lafitte, was 
 driven by the authorities of the United States from Bara- 
 taria, he established himself on Galveston Island. Here 
 lie built a small village, which he named Campeachy. La- 
 fitte styled himself governor of Galveston, and bore a com- 
 mission, furnished him by Colonel Bean, as commodore in 
 the navy of Republican Mexico. But the commerce of othei 
 nations besides Mexico snff"ered from the depredations of 
 Lafitte's cruisers, 
 
 7. In 1821, the United States sent a naval force, under 
 Lieutenant Kearny, to break up this band of semi-pirates. 
 On the arrival of Kearny at Galveston, Lafitte disbanded 
 his company and bade a final farcAvell to Texas. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 LO^^G'S EXPEDITION" TO TEXAS. — DRIVEN" OUT B\ PEREZ. — 
 RETURNS TO TEXAS. — AT GOLIAD.— AT MEXICO. — AS- 
 SASSIN^ATED. . 
 
 1. In 1819, an expedition for the invasion of Texas wag 
 organized at Natchez nnder the leadership of Dr. Jamea 
 Long. With seventy-five men Long started from ]N"atchez 
 on the 17th of June. Volunteers continued to flock to hia 
 
 5 . What is said of Mina ? Of Aury ? 
 
 6. Who occupied Galveston in 1817 ? 
 
 7. When did he leave the island ? 
 
 Section X.— 1 . Where was Long's expedition organized ? 
 
34 LONG'S EXPEDITION TO TEXAS. 
 
 standard, so tliai: when he crossed the Sabine he had a force 
 of three hundred. 
 
 2. At Nacogdoches he organized a provisional government, 
 and also sent detachments of soldiers to occupy the trading 
 posts in Eastern Texas, and tlie crossings of the rivers. 
 Long himself went to Galveston, to secure the co-operation 
 of Lafitte ; but that wily chieftain, warned by the fate of 
 Perry and Mina, declined to join in the new revolutionary 
 movement. While at Galveston, Long heard that the officer 
 left in command at Nacogdoclies had become dissipated and 
 the men demoralized, and he liastened back to correct these 
 evils. 
 
 3. Arredondo was still in command at San Luis Potosi. 
 As soon as he heard of the new invasion of Texas, he 
 hastened forward a considerable force under Colonel Perez, to 
 expel the invaders. Before Long arrived at Nacogdoches, on 
 his return, Perez had reached the upper crossing of the Bra- 
 zos, at Tenoxticlan. Captain Johnson and eleven otlier 
 Americans, were captured. The rest of the garrison fled 
 down the river to the lower crossing at Washington. They 
 were so hotly pursued tliat they lost their baggage, and 
 hastily retreated to the villages of the friendly Indians on 
 the Trinity. 
 
 4. At Si^anish Bluff", David Long, brother of the General, 
 was killed, though a number of his men reached Nacogdo- 
 ches in safety. Perez followed up the retreating Americans, 
 and arrived at Nacogdoches so unexpectedly, that General 
 Long aiid his family barely had time to escape across the 
 Sabine. There were still afeAVof Long's men at the Oo- 
 
 2. Where did Long organize a provisional government ? 
 
 3. Who waa commander at San Luis Potosi ? Whom did Arredondo send againkj 
 Long ? 
 
 4. What officer was killed at Spanish Bluff ? How did General Long escApel 
 Where did he rejoin his followers ? 
 
HIS SECOND EXPEDITION. 35 
 
 shattie village, on the Trinity. These escaped in canoes 
 down the river to Bolivar Point. Here they were soon 
 afterwards rejoined by Long, who had made his way through 
 the swamps of Louisiana, and re-crossed the Sabine near the 
 uoast. 
 
 5. Not at all disheartened, the undauuted Long immedi- 
 ately commenced his preparations for another invasion. To 
 obtaiu recruits and supplies, he visited New Orleans, where 
 he met Palacios, one of the republican generals of Mexico, 
 and Benjamin R. Milam, who were preparing for a descent 
 upon Vera Cruz. Long succeeded in procuring a vessel and 
 fifty-two men, and sailed down the coast of Texas to the 
 mouth of the San Antonio river. Here he landed and pro- 
 ceeded to Goliad, and took possession of that town without 
 opposition. A fevv days afterward, a company of soldiers 
 from San Antonio surrounded the place. These soldiers pro- 
 fessed to be republicans contending against the royalists, and 
 there seemed no propriety in fighting them. 
 
 6. Under fair promises Long surrendered, when he and 
 his men were disarmed and marched to the city of Mexico. 
 When they arrived there, they found the government in the 
 hands of the republicans, and through the influence of Mr. 
 Poinsett, the American minister, Long and his companions 
 were liberated, though Long was soon afterwards assassinated 
 in the city. 
 
 5 . Why did Long visit New Orleans ? At what point in Texas did he land ? What 
 town did he occnpy ? 
 
 6. What became of Long and his men after surrendering f 
 
36 PUBLIC ROADS.— NAME OF TEXAS. 
 
 SECTION XL 
 
 KAKLY PUBLIC RO.lDS. — NAME OF TEXAS. — l^AMES OF RIY- 
 ERS. — POrULATION". — TREATY BETWEEif THE UNITED 
 STATES AND SPAIN. 
 
 1. When De Leon passed through the country in 1689, 
 he opened the old La Bahia (Goliad) road, crossing the 
 Guadalupe at Mission Valley, in Victoria County, the Colo- 
 rado at Lagrange, the Brazos at Washington, and the Trin- 
 ity at Robinson's Crossing. 
 
 2. The San Antonio road was opened by St. Denis, in 
 1714. He entered Texas at Gaines' Ferry, and, passing 
 Nacogdoches, Mound Prairie, and Robinson's Crossing, left 
 the La Bahia road, crossing the Brazos below Tenoxticlan, 
 (in Burleson county), the Colorado at Bastrop, and pro- 
 ceeded on to San Antonio, and thence to Presidio, on the Rio 
 Grande. 
 
 3. General Herrera and Govenor Cordero, in 1805, opened 
 the Atasco Si to road. It crossed the Colorado at Columbus, 
 the Brazos at San Felipe, and the Trinity at Liberty. These 
 were the principal thoroughfares, though smuggling parties 
 opened many contraband paths. 
 
 4. La Salle gave to Texas the name of Louisiana, for 
 Louis XiV. The Spaniards at first called it New Philip- 
 pines, in honor of Philip V. of Spain. They also called 
 the western portion New Estremadura. Kennedy says, 
 De Leon gave the name of Tehas to the Nassonite Indians, 
 
 Section XI. — 1 . By whom and at what time was the La Bahia road opened ? 
 
 2. By whom was the San Antonio road opened ? In what year ? 
 
 3. By whom and when was the Ataeco Sito road laid out ? 
 
 4. What name did La Salle give Texas ? What name did the Spaniards apply to 
 East Texas ? To the western portion ? What did Tehas mean in the Nassonite 
 anguage ? How did Burnet account for the name 
 
NAMES OF RIVERS. 37 
 
 owing to their friendly disposition; tehas, in their 
 hmgiiage, signifying friends. Judge Burnet says: " The name 
 Avas derived from a small tribe of Indians that inhabited 
 a village called Teluis, on the Neches river/' The first time 
 the name was used in diplomatic correspondence, was in tlie 
 controversy between De Alarconne and La Harpe. In early 
 times tlie inhabitants were called Texians, Texasians, Tex- 
 asites, and Texioans. The word is now generally written 
 Texan. 
 
 5. The Indian name of the Trinity was Arkokisa ; of the 
 Brazos, Tockanhono ; of the Colorado, Pashohono. The 
 Spaniards gave the name of Brazos de Dios to the Colorado, 
 and Eio Colorado to the Brazos ; but blundering geogra- 
 phers afterwards interchanged these names. The Trinity 
 river was probably so named because the Spaniards reached 
 it on Trinity Sunday ; as the Navidad was so named because 
 it was discovered on Christmas, (the day of the JVativiti/). 
 There is some confusion about the names of western rivers. 
 In old maps, the San Antonio is marked as the Medina, and 
 the Guadalupe as the San Marcos. The Lavaca still bears the 
 name given to it by La Salle. The Nueces was named from 
 the pecans upon its banks. The Eio Grande, having been 
 discovered in three places, received three names. At Santa 
 Fe, it was called Del Norte ; at Presidio, where it is broad, 
 it was called Rio Grande; and at Eeinosa, where it is swift, 
 Rio Bravo. 
 
 6. The wars produced by fiUibustering expeditions nearly 
 depopulated Texas. Nacogdoches had been entirely deserted, 
 nor was there a family remaining between that place and 
 
 5. What was the Indian name of the Trinity River ? The Brazos ? The Colorado! 
 What river still bears the name given it by La Salle ? How came the Rio Grande to 
 have three names ? 
 
 6. What is said o* the population of Texas ? What became of the Cennis and 
 Nassonite Indians ? 
 
38 TEEATY OF 1S19. 
 
 San Antonio. There were a few Mexicans still at the latter 
 place and at Goliad. The populous and pacific tribes of 
 Cennis and Nassonite Indians had entirely disappeared. | 
 Some historians say they were swept away by the Indians 
 that entered Texas from the United States during the period 
 of the American revolution. These tribes had always been 
 allies of the French, and it is not improbable that the Span- 
 iards had assisted in their extermination. 
 
 7. After the purchase of Louisiana, the United States 
 claimed Texas as a part of that territory. Spain also claimed 
 the eastern portion of Louisiana as a part of Florida. 
 By the treaty negotiated February 22, 1819, by John Quincy 
 Adams and De Onis, Spain relinquished Florida to the 
 United States, and the latter gave up all claim to Texas, 
 fixing the Sabine as the southwestern boundary of Louisiana. 
 
 7 . Under what purchase did the United States claim Texas ? By what treaty did 
 Spain acquire an undisputed title ? 
 
RE VIE W Q UE8T10N8. 39 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 What Frenchman landed on the coast of Texas, February 18, 1685 ? Robert Lf 
 Salle, who was assassinated in March, 1687. 
 
 What Spaniard was sent into Texas in 1689 ? Captain Alonzo De Leon. 
 
 When was San Antonio settled ? In 1692, cr 1693. 
 
 What Frenchman visited Texas in 1714 ? Huchereau St. Denis. 
 
 For what was the year 1715 noted ? For the foundation of Missions at La Bahia^ 
 Nacogdoches, Adaes, and other places. 
 
 What Frenchmen attempted, in 1721, to form a settlement on Matagorda Bay . 
 Belisle and La Harpe. 
 
 What league was formed in 1729 ? An Indian league, to expel the French from 
 Louisiana, and the Spaniards from Texas. 
 
 When was San Antonio erected into a Presidio ? Nov. 28, 1730. 
 
 When was the foundation of the Alamo laid ? In 1744. 
 
 What Mission was broken up in 1758 ? The Mission San Saba. 
 
 When did the Anglo-Americans first settle in Texas ? In 1800 ; the same year 
 that Nolan's party entered the country. 
 
 When was the neutral ground designated ? In 1806, by Gens. Wilkinson and 
 ITerrera. 
 
 What expedition was organized in 1812 ? That of Magee's, styled the Republican 
 
 rmy of the North. 
 
 When did the Republican Army enter San Antonio ? April 5, 1813. 
 
 In what battle were the republicans totally defeated and driven from Texas? In 
 the battle of Medina, August 18, 1813. 
 
 What expedition sailed from Galveston in 1817 ? Aury and Mina's expedition to 
 Soto La Marina. 
 
 Who occupied Galveston in 1818 ? Lafitte. 
 
 When did Long's expedition enter Texas ? In 1819. 
 
 When was the treaty formed between the United States and Spain, by which tno 
 latter acquired an indisputable title to Texas ? Feb. 22, 1819. 
 
40 
 
 PLANTING COLONIES. 
 
 ^* A c/^^Wt^^^ 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 COLONIZATION UNDER EMPRESARIO GRANTS. 
 From 1820, to the imprisonment op Stephen F. Austin in Mexico and 
 
 THE BREAKING OUT OF THE REVOLUTION IN 1834. — TeXAS A 
 
 Province of Mexico. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 PLAl^TIN^G COMPANIES OF COLOKISTS. — AUSTIN'S GRANT. 
 
 1. The Spaniards placed but a moderate yaliie upon land, 
 and manifested a willingness to give reasonable quantities to 
 actual settlers. But the hostility of the Indians rendered it 
 
 Section I.— 1. What estimate did the Spaniards place upon land ? Why was 
 it necessary for colonists to settle in companies ? Who first proposed to plant a 
 
MOSES A USTIN. 4] 
 
 unsafe for single families to locate at any considerable dis- 
 tance from the Missions. To secure protection, the plan was 
 suggested of introducing companies of colonists under em- 
 presario contracts. Kobert Owen was probably the first who 
 proposed to plant a colony in the province. He wished here 
 to test the practicability of his communist theory. But as 
 the Spanish authorities required all colonists to profess the 
 Catholic faith, Mr. Owen's application was rejected. The 
 first colonial grant issued by the Mexican Government was 
 to Edmund Keene, an Englishman, who failed to comply 
 with his contract. 
 
 2. From adventurers who had traversed the country, Moses 
 Austin, then a resident of Missouri, heard glowing descrip- 
 tions of Texas — its rich soil, delightful climate and capa- 
 bility of sustaining a dense population. He resolved to ap- 
 ply to the proper authorities for permission to introduce 
 three hundred families into the country. In pursuit of this 
 scheme, Austin visited San Antonio. He was at first coldly 
 received by Govenor Martinez, and ordered to leave the 
 province under pain of imprisonment. As he left the Gov- 
 ernor's office, and was walking across the plaza, he met 
 Baron de Bastrop, with whom he had previously formed 
 an acquaintance in Louisiana. Through the influence 
 of Bastrop, the Governor was induced not only to rescind 
 the order for Austin's banishment, but to join the 
 municipal officers of the city in recommending his project 
 to General Arredondo, at Monterey. JSTot doubting the suc- 
 cess of his application Austin hastened back to make ar- 
 rangements for introducing his colonists. Disease delayed 
 
 colony in Texas? Why was Owen's application rejected? Who obtained the first 
 grant ? 
 
 2. What opinion had Moses Austin formed of Texas ? How many families did he 
 propose to introduce ? How was he received by Governor Martinez ? Who induced 
 the Governor to chan<?e hi? mind? Did Austin live to plant his colony ? To whom 
 did he commit the execution of his plan ? 
 
42 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN. 
 
 him on his ronte, and he reached Missouri m feeble health. 
 News arrived that Arredondo had grantea the petition, 
 (January 18, 1821), but in the meantime Austin had died, 
 leaving, howeyer, a dying injunction that his son Stephen 
 should carry forward his plans for planting the new colony. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 Austin's first coloi^y. — location^ chosej?^. — embarrass- 
 ments. — first contract completed. — OTHER CON- 
 TRACTS TAKEN. 
 
 1. Stephen F. Austin was in New Orleans when he heard 
 of the success of his father's application, and he immedi- 
 ately started for Natchitoches, to meet the commissioner 
 sent on with the decree of Arredondo. Soon afterward he 
 heard of the death of his father, and of his dying request 
 in reference to the colony. 
 
 2. The commissioner sent to conduct Austin to Texas was 
 Don Erasmo Seguin. He was accompanied by Don Juan 
 Veramendi. Both were distinguished citizens of San An- 
 tonio. These gentlemen at once recognized the right of 
 Stephen F. Austin to carry out his father's contract, and in- 
 vited him to accompany them to the interior of the country, 
 and select a location for settlement. 
 
 3. Besides the escort of the commissioners, Austin took 
 with him thirteen companions. They entered Texas, July 
 
 Section II,— 1. Where was S. P. Austin when he heard of the success of hia 
 fRther's application ? 
 
 2, Who was the commissioner sent to introduce Austin into Texas? What dife- 
 tini^uished citizen of San Antonio was with Segnin? 
 
 3. How^ many Americans accompanied Austin? When did thej" cntoi Texas. 
 What territory did Austin select for his colony ? 
 
A USTIN m MEXICO. 43 
 
 16, 1821, Hiid arrived at San Antonio, August 13. Austin 
 was cordially received by Governor Martinez, and proceeded 
 at once to examine the country, with a view of selecting a 
 location. He chose the region south of the San Antonio 
 road, between the San Jacinto on the east and the Lavaca 
 River on the west. This included the rich bottom lands of 
 the Lower Colorado and Brazos Eivers. Having thoroughly 
 explored the country, Austin returned to New Orleans. 
 
 I. Austin's means were limited, but at New Orleans he 
 found Mr. Joseph H. Hawkins, a former school-mate at the 
 University of Transylvania, Ky. With the assistance of Mr. 
 Hawkins, the schooner Lively was purchased, and loaded 
 with provisions, farming utensils, etc. The Lively, with 
 eighteen persons on board, sailed from New Orleans for 
 Matagorda Bay, Nov. 20, 1821, and was never heard from 
 afterward. 
 
 5. The same day the Lively left New Orleans, Austin 
 started for Texas by land. At Natchitoches he was joined 
 by ten companions. The party reached the Brazos River on 
 the last day of the year. Crossing a little below where the 
 town of Washington now stands, a camp was struck upon a 
 small stream, which the next morning received the name 
 of New Year's Creek. Austin hastened to the coast to meet 
 the party of the Lively. For nearly three months he waited, 
 and hunted along the beach, when, receiving no tidings of 
 the missing vessel, he finally gave her up for lost. 
 
 6. On visiting San Antonio, Austin learned that it would 
 be necessary for him to go to the city of Mexico to obtain 
 
 4. Who assisted Austin in fitting out the schooner Lively ? What became of the 
 veseel ? 
 
 5* When did tlie first colonists arrive on the Brazos? What name was given to 
 the creelc on which they camped ? 
 
 6. What did Austin learn on reaching San Antonio ? Who was left in cTiar£re of 
 the colony ? How long did Austin remain in Mexico ? Who was appointed land 
 commissioner ? 
 
44 HA YDEN ED WARDS' S COLONY. 
 
 the sanction of the newly inaugurated Republican Govern- 
 ment. He requested Josiah H. Bell to take cliarge of the 
 new colony during his absence, and departed for Mexico, 
 reaching that city April 29, 1822. The revolutionary state 
 of tlie country compelled him to remain a wliole year in 
 the capital before a government was established which he 
 deemed worthy of confidence. Having obtained the sanction 
 of all the rulers who had temporarily exercised authority in 
 the city, Austin started back to Texas in the spring of 1823. 
 At Monterey he met with a cordial reception from General 
 La Garcia, who had succeeded Arredondo as commander of 
 the Eastern Internal Provinces. La Garcia appointed Baron 
 de Bastrop commissioner to issue land titles to the colonists. 
 He also directed that the capital of the new province, wheL 
 laid off, should, in honor of the Empresario, be called San 
 Eelipe de Austin. 
 
 7. Having introduced the three hundred families required 
 by the first contract, Austin, under the general colonization 
 law of April 24, 1825, entered into another contract for five 
 hundred more. In 1827 he took a third contract for one hun- 
 dred families, and the next year a fourth for three hundred. 
 
 SECTION in. 
 Edwards's colony. — feedonian" war. — various other 
 
 COLONIAL grants. 
 
 1. On the 18th of April, 1825, Hayden Edwards took a 
 contract for the introduction of eight hundred families into 
 East Texas, including the territory between theNavasotoand 
 
 T. What further contracts did Austin undertake ? 
 
 Section III.— 1, Who took the contract for settling East Texas ? Wliat was 
 the character of the floating population about Nacogdoches ? In whose favor did 
 the alcaldes decide ? 
 
DISTURBED AFFAIRS OF THE COLONY. 45 
 
 the Sabine Rivers. Edwiirds found in his territory, especially 
 about the old settlement of Nacogdoches, a good man^; 
 *^ squatters," who laid claim to large tracts of land. Some 
 of these were former occupants of the ''neutral ground." 
 They comprised a few Americans, but were mostly Mexicans, 
 These Mexicans not un frequently set up claims to land, im- 
 proved and occupied by the colonists introduced by Edwards. 
 In almost every instance the alcaldes decided in favor of 
 their Mexican countrymen. To quiet these old claims, 
 Edwards gave notice that they must all be presented within 
 a given time, or they would be rejected, and the land re- 
 appropriated. This still further complicated the affairs of 
 the colony. 
 
 2. Appeals were taken to Saucedo, the political chief at 
 San Antonio, who vigorously espoused the cause of the 
 Mexicans. After protesting somewhat warmly against the 
 injustice with which his colonists had been treated, Hayden 
 Edwards made a visit to the United States, leaving his 
 brother, Benjamin W. Edwards, in charge of the colony. 
 Benjamin wrote to Governor Blanco defending his brother 
 from the charges brought against him by persons styled in 
 the letter his*' Mexican enemies." The use of the term, 
 " Mexican enemies," gave Blanco great offence. He pro- 
 nounced the charges against Hayden Edwards well sus- 
 tained, and added : "I have decreed the annulment of his 
 charter, and his expulsion from the territory of the republic, 
 in discharge of the supreme orders with which I am in- 
 vested." This was October 2, 1826. 
 
 3. Before this letter reached Nacogdoches, Hayden Edwards 
 had returned. The Americans were of course highly exas- 
 
 2. To whom did the parties appeal ? To whom did Benjamin Edwards write ? 
 What was Blanco's reply ? When was the decree issued? 
 
 3. How did the Americans resolve to maintain their rights? With whom did 
 they form an alliance ? What name did they aj-sume ? Did Edwards succeed in ral* 
 
46 FREBONIAN WAR. 
 
 perated at this order, and, instead of referring the subjects 
 in controversy to the supreme authorities in Mexico, resolved 
 to maintain their rights by force. An alliance was formed 
 with the semi-civilized Indians, who were quite numerous in 
 the neighborhood. By this alliance the Indians were to 
 have the frontier territory, with an undefined boundary, and 
 the Americans the coast. On the 18th day of December 
 the flag of Fredonia was unfurled, and a legislative council 
 organized. The alcaldes, Sepulvida and Norris, who had 
 been elected by the Mexicans, were deposed, and others 
 appointed. As a precautionary step, the Fredonians took 
 possession of the stone house, and fortified it. Norris, one 
 of the deposed alcaldes, collected a few followers, and on the 
 4tli of January, 1827, attacked this house. He was repulsed 
 with the loss of one killed and several wounded. But 
 Edwards found it impossible to rally any considerable party 
 to his assistance. Colonel James Gains, who had assisted both 
 Magee and Long, took sides with Norris, who was his father- 
 in-law. Colonel Bean, the Indian agent, succeeded in detach- 
 ing most of the Indians from the league, and neither Austin 
 nor Bastrop gave the least encouragement to the Fredonians. 
 When news of these proceedings reached San Antonio, 
 Salcedo, with a body of troops under Colonel Ahumada, start- 
 ed for the scene of disturbance. At San Felipe, Austin and 
 a company of his colonists joined him. Before they reached 
 Nacogdoches, Edwards and his followers retired across the 
 Sabine, and, happily, tranquility vv^ as restored without further 
 bloodshed. 
 
 4. After the expulsion of Edwards, the territory which he 
 had commenced colonizing was given to other parties. In 
 
 lying many followers ? What steps did Salcedo take ? Who j(tined Salcedo at Sao 
 Felipe ? What became of the Fredonians ? 
 4. Where was Zavalla's grant ? 
 
OTHER COLONIAL GRANTS. ATi 
 
 1829, Lorenzo de Zavalla obtained a grant for the country 
 bordering upon the Sabine, including the present counties 
 of Jefferson, Orange, Jasper, Newton, etc. At that time the 
 Spaniards (or Gachupins) were obnoxious to the republicans 
 of Mexico, and, by the terms of Zavalla's grant, were excluded 
 from this territory. 
 
 5. In 182(5, Joseph Vehelin obtained a charter to colonize 
 a large scope of country, including the present counties of 
 Liberty, Hardin, Tyler, Polk, Walker, Montgomery, Grimes, 
 etc. Vehelin was requested to introduce Swiss, Germans 
 and French, though Americans were not absolutely excluded. 
 
 At the same time, David G. Burnet obtained a grant to 
 colonize the region north of Vehelin's colony, including 
 the counties of San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Cherokee, 
 Anderson, etc. The three grants last mentioned were dis- 
 posed of to a company of capitalists in New York styled 
 the Galveston Bay Company. 
 
 6. That company, without any participation on the part 
 of either empresario, and contrary to the express advice of 
 Burnet, converted its purchase into a stock speculation, and 
 flooded the country with land scrip to an enormous amount. 
 " The Mexican Government," says Burnet, " ratified the con- 
 tract, and an agency of the company was established at Na- 
 cogdoches ; but little, however, was done towards colonization 
 under either grant." 
 
 7. Martin de Leon obtained two contracts, the first in 
 1825, to introduce forty-one families; and the second in 
 1829, for one hundred and fifty more, all to be located near 
 
 5. What territory was included in Vehelin's grant? In Burnet's? To whom 
 were these grants sold ? 
 
 6. Into what did the Galveston Bay Company convert its purchase ? Did they 
 Introduce many colonists ? 
 
 7. WTiat territory did Martin De Leon propose to colonize ? What territory waa 
 granted to Green De Witt? To Hewitsou and Powers? To McMullen and 
 McGloin ? 
 
48 OTHER COLONIAL GRANTS. 
 
 the Guadalupe river in Victoria county. He was living at 
 Victoria (then called De Leon's Ranche) when he obtained 
 his first contract. The territory still higher up the river, 
 including the counties of De AVitt, Gonzales and portions 
 of Lavaca and Guadalupe, was granted to Green De Witt 
 in 1825. On the coast between the San Antonio and Nu- 
 eces rivers, Hewitson and Powers introduced some colonists, 
 having in 1828 obtained a contract for two hundred families. 
 Tlie same year McMullen and McGloin contracted to intro- 
 duce a similar number into San Patricio county. Most of 
 these latter colonists were Irish. 
 
 8. In 1825, Robert Leftwich obtained a contract for intro- 
 ducing eight hundred families into the territory above the 
 San Antonio road, and extending from the Navasota river 
 on the east, westward to the dividing ridge between the 
 waters of the Colorado and San Marcos rivers. The next 
 year Leftwich introduced a few families, and erected a fort 
 in what is now Burleson county. He returned to Tennessee 
 and died. After his death an association, called the Nash- 
 ville Company, was formed to complete the contract. In 
 1830, under the auspices of this company. Sterling C. Rob- 
 ertson and Alexander Thomson entered Texas with some 
 colonists. But some difficulties arose with the Mexican 
 authorities, and most of these families settled in Austin's 
 colony. In 1831, the same territory was granted to Austin 
 and Williams, and Sterling C. Robertson was ordered to 
 leave the province; but on the 29th of April, 1834, decree 
 No. 285 recognized the Leftwich contract, and reinstated 
 Robertson as empresario, who succeeded in introducing some 
 five hundred families. 
 
 9. B. R. Milam agreed to settle two hundred families on the 
 
 8* Give the location of Leftwich's grant. Who introduced coloni^it8 under this 
 ?rant in 1830 ? What parties obtained this grant in 1831 ? When was it restored to 
 Robertson ? 
 
 9. Whore was Milam^s grant situated, and to whom did he dispose of it ? Wh? 
 
COLONIZA TION LAW. 49 
 
 San Marcos river, but disposed of his contract to the Baring 
 Brothers, London. General Filisola obtained a charter for col- 
 onizing the territory immediately north of that given to 
 Burnet, and the Red Eiver country was given to John 
 Cameron. Contracts were also awarded to Frost Thorn, 
 Stephen J. Wilson and Padilla and Chambers, but no steps 
 were taken to settle up the territory. AVest of the Nueces, 
 in the state of Coahuila, Beal and Grant introduced a few 
 English colonists. After 1825 a large number of immigrants 
 came to Texas on their own responsibility, and selected 
 homes, and obtained titles to their land, under the provision 
 of a general colonization law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 KATIOKAL COLONIZATION LAW. — GENERAL PROVISIONS. — 
 QUANTITY OF LAND ALLOWED TO COLONISTS. — LAND COM- 
 MISSIONERS.. 
 
 1. The law of Iturbide in 1823, and the national coloni- 
 zation law of 1824, guaranteed to foreigners settling in Texas 
 security for their persons and property. Ten coast leagues, 
 and twenty leagues bordering on the United States were re- 
 served from location. The law of Coahuila and Texas, of 
 1825, reaffirmed the general provisions of the national law, 
 which required colonists to be members of the Roman Cath- 
 olic Apostolic Church. In the distribution of lands, prefer- 
 ence was to be giA^en : 1. To military officers having claims. 
 
 obtained contracts for settling tlie country on Red River ? Who attempted to settle 
 the country west of the Nueces river? 
 
 Section IV.— 1. What rights were guaranteed to immigrants under the colo- 
 nization law? What leagues were reserved from location ? What church was es- 
 tablished by law ? To whom was preference given in the distribntiou of land? 
 What kind of a certificate must the applicant present ? 
 
50 TERMS OF COITTRACTS. 
 
 2. To Mexican citizens. 3. To foreigners in the order ol 
 their application. Tlie land must be occupied and a portion 
 brought into cultivation within six years. To procure land, 
 the applicant must present a certificate of good moral char- 
 acter to the commissioner, who gave an order Ibrthesur- 
 yey ; and when the field notes Avere returned to the office, 
 a patent was issued, upon stamped paper, signed by the em- 
 presario and land commissioner. 
 
 2. Under Austin's first contract, by previous agreement, 
 the colonists were to pay twelve and a half cents an acre. 
 This, however, was never collected. Under the general law, 
 the stamped paper cost between two and three dollars, and 
 the whole cost of a league of land amounted to about $180. 
 In 1832, the citizens of Bexar, in their remonstrance to the 
 general government, complained that in Texas a league of 
 land cost from llOO to $300, while in other Mexican States it 
 could be obtained for from $15 to $20. 
 
 3. In the printed forms of permits given by Austin (as 
 civil and military commander of the colony forming on the 
 Colorado and Brazos rivers in the Province of Texas, under 
 the government of JS^ew Spain), in 1821, to families under the 
 first contract, there was promised to each man 640 acres, to 
 his wife 320, to each child 160, and to each slave 80 acres. 
 When Austin reached the city of Mexico, and applied for a sec- 
 tion of land for each family, the Mexican officers misunder- 
 stood the term section, and supposed he meant township. 
 They replied that that was too much for a single family, but 
 that they were willing to give each one a league, sitio, 4,428 
 
 2* How much were Austin's first colonists to pay per acre for land? What com- 
 plaint did the citizens of Bexar make to the central government t 
 
 3. In Austin's printed permits in 1821, how much land was promised each man? 
 How much to his wife f To each child? Slave? How did the Mexicans under- 
 Btand the word section ? What did they propose in place of a section ? Whai pro- 
 vision was made for merchants and mechanics? How much land did the emprcsano 
 receive for introducing one hundred families? 
 
LAND COMMISSIONERS. 51 
 
 acres for grazing purposes, and an additional labor (lah'bore) 
 177 acres, for cultivation. A single man obtained one-third of 
 a league, which was increased to a league if lie married. If 
 a colonist erected a mill, or made other valuable improve- 
 ments for the public good, he received a handsome land 
 subsidy. Mechanics and merchants received town lots for 
 shops and stores, and also out-lots, with grounds for gar- 
 dens and for family residences. For introducing one hun- 
 dred families, the empresario was entitled to five leagues and 
 five labors of land ; with this restriction, however, that one 
 person could hold in his own right only eleven leagues. 
 Any amount above that must be speedily disposed of, or it 
 would revert to the government. 
 
 4. The land commissioner was an important officer; he 
 superintended surveys, to see that claims did not clash, and, 
 in conjunction with the empresario, issued land titles. He 
 laid off all towns, and was required to see that these towns 
 had four leagues of land ; the streets to run parallel, crossing 
 each other at right angles; having suitable squares desig- 
 nated for churches, school-houses and other public buildings. 
 The commissioners appointed alcaldes, regidores, etc. (offi- 
 cers corresponding with those of mayor, recorder, etc.). 
 These civil officers constituted the ayuntamiento (town 
 council, or police court). The commissioner also estab- 
 lished ferries, and, in conjunction with the empresario, 
 exercised all the functions of civil government. 
 
 4* Who superintended the surveys ? How many leagues of land were given to 
 •sch town f How were the streets laid off ? Who appointed officers for towno? 
 
52 PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 PKOGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS. — SLAVERY. — CIVIL GOVERIT- 
 MENT. — TAXATION^. 
 
 1. Austin bad, through various newspapers in the United 
 States, made known the advantages of Texas, and invited 
 immigration. A lively interest was awakened in the new 
 enterprise, and hundreds entered the country both by land 
 and water. Such was the rambling disposition of the col- 
 onists, that scattered settlements were soon formed fi-om tbe 
 reserved coast leagues to the old San Antonio road, and 
 from the San Jacinto to the Navidad rivers. East Texas 
 was also gradually filling up; new settlements were formed 
 on tbe Guadalupe river, and the old town of Goliad received 
 accessions to its populatioji. 
 
 2. Tbe early inhabitants endured many privations. Meat 
 could be procured by hunting, but families were sometimes 
 for weeks without bread, and sugar and coffee were luxuriea 
 seldom attainable. The men dressed mostly in buckskin, 
 the women in such fabrics as could be obtained. After tbe 
 first year corn was raised; garden vegetables grew luxuri- 
 
 NoTE.— While the colonists were generally satisfied with Austin's management, and 
 p-ateful for the interest he had taken in selecting homes for them, and securing titles 
 to their lands, a few distrusted his authority, and complained of having to pay twelve 
 and a half cents per acre. Had the settlers received only a section, as Austin first 
 promised, the price (eighty dollars) would readily have been paid ; but, obtaining a 
 Jeague and a laboi\ it amounted to over five hundred dollars, a large sum for a poor 
 colonist. To preiserve peace, and to prove his authority to introduce immigrants, 
 he issued an address on the first of November, 1820, giving a short history of hia 
 enterprise and the difficulties he had overcome. That his colonists might >e f'lJIy 
 assured of the validity of tiieir titles, he annexed to his address tranf^latious from 
 nearly thirty public documents, which fully justified his acts. 
 
 \ 
 
 Section V.— 1. By what means had Austin invited immigiation? Did his 
 colonists remain together? 
 2. Mention some of the hardships endured by early settlers. 
 
SLA VER Y IN TEXAS. 53 
 
 antlj, and domestic animals multiplied with great rapidity 
 upon the rich and boundless prairies. 
 
 3. As we have seen, permission was given to Austin's first 
 colonists to introduce slavery, but the colonization law ol 
 1823 prohibited the purchase or sale of slaves, and declared 
 the children of all slave parents free at fourteen years of age. 
 President Guerrero, having been invested with extraordinary 
 power to suppress an existing rebellion, issued a decree, July, 
 1S29, abolishing slavery throughout Mexican territory. The 
 next year Bustemente issued another, prohibiting the intro- 
 duction of slaves. The law had previously enjoined that 
 children of slaves should have the same advantages of educa- 
 tion as other children. 
 
 4. Notwithstanding these prohibitions, colonists continued 
 to bring negro servants, generally passing them through the 
 Custom House at New Orleans, so that if they desired to do so, 
 they could return with them to the United States. Masters, 
 also, entered into contracts with their slaves as peons, and the 
 Mexican Government recognized the binding force of these 
 obligations. A few Africans had been smuggled into Texas, 
 and there was some apprehension that this nefarious traffic 
 might become extensive. At the suggestion of Judge Bur- 
 net, after considerable discussion, the convention at San 
 Felipe, in 1833, severely denounced this trade. It was esti- 
 mated that there were about five thousand slaves in Texas 
 at the breaking out of the revolution in 1835.* 
 
 ♦The theory of government held in the Spanish-American provinces dif- 
 fered materially from that held by the Anglo-Americans. With the latter, 
 the people were the source of all political power. They formed com^titntionf*, 
 enacted laws, and elected officers to carry ont their sovereio:n will. With the 
 Spaniards, the l^ing was the source of all authority. He proclaimed laws, appointed 
 officers, and held both officers and people accountable to himself. It could hardly 
 have been expected that peoples holdinj)^ such diverse theories of government 
 could long maintain harmonious relations under the same political institutions. 
 
 3. Did the Mexican authorities encourage the introduction of slaves ? At what 
 age were the children of slave pajents declared free ? 
 
 4. Were negro servants still introduced? By what body was the African slave 
 trade condemned in 1833 ? How many slaves in Texas in 1833 ? 
 
54 A UST1I{'8 A UTHORITT. 
 
 5. In Austin's colony, up to 1828, Austin himself exer- 
 cised the functions of erapresario, and of civil and military 
 governor. He held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 
 Mexican army, and was authorized to call out and command 
 the militia, when necessary to preserve the peace or repel 
 invasion. He also held the office of Supreme Judge. In 
 civil suits, where the amount in controversy was over twenty- 
 five dollars,, parties dissatisfied with the decision of an alcalde 
 had the privilege of appeal to the empresario. While Aus- i 
 tin's government was eminently conservative and paternal, 1 
 he occasionally administered a severe punishment, and in 
 some instances banished turbulent persons from his 
 colony. 
 
 6. One of the first acts of the National Congress, assembled 
 under the Constitution of 1824, was the erection of former 
 provinces into states similar to those of tlie American Union. 
 Texas was connected temporarily with the neighboring state 
 of Coahuila [co-ah-tuhee'lali). The legislative body of this 
 united state was called a congress, and was composed of 
 twelve members, of whom Texas was entitled to two * A rep- 
 resentative, if not a native of Mexico, must have resided eight 
 years in the country, and was required to be worth eight 
 thousand dollars, or to have an income of one thousand dol- 
 lars annually. Popular elections were held on Sunday, the 
 people not voting directly for the congressmen, but for elect- 
 ors, who subsequently met and elected them. 
 
 * III the Bexar remonstrance (Dec, 1832) complaint was made that Texas 
 had bnt two representative!? in the LeLMslature, while her population would 
 entitle her to four. It is questionable if Texas ever had more than one delegate 
 present at one time ; and under the arbitrary decree of Bustemente, in 1830, the 
 Texas delegation was expelled. 
 
 5, What authority did Austin exercise in his colony ? When dissatisfied with the 
 decision of the alcalde, to whom could the people appeal? 
 
 6. Witt what State was Texas temporarily connected? To how many reprcsenta' 
 
 livee was Texas entitled? 
 
MEXICAN OFFICERS— TAXATION. 55 
 
 7. Under Mexican rule there were a number of officers who 
 exercised both civil and military functions. The one highest 
 in authority was the Commander of the Eastern Internal 
 Provinces, with headquarters at Monterey. By a decree of 
 the legislature at Saltillo, February 1, 1825, the office of Po- 
 litical Chief was created. That officer, though nominally 
 subordinate to the Governor, was, in reality, clothed with 
 despotic power. He could suspend civil judges, arrest and 
 imprison citizens, and call out and control the militia. He 
 received a salary of eight hundred dollars a year. 
 
 8. An alcalde under Spanish law exercised civil jurisdiction 
 equivalent to that of a justice of the peace under English law. 
 In 1822 the districts of the Brazos and the Colorado were 
 created. As population increased others were formed, until, 
 in 1827, there were seven alcalde's districts, or municipali- 
 ties, in Austin's colony. 
 
 9. In 1828 provision was made for the alcaldes of each 
 municipality to meet three times in a year, and hold an ap- 
 pellate court, called an ayuntamiento. In 1834 three 
 judicial districts were formed in Texas, and a supreme judge 
 appointed. 
 
 10. Colonists entering Texas were permitted to introduce 
 all family supplies, agricultural implements, etc., free of duty, 
 and for six years were entirely exempt from taxation. Up 
 to 1830-31, there were no tax-collectors or custom houses in 
 the colony. As a consequence, the State treasury at Saltillo 
 was often empty. Many offices remained vacant because the 
 
 7. What powers were exercised by the military commanders ? By the political 
 chief? 
 
 8. What were the duties of an alcalde ? ITow many alcalde's districts in Austin'g 
 colony in 1827? 
 
 9. When was an appellate court formed? How many judicial districts in 1834? 
 
 10. What necessaries could be introduced free of duty? How long were colonista 
 exempt from taxation? What expedient was resorted to in Coahuila to raise 
 money ? 
 
56 INDIANS IN TEXAS. 
 
 state was unable to pay salaries. In 1828. Austin advised 
 the ayuntamiento of San Felipe to collect a tax to build a 
 jail, but the advice was unheeded, and the officers had no 
 means of keeping prisoners. In Coahuila, many expedients 
 were adopted for replenishing the exhausted treasury, one of 
 wliich was the taxing of cock pits. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 INDIANS IN TEXAS. 
 
 1. The Caranchuas, from their location on the coast, m 
 immediate proximity to the settlements, were a constant 
 source of annoyance. They numbered about one thousand 
 warriors, and had frequent skirmishes with the colonists, 
 in which a few of the latter, and a still larger number of the 
 former, lost their lives. In 1825, Colonel Austin felt suffi- 
 ciently strong to expel this predatory band from his terri- 
 tory. Having, in connection with Captain Xbner Kuyken- 
 dall, collected about one hundred militia, he started to hunt 
 the marauders. At the Menahuila {may-7iah-ivhee'lah), six 
 miles east of Goliad, Austin was met by the Catholic priest of 
 the mission, who had been sent by the Indians to make peace. 
 It was agreed that the Indians should remain on the west 
 side of the San Antonio river. Any Indian caught east of 
 that stream was to be treated as an enemy. The old mission 
 of La Bahia had been established mainly for this tribe ; there 
 many of the Indians had received baptism, and as long as 
 the tribe remained in Texas, their children were taken to the 
 Mission to receive this Christian rite. In 1843, some forty 
 or fifty, the sad remnant of this once powerful tribe, emi- 
 
 Sectlon VI.— 1, Hov.' many warriors could the Caranchuas muster ? What 
 agreement did these Indians enter into in 1826 ? What became of this tribe? 
 
INDIANS IN TEXAS. 57 
 
 grated to Mexico, and settled in the state of Tamaulipas, 
 where their tribal existence was soon lost. 
 
 2. The Comanches are supposed to have had fi'om fifteen 
 hundred to two thousand warriors, and some kindred tribes^ 
 whose names are now hardly remembered, numbered as 
 many more. Burnet, who spent the years 1818-19 among 
 the Comanches, says this tribe was then true to treaty obli- 
 gations. They were at peace with the United States, but at 
 war with Mexico. 
 
 3. In April, 1822, a party of fifty-four of these Indians 
 captured Colonel Austin on the ISTueces, when on his way to 
 Mexico. As soon as the chief of the band understood that 
 Austin was an American, his goods were restored, and he was 
 permitted to prosecute his journey in peace. The govern- 
 ment of the Comanches was republican, their chiefs being 
 elective. They seldom killed Mexicans unless in self de- 
 fence. Their lives were spared that they might raise more 
 horses, as from them the Indians always obtained a supply. 
 They were said to be averse to drinking whisky, pronoun- 
 cing it fooVs tuater, and said that it made Indian one big fool. 
 
 4. Austin, in his address, speaking of the Caranchiias, 
 Comanches, Wacoes and Tehuacanies, pronounced them 
 murderers. He says the smaller tribes of Lipans and Ton- 
 ka was were insolent and thievish. The smaller tribes, hoAV- 
 ever, at a later period rendered valuable service to the colo- 
 nists as spies, and guides in campaigns against the frontier 
 Indians. Then, as now, the small bands of Alabamas and 
 Coshatties had their villages on the lower Trinity. "The 
 Keechies," says Burnet, " were a peculiar race. Their lan- 
 guage differed radically from all others known in Texas. 
 
 2* How many warriors could the Comanches muster? 
 
 3. How was Austin treated by a band of Comanches in 1822 ? Why did these In 
 dians spare the Mexicans ? What name did they jjive to whislcey ? 
 
 4, What character did Austin give the Comanches, Wacoes, etc. ? The IJpani 
 and Tonkawas ? What was the character of the Keechies ? 
 
58 WILBARGER SCALPED. 
 
 The Comanches held them in singular abhorrence, believing 
 them to be possessed, and to exercise the mysterious power 
 of witchcraft." 
 
 5. As early as 1822, a few Oherokees, and some families oi 
 other tribes, driven by the United States from their hunting 
 grounds east of the Mississippi, sought a home in Texas. 
 Though the Mexican authorities gave these Indians tacit 
 permission to remain in the country, no land titles were 
 issued to them. It was the failure to obtain their land which 
 induced the Cherokee chiefs so readily to join in the Fredo- 
 nian movement. So far from the Mexicans giving encour. 
 agement to this Indian immigration, Colonel Bean, the agent, 
 addressed a letter to Secretary Cass, at Washington, protest- 
 ing against it. In response to this protest. President Jack- 
 son issued a proclamation to the Indians in the southwest, 
 admonishing them not to cross the Sabine river. This im- 
 migration, however, continued to pour into Texas until the 
 establishment of the republic. 
 
 6. During the year 1833, Josiah Wilbarger and two com- 
 panions were oat hunting on Walnut Creek, a tributary of 
 the Colorado, when the party was surprised by Indians, and 
 one of them instantly killed. Wilbarger was shot, scalped, 
 and left for dead. The third escaped on a fleet horse into 
 the settlement. A company who went out to bury the 
 dead, found Wilbarger still alive. He lived twelve years, 
 but finally died from the effects of the wound. 
 
 7. The same year S. F. Austin, D. G-. Burnet, and B. E. 
 Milam addressed an earnest remonstrance to General Bus- 
 temente, protesting against the introduction of any more In- 
 
 5* When did the Oherokees enter Texas f Did the Mexican authorities encourage 
 this Indian immigration 7 
 
 6. Give the particulars of the scalping: of Wilbarger. 
 
 7. What prominent Texaus remonstrated against the introduction of Indians intC 
 Texas? How many Indians were in Texas in 1834 f 
 
ILL TREATMENT OF COLONISTS. 59 
 
 dians into Texas. In tlie Indian expeditions at this earl} 
 period the colonists were ever ready to respond to the call o/ 
 their chieftains. Those who were able always kept a sup- 
 ply of ammunition and a horse ready for immediate service. 
 According to Almonte's estimate, there were in Texas, in 
 1834, four thousand five hundred friendly Indians, and ten 
 thousand eight hundred belonging to wild tribes. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 ILL TREATMENT OF THE COLONISTS. — TROUBLES AT ANA- 
 HUAC. — FIGHT AT VELASCO. — FIGHT AT NACOGDOCHES. 
 
 1. During Austin's absence in Mexico in 1822, many 
 families, who started to his colony, settled in East Texas, in 
 the neighborhood of Nacogdoches. Under the general 
 colonization law these families were entitled to land, but 
 were unable to obtain titles, because no land commissioner 
 had been appointed for that district. In 1829, Don Juan 
 Antonio Padilla was sent out to issue titles to these colo- 
 nists. But Padilla found the same difiiculties which had 
 beset Edwards. There were conflicting claims. He mani- 
 fested a disposition to deal justly with the immigrants. 
 The Mexicans, who claimed large bodies of land, com- 
 plained of the commissioner, and before he had fairly 
 commenced issuing titles, he was arrested. The next year 
 Francisco Madero resumed the work of assigning land to 
 the colonists. Among other acts of Madero was that of 
 creating the municipality of Liberty. He, too, gave offence 
 to the Mexican officers and was suspended, and the colonists 
 were again left with no means of procuring land titles. 
 
 Section VII.— I. How was East Texas settled ? Why could not the colonietf 
 obtain land ? Why was Padilla arrested ? How was Madero treated ? 
 
60 TROUBLES AT ANAEUAG. 
 
 2. Oil tlie 6th of April, 1830, President Bustemente issued 
 a proclamation prohibiting any fnrtlier immigration into 
 Texas from the United States. In 1831, cnstom-lioases 
 were established at Nacogdoches, !San Antonio, Copano, 
 Velasco, and Anahuac. By decree of April 7th, 1832, 
 foreigners (meaning Americans), were forbidden to carry on 
 a retail trade in the country. To overawe the colonists, 
 a considerable body of troops was sent into Texas by General 
 Teran. Colonel Piedras, the ranking officer, had three hun- 
 dred and twenty men at Nacogdoches; Colonel Bradburn 
 one hundred and fifty at Anahuac; Colonel Ugartechea 
 {oo-gartay' -clie-ah) one hundred and twenty at Velasco ; 
 Colonel Bean had a small force at Fort Teran, on the Neches, 
 and there Avere also companies at Tenoxticlan, Goliad, and 
 San Antonio. 
 
 3. The first serious difficulty between the colonists and 
 the military occurred at Anahuac. Under instructions from 
 Teran, Bradburn arrested the commissioner, Madero. He 
 also abolished the ayuntamiento at Liberty, and established 
 one at Anahuac, without any warrant of law. The citizens 
 were further annoyed by the lawlessness of Bradburn's 
 soldiers, many of whom were discharged convicts. The 
 commander shielded his soldiers from punishment, even af- 
 ter their crimes had been clearly proved. He also received 
 and harbored runaway slaves, and when their owners 
 demanded their return, refused to give them up, on the 
 plea that they had already enlisted as soldiers in the Mexi- 
 can army. He finally proclaimed martial law, and arrested 
 a number of citizens for whom he had conceived a dislike, 
 and confined tliem in the barracks. 
 
 JE, What was the purport of Bustemente's decree of April 6, 1830? At what 
 points were custom-houses established ? At what points weie soldiers stationed to 
 overawe the citizens ? 
 
 3. At what place was the first serious difficulty between the colonists and the 
 military commander ? Name some ol the arbitrary acts of Bradburn. 
 
TROUBLES AT ANAHUAO. 61 
 
 4. Though these men had viohited no law, and were 
 ignorant of the cause of their arrest, Bradburn threatened 
 to send them to Vera Cruz for trial. By another military 
 decree all the ports of Texas, except Anahuac, were closed. 
 That port was at the head of Galveston Bay, outside of 
 Austin's colony, and accessible only to vessels of light draught. 
 It was not to be expected that Anglo-Americans, with their 
 inborn love of liberty, would tamely submit to such outrages. 
 Meetings were held and measures devised to effect the release 
 of the prisoners in the stockade. 
 
 5. A company was organized under the command of 
 Francis W. Johnson, who demanded the immediate and un- 
 conditional release of their fellow-citizens. This company, 
 when approaching Anahuac, intercepted and captured 
 a scouting party of fourteen of Bradburn's soldiers. In a 
 parley, Bradburn proposed that if the Americans would 
 release the soldiers just captured and retire some six miles, 
 to Turtle bayou, he Avould set at liberty the citizens in the 
 stockade. Johnson agreed to this. The captives were sent 
 into the garrison, and he retired' with his command to the 
 bayou, to await the arrival of their friends held in custody. 
 In the meantime Bradburn heard that Piedras was ap- 
 proaching with reenforcements from Nacogdoches, and de- 
 clined to give up his prisoners. Piedras, as soon as he 
 ascertained the trne state of affairs, superseded Bradburn 
 (who immediately left for New Orleans), and released the 
 prisoners. 
 
 6. Fortunately for the Texan s, at this juncture news 
 
 4. Where did Bradburn threaten to send citizens wliom he had arrested? What 
 Texas ports were closed ? 
 
 5. Who commanded the Texans who organized to release their fellow citizens? 
 What befell a scouting party of Bradburn's soldiers? By whom were the prisonera 
 Gnally released ? 
 
 6. What news reached Texas from Mexico ? Who was then the Republican leadei 
 in Mexico f 
 
62 FIOHT AT VELASGO. 
 
 arrived of a revolution in Mexico. Santa Anna, wlio was 
 just rising into favor, had pronounced against Busfcemente, 
 and proclaimed anew the Constitution of 1824. A public 
 meeting at Turtle Bayou, June 13, 1832, gave a cordial 
 assent to this republican movement. This placed the 
 Americans in Texas in harmony with the liberal party of 
 the nation. 
 
 7. In the month of May, before any of the citizens had 
 left for Anahuac, a meeting was held at Brazoria, in which 
 a proposition was made to first capture Colonel XJgartechea 
 at Velasco. This failed by one vote. XJgartechea, however, 
 gave an informal pledge that he would remain neutral. The 
 assailing party at Anahuac needing cannon, Captains John 
 Austin and Wm. J. Eussell were dispatched to Brazoria for 
 two at that place. Ugartechea declined to let the cannon 
 pass Velasco. Captain Austin at once called for volunteers 
 to capture the garrison, and one hundred and twelve men 
 volunteered. Part of these, Avith the cannon, were placed on 
 board the schooner Brazoria, in charge of Captain Russell, 
 and floated down the river. Captain Austin conducted the 
 remainder by land. These, when tliey arrived at the mouth of 
 the river, were formed into two companies. Captain Brown, 
 with one company, took position near the beach, where they 
 were partially protected by drift-wood. Captain Austin, 
 under cover of darkness, approaclied within a few rods of 
 the fort, carrying palisades of plank for protection, and, 
 working in silence, threw up temporary breastworks. 
 
 8. The battle commenced about twelve o'clock at night, 
 June 25th. Just after daylight, a shower of rain fell, damag- 
 ing the ammunition of the assailants. The breastworks not 
 
 7» What proposition was made in Brazoria at a meeting of colonists ? What 
 occasioned the light at Velasco ? 
 
 8. When did the battle commence ? Give the particulars of the fight. Loss of 
 the Mexicans. Of the Texans. 
 
 I 
 
M' FIOHT AT NACOGDOCHES. 63 
 
 affording protection to his men, Captain Austin retired a 
 short distance, to a more advantageous position. The party 
 on the vessel still kept up the fight, and the riflemen were 
 especially successful in picking off gunners who mounted 
 the parapet to fire the cannon. After about ten hours' 
 fighting, a white flag was raised in the fort, and soon after- 
 ward the garrison surrendered. In the fight, the Mexicans 
 had thirty-five killed and fifteen wounded. The loss of the 
 Texans was eight killed and twenty-seven wounded. 
 
 9. Colonel Piedras, by his course at Anahuac, had become 
 popular with the Texans. But he was a monarchist, and 
 did not believe the Mexicans capable of self-government. 
 At a public meeting, at Nacogdoches, a committee was ap- 
 pointed to invite Piedras to join the republicans. This he 
 declined to do, when the citizens organized a military com- 
 pany for his capture. On the 1st of August, Colonel Bullard, 
 who had been chosen commander, took a position near the 
 old stone house, which, after a severe fight, was captured by 
 a party of Texans under Captain Bradley and Lieutenant 
 Looney. A body of cavalry, sent by Piedras to re- capture 
 the house, was repulsed with loss. The fight lasted until 
 night. 
 
 10. Under the cover of darkness, Piedras cast his ammu- 
 nition into wells, and silently left the place, retreating 
 westward. He left forty killed and a number of wounded 
 in the town. The Texans had one killed and five wounded. 
 The next day a party of Texans intercepted the retreating 
 Mexicans at the Angelina river. At the first fire, Marcos, 
 one of Piedras' officers, was killed. To avoid the further 
 effusion of blood, Colonel Piedras turned the command over 
 to Major Medina {may -dee' -no), who immediately surren- 
 
 9. To what political party did Piedras belong? What course did the people o( 
 Nacogdoches pursue ? What house did the Texans occupy ? 
 
 10, What became of Piedras ? 
 
64 CONVENTION OF 18Se3. 
 
 derod, and he and most of his men espoused the republican 
 cause. 
 
 11. Soon after this, Colonel Souverin, a republican, who 
 had become commander at Anahuac, collected all the Mexican 
 soldiers he could muster from the commands of Bradburu, 
 Ugartechea, and Piedras, and sailed for Tampico {tahm-pee'- 
 co) to assist in the revolution against Bustemeute. Texas was 
 thus left without a garrison. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 CONYEITTIOIS" OF 1833. — AFFAIRS IN COAHUILA. — AUSTIN" IN 
 MEXICO. — POLITICAL PARTIES.' — LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURE, j 
 AND COMMERCE. — EDUCATION. — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. 
 — REFLECTIONS. 
 
 1. The attachment of Texas to Coahuila was only a tem- 
 porary arrangement. The coalition was inconvenient, un- 
 natural, and, in many respects, disadvantageous to the 
 former, which now had a population equal to that of the 
 smaller State«s of Mexico, and was in harmony with the lib- 
 eral party, which, under Santa Anna, had there gained the 
 ascendancy. This was thought to be a favorable time for 
 inaugurating a separate State government. As early as Oc- 
 tober, 1832, a number of leading citizens met at San Felipe, 
 and recommended the election of delegates to a Convention 
 to form a Constitution. 
 
 2. An election was held in the different municipalities in 
 March, 1833, and in April the Convention met in San 
 
 11, What became of the Mexican soldiers in Texas ? 
 
 Section VIII,— 1, Was the connection with Coaliuila advantageous to Texas \ 
 What did the Texans desire ? 
 
 2. When did the Convention meet to form a Constitution ? Who was the author 
 of the constitution ? Of the memorial ? Who went as Commissioner to Mexico ? 
 
AFFAIRS IN COAHUILA— AUSTIN IN MEXICO. 65 
 
 Felipe. A Constitution which was drafted by Sam Houston 
 was adopted, and submitted to the national authorities for 
 approval. Judge Burnet drew up an able memorial, show- 
 ing the disadvantages under which Texas labored, and the 
 necessity for a separate State government. Of the three 
 Commissioners who were selected to proceed to the city of 
 Mexico with the Constitution and memorial, Colonel Austin 
 alone went. 
 
 3. In 1834, while Texas was comparatively quiet and pros- 
 perous, Coahuila was convulsed with a revolution. The seat 
 of government had been removed from Saltillo to Monclova. 
 Saltillo, unwilling to lose the capital, organized a revolution, 
 and elected a governor in opposition to the one at Monclova. 
 Both parties prepared to fight, but before actual hostili- 
 ties began, referred their difficulties to Santa Anna, who 
 ordered a new election. This state of affairs, in which the 
 Legislature was prevented from meeting, illustrated still more 
 forcibly the necessity of separating Texas from Coahuila. 
 
 I. When A.ustin reached the Mexican capital, he found a 
 strong prejudice had been awakened against the Anglo- 
 Americans in Texas. He failed to obtain permission to 
 organize a separate State government, but his mission was 
 not without good results. He secured the repeal of laws 
 which discriminated against the Americans — especially the 
 decree of Bustemente, prohibiting immigration from the 
 United States — and obtained some mail facilities, in Decem- 
 ber he started for Texas, and had reached Saltillo, where he 
 was arrested by order of Farias, the acting President, carried 
 back to Mexico and thrown into a dungeon, in which he 
 languished nearly two years. 
 
 3. In what condition was Coaliuila in 1834 ? To whom did the hostile partieo 
 refer their dispute ? 
 
 4. What was the state of feeling toward the Anglo-Ainericaus when Austbl 
 arrived in Mexico ? How was Austin treated ? 
 
66 POLITICAL PARTIES— AGRICULTURE. 
 
 5. During the year 1834, Colonel Almonte, one of Santa 
 Anna's most trusted lieutenants, was sent on a visit to Texas. 
 He was everywhere cordially received, and, on his return, 
 published a glowing description of the country, giving a 
 tolerably accurate estimate of its population and resources. 
 
 6. Though all parties, in 1834, wished to see the connection 
 between Texas and Coahuila dissolved, there were differences 
 of opinion as to the best mode of accomplishing this object. 
 Some wanted a de facto local government organized at once. 
 Others wished to await the action of the Federal authorities, 
 and the return of Austin. And still others, comparatively 
 few in number, but very zealous, wished at once to proclaim 
 the independence of Texas. But as all parties were agreed 
 in desiring a local government, to be administered by its 
 own citizens, Texas was comparatively quiet. It was, how- 
 ever, a delusive peace, the harbinger of a storm. 
 
 7. The first considerable stocks of cattle brought to 
 Austin's Colony, were by Abner Kuykendall and Eandal 
 Jones, in 1822. Ten years later, Taylor White, on Turtle 
 Bayou, had three thousand head, and Mr. Barrow, one of 
 Mr. White's neighbors, had several hundred head of horses 
 and mules. There were large herds of cattle and horses 
 owned by Mexicans in western Texas. 
 
 8. The first cotton-gin-house erected in Texas was in 1825, 
 at the Groce plantation ; the next, near the mouth of 
 Cow Creek, in Brazoria County, by the Austins ; the third, 
 by Robert H. Williams, in Matagorda County. Cotton was 
 then packed in fifty and one hundred pound sacks, and 
 transported to the Rio Grande on mules, two hundred an.d 
 
 ■■ ■ ' ■ ' » —^ — ~ 
 
 5. What Mexican officer visited Texas in 1834 ? What did he think of Texas f 
 
 6. What was the desire of all parties in Texas ? How did opinions differ ? 
 
 7. When were the first stocks of cattle brought to Austin's Colony ? • 
 
 8. When and where was the first cotton-gin-house built? When was the flr^l 
 cotton shipped from Texas, and what price did it hrintr ? 
 
COMMERCE— EDUCATION. C? 
 
 fifty pounds constituting a mule load. The first cotton sent 
 out of Texas by water was shipped from Velasco to Mata- 
 moras in 1831, and brought sixty-two and a half cents 
 per pound. As early as 1830, Judge Williams, of Liberty 
 County, made forty liogsheads of sugar in one year. 
 
 9. In 1834, Almonte estimated the commerce of Texas as 
 follows : 
 
 Exports. Imports. 
 
 Department of Brazos $600,000 $325,000 
 
 '* Nacogdoches $470,000 $265,000 
 
 « Bexar $10,000 
 
 10. The Constitution of Coahuila and Texas (1827) de- 
 clared " that in all the towns of the State a suitable number 
 of primary schools shall be established, wherein shall be 
 taught reading, writing, arithmetic, the Catechism of the 
 Christian religion, a brief and simple exphmation of this 
 Constitution and that of the Republic, the rights and duties 
 of men in society, and whatever else may conduce to tlie 
 better education of youth." This was a dead letter upon the 
 statute book. There were, however, a few private schools 
 in Texas. In 1824, S. Richardson taught in San Felipe; 
 Henry Smith taught in Brazoria County in 1827, and Thos. 
 J. Pilgrim in 1828. Pilgrim afterward taught in San Felipe, 
 where he organized the first Sunday-school in Texas. Miss 
 Trask taught in Cole's Settlement (Independence), and 
 other schools were opened for short periods in various neigh- 
 borhoods. In 1832, the Bexar memorialists stated " that there 
 was but one school in San Antonio, the teacher of which 
 was paid twenty-five dollars per month by his patrons." 
 
 11. Under the colonization laws, all colonists professed 
 
 9. Give Almonte's estimate of the exports and imports of the different depait- 
 ments. 
 
 10. What provision did the Constitution of 18-27 contain in favor of education ? 
 Were public schools established under this provision ? Name some of tiie teachers 
 of private schools. 
 
 1 1 . What faith did the early colonists profess ? What plaoes were regularly 
 
68 * SCHOOLS— CHURCHES. 
 
 the Eoman Catholic faith. There were, generally, regular 
 priests at San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches. The 
 American population had, however, no churches, and only 
 occasional visits from priests. In 1830, Father Michael 
 Muldoon, an Irishman, visited most of the settlements, ad- 
 ministering baptism and marrying such as desired these 
 rites. In the absence of a priest, parties were married by 
 a boud. Father Henry Doyle was the regular priest at San 
 Patricio. "In 1833," says Almonte, "the only vicar in San 
 Antonio died of cholera, leaving but one curate to the de- 
 partment." 
 
 12. Texas was also occasionally visited by Protestant min- 
 isters. In 1822, Rev. Henry Stevenson (Methodist) preached 
 in various neighborhoods. He did the same in 1824. In 
 1826, Rev. Joseph Bays (Baptist) preached at the house of 
 Moses Shipman, on the Brazos. In 1832, Sumner Bacon 
 (Cumberland Presbyterian) passed through the various set- 
 tlements, acting as agent for a Bible and Tract society of 
 Natchez. In 1833, a Baptist church was organized in 
 Austin's Colony; a Methodist church in East Texas, near 
 San Augustine ; and a Cumberland Presbyterian church in 
 North Texas, on Red River — this last by Rev. M. Estel. 
 In 1834, a Methodist camp-meeting was held in Austin 
 County, near the residence of the Rev. John W. Kinney, and 
 a protracted meeting with the church in East Texas. 
 
 13. Notwithstanding the scarcity of schools and churches, 
 society in Texas was unexceptionably good at the close of this 
 period. Austin had required of all colonists a cei'tificate of 
 good character, and had taken great pains to keep out 
 
 Bupplied with priests ? What priest visited Austin's Colony in 1830 ? In the 
 absence of a priest how were parties married ? 
 
 12. Give tlie names of some of the early Protestant ministers in Texas. What 
 Protestant churches were organized in 1833 ? 
 
 13. What is said of the morals and social condition of Texas at the close of ttila 
 period f 
 
REFLECTIONS. gg 
 
 criminals and persons of vicious morals. As a general rule, 
 the colonists lived in great peace among themselves, were 
 honest in their dealings, and practiced a generous hospital- 
 ity toward strangers. 
 
 14. Concluding Reflections. — The study of the colonial 
 period of our history is well calculated to impress us with 
 a sense of the undaunted courage, the indefatigable energy, 
 and unconquerable spirit of tlie men who found Texas a 
 wilderness and converted it into a garden, introducing and 
 establishing, upon a permanent basis, our civil institutions. 
 To avoid the appearance of self-glorification, the testimony 
 of two intelligent foreigners is appended. 
 
 15. Kennedy, in his *' History of Texas," speaking of 
 these pioneers, says: "They are the only people who, in 
 defiance of all obstacles, have struck the roots of civilization 
 deep into the soil of Texas. Even as I trace these lines, I 
 reflect upon their progress with renewed wonder and admi- 
 ration. They are, indeed, the original conquerors of the 
 wild, uniting in themselves the threefold attributes of hus- 
 Dandmen, lawgivers, and soldiers." 
 
 16. M. De Tocqueville, at a still earlier period, in his 
 work on America, uses the following language : " It is not 
 to be imagined that the impulse of the Anglo-American 
 race can be arrested. Their constant progress towards the 
 Rocky Mountains has the solemnity of a providential event. 
 Tyrannical government and consequent hostilities may retard 
 this impulse, but cannot prevent it from ultimately fulfilling 
 the destiny to which that race is reserved. No power upon 
 earth can close upon the emigrant the fertile wildernesg 
 which offers resources to all industry and a refuge from all 
 want. Future events, of whatever nature they may be, will 
 
 14. What impression is the study of our colonial history calculated to produce f 
 1 .5. Give the purport of Kennedy's reflections. 
 1 6. Of M. de Tocqueville'e. 
 
70 CHBONOLOOIGAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 not deprive the Texans of their climate, their bays and rivers, 
 or their exuberant soil. ISTor will bad laws, revolutions, or 
 anarchy be able to obliterate that love of posterity and 
 tliafc spirit of enterprise which seem to be the distinctive 
 characteristics of their race ; or to extinguish that knowl- 
 edge which guides them on their way. Thus, in the uncer- 
 tain future, one event is sure : At a period, which may be 
 said to be near, the Anglo-Americans will, alone, cover the 
 immense space contained between the polar regions and the 
 tropics, and extending from the coast of the Atlantic to the 
 shores of the Pacific." 
 
 CHEONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIOlSrS. 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 When did Moses Austin obtain his first empreeario contract ? January 18, 1821. 
 
 When did the first colonist? arrive with Stephen F. Austin ? December 31, 1821. 
 
 When and where did the Fredonians organize for war ? At Nacogdoches, Decern 
 ber, 1826. 
 
 What celebrated decree was issued April 6, 1830 ? The decree of Bustemcnte 
 prohibiting Americans from settling in Texas. 
 
 What troubles occurred in 1832 ? Difficulties with Bradburn at Anahuac, June 13, 
 flj^ht with Ugartechea at Velasco, June 25, and fight with Piedras at Nacogdoches, 
 August 1. 
 
 What occnrred in 1833 ? A Convention at San Felipe petitioned for a separata 
 State government. Austin was imprisoned in Mexico. 
 
MEXICAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 n 
 
 ox:i^^^-ige^ (B^S^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 PERIOD III. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 Includes the Years 1835 and 1836, 
 
 SECTION^ I. 
 
 mexican affairs. — texas without civil gover^n'men't.— 
 Austin's return. — the affair at gonzales. — goliad 
 taken" by the texans. 
 
 1. Perhaps Texas might have become, and remained, a 
 Mexican State, had the Mexicans maintained a republican 
 form of government. But the Republic had disappeared. 
 
 Section I. — 1. Did Mexico maintain a republican form of government? 
 Who was exercising despotic power? What State etill resisted the authority of 
 
VI TEXAS WITHOUT CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Santa Anna had abandoned the liberal party, and was mak- 
 ing strides toward absolute power. The Constitution of 1824 
 had been swept away, and the mass of the people disarmed. 
 The last republican leader who held out against the usurper 
 was Governor Garcia, of Zacatecas. Santa Anna was com- 
 pletely victorious in a bloody battle fought near that city on 
 the 11th of May, 1835, killing some two thousand repub- 
 licans, and taking twenty-seven hundred prisoners. Early 
 in April General Cos dispersed the Legislature of Coahuila 
 and Texas, then in session in Monclova ; and in July Gen- 
 eral Ugartechea was sent to San Antonio with a garrison to 
 over-awe the Texans. On the 8th of August the Plan of 
 Toluca was formally proclaimed, investing the President with 
 dictatorial powers.* 
 
 2. The revolution in Mexico was completed on the 3d of 
 October, 1835, when Santa Anna issued a decree suspending 
 the functions of all State Legislatures, thus centralizing all 
 power in the supreme government at the capital. 
 
 3. The state of chaos in Coahuila left Texas comparatively 
 without civil government, though a few of the alcaldes 
 still exercised their functions. But the troubles with the 
 Indians, and the unsettled state of the country, rendered it 
 necessary to have some means of communication between 
 different settlements. This led to the formation of Commit- 
 tees of Safety in several of the municipalities. On the 17th 
 
 * In a Mexican revolution, the following is the order of proceeding : 1. A 
 grito, or grumbling at tlie existiiiLr order of things. 2. A pronunciado, or denun- 
 ciation of these evils at a public meeting of the disaffected. 3. Apian ii? proposed 
 lor relief. This p\^n derives its name from the place in which it originated, as the 
 Plan of Vera Cruz ; of Iguala ; of Toluca. 
 
 Santa Anna? When was the battle of Zacatecas fought? With what result? 
 Who dispersed the Legislature at Monclova? When was Ugartechea sent to Texaef 
 
 2. When was the revolution in Mexico completed ? By what decree ? 
 
 3. In what state did the revolution in Coahuila leave Texas? Why were Com* 
 mittees of Safety formed? When and where was the administrative council organ 
 teed? 
 
AUSTIN'S RETURN. 73 
 
 of July a number of delegates from adjoining municipali- 
 ties met at Suii Felipf^,, and organized au administrative 
 council, or committee. 
 
 4. At this period, when the public mind was unsettled, 
 Austin re-appeared in Texas, having been released from his 
 long confinement. At Brazoria he was greeted by a thou- 
 sand citizens, who anxiously awaited his advice. His obser- 
 vation of the progress of events at the Mexican capital had 
 satisfied him that the time had arrived for the Texan s to act 
 with promptness and vigor. He was immediately elected 
 Chairman of the administrative council. To secure concert 
 of action throughout the province, lie advised the assembling 
 of delegates from all municipalities, for a general consulta- 
 tion. The election was held on the 3d of October. 
 
 5. Soon after the arrival of Ugartechea at San Antonio, 
 he sent Captain Tenorio with about twenty men to Ana- 
 huac. A misunderstanding took place between Tenorio and 
 a party of Texan s under W. B. Travis. The Mexican offi- 
 cers and soldiers were arrested and disarmed; but the 
 administrative council at San Felipe, after investigation, 
 restored Tenorio and his men to liberty, and returned their 
 arms and papers. 
 
 6. Under instructions from headquarters, Colonel Ugar- 
 techea ordered the civil authorities in Texas to arrest cer- 
 tain citizens, who were obnoxious to the centralists. Santa 
 Anna was especially anxious to secnre his former friend, 
 Zavalla, and, to capture him, sent a schooner, under Captain 
 Thompson, into the Brazos river, A party of Texans, how 
 ever, under Captain Hurd, captured Thompson and sent 
 him to New Orleans, where he was tried for piracy. He 
 
 4. How was Austin greeted on his return ? What advice did he give ? Whec 
 was the election held ? 
 
 5. now was Captain Tenorio received at Anahuac t 
 
 6. What exiled Mexican patriot did Santa Anna order arrested ? 
 
 4 
 
74 THE AFFAIR AT GONZALES. 
 
 was acquitted of the charge, and subsequently became an 
 officer in the navv of Texas. 
 
 7. Gonzales has been denominated the Lexington of 
 Texas. A cannon had been given the citizens for defence 
 against the Indians. Ugartechea sent Captain Castanado, 
 with one hundred and fifty men, to seize this gun and carry 
 it to San Antonio. The Texans rallied under Captain 
 Albert Martin, and resolved to retain it. On the 29th of 
 September, the ferry boats were brought to the east side of 
 the river, and a position taken to prevent the Mexicans 
 from crossing. By the 30th, the Texan force, at first small, 
 had increased to one hundred, and on the 1st of October, to 
 one hundred and sixty-eight. A military organization took 
 place. John H. Moore was elected Colonel, and J. W. E. 
 "Wallace, Lieutenant Colonel. The Texans manned the 
 cannon, and on the 2d of October, crossed the river with a 
 view of attacking the Mexicans. Castanado asked for a 
 parley, proclaimed himself a Eepublican, and wanted to 
 know for what the Texans were fighting. Colonel Moore 
 replied, and submitted to Castanado the choice of either 
 surrendering to the Texans, or joining their ranks. He de- 
 clined both alternatives, and the Texans immediately pre- 
 pared for an attack. The fight opened with a discharge 
 from the cannon. Castanado precipitately retreated towards 
 San Antonio, and the Texans returned in triumph to 
 Gonzales. 
 
 8. As soon as news of the affair at Gonzales reached lower 
 Caney, Captain George Collingsworth collected a few men 
 among the planters of Brazoria and Matagorda Counties, for 
 
 T, What place has been denominated the Lexington of Texas ? For what pur- 
 pose did Castanado visit Gonzales ? What steps did the Texans take to retain tha 
 cannon ? With what result ? 
 
 8. For what purpose did Collinsworth collect his company? When was Goliad 
 captured ? 
 
THE TEXAN8 TAKE GOLIAD. 75 
 
 the capture of Goliad. On the evening in which this partv 
 readied the neighborhood of the town they fortunately fell 
 in with B. K. Milam, who had escaped from a Mexican 
 prison and was making his way to Texas. He at once en- 
 tered the ranks as a private soldier, and was foremost in the 
 assault. The attack was made on the night of October 8th. 
 The garrison was taken completely by surprise, and surrend- 
 ered after a short engagement. The Texan s took twenty- 
 five prisoners, several pieces of artillery, three hundred stand 
 of arms, and about ten thousand dollars in money. The 
 place was left in command of Captain Philip Dimmit. 
 
 9. On the 3d of November Captain Westover captured a 
 Mexican garrison of twenty men, at Lipantitlan, on the 
 Nueces river. Aitev Captain AVestover had paroled the 
 prisoners, he was attacked by about seventy Mexicans, 
 whom he defeated after a sharp conflict of half an hour. 
 The Mexicans suffered severe loss ; one Texan was wounded. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. — MILITARY OPERATIONS. — INVESTMENT 
 AND TAKING OF SAN ANTONIO. 
 
 1. October 16th was the day fixed for the meeting of the 
 General Consultation. This name was adopted because the 
 term Convention was peculiarly objectionable to the Mexi- 
 cans. Only thirty-one members being present on the 16th, 
 they adjourned on the next day to November 1st, part of 
 the members going to the army, and the others remaining 
 to act with the committee at San Felipe. On the 3d of 
 
 9. What other Mexican garrisou was captured eoon afterward ? 
 Section II.— 1 • What day was fixed for the meeting of the Consultation • 
 \\'Tien was a quorum obtained ? 
 
7C CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 I>^ 
 
 ovember a quorum was present, and the body organized by 
 electing Branch T. Archer, President, and P. B. Dexter, 
 Secretary. The Committee, which since the middle of July, 
 had been exercising the functions of government, at once 
 turned over all their papers and authority to the Consulta- 
 tion. 
 
 2. It was at first thought that the independence of Texas 
 would be at once proclaimed. This, however, was deemed 
 unadvisable ; and on the 6th of November, a declaration 
 was solemnly put forth, which asserted in the preamble that 
 Santa Anna had, by force of arms, overthrown the federal 
 institutions in Mexico, and that the Texans had taken up 
 arms in defence of their rights and liberties ; that Texas 
 was no longer bound by the compact, and did not acknowl- 
 edge the usurpation of Santa Anna ; that she would con- 
 tinue the war until the Mexican soldiers were driven from 
 the province; and that, under the circumstances, she had a 
 right to withdraw from the Union, but would still adhere 
 to the Constitution of 1824. Other resolutions pledged the 
 faith of the State to defray the expenses of the army in the 
 field, and donated land to volunteers. 
 
 3. On the 12th of November a Provisional Government 
 was organized, with Henry Smith for Governor, James W. 
 Robinson, Lieutenant Governor, and Sam Houston, Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the regular army. On the same day 
 an Executive Council was elected, composed of one member 
 from each municipality. 
 
 4. To secure men and means necessary to carry on the 
 war, three commissioners were sent to tlie United States. 
 
 2« Did the Consultation proclaim the independence of Texas ? Wbat declaration 
 was sent forth November 6 ? 
 
 3. Who was elected provisional Governor ? Lieutenant-Governor? How was the 
 executive council formed? 
 
 4. Why were commissioners sent to the United States ? Mention some othex 
 icts of the Consultation. 
 
MILITAR Y OPERA T10N8. 77 
 
 The Consultation, also, before adjournment, suspended the 
 issuing of land titles, abrogated the sale of four hundred 
 leagues of Texas land, made fraudulently by the defunct 
 Legislature of Coahuila; took steps to conciliate the Indians 
 in East Texas ; to establish mail lines ; to collect duties ; 
 and, in general, to inaugurate civil government. 
 
 5. Til 6 Texans who had, on the first alarm of war, hast- 
 ened to the West and gallantly repulsed Oastanado, were 
 not prepared for a regular campaign, and many of them soon 
 returned to their homes. Those remaining in camp were 
 without a recognized leader, or any definite plan of action. 
 In this contingency the Council sent General Austin as 
 Commander-in-Chief. He arrived at Gonzales on the 10th 
 of October, and the soldiers at once placed themselves under 
 his orders. 
 
 6. At San Antonio, the Mexican garrison had been 
 strengthened by the arrival of General Cos, and numbered 
 about one thousand men. The fortifications were repaired, 
 and the city put in a thorough state for defense. This city 
 was Austin's objective point. With his army he crossed the 
 Guadalupe River on the 12th of October, and on the 20th 
 arrived at the Mission La Espada, nine miles from the city. 
 
 7. On the 27th Austin sent a detachment of ninety-two 
 men, under Colonels Bowie and Fannin, to reconnoitre, and, 
 if practicable, select a camping-ground nearer the city. Tiiia 
 party passed tlie night at Mission Concepcion, where they 
 were discovered by Mexican spies. The camp of the Texans 
 was protected on one side by the river. On the morning of 
 the 28th they found themselves confronted on three sides by 
 
 5. Were the Texan soldiers prepared for a military campaign? Who became 
 commander at Gonzales ? 
 
 6. What was the condition of the Mexican garrison at San Antonio ? What wan 
 Austin's objective point ? 
 
 T. Give the particnlars of the battle of Concepciory. 
 
78 INVESTMENT OF SAN ANTONIO. 
 
 a large body of Mexican soldiers. The Texans took position 
 in the low ground on the bank of the stream, out of the 
 range of the enemy's cannon. After some severe fighting 
 the Mexicans retreated to the city, leaving their cannon on 
 the field. In this engagement the Texans had one man 
 killed. The Mexican loss was not accurately known. It 
 was said sixteen dead bodies were lying near the abandoned 
 cannon, which had been fired but four times. 
 
 8. On the 2d of November the Texans moved up the river 
 and took a position at the powder-house, one mile east of the 
 city, and, soon afterward, at the old mill on the bank of the 
 river, closely investing the place. 
 
 9. On the 26th of November General Cos sent out a party 
 of men to cut grass for their horses. This party was attacked 
 by the Texans, and a running fight took place, the Mexicans 
 retreating in great disorder to their fortifications. Two days 
 after this fight General Austin, who had been appointed 
 Commissioner to the United States, resigned the command 
 of the army, and was succeeded by General Burleson. 
 
 10. Burleson's army was composed of volunteers, many of 
 whom had left home expecting soon to return. Cold weather 
 was approaching, and they were but poorly prepared for a 
 winter campaign. The city was strongly fortified. Most of 
 the houses were of stone or adobe (dried brick), with small 
 openings and flat roofs, affording good positions and protec- 
 tion to the besieged. On the east side of the river the old 
 fortress of the Alamo had been thoroughly repaired, while 
 the buildings adjoining the church and the main plaza, in 
 the city, were carefully secured, and the streets barricaded 
 and protected with artillery. In view of the position and 
 
 8* When did Austin's army invest the city ? 
 
 9. Give particulars of the ''^ grass figlit.'''* Who pucceeded Austin in command? 
 
 10. Of what kind of troops was Burleson's army composed ? What was the situ- 
 ation of San Antonio ? What noted companies joined the Texans y 
 
INVESTMENT OF SAN ANTONIO. 79 
 
 strength of the enemy, some of Burleson's officers thought 
 an assault impracticable. The Texans had been reinforced 
 by two splendid companies from New Orleans. They wore a 
 gray uniform, and were called the "New Orleans Grays," 
 and were under the command of Major R. 0. MorrivS, and 
 Captains Breese and William G. Cooke. 
 
 11. To keep the army together it was necessary to com- 
 mence active operations, and, at a consultation of oflBcers on 
 the 2d of December, an assault upon the city was planned 
 for the next day. General Burleson was to remain at head- 
 quarters to give general orders ; Colonel Neil, with the artil- 
 lery, was to divert the attention of the foe by an attack npon 
 the Alamo ; while the main attacking party was to enter the 
 city in two divisions, one under Colonel B. R. Milam, who 
 led the assault, and the other under Colonel F. W. Johnson. 
 The former entered on Acequia, and the latter on Soledad, 
 two parallel streets extending northward from the main plaza. 
 
 12. Before daylight on the morning of the 5th, Milam 
 took possession of La Garza's house, and Johnson of Vera- 
 mendi's. Johnson's column was first discovered, and sub- 
 jected to a severe fire of grape and musketry. Soon after- 
 ward Milam's division was also fired upon by the guns of the 
 Alamo, and also those of the main plaza. So destructive 
 was the fire that, for a time, communication between the at- 
 tacking columns was interrupted. During the first day's 
 fight the Texans had one killed and fifteen wounded. 
 
 13. On the second day the Mexicans, from the tops of 
 their flat-roofed houses, and from their breastworks, poured 
 an incessant fire upon the Texans, who steadily advanced, 
 having five wounded during the day. 
 
 11. Whcrn was the council of war held in Burleson's camp ? On what day did 
 the Texans attack the city ? 
 
 12. Give the particulars of the first day's fight. 
 
 13. Of the second. 
 
80 SAN ANTONIO TAKEN. 
 
 14. Severe fighting continued all the third day. About 
 noon a detachment of the assailants under Karnes advanced, 
 and, with a crow-bar, effected an entrance into a house, secur- 
 ing an advantageous position. While the brave Milam waa 
 surveying the situation with a view to ordering a final assault, 
 he was instantly killed by a rifle ball. He was succeeded in 
 the command by Colonel Johnson. The struggle continued, 
 and possession of Navarro's house was obtained in the after- 
 noon. Besides losing Milam, the Texans had two privates 
 wounded on this day. 
 
 15. The morning of the fourth day of the fight opened 
 with a cold, drizzling rain, and there was little firing on 
 either side. About nine o'clock the Texans advanced from 
 Navarro's house to the Zembrano Row, and, by openings 
 through the walls, finally drove tlie enemy from this build- 
 ing. During the contest the Mexicans were reinforced by a 
 regiment from the Rio Grande under Colonel Ugartechea. 
 Late at night the Texans forced their way into the priest's 
 house on the main plaza. The Mexicans kept up a furious 
 Cannonade all night upon the houses occupied by the assail- J 
 ants. The Texans had one wounded (Belden, of the New 
 Orleans Grays,) while spiking a cannon. 
 
 16. General Cos, finding it impossible to drive the Texans 
 from the square, just before daylight, on the morning of the 
 9th, abandoned the city and retreated across the river to tlie 
 Alamo. At half-past six o'clock the black flags which had 
 been floating over that fortress and the church in town were 
 lowered, and soon afterwards a white one was raised over the] 
 Alamo. A conference was held, and a surrender of the gar- 
 rison took place during the day. Liberal terms were granted 
 
 14. Of the third. 
 
 15. Of the fourth. Which party received reinforcements f 
 
 16. To what place did Cos retire ? What terms were granted to the vtmquished. 
 Mention some of the trophies acquired by the Texans. 
 
A BRILLIANT VICTORY. 81 
 
 to the vanquished. It was said most of the reinforcements 
 introduced by Ugartechea were liberated convicts. These ho 
 was required to take back across the Rio Grande. Mexican 
 officers were permitted to retain their side arms and all pri- 
 vate property. A small battery and one hundred stand o: 
 Braall arms were returned to the Mexicans for protection 
 against the Indians until they reached the Eio Grande. Of- 
 ficers and men pledged themselves not to fight against Texas 
 during the present war, and such soldiers as chose to do so 
 were permitted to remain in San Antonio. The loss of the 
 Mexicans in this fight was estimated at one hundred and 
 fifty killed, and twelve hundred prisoners surrendered to 
 General Burleson. The Texan s captured twenty-one pieces 
 of artillery, five hundred muskets, and a large quantity of 
 clothing and army stores. 
 
 17. Speaking of this brilliant victory, Burnet says: "We 
 regard the taking of San Antonio as, without exception, the 
 most difficult, protracted, and gallant achievement that 
 graced our revolutionary history, and as exhibiting a more 
 patient endurance of the fatignes, privations and dangers in- 
 cident to war, than is common in an army of unpaid, undis- 
 ciplined volunteers, a portion of whom were strangers, hav- 
 ing no predial interests in the country. Colonel Burleson 
 did all that duty could require. Colonel Johnson approved 
 himself a worthy successor to the brave and skillful Milam, 
 while every subordinate officer and every soldier displayed an 
 indomitable heroism." "This first essay in the field," says 
 Kennedy, *' was astonishingly successful, and the storming 
 of Bexar will rank among the most remarkable feats of chiv* 
 alric daring." 
 
 1T« Give Burnet's opinion of the figlit. Kennedy's 
 
82 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. — THE C0:N'VENTI0I5" OF 1836. — 
 CONDITION OF THE TEXAS ARMY. 
 
 1. The Executive Council, which was still in session at 
 San Eelipe, had adopted such measures as* were deemed 
 necessary to prosecute the war. A tariff of import and ex- 
 port duties was levied. Six ports of entry were established 
 — Sabine, Galveston, Brazos, Matagorda, Lavaca, and Co- 
 pano. A judiciary was organized, and two judges ap- 
 pointed for each municipality. A regular army was 
 provided for, to consist of twelve hundred and twenty 
 men. Only two companies of regulars had actually been 
 mustered into service, but a full corps of officers was duly 
 elected and commissioned.* 
 
 2. On the 10th of December the Council passed a decree 
 ordering an election of delegates to a General Convention. 
 The twenty-two municipalities were to elect fifty-six dele- 
 gates ; the election to be held on the 1st of February, 1836, 
 and the Convention to meet in Washington on the 1st of 
 March. Governor Smith vetoed the bill because it gave 
 Bexar four delegates, and the Governor thought that the 
 Mexican population of that municipality would oppose the 
 movement. The objection was overruled; but the point 
 objected to by the Governor was guarded by prohibiting all 
 Mexicans from voting, except those who opposed a central 
 government. 
 
 * It may be noted that but few of thope actually in the army were elected officers. 
 On the very day the attack was made on San Antonio, Sublett was elected Colonel 
 ever Burleson, and it was not until after the news of the capture of the city had been 
 received that Johnson was elected a major. 
 
 Section III.— 1 • What measures did the executive council adopt t 
 2» What decree passed the Council December 10 1 
 
CONVENTION OF 1836. 83 
 
 3. It was soon discovered that the Executive Council was 
 too unwieldy for prompt action. The Governor could do 
 nothing without the sanction of the majority. The mem- 
 bers from the different municipalities were constantly 
 changing, and the Governor seems to have taken no pains to 
 conciliate their good will, or enlist their co-operation in his 
 measures. A rupture occurred, and on the 11th of January 
 the Council, by a unanimous vote, deposed Governor 
 Smith, and installed Lieutenant-Governor Robinson as 
 Governor. The Governor declined to surrender his office. 
 A wordy controversy ensued, which was protracted until the 
 meeting of the Convention in Washington. 
 
 4. The delegates to the Convention assembled in Wash- 
 ington on the 1st of March. Richard Ellis, of Red River, 
 was elected President, and H. S. Kimble, Secretary. On 
 the second day of the session, a declaration of independence 
 was unanimously adopted. By the 15th a Constitution had 
 been prepared, and on the 16th a government ad interim, 
 was inaugurated, with David G. Burnet for President, and 
 Lorenzo de Zavalla Vice-President. Sam Houston was ap- 
 pointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in the field. The 
 Convention adjourned on the 17th ; and, a few days after- 
 ward. President Burnet and the members of his Cabinet re- 
 moved to Harrisburg. 
 
 5. The Texan Army, at the beginning of 1836, was not in 
 a promising condition. After General Houston had been 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief by the Consultation in 1835, 
 the Council authorized Colonels Grant and Johnson to raise 
 
 3. Bid the executive and Council act in harmony ? What act passed the Council 
 January 11, 1836 ? Who became governor ? 
 
 4. When did tlie Convention meet in Washington ? What act passed March 2 ? 
 Who was appointed President ad interim? To what place did the President and 
 Cabinet remove ? 
 
 5 . In what condition was the Texan army f Why did not Ilouston contiune in 
 command ? 
 
84 CONDITION OF TEXAN ABMY. 
 
 an army to take possession of Matamoras. The same body 
 also authorized Colonel J. W. Fannin, as agent, to collect 
 an army for the same purpose. Houston considered that 
 these acts had superseded his authority as commander, and 
 he took his seat in the Convention at Washington as a dele- 
 gate from Kefugio. 
 
 6. After the capture of San Antonio, most of the Texans in 
 Burleson's army returned to their homes, while many of the 
 soldiers from the United States enlisted in the expedition 
 which Johnson and Grant were getting np against Mata- 
 moras. The few troops remaining in San Antonio were 
 under the command of Colonel John C. Neil, who was soon 
 succeeded by Colonel W. B. Travis. Goliad, after its cap- 
 ture by Collingsworth, was under the command successively 
 of Captains Dimmit, AVestover, Wyatt, and Colonel J. W. 
 Fannin. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 PLANS AN"D MOVEMENTS OF SANTA ANNA. — SIEGE AND 
 CAPTURE OF THE ALAMO. 
 
 1, Texas was now the only Mexican province that disputed 
 the authority of Santa Anna, and he immediately began his 
 preparations for its subjugation. His plan of invasion was 
 to send his main army across the Rio Grande at Presidio, 
 and thence to San Antonio, while a supporting column ad- 
 vanced along the coast from Matamoras to Goliad. 
 
 2. Santa Anna arrived at Saltillo toward the last of Jan- 
 uary, 1836. On tlie 16th of February he Avas at Guerrero, 
 
 6. What became of Bnrlepon's soldiers after the capture of San Antonio ? Who 
 Biicces^ively commanded in that city ? Who were the commanders at Goliad ? 
 
 Section IV,— 1, After the capture of Zacatecas, to what province did Santa 
 Anna turn his attention ? 
 
 3* When did Santa Anna arrivo at Saltillo ? How did he propose to enter Tezae f 
 
PLANS AND MOVEMENTS OF SANTA ANNA. 85 
 
 and wrote to Tornel, Minister of War, giving the outlines 
 of his programme in reference to Texas. It was " to drive 
 from the province all who had taken part in the revolution, 
 together with all foreigners who lived near the sea-coast, or 
 the borders of the United States ; to remove far into the in- 
 terior those who had not taken part in the war; to vacate 
 all land and grants of land owned by non-residents ; to re- 
 move from Texas all who had come to the province, and 
 were not entered as colonists under Mexican rules ; to divide 
 among the officers and soldiers of his army the best lands, 
 provided they would occupy them; to permit no Anglo- 
 American to settle in Texas; to sell the remaining vacant 
 lands at one dollar per acre, allowing those speaking the 
 French language to purchase five millions of acres, those 
 speaking English the same, and those speaking Spanish 
 without limit ; to satisfy the claims of the civilized Indians ; 
 to make the Texans pay the expense of the war ; and to 
 liberate and to declare free the negroes introduced into the 
 province." To prevent Texas from receiving aid from tlie 
 United States, an order was issued by Tornel condemning 
 as pirates all foreigners who should enter the province with 
 arms or munitions of war. 
 
 3. While Santa Anna, with his main army, was preparing 
 to make a demonstration upon San Antonio, General Urrea 
 was at Matamoras, organizing an auxiliary force to march 
 along the coast. 
 
 4. The advance of Santa Anna's army reached the heights 
 of the Alazan, overlooking the city of San Antonio, on the 
 22d of February. On his approach, Colonel Travis, with 
 one hundred and forty-four men, retired to the Alamo. 
 
 How dispose of her population ? How dispose of the land ? The slaves ? Give the 
 purport of Torners order. 
 
 3* What Mexican general was at Matamoras? 
 
 4. When did Santa Anna arrive at San Antonio? Where did Travis take refugef 
 
8Q SIEGE OF THE ALAMO. 
 
 5. Sauta Anna sent a summons to tlie garrison to sur- 
 render. This was answered by a cannon-shot from the bat- 
 tery. Travis had fourteen cannon, but only a limited supply 
 of ammunition. A blood red flag, proclaiming " JVb quar- 
 ters" floated over the church in the city. 
 
 6. On the 24th Travis dispatched couriers to San Felipe 
 and to Goliad for help. The Mexicans bombarded the fort 
 without efl'cct. 
 
 7. On the 25th the Mexicans opened their batteries early. 
 Toward noon Santa Anna himself crossed the river, and per- 
 sonally superintended the planting of cannon at the powder- 
 house on the hill, and also near the walls of the Alamo, 
 under the protection of some houses. Late at night the 
 Texans sallied out and burned several buildings near the 
 fort. 
 
 8. Early on the morning of the 26th a skirmish took 
 place, but without decisive results. Santa Anna, having re- 
 ceived reinforcements, drew his lines still closer around the 
 walls, attempting to cut off the garrison from water. In this 
 he failed. At night the Texans again sallied out and burned 
 some buildings on the north side of the fort. A continued 
 bombardment was kept up, but nothing important occurred 
 for several days. 
 
 9. On the 2d of March Captain John W. Smith, with 
 thirty-two citizen-soldiers from Gonzales, forced their way 
 through the Mexican lines and entered the fort; and, on the 
 3d, Travis sent out a courier to the Convention at Washing- 
 ton. He says: " I am still here in fine spirits, and weU to 
 do. With one hundred and forty-five men I have held thia 
 
 5* How was Santa Anna's summons to suiTender answered ? 
 6. What took place on the 24th ? 
 7 On the 25th? 
 
 8. On the 26th? 
 
 9. Who entered the Alamo on the 2d of March ? What word did Travis send th« 
 Convention on the 3d ? 
 
ITS J 88A ULT PLANNED. 87 
 
 place ten days against a force variously estimated at from 
 fifteen hundred to six thousand, and I shall continue to hold 
 it until I get lelief from my countrymen, or I will perish in 
 its defence. We have had a shower of cannon balls continu- 
 ally falling among us the whole time, yet none of us have 
 fallen. We have been miraculously preserved." Daring the 
 day Colonel J. B. Boniiam, who had been sent to Goliad for 
 reinforcements, returned and rejoined his companions in the 
 fort. At night the Texans made an unsuccessful sally in the 
 direction of the old mill. 
 
 10. On the morning of the 4th there was cannonading on 
 the part of the Mexicans. The Texans, being short of am- 
 munition, seldom fired. In the evening Santa Anna con 
 vened a council of officers to deliberate upon the propriety 
 of an assault. A majority opposed the attempt before the 
 arrival of siege guns ; but the General, whose movements had 
 always been very rapid, was impatient at this delay, and de- 
 termined to assault the fortress. His orders were very care- 
 fully and minutely given. There were to be four columns 
 of attack under his most experienced officers. Each column 
 was supplied with scaling ladders, crowbars and axes. His 
 whole cavalry force was marshalled in the rear to prevent the 
 desertion of his own unwilling troops and the escape of the 
 besieged. Filisola mentions, as a rumor, that during the 
 evening Travis proposed to surrender on condition that the 
 lives of his men should be spared. This was, probably, an 
 unfounded report. 
 
 11. All parties were required to be in their designated 
 places, and it was Santa Anna's order that the assault should 
 take place at midnight. Besides the main chapel of the 
 Alamo there was a court, surrounded by a stone wall, inclos- 
 
 10. What occurred on the 4th of March? Mention Santa Anna's pJan of assault 
 
 11. At what hour did Santa Anna intend to make the assault? What were the 
 surroundings of the Alamo ? 
 
88 ASSA ULT OF TEE ALAMO^TRA VIS— CROCKETT. 
 
 iog two or three acres of ground. Along this wall were some 
 stone buildings used as barracks. One of these was a two- 
 story building, and all opened into tlie court-yard, though 
 they had no connection with each other. 
 
 12. At four o'clock on Sunday morning, March Gth, the 
 thirteenth day of the siege, the bugle sounded for a forward 
 movement along the whole Mexican line, and a grand assault 
 upon the beleaguered garrison. The Texans hastened to 
 their guns, and, according to Filisola, " poured upon the ad- 
 vancing columns a shower of grape, and musket, and rifle 
 balls." Filisola continues: "The three columns that at- 
 tacked the west, north, and east fronts fell back, or, rather, 
 wavered, at the first fire of the Texans. The columns of the 
 western and eastern attacks, meeting with some difficulty in 
 reaching the tops of the small houses forming the wall of 
 the fort, did, by a simultaneous movement to the right and 
 to tlie left, swing northward until the three columns formed 
 one dense mass, which, under the guidance of their officers, 
 finally succeeded in effecting an entrance into the enclosed 
 yard. About the same time the column on the south made 
 a breach in the wall, and captured one of the guns of the 
 fori" This cannon was commanded by Travis in person, 
 and it is likely he fell early in the action, as his body was 
 found near his gun. The Mexicans immediately turned this 
 piece upon the church, and the Texans, overpowered by 
 numbers, finally took refuge in the various buildings, aban- 
 doning the yard to the foe. 
 
 13. After this each apartment became a separate battle- 
 field, the Texans selling their lives as dearly as possible. 
 Crockett was probably alone, as the bodies of no other Tex- 
 ans were near him. Around his corpse were a number of 
 
 12, On what day did the assault take place ? Give Filisola's account of the cap- 
 lure of the place. Where did Travis fall ? 
 1 3* Mention what is known of the death of Crockett. Of Bowk. 
 
THE CAPTURE^NONE SPARED. %% 
 
 Mexicans whom he had undoubtedly slain in the last con- 
 flict. Bowie, who was in the last stage of consumption, was 
 confined to his bed, where he was discovered and slain. It 
 was reported that he, with his pistol, shot two or three Mex- 
 icans as they entered his room. The last place taken by the 
 enemy was the church. Further resistance now seemed use- 
 less, and, according to a preconcerted arrangement. Major 
 Evans attempted to blow up the magazine. He was shot 
 just as he was applying the torch. 
 
 14. After all resistance had ceased, three or four Texans 
 were found concealed in a room, who appealed for quarter, 
 but were immediately put to the sword. Lieutenant Dickin- 
 son (one of the officers who had assisted Johnson in the cap- 
 ture of the city) had his family with him in the barracks. 
 With a child on his back he attempted to leap from one of 
 the upper rooms. Both were shot, and fell lifeless to the 
 ground. The only persons spared were Mrs. Dickinson and 
 daughter (the latter known as the " Child of the Alamo"), 
 Mrs. Alsbury and child, and a negro servant belonging to 
 Travis. 
 
 15. The garrison numbered about one hundred and eighty. 
 A monument, standing at the entrance of the capital, at 
 Austin, states that "Thermopylae had its messenger of 
 defeat ; the Alamo had none." Greneral Andrade, the officer 
 immediately appointed commander in San Antonio, report- 
 ed the Mexican loss at eight officers killed, and eighteen 
 wounded; enlisted men, fifty-two killed, and two hundred 
 and thirty-three wounded. Well-informed Texans put the 
 loss of the enemy at from one hundred and fifty to two 
 hundred killed, and about twice that number wounded. 
 
 14. How were those treated who appealed for quarter ? Give the fate of Lieuten* 
 unt Dickinson. Who were spared ? 
 
 15. How many Texans fell in the Alamo? What was the probable loss of th« 
 enpmv ? 
 
90 UBBEA'8 AD VANCE— SAN PA TBIGIO. 
 
 The bodies of the Texan s were collected in heaps and 
 burned.* 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 CRREA. — SAN PATRICIO. — GRANT. — MASSACRE AT REFUGIO. — 
 GOLIAD EVACUATED. — BATTLE OF COLETA. — MASSACRE 
 AT GOLIAD. 
 
 1. Simultaneously with the advance of Santa Anna, Gen- 
 eral Urrea proceeded along the coast. The advance of his col- 
 umn reached San Patricio on the 28th of February. Colonel 
 Johnson, with a few Texans, was completely surprised, as he 
 had no intimation of the proximity of the foe. But the 
 Mexican population of the place had received notice of the 
 approach of Urrea's cavalry, and were instructed to keep 
 lights burning in their houses, as a signal to their friends. 
 Fortunately Johnson was writing until late, and, having a 
 light burning in bis room, was not discovered by the enemy, I 
 and he and three companions made their escape. From 
 prisoners captured at San Patricio the Mexicans learned 
 that Colonel Grant, Major Morris, and about forty other 
 Texans, were out on a scout for horses. The next day this 
 party was discovered and surrounded by a large cavalry 
 force, and all the officers, and all but two of the privates, 
 killed. 
 
 2. As soon as Fannin, whose headquarters were at Goliad, 
 heard of the approach of Urrea, he sent Captain King 
 
 * On the 25th of February, 1837, Colonel John N. Seguin superintended the coUeo* 
 tion and proper interment of the bones of these heroes. 
 
 Section V. — 1, When did Urrea reach San Patricio? How did Colonel John- 
 Bon escape? What became of Grant and his companions ? 
 
 2. Who was sent to Refugio by Colonel Fannin on the 3d of March ? Who on the 
 12th ? What took place on the 14th ? Why did King and Ward separate J 
 
MASSACRE A T REFUGIO. gj 
 
 (March 3) to Eefiigio, to remove the women and children. 
 Fannin, not hearing from the first detachment, on the 12th 
 of March sent Captain Ward, with one hundred and twenty 
 men, to King's assistance. On tlie 14th the Texans at Ee- 
 ingio were attacked by Captain Portelia. The Mexican a 
 were repulsed with loss. Three of Ward's men were wounded. 
 That night a misunderstanding arose between Ward and 
 King as to which was entitled to the command, when the lat- 
 ter, with forty-one men, withdrew from the fort to recon- 
 noiter. After King's withdrawal Ward received orders to 
 fall back, and rejoin Fannin at Victoria. As it was impos- 
 sible to transport his three wounded men, he supplied them 
 with water and left them in the old mission. 
 
 3. In the darkness of the night King and his company 
 were lost, and, in crossing the river, their ammunition was 
 seriously damaged. In this condition, the next morning 
 (March 16), he was surrounded by the enemy, and, seeing 
 no other alternative, surrendered his men as prisoners of 
 war. They were marched back to Refugio, and, six hours 
 afterwards, by an order of Urrea, taken out a few rods from 
 tlie mission and shot! The three wounded men left by 
 Ward suffered the same fate. 
 
 4. During the siege of the Alamo Fannin attempted to go 
 to its relief, but was unable to do so for want of teams to 
 transport his cannon. In the meantime he received orders 
 from General Houston to fall back to Victoria, and at 
 once prepared for a retreat. On the 16th of March he dis- 
 mounted his guns, throwing some into the river, intending 
 to move early jiext morning. Just at night Captain Hor- 
 ton, of the cavalry, reported a strong force of the enemy 
 In the immediate neighborhood. Fannin remounted his 
 
 S. What became of King and his men f 
 
 4. Why did Fannin not go to the relief of Travis? When did he retreat from 
 Bohad ? 
 
92 OOLIAB EVACUATED— BATTLE OF COLETA. 
 
 guns and prepai'ed for defence. No attack was made. Tht 
 morning was foggy, and, there being no enemy in sight, 
 about ten o'clock Fannin, with several pieces of artillery and 
 about four hundred men, crossed the river and took up the 
 line of march for Victoria. After crossing the Menahuila 
 {may-nah-wliee' -lah) Or&ek, and proceeding about eight 
 miles, a halt was ordered to permit the oxen to graze. 
 
 5. The march had been resumed, and the Texans were 
 within two miles of a skirt of timber on the Coleta Creek, 
 when the enemy was discovered in front of them and a little 
 to their left, issuing from a point of timber. While the 
 Texans halted, a body of Mexican cavalry had passed around 
 for the purpose of intercepting their march. The Texan 
 cavalry had been sent forward, and, being now completely 
 separated from the command, were too few in number to cut 
 their way through the enemy's lines and rejoin their com- 
 rades. The Texans halted and made hasty preparations for 
 defence. After some manoeuvring, Urrea ordered a cavalry 
 charge. This was gallantly repulsed by Fannin's artillery. 
 After the retreat of the cavalry the Texan cannon waa 
 turned upon their infantry, which also retired out of range. 
 Another vigorous charge was repulsed, the Mexicans losing 
 heavily. Toward night a company of Campeachy Indians, 
 concealing themselves in high grass, crawled up within rifle- 
 shot of Fannin's camp. The fire from this invisible foe was, 
 for a time, quite destructive; but the Texan sharpshooters 
 succeeded in dislodging them, and, before dark, all firing 
 ceased, the enemy retiring out of reach. Fannin had lost 
 seven killed, seven mortally, and sixty badly wounded. 
 
 6. When the fire slackened the Texans improved the time 
 
 5. At what point was Fannin's army when the Mexicans appeared in their front! 
 Where was the Texan cavalry? Give the particulars of the battle of Coleta. 
 
 6. How did the Texans improve the night? What reinforcements did Urrea r» 
 ceive? Give the particulars of the surrender. 
 
MASSACRE AT GOLIAB. 93 
 
 in throwing up a temporary breastwork and digging a shal- 
 low trench. Before daylight Urrea received heavy reinforce- 
 ments, iPiCluding a park of artillery. AVithont any adequate 
 protection against the enemy's cannon, destitute of water 
 (for which the wounded, especially, were suffering intensely), 
 situated in a bald prairie, and surrounded by an army five 
 times as large as their own, the T"'exans saw no alternative 
 but to surrender. A white flag was hoisted, and terms of 
 capitulation agreed upon. After nine days' detention, such 
 of Fannin's men as wished to return were to be sent to the 
 United States. The prisoners were marched back to Goliad 
 and confined in the old Mission. 
 
 7. Captain "Ward, who expected to join Fannin at Victo- 
 ria, did not reach that place until it was in the possession of 
 the Mexicans. He tried to avoid the enemy, but was dis- 
 covered, and, with eighty men, surrendered as prisoners of 
 war. They, too, were sent to join their companions at Go- 
 liad. 
 
 8. Most of these prisoners were from Georgia, and consti- 
 tuted what was known as the " Georgia battalion." The 
 time for their release was at hand, and they were in fine 
 spirits, expecting soon to embark for the United States. 
 While these brave men, on the night of March 26, were sing- 
 ing '^Home, sweet Home," a messenger arrived from Santa 
 Anna with orders for their execution ! This order was too 
 faithfully executed the next morning, Palm Sunday, March 
 27th. Without warning, the privates, in four columns, 
 were simultaneously marched out in different directions, 
 each one strongly guarded. When at a short distance from 
 the fort, at a given signal, all were halted and shot. The 
 most of them were instantly killed. Some, who were only 
 
 •y. What became of Ward and his companions ? 
 
 8, From what State were most of Fannin's men? Give the particulars of the 
 horrible massacre. How many Texans were slain ? 
 
94 TEXAS NOT YET SUBJUGATED. 
 
 wounded, were dispatched with sabres, and a few, by feigning 
 death, escaped it. After the privates had been put to death, 
 the officers and the wounded were murdered in the fort. 
 All the bodies were left unburied, though partially burned 
 in a brush fence. Eight physicians and attendants ivere 
 spared; twenty-seven made their escape; three hundred and 
 thirty were slain. Late in the summer General Rusk had 
 the remains of the victims of this massacre collected and 
 honorably interred. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 BAKTA ANKA'S NEW ADVAI^CE. — HOUSTOIf RETREATS. — 
 CROSSES THE BRAZOS. — CAMPS AT THE MOUTH OP THE 
 SAN" JACINTO. — SKIRMISHING, APRIL 20tH. 
 
 1. After the capture of San Antonio and Goliad, Santa 
 Anna considered Texas subjugated, and intended himself 
 immediately to return home, leaving his generals to re-estab- 
 lish Mexican laws and institutions. Almonte, however, to 
 whom the task of governing Texas Avas to be committed, and 
 Filisola, the military commander, reminded the President 
 that all the Texans yet encountered were recent volunteers 
 from the United States, and that the real strength of the 
 colonists was unimpaired. 
 
 2. Feeling the force of these observations, Santa Anna 
 prepared to push three parallel columns into the heart of the 
 country. General Urrea, with seventeen hundred men, was 
 to proceed along the coast to Brazoria and Galveston ; Gen- 
 
 Sectlon VI.— 1. What did Santa Anna think the capture of San Antonio &i\i 
 Goliad had effected ? 
 
 2. How many columns did he determine to push into the interior? Who com- 
 manded the northern division ? The central ? 
 
SANTA ANNA'S AD VANCE— HO USTONS RETREA T. 95 
 
 eral Gaona, with seven hundred and fifty men, to take the 
 upper route, by Bastrop, to Nacogdoches ; while the central 
 column, of about four thousand, was to advance to Gonzales, 
 San Felipe, and Harrisburg. Next to the commander-in- 
 chief, Filisola was the ranking officer of this division. The 
 troops were put promptly in motion. General Sesma com- 
 manding the advance of the central column. 
 
 3. General Houston arrived at Gonzales on the 11th of 
 March, and found about five hundred men in the army, most 
 of whom had been in the campaign of 1835. The same 
 evening news reached the camp of the fall of the Alamo, and 
 the expected advance of Santa Anna. As Houston's force 
 was inadequate to cope with the enemy, he ordered a retreat. 
 This was commenced about midnight, March 12, the fami- 
 lies removing with the army. In the confusion resulting 
 from this hasty evacuation, most of the buildings in town 
 were burned. The Texans reached the Navidad on the 14th, 
 and the Colorado, at Burnham's, on the 17th. When he 
 crossed the Colorado, Houston's army had increased to six 
 hundred men. 
 
 4. He descended the river, on the east side, to the old Atas- 
 cosita crossing (Columbus), where he remained until the 2oth. 
 Recruits continued to arrive until he had an army of twelve 
 hundred to fifteen hundred men. On the 26th the Texans 
 took up the line of march for San Felipe. Many of the sol- 
 diers, whose homes were west of the Brazos, then left, to se- 
 cure the safety of their families. Instead of crossing the river 
 at San Felipe, Houston changed his course up the stream, 
 crossed Mill Creek, and camped in the Brazos bottom, oppo- 
 si'ie- Groce's, from the 29th of March until the 12th of 
 April. 
 
 3> When did Houston arrive at Gonzales? Retreat from that place? Arrive M 
 the Colorado ? 
 4. Where was Houston on the 25th ? Where did he camp March 29 ? 
 
96 ATTEMPTS TO BE8I8T SANTA ANNA'S ADVANCE. 
 
 5. While Houston was camped at the Colorado, the ad- 
 vance column of the enemy, under Sesma, reached Colum- 
 bus. On the day that Houston crossed Mill Creek, Santa 
 Anna started the bulk of the central column from San An- 
 tonio to follow Sesma. The general himself and his per- 
 sonal staff left the city March 31, and arrived at Columbus 
 on the 5th of April. Leaving the heavy ordnance and most 
 of the infantry to follow, Santa Anna hastened on, and 
 reached San Felipe on the 7th. A small company of deter- 
 mined Texans, under Captain Mosely Baker, disputed the 
 passage of the river, and Santa Anna turned down to seek 
 another crossing. He arrived at Cole's, on the Bernard, on 
 the 9th, rested on the 10th, and sent out a foraging party 
 to the neighboring plantations at Egypt, to procure sup- 
 plies of corn, sugar, bacon, etc.* 
 
 6. On the 11th Santa Anna reached Powell's, and ex- 
 pected to arrive at Richmond and surprise the place before 
 daylight on the 12th ; but, being deceived as to the dis- 
 tance, the morning was well advanced before he entered the 
 town. There were two ferries at the " Old Fort," as the 
 place was then called. The upper ferry, kept by Mr. 
 Thompson, was guarded by a company of forty-six men, un- 
 der Captain Martin. When the alarm was given, men were 
 pent to Morton's ferry to sink the boat. But it was too late. A 
 jiegro, having crossed over, gave the boat up to the Mexicans. 
 Captain Martin, unable to repel so large a force, hastened 
 
 ♦While at Cole's, a nesro prisoner was brought in. Siinta Anna released him 
 a^id told him to go and tell Houston that he (Santa Anna) knew wliere Houston was, 
 up in the bottom, and, as soon as he had cleaned out the land thieves down at out 
 Harrisburg, he would come back and smoke him out. The negro reached Houston 
 when he was at Donaho's, and faithfully delivered Santa Anna's message. 
 
 5. When did the Mexican advance reach the Colorado? When did Santa Anna 
 reach San Felipe ? Why did he not cross ? Where was he on the 10th ? 
 
 6. Where was he on the 11th? What Texan officer guarded the crossing at Rich- 
 mond ? How did the Mexicans succeed in crossing ? Whose gin-house was burned 
 on the 15th ? When did Santa Anna reach Harrisburg? 
 
HOUSTON AT THE MOUTH OF THE SAN JACINTO. 97 
 
 up the river to join Houston. On the 15th Santa Anna 
 dined at Stafford's, and obtained a fresh supply of bacon 
 and corn. Before leaving, the gin-house was burned. Late 
 that night the Mexicans reached Harrisburg. 
 
 7. On the same days that Santa Anna's party crossed the 
 Brazos at Richmond (April 12 and 13), General Houston 
 crossed at Groce's. The steamboat Yelloivstone was im- 
 pressed to facilitate the crossing of troops, horses, and bag- 
 gage. At Donaho's, on the loth, Houston received a couple 
 of guns.* 
 
 8. The Texans made forced marches to intercept the enemy, 
 camping at Roberts's on the night of the 16th, and at Mrs. 
 McCurley's, at Spring Creek, on the 17th, and at Harris- 
 burg on the 18th. Here the sick, the camp baggage, and a 
 small guard were left, while the main army crossed the 
 bayou and hastened on to Lynchburg, reaching their camp, 
 opposite the mouth of the San Jacinto, on the forenoon of 
 the 20th. 
 
 9. Santa Anna, after remaining two days at Harrisburg, 
 marched with his advanced column down to New Washing- 
 ton. On the morning of the 20tli he started a small boat, 
 loaded with provisions, up to Lynchburg, where he, perhaps, 
 intended to cross his army and march eastward. The boat 
 fell into the hands of the Texans, and furnished an accept- 
 ttble supply to hungry soldiers. About 9 o'clock in the 
 morning (April 20th), Santa Anna's scouts notified him of 
 the arrival of Houston's army at Lynchburg. This was the 
 
 ♦These guns had been pent as '^hollow ware,'''' from Cincinnati, and taken 
 from Galveston up to Harrisburg on the schooner " Kosciusko,'''' Captain Burns. The/ 
 were the "Twin Sisters," and, in 18C1, were at Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 T. Where and on what days did Houston's army cross the Brazos? 
 
 8 . Where did the Texans camp on the 16th ? On the 17th ? 18th ? When did 
 Houston's army reach the San Jacinto battle-ground ? 
 
 9. Where was Santa Anna on the 20th.? How was he affected when he heard of 
 tlie approach of Houston ? At what time did he reach the battle-ground ? 
 
 5 
 
98 SKIRMISHING, APRIL 20TU. 
 
 first intimation the Mexican commander had that the Tex- 
 ans really intended to meet him in battle. The line of de- 
 fence furnished by the Guadalupe, the Colorado, and the 
 Brazos rivers, had been passed without difficulty, and he be- 
 ll evc-d the Texans would continue their retreat to the Sa- 
 bine. According to the statement of his own officers, when 
 Santa Anna learned the proximity of Houston's army, that 
 veteran general became very much excited, entirely losing 
 his usual presence of mind. The Mexicans were ordered 
 immediately to Lynchburg, a few miles distant. About the 
 middle of the day the Mexican scouts came in sight of the 
 camp of the Texans, and, by the middle of the afternoon, the 
 whole force, with the commander, had arrived and camped 
 within about a mile of the Texans. 
 
 10. Toward evening, the artillery of the Mexicans, sup- 
 ported by cavalry, was deployed in front and a little to the 
 right of the Texan camp. The '^ Twin Sisters" were placed 
 in position, and General Sherman, in command of the Texas 
 cavalry, marched out to repeal this threatened attack. The 
 discharge of the Texan cannon, and the gallant charge of 
 Sherman, checked the advance of the enemy. In this ac- 
 tion there were some heroic feats of individual daring. 
 Walter P. Lane being nearly surrounded by a squad of 
 Mexican cavalry, M. B. Lamar dashed over one Mexican 
 horseman, disarmed and dispatched another, and thus se- 
 cured Lane's escape. In this skirmish the Texans had one 
 man wounded, and several horses killed. 
 
 lOi Give the particulars of the skirmish on the afternoou of April 80. 
 
BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO. 99 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 BATTLE OF SAN" JACINTO. — BATTLE-CRY OF THE TEXANS. — 
 THEIR CH'ARGE. — TOTAL ROUT OF THE ENEMY. — CAPTURE 
 OF SANTA ANNA. 
 
 1. About 9 o'clock on the morning of April 21st, 1836, 
 General Cos arrived at tlie Mexican headquarters with 
 five hundred additional troops, swelling Santa Anna's force 
 to about sixteen hundred men. To meet this army, Gen 
 eral Houston had seven hundred and eighty-three men. 
 Soon after the arrival of Cos, Deaf Smith was dispatched 
 from the Texan camp to burn Vince's bridge, across Sim's 
 Bayou. The whole Mexican army had crossed this bridge, 
 and knew of no other chance of retreat. 
 
 2. About 12 o'clocii" m., a council of officers met in the 
 Texas camp. A little after 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the 
 troops were paraded for action. The First Texas Regiment, 
 under Burleson, occupied the centre, having the Mexican 
 breastworks and cannon immediately in front. The Second 
 Regiment, under Sherman, was at Burleson's left ; on his 
 right Avas tlie artillery, commanded by Hockley, supported 
 by four companies of regulars under Millard, and by the 
 cavalry under Lamar. 
 
 3. At the sound of the bugle, about 4 o'clock, the whole 
 Texas line shouted the battle-cry, " Rememher the Alamo /" 
 ^'' Rememher Goliad!'^ and rushed impetuously upon the 
 
 Section VH,— 1, After the arrival of Cos, how many soldiers had Santa Anuaf 
 Uow many had Houston ? Who was sent to burn Vioce's bridge? 
 
 2* What took place at Houston's headquarters at 13 o'clock M., April 21? Give 
 the disposition of the Texas troops for the battle. 
 
 3. At what hour did the bugle sound the charge? What was the battle-cry of the 
 Texans ? How did the Mexicans receive the charge ? What is said of Castrillon f 
 What became of most of the higher oflScers ? To whom did Almonte surrender ? 
 
i'OO THEENEMTROUTED— SANTA ANNA CAPTURED. 
 
 foe. The Mexicans, at that late hour, were not expecting 
 an attack. Many of them were taking their evening siesta, 
 Santa Anna confessed he was asleep. Only a few, compar- 
 atively, were brought into action. Before their lines were 
 formed, the Texans bad charged over their breastworks, 
 taking their cannon. The Mexicans fled in confusion, 
 leaving their camp and baggage to the victors. With the 
 battle-cry of "The Alamo!" and "Goliad!" ringing in the 
 ears of the Texans, there was a fearful slaughter of the foe 
 as long as there was any show of resistance. A few Mexican 
 officers displayed heroic courage. Among them, General 
 Oastrillou fell, trying in vain to rally his men. Many of the 
 flying Mexicans were overtaken in a marsh in the rear of 
 their camp. Most of their higher officers, including Santa 
 Anna, contrived to escape from the field. Almonte, who 
 was better acquainted with the character of the Americans 
 than the others, collected some two hundred and fifty of the 
 Guerrero battalion, and surrendered them as prisoners of 
 war to General Eusk. 
 
 4. Most of the flying Mexicans made their way towards 
 Vince's bridge. A few succeeded in crossing the boggy 
 bayou, but the most of them, when they found the bridge 
 burned, scattered in the prairie, or concealed themselves in 
 clumps of bushes along the bank. Santa Anna spent the 
 night in one of these thickets. Towards morning he left it, 
 and concealed himself in the long grass on the prairie, 
 where, disguised as a private soldier, he was found by a party 
 of Burleson's men who had been sent in pursuit of the fugi- 
 tives. A fine gold button in his shirt induced his captora 
 to suspect that their prisoner was an officer, but they had 
 no idea of his rank until they entered the camp, when the 
 other Mexicans cried out " El PresidenteJ^ 
 
 4. In what direction did the Mexicans flee? Where did Santa Anna pa88 th« 
 tiiiiht? By whom was he discovered ? 
 
RESULTS OF THE VICTORY. 101 
 
 5. The Texans lost eight killed, and (including General 
 Houston, severely wounded in the ankle) twenty-five wound- 
 ed. The loss of the Mexicans was six hundred and thirty 
 killed, two hundred and eight wounded, and seven hundred 
 and thirty prisoners, including the President of Mexico, the 
 boasted Napoleon of the West. The Texans captured all 
 the artillery and camp stores of the enemy, and the military 
 chest containing twelve thousand dollars in specie. The per- 
 sonal property of Santa Anna, and of other officers, was re- 
 stored. The specie and stores were divided equitably among 
 the victors. General Houston had been grievously com- 
 plained of for his Fabrian policy of retreat, but the result of 
 the battle of the 21st fully vindicated his course, and im- 
 mortalized the field of Sak Jacinto. 
 
 6. "The victory," says Yoakum, "was physically and 
 morally complete. The blow was given at the proper time, 
 and in a vital part. In looking back upon the events of the 
 campaign, we can see no time when it could have succeeded 
 so well. Providence seemed in every way to favor the re- 
 sult. It was a full retribution for past outrages. Santa 
 Anna had presided over a feast of blood at the Alamo ; he 
 bad ordered a second at Goliad ; and he was made to behold 
 another at San Jacinto." 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 KETREAT OF FILTSOLA. — PRESIDENT BURNET. — TREATY WITH 
 SANTA ANNA. — AFFAIRS IN EASTEJIN TEXAS. — TEXAS 
 NAVY. 
 
 1. Filisola had just crossed the Brazos at Eichmond, when 
 
 6. How many did the Texans lo?e in the battle? What was the Mexican loss? 
 How mnch specie fell into the hands of the victors ? 
 6* Give Yoakum's reflections on the victory. 
 Section VIII.— 1 * Where was FilisoJa when he heard of the battle ? HoTf 
 
102 FILISOLA'S RETREAT— PRESIDENT B URNET. 
 
 he heard of the disaster of the 21st. At General Houston's 
 suggestion, Santa Anna wrote a letter to this officer, advis- 
 ing him to fall back across the Colorado and await orders. 
 On the 25th, four days after tlie battle, Gaona's division from 
 Bastrop, and Urrea's from Matagorda, joined Filisola at Pow- 
 elTs, on the Bernard. B^'ilisola then had an army of four thou- 
 sand and seventy-eight men. But his ammunition had been 
 damaged by rain, and he was short of provisions. A coun- 
 cil of officers advised a retreat across the Colorado ; but the 
 prairies were boggy and the waters high, and it was the 9th 
 of May before they succeeded in crossing the river at Colum- 
 bus. At Victoria, on the 14th of May, Filisola was joined 
 by General Andrade, with the troops left at San Antonio. 
 The retreating army reached Goliad on the 26th of May, 
 and during the month of June re-crossed the Rio Grande, 
 leaving no Mexican soldiers in Texas except those held as 
 prisoners of war. 
 
 2. President Burnet, at Harrisburg, was busily emploj^ed 
 in putting the machinery of civil government in motion, 
 when the approach of Santa Anna rendered it necessary that 
 he should make provision for the safety of his family, then 
 at his home on San Jacinto Bay. He just escaped being 
 captured at Harrisburg, and at NeAV Washington incurred a 
 still greater hazard. He was placing his family in a little 
 boat for Galveston, when a squad of Mexican cavalry, under 
 Almonte, galloped up. The boat was pushed off and sail 
 hoisted, he standing with his rifle at the stern, ready for de- 
 fence. 
 
 3. As soon as the President at Galveston ascertained that 
 
 many men diil he have on the 25th ? What course did his officers advise ? When 
 did he cross the Colorado? Where and when was he joined by Andrade ? When 
 did he cross the Rio Grai)de ? 
 
 2. How was President Burnet employed? How did he escape from Almonte? 
 
 3. How did he aid the army? How long was it before he received news of the 
 battle? When did he and his cabinet reach the battle-ground ? 
 
TREATY WITH SANTA ANNA. 103 
 
 the Texas army was on Buffalo Ba3^on, he, in conjunction 
 with Robert Potter, Secretary of the Navy, loaded some 
 small steamers with supplies, and started them for Lynch- 
 burg. The machinery of one of these vessels got out of 
 order, and another ran aground on Red Fish Bar, so that 
 neither of them arrived at the Texas camp until after the 
 battle. Under the supervision of Colonel A. Huston, of the 
 staff, and Colonel James Morgan, cannon had been brought 
 from the Brazos, and from Matagorda Bay, and Galveston 
 Island fortified for defense. In these days of telegraphs and 
 railroads, it seems incredible that the news of the glorious 
 victory at San Jacinto did not reach Galveston, forty miles 
 distant, for six days! As soon as the President heard of the 
 victory, he started for army headquarters, accompanied by 
 the members of his cabinet then with him. They arrived at 
 Lynchburg, May 1st, and, after a full consultation, entered 
 into an armistice with Santa Anna on the 3d of May. The 
 outlines of a treaty were also agreed upon. 
 
 4. General Houston gave up the command of the army on 
 the 5th, that he might visit New Orleans for surgical aid. 
 He was succeeded by General Rusk, Avhile Lamar took 
 Rusk's place as Secretary of War. 
 
 5. For better accommodation, on the 8th of May Presi- 
 dent Burnet and cabinet, and Santa Anna with his personal 
 staff, took a steamer for Galveston, and thence to Velasco. 
 At the latter place, on the 14tli of May, a definite treaty was 
 agreed upon with Santa Anna. By this treaty the Mexicans 
 wei*e to evacuate the country, and all prisoners, on both sides, 
 to be released. Santa Anna was to be sent to Vera Crnz, where 
 he pledged himself to use his best endeavors to induce Mex- 
 ico to acknowledge the independence of Texas. 
 
 4. Why did Houston resign the command of the army ? WTio succeeded him? 
 
 5. To wlmt place did the President remove ? Mention some of the provisions of 
 the treaty with Santa Anna. 
 
104 AFFAIRS IN EASTERN TEXAS— TEXAS NA VT. 
 
 6. Though East Texas was not actually invaded, it was 
 known there that Gaona's division had started for JSTacog:- 
 doches. At the latter place were many Mexicans believed to 
 b6 in sympathy witlx Santa Anna, and to cherish a special 
 hatred toward the Americans. Many Indians were also in 
 the neighborhood. These maintained a position of " armed 
 neutrality." It was, moreover, believed that if a reverse 
 should befall the army under Houston, the defenseless in- 
 habitants would become a prey to these semi-barbarous 
 tribes. John A. Quitman, with a small company, arrived at 
 Nacogdoches on the 12th of April, and found the citizens 
 in such a state of alarm that he tendered his company to 
 protect the town and aid families in crossing the Sabine. 
 As the most of these Indians had immigrated from the 
 United States, and were properly under the jurisdiction of 
 that government, General Gaines, then in command at 
 Natchitoches, was preparing to cross the Sabine to overawe 
 them, but the decisive battle at San Jacinto rendered this 
 precaution unnecessary. 
 
 7. Among the defensive measures adopted by the Presi- 
 dent was one for the organization of a navy. Three vessels 
 were procured and put in commission: the Invincible, 
 Captain Brown, and the Brutus, Captain Hurd, each 
 mounting eight guns, and the Independence, Captain 
 Hawkins, having eight guns and a nine-pounder pivot. 
 Early in April the Invincible had a two hours' fight with 
 the Montezuma, a Mexican war vessel, in which the lat- 
 ter was disabled and stranded near Brazos Santiago. A few 
 days afterwards Captain Brown captured tlie Pocket, \ 
 vessel laden with stores for the Mexican army, and took her 
 
 6. What was the situation in Eft?t Texas? Who offered to protect the citizens of 
 Nacogdoches ? Where were these Indinna from ? 
 
 7. How many vessels were procured for a navy ? Mention some of its captures 
 How did these captures aid the army? 
 
AN EMBARRASSING QUESTION. 105 
 
 into Galveston. It furnislied a very opportune supply for 
 the Texans and their Mexican prisoners. These vessels 
 nearly swept Mexican commerce from the Gulf, and, by 
 cutting off Filisola's supplies, compelled that general to 
 hasten his departure from Texas. 
 
 8. During the summer, Major Isaac W. Burton, who had 
 a few soldiers at Copano, succeeded in capturing three Mex- 
 ican transports. From these captures his company received 
 the name of " horse marines." 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 AIT EMBARRASSING QUESTION".— TREATMENT OF SANTA AN- 
 NA. — DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES. 
 — INAUGURATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1. A QUESTION which now seriously disturbed Texas was 
 the proper disposal of the captive President of Mexico. Not 
 a few thought he ouglit to be tried by a drum-head court- 
 martial and shot. Others were in favor of retaining him as 
 a prisoner, to be disposed of as future circumstances might 
 dictate. A few others thought, with President Burnet and 
 the majority of his cabinet, that he should be sent to Vera 
 Cruz, as had been agreed upon in the treaty. In accordance 
 with that agreement, Santa Anna, Almonte, and a few other 
 Mexican officers, were, on the 1st of June, placed on board 
 the Invincible, then lying in the harbor of Yelasco, to be 
 Bent home. He was to be accompanied by Vice-President 
 Zavalla, and Secretary of the Treasury Hardeman, who went 
 as commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Mexican gov- 
 
 8» What name was t^lven to Major Barton's command ? 
 
 Section IX.— 1. What question seriously agitated the country? What wa« 
 done with Santa Anna on the 1st ol' June ? 
 
106 TREATMENT OF SANTA ANNA— DISSATISFACTION. 
 
 ernment, and to secure the acknowledgement of Texan 
 independence. 
 
 2. When it was known that Santa Anna had been placed 
 on one of the vessels of the navy to be sent liome, a most in- 
 tense excitement was created throughout the country. To 
 add to this excitement, on the 2d of June a large number of 
 volunteers arrived from the United States under Colonel 
 l^homas Jefferson Green. These men, who had heard of the 
 bloody massacres at the Alamo and Goliad, joined in the 
 demand for the disembarkation of Santa Anna and his suite. 
 President Burnet, who was powerless to resist the clamor, 
 finally yielded, and the prisoners were again brought on 
 shore and placed in charge of Major Patton, of the army.* 
 - 3. The Texas army, under General Kusk, followed the 
 retreating Mexicans to the west, to see that they evacuated 
 the country according to the treaty. Large numbers of re- 
 cruits arrived from the United States, and, notwithstanding 
 the discharge of those who had participated in the g'reat 
 battle of San Jacinto, as their terms of service expired, Eusk 
 soon had about two thousand men. The country was desti- 
 tute of resources to support such an army. The soldiers com- 
 plained of the neglect of the government, and especially of 
 President Burnet. This dissatisfaction was so great tliat, 
 at a mass meeting in camp, the President was ordered under 
 arrest. 
 
 • In his " History of the Government," ad interim. President Burnet saj'S that 
 "from this time forward he neither assumed, or pretended to assume, any con- 
 trol over the prisoners. The military had seized them, and were alone responsible 
 for having subsequently put Santa Anna in irons. The civil government was power- 
 less. The appearance of a strange schooner in the Brazos River induced the belief 
 that an attempt would be made to rescue the prisoner. Hence he was removed, first 
 to Columbia, then to Orizaba, the residence of Dr. Phelps, twelve miles above 
 Colui.ibia, and placed in irons. At the meeting of Congress his irons were removed, 
 and, after the adjournment of that body, General Houston released him and seni 
 him, at his own request, to Washington." 
 
 2. Why was he again brought on shore? In whose charge was he placed f 
 
 3. How was the army employed? Of what did the soldiers complain? 
 
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITS UNITED 8TATE8. 107 
 
 I. Fortunately the ojQBcer sent to Velasco did not attempt 
 forcibly to carry out his informal orders. On the other 
 hand, the people complained bitterly of the soldiers, parties 
 of whom, passing through the country without officers to 
 control them, took whatever they needed, sometimes pressing 
 oxen and horses from before the plow, and, in some instances, 
 killing milch cows for beef, or taking the last bushel of 
 corn a family had reserved for seed or for bread. Tlie Presi- 
 dent and his co-laborers in the cabinet did all in their power 
 to supply the wants of the army, to afford protection to the 
 people, and to sustain civil government. 
 
 5. The agents sent out by the convention having returned 
 to Texas in May, President Burnet despatched Messrs. Peter W. 
 Grayson and James Collingsworth as envoys to establish diplo- 
 matic relations witli the United States, secure the recognition 
 of Texan independence, and ascertain the practicability of 
 the annexation of Texas to the Union. In return, President 
 Jackson sent Henry M. Morfit as commissioner to Texas, to 
 inquire into the condition, resources, and population of the 
 country, and to report. 
 
 6. On the 23d of July, President Burnet issued a procla- 
 mation ordering an election for President, Vice-President, and 
 members of Congress. The people were also to vote on the 
 adoption of the Constitution which had been framed by the 
 cc>uvention in March, and also on the question of annexation. 
 The President had revoked all letters of marque and repri- 
 iBal, and all commissions of officers of the army and navy not 
 m actual service. The unsettled state of Mexico secured 
 Texas from danger from that quarter. Propitious rains had 
 fallen, and, notwithstanding the late planting, the farmers 
 made good crops. 
 
 4. Was the Prei?ident arrested ? Of what did the people complain ? 
 5« What country was the first to establish diplomatic relations with Texas ? 
 6. When did the President issue his proclamation for an election ? What waa 
 the condition of the country ? 
 
108 CONSTITUTIONAL 00 VERNMENT IN A UQ URA TED. 
 
 7. A settlement had been formed by the Parker family, 
 and a fort erected near where Springfield now stands, in 
 Limestone county. On the 19th of May, 1836, this fort was 
 surrounded by about three hundred Comanche Indians. 
 There were thirty-three persons in the fort, but only five 
 able to bear arms. These were all killed. One white woman 
 was wounded; two others, and three children, were taken 
 prisoners. The others escaped, and were six days in the wil- 
 derness without food. 
 
 8. At the election, held in September, Sam Houston was 
 elected President, and M. B. Lamar, Vice-President. The 
 Constitution was adopted by an almost unanimous vote, and 
 the vote was equally strong for annexation. 
 
 9. Congress met at Columbia on the 3d of October, and, 
 though the Constitution had fixed the second Monday in 
 December for the inauguration of the new government, the 
 President and Vice-President resigned, and, on the 22d of Oc- 
 tober, Generals Houston and Lamar were duly installed in 
 their respective offices. Thus closes our Revolutionary Pe- 
 riod, a period that furnishes the darkest and the brightest 
 page in Texas history. 
 
 7, Give the particulars of the fight at Parker's fort. 
 
 8, Who was elected President? Vice-President? 
 
 9, When and where did Congress meet ? When were the newly elected ofBceri 
 UstaUedf 
 
CHBONOLOGIGAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. lOS 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 When and where did the first fight of onr Revolution take place ? October 8, 
 1835, at Gonzales. 
 
 When did the Texan s take Goliad ? October 9, 1835. 
 
 Date of the battle of Concepcion ? October 28. 
 
 When did the general consultation meet? November 3. When organize a pro- 
 visional government ? On the 12tli. 
 
 When was the " grass fight " ? November 26. 
 
 When did the Texans begin the attack on San Antonio? December 2, and tho 
 ^i^ surrendered December 9. 
 
 When did Santa Anna arrive at Bexar ? February 22, 1S36. 
 
 Date of tlie Declaration of Texas Independence ? March 2, 1836. 
 
 Date of the massacre of the Alamo ? March 6. 
 
 Of the organization of the government ad interim? March 16. On the same day 
 King's men were killed at Refugio byUrrea. 
 
 Date of battle of Col eta ? March 17. 
 
 Of Fannin's massacre ? March 27. 
 
 Of the Battle of San Jacinto ? April 21. 
 
 Where and when did the first Congress of Texas meet? At Columbia, October &. 
 »nd the constitational goyernment was organized October 22, 1836. 
 
no 
 
 HOUSTON'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 TEXAS A REPUBLIC. 
 
 Fecm 1837 TO 1845. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 HOUSTON" S FIRST ADMINISTRATIOJq". — IN'DEPEN'DEI^CE 
 RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. The President, after his inaugural address to Congress, 
 delivered to the Speaker of the House his sword, saying, " It 
 now becomes my duty to make a presentation of this sword, 
 
 Section I.— 1. Wlio was the first President under the Constitution? Sam 
 Houston. What disposition did Houston make of his sword ? 
 
CONGRESS— PUBLIC DEBT— HOMESTEADS. HI 
 
 the emblem of my past office. I have worn it with some 
 humble pretensions in defense of my country; and should 
 the danger of my country again call for my services, I ex- 
 pect to resume it, and respond to that call, if needful, 
 with my blood and life." 
 
 2. He found Congress fully organized, and its committees 
 at work on the subjects recommended by President Burnet 
 at the opening of the session. 'JMie duties devolving upon 
 this body were responsible and arduous, and its members 
 applied themselves to their work with commendable zeal 
 and fidelity. After a three months' session, Congress ad- 
 journed, to meet in the new town of Houston, on Buftalo 
 Bayou. 
 
 3. Congress authorized the President to negotiate a loan 
 of $500,000, and provision was also made for the collection 
 of an ad valorem tax, and a small impost duty. The loan 
 was not effected, the President receiving no proposals which 
 he thought advisable to accept. The public debt was esti- 
 mated at $2,000,000. 
 
 4. The public domain of Texas constituted its principal 
 resource for paying the revolutionary debt. Liberal grants 
 were made to every soldier in the campaign of 1836. In view 
 of the paucity of population, it was also deemed advisable to 
 continue to grant homesteads to immigrants. Since the 
 breaking out of the revolution in 1835, the land office had 
 been closed. It was believed a great many fraudulent and 
 forged land certificates were in circulation, and it was ex- 
 pected that, as soon as the land office was re-opened, these 
 illegal claims would be presented for titles. Surveys had 
 not been carefully made. Every man located his certificate 
 
 2. Upon what was Congress engaged ? To wliat place iid Congress adjourn ? 
 
 3. What laws passed to raise a revenue ? 
 
 4. What disposition was made of the public land? What is said of fraudulent 
 ^and certificates ? 
 
112 LAND COMMISSIONERS— TREATY NOT FTILFILLED, 
 
 whereYer he found vacant land that suited him; but, in 
 many instances, an earlier location covered part of the same 
 tract. This produced a conflict in titles. 
 
 5. President Houston was very anxious to see a reform in- 
 troduced, and the land surveyed in townships and sections 
 instead of leagues and labors ; but most of the old colonists, 
 who had league claims, opposed this measure, and it was not 
 carried out. To prevent fraudulent locations, Congress ap- 
 pointed a Board of Land Commissioners, and a County Sur- 
 veyor for each county ; the commissioners to see that no 
 titles were issued upon fraudulent certificates, and the sur- 
 veyor to prepare a map of the land surveys, and see that con- 
 flicting patents were not issued. 
 
 6. As soon as the news of the battle of San Jacinto 
 reached Mexico, the acting President repudiated the treaty 
 of Santa Anna, and when the liberated chief returned home, 
 he was powerless to secure its fulfilment, even if he had been 
 disposed to do so. Filisola was severely censured by Torn el 
 for his hasty retreat, and was superseded by Urrea. But 
 Mexico was in the throes of another revolution, and Urrea, 
 a republican, could not be entrusted with so important and 
 comparatively independent a command. He was superseded 
 by Bravo. The latter general, however, found employme»nt 
 near the capital, in watching the movements of the new re- 
 publican leader Moctezuma, and Filisola was restored to his 
 old command. 
 
 7. Early in 1837, Filisola had collected about five thousand 
 men between Matamoras and San Luis Potosi, and was pre- 
 paring for a spring campaign in Texas. Bustemente, after 
 
 5. What change did the President desire in the land surveys ? What steps were 
 taken to detect fraudulent claims? 
 
 6. How was Santa Amm's treaty regarded in Mexico ? What prevented Mexico 
 from again invading Texas ? 
 
 7. How many men had Filisola on the Eio Grande in 1837? What again saved 
 Texas from invasion ? 
 
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE ACKNO WLEDGED. 113 
 
 his inauguration as President, assured the troops, in the 
 neighborhood of the capital, that they woukl soon have an 
 opportunity to enter Texas and wipe out the disgrace which 
 tlie San Jacinto campaign had brought upon the national 
 arms. But, fortunately for Texas, the revolution under Moc- 
 tezunia furnished ample employment at home for the Mexi- 
 can army, and Texas escaped invasion. 
 
 8. The independence of Texas was acknowledged by the 
 United States, March 2, 1837, one year after its declaration. 
 One of the last official acts of President Jackson was to sign 
 the Texas bill. During the year 1838, commercial treaties 
 were formed with France and Great Britain, though the lat- 
 ter government insisted upon regarding Texas as a province 
 of Mexico. 
 
 9. The government possessing but very inadequate means 
 to support an army in the field, and the President believing 
 there was no immediate danger of an invasion, issued an or- 
 der permitting the soldiers to return to their homes on fur- 
 lough, and thus the army was virtually disbanded. 
 
 10. After the battle of San Jacinto, the schooner Liberty 
 was despatched to New Orleans. After remaining at anchor 
 for some time in the Mississippi Eiver, she was sold to defray 
 her expenses. When President Houston was inaugurated, 
 the schooners Invincible and Brutus were in New York, 
 detained for want of funds. Henry Swartwout, then col- 
 lector of customs in that city, generously stepped forward 
 and furnished means to relieve these vessels and equip them 
 for a voyage. Captain H. L. Thompson was placed in com- 
 mand of the Invincible^ and Captain J. D. Baylor, of the 
 Brutus. 
 
 8. What, nation first recognized the independence of Texas ? With what nations 
 were treaties' formed ? 
 
 9. How did the President dispone of the army ? 
 
 10. What became of the schooner Liberty T Who furnished the means to equip 
 i'iyQ Invincible Siudi t\xQ Bndus f Name the captaius. 
 
114 VESSELS OF THE NA VT. 
 
 11. Both vessels left New York in April, 1837. Arriving 
 ill the Gulf, the Invincible captured the Mexican schooner 
 AUspa, and the Brutus the schooner Telegraph. After 
 a cruise of some three months along the Mexican coast, 
 making various landings and occasional captures, the two 
 vessels arrived at Galveston Bar, August 25, being pursued 
 by two Mexican brigs. The Brutus succeeded in entering 
 the harbor, but the Invincible was wrecked on the Bar, 
 the crev/ escaping to the island. The Brutus was lost in 
 a gale in Galveston harbor, October 6, 1837. 
 
 12. On the 17th of April, the schooner Independence, 
 commanded by Captain Wheelwright, sailing from New Or- 
 leans with a crew of thirty-one men and about one hundred 
 passengers, was overhauled near Velasco by a Mexican brig, 
 and, after a severe action, in which Captain Wheelwright 
 was wounded, his vessel was captured and taken to Mata- 
 moras. At the close of 1837 there was but one vessel, the 
 receiving ship Potomac, in commission. On tlie 13th of 
 November, 1838, under a law of Congress and the instruc- 
 tion of President Houston, S. M. Williams contracted with 
 Frederick Dawson, of Baltimore, for one ship, two brigs, Jind 
 three schooners, fbr a new navy. 
 
 13. It is difficult to ascertain the precise number of In 
 dians in Texas at this time. Mr. Morfit, in his report to 
 Secretary Forsyth, in the fall of 1836, estimated the whole 
 number at fourteen thousand two hundred, as follows : Wa- 
 coes, four hundred ; Tehuacanas, two hundred ; Tonka- 
 was, eight hundred ; Coshatties, three hundred and fifty ; 
 Alabamas, two hundred and fifty; Comanches, two thou- 
 
 11. When did these vessels leave New York? What became of the 7nri/wriWe,? 
 Of the Bnitus? 
 
 12. How was the Lidependerice lo^t ? Who entered into a contract to furnish 
 Vessels for a new navy ? 
 
 13. How many Indians were then in the State ? 
 
DIFFICULTIES WITH THE INDIANS. Ho 
 
 Band; Caddoes, five hundred; Lipans, nine hundred; small 
 bands eight hundred; to which add the Oherokeesand theii 
 twelve associate bands, eight thousand. 
 
 14. President Houston's well-known pacific policy toward 
 the Indians served to keep most of them quiet during his 
 administration. But the opening of the land office, and ap- 
 pearance of the surveyors marking off the land, arous(jd 
 the hostility of some frontier tribes. On the 7th of Jan- 
 uary, 1837, fourteen rangers encountered, in the upper 
 part of Robertson's Colony, a body of hostile savages. After 
 a severe fight, in which the Texans had two killed, the 
 rangers were compelled to retreat. In May following, a still 
 larger band entered the same colony, and came in sight of 
 Nashville. This party killed five Americans on Little River, 
 and captured their wagon. 
 
 15. In October, 1837, Lieutenant Van Benthuysen, with 
 eighteen men, left Fort Smitii, on Little River, for a scout. 
 When far above the settlements on the waters of the Trinity, 
 this company encountered a considerable force of Wacoes 
 and Towash. After a severe fight, in which the Texans lost 
 one lieutenant and nine privates killed, and as many wound- 
 ed, they retired toward the settlements. 
 
 16. The next year, the Kickapoos becoming troublesome, 
 General Rusk collected some yolunteers, and destroyed their 
 village, killing eleven Indians, and having a few of his men 
 wounded. Near San Antonio two surveyors were killed ; 
 and a party of thirteen whites that followed the Indians were 
 drawn into an ambuscade, and all but one either killed or 
 wounded. Those who ventured at that time out upon the 
 frontier, did so at the peril of their lives and property. 
 
 14. What was Honstoii's Indian policy? Wliat exapperattd the Indians ? Give 
 the result of the figlit, January 7, 1837. What depredations were committed in May! 
 
 15. Give the particulars of Van Benthuysen's fight. 
 10. Who chastised the Kickapoos ? 
 
116 LAMAB'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 17. Congress effected a radical change in" the judicial de- 
 partment, substituting the English for the Spanish systen of 
 jurisprudence. The Eepublic was divided into four judicial 
 districts. One chief justice was appointed, and the district 
 judges acted as associate justices of the supreme court. These 
 judges were elected by joint ballot of both houses of Congress, 
 and held their office for four years. Provision was also made 
 for tlie organization of county and magistrates' courts, and 
 a system of laws passed similar to those in the United States. 
 
 18. By a provision of the constitution, the first President 
 was to hold his office but two years. After the first, tiie 
 Presidential term was three years. 
 
 19. At the election held September 3d, 1838, Mirabeau B. 
 Lamar was elected President, and David G. Burnet, Vice- 
 President. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 LAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. — AUSTIN MADE THE CAPITAL.— 
 THE INDIANS. — SANTA FE EXPEDITION. 
 
 1. The new President was inaugurated in the presence of 
 Congress, at Houston, December 10th, 1838. The administra- 
 tion opened most auspiciously. Immigration continued ; new 
 settlements were formed; schools and churches were estab- 
 lished ; and there was a rapid growth of commerce in the 
 various seaports. 
 
 2. By an Act of Congress, of January 14th, 1839, commis- 
 sioners were appointed to locate a new seat of government. 
 
 1 7. What change was effected in the judiciary department f 
 1 8. What was to be the ltMi!,'th of the Presidential terra? 
 19. Wlio was elected President ? 
 
 Section II.— 1. Who was the second President? Mirabeau B. Lamar. How 
 did ihe administration open ? 
 2. What act passed Congress, January 14, 1837 ? Where was the capital located ! 
 
LAMAB'S POLICY TOWARD THE mDIAJSfS. n: 
 
 They selected the village of Waterloo, on the east bank of 
 the Colorado, then in Bastrop county. The new city received 
 the name of Austin. 
 
 3. In 1840 France and Belgium recognized the indepen- 
 dence of Texas. 
 
 4 Early in 1839, Mr. Dawson delivered to the government 
 the schooners San Jaciiiio, San Antonio, San Bernard, and 
 the brig Colorado, and, latev in the yejir, the sloop Austin, 
 and the brig Dolphi7i. General James Hamilton purchased 
 the steamship Zavalla. The Potomac was still used as a re- 
 ceiving shii).* 
 
 5. The policy of President Lamar toward the Indians 
 was very different from that of his predecessor. He desired 
 the expulsion of all Indian tribes. In his inaugural mes- 
 sage he said that, "^ the sword should mark the boundaries 
 of the Republic.^' An official report made to him, estimat- 
 
 * There was a floating population on the frontier of Texas, ready for new ad- 
 ventures, and, in 1839, an army was organized for establishing tli« Republic of the 
 Rio Grande Among the American leaders of this enterprise wi-re Colonels S.W. 
 Jordan, Reuben Ross, and William S. Fisher. The Mexican commanders were Col- 
 onels Canalis, Gonzales, Zapata, and Juan N. Seguin. 
 
 The Republicans left Lipantitlan, September 20th, 1889, crossed the Rio Grande on 
 the 30th, and taking possession of Guerrero on the 1st of October, marched to Mier 
 the next (lay. On the 3d, at Alcantara, they gained a decisive victory over Parbon, 
 the Centralist commander. In December, an ineffectnal attempt was made to gaiu 
 possession of Matamoras. When Canalis retreated from the city, the Texans left. 
 
 A new organization was eft'ccted at Guerrero in January, 1840 ; and at Moralis, on 
 the 15th ot March, the Republicans were badly defeated by the Centralists under 
 Arista. They a-jain rallied and reorganized at San Patricio, about the 1st of June, 
 and crossed the Rio Grande at Laredo. Near Saltillo, on the 23d of October, they 
 encountered Vasquez, with about one thousand soldiers. The Republicans had three 
 hundred and thirty-five. Early in the action, Lopez and Molano. two Mexican offi- 
 cers, deserted to the Centralists. For some time the Texans, with a few Mexican 
 rancheros, maintained the bloody conflict, losing five killed and seven wonnded. 
 Vasquez lost about (our hundred. 
 
 Soon after this fiLdir, the Texans returned to their homes, and Canalis surrendered 
 to Arista, stipulating, however, for the safety of his companions in arms. Thus 
 ended the Republic of the Rio Grande, an enterprise which, though unauthorized by 
 the Texas government, served for the time to keep the Centralists employed on the 
 south side of the Rio Grande. 
 
 3. When did France and Belgium recognize the independence of Texas ? 
 
 4. What vessels did Mr. Dawson deliver to the government? Who procured the 
 Zavalla? 
 
 6. How did Lamar's Indian policy differ from Houston's ? Give the numbei. of 
 tvarriors of the principal Indian tribes. 
 
lis CORDOVA AND HIS PARTY. 
 
 ed the number of warriors belonging to Texas Indians, as 
 follows: East Texas, eighteen hundred ; on the waters of the 
 Trinity and Wichita Rivers, fifteen hundred. (The Santa Fe 
 expedition passed through the villages of some of these 
 tribes. Kendall says the Wacoes had large fields in cultiva- 
 tion in corn, beans, etc., possessed large herds of cattle, and 
 had comfortable houses, supplied with rude furniture. ) The 
 number of warriors of the Oomanches and Apaches was 
 estimated by the same report at sixteen hundred, probably 
 over their actual number. 
 
 6. Among the old Mexican families in the neighborhood 
 of Nacogdoches, a few were dissatisfied with the government 
 of Texas. Cordova, the leader of this party, fled to the Rio 
 Grande, and was employed by Filisola to visit the prairie 
 Indians on the head waters of the Colorado and Brazos, and 
 induce them to make war upon the Americans. In Febru- 
 ary, 1839, Canalizo, who had succeeded Filisola in command 
 at Matamoras, sent Manuel Flores (another dissatisfied 
 Mexican) to Cordova, with instructions to treat with the 
 various Indian tribes, and excite them to hostility against 
 Texas. 
 
 7. The Texan s having heard of Cordova's movements in 
 March, Burleson raised a company and started in pursuit 
 He found Cordova's party on the Guadalupe River, attacked 
 him, and killed a number of his men. After this fight 
 Cordova left his usual haunts, and Flores failed to find him. 
 As the latter was passing the Colorado near where Austin 
 now stands, he was overtaken by a company of rangers under 
 Lieutenant James 0. Rice. Flores and two other Mexicans 
 were killed, and Canalizo's instructions to Cordova captured. 
 
 6. What is said of some of the Mexicans at Nacogdoches ? For what purpose waa 
 Cordova employed by Filisola ? 
 
 7. What Texas officer pursued Cordova ? Where was he found f Who defeated 
 
 Flores* 
 
EFFORTS TO BEMOVE THE INDIAN. 119 
 
 8. In these despatches, the Iiitlians were exhorted " not to 
 cease to harass the Texans, to burn their habitations, and 
 lay waste their fields" ; and the Indians were told to expect 
 nothing of these greedy adventurers for land, " who wish 
 even to deprive them of the sun that vivifies them, and who 
 would not cease to injure them while grass grows and water 
 runs." The killins^ of Flores and the defeat of Cordova 
 broke up the proposed alliance between the prairie Indians 
 and the Mexicans. 
 
 9. President Lamar believed the Cherokees and their as- 
 sociate bands in East Texas were intruders, and that their 
 presence obstructed the settlement of that portion of the 
 Republic. They were accused of committing depredations 
 and murders, and of being in league with the party of Cor- 
 dova. Their removal became an object of jn'ime importance, 
 and the President sent Vice-President Burnet, and the Sec- 
 retary, of AVar, General A. S. Johnston, to make a treaty 
 with them, purchase whatever improvements they had made, 
 and induce them to return to the territory of the United 
 States. Anticipating that the Indians might decline to re- 
 move, three regiments of troops had been sent to their im- 
 mediate neighborhood, under Colonels Burleson, Rusk, and 
 Landrum, all under the command of Brigadier-General 
 Douglass. After vain attempts to induce the Indians to 
 ^eave, all negotiations were broken off, July loth, 1839, when 
 General Douglass gave orders for an attack. The Indiana 
 abandoned the main Cherokee village, on the Angelina River, 
 and made a stand at a point of a hill well suited for defense. 
 
 10. After a severe engagement, in which the Texans lost 
 
 S. How long were ttie Indians exhorted to harass the Texans ? 
 
 9. How did the presence of the Cherokee? affect East Texas ? What steps did the 
 President take to secure their removal ? How many regiments were collected in the 
 neighborhood ? When were negotiations broken off? 
 
 1 0. How many Texan< were killed in the first day's fight ? How many Indians t 
 Give the particulars of the second day's fight. 
 
120 GHER0KEE8 LEA VE TEXAS— THE COMANCUES. 
 
 tliretj killed and five wounded, and the Indians had eighteen 
 killed, the latter retreated. The next morning they were 
 oyertaken within half a mile of the Neches Kivei, strongly 
 posted in a ravine. After some skirmishing, the Texans 
 charged their camp. The battle lasted an hour and a half, 
 when the Indians again retreated in disorder, having lost 
 about one hundred killed and wounded. Among the killed 
 was the famous Cherokee chief, Bowles. The loss of tlie 
 Texans was five killed and seventeen wounded. After this 
 fight the Indians abandoned I'exas, leaving their fine lands 
 in possession of the whites.* 
 
 11. In the spring of 1839, a Mr. Webster, who had lo- 
 cated his head-right upon the North Gabriel, started from 
 the Colorado with fourteen men, his wife and three children, 
 and a negro woman, to form a settlement on his land. 
 When he arrived at the place where he designed erecting liia 
 house, he found it occupied by an Indian encampment. He 
 hastily retreated to Brushy Creek. At sunrise, the next 
 morning, he was surrounded by a party of Comanches. 
 Webster and his companions drew up their wagons so as to 
 form a square for protection. They were charged by the 
 Indians and all were killed, except Mrs. Webster, two of her 
 children, and the negro woman, avIio were taken prisoners. 
 
 12. Early in 1840 a party of Comanches visited San An- 
 tonio, and proposed to make a treaty. They were told to 
 Kiturn to their tribe, bring in all their prisoners, and the 
 whites would gUidly make peace. On the 19th of March, 
 sixty-five Indians returned, including some women and 
 
 • Some of these Indians must have returned to the frontier of Tesas, as on 
 Christmas day, 1839, Burleson had a fi^'ht with a party of them on Chcroliee Creek, 
 Ban Saba county, Icilling six and capturing five women and childreii, ir eluding the 
 family of Bowles. 
 
 11, Give the particulars of the killing of Webster and his party. 
 
 12. For what purpose did the Comanches visit San Antonio ? 
 
A BLOODY CONTEST— INDIAN INVASION 121 
 
 children, bringing, however, but one prisoner, although the\ 
 were known to have several others. 
 
 13. Twelve chiefs entered the city court-room, used as a 
 council house. With a view, perhaps, of intimidatiug the 
 Indians, and induciug them to bring in the other captives, 
 Captain Thomas B. Howard was ordered to surround the 
 house with his company of rangers. The chiefs, still de- 
 clining to bring in their captives, were told that they were 
 prisoners, and would be held as hostages until the whitea 
 in their possession were delivered up. The chiefs instantly 
 drew their bows and knives, and a bloody hand-to-hand 
 fight ensued. The men, and even the women in the yard, 
 fought desperately until all the warriors (thirty-two in num- 
 ber), three women and two children, were killed, and twenty- 
 seven women and children were made prisoners. The 
 Texans lost seven killed and eight wounded.* 
 
 14. During the summer the Comanches made a serious 
 invasion into the settlements. On the night of August 4, 
 1840, about four hundred warriors crossed Plum Creek, in 
 Caldwell County, and reached Victoria on the 6th. After 
 committing some depredations they proceeded to Linnville, 
 on Lavaca Bay. They burned this place on the morning of 
 the 8th, while most of the male population were absent.- A 
 few, including three families, escaped by going on board a 
 
 ♦Among the captives which the Comanche? were reservinp:, perhaps for a 
 Iar£;e ransom, were Mrs. Welister and two of her children. She once made lieri* 
 cape, and liad reached the neighborhood of Au^^tin, whfn she was rccaplured by a 
 band of Caddoes, and talien back lo lier Comanche masters. She was with tlie 
 blind that visited San Antonio when the above fight took place, and with a young 
 child escaped from the Indians, leaving, however, a little boy, who was afterwarda 
 recovered. She and her child nearly perished for water, and she had almost given 
 np in despair, when the cry in ir of lier child induced her to make one more efliort. 
 Water was found, and soon afterwards she discovered a trail which led into San An- 
 tonio. 
 
 13. Give the particulars of the fight in the council house. How many Indiana 
 were killed ? How many Texans ? 
 
 14. What Indians descended to the coast in 1840 ? What towns were bunnjd bj 
 them ? 
 
 6 
 
122 BATTLES AND SKIRMISHES WITH THE INDIANS. 
 
 email vessel lying in the bay. Major Watts, the collector of 
 customs, was killed, and Mrs. Watts taken prisoner. 
 
 15. The Indians hastily retreated. They had killed some 
 twenty-one persons at Victoria and Linnville. As soon as 
 the news of this raid reached Austin, Dr. Archer, Secretary 
 of War, sent couriers down the Colorado, ordering ont the 
 militia. But so improbable was the report deemed that, 
 after Colonel J. B. Robertson had collected several hundred 
 men at Lagrange, they were permitted to disperse, under the 
 impression that it was a false alarm. Other companies, how- 
 ever, ascertaining the truth, hastened to intercept the sav- 
 ages. Captain Ben McCulloch was the first to overtake 
 them at the Casca Blanca Creek, about fifteen miles from 
 Victoria. He was joined by Clarke L. Owen, with a com- 
 pany from Texan a. The Texan force was increased by the 
 arrival of the companies of Burleson, Caldwell, Bird, Ward, 
 Jones, Wallace, and Hardeman, the whole under the com- 
 mand of General Felix Huston. 
 
 16. On the morning of the 12th of August, just after the 
 Indians had left their camp on Plum Creek, they were sur- 
 prised by thv3 Texan s, and instantly formed in line of battle, 
 sending their pack-mules in advance. The Texans charged 
 with such valor and determination that the Indians were 
 everywhere routed. Finding they could not carry ofi" Mrs. 
 Watts, they shot an arrow into her breast and left her to 
 die, but, fortunately, she recovered. Mrs. Crosby, however, 
 another ^emale captive, wan killed. The Indians lost from 
 fifty to eighty in killed and wounded, and left a l:*rge share 
 of their booty, and most of their horses, in the hands of the 
 Texans. 
 
 15, Before commencing their retreat, how many persons had the Indians killed f 
 Whose company first intercepted them? What other companies soon joined 
 McCulloch ? Who commanded the Texans ? 
 
 16. Give the particulars of the battle of Plum Creek. How many Indians wer« 
 killed and wounded ? 
 
THE INDIANS CHASTISED— SANTA FE EXPEDITION 123 
 
 17. In October following, Colonel John H. Moore, with 
 ninety Texans and twelve Lipans, while scouting on tlie 
 head waters of the Colorado, came across a party of Coman- 
 ches and captured their village. About one Imndred and 
 twenty Indians were killed, the village destroyed, and thirty- 
 four prisoners and a number of horses captured. In this 
 village the Texans found goods that had been taken from 
 Linnville the previous summer. 
 
 18. Besides the battles mentioned, there were many skir- 
 mishes. On the 3d of January, 1839, the house of Mr. Mar- 
 lin, near the Falls of the Brazos, was attacked. The Indians 
 were repulsed and driven oif. A party of whites pursued 
 and fell into an ambuscade ; ten of their number were killed, 
 and seventeen wounded. Colonels Burleson, Moore, and 
 Hays had frequent skirmishes, generally chastising the sav- 
 ages. Colonel Hays, on the 17th of April, 1841, in a fight 
 near Laredo, captured Captain Ignacio Garcia and twenty- 
 five Mexican raiders. 
 
 19. Though Texas laid claim to the territory of New Mex- 
 ico lying east of the Eio Grande, no effort had ever been 
 made to extend the laws of the republic over that distant 
 region. Between Santa Fe and St. Louis a lucrative trade 
 was springing up, which the Texans were anxious to divert 
 to their own Gulf ports. The Santa Fe expedition was or- 
 ganized in the spring of 1841, to open a communication 
 with New Mexico. General Hugh McLcod was appointed 
 commander. The expedition included two hundred and 
 seventy soldiers, and about fifty traders, adventurers, and 
 teamsters. 
 
 20. The cavalcade started from Brushy on the 20th of 
 
 17. Give the incidents of Moore's fight on the Colorado. 
 1 S« When was Mr. Marlin's hou?e attacked ? 
 
 19. What territory did Texas claim on the upper Rio Grande ? For what purpoae 
 was the Santa F6 expedition organized ? Who commanded it f 
 
 20. When did it start ? What difficulties were encountered ? 
 
124 ILL SUCCESS OF THE SANTA Fil EXPEDITION. 
 
 June, 1841. Many difficulties were encountered, and delaya 
 occurred from the yery start. Tlie gnides were not well ac- 
 quainted with the route, and, after wandering about for 
 some time, finally mistook the Wichita for Eed River, aud 
 became bewildered in the Wichita mountains. Provisions 
 gave out, water was scarce, and the Indians troublesome, oc- 
 casionally stampeding their horses, and picking off strag- 
 glers. 
 
 21. On the 11th of August Messrs. Howland, Diiker, and 
 Rosenberg were sent forward to procure supplies. They 
 were taken prisoners by the Mexicans, and two of them sub- 
 sequently shot for attempting, as was alleged, to make their 
 escape. On the 10th of September the advance party reached 
 the settlement of Anton Chico, on the Galinas, a tributary 
 of the Rio Grande. Here a supply of provisions was obtained. 
 On the 14th Captain Lewis, with Kendall, Van Ness, and 
 some others, started for San Miguel. They had heard that the 
 first party sent forward had been arrested, but did not doubt 
 that when the authorities were assured of the pacific objects 
 of the expedition, they would be favorably received. In this 
 they were disappointed. 
 
 22. The second party shared the fate of the first, and even 
 Kendall, who had a passport from the Mexican Consul at 
 New Orleans, fared no better than the rest. All were dis- 
 armed and thrown into prison. Colonel Cooke, not knowing 
 the fate of Kendall and his companions, also started for San 
 Miguel. When near the village of Anton Chico, Cooke 
 found himself suddenly surrounded by about five hundred 
 Mexican soldiers under an officer named Salezar. As Cooke 
 saw Captain Lewis in the company, he supposed all was 
 
 21. What occmred August 11 ? How were Howland and his companion!* treated 
 bv the Mexican!* ? When did the advance party reach Anton Chico y 
 
 22. What became of the second party sent forward ? How was Colonel Cooke 
 cai)lu"ed » 
 
ITS FAILURE— SUFFERINGS OF PRISONERS. 125 
 
 riglil until he was invited to give np his arms, as he was as- 
 sured all traders were required to do before entering Santa 
 Fe. Then, when too late to escape, he discovered that Cap- 
 tain Lewis was a traitor, and that he and his men had been 
 betrayed ! 
 
 23. General McLeod and his party were still at the Laguna 
 Colorado, some thirty or forty miles distant. Here he was 
 met by Governor Armijo and a Mexican army. McLeod 
 liad but a few men fit for service; their horses had nearly 
 all perished, or been stolen by the Indians ; many of the 
 soldiers had thrown away their guns, being too weak to 
 carry them ; and, under the promise of good treatment, the 
 Texans surrendered as prisoners. These unfortunate men, 
 after being disarmed and plundered, were tied in companies 
 of four and six, and marched first to San Miguel, then to 
 Santa Fe, and finally to the city of Mexico, and confined in 
 the prisons of St. Jago, Puebla, and Perote, where they lan- 
 guished for nearly two years. In the spring of 1842 the 
 most of them were released, though Seiior Navarro was con- 
 fined in the castle of San Juan de Ulloa until the revolution 
 of 1844, when he, too, was set at liberty.* 
 
 24. Financially, the administration of Lamar was not a 
 success, though his most bitter opponents never accused 
 either the President, or the members of liis cabinet, of dis- 
 honesty. The public credit was low when he commenced 
 his administration, and continued rapidly to decline. The 
 currency of the country (called red hacks, fi-om the color of 
 
 * Kendall assii^ned several reasons for the failure of the Santa F6 expedition. 
 1st. It started too late in the season. 2d. There was an insufficient supply of food, 
 and of teams to haul mercliandisc. 3d. They failed to get the Lipan Indians for 
 guides. 4th. The distance was mucli greater than it was thou<;lit to be. 5th. The 
 Indians were troublesome. 6th. Arriving there, divided and dispirited, tiiey were the 
 victims oltieason. 
 
 23. Where was McLeod with the main army? Why did he surrender ? How 
 jpere they treated '; 
 
 24. In what condition was the public credit ? 
 
126 NATIONAL FINANCES— HOUSTON S SECOND TERM. 
 
 the paper upon which it Avas printed) was, at the close of the 
 presidential term, hardly worth ten cents on tlie dollar. 
 Numerous military campaigns had interrupted the indus- 
 trial pursuits of the people and interfered with commerce, 
 Nominally, the expenditure for the year 1841 amounted to 
 $1,176,288. It is true this was in currency, but the receipts, 
 also in currency, had fallen off nearly fifty per cent, in one 
 year, showing that the finances of the country were in a de- 
 plorable condition. 
 
 25. The public debt, at the close of 1841, was not accu- 
 rately known, but it was supposed to amount to about eight 
 million dollars. Part of this debt was created during the 
 revolution in 1836, a part of it was due for the new naval 
 vessels, and it had been largely increaKsed in fitting out the 
 Santa Fe expedition. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Houston's second administration. — raids of vasquez 
 and woll. — rexmoval of seat of government. — the 
 mier expedition. — the navy. — regulators and mod- 
 ERATORS. 
 
 1. At the election held in 1841 Sam Houston was elected 
 President, and Edward Burleson, Vice-President. The in- 
 auguration took place December 13th. President Houston 
 enforced a rigid economy, dispensing with all unnecessary 
 officers, and usiug all practicable means to improve the na- 
 tional credit. Congress, however, failed to provide for the 
 close collection of the taxes, and most of the goods con- 
 
 25. What was the amonnt of the public debt ? 
 
 Section III,— 1. Who was elected President in 1841 ? What steps did Houston 
 take to improve the finances ? 
 
RAIDS OF VASqUEZ AND WOLL. 137 
 
 sumed in the eastern part of the State were smuggled acrosa 
 the Sabine. The currency, however, gradually improved. 
 
 2. To keep up the shadow of a claim upon Texas, the 
 Mexican Government sent small military parties into the 
 country, though with no intention or expectation of perma- 
 nent occupancy. Early in 1842, General Vasquez, with 
 about seven hundred men, paid a hasty visit to San Anto- 
 nio, reaching that city on the 7th of March. Colonel Hays, 
 with his company of rangers, retired to the Guadalupe River. 
 Vasquez, after a short stay in tliat city, in which he remod- 
 elled the city government, appointing alcaldes and other 
 Mexican officers, returned again to the Rio Grande, taking 
 with liim such citizens as chose to leave. About the same 
 time Refugio and Goliad were temporarily occupied by small 
 parties of Mexicans. 
 
 3. In September a still more formidable invasion took 
 place under General Adrian Woll, who entered San Antonio 
 with about two thousand men. The District Court was in 
 session at the time, and so complete was the surprise, that 
 Woll captured Judge Hutchinson, and a number of members 
 of the court. On the Guadalupe River, Colonels Hays and 
 Caldwell collected troops to meet the invaders. Woll vSent 
 out a party towards Cibolo Creek. The Texans, under Cald- 
 well, met this force on the Salado, six miles from San Anto- 
 nio. A severe battle was fought, in which the Mexicans 
 were defeated, losing some sixty killed and as many wound- 
 ed. The Texans had one killed and nine wounded. After 
 the fight the Mexicans retreated to the city. 
 
 4. The Mexicans, in returning to San Antonio, fell in 
 
 2. For what purpose did Mexico fend parties of soldiers into Texas? Who en- 
 tcrec' San Antonio early in 1841 ? 
 
 3. What Mexican general took possession of San Antonio in September t Which 
 party was defecated in the battle of Salado ? 
 
 4. Give the particulars of Dawson's defeat. 
 
128 SEA T OF GO VEliNMENT REMO VED. 
 
 witli Captain Dawson's company of fifty-three men, from 
 Fayette County. After severe figliting, tlie Texans, finding 
 fcliemselves surrounded by overwhelming numbers, hoisted a 
 white flag. It was fired upon. They then renewed the 
 fight with desperate valor. Thirty-six of them were left 
 dead upon the field. A few escaped, and the lives of a few 
 who surrendered were spared. After this fight, Woll imme- 
 diately commenced his retreat, and soon re-crossed the Eio 
 Grande. 
 
 5. Immediately after tlieVasquez raid, President Hous- 
 ton, with the ofiicers of his cabinet, removed to the city of 
 Houston. Soon afterward he issued a proclamation con- 
 vening Congress in extra session, at that place, on the 
 27th of June.* 
 
 6. In the fall the President convened Congress in extra 
 session at Washington. A number of the members from the 
 West refused to go to the place designated, and it was some 
 weeks before a quorum was obtained. 
 
 7. Many in Texas were anxious to invade Mexico in rettil- 
 iation for the raids of Vasquez and Woll. Several squads of 
 soldiers made their w^ay to San Antonio with a view of or- 
 ganizing for a march across the Kio Grande. These soldiers 
 generally desired that Vice-President Burleson should lead 
 them, but President Houston appointed General Alexander 
 Somervell to the command. He was late in arriving at 
 headquarters, and rather tardy in his movements. This in- 
 creased the dissatisfaction, and many abandoned the army. 
 
 *The citizens of Austin, exasperated at this abandonment of their city, or- 
 ganized a military company and an archive committee. The books and papers bft 
 longing to the various offices were seized, placed in boxes, and securely guarded. 
 The Commissioner of the General Land Office had access to the papers of his depart- 
 ment, and during this period some business was transacted in that office. 
 
 5, To what place did the President and cabinet remove? 
 
 6, Where did Congress convene in the fall ? 
 
 y. Why did the Texans wish to invade Mexico ? Who was appointed "om 
 mander? 
 
MOVEMENTS FOR THE INVASION OF MEXICO. 129 
 
 Somervell left the Medina for the Rio Grande on the 25th 
 of November, 1842. For some reasons, never properly ex- 
 plained, he deflected from the main route of travel, and soon 
 found himself in flat, boggy prairies, in which it was almost 
 impossible to proceed. 
 
 8. He reached Laredo on the 8th of December, and took 
 possession of the place without opposition. After a few days' 
 rest, the army was again in motion ; but instead of crossing 
 into Mexico, turned down tlie river on the Texas side. A 
 night was spent in a dense thicket. To test the fidelity of 
 the troops, the general required them all to obligate them- 
 selves to obey orders. Out of seven hundred men, five hun- 
 dred agreed to the obligation, and the other two hundred 
 v^ere permitted to return to their homes under the command 
 of Colonel Bennett. 
 
 9. Somervell then marched down the river to a point op- 
 posite Guerrero, wlien Colonel Hays, with his company, 
 crossed into Mexico. On the morning of December 16th 
 the whole army crossed, and took possession of the town. 
 Colonel Canalis withdrawing on the approach of the Texans. 
 The next day Somervell's army re-crossed the river into 
 Texas, and on the 19th, to the astonishment of the troops, 
 an order was issued for them to return to the Nueces River, 
 where they would be disbanded. About two hundred of tlie 
 men returned with Somervell, while three hundred remained 
 on the Rio Grande, and reorganized by electing Colonel 
 \Villiam S. Fisher to tlie command. Mier was selected as 
 the point of attack. Boats were secured, a portion of the 
 troops embarked and descended under the command ot 
 
 8. When did Somervell reach Laredo ? How did he test the fidelity of his troops ^ 
 How many lef c ? 
 
 9. To what point did he then march? What order was issied December 19? 
 How many relumed ? Who was elected to command those who rsiaa^acd? What 
 town did Fisher prepare to take ? 
 
 6* 
 
130 TEXAN8 ENTER MIER—SURRENI^ER TO AMPUBIA, 
 
 Thomas J. Green, while Colonel Fisher, with the main body; 
 marched down the river. 
 
 10. On the 21st of December a small detachment of Tex- 
 ans entered the town, and made a demand for provisions and 
 clothing, taking the alcalde as a hostage until the supplies 
 should be furnished. The Texans waited three days in camp 
 on the river for their stores. In the meantime General Am- 
 pudia, with an army of twenty-two hundred men, had en- 
 tered the place, and of coarse would not permit supplies to 
 be furnislied the Texans. Colonel Fisher prepared to ad- 
 vance. The hostile armies met on the Alcantra Creek, a 
 short distance from the city. A severe fight ensued, in 
 which the Mexicans were worsted, and in the darkness re- 
 treated to the town. The fight continued during the night 
 of the 25th, the Texans steadily advancing toward the main 
 plaza. 
 
 11. About noon, on the 26th, Ampudia hoisted a white 
 flag for a parley. In the fight the Texans had lost sixteen 
 killed and twenty-five wounded. Among the latter was 
 Colonel Fisher, who was weak from the loss of blood. The 
 Mexican loss was much greater. Still, Ampudia had a vastly 
 superior force to the Texans. The white flag was a success- 
 ful ruse upon the part of the Mexicans. Colonel Fisher, hav- 
 ing been severely wounded, was unable to command longer, 
 and perhaps thought it best to surrender ; but before any 
 general understanding was had among the Texans, a few in- 
 dividuals, and then squads of four and five, under promise 
 of good treatment, marched over to the Mexican lines, and 
 laid down their arms. This process Avent on until the few 
 who were left had no alternative but to surrender as prison- 
 
 10. What demand wa^ made ? What Mexican general entered the town ? Giv« 
 the particulars of the fight on Christmas day. 
 
 11. Who hoisted the white flag ? Which party had sustained the greatest loss ! 
 What was the effect of l.oisting the white flag? How were the priiioners treated? 
 
FATE OF THE PEISONEES. 131 
 
 ers of war. They did so under the promise from Ampudia 
 that they should remain on the Rio Grande. But those able 
 to travel were immediately started on foot for the city of 
 Mexico. 
 
 12. At Salado, one hundred miles south of Saltillo, on the 
 11th of February, 1843, the main body of these prisonera 
 rose upon the guard and made their escape. The men, how- 
 ever, failed to act in concert, and, instead of remaining to- 
 gether and hurrying back to the Rio Grande, separated into 
 small squads aiid straggled off into the mountains, where, 
 after suffering incredible hardships from thirst and hunger, 
 the most of them were recaptured and taken back to Salado. 
 Here, on the 24th of March, by order of Santa Anna, every 
 tenth man was shot. There were one hundred and seventy- 
 six of them. One hundred and fifty-nine white beans and 
 seventeen black ones were placed in a box, and the men 
 marched up and ordered to draw. Those drawing the black 
 beans were immediately shot. The survivors were taken to 
 Perote and other Mexican prisons. A few died ; occasion- 
 ally one made his escape, and a few others were released at 
 the solicitation of friends. Finally, on the 16th of Septem- 
 ber, 1844, just after the death of his wife, Santa Anna or- 
 dered them all set at liberty. The number released was one 
 hundred and four. 
 
 13. In 1841 the Texas navy was in the service of the revo- 
 lutionary government of Yucatan, but that government hav- 
 ing failed to furnish the necessary funds to keep the vessels 
 in commission, the most of them repaired to New Orleans. 
 Here Commodore Moore expended considerable sums in re- 
 fitting them and getting ready for a cruise. In August, 
 1842, the schooner San Antonio was dispatched to Yuca- 
 
 12, What took place at Salado? Did they succeed in reaching Texas ? Hov 
 many were shot at Salado ? What became of the survivor:^ ? 
 
 1 3. How was the navy employed in 1841 ? What became of the San Antonio ? 
 
132 THE NAVT. 
 
 tan for supplies. She was lost in a storm, and all on boara 
 perished. 
 
 14. The spring of 1842 passed away, and the navy still re- 
 mained idle. President Houston expected the vessels would 
 sail, in July, to the coast of Mexico, to enforce a blockade. 
 As Commodore Moore failed to get to sea, he was ordered to 
 bring his ships to Galveston, and to report in person to tho 
 Secretary of the Navy, at Washington. The commodore, 
 however, alleged that he had expended his private means in 
 refitting the ships, and declined either to bring them to Gal- 
 veston or to report in person at Washington. 
 
 15. In January, 1843, Congress secretly passed an act for 
 the sale of the navy, and President Houston immediately 
 sent two commissioners to seize the vessels and sell them. 
 The commodore declined to deliver them up, but agreed to 
 sail for Galveston, taking Colonel Morgan, one of the com- 
 missioners, on board. When the ships Wliartoii and 
 Austin arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, they re- 
 ceived such information as induced Colonel Morgan to as- 
 sent to a change of course and a cruise on the coast of Yu- 
 catan. As soon as this was known to President Houston, he 
 issued a proclamation suspending Commodore Moore from 
 command, and ordei'ing the ships to Galveston. When this 
 proclamation reached the commodore it was promptly 
 obeyed, and the vessels entered Galveston harbor in July. 
 In the fall steps were taken looking to a sale of the navy 
 under the Act of Congress, but the people protested against 
 it, and the sale was not made. The act requiring a sale was 
 repealed in February, 1844. The steamship Zavalla was 
 wrecked in a storm while in the harbor at Galveston. 
 
 14. How did the President wish the navy employed ? What order was sent to 
 Commodore Moore ? Did he obey it ? 
 
 15. What act passed Congress in January, 1843? Were the ships delivered up / 
 From what coast did they sail ? What proclamation did Houston issue ? When did 
 the ships arrive at Galveston? 
 
INDIAN TREATY— THE 8NIVELT EXPEDITION. 133 
 
 16. There was comparative quiet upon the fi-ontier, but 
 there were occasional Indian forays. In the fall of 1842, 
 while many of the citizens of Austin were at a camp-meeting 
 near Webberville, the Coraanches, on Sunday morning, 
 daslicd into the city and carried off two children of Mrs. 
 Simpson ; the girl, fourteen years old, was killed about six 
 miles from Austin. The little boy was subsequently re- 
 claimed at one of the Indian agencies. In September, 1843, 
 the representatives of eight tribes met at Bird's Fort, on the 
 Trinity, and entered into a treaty. 
 
 17. The route followed by traders going from St. Louis to 
 Santa Fe, passed through Texas. It was ascertained, early 
 in the winter of 1843, that a caravan of Mexican merchants, 
 with a large quantity of goods, would pass along this trail. 
 Some Texans were anxious to secure so rich a prize, and 
 President Houston commissioned Colonel Jacob Snively to 
 raise a company of three hundred men for this purpose. 
 The men were to equip themselves, operate only on Texas 
 soil, to make their captures only in honorable warfare, and 
 deposit one-half the spoil taken in the Texas treasury. 
 
 18. On the 27th of April Colonel Snively, with one hun- 
 dred and eighty men, left his camp at Georgetown, near 
 Dennison, on Eed Eiver, and reached the route of the cara- 
 van, near the Arkansas Eiver, on the 27th of May. Whilo 
 waiting for the expected train, some of the men became 
 restless, and finally insubordinate. Seventy-five of them 
 selected Captain Chandler as a leader, and, June 29 Lh, 
 started homeward. 
 
 19. Soon after the departure of Chandler and his party, 
 
 16. What Indians visited Austin in J842? 
 
 1 7. Wliat route followed by traders passed through Texas ? What was tlie object 
 of the Snively expedition? 
 
 18. When did Snively leave his camp on Red River? What occurred May 27 ? 
 
 19. What United States officer arrested Snively and his men? How did Cookf 
 treat the Texans ? When did they reach Bird's Fort ? 
 
JU ARMISTICE BETWEEN TEXAS AND MEXICO. 
 
 Siiively's command was snrrounded by a company cf 
 United States dragoons under Captain Philip St. George 
 Cooke. Cooke contended that Snively and his party were in 
 the territory of the United States. The Texans were dis- 
 armed. Captain Cooke gave them their choice either to go 
 V;iider an escort to St. Louis, or return to Texas. About fifty 
 cliose to go to St. Louis, the others preferred returning to 
 their homes. Cooke gave this party guns and a supply of 
 ammunition, with which to protect themselves. After some 
 skirmishing with Indians, Snively's men overtook the party 
 under Chandler, and all reached Bird's Fort on the 6th of 
 Angust. 
 
 20. Among the prisoners taken by Woll, in San Antonio, 
 was the former Lieutenant-Governor, J. W. Eobinson. 
 While in prison, Eobinson wrote to Santa Anna suggesting 
 possible terms for an adjustment of the diflftculties between 
 Mexico and Texas. The result of the correspondence was 
 that Eobinson was released and ^ent home with propositions 
 from Santa Anna to Mr. Houston. As this document spoke 
 of Texas as a province of Mexico, it was, of course, generally 
 repudiated by the people of Texas. 
 
 21. There was now, in the United States, a growing sen- 
 timent in favor of annexation. This the British minister in 
 Mexico saw, and wished to counteract. Great Britain de- 
 sired to see peace between Texas and Mexico. The French 
 minister also interested himself in the negotiation. After 
 considerable discussion, an armistice between Mexico and 
 Texas was proclaimed on the 13th of June, 1843, to continue 
 "until due notice of an intention to resume hostilities 
 (should such intention thereafter be entertained by either 
 
 20. What distinguished Texan had been taken prisoner by WoU? For what pur- 
 pose was RobinFon released and sent home? 
 
 21. What was the state of feeling in the United States? What was the wish of 
 Great Britaiu ' When was the armistice proclaimed ? 
 
REOULATOnS AND MODERATORS. 135 
 
 party) should be formally announced through Her Britannic 
 Majesty's Charge d^ Affaires at the respective governments." 
 This measure relieved Texas from all fear of an invasion, 
 and from the burden and excitement consequent upon 
 getting up military expeditions. 
 
 22. George W. Hockley and Samuel M. Williams were ap- 
 pointed commissioners on the part of Texas to meet com- 
 missioners appointed by Santa Anna to agree upon terms of 
 peace. The commissioners met at Sabinas. Seiiors Lande- 
 ras and Jaunequi bad been appointed on the part of Mexico. 
 The negotiation was brought to a hasty termination by the 
 prospect of annexation. The commissioners, however, signed 
 an agreement on the 18th of February, 1844. This was re- 
 pudiated silently by the Texas government, as, in the docu- 
 ment, Texas was still spoken of as a " department of Mexico." 
 
 23. In some counties of Eastern Texas resolutions were 
 passed, at popular meetings, denouncing the payment of cus- 
 toms. A party arose in the Redlands calling themselves 
 Regulators. This party took upon itself the arrest and pun- 
 ishment of criminals witliout the warrant of law. This 
 high-handed measure led to the formation of another party 
 styled Moderators. Excitement rose so high between them 
 that, at one time, it was supposed a thousand men were in 
 arms. In Harrison county an armed mob prevented the 
 holding of the district court. In 1844, after many lives had 
 been sacrificed. President Houston instructed General 
 James Smith to call out the militia. Peace was gradually 
 restored, though the effects of this feud continued for some 
 time.* 
 
 * According to Yoaknra, Wat Moorman was captain of the Regulators, and John 
 
 22. Who were the commissioners sent by Texas to negotiate a treaty ? Why did 
 Texas reject the agreement ? 
 
 23. To what did the people of East Texas object ? For what purpose was th« 
 party of the Regulators formed ? The Moderators ? How was peace finally rev 
 Btored ? 
 
136 JONES'S ADMINISTRATION— FOREIGN MEL ATIONS. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Jones's administration". — foreign relations. — fI' 
 nances of the country. — annexation of texas to 
 the united states. 
 
 1. At the election held September 2d, 1844, Anson Jonea 
 was elected President, and Kenneth L. Anderson, Vice-Pres- 
 ident. The inauguration took place on the 9th of Decem- 
 ber. Jones had filled the office of Secretary of State during 
 the whole of the preceding administration, and was thor- 
 oughly acquainted with all the details of the executive 
 department. 
 
 2. At no period since the settlement of Texas did the fron- 
 tier suffer so little from Indian depredations as during Jones's 
 administration. Even the Comanches sent in a deputation 
 of chiefs, and entered into a treaty of peace. 
 
 3. It was a difficult and delicate task to maintain amica- 
 ble relations with England, France, and other European 
 powers while agitating the great measure of annexation. 
 This was, however, happily done, notwithstanding the jeal- 
 ousy of those powers toward each other, and toward the 
 United States.* 
 
 M. Bradley of the Moderators. In the summer of 1844, ju?t after a congregation 
 had been dismissed, Moorman killed Bradly at the door ol the church in San Aui;;u8- 
 tine, and, a few years later, Moorman was killed in a ferry boat by a Dr. Burns, 
 while crossing the Sabine River. 
 
 * President Jones, in his aiitol)io2:raphy, intimates that the most serious em- 
 barras^ment of his administration <rrew out of an attempt of Mr. Doneli*on, Uni- 
 ted States Minister, Ex-Governor Yell, of Arkansas, Hon. C. H, VVicklifte, of Ken- 
 tucky, and Commodore Stockton, seconded by some zealous Texans, to precipitate a 
 war with Mexico. General Sherman, of the Texas militia, was to command the land 
 forces, while Commodore Stockton, with tlie United States navy, promised to aid In 
 a descent upon Matamoras. President Jones foresaw that a war with Mexico migUI 
 
 Section IV,— 1. Who was elected President in 1844? 
 
 *2>. What was the condition of the frontier? 
 
 3. What delicate task devolved upon the President f 
 
FINANCES— ANNEXATION TO THE UNITED STATES. 137 
 
 i. Ill relation to the finances of this period, President 
 Jones says: " There was not a single defalcation, nor a dol- 
 lar lost; the expenses of the government were brought 
 within its receipts, and no debts incnrred; the excliequera 
 (currency) rose to par; Texas passed from a paper to a me- 
 tallic CLirrency ; and after defraying the expenses of an extra 
 session of Congress, and of a convention, repairing the pub- 
 lic buildings, and removing the government to Austin, there 
 was a surplus in the treasury sufficient to support the State 
 government for two years." 
 
 5. By the terms of the treaty of annexation, the navy of 
 Texas was to be transferred to the United States, and its 
 officers incorporated in the navy of that government. The 
 vessels so transferred were the ship Austin, the brigs Whar- 
 ton and Archer, and the schooner San Bernard. 
 
 6. The great question of this administration was that of 
 annexation to the United States. In 1836 that govern- 
 ment had declined to take Texas, as tlie ability of the lat- 
 ter to maintain its independence was considered donbtful. 
 The question was again introduced into the United States 
 Senate by Mr. Calhoun, in iVpril, 1844. That body, by a 
 vote of thirty-five to sixteen rejected the measure the second 
 time. After this second rejection, Mr. Van Zandt, the Texas 
 minister at Washington, formally withdrew the proposi- 
 tion. This was under instruction from the Texas State 
 Department, 
 
 7. About this time the course of Mr. Elliott, the British 
 
 reenlt from annexation, and he determined that <?reat measure should not he placed 
 in jeopardy by a premature conflict brought on in Texas. By his policy he main- 
 tained peace until after annexation, win n the Pacific coast witnessed the hrroism 
 of Commodore Stockton, and General Taylor, instead of General Sherman, led tho 
 forces against Matamoras. 
 
 4. In what condition were the finances? 
 
 5. What vessels were transferred to the navy of the United States? 
 
 6. What was the great question of Jones's administration ? 
 
 7. What was the wish of Great Britain ? What question entered into the prest 
 
138 ANNEXATION CONSUMMATEj). 
 
 minister to Texas, showed that Great Britain was very anx- 
 ious to obtain a controlling influence over the Republic. 
 France, too, was eagerly watching the progress of events. 
 These movements awakened a profound interest in the 
 United States, and the Texas question entered largely into 
 the Presidential election in 1844. Mr. Polk, the annexation 
 candidate, was elected. But it was still doubtful whether a 
 sufficient vote eould be secured to carry the measure in the 
 form of a treaty. It was therefore proposed to accomplish 
 the object by a simple joint-resolution of Congress. This 
 passed on the 1st of March, and received the signature of 
 President Tyler, as one of the last acts of his administra- 
 tion. 
 
 8. President Jones convened an extra session of Congress 
 on the 16th of June, 1845. That body promptly passed a 
 bill assenting to annexation in the form in which it had 
 passed the United States Congress. He had previously 
 ordered an election of delegates to a convention to finally 
 decide the question of annexation, and form a State Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 9. The convention met in Austin on the 4th of July, 1845, 
 and on the same day passed the annexation bill. This, with 
 the new constitution, was submitted to a vote of the people, 
 October 13th. The measure was ratified almost unani- 
 mously. On the third Monday in December, a general elec- 
 tion was held for State officers and members of the legisla- 
 ture. That body assembled in Austin, and on the 19th of 
 February, 1846, Anson Jones, the last President of the Re- 
 public of Texas, handed over the executive authority to J. 
 
 dential election m 1844 ? When did the annexation reeolution pass the United 
 States Congret'8 ? 
 
 8. When did the Congress of Texas absent to this bill ? 
 
 9. When did the Texan convention pass the annexation bill f On what day did 
 President Jones surrender the executive department to Governor Henderson v 
 
TEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION. Wd 
 
 Pinckney Henderson, first governor of the State. Oe 
 the 29tli of December, 1845, President Polk signed the 
 bill extending the laws of the United States over Texas; 
 and the same day on whicli Governor Henderson was inaug- 
 urated, the postal service of the Union was extended over 
 the State, and the custom houses and other public property 
 of the late Eepublic relinquished to the United States. 
 Thus annexation was consummated, and the '' Lone Star," 
 the emblem of the youngest born of Republics, was merged 
 in the constellation of the American Union. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 FOURTH PERIOD. 
 
 When was Houston inaugnrated President ? October 22, 1836. Lamar P Decern* 
 bet 10, 1838. 
 
 When did Austin become the seat of government ? In 1839. 
 
 When were the Cherokees expelled from East Texas? Tn the summer of 1839 
 
 What occurred in 1840? The Comanches descended to the coast, burning Victori* 
 and Linnville, but were totally defeated in the battle of Plumb Creek, August 12. 
 
 At what time did the Santa Fe expedition start? June 20, 1841 
 
 When was Houston inaugurated the second time? December 13, 2***l 
 
 What was the date of Vazquez's raid ? March 5, 1842. 
 
 What was the date of Woll's raid ? September 11, 1842. 
 
 When was the battle of Mier fought ? December 25, 1842. 
 
 When was Jones inaugurated President? December 9, 1844. 
 
 When did the Convention of Texas accept annexation ? July 4, ViOb. 
 
 When was annexation consummated ? February 19, 1846. 
 
140 
 
 HENDERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 PERIOD V. 
 
 TEXAS A STATE OF THE UNION. 
 From 1846 to 1875, 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 HE^DERSOKS ADMINISTRATIOIT. — WAR WITH MEXICO. — 
 BATTLES OF PALO ALTO AND RESACA DE LA PALM A. 
 
 1. Texas, having been admitted as a State of the Union, 
 was no longer compelled to maintain a navy, a corps 
 of diplomatic agents, or a postal system. The legislature 
 addressed itself to the passage of such laws as were necessary 
 
 Section I.— 1. Who was the first governor ? J. Piiickney Henderson. From 
 what burden was the State relieved ? Mention some of the acts of the Lcgi!*lature. 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO. 141 
 
 to preserve public order and develop the resources of the 
 country. The land office was continued in operation, and 
 provision made for establishing a penitentiary. Twenty- 
 nine new counties were created, and two congressional and 
 eight judicial districts formed. 
 
 2. When the bill for annexation passed the United States 
 Congress, Almonte, the Mexican Minister at Washington, 
 entered his protest against it, demanded his passports, and 
 thus cut off all diplomatic intercourse between the two na- 
 tions. During the pendency of the question, the United 
 States had kept two regiments of cavalry and one of infan- 
 try, as an army of observation, near the Sabine river. On 
 the 26th of June, 1845, this force, under General Taylor, 
 sailed from New Orleans to Corpus Christi, and there es- 
 tablished headquarters. 
 
 3. About the same time, G-eneral Twiggs took a regiment 
 across Texas by land. In March, 1846, Taylor's army 
 started for the Rio Grande. The first fighting of the war 
 was done by Captain James Gillespie, of the Texas Rangers, 
 who captured the town of Laredo, before joining Taylor at 
 the mouth of the Rio Grande. The American army gained 
 the battle of Palo Alto on the Stli of May, and that of 
 Resaca de la Palma on tlie 9th, after which it crossed the 
 Rio Grande into Mexico. Governor Henderson, who was 
 authorized by the legislature to command the Texans mus- 
 tered into the service of the United States, was appointed 
 by General Taylor a brigadier-general of volunteers. During 
 his absence Lieutenant-Governor Horton filled the office of 
 Governor. 
 
 2* Against what did the Mexican Minister at Washington enter hi-s protest f 
 Why had the United States kept troops on the Sabine ? When did Taylor sail for 
 Corpus Christi ? 
 
 3. What General passed through Texas by land? When did Taylor start for the 
 Rio Grande ? Give the date of the battle of Palo Alto. Of Resaca de la Palma. 
 Who commanded the Texans ? 
 
142 WOOD'S ADMINISTRATIOir. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 v'r 
 
 WOOD'S ADMINISTRATION". — THE PUBLIC DEBT. — SANTA FB 
 
 CONTROVERSY. 
 
 1. The settlement of the public debt began to engage the 
 serious attention of the legislature. Nominally it amounted 
 to over $11,000,000. Eeduced to its equitable value, it was 
 $5,528,195. Wliile the creditors were clamorous for their 
 pay, they felt that it was well secured, as the whole public 
 domain was pledged for its liquidation. 
 
 2. The frontier was harrassed by Indian raids ; and 
 though the legislature had made no provision for its de- 
 fence. Governor Wood mustered a few companies of rangers 
 into the service of the State. 
 
 3. Texas claimed the Rio Grande river as her southwestern 
 and western boundary. This included a portion of New 
 Mexico, the same territory that had been ceded to the United 
 States in the treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo, and which Gen- 
 eral Kearney had taken possession of in 1846. A territorial 
 government had for some time been established there. 
 
 4. In 1847 Governor Henderson, in his message, callod 
 the attention of the Legislature to tlie claim of Texas to 
 Santa Fe. In 1848 the Legislature passed a bill extending 
 the laws of Texas over the disputed territory, and Judge 
 Beard was sent out to organize a District Court. When he 
 arrived, finding it impracticable to hold a Texas Court, he 
 
 Section II.— 1. Who was the second governor? George T. Wood. Whai 
 
 subject engaged pul)lic attention? 
 
 2. What was the condition of the frontier ? 
 
 3. What (lid Texas claim as her western boundary ? What did this include ? 
 
 4. Who had previously called attention to this subject ? What bill was passed to 
 1848? 
 
SANTA Fk CONTROVERSY— BELUS ADMINIS'N 143 
 
 commenced the practice of law before the courts already es- 
 tablislied. For this the Legislature suspejided him from 
 office, and threatened him with impeachment. Governor 
 Wood thought Texas should take forcible possession of New 
 Mexico, and asked that the whole military power of the 
 State be placed at his disposal for tliis purpose. 
 
 5. In the mean time, under instructions from Washing- 
 ton, Colonel Munroe, commander at Santa Fe, ordered an 
 election, and a tei'ritorial delegate was sent to Congress. 
 This increased the excitement in Texas. It was contended 
 that, if the delegate from New Mexico was admitted to his 
 seat, our Congressmen sliould at once retire ; and if the 
 Government at Washington insisted on retaining possession 
 of Santa Fe, Texas should withdraw from the Union and 
 resume her nationality. Governor Wood remonstrated with 
 President Taylor against the course of the United States. 
 To this the President made no reply. This question was 
 still unsettled when Governor Wood's official term expired. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 BKLL'S ADMINISTRATIOIS'. — SALE OF SAJ^TA FE TO THS 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. The first subject that engaged the attention of Gover- 
 nor Bell related to Santa Fe; while Fillmore, having become 
 president, declared that if the Texans attempted to exercise 
 
 5 . What officer was in command in Santa Fe ? What election was ordered T 
 Did the Texans object? 
 
 Section III.— 1. Who was the third governor ? P. Hansborongh Bell. What 
 qnestion first engaged his attention ? For what purpose was the Legislature con- 
 vened in 1850? 
 
144 SALE OF SANTA F& TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 any authority in New Mexico they would be treated as in- 
 truders. Governor Bell, in 1850, convened the Legislature 
 in extra session to consider this subject. In his message he 
 advised the military occupation of Santa Fe, but suggested 
 that Texas might be willing to sell the vacant land there 
 provided the territory was still left under the jurisdiction o! 
 our State. This question agitated the whole nation, and 
 threatened, at one time, to create a serious disturbance. 
 The Southern States generally joledged a support to the 
 claim of Texas. 
 
 2. As a compromise measure, Colonel Benton introduced 
 a bill into the United States Senate proposing to pay Texas 
 $15,000,000 for Santa Fe, and, out of the remainder of the 
 State, to form two we^w States. This proposition was modi- 
 fied by the Pearce bill, which finally became a law. This 
 left the question of the division of Texas entirely with her 
 own people. The United States agreed to pay $10,000,000 
 for Santa Fe, one-half to be retained in the United States 
 treasury to liquidate the public debt of the Republic of 
 Texas. 
 
 3. In Texas, Pearce's bill was at first opposed by leading 
 journals and politicians. They objected to it because it im- 
 plied a distrust of the good fiiith of the State in dealing 
 with her own creditors. The question was submitted to a 
 popular vote, and, after a full discussion, the people, with 
 singular unanimity, sanctioned the measure. After this ex- 
 pression of the popular will, the Legislature accepted the 
 proposition.* 
 
 * As this definitely settled the north-western boundary of the State, we give 
 the section fixins; said boundary: "The State of Texas will agree that her boundary 
 on the north shall commence at the point at which the meridian of one hundred de- 
 prees west from Greenwich is intersected by the parallel of thirty-s-ix degrees thirty 
 miLutes nortu latiiude, and shall run from said point due west to the meridian o( 
 
 2. Give Mr. Benton's proposition. Mr. Pearce's bill. 
 
 3. Why was Pearce's bill at first opposed in Texas? Was it finally adopted? 
 
PEASE 'S ADM1NI8TRA TION— PROGRESS. 1 45 
 
 4. Heretofore the State had used the old buildings belong- 
 ing to the republic. A portion of the money derived from 
 the sale of Santa Fe was expended in building a new capi« 
 tx)l, land office, and treasury building. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 pease's ADMINISTRATIOl!^. — PROGRESS. — SCHOOL FUND. — 
 PUBLIC DEBT PAID. — STATE AID TO RAILROADS. 
 
 1. The period of Governor Pease's administration (1853 to 
 1857) was one of rapid progress and great prosperity. A 
 new and improved criminal code and code of criminal pro- 
 cedure were adopted; two millions in United States bonds 
 were set apart for a school fund; laws were passed for the 
 establishment of asylums for lunatics, for the blind, the deaf 
 and dumb, and for orphans, and one hundred thousand acres 
 of land given to each. All, except the last, went into oper- 
 ation during Pease's official term. 
 
 2. It appearing that tlie $5,000,000 reserve in the United 
 States treasury was not sufficient to pay the principal and 
 interest of the public debt of Texas, Congress, in February, 
 1855, passed a bill approi^riating $2,750,000 in addition to 
 the $10,000,000 previously paid for Santa Fe. Every cred- 
 itor of the old Republic of Texas was soon equitably paid. 
 
 one hundred and three decrees west from Greenwich; thence her boundary shall run 
 ^ne south to the thirt}'-pecnnd degree of north latitude; thence on the said parallel 
 of thirty-two degrees north latitude to the Rio Bravo del Norte, and thence, with tho 
 cbiinnel of said river, to the Gulf of Mexico." 
 
 4. How did the State use part of the money for which Santa Fe was sold ? 
 
 Section IV.— 1, Who was the fourth governor of Texas? Elisha M. Pease. 
 What was the condition of the State ? What amount was set apart for a echool 
 fund ? What asylums founded ? 
 
 2. What was the sum finally paid by the United States for Santa Fe ? 
 
146 THREE POLITICAL PARTIES—" CART WAR." 
 
 3. Oil the recommendation of the Governor the Legishitur€ 
 passed a general railroad law, granting sixteen sections of 
 land for each mile of completed road, and loaning to railway 
 companies 16,000 per mile from the school fund, taking a 
 first mortgage upon the roads as security. 
 
 4. Heretofore elections in Texas had depended, almost en- 
 tirely, upon the personal popularity of candidates. The 
 Democratic party had introduced Texas into the Union, and 
 the mass of the people belonged to the Democracy. In 1854 
 the Know-Nothing party was organized. General Houston 
 committed himself, for a time, to this organization, and, in 
 1855, L. D. Evans was elected to Congress upon this ticket. 
 But the excitement growing out of the Kansas-Nebraska 
 bill introduced into the United States Senate by Mr. Doug- 
 lass, in 1853, soon diverted public attention from all other 
 questions. Three great political parties sprung into exist- 
 ence: a Free-Soil party, a Conservative or Union party, and 
 a States-Rights Democratic party. Pease, the Democratic 
 candidate, was re-elected governor in 1855. 
 
 5. Many slaves had escaped from Texas into Mexico. It 
 was thought a portion of the Mexican population in Western 
 Texas aided in their escape. Public meetings were held in 
 Gonzales, Austin, and other places, at which planters were 
 advised not to employ Mexican laborers. The Mexicans, 
 however, continued to come into the State, and many of them 
 were employed is teamsters in transporting goods from the 
 seaports to the interior. This produced an excitement in 
 Goliad and Karnes counties. The Mexican trains were as- 
 Bailed by bands of armed men, and, in some instances, goods 
 
 3* Give the provisions for the railroad law. 
 
 4. Wliat political party introduced Texas into the Union ? Wliat par'.y arose in 
 ISSl ? Who w^as elected governor in 1855 ? 
 
 5« Of what were some of the Mexican? in the west suspected ? What caused the 
 cart war ? 
 
RUNNELS' ADMINISTRATION 147 
 
 were destroyed and the drivers killed. After visiting San 
 Antonio and inquiring into the facts in reference to the 
 " Cart War," as it was called, Governor Pease called out a 
 company of seventy-five men to protect the cartmen. Peace 
 was thus restored. 
 
 6. The interest on the $5,000,000 United States bonds ac- 
 cumulating in the treasury furnished means to defray the 
 expenses of tlie State government, and the Legislature re- 
 mitted to the several counties the taxes from 1851 to 1857. 
 Most of the counties expended this money in building 
 court-houses and jails. 
 
 7. The people of Texas generally disapproved the vote 
 given by Senator Houston on the Kansas-Nebraska bill. It 
 was evident that he would not be re-elected to the Senate, 
 and he became a candidate for Governor. H. R. Runnels, 
 the regular Democratic nominee, was elected by a majority 
 of 8,924 in a total vote of 56,180. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 RUN'N'ELS' ADMINISTRATIOif. — NORTHERK" BOUNDABY 
 LIJTE DEFINED. — INDIAN" RESERVATIONS, ETC. — TROUBLE 
 FROM CORTINA. — EVIDENCES OF PROGRESS. 
 
 1. A part of the northern boundary line of Texas, on 
 Red River, had never been accurately defined. In 1857 
 Congress appropriated $80,000 to defray the expense of 
 marking this line, and Major Emory of the army was sent 
 
 6. By what means were the expenses of the State government defrayed? Fof 
 how many years were Stare taxes relinquished to the counties? 
 
 Section V.— 1, Who was the fifth governor? Hardin R. Runnels. Whal 
 boundary line was marked ? 
 
148 NORTHERN BOUNDARY— INDIAN RESERVATIONS. 
 
 to make the survey. At the 99^ west longitude, near the 
 corner of Wilbarger and Wichita counties, Pease river enters 
 the main Red river. Major Emory at first contended that 
 Pease river should constitute the line, but at the remon- 
 strance of the Texas commissioner, finally consented to ex- 
 tend Texas to the North Fork of Red river. This left a 
 large and valuable scope of country in the State. 
 
 2. In 1854 the Legislature placed temporarily under the 
 control of the United States two tracts of land upon which 
 Indians, claiming a domicil in the State, might be located. 
 Both of these reservations were on the Brazos river, in 
 Young land district. One contained four, and the other 
 eight leagues. Under the management of Major Neighbors, 
 the agent, large numbers of Oomanches were collected at 
 the upper Reserve, and remnants of the Oaddoes, Tonka was, 
 Wacoes, and other tribes at the other. 
 
 3. The Report for 1858 represented these Indians as doing 
 well, and as rapidly acquiring the habits of civilized life. 
 At the lower Reserve there was a school with fifty pupils, 
 six hundred acres of land were in cultivation, and the In- 
 dians had a good supply of horses, cattle, hogs, etc. While 
 some of the white settlers lived on friendly terms with these 
 Indians, others were constantly involved in difficulties with 
 them. The country around the Reservations was susceptible 
 of settlement, and it soon became manifest that the Indians 
 must be removed. 
 
 4. At the request of the citizens of the surrounding coun- 
 try the United States Government promised that they should 
 be transferred to the Indian territory north of Red river 
 
 2. Where did the Legislature provide reservations for Indians ? 
 
 3* What was the condition of the reserve Indians in 1858 ? Why was it necessary 
 that the Indians should bo removed ? 
 
 4. To what point did the government promise to take them ? What occurred 
 early in 1859 ? On May 3 ? When were they finally remcved ? 
 
INDIAN TROUBLES— CORTINA. 149 
 
 This not being promptly done, a party of about twenty 
 whites attacked a small band of Indians, killing seven. 
 Among those killed was an influential chief, whose boast 
 was that he had ever been faithful to the whites. This was 
 in December, 1858. Early in 1859 hundreds oF citizens as- 
 sembled at Stephensville, and threatened forcibly to expel 
 the Indians. Governor Runnels, anxious to prevent blood- 
 shed, and believing the government would in due time re- 
 move them, issued a proclamation requesting the citizens to 
 disband, and refrain from all unlawful interference with the 
 Reserves. For a time this quieted the excitement; but the 
 government failing to redeem its promise, a considerable 
 number of citizens, on tlie 3d of May, attacked the upper 
 Reserve, killing fifteen Indians. Finally, in August, 1859, 
 Major George H. Thomas, of the United States Army, re- 
 moved these Indians across Red river, and placed them in 
 tlie Wichita agency. 
 
 5. In the early part of 1858, Colonel John S. Ford, with a 
 company of Texas Rangers, penetrated the Indian country, 
 and had a severe fight on the Canadian river, killing some 
 seventy of the savages. Soon after Ford returned. Major 
 Earl Van Dorn, with a company of dragoons, went on a 
 scouting expedition into the Indian range. When near the 
 Wichita village he had a severe fight, killing flfty-six In- 
 dians. The Major was himself wounded, and had one of his 
 lieutenants killed in this fight. 
 
 6. During 1859 there were some disturbances upon the 
 Rio Grande frontier. On the 1st of October, Juan N. Cor- 
 tina, a partisan Mexican leader, crossed the river and took 
 military possession of the city of Brownsville. He was con- 
 fronted by Ford of the Rangers, and Heintzleman of the 
 
 5. Give the particulars of Ford's expedition in 1858. Of Van Dora's. 
 
 6. Who created a disturbance on the Rio Grande in 1859? Of what citY did 
 Cortina talje possession ? 
 
150 PROGRESS— HO USTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Uniied States Army, and after some skirmishing, driven 
 back into Mexico. Subsequently to this, Cortina captured 
 one of the Eio Grande steamers, and committed other 
 offenses. 
 
 7. Finally, Colonel Robert E. Lee, who had been assigned 
 to the command on the Rio Grande, threatened that if Cor- 
 tina did not cease his depredations he would send a sufficient 
 military force to capture and punish the guerrilla chieftain 
 wherever found. This threat had the effect to restore 
 quiet. 
 
 8. During Governor Runnel's administration Texas con- 
 tinued to prosper. There was a rapid increase of population 
 and wealth. Various companies were engaged in improving 
 the navigation of her bays and rivers ; railroads made satis- 
 factory progress; and schools and churches multiplied 
 throuo:hout the State. Runnels received the Democratic 
 nomination for re-election. Houston again ran as an inde- 
 pendent candidate, receiving out of 64,027 votes cast, a 
 majority of 8,770. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 HOUSTOK'S ADMII^ISTRATION". — FRONTIER PROTECTIOIT. — PO- 
 LITICAL EXCITEMENT. — THE CONVENTION. — SECESSION. 
 
 1. Perhaps, to divert attention from the intense sectional 
 excitement at home. Governor Houston, in his inaugural 
 message, advocated tlie establishment of a protectorate 
 over Mexico, a measure he had previously proposed in the 
 
 7, Who finally restored quiet on that frontier ? 
 
 8. Mention some evidences of prosperity. 
 
 Section VI.— 1. Who was the sixth governor? Sam Honston. What did 
 
 Houston recommend in his inaugural? 
 
FRONTIER PROTECTION— EXCITEMENT. 151 
 
 United States Senate. Soon after his inaugnration, he sent 
 two commissioners to the Rio Grande to inqnire into the 
 state of affairs on that frontier, but public attention, was 
 soon engrossed by more important events, and Mexico and 
 the Rio Grande frontier, were, for the time being, losl 
 sight of. 
 
 2. The year I860, was one of feverish excitement in Texas. 
 The Indians were more daring and barbarous tlian ever be- 
 fore. Tiie Legislature authorized the Governor to call out 
 a regiment of Rangers for frontier protection. Nine com- 
 piinies were mustered into service, under the command of 
 Colonel M. T. Johnson, but no adequate appropriation had 
 been made for their support, and they were soon disbanded. 
 The Governor then authorized the formation of minute 
 companies in frontier counties, which were to be furnished 
 with arms by the State, and ready on short notice to pursue 
 the savages. They received pay only for the time actually 
 employed in scouting. 
 
 3. During the summer many houses vv^ere burned in Tex- 
 as, believed to have been the work of incendiaries. The air 
 was rife with rumored attempts at poisoning and assassina- 
 tion. It was generally believed that there would be an out- 
 break among the negroes on the day of the general election 
 in August. The election, however, passed off without any 
 extraordinary disturbance. The election of Mr. Lincoln, as 
 President, and the action of some of the Southern States, 
 intensified the agitation in Texas. 
 
 4. Governor Houston was known to be opposed to seces- 
 sion. He addressed a circular letter to the Governors of 
 other Southern States, proposing a consultation for joint 
 
 2. What can you say of the year 1860 ? 
 3* What occnrred in the summer? 
 
 4. Wliat course did Houston recommeud to governors of other Southern States! 
 Wlien did the Legislature convene ? 
 
152 STATE GONVENTION'-^SEGESSION. 
 
 action. This met wita no response. On the 17th of De- 
 cember, he issued a proclamation convening the Legislature 
 on the 21st of January. By common consent, the people, 
 on the 8th of January, elected delegates to a State conven- 
 tion. 
 
 5. The Governor, in his message to the Legislature, strong- 
 ly advocated what were called the " Tennessee Resolutions," 
 which looked to a cooperation with the border States. But 
 a large majority of the members of the Legislature were for 
 secession, and that body promptly recognized the convention 
 which met in Austin, January 2Sth, 1861, and which, on 
 the 1st of February, by a vote of one hundred and sixty- six 
 to seven, passed the ordinance of secession, subject to ratifi- 
 cation or rejection by the people. The vote was taken on 
 the 23d of February, thirty-nine thousand four hundred and 
 fifteen voting for, and thirteen thousand eight hundred and 
 forty-one against the measure. Immediately after the elec- 
 tion the convention re-assembled, and on March 14th all 
 officers of the State were required to take an oath to sup- 
 port the new Confederacy, which had been formed at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama. Governor Houston protested against this 
 act, and he and Major Cave, Secretary of State, declined to 
 take the oath, and were displaced from office, Lieutenant 
 Governor Clark being installed Governor. All other State 
 officers, on taking an oath to the Confederacy, continued in 
 their respective positions. 
 
 5» Wliat resolutions did Houston recommend ? Wlien did the Convention meet? 
 When pas3 Secession ordinance? WTiat was required March 14 ? Did Hoaston tak< 
 Ibe oath ? 
 
CLARK'S ADMINISTRATION— WAR MEASURES, 153 
 
 SECTION VIL 
 Clark's .ADMiisriSTRATioiT. — war measures. — texas ports 
 
 BLOCKADED. 
 
 1. The public mind was engrossed with preparations for a 
 gigantic war. The Legislature authorized the issuing of 
 five hundred thousand dollars in State bonds. In April, 
 Governor Clark divided the State into eight military dis- 
 tricts, for camps of instruction. Soon afterwards he formed 
 three others ; and in August he appointed thirty-two brig- 
 adier generals of the militia. By the l&t of August, Texas 
 had ten thousand men in the Confederate army ; and by the 
 7th of November, the number had increased to fifteen thous- 
 and. In the meantime, Texans were prohibited from paying 
 debts due in the North, and all commerce ceased, except 
 through blockade running. 
 
 2. When the war broke out, there were about twenty-five 
 hundred United States soldiers guarding the frontier of Tex- 
 as, consisting of twenty-two companies of infantry, ten of 
 cavalry, and five of artillery. One of the first measures 
 adopted by the newly instituted government, looked to the 
 capture of these troops, and the possession of the public 
 property. 
 
 3. On tlie 16th of February, General Twiggs surren 
 dered to the Texas Commissioners, the arsenal and army 
 stores in San Antonio, estimated at one million two hun- 
 dred and twenty-nine thousand five hundred dolhirs. In 
 
 Section VII.— 1, Who was the- seventh governor? Edward Clark. What 
 subject enjjrossed public attention? 
 
 2* How many United States .«oldiers were on the Texas frontier? 
 
 3. When was the public property in San Antonio surrender' td ? Under what 
 stipulations? 
 
154 TEXAS PORTS BLOCKADED. 
 
 Burrenderiiig the troops, General Twiggs stipulated that offi- 
 cers should retain their side arms, and all should be permit* 
 ted to proceed to the coast, and embark for the North in 
 Federal transports. The United States sent the transport 
 steamer Star of the West to remove these soldiers. ' The ves- 
 sel was captured April 17th, off Pass Cavallo, by Colonel 
 Earl Van Dorn. No Federal transport reaching Indianola, 
 the officers chartered a couple of schooners, upon which the 
 soldiers were embarked. These schooners, containing four 
 hundred and fifty men, under Major Sibley, were surround- 
 ed and captured by Van Dorn, in Matagorda Bay, April 24th. 
 On the 9th of May, Van Dorn also captured, near San An- 
 tonio, three hundred and sixty-six United States soldiers, 
 who were making their way to the coast from the frontier. 
 
 4. The various military posts on the lower Rio Grande, 
 surrendered to Colonel John S. Ford. Colonel William C. 
 Young collected a company, crossed Red river, and captured 
 Fort Arbuckle in the Indian territory. Major Emory, the 
 commander, retreating to Kansas. On the 26th of July, 
 Colonel John R. Baylor, with a small force, took possession 
 of the town of Mesilla, and on the 1st of August issued his 
 proclamation as Governor of Arizona. 
 
 5. On the 2d of July, Galveston was blockaded by Fed- 
 eral gun-boats, and soon afterwards all the ports of Texas 
 were similarly closed. These gun-boats captured many mer- 
 chant vessels engaged in blockade running. On the 3d of 
 August, the schooner Dart, running within range of the 
 forts on Galveston island, was fired upon. Captain Aldeu, 
 of the blockading fleet, returned the fire, killing one man on 
 the Island. 
 
 4. To whom were the military posts on the Rio Grande Baixendered ? Who cap 
 cured Fort Arbuckle? Who took possessjion of Mesilla? 
 6. When was Galveston blockaded ? 
 
L UBBOGK'S ABMmiSTRA TION— PROSPERITY. 155 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 I UBBOCK'S ADMI^qTSTRATIOl^. — TEXAS PROSPEROUS. — CON- 
 FEDERATES EVACUATE GALVESTON". — MAGRUDER RECAP- 
 TURES THE CITY. — DEFENCE OF SABINE PASS. 
 
 1. The year 1861 was favorable for crops, and provisions 
 were abundant. Large quantities of cloth were mainrfac- 
 tiired. Cotton, transported to the Rio Grande, found a 
 ready sale, and returning teams brought back such supplies 
 as were not produced at home. Salt was procured from the 
 salt lagoons on the coast, and upon the whole, the people of 
 the State were in a prosperous condition. 
 
 2. Thp Legislature constituted the Governor, Comptroller, 
 and State Treasurer, a Military Board, to purchase cotton 
 for export, and to import such supplies as were needed in 
 the State. Before the close of Governor Lubbock's admin, 
 istration, it was estimated that Texas had ninety thousand 
 men in the Confederate army, while the men at home, not 
 subject to conscription, were enrolled as State troops. In 
 1863 the Legislature appropriated six hundred thousand 
 dollars for soldiers' families, eight hundred thousand dollars 
 for frontier protection, and two million dollars for hospitals. 
 
 3. In the fall of 1861, General Sibley, with a brigade of 
 three regiments, left San Antonio for the Rio Grande. He 
 arrived at Fort Bliss on the 16th of December, and pro- 
 claimed the Confederate laws over the Texas side of the val- 
 
 Section VIII. — 1. Who was the eighth governor? Francis R. Lubbock. 
 Tor what was 1861 favorable ? Where was cotton taken for sale ? Where was salt 
 procured ? 
 
 2. Who constituted the State military board ? Hovr many men had Texas in the 
 Confederate army ? 
 
 3. When did the Arizona brigade start for the Rio Grande ? Mention the throe 
 oattles fought. 
 
156 WAR OPERATIONS AT OALVESTON. 
 
 ley of the Rio Grande. On tlie 21st of February, 1862, the 
 battle of Val Verde was fought, the battle of Glorietta on 
 the 27th of March, and the battle of Peratta on the 23d of 
 April. After this, finding it not practicable to remain in tha 
 distant region, the brigade returned to Texas. 
 
 4. May 17th, 1862, Commodore Eagle of the Federal Navy, 
 demanded possession of Galveston. It was not surrend- 
 ered. On the 4th of October the demand was repeated, and 
 four days given for the removal of women and children. 
 The Confederates withdrew to Virginia Point, six miles dis- 
 tant, spiking such guns as they could not remove. The Fed- 
 eralists landed two hundred and sixty men of the 42d Mas- 
 sachusetts, who occupied one of the wharves. In November, 
 General Magruder, the commander in Texas, called for five 
 thousand iState troops for the defence of the coast. The 
 new levies, added to the Arizona brigade, furnished Magru- 
 der with a large force, and he at once commenced preparing 
 for the recapture of Galveston. Tliere were five Federal 
 gun-boats in the harbor and channel. 
 
 5. About midnight, December 31st, a division of Magru- 
 der's army silently entered the city, and was posted at prop- 
 er strategic points. A little later, two bayou steamboats, 
 which had been barricaded with cotton, moved down to aid 
 in the attack. After a short engagement, the Harriet Lane, 
 lying at the wharf, was boarded by the assailants and cap- 
 tured, after her commander and first lieutenant had been 
 slain. 
 
 6. The Westfield, the flag-ship of Commodore Renshaw, 
 was aground. To prevent her from falling into the hands oi 
 
 4. What occurred May 17, 1862 ? When was the demand repeated f When did 
 Magruder assume command in Texas ? For what did he at once commence prepara- 
 tions ? 
 
 5* When did the attack take place ? Give the particulais of tho fight. 
 
 6. What became of the Westfield ? 
 
SABINE PASS—MURRA H'S ADMINISTRATION. 157 
 
 the Confederates, she was blown up, and by a premature ex- 
 plosion, the Commodore and fifteen men lost their lives. 
 The Federal troops on the Island surrendered, and the othei 
 gun-boats left the harbor. 
 
 7. The next engagement on the coast of Texas was at 
 Sabine Pass. K small fort had been erected to guard the 
 Pass, which was garrisoned by only forty-one men. This 
 small company successfully resisted an attempted invasion 
 under General Franklin, and captured the steamer Clifton 
 and the gun-boat Sachem, gaining one of the most surpris- 
 ing yictories of the war. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 MURRAH'S ADMIN"ISTRATI0N. — COTTON" BUREAU. — FEDERALS 
 AT BROWN"SVILLE. — FIGHT WITH THE KICKAPOOS. — DIS- 
 BANDING OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY. — GENERAL GRAN- 
 GER IN COMMAND. 
 
 1. Texas continued to make overwhelming crops. It was 
 estimated that the cotton crop for 1863 amounted to 
 300,000 bales, about half the amount raised in all the 
 Confederate States. The Military Board at Austin was re- 
 organized, and, with the Police Court of each county, au- 
 thorized to export cotton and import supplies. Six hundred 
 thousand yards of cloth from the penitentiary, and all the 
 surplus thread of that institution, were reserved from sale 
 except to soldiers and their families. 
 
 2. There was also organized at Houston, the military 
 
 7. Give the particulars of the fight at Sabine Pass. 
 
 Section IX.— 1. Who was the ninth governor ? Pendleton Hurrah. Whatwat 
 the amount of the cotton crop ? 
 2. For what purpose w%8 tlie cotton bureau organized f 
 
158 COTTON B UREA U—BRO WNSVILLE. 
 
 headquarters, a ConfederMte Cotton Bureau, with autliority 
 to impress cotton for the use of the army. When the 
 planter gave up one half of his cotton, he obtaiued a permit 
 to export the other half. The Cotton Bureau, which was 
 organized in December, 1863, had, by the middle of May, 
 realized the sum of $151,490, specie, for cotton sold, uo<i 
 counting some $70,000 lost by oue of its agents, by a rob- 
 bery near Clinton, DeWitt county. Soon after this robbery^ 
 the operations of the bureau were suspended. 
 
 3. On the day Governor Murrah was inaugurated, 5th 
 November, 1863, General Bee evacuated Brownsville, re- 
 treating before a large Federal army under General Banks, 
 who advanced along the coast, reaching Aransas Pass on the 
 17th of November, and Pass Cavallo, November 30th. 
 Major Ireland, in command, evacuated Fort Esperanza on 
 the advance of the Federals. The Union troops occupied 
 Indianola, December 13th, and Lavaca, December 2Gth. 
 
 4. On the night of December 29th, the company of Cap- 
 tain Eugely, of Matagorda county, attempted to pass in 
 small boats from the main land to the Peninsula ; they en- 
 countered a severe norther, in which fourteen of the men 
 perished with cold. 
 
 5. On the 13th of March, 1864, the Federals evacuated 
 Matagorda Bay. A garrison, however, was left at Browns- 
 ville, on the Rio Grande. The last battle of the war waa 
 fought near the old Palo Alto battle-ground. May 13th, 
 1865. 
 
 6. On Christmas day, 1864, a force of about four hundred 
 frontier soldiers and militia left camp McCord, on the Colo- 
 
 3* When did General Bee evacuate Brownsville ? When did the Federals reacll 
 Aransas? Pass Cavallo ? Indianola? Wiien did they occupy Lavaca? 
 4. What misfortune happened to Riigely's company? 
 ,">, WTien did the Federals leave Matai,'orda bay ? 
 6. Give the incidents of the Kickapoo fight. 
 
FIGHT WITH KICKAPOOS. 159 
 
 rudo, on an Indian scout. On Dove Creek, a tributary of 
 the North Concho, a body of Kickapoo Indians was discov- 
 ered on the 8th of January, 1865. Their camp was in a 
 dense thicket, and there were no means of ascertaining their 
 numbers. A desperate fight ensued, in which the soldiers 
 displayed great heroism, frequently charging into the 
 thicket. At night the assailants withdrew, having lost 
 seventeen killed and twenty-five wounded. It was intended 
 the next morning to renew the fight, but a cold rain ren- 
 dering it impracticable to do so, they returned to camp Colo- 
 rado, and reported having killed fifty-three Indians, includ- 
 ing two women and two children.* 
 
 7. In the summer of 1864, General E. Kirby Smith was 
 ill command of the trans-Mississippi Department, and Gen- 
 eral J. G. Walker in Texas. Nothing, however, of great 
 importance occurred in this Department, as the most of the 
 Federals had been withdrawn to cooperate with Sherman in 
 his march to the sea, or with Grant, who was drawing his 
 lines around Richmond. Lee surrendered on the 9th of 
 April, 1865, Joseph E. Johnston on the 26th of the same 
 month, and Taylor on the 6th of May. 
 
 8. On the 25th of May, Governor Murrah issued three 
 proclamations: one commanding civil officers to preserve 
 public property; another convening an extra session of the 
 Legislature, July 6tli ; and a third ordering an election, June 
 19th, for delegates to a convention. The last two were set 
 aside by the Federal commander. 
 
 * The Kickapoos, on their arrival at Piedras Negras, gave a report of th'.a 
 Bght, which may interest the reader. They said about one tliou^^and of thera were 
 pa«.sin;r throngh an uninhabited portion of Texas to their new home;? in Mexico, 
 when they were attacked by a body of Texans, and had fourteen of their warriora 
 killed and eight wounded. The Kickapoos gave a great deal of trouble to the inhab- 
 itants along the Rio Grande, until 1874-5, when the agents of the United States con- 
 veyed them again to their former homes. 
 
 7. Who was in command in Texas in 1864 ? 
 
 8. What proclamation did Governor Murrah issue, May 25 f 
 
160 PUBLIC PROPERTY SEIZED. 
 
 9. On the 23d of May, the soldiers in Galveston, Houston, 
 and other places,, threw off the control of their officers. 
 They took possession of the public property, guns, ammu- 
 nition, clothing, and all kinds of army stores, and large 
 packages of Confederate money were scattered profusely 
 through the streets, every one taking what he could carry 
 away. At Navasota, either through carelessness or design, 
 a lighted match was throAvn upon a pile of powder, and an 
 exi)losion followed by which eight lives were lost, several 
 buildings burned, and nearly all the windows in the town 
 broken. The damage amounted to $70,000. 
 
 10. At first private property was respected, but as the 
 spirit of lav/lessness spread throughout the State, teams re- 
 turning from the West with goods were seized, and in some 
 instances stores were entered. At Austin, among otiier arti- 
 cles distributed, were 50,000 pairs of cotton and woolen 
 cards. On the 11th of June the State Treasury was broken 
 open and robbed. At Brownsville, the soldiers of Bene- 
 vedes's command compelled the Onstom-house officers to 
 pay them off in specie. The citizens of Huntsville, hearing 
 that the Penitentiary was to be plundered, organized a 
 strong guard and protected it, confining the prisoners in 
 their cells until the danger passed. 
 
 11. On the oOth of May, Generals Smith and Magrudei 
 went on board a Federal vessel in Galveston harbor and 
 formally surrendered the trans-Mississippi Department. On 
 the 19th of June, General Granger, United States Army, ar- 
 rived in Galveston and assumed command. He announced 
 
 9. When did the soldiers throw oflE the control of their officers? How Avae the 
 public property disposed of ? Wliat happened at Navasota ? 
 
 1 0. Was private property respected ? What hapj>ened at Austin ? At Hunts- 
 ville? 
 
 11. When was the trans-Mississippi department formally surrendered? Wha 
 assumed command June 19 ? 
 
00 VERNOn UAMIL TON—RECONSTR UGTION. 1 6 1 
 
 the emancipation of slaves in Texas, and suspended all 
 legislative enactments inconsistent with the laws of the 
 United States. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Hamilton's administration. — first reconstruction. — 
 convention of 1866. 
 
 1. On the 17th of June, President Johnson appointed 
 Andrew J. Hamilton Provisional Grovernor of Texas. Gov- 
 ernor Hamilton arrived in Galveston on the 21st of July, 
 and on the 25th issued a proclamation announcing his ap- 
 pointment, and assuming the duties of his office. In this 
 he foreshadowed the policy to be pursued in restoring the 
 State to the Union. The freedmen were advised to remain 
 with their former masters and gather the growing crop, re- 
 ceiving a reasonable compensation for their labor. A good 
 crop was -raised, cotton bore an unusually high price, and 
 the year was one of financial prosperity. As soon as practi- 
 cable, the civil officers of the State were filled by those be- 
 lieved to be loyal to the government, and persons were 
 appointed in the various counties to administer the amnesty 
 oath prescribed by President Johnson. 
 
 2. On the 15th of November, Governor Hamilton issued 
 his proclamation for an election to be held January 8th, 
 1866, for delegates to a State Convention. For the first time 
 in the history of Texas, voters were required to be registered. 
 By direction of President Johnson, this convention "was to 
 be chosen by tliat portion of the people of Texas who were 
 
 Section X. — 1. Who was the tenth governor? Andrew J. Hamiltoii. What 
 advice did Hamilton give the freedmen ? 
 2. When was the election lield for delegates to a convention ? 
 
it52 CONVENTION OF 1866— GOV. THROCKMORTON. 
 
 loyal to the United States, and none others." The numbei 
 of delegates was to be equal to tlie number of members of 
 the House of Eepresentatives. The Governor invited the 
 pe)ple cordially to engage in the work of reconstructing 
 local government. 
 
 3. The Convention met on the 10th of February, 1866, 
 completed its work, and adjourned on the 2d of April. On 
 the 4th of June the people voted on the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution, and elected State ofl&cers and members of the Leg- 
 islature. The Constitution was adopted by a vote of forty- 
 eight thousand five hundred and nineteen; seven thousand 
 seven hundred and nineteen voting against its adoption. 
 The Legislature met on the 9th of August, and on the 13th, 
 Governor Hamilton relinquished the executive department 
 of the State to his successor, J. W. Throckmorton. 
 
 SECTION XL 
 
 THROCKMORTON'S ADMINISTRATION". — INDIAN DEPREDA- 
 TIONS. — GOVERNMENT IN TEXAS PROVISIONAL.- -THROCK- 
 MORTON REMOVED BY GENERAL SHERIDAN. 
 
 1. The Legislature which was in session when Governor 
 Throckmorton was inaugurated (August 13th, 1866), elected 
 United States Senators, divided the State into four districts, 
 and ordered an election for Congressmen. It also adopted 
 such measures as were deemed necessary for the complete 
 restoration of the civil law. 
 
 2. The frontier had suffered fearfully from Indian depre- 
 
 3. When did the convention meet? When did the Legislature meet? 
 Section XI.— 1 . Who was the eleventh governor ? James W. Throckmortoa 
 
 Mention some of the acts of the Lesislature. 
 2. What was the condition of the frontier 1 
 
INDIAN DEPREDA TIONS—00 TNT PRO VISIONAL. 1 G3 
 
 dations. A committee of the Legislature reported that within 
 two 3^ears from the close of the war, one hundred and sixty- 
 two persons had been killed by Indians, twenty-four wound- 
 ed, and forty-three carried into captivity. Of this number, 
 twenty-nine were reclaimed. On the Indian and Rio Grande 
 frontier, between thirty and forty thousand head of cattle 
 and horses had been stolen. The Legislature passed a law 
 for organizing three battallions of State troops for frontier 
 protection ; but, as the Federal commander objected, they 
 were never called into service. 
 
 3. Governor Throckmorton entered zealously upon the 
 duties of his office. He was an original Union man, and in 
 the convention of 1861, voted against secession. It was 
 thought he would be entirely acceptable to the authorities at 
 Washington. But, whatever may have been the feeling per- 
 sonally towards the Governor, many of the acts of the Legis- 
 lature were severely criticised ; and, on the 2d of March, 
 1867, Congress passed a law reducing Louisiana and Texas 
 to the condition of territories, declaring their present gov- 
 ernments provisional and under the control of the com- 
 mander of the Fifth Military District. 
 
 4. On the 15th of April, under instructions from General 
 Sheridan, General Griffin issued an order forbidding all civil 
 elections in Texas. On the 17th he ordered Judges to put 
 olored men upon juries ; and on the same day established 
 fifteen registration districts, corresponding with the judicial 
 districts of the State. 
 
 5. Finally, on the 30th of July, General Sheridan issued 
 an order removing Governor Throckmorton, and appointing 
 E. M. Pease in his place. 
 
 3. How had Governor Throckmorton voted on the question of secession? What 
 act passed Congre-s, March 2, 1867? 
 
 4. When were elections prohihitedin Texas' 
 5* When was Throckmorton removed? 
 
164 PEASmS ADMINISTBATION'. 
 
 SECTION XII. 
 
 pease's ADMINISTRATIOi?'. — SECOl^D RECOJ^STRUCTIOK. — 
 CON^VENTION- OF 1868-9. 
 
 1. Under the reconstruction law tlie Governor was merely 
 an adviser of the Military Commander, who alone was 
 responsible for the administration of the government, and 
 whose ''orders" gave validity to laws, interpreted them, or 
 set them aside. 
 
 2. Soon after General Sheridan removed Governor Throck- 
 morton, he was himself removed to another department by 
 President Johnson, and General Griffin assumed command. 
 General Griffin died with yellow fever, and was succeeded, 
 for a short time, by General Mower. On the 29th of Novem- 
 ber General Hancock was assigned to the Fifth Military 
 District. During the short period in which he was in com- 
 mand, military officers were prohibited from interfering with 
 the civil authorities. He also disapproved the " secret in- 
 structions" which bad been issued by General Griffin to 
 Registrars, instructions that prevented the registration of 
 persons who had held minor offices before the war, and after- 
 wards voluntarily joined the Confederate army. Except for 
 a short period in the spring of 1869, when General Canby 
 was in command, General Reynolds was the commander in 
 Texas during nearly the whole of Pease's administration. 
 
 3. In the fall of 1867 there was, under military orders, a 
 general registration of voters. This included the colored 
 
 Section XII.— 1. Who was the twelfth governor? Elisha M. Pease? What 
 was the position of the governor ? 
 
 2* Who were the success*ive military commanders of the fifth district f Who 
 commanded in Texas during the most of Pease's administration ? 
 
 3 When were the freedmen permitted to register ? When was the election held i 
 
CONVENTION OF 1868-9- 165 
 
 people. There were registered 56,678 white, and 47,581 
 colored voters. About 25,000 whites were not registered, 
 either through indifference or from disfranchisement. At 
 the election held February 10th to 14th, 44,689 votes were 
 cast for a Convention, and 11,440 against it. If those vot- 
 ing in the negative had refrained from voting the measure 
 would have failed, as the law required that, to call the Con- 
 vention, a majority of those registered must vote on the 
 question. 
 
 4. The Convention met on the 1st of June, and, after a 
 three months' session, took a recess until the 7th of Decem- 
 ber, when it sat for two months longer. After its work was 
 about completed, a number of members left, a quorum could 
 not be obtained, and General Canby, then in command, ar- 
 ranged the constitution and journals for publication. 
 
 5. The election, which had been fixed by the Convention 
 for July, was deferred, by order of President Grant, to the 
 30th November and three following days. Governor Pease 
 tendered his resignation, which was accepted September 30, 
 1869, and, for three months, an Adjutant in cliarge of civil 
 affairs performed the duties pertaining to the office of Gov- 
 ernor of Texas. Edmund J. Davis was elected Governor. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 DAVIS'S ADMINISTRATION. — SENATORS AND REPRESENTA- 
 TIVES ADMITTED TO CONGRESS. — VARIOUS LEGISLATIVE 
 ACTS. — INCREASE OF POPULATION.— GENERAL ELECTION 
 OF 1873. 
 
 1. As soon as the returns of the election reached Austin^ 
 
 4. When did the convention meet ? 
 
 5. When was the general election held ? 
 
 Section XIII.— 1. Who was the thirteenth govemer? Edmund .J. Davis. 
 W^hen did Davis enter upon his office ? 
 
16G DA VIS'S ADMINISTRA TION. 
 
 Genertil Reynolds appointed General Davis, Governor. lie 
 reached Austin and entered upon his executive duties Janu^ 
 ary 18, 1870. 
 
 2. By order of General Reynolds the Legislature convened 
 on the 8th of February. As a condition precedent to the 
 restoration of Texas to the Union, the law of Congress re- 
 quired that the Legislature should ratify the Xlllth, XlVth, 
 and XVtli amendments to the Constitution of the United 
 States. After ratifying these amendments and electing 
 United States Senators, the Legislature adjourned February 
 24th. 
 
 3. On the 30th of March the bill accepting the Constitu- 
 tion of Texas passed Congress and received the signature of 
 President Grant, when the Texas Senators and Representa- 
 tives were admitted to their seats; and, on the 16th of April, 
 &r,neral Reynolds relinquished all jurisdiction over the civil 
 affairs of Texas, thus restoring the supremacy of civil 
 law. 
 
 4. On the 26th of April the Legislature again assembled 
 in what was denominated a " called session," and continued 
 in session until the 15th of August. For frontier protection, 
 the Governor was authorized to call out twenty companies 
 of rangers^ and to sell bonds of the State to defray tlie ex- 
 pense. He was also authorized to organize a State police of 
 about two hundred and sixty officers and men, of which the 
 Adjutant-General was, ex officio, the chief. The Legislature 
 further invested the Executive with authority, in certain 
 cases, to suspend the writ of habeas corptis j and, under this 
 authority, martial law was, in three instances, declared 
 during his administration. 
 
 2. When did the Legislature meet? What bills were passed ? 
 
 3. When did the bill pass Congress accepting the Constitution of Texas ? When 
 did Reynolds relinquish control of civil affairs ? 
 
 4. When did the Legislature again meet ? Mention some of its acts. 
 
VAEIO US LEOISLA TIVE AGT8—IMMIQRA TION. 1 6 ? 
 
 5. A homestead bill, as required by the Constitution, be- 
 came a law during this session. To heads of families desti- 
 tute of land, one hundred and sixty acres were given, and 
 eighty acres to single men. 
 
 6. On the 10th of January, 1871, the Legislature re-assem- 
 bled. Among the more important laws enacted was one au- 
 tliorizing counties and cities to grant subsidies to 'A^orks of 
 internal improvement. Another prohibited the carrying of 
 deadly weapons, except in counties exposed to Indian raids. 
 Provision was also made for a Bureau of Immigration, and 
 for the establishment of Public Free Schools. 
 
 7. At the general election held in November, 1872, the 
 Democratic party elected all the Congressmen to which the 
 State was entitled, and a majority of both brandies of the 
 State Legislature. 
 
 8. The Superintendent of Immigration estimated that 
 during the year 1872 ninety-one thousand six hundred immi- 
 grants landed in Texas, amounting to ten per cent, of our 
 whole population. 
 
 9. The Legislature met the 14th of January, 1873. The 
 tone of the Governor's messnge was conciliatory. After the 
 organization Mr. Flanagan, a Republican, resigned the presi- 
 dency of the Senate, to which he had been elected at the 
 previous session, and Mr. Pickett, a Democrat, was chosen in 
 his place. All parties manifested a disposition to repeal or 
 change obnoxious laws, reduce public expenses, and improve 
 the finances of the State. The law creating a State police, 
 and one authorizing the Governor to proclaim martial law, 
 
 5. How ranch land did the homestead bill give the head of a family ? 
 
 6. Mention some of the more important legislative acts. 
 
 7. Which party triumphed at the election in 1872 ? 
 
 8. How many immigrants entered Texas in 1872? 
 
 9. When did the thirteenth Legislature meet? What disposition was manifested 
 by all parties ? 
 
168 GENERAL ELECTION OF 1873, 
 
 were repealed; while the election law and the school law 
 were materially modified. 
 
 10. The next general election took place on the 2d of De- 
 cember, 1873, the democrats electing State officers. Congress- 
 men, and a majority of both branches of tlie Legislature. 
 After the election a case was brought before the Supreme 
 Court on a writ of habeas corpus, in which the constitution- 
 ality of the election law was incidentally involved. The 
 court decided the law unconstitutional, and Governor Davis, 
 on the 12th of January, 1874, issued a proclamation for- 
 bidding the assembling of the Legislature. On the 13th the* 
 two houses met and organized. The Governor, however, re- 
 fused to recognize them. 
 
 11. On the night of the 13tli the lower story of the capitol 
 building, including the offices of the Governor and Secretary 
 of State, was guarded by colored soldiers under command of 
 the Adjutant-General, while the upper story, comprising the 
 halls of the two houses,, was occupied by the Sergeants-at- 
 Arms with a large number of deputies, including a military 
 company. Serious fears were entertained of a collision, but, 
 fortunately, no blood was shed. President Grant, who had 
 been appealed to, declined to interfere, and, under a protest, 
 the Secretary ol State permitted a committee of the Legisla- 
 ture to take from his office the returns of the late election. 
 The votes were counted, and Richard Coke and E. B. Hub- 
 bard, the newly-elected Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, 
 were duly installed. 
 
 10. When did the general election take place? Which party triumphed ? What 
 question was brought before ihe Supreme Court ? What proclamation did Davia 
 issue? 
 
 11. How was the capitol occupied on the night of January 13 ? How were the 
 returns of the election procured ? 
 
COKE'S ADMINISTRATION. 169 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 coke's ADMINISTRATION". — SUPREME COURT RE-ORGANIZED 
 — CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION PROVIDED FOR. — PRO- 
 GRESS OF THE STATE IN POPULATION. — AGRICULTURAL 
 PRODUCTS, LIVE STOCK, AGGREGATE WEALTH, ETC. 
 
 1. Under the amended Constitution the Supreme Court 
 was re-organized with five Justices instead of three, and the 
 Legislature directed that its sessions should be held alter- 
 nately at Austin, Galveston, and Tyler. 
 
 2. At the second session of the fourteenth Legislature, in 
 March, 1875, provision was made for calling a Constitutional 
 Convention. The convention met on the 6th of September. 
 At a general election held February 15, 1876, the new Con- 
 stitution was adopted, and Mr. Coke was re-elected Governor 
 for a term of two years. His second inauguration took 
 place April 22d, 1876. 
 
 3. A few figures will serve to illustrate the progress of the 
 State during this period. The exact population in 1846 
 is unknown. In 1847 there were reported 100,508 whites, 
 and 35,073 slaves. In 1870 the United States census gives 
 the population of Texas at 567,700 whites, and 253,475 
 colored. The present population is largely over a million. 
 In 1846 the corn crop was about 3,000,000 bushels; in 1874 
 
 Section XIV.— 1 . Who was the fourteenth governor of Texas ? Richard 
 Coke, 
 
 2. When did the Constitutional Convention meet, and who was elected gov- 
 ernor under the new Constitution? When was he inaugurated ? 
 
 3. What will illustrate the progress of the State? What was the population of 
 Texas in 1847? In 1870? Com crop of 1846 ? Of 1874? Cotton crop of 1846 ? Of 
 1874? Number of liorsea and mules in 1846 ? In 1873? Number of cattle in 1846 f 
 In 1873 ? Assessed value of property in 1846 ? In 1873 ? 
 
170 PBOGRESS—BAILROADS. 
 
 30,000,000. In 1846 about 80,000 bales of cotton were pro- 
 duced; in 1874 the crop was near 500,000 bales. In 1846 
 there were 35,648 horses and mules; the Comptroller's re- 
 port for 1873 placed the number at 718,247, valued at $21,- 
 605,546. In 1 846 the number of cattle was 382,783 ; in 1£ 73 
 over 3,000,000, valued at $14,361,518. In 1846 the assessed 
 value of all property in the State amounted to $34,391,175 ; 
 in 1864 the amount reached $358,101,886 (including 
 200,000 slaves, valued at $100,000,000). As a result of the 
 war, in 1866 the assessed value of property had fallen to 
 $122,749,123 ; but, in 1873, the aggj-egate amount assessed 
 was $241,841,860. In 1846 there were thirty-six organized 
 counties. There are now one hundred and forty-seven 
 organized, and twenty-seven unorganized, counties. 
 
 4. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado railway was 
 commenced at Harrisburg in 1852, and completed to Eich- 
 mond in 1855. The Houston and Texas Central was com- 
 menced in 1853. 
 
 5. On the 1st of February, 1860, trains crossed the bridge 
 connecting Galveston with the main land, opening up rail- 
 way communication between Houston and Galveston. In 
 1859 the Texas Pacific was built from Shreveport, Louisiana, 
 to Marshall, Texas, and the next year a road was opened 
 from Lavaca to Victoria. The Texas and New Orleans road 
 was commenced at Houston in 1859, and completed to 
 Orange, one hundred and eight miles, in 1861. The two 
 roads last mentioned suspended after the war. 
 
 6. At the close of the civil war the following roads were in 
 operation : Galveston, Houston and Henderson, fifty miles ; 
 
 4, When was the B. B. B. and C. Hallway commenced ; TheH. and T. Central ? 
 
 6« When did trains lirst cross the Galveston bridge ? 
 
 6. How many miles of railway were in operation at the close of the war? When 
 wa^^ th« International chartered? What controversy arose between this company 
 and the State? 
 
EXTENSION OF RAILROADS. 171 
 
 the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado, from Harrisburg 
 to Alley ton, eighty miles; the Houston and Texas Central, 
 from Houston to Millican, eighty miles ; the western branch, 
 from Hempstead to Breiiham, twenty-two miles; and the 
 Southern Pacific, from Shreveporfc to Marshall, forty-one 
 miles — in all, two hundred and seventy-two miles. In 1870 
 the Legislature chartered the International Company to 
 construct a road diagonally across the State from Ked River 
 to the Eio Grande. To this company the State agreed to 
 issue bonds at the rate of $10,000 per mile. The road was 
 commenced at Hearne, and, when fifty miles were com- 
 pleted, the Governor signed the bonds for $500,000 due the 
 company. To these bonds the Comptroller refused his sig- 
 nature. Suit was brought, and, in 1874, the Supreme Court 
 decided that it had no jurisdiction in the case. 
 
 7. In March, 1875, the Legislature passed a bill substitut- 
 ing twenty sections of land per mile instead of the bonds, 
 and exempting the land and the property of the comjiany 
 from taxation for twenty-five years. This compromise was 
 acc(^pted by the company. Pending this controversy the 
 road had been extended, in 1873, to Longview, one hundred 
 and seventy-two miles ; the Tyler branch, built from Troupe 
 to Mineola, forty-four miles ; and the road extended across 
 the Brazos, from Hearne to Rockdale, thirty miles. 
 
 8. In 1871 the Houston and Texas Central extended ita 
 western branch to Austin, and completed the Waco Tap 
 road; and, in 1873, its main trunk line formed a junction 
 with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas road, at Red river, 
 opening railroad communication with St. Louis. In August, 
 1813, the Texas and Pacific reached Dallas. In January, 
 1874, the trans-continental branch of this road was opened 
 
 7. How was this settled ? 
 
 8. When did the railroad reach Austin ? When was communication opened witfc 
 St. Louis? 
 
172 OTHER INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 from Marshall to Texarkana, forming a junction with the 
 Cairo and Fulton road. A section of this road was also built 
 from Sherman to BrooksLon. 
 
 9. The Houston and Great Northern Eoad was commenced 
 at Houston in 1871, and completed the next year to Pales- 
 tine, with a short branch to Huntsville. In 1874 it waa 
 extended from Houston southwest to Columbia. 
 
 10. In 18?3 the road from Columbus westward, under the 
 name of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Road, 
 was built to Shulenberg, and in 1875 to Kingsbury. 
 
 11. The Gulf, West Texas and Pacific Road, was built 
 from Indianola to Victoria in 1872, and to Cuero in 1873. 
 
 12. The Rio Grande Railway was built from Point Isabel 
 to Brownsville in 1873. During the year 1873 four hundred 
 and eighty-five miles of railroad were built in Texas. AVe 
 now have in operation iu our State (1876) about sixteen 
 hundred miles of railway. 
 
 13. A telegraph line was opened between Galveston and 
 Houston, January 24, 1860. The wires were gradually ex- 
 tended, and now all the principal cities are connected by 
 telegraph. In March, 1875, Congress appropriated $88,000 
 for a telegraph line along the frontier, connecting all the 
 military posts. This line was completed in 1876. 
 
 14. In 1854 a canal was opened connecting Galveston Bay 
 with the Brazos river ; and the same year an outlet was 
 opened for Old Caney Creek into Matagorda Bay. In 1856, 
 the Legislature made liberal appropriations for the impi'ove- 
 
 9» Give the commencement and progress of tlie H. and G. N. road. 
 10» Progress of the road from Columbus westward. 
 
 11. When was the road built from Indianola to Cuero ? 
 
 12. What points are connected by the Rio Grande road ? 
 
 13. When was telegraphic communication opened between Galveston and 
 Houston ? 
 
 1 4. When was Galveston bay connected with the Brazos river ? What approprl 
 fttions were made in 1856 ? When was the ship channel opened to Corpus Ctrieii f 
 
GENERAL CONDITION OF TEXAS IN 1876. 173 
 
 meiu of Texas rivers and bays. Individuals and counties 
 added to these sums ; but the succeeding dry years rendered 
 most of our rivers unfit for navigation. In 1874 a ship 
 channel was opened from Aransas Pass to Coi-pus Christi. 
 
 15. In 1869-70 the Houston Ship Channel Company com- 
 menced work at Morgan's Point and at Eed-fish bar. In 
 1874 this work was transferred to Charles Morgan, who 
 agreed to open a channel nine feet deep to the neighborhood 
 of Houston ; Congress, in 1874, and again, 1875, appropri- 
 ated small sums for the improvement of Eed-fish bar and 
 Galveston bay and harbor. 
 
 1 6. Texas enjoys internal peace and prosperity, society is 
 improving, schools and churches are multiplying, and a 
 ceaseless and swelling tide of immigration is flowing in upon 
 us. 'J'he future is hopeful. With the rapid increase of 
 population and wealth, and tlie development of onr agricul- 
 tural and mineral resources, may we not hope to see Texas 
 rise to the first rank among the States of the American 
 Union ? 
 
 15* When was work commenced at Morgan's point ? 
 
 10a What is vAld of the condition of Texas, and its promise for the fattm* 
 
174 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 CHEONOLOGICAL EEVIEW QUESTIOJ^S. 
 
 FIFTH PERIOD. 
 
 When was Henderson inaugurated governor ? February 16, 1846. 
 
 When was Wood inaugurated ? December 21, 1847. 
 
 When, Bell ? December 21, 1849, 
 
 When did Texas sell Santa Fe ? In 1850. 
 
 At what price ? $10,000,000 : but the United States finally paid $12,750,000, llqql« 
 dating the entire debt of Texas. 
 
 When was Pease inaugurated ? December 21, 1853. 
 
 When, Runnels ? December 21, 1857. 
 
 When, Sam Houston ? December 21, 1859. 
 
 Date of ordinance of secession ? February 1, 1861. 
 
 When did Clark become governor? March 16, 1861. 
 
 When, Lubbock ? November 7, 1861. 
 
 Date of battle of Galveston. January 1, 1863. 
 
 Date of battle of Sabine Pass. September 8, 1863. 
 
 Date of Hurrah's inauguration. November 5, 1863. 
 
 When did the Confederate soldiers in Texas disband ? May 23, 188J. 
 
 When did Hamilton become governor ? July 25, 1865. Throckmorton? Aiisaf 
 J3, 1866. 
 
 When was Throckmorton removed ? July 30, 1867. 
 
 Who was then appointed governor? E. M. Pease. 
 
 When did Davis become governor? January 18, 1870. 
 
 Date of Coke's inauguration ? January 13, 1874. 
 
CHANGES IN STATE CONSTITUTION. 175 
 
 PERIOD VI. 
 
 TEN YEARS' PROGRESS. 
 Fkom 1876 TO 1885. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 CHANGES 11^ STATE CO^-STITUTIOK. — SUCCESSION^ OF GOVERN"- 
 ORS. — STATE LEGISLATURES. 
 
 1. The close of the great Civil War left the civil institu- 
 tions and administration of the State government in an un- 
 settled and unsatisfactory condition. The Government was 
 partly civil and partly military. During the ten years from 
 1866 to 1875, no less than three conventions were held for 
 modifying our State Constitution. 
 
 2. The changes introduced into our fundamental law by 
 the Constitution of 1869 were material and radical. The 
 great bulk of the tax-paying voters of the State were dis- 
 franchised because of their participation in the war between 
 the States, and had no voice in the formation of that Consti- 
 tution. It declared secession a heresy, and gave the Gov- 
 ernor power to declare martial law in any county of the 
 State, and suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. It also pro- 
 vided that the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts 
 
 Section I.— 1. In what condition was the State Government after the close of 
 the war ? In ten years* how many Constitutional conventions were held ? 
 
 2. Did these conventions materially change our fundamental laws ? Mention some 
 of the features of the Constitution of 1869-of the Constitution of 1875. 
 
176 SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS. 
 
 should be appointed by the Governor. The constitution of 
 1875 withdrew these extraordinary powers from the Gov- 
 ernor ; declared that the judges of the Supreme and Dis- 
 trict Courts should be elected by the people ; limited the 
 privileges of corporations, and protected the public domain 
 and lands belonging to public schools. 
 
 S. Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Ap- 
 peals hold office six years. Senators and Judges of District 
 Courts four years. The Governor, members of the House 
 of Representatives, and all other State and county officers 
 hold office two years. 
 
 4. Richard Coke was the second time inaugurated Gov- 
 ernor, April 22, 1876. Soon after his inauguration he was 
 elected to the United States Senate, and on the first of De- 
 cember following, he resigned the executive office, and the 
 Lieutenant-Governor, Richard B. Hubbard, became Gov- 
 ernor. Mr. Hubbard was the fourteenth Governor, since the 
 annexation of Texas, and he held office during the years 
 1877 and 1878. 
 
 5. Oran M. Roberts was the fifteenth Governor, and held 
 office during two teims, including the years 1879, 1880, 
 1881, and 1882. His first inauguration took place January 
 21, 1879. 
 
 6. The sixteenth Governor was John Ireland, inaugurated 
 January 17, 1883 ; and inaugurated the second time Janu- 
 ary 19, 1885. His official term included the years 1883, 
 1884, 1885 and 1886. 
 
 3. For what length of time is the Governor elected? Senators? Justices of the 
 Supreme Court ? Other judges? Other officers ? 
 
 4r. Wh}"^ did Colie resign the office of Governor ? Who was the fourteenth Gov- 
 ernor ? When was he inaugurated ? 
 
 5. Who was the fifteenth Governor? When was he inaugurated? How many 
 terms did he fill the office? 
 
 6. Who was the sixteenth Governor ? W^hen inaugurated ? How many terms did 
 he fill the office ? 
 
ST A TE LEGISLA TUBES. 1 77 
 
 7. The leading historical incidents will be considered in 
 the following pages ; these events will be presented under 
 topical heads. 
 
 8. The State Legislature is composed of two Houses, and 
 holds biennial sessions ; but may be called together in extra 
 session, whenever the Governor thinks it necessary. In ex- 
 tra sessions it can only consider such topics as the Governor 
 recommends. The Senate is composed of thirty-one Sena- 
 tors, and can never have a greater number. The present 
 House of Representatives has one hundred and six members, 
 and without a change in the organic law can never exceed 
 one hundred and fifty. 
 
 9. The XVth Legislature : 1876-78. When Hubbard be- 
 came Governor, Wells Thompson was elected President of 
 the Senate, and thus became Lieutenant-Governor. Thomas 
 R. Bonner was Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 10. XVIth Legislature : 1879-1880. Joseph D. Sayers 
 was Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate ; John 
 H. Cochran Speaker of the House of Representatives. This 
 Legislature provided for a high court, denominated " Com- 
 missioners of Appeals," and adopted a new civil code, penal 
 code, and code of criminal procedure, prepared by a ])yq- 
 viously appointed commission of learned lawyers. 
 
 11. XVnth Legislature : 1881—1882. Leonidas J. Story, 
 Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate ; George 
 
 7. How will the leading events of the ten years' progress be presented ? 
 
 8 . Wliat two bodies constitute the State Legislature ? Of how many members is the 
 Senate composed ? Tlie House ? 
 
 9. Who was President of the Senate during the XVth Legislature ? Who Speaker 
 of the House ? 
 
 10. Who was Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate of the XVIth 
 Legislature ? Speaker of the House ? What was one of the principal acts of the 
 XVIth Legislature ? 
 
 11. Who were the officers of the XYIIth Legislature ? During what years? 
 
178 STATE DEBT. 
 
 E. Reeves, Speaker of the House. An extra session was 
 held, commencing April 0, 1882. 
 
 12. XVIIIth Legislature : 1883—1884. Marion Martin, 
 Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate ; 0. R. 
 Gibson, Speaker of the House ; convened in extra session, 
 January 8, 1884. 
 
 13. XlXth Legislature : 1885—1886. Met in regular 
 session, January 13, 1885; Barnett Gibbs, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, President of the Senate ; L. L. Foster, Speaker of 
 the House. 
 
 SECTION n. 
 
 STATE DEBT. — STATE FINANCES. 
 
 1. When Coke was inaugurated Governor in 1874, the 
 debt of the State, for wbich bonds had been issued, amounted 
 to $3,425,328. Other claims were presented and new 
 obligations incurred, so that in 1875 the bonded debt was 
 ^5,551,337. In 1876 it amounted to 16,067,836. 
 
 2. When Hubbard became Governor, in 1877, the debt was 
 $6,116,634. The next year, 1878, it was reduced to 15,121,- 
 911. 
 
 3. When Roberts was inaugurated the debt was 15,014,- 
 620. In 1881 it was reduced to $4,755,620 ; in 1882, to 
 $4,487,030. 
 
 4. When Ireland was inaugurated, in 1883, the debt was 
 
 13. Who was President of the Senate during the XVIIIth Legislatui-e ? Speaker 
 of the House ? 
 
 13. When did the XlXth Legislature meet? Who was Lieutenant-Governor? 
 Who Speaker of the House ? 
 
 Section II.— 1. What was the amount of the honded debt of tlie State when 
 Coke hecanie Governor ? 
 
 8. How much under Iluhhard's administration ? 
 
 3. How much under Rol)erts' ? 
 
 4. How much under Ireland's? What was the public debt on August 31, 1884 ? 
 
ST A TE FINANCES. 179 
 
 $4,119,898. On August 31, 1884, the whole debt amounted 
 to ouly $4,119,899. 
 
 5. The condition of the finances of the State, as pre- 
 sented in the figures representing the State debt, excited 
 the profound solicitude of Governor Coke and his successors. 
 In his message to the XVth Legislature, Governor Coke 
 recommends various measures : 1. The refunding of the 
 State debt at a lower rate of interest ; 2. A revision of the 
 tax-laws so as to include in assessments a vast amount of 
 property which had heretofore escaped taxation. 
 
 6. These measures were carried forward during Hub- 
 bard's administration, so that there was a manifest improve- 
 ment in the State finances, and the State was no longer 
 compelled to sell bonds to pay current expenses. 
 
 7. When Governor Roberts was inaugurated, he distinctly 
 announced that his policy would be to "pay as you go," and 
 to reduce the expenses of the Government so that the in- 
 come from taxation- should cover them. The Legislature 
 again appropriated one-fourth of the general revenue for 
 the support of public free schools, and he, on the 23d of 
 April, 1(S79, vetoed certain items in the appropriation bill. 
 
 8. The items thus vetoed were : 1. that making an appro- 
 priation for the support of the public free schools ; 2. that 
 setting apart a sum to pay the interest on the public debt ; 
 3. the amount appropriated for a sinking fund. 
 
 9. At the extra session of the Legislature in June, 1881, 
 a bill was passed reducing the proportion of the revenue ap- 
 propriated to free schools from one-fourth to one-sixth ; pro- 
 
 5. What was the financial condition ? What measures did the Governor recom- 
 mend ? 
 
 6. W^hen were tliese measures carried into effect? 
 
 7 . W^ho introduced the pay-as-you-go policy ? 
 
 8. What items did Governor Roberts veto in the appropriation hill ? 
 
 9. What measures did the Legislature adopt to reduce expenses ? 
 
180 'S^^^ TE FIJVA NCES. 
 
 vision was made for paying the interest on the public debt, 
 and reducing expenses in almost every branch of the public 
 service. 
 
 10. Taxable values increased rapidly ; the country con- 
 tinued in every respect to grow in prosperity ; under Coke's 
 administration the tax-laws were revised and so improved 
 that little property escaped taxation, and there was a hand- 
 some increase in the revenues. Ail State bonds bearinar a 
 high rate of interest were called in, and bonds of a lower 
 rate substituted ; and at the close of Governor Eoberts' term, 
 aside from the bonded debt, all legitimate expenses of the 
 Government had been met, and a considerable suri^lus was 
 left in the treasury. 
 
 11. The state of the treasury warranting sucli expenditure. 
 Governor Roberts, in his Message, January, 11, 1881, recom- 
 mended an enlargement and improvement of the State asy- 
 lums, especially that for the lunatics. Liberal approi3riations 
 were accordingly made ; and by subsequent legislation the 
 tax-laws were modified, and the State-tax reduced from forty 
 cents on the one hundred dollars to thirty cents. And by 
 the Constitution this reduced county taxes in the same pro- 
 portion. 
 
 12. The charitable institutions of the State being 
 wholly inadequate for the admission of those who were, un- 
 der the law% entitled to be cared for by the State, and many 
 lunatics being confined in the county jails, Governor Ireland 
 recommended the enlargement of all these institutes, and 
 especially the erection of a new asylum for the insane. The 
 
 10. How were the tax laws improved ? What was the condition of the Treasury ? 
 What was the condition of the conntr}-^ ? 
 
 1 1 . What did the Governor advise in reference to the State asylums ? What change 
 was made in the rate of taxation ? 
 
 13. What did Governor Ireland recommend concerning State Institutions ? W^hat 
 did Uie Legislature do ? What effect did this action have on the Treasury surpUis ? 
 
WEALTH AND POPULA TION. 181 
 
 Legislature carried out this recommendation, and by addi- 
 tions to the institutes for the Deaf and Dumb, Blind and 
 Insane, and by the erection of a new Asylum for the Insane, 
 at Terrill, completely exhausted the surplus revenue in the 
 treasury. 
 
 13. During Governor Ireland's first term the tax for gen- 
 eral revenue was reduced to 1 7i cents on the hundred dol- 
 lars, and the school tax raised to V2^ cents on the hundred 
 dollars, thus giving the public schools 5 cents more than for- 
 mer tax levies, and at the same time reducing the aggregate 
 tax 2i cents on the hundred dollars. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 WEALTH AKD POPULATION. — OUR PUBLIC LANDS. — PUBLIC 
 
 FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 1. In 1874 the aggregate wealth of the State was two 
 hundred and forty-four millions five hundred and ten thou- 
 sand nine hundred and seventy-nine dollars, and in 1884 it 
 was six hundred and three millions sixty thousand nine 
 hundred and fifty-seven dollars. 
 
 2. In 1870 the population of the State was eight hundred 
 and eighteen thousand five hundred and seventy-nine, and 
 in 1880 one million five hundred and ninety-two thousand 
 five hundred and seventy-four. 
 
 3. During the period of reconstruction our public domain 
 was in a measure withdrawn from the market. Sales were 
 made only in small tracts, and to actual settlers. 
 
 13. What is said of taxes lor public schools and the reduction of taxes for general 
 revenue purposes ? 
 Section III. — 1. What was the aggregate wealth of the State in 1874 ? In 1884 ? 
 3. What the population in 1870 ? In 1880 ? 
 3. What restrictions were placed upon the sale of land just after the war ? 
 
182 OUR PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 4. The XVIIth Legislature so modified these liiws as to 
 open nearly the entire public domain to purchasers. The 
 frontier being safe from Indian depredations, in an incredi- 
 bly short period of time nearly all the vacant land in the State 
 was covered by certificates, and passed into the hands of pri- 
 vate parties and moneyed corporations. 
 
 5. In the report of the Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office, for the year ending August 31, 1884, he showed that 
 the State had issued certificates for 6,74:5,7''^3 acres in excess 
 of public domain, exclusive of the area of inland bays. 
 Many of these certificates are unlocated. 
 
 6. Heretofore the unappropriated public domain, and the 
 land set apart for public schools, and for the university and 
 State asylums, had afforded free range for stock of every 
 description. 
 
 7. But after so large a proportion of the land had passed 
 into the possession of private parties and corporations under 
 the laws passed by the XVIIth Legislature, those parties 
 proceeded to inclose them with wire fences. These pastures 
 varied in size from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands 
 of acres. 
 
 8. Within these inclosures were thousands of acres of land 
 belonging to the public free schools and State institutions, 
 from which the State derived no income. 
 
 9. Serious evils resulted from these immense pastures : 
 1. In some instances small tracts of land belonging to other 
 parties were inclosed, and thus rendered comparatively 
 worthless ; 2. Public highways were obstructed ; 3. Out- 
 
 4. What change was made in the law by the XVIIth Legislature ? 
 
 5. What was the effect of this law ? Is tiiere any public land now to dispose of ? 
 
 6 . How had the public domain been used ? 
 
 7. What did the purchasers of large tracts of land do ? 
 
 8. What other lands were inclosed ? 
 
 9. What evils resulted from these large pastures ? 
 
OUR PUBLIC LANDS. 133 
 
 side herds of cattle, sheep and horses were excluded from 
 their usual watering-places. 
 
 10. The XVIIIth Legislature (April, 1883) passed a bill 
 creating a Land Board composed of the Governor and other 
 heads of departments, with authority, under certain restric- 
 tions, to sell or lease the land belonging to the State institu- 
 tions and pubhc schools. 
 
 11. These evils flowing out of the Land policy pursued 
 by the XVlIth and previous legislatures were not patiently 
 borne. Parties who felt themselves aggrieved and wronged 
 resorted to violence, and in many instances cut and destroyed 
 the pasture fences. 
 
 12. To remedy these evils the Legislature (January, 
 1884), called in extra session for the purpose by Gov. Ireland, 
 passed laws in accordance with the Governor's recommen- 
 dation : 1. Giving redress to private parties wliose lands 
 were inclosed without their consent ; 2. Opening and keep- 
 ing open public roads ; 3. Compelling the owuers of pastures 
 to erect gates every three miles in the line of their fences ; 
 4. Making it a felony to cut pasture fences. 
 
 13. The enactment and enforcement of these laws soon 
 restored quiet to the country. 
 
 14. The Constitution directed the Legislature ^'To estab- 
 lish and make provision for the support and maintenance of 
 an efficient system of free public schools." 
 
 15. The Constitution further provided that the permanent 
 
 10 . What is said of the Land Board ? 
 
 1 1 . How did aggrieved parties seek redress ? 
 
 13. What remedies did the Legislature provide ? 1. For private parties ? 2. For 
 public roads ? 3. For passways through the pastures ? 4. For protecting the past- 
 ures ? 
 
 1 3 . What -was, the effect of these laws ? 
 
 14-. What is the duty of the Legislature in reference to free schools ? 
 
 15. How was the school fund o be invested ? 
 
184 PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 school fund should be invested in bonds of the State or of 
 the United States, and that the money derived from the 
 sale of school lands should be set aside for a permanent 
 fund, and invested in a similar manner. 
 
 16. As these bonds yielded a very low rate of interest, and 
 as there v^^as a large amount of the school money lying un- 
 productive in the treasury, in 1883 an amendment was made 
 to the Constitution, on the recommendation of Governor 
 Ireland, authorizing the investment of this money in county 
 bonds. 
 
 17. In one month after the adoption of this amendment, 
 1710,529 had been withdrawn from the treasury, and inter- 
 est-bearing county bonds substituted in its place. As money 
 belonging to the school fund comes in, other bonds are 
 bought. 
 
 18. Besides the permanent fund thus invested, there has 
 been set apart for school purposes 32,716,101 acres of public 
 land. Of this amount there had been sold, in 1884, 3,037,- 
 804 acres, and leased about 2,000,000 acres. The money 
 derived from the lease of these lands becomes a part of the 
 available school fund. 
 
 19. Other funds for the support of schools are derived 
 from : 1. An annual poll tax ; 2. One-fourth of the occu- 
 pation taxes ; 3. A general tax on values ; 4. Special taxes 
 voted by the property holders of school districts and cities. 
 
 20. The general school system is administered by the 
 
 16 . How may it now bo invested ? 
 
 17. Wore the counties willing to sell their bonds? 
 
 1 8. How much land has been set apart for our public free schools ? How much of 
 this has been sold ? How much leased ? 
 
 19. From what other sources is the school fund derived ? 
 
 30. To whom is the administration of our State system of public schools commit- 
 ted ? Who manage the schools in counties ? In cities ? By what Lei:islatiire was the 
 office of Superintendent created V On whose recommendation '{ Who was the first 
 Superintendent 'i 
 
STATE INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. 185 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, from whose decisions 
 appeals lie to the State Board of Education. In the counties, 
 the County Judge, and in cities, the Maj^or and Aldermen, 
 or Boards of Trustees elected by the people, are the chief 
 school officers. The office of Superintendent was created by 
 the XVIIIth Legislature, on the recommendation of B. 
 M. Baker, who was at that time Secretary of the Board of 
 Education. Governor Ireland appointed Mr. Baker Super- 
 intendent in May, 1884. In November, 1884, he was 
 elected to the same office by the people for a term of two 
 
 years. 
 
 ^ 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 STATE II^^STITUTIONS OF LEARKIN^G. — CHARITABLE IN^STI- 
 TUTIONS. — PEI^ITEi^TIARIES. 
 
 1. Agricultural and Mechanical College. This institu- 
 tion, near Bryan, was the first put in operation under the 
 control of the State. It owes its existence to a donation 
 from the United States Congress of 180,000 acres of land 
 scrip, which was sold in 1871 for $156,000. 
 
 2. The State procured a tract of 2,200 acres of land, and 
 appropriated money for the erection of suitable buildings. 
 The Constitution makes this college a bi'anch of the State 
 University. 
 
 3. The second institution inaugurated under the auspices 
 of the State was the Sam Houston Normal Institute, at 
 Huntsville. Here a certain number of students, selected 
 from different parts of the State, receive gratuitous instruc- 
 
 Sectioii IV.— 1 . To what does the Agricultural and Mechanical College owe its 
 origin ? VVhere is it located ? 
 >i. Of what is it a branch ? 
 3. What is the ohject of the Sam Houston Normal Institute ? 
 
186 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 tion, to prepare themselves for teaching. A limited num- 
 ber also have their board paid by the State. This Institute 
 has heretofore received from the Peabody fund $G,000 an- 
 nually. 
 
 4. The Prairie View Normal School, near Hempstead, is 
 a similar institution, supported by the State to educate 
 colored teachers for colored schools. A limited number of 
 colored pupils have their board paid by the State at this In- 
 stitute. 
 
 5. There are also Summer Normal Institutes held for 
 the instruction of teachers, in different parts of the State. 
 These are supported altogether by the State. 
 
 6. The Constitution required the Legislature, as soon as 
 practicable, to establish and provide for the maintenance of 
 a State University for the jjromotion of literature and the 
 arts and sciences. 
 
 7. The bill for the establishment of this University passed 
 tlie Legislature in March, 1881, and was approved by Gov- 
 ernor Eoberts. At a popular election in September following, 
 the Literary and Law Departments were located at Austin, 
 and the Medical Department at Galveston. 
 
 8. A beautiful design for University Buildings having 
 been selected, in the years 1882 and 1883 the west wing was 
 erected on a hill long known as College Hill, in the north- 
 ern part of the city of Austin. The faculty was appointed by 
 the board of Eegents, and the University opened for the re- 
 ception of students, September 15, 1883. 
 
 4. Of the Prairie View school ? 
 
 5. How are the summer normal institutes supported? 
 
 C. What duty did the Constitution impose on the Legislature? 
 
 7. When was the law passed for its establishment ? Where were the literary and 
 law departments located ? The medical department ? 
 
 8. When was the institution opened for students ? 
 
PENITENTIARIES. 187 
 
 9. The State has four charitable institutions under its 
 supervision and support. 
 
 10. Two of these are for persons of unsound mind ; one, 
 beautifully located, supplied with buildings admirably 
 adapted for the purpose of the Institution, is situated about 
 three miles north of the city of Austin. Buildings for a 
 second Asylum have been erected at Terrell. Governor 
 Ireland especially recommended the establishment of this 
 Asylum. 
 
 11. An Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in opera- 
 tion for twenty-seven years. It is located on the west side of 
 the Colorado Eiver, in full view of the city of Austin. A State 
 printing-office has been established in this asylum, of which 
 the inmates are the compositors. 
 
 12. The Asylum for the Blind is located in the north-east- 
 ern suburbs of Austin. 
 
 In his message to the XlXth Legislature, Governor 
 Ireland speaks in terms of highest commendation of the 
 management of all these State charities. 
 
 13. During the period under review, the Peniten- 
 tiary at Huntsville has. been enlarged to three times its 
 former capacity, and further provision made for utilizing the 
 labor of the convicts in profitable employments. 
 
 14. A second Penitentiary has been put in operation 
 at Rusk, Cherokee County, and buildings erected for various 
 manufactories, especially in iron. 
 
 15. In 1883, there were reported over 2,600 convicts 
 
 9. How many charitable institutions has the State? 
 
 10. Wiiat can be ^aid of the lunatic asylums? Where is the new one situated ? 
 
 11. What can be said of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum ? 
 
 1:3. Of the Asylum for the Blind ? Of the management of these State charities ? 
 
 13. W^hat is said of the Huntsville Penitentiary ? 
 
 14. Of that at Rusk? What industries are provided for there ? 
 
 15. How many can be accommodated in the walls of the penitentiaries ? Are the 
 penitentiaries now an expense to the State ? 
 
188 STATE CAPITOL. 
 
 in the State, of whom not more than about sixteen hun- 
 dred could be accommodated in the two institutions. 
 During the year 1884, the labor of the convicts paid the 
 expenses of the two penitentiaries. The most profitable 
 labor was'that of convicts hired outside of the walls. 
 
 16. While there is a constant increase in the number 
 convicted of crimes in our courts, and sentenced to the 
 penitentiaries, the percentage of crime to population is 
 on the decrease, and not greater than that of other States 
 and countries. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 STATE CAPITOL. — RAILROADS. — COKCLUSION. 
 
 1. The State-house, erected in 1852 at the head of Con- 
 gress Avenue, was destroyed by fire on the 6th of November, 
 1881. 
 
 2. In 1882 a building was erected on Congress Avenue to 
 be used as a temporary capitol. 
 
 3. But previous to this, in 1875", the Constitutional Con- 
 vention had set apart 3,000,000 acres of public land for the 
 erection of a new capitol. 
 
 4. Work was commenced upon the foundation in 1883, 
 and had progressed so far that, on the 2d of March, 1885, 
 the corner-stone was laid with im^DOsing ceremonies. 
 
 5. The edifice will be of the best material, with granite 
 
 16. What is said of the number of convictions for crime ? Of the percentage of 
 crime to population ? 
 
 Section V.— 1. When was the old State House burned ? 
 J8. When a temporary one erected ? 
 
 3. What provision had the Constitution of 1875 made for a new State House ? 
 
 4. When was the corner-stone of the new structure laid ? 
 
 5. Describe the new State House ? 
 
RAILROADS. 189 
 
 water-table and columns, and, according to the plan, will rise 
 three stories above the basement, the dome reaching a height 
 of 311 feet ; its greatest length 560 feet ; its width 288. It 
 wall contain in all fifty-one rooms, affording accommodation 
 for both branches of the Legislature, for the higher courts, 
 for executive offices, committee rooms, etc. etc. Two ele- 
 vators afford convenient access to the upper stories. 
 
 6. In 1874 there were about fifteen hundred miles of 
 railway in operation in Texas, and but one road connecting 
 our State with the great North-west. 
 
 7. In 1885, there are over six thousand miles of railway, 
 the lines penetrating almost every section of the State, con- 
 necting Texas with the Northern, Eastern, and Western 
 States. Two roads cross the entire State from east to west, 
 leading to California, and three roads point to the city of 
 Mexico, crossing the Rio Grande at El Paso, Eagle Pass, 
 and Laredo, connecting the most important centers of trade 
 and population in the United States with those of our sister 
 republic. 
 
 8. A general railroad law fixes the price of passenger fare 
 on all roads at three cents per mile. The roads favor im- 
 migration by carrying immigrants at about one cent ^^er 
 mile. 
 
 9. Co:n^clusiok. — (1.) During the period under review, 
 the wealth and population of the State have more than 
 doubled. 
 
 6 . How many miles of railways in Texas in 1874 ? 
 
 7. How many ruacls in 1885 ? How many forming Eastern and Northern connec- 
 tions ? How many with the Pacific Coa^t ? How many roads cross the Rio Grande ? 
 
 8. What is the price of railway fare per mile ? What the general fare for intro- 
 ducing immigrants ? 
 
 9. What is said (1) Of the increase in wealth and population? (2) Of the im^ 
 provement in the educational system ? (3) Of our live stock and agricultural prod- 
 ucts? (4) Of our State asylums ? (5) Of our increased railway facilities ? (6) In 
 general of the improvement in our State? 
 
190 CONCLUSION. 
 
 (2.) A State University and State Normal schools haye 
 been established, and our free school system greatly improved. 
 
 (3.) Our live stock and agricultural products have in- 
 creased more than a hundred-fold. 
 
 (4.) Our asylums have been enlarged and improved. 
 
 (5.) Our railway facilities have been increased more than 
 four fold, connecting Texas with all parts of the United 
 States, and a large portion of Mexico. 
 
 (6.) In general, there is great improvement in all the 
 institutions of civil society, and in the administration of the 
 laws. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 or THB 
 
 STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 ADOPTED BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION CONVENED At 
 
 AUSTIN, SEPTEMBEK 6, 1875, AND KATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE, 
 
 FEBRUARY 15, 1876. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 Humbly invoking the bleesing of Almighty God, the people of the State 
 of Texas do ordain and establish this Constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE L 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS. 
 
 That the general, great, and essential piineiples of liberty and free gov- 
 ernment may be recognized and established, we declare : 
 
 Section 1, Texas is a free and independent State, subject only to the 
 Constitution of the United States; and the maintenance of our free insti- 
 tutio7i3 and the perpetuity of the Union depend upon the preservation of 
 the right of local self-government unimpaired to all the States. 
 
 Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
 ments are founded on their authority, and Instituted for their benefit. 
 Thn faith of tlie people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a 
 republican form of government, and, subject to this limitation only, they 
 havc at all times the inalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their gov- 
 ernment in such manner as they may think expedient. 
 
 Sec. 3. All free men, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, 
 and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emolu- 
 ments, or privileges, but in consideration of public services. 
 
192 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 4. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
 office, or public trust, in this State ; nor shall any one be excluded from 
 holding office on account of his religious seutimcuts, provided he acknowl- 
 edge the existence of a Supreme Being. 
 
 Sec. 5. No person shall be disqualified to give evidence in any of the 
 courts of this State on account of his religious opinions, or for the want of 
 any religious belief, but all oaths or affirmations shall be administered in 
 the mode most binding upon the conscience, and shall be taken subject to 
 the pains and penalties of perjury. 
 
 Sec. 6. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty 
 God according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be 
 compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain 
 any ministry, against his consent. No human authority ought, in any case 
 whatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience in matters 
 of religion, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious 
 society or mode of worship. But it sball be the duty of the Legislature to 
 pass such laws as may be necessary to protect equally every religious 
 denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public wor* 
 ship. 
 
 Sec. 7. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for 
 the benefit of any sect, or religious society, theological or religious semi- 
 nary ; nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such 
 purposes. 
 
 Sec. 8. Every person shall be at liberty to speak, wi-ite, or publish his 
 opinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege; 
 and no law shall ever be passed curtailing the liberty of speech or of the 
 press. In prosecutions for tlie publication of papers investigating the con- 
 duct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is 
 proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence. 
 And in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the right to determine 
 the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases. 
 
 Sec. 9. The people shall be secure, in their persons, houses, papers, and 
 possessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches, and no warrant to 
 eearch any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue witliout 
 describing them as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported 
 by oath or affirmation. 
 
 Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a speeJy 
 public trial by an impartial jury. He shall have the right to demand the 
 nature and cause of the accusation agamst him, and to have a copy thereof. 
 He shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself. He shall have 
 the right of being heard by himself or counsel, or both ; shall be confronted 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 193 
 
 \/ith the witnesses against him, and shall have compulsory process for 
 obtaining witnesses in his favor. And no person shall be held to answer 
 for a criminal offence, unless on indictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
 cases in which the punishment is by fine or imprisonment otherwise than in 
 the penitentiary, in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the army 
 or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public 
 danger. 
 
 Src. 11. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for 
 capital offences, when the proof is evident ; but this provision shall not be 
 60 construed as to prevent bail after indictment found, upon examination 
 of the evidence in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 12. The writ of habeas corpus is a writ of right, and shall never be 
 suspended. The Legislature shall enact laws to render the remedy speedy 
 and effectual. 
 
 Sec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. All courts shall be open, and 
 every person, for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputa- 
 tion shall have remedy by due course of law. 
 
 Sec. 14. No person, for the same offence, shall be twice put in jeopardy 
 of life or liberty ; nor shall a person be a^ain put upon trial for the same 
 offence after a verdict of not guilty in a court of competent jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 15. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. The Legisla- 
 ture shall pass such laws as may be needed to regulate the same, and to 
 maintain its purity and efficiency. 
 
 Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or any law 
 impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made. 
 
 Sec. 17. No person's property shall be taken, damaged, or destroyed for 
 or applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless 
 by the consent of such person ; and, when taken, except for tlie use of the 
 titate, such compensation shall be first made, or secured by a deposit of 
 money ; and no irrevocable or uncontrollable grant of special privileges or 
 Immunities shall be made ; but all privileges and franchises granted by the 
 Legislature, or created under its authority, shall be subject to the control 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 18. No person shall ever be imprisoned for debt. 
 
 Sec. 19. No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, prop- 
 erty, privileges, or immunities, or in any manner disfrancliised, except by 
 the due course of the law of the land. 
 
194 CONSTITUTION OF TEE 
 
 Sec. 20. No person shall be outlawed ; nor shall any person be tran» 
 ported out of the State for any offence committed within the same. 
 
 Sec. 21. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture oi 
 estate ; and the estates of those who destroy their own lives shall descend 
 or vest as in case of natural death. 
 
 Sec. 22, Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war 
 against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort ; and no 
 person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two -syit- 
 nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 Sec. 23. Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the 
 lawful defence of himself or the State ; but the Legislature shall have 
 power by law to regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent 
 crime. 
 
 Sec. 24. The military shall at all times be subordinate to the civil au- 
 thority. 
 
 Sec. 25. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in the house of 
 any citizen without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a 
 manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 36. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free 
 government, and shall never be allowed ; nor shall the law of primogeniture 
 or entailments ever be in force in this State. 
 
 Sec. 27. The citizens shall have the right, in a peaceable manner, to 
 assemble together for their common good, and apply to those invested with 
 the power of government for redress of grievances or other purposes, by 
 petition, address, or remonstrance. 
 
 Sec. 28. No power of suspending laws in this State shall be exercised 
 except by the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 29. To guard against transgressions of the high powers herein dele- 
 gated, we declare that everything in this '* Bill of Rights " is excepted out 
 of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate, 
 and all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void. 
 
 ARTICLE IL 
 
 THE POWERS OP GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Section 1. The powers of the goveniment of the State of Texas shall be 
 divided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to 
 a separate body of magistracy, to wit : Those which are legislative to one, 
 those which are executive to another, and tliose which ar» ■'"4icial to an- 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 195 
 
 other ; and no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these 
 departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the 
 others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPAKTMENT. 
 
 Sec! riON 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate 
 and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled " The Legis- 
 lature of the State of Texas." 
 
 Sec. 2. The Senate shall consist of thirty-one members, and shall never 
 be increased above this number. The House of Representatives shall con- 
 sist of ninety-three members until the first apportionment after the adop- 
 tion of tills Constitution, when, or at any apportionment thereafter, the 
 number of Representatives may be increased by the Legislature, upon the 
 ratio of not more than one Representative for every fifteen thousand inhab- 
 itants ; provided^ the number of Representatives shall never exceed one 
 hundred and Miy. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the 
 term of four years ; but a new Senate shall be chosen after every apportion- 
 ment, and the Senators elected after each apportionment shall be divitled 
 by lot into two classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
 vacated at the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second 
 class at the expiration of four years, so that one-half of the Senators shall 
 be chosen biennially thereafter. 
 
 Sec. 4. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by 
 the qualified electors, and their term of office shall be two years from tho 
 day of their election. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Legislature shall meet every two years, at such time as may 
 be provided by law, and at other times, when convened by the Governor. 
 
 Sec. 6. No person shall be a Senator, unless he be a citizer of the United 
 States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of .t.g State, and 
 shall have been a resident of this State five years next preceding his elec- 
 tion, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which hesLall be 
 chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-six years. 
 
 Sec. 7. No person shall be a Representative, unless he be a citizen of the 
 United States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this 
 State, and shall have been a resident of this State two yeais next preceding 
 his election, the last year thereof a resident of the district for whicli he 
 Bhall be chosen, and shall liave attained the age of twenty-one years 
 
lOG CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 8. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications and election 
 of its own members ; but contested elections shall be determined in such 
 manner as shall be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 9. The Senate shall, at the beginning and close of each session, and 
 at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members President 
 pro tempore^ who shall perform the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor in 
 ary case of absence or disability of that officer, and whenever the said office 
 of Lieutenant-Governor shall be vacant. The House of Representatives 
 shall, when it first assembles, organize temporarily, and thereupon proceed 
 to tlie election of a Speaker from its own members ; and each House shall 
 choose its other officers. 
 
 Sec. 10. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
 ness, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the 
 attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties 
 as eacli House may provide. 
 
 Sec. 11. Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings, 
 punish members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two- 
 thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence. 
 
 Sec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish 
 the same ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any 
 question sliall, at the desire of any three luembers present, be entered on 
 the journals. 
 
 Sec. IB. When vacancies occur in either House, the Governor, or the 
 person exercising tiie power of the Governor, shall issue writs of elcctiou 
 to fill such vacancies ; and should the Governor fail to issue a writ of elec- 
 tion to fill any such vacancy within twenty days after it occurs, the return- 
 ing ofiicer of the district in which such vacancy may have happened shall 
 be authorized to order an election for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 14. Senators and Representatives shall, except in cases of treason, 
 felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session 
 of the Legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing 
 one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place at 
 which the Legislature is convened. 
 
 Sec. 15. Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during its sessions, 
 any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly conduct in its 
 presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings ; provided, such imprison- 
 ment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight liours. 
 
 Sec. 16. The sessions of each House shall be open, exneptthe Senate, 
 when in executive session. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 197 
 
 Sec. 17. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
 for more than three days, nor to any other place than that where the Legis- 
 lature may be sitting. 
 
 Sec. 18. No Senator or Representative sliall, during the term for which 
 he may be elected, be eligible to any civil office of profit under this State 
 which shall have been created or the emoluments of which may have been 
 Increased during such term ; no member of either House shall, during tlie 
 term for which he is elected, be eligible to any office or place, the appoint- 
 ment to which may be made, in whole or in part, by either brancli of the 
 Legislature ; and no member of either House shall vote for any other mem- 
 ber for any office whatever^wliich may be filled by a vote of the Legisla- 
 ture, except in snch cases as are in this Constitution provided. Nor shall 
 any member of the Legislature be interested, either directly or indirectly, 
 in any contract with the State, or any county thereof, authorized by any 
 law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 19. No judge of any court. Secretary of State, Attorney-General, 
 clerk of any court of record, or any person holding a lucrative office under 
 the United States, or this State, or any foreign government, shall, during 
 the term for which he is elected or appointed, be eligible to tlie Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 20. No person who at any time may have been a collector of taxes, 
 or who may have been otherwise entrusted with public money, shall be 
 eligible to the Legislature, or to any office of profit or trust under the State 
 government, until he shall have obtained a discharge for the amount of such 
 collections, or for all public moneys with which he may have been entrusted. 
 
 Sec. 21. No member shall be questioned in any other place for words 
 spoken in debate in either House. 
 
 Sec. 22. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure 
 or bill, proposed, or pending before the Legislature, shall disclose the fact 
 to the House of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. 
 
 Sec. 23. If any Sena1*or or Representative remove his residence from the 
 district or county for which he was elected, his office shall thereby become 
 vacant, and the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Section 13 of this Article. 
 
 Sec, 24. The members of the Legislature shall receive from the public 
 treasury such compensation for their services as may, from time to time, 
 be provided by law, not exceeding five dollars per day for the first sixty days 
 of each session; and after that not ( xceeding two dollars per day for the 
 remainder of the session; except the first session held under this consti- 
 tution, when they may receive not exceeding four dollars per day foj* the 
 first ninety days, and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for the 
 ••emainder of the session. In addition to the per diem the members of each 
 Jouse shall be entitled to mileage in going to and returning from the seat 
 
108 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 of government, which mileage shall not exceed five dollars for every twenty 
 five miles, the distance to be computed by the nearest and most direct route 
 of travel by land, regardless of railways or water routes ; and the Comptrol- 
 ler of the State shall prepare and preserve a table of distances to each 
 county seat now or hereafter to be established, and by such table the mile- 
 age of each member shall be paid; but no member sliall be entitled to 
 uiileige for any extra session that may be called within one day after the 
 iijournment of a regular or called session. 
 
 Sec. 25. The State shall be divided into senatorial districts of conti>i'uou9 
 territory, according to the number of qualified electors, as nearly as may be, 
 and each district shall be entitled to elect onelienator, and no single county 
 shall be entitled to more than one Senator. 
 
 Sec. 26. The members of the House of Representatives shall be appor- 
 tioned among the several counties, according to the number of population 
 in each, as nearly as may be, on a ratio obtained by dividing the population 
 of the State, as ascertained by the most recent United States census, by the 
 number of members of which the House is composed; provided, that when- 
 ever a single county has suflScient population to be entitled to a Represent- 
 ative, such county shall be formed into a separate representative district, and 
 when two or more counties are required to make up the ratio of represen- 
 tation, such counties shall be contiguous to each other ; and when any one 
 county has more than sufficient population to be entitled to one or more 
 Representatives, such Representative or Representatives shall be appor- 
 tioned to such county, and for any surplus of population it may be joined 
 in a representative district with anj' other contiguous county or counties. 
 
 Sec. 27. Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be general 
 throughout the State, and shall be regulated by law. 
 
 Sec. 28. The Legislature shall, at its first session after the publication of 
 each United States decennial census, apportion the State into senatoria 
 and representative districts, agreeably to the provisions of Sections 25 and 
 26 of this Article ; and until the next decennial census, when the first ap- 
 portioi\ment shall be made by the Legislature, the State shallll be and it is 
 hereby divided into senatorial and representative districts, as provided by 
 an ordinance of the Convention on that subject. 
 
 proceedings. 
 
 Sec. 29, The enacting clause of all laws shall be, ''Be it enacted by the 
 Legislature of the State of Texas." 
 
 Sec. 30. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so 
 amended in its passage through either House as to change its original pur- 
 pose. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 199 
 
 Sec. 31. Bills may originate in either House, and when passed by such 
 House, may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other. 
 
 Sec. 32. No bill shall have the force of law until it has been read on three 
 several days in each House, and free discussion allow(*d thereon; but iu 
 cases of imperative public necessity (which necessity shall be stated in a 
 preamble, or in the body of the bill), four-fifths of the House in which the 
 bill may be pending may suspend this rule, the yeas and nays being takea 
 on the question of suspension, and entered upon the journals. 
 
 Sec. 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Rep- 
 resentatives, but the Senate may amend or reject them as other bills. 
 
 Sec. 34. After a bill has been considered and defeated by either House of 
 the Legislature, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into 
 a law during the same session. After a resolution has been acted on and 
 defeated, no resolution containing the same substance shall be considered 
 at the same session. 
 
 Sec. 35. No bill (except general appropriation bills, which may embrace 
 the various subjects and accounts for and on account of which moneys are 
 appropriated) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be expressed 
 in its title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not 
 be expressed in the title, such act shall bo void only as to so much thereof 
 as shall not be so expressed. 
 
 Sec. 36, No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title ; but 
 in such case the act revived or the section or sections amended shall be re- 
 cnaetcd and published at length. 
 
 Sec. 37. No bill shall be considered, unless it has been first referred to a 
 committee and reported thereon ; and no bill shall be passed which has not 
 been presented and referred to and reported from a committee at least 
 three days before the final adjournment of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 38. The presiding officer of each House shall, in the presence of the 
 House over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by 
 the Legislature, after their titles have been publicly read before signing; 
 and the fact of signing shall be entered on the journals. 
 
 Sec. 39. No law passed by the Legislature, except the general appropria- 
 tion act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the ad- 
 journment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an 
 emergency, which emergency must be expressed in a preamble or in the 
 body of the act, the Legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the 
 members elected to each House, otherwise direct ; said vote to bo taken by 
 yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals. 
 
200 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 40. When the Legislature shall be convened in special session, tlier? 
 Bhall be no legislation upon subjects other than those designated in the 
 proclamation of the Governor calling such session, or presented to them by 
 the jovernor : and no such session shall be of longer duration than thirty 
 days. 
 
 Sec. 41. In all elections by the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 jointly or separately, the vote shall be given viva voce, except in the election 
 ot their officers. 
 
 REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS 
 
 Sec. 42. The Legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary to 
 carry into effect the provisions of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 43. The first session of the Legislature under this Constitution shall 
 provide for revising, digesting, and publishing the laws, civil and criminal; 
 and a like revision, digest, and publication may be made every ten years 
 thereafter ; provided, that in the adoption of and giving effect to any such 
 digest or revision, the Legislature shall not be limited by Sections 35 and 36 
 of this Article. 
 
 Sec. 44. Tlie Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all 
 officers, servants, agents, and public contractors, not provided for in this 
 Constitution, but shall not grant extra compensation to any officer, agent, 
 servant, or public contractors, after such public service shall have been per- 
 formed or contract entered into for the performance of the same; nor grant, 
 by appropriation or otherwise, au}'^ amount of money out of the treasury of 
 the State, to any individual, on a claim, real or pretended, when the same 
 shall not have been provided for by pre-existing law; nor employ any one 
 in the name of the State unless authorized by pre-existing law. 
 
 Sec. 45. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall 
 be vested in the courts, to be exercised in such manner as shall be provided 
 by law ; and the Legislature shall pass laws for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 46. The Legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of 
 this Constitution, enact effective vagrant laws. 
 
 Sec. 47. The Legislature shall pass laws prohibiting the establishment 
 of lotteries and gift enterprises, in this State, as well as the sale of tickets 
 in lotteries, gift enterprises, or other evasions involving the lottery princi- 
 ple, established or existing in other States. 
 
 Sec. 48. The Legislature shall not have the right to levy taxes or impose 
 burdens upon the people, except to raise revenue sufficient for the econom- 
 ical administration of the government, in which may be included the fol- 
 lowing purposes : 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 201 
 
 The payment of all interest upon the bonded debt of the State ; 
 
 The erection and repairs of public buildinofs ; 
 
 The benefit of the sinking fund, whicli shall not be moi'e than two per 
 centum of the public debt; and for the payment of the present floating 
 debt of the State, including matured bonds for the payment of which the 
 sinking fund is inadequate ; 
 
 The support of public schools, in which shall be included colleges and 
 universities established by the State ; and the maintenance and support of 
 the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ; 
 
 The payment of the cost of assessing and collecting the revenue ; and 
 the payment of all officers, agents, and employees of the State government, 
 and all incidental expenses connected therewith ; 
 
 The support of the Blind Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the 
 Insane Asylum, the State Cemetery, and the public grounds of the State ; 
 
 The enforcement of quarantine regulations on the coast of Texas ; 
 
 The protection of the frontier. 
 
 Sec. 49, No debt shall l)e created by or on behalf of the State, except to 
 supply casual deficiencies of the revenue, repel invasion, suppress insurrec- 
 tion, defend the State in war, or pay existing debt ; and the debt created to 
 supply deficiencies in the revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at 
 a.ny one time two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 Sec. 50. The Legislature shall have no power to give or to lend, or to au- 
 thorize the giving or lending, of the credit of the State in aid of, or to any 
 person, association, or corporation, whether municipal or other; or to pledge 
 the credit of the State in any manner whatsoever, for the payment of the 
 liabilities, present or prospective, of any individual, association of individu- 
 als, muYki^al or other corporation whatsoever. 
 
 Sec. 51. The Legislature shall have no power to make any grant, or au- 
 thorize the making of any grant, of public money to any individual, associ- 
 ation of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever ; jjrovidedy 
 that this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in case of 
 public calamity. 
 
 Sec. 52, The Legislature shall have no power to authorize any county, 
 city, town, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the State, to 
 lend its credit or to grant public money or thing of value, in aid of or to 
 any individual, association, or corporation whatsoever; or to become a 
 Btockholder in such corporation, association, or company. 
 
 Sec. 53. The Legisla-ture shall have no power to grant, or to authorize 
 any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee, or 
 allowance to a public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service haa 
 been rendered, or a contract has been entered into, and performed in whole 
 
202 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 or in part; nor pay, nor authorize the payment of, any claim created against 
 any county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract, 
 made witliout authority of law. 
 
 Sec. 54. The Legislature shall have no power to release or alienate any 
 lien held by the State upon any railroad, or in anywise change the tenor or 
 meaning, or pass any act explanatory thereof; but the same shall be on- 
 forced in accordance with the original terms upon which it was acquired. 
 
 Sec. 55. The Legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish, 
 or to authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the in- 
 debtedness, liability, or obligation of any incorporation or individual to this 
 State, or to any county, or other municipal corporation therein. 
 
 Sec. 56. The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this 
 Constitution, pass any local or special law, authorizing : 
 
 The creation, extension, or impairing of liens; 
 
 Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or school districts; 
 
 Changing the name of persons or places ; changing the venue in civil or 
 criminal cases ; 
 
 Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, or maintaining of roads, 
 highways, streets, or alleys; 
 
 Relating to ferries and l)ridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge compa- 
 nies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boun- 
 daries between this and any other State ; 
 
 Vacating roads, town plats, streets, or alleys ; 
 
 Relating to cemeteries, graveyards, or public grounds not of the State; 
 
 Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children ; 
 
 Locating or changing county seats ; 
 
 Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their charters ; 
 
 For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the 
 places of voting ; 
 
 Granting divorces ; 
 
 Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers, in coun- 
 ties, cities, towns, election, or school districts ; 
 
 Changing the law of descent or succession ; 
 
 Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evi- 
 dence in any judicial proceeding or enquiry before courts, justices of the 
 peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, or other tribunals, or providing 
 or clianging methods for the collecti(m of debts, or the enforcing of judge- 
 ments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate ; 
 
 Regulating the fees, or extending the powers and duties of aldermen, 
 justices of tlie peace, magistrates, or constables ; 
 
 Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing 
 of school-houses, and the raising of money for such purposes ; 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 203 
 
 Fixing the rate of interest ; 
 
 Affecting the estates of minors, or persons under disability ; 
 
 Remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, and refunding moneys legally 
 paid into the treasiny ; 
 
 Exempting property from taxation ; 
 
 Regulating labor, trade, mining, and manufacturing; 
 
 Declaring any named person of age ; 
 
 Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or other 
 wise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due performance 
 of his official duties, or his securities from liability ; 
 
 Giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds; 
 
 Summoning or impanelling grand or petit juries ; 
 
 For limitation of civil or criminal actions ; 
 
 For incorporating niilroads or other work of internal improvements ; 
 
 And in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no 
 local or special law shall be enacted ; provided, that nothing herein contained 
 ehall be construed to prohibit the Legislature from passing special laws for 
 the preservation of the game and fish of this State in certain localities. 
 
 Sec. 57. No local or special law shall be passed, unless notice of the in- 
 tention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where 
 the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state 
 the substance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least thirty 
 days prior to the introduction into the Legislature of such bill, and in the 
 manner to be provided by law. The evidence of such notice having been 
 published shall be exhibited in the Legislature before such act shall be 
 passed. 
 
 Sec. 58. The Legislature shall hold its sessions at the city of Austin, 
 Which is hereby declared to be the Seat of Government. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 EXECUTIVE de:»artment. 
 
 Section 1. The Executive Department of tlie State shall consist of a 
 Governor, who shall be the chief Executive Officer of the State, a Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Treas- 
 Tirer, Commissioner of the General Laud Office, and Attorney-General. 
 
 Sec. 2. All the above officers of the Executive Department (except Sec- 
 re^.ary of State) shall be elected by the quulitied voters of the State ai the 
 time and places of election for members of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 3. The returns of every election for said Executive Officers, until 
 otherwise provided by law, shall be made out, sealed up, and transmitted 
 by the returning officers prescribed by law, to the seat of government, df- 
 
^04 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 rected to the Secretary of State, who shall deliver the same to the Speakei 
 of the House of Representatives, as soon as the Speaker shall be chosen ; 
 and the said Speaker shall, during the tirst week of the session of the 
 Legislature, open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the 
 Legislature. The person, voted for at said election, having the highest 
 number of votes for each of said offices respectively, and being constitu- 
 tionally eligible, shall be declared by the Speaker, under sanction of the 
 Legislature, to be elected to said office. But if two or more persons shall 
 have the highest and an equal number of votes for either of said offices, one 
 of them shall be immediately chosen to such office by joint vote of both 
 Houses of the Legislature. Contested elections for either of said offices 
 shall be determined by both Houses of the Legislature in joint session. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Governor shall be installed on the first Tuesday after the or- 
 ganization of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and shall 
 liold his office for the term of two years, or until his successor shall be duly 
 installed. He shall be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United 
 States, and shall have resided in this State at least five years immediately 
 preceding his election. 
 
 Sec. 5. He shall, at stated times, receive as compensation for his services 
 an annual salary of four thousand dollars, and no more, and shall have the 
 use and occupation of the Governor's mansion, fixtures, and furniture. 
 
 Sec. 6. During the time he holds the office of Governor he shall not hold 
 any other office, civil, military, or corporate ; nor shall he practice any pro- 
 fession, and receive compensation, reward, fee, or the promise thereof, for 
 the same; nor receive any salary, reward, or compensation, or the promise 
 thereof, from any person or corporation, for any service rendered or perform- 
 ed during the time he is Governor, or to be thereafter rendered or performed. 
 
 Sec. 7. Pie shall be commander-in-chief of the military forces of the 
 State, except when they are called into actual service of the United States. 
 He shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 State, to suppress insurrections, repel invasions, and protect the frontier 
 from hostile incursions by Indians or other predatory bands. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the 
 Legislature at the seat of government, or at a different place in case that 
 should be in possession of the public enemy, or in case of the prevalence of 
 disease thereat. His proclamation therefor shall state specifically the pur- 
 pose for which the Legislature is convened. 
 
 Sec. 9. The Governor shall, at the commencement of each session of the 
 Legislature, and at the close of his term of office, give to the Legislature 
 Information, by message, of the condition of the State ; and he shall recom- 
 mend to the Legislature such measures as he may deem expedient. He 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 205 
 
 shall account to the Legislature for all public moneys received and paid 
 out by him from any fund subject to his order, with vouchers ; and shall 
 accompany his message with a statement of the same. And at the com- 
 mencement of each regular session he shall present estimates of the amount 
 of money required to be raised by taxation for all purposes. 
 
 Sec. 10. He shall cause the laws to be faithfully executed ; and shall 
 conduct, in person, or in such manner as shall be prcscrilied by law, all in- 
 tercourse and business of the State with other States and with the United 
 States. 
 
 Sec, 11. In all criminal cases, except treason and impeachment, he shall 
 have power, after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations of punish- 
 ment, and pardons ; and, under such rules as the Legislature may prescribe, 
 he shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures. With the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, he may grant pardons in cases of treason, and to this 
 end he may respite a sentence therefor, until the close of the succeeding 
 session of the Legislature ; provided^ that in all cases of remissions of fines 
 and forfeitures, or grants of reprieve, commutation of punishment, or par- 
 don, he shall file in the oflUcc of the Secretary of State his reasons therefor. 
 
 Sec. 12. All vacancies in State or district offices, except members of the 
 Legislature, shall be filled, unless otherwise provided by law, by appoint- 
 ment of the Governor, which appointment, if made during its session, shall 
 be with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate present. If 
 made during the recess of the Senate, the said appointee, or some othei 
 person to fill such vacancy, shall be nominated to the Senate during the 
 first ten days of its session. If rejected, said office shall immediately be- 
 come vacant, and the Governor shall, without delay, make further nomina- 
 tions, until a confirmation takes place. But should there be no confirma- 
 tion during the session of the Senate, the Governor shall not thereafter ap- 
 point any person to fill such vacancy who has been rejected by the Senate ; 
 but may appoint some other person to fill the vacancy until the next session 
 of the Senate, or until the regular election to said office, should it sooner 
 occur. Appointments to vacancies in offices elective by the people shall 
 only continue until the first general election thereafter. 
 
 Sec. IB. During the session of the Legislature the Governor shall reside 
 where its sessions are held, and at all other times at the seat of government, 
 except when, by act of the Legislature, he may be required or authorized 
 to reside elsewhere. 
 
 Sec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses of the Legisla- 
 ture shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve he 
 Bhall sign it ; but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections, 
 to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objectiona 
 
20G CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 at laro^e upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon* 
 sideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall 
 be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise it shall 
 be reconsidered ; and, if approved by two-thirds of the members of that 
 House, it shall become a law ; but in such cases the votes of both Houses 
 shall be determined I)y yeas and nays, and the names of the membeis voting 
 for and against the bill shall be entered on tlie journal of each House re- 
 spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor with his ob- 
 jections witliin ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre- 
 sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed 
 it, unless the Legislature, by its adjournment, prevent its return ; in which 
 case it shall be a law, unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in 
 the office of the Secretary of State, and give notice tliereof by public proc- 
 lamation within twenty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented 
 to the Governor contains several items of appropriation, he may object to 
 one or more of such items, and approve the other portion of the bill. In 
 such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement 
 of the items to which he objects, and no item so objected to shall take 
 effect. If the Legislature be in session he shall transmit to the House in 
 which the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items objected 
 to shall be separately considered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of 
 such items be approved by two-thirds of the members present of each 
 House, the same shall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of 
 the Governor. If any such bill, containing several items of appropriation, 
 not having been presented to the Governor ten days (Sundays excepted) 
 prior to adjournment, be in the hands of the Governor at the time of ad- 
 journment, he shall have twenty days from such adjournment within which 
 to file objections to any items thereof and make proclamation of the same, 
 and such item or items shall not take effect. 
 
 Sec. 15. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both 
 Houses of the Legislature may be necessary, except on questions of adjourn- 
 ment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take effect, 
 shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by both 
 Houses ; and all the rules, provisions, and limitations shall apply thereto as 
 prescribed in the last preceding section in the case of a bill. 
 
 Sec. 16. There shall also be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall be chosen 
 at every election for Governor by the same electors, in the same manner, 
 continue in office the same time, and possess the same qualifications. The 
 electors shall distinguish for whom they vote as Goveinor and for whom aa 
 Lieutenant-Governor. The Lieutenant-Governor shall by virtue of his office 
 be president of the Senate, and shall have, when in Committee of the Whole, 
 a right to debate and vote on all questions ; and when the Senate is equally 
 divided, to give the casting vote. In case of the death, resignation, removal 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 207 
 
 from office, inability, or refusal of the Governor to serve, or of his impeach 
 ment or absence from the State, theLieutenant Governor shall exercise the 
 powers and authority appertuinini^ to the office of Governor until another 
 be chosen at the periodical election, and be duly qualified ; or until the 
 Governor impeached, absent, or disabled, shall be acquitted, return, or his 
 disability be removed. 
 
 Sec. 17. 11, during the vacancy in the office of Governor, the Lieutenant- 
 Governor should die, resi<;n, refuse to serve, or be removed from office, or 
 be unable to serve, or if he shall be impeached or absent from the State, 
 the pi-esident of the Senate, for the time being, shall, in like manner, ad- 
 minister the government until he shall be superseded by a Governor or 
 Lieutenant-Governor, The Lieutenant-Governor shall, while he acts as 
 president of the Senate, receive for his services the same compensation and 
 mileage which shall be allowed to the members of the Senate, and no more; 
 and during the time he administers the government, as Governor, he shall 
 receive in like manner the same compensation which the Governor would 
 have received had he been employed in the duties of his office, and no more. 
 The president, for the time being, of the Senate, shall, during the time he 
 administers the government, receive in like manner the same compensation 
 which the Governor would have received had he been employed in the 
 duties of his office. 
 
 Sec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor or president of the Senate succeeding 
 to the office of Governor shall, during the entire term to which he may 
 succeed, be under all the restrictions and inhibitions Imposed in this Con- 
 stitution on the Governor. 
 
 Sec. 19. There shall be a Seal of the State, which shall be kept by the 
 Secretary of State, and used by him officially under the direction of the 
 Governor. The Seal of the State shall be a star of five points, encircled by 
 olive and live-oak branches, and the words, "The State of Texas." 
 
 Sec. 20. All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the 
 State of Texas, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and at- 
 tested by the Secretary of State. 
 
 Sec. 21. There shall be a Secretary of State, who shall be appointed by 
 the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and 
 who shall continue in office during the term of service of the Governor. 
 He shall authenticate the publication of the laws, and keep a fair regis- 
 ter of all official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when 
 required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto, 
 before the Legislature, or either House thereof, and shall perform such 
 other duties as may be required of him by law. He shall receive for hia 
 •evvices an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more. 
 
208 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 22. The Attorney-General shall hold his office for two years and 
 Until his successor is duly qualified. He shall represent the State in all suita 
 and pleas in the Supreme Court of the State in which the State may be a 
 party, and shall especially enquire into the charter rights of all private cor- 
 porations, and from time to time, in the name of the State, take such action 
 in the courts as may be proper and necessary to prevent any private corpo* 
 ration from exercising any power or demanding or collecting any species cf 
 taxes, tolls, freight, or wharfage, not authorized by law. He shall, when- 
 ever sufficient cause exists, seek a judicial forfeiture of such charters, un- 
 less otherwise expressly directed by law, and give legal advice in writing to 
 the Governor and other executive officers, when requested by them, and 
 perform such other duties as may be required by law. He shall reside at 
 the seat of government during his continuance in office. He shall receive 
 for his services an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and no more, 
 besides such fees as may be prescribed by law ; provided^ that the fees 
 whicli he may receive shall not amount to more than two thousand dollars 
 annually. 
 
 Sec. 23. The Comptroller of Public Accounts, the Treasurer, and the Com- 
 missioner of the General Land Office shall each hold office for the term of 
 two years, and until his successor is qualified ; receive an annual salary of 
 two thousand and five hundred dollars, and no more ; reside at the capital 
 of the State during his continuance in office ; and perform such duties as 
 are or may be required of him by law. They and the Secretary of State 
 shall not receive to their own use any fees, costs, or perquisites of office. 
 All fees that maybe payable by law for any service performed by any officer 
 specified in this section, or in his office, shall be paid, Avhen received, into 
 the State treasury. 
 
 Sec. 24. An account shall be kept by the officers of the executive depart- 
 ment, and by all officers and managers of State institutions, of all moneys 
 and choses in action received and disbursed or otherwise disposed of by 
 them, severally, from all sources, and for every service performed ; and a 
 semi-annual report thereof shall be made to the Governor under oath. The 
 Governor may, at any time, require information in writing from any and all 
 of said officers or managers, upon any subject relating to the duties, condi- 
 tion, management, and expenses of their respective offices and institutions, 
 which information shall be required by the Governor under oath, and the 
 Governor may also inspect their books, accounts, vouchers, and public funds ; 
 and any officer or manager who, at any time, shall wilfully make a false 
 report or give false information, shall be guilty of perjury, and so adjudged 
 and punished accordingly, and removed from office. 
 
 Sec. 25. The Legislature shall pass efficient laws facilitating the investi- 
 gation of breaches of trust and duty by all custodians of public funds, and. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 209 
 
 providing for their suspension from office on reasonable cause shown, and 
 for the appointment of temporary incumbents of tlieir offices during such 
 Buspension. 
 
 Sec. 26, The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of two-thirda 
 of the Senate, shall appoint a convenient number of notaries public for 
 each county, who shall perform such duties as now are or may be pre« 
 scribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, in a Court of Appeals, in Distiict Courts, in County Courts, 
 in Commissioners' Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such 
 other courts as may be established by law. The Legislature may establish 
 Criminal District Courts, with such jurisdiction as it may prescribe, but no 
 such court shall be established unless the district includes a city containing 
 at least thirty thousand Inhabitants, as ascertained by tlie census of the 
 United States or other official census ; provided^ such town or city shall 
 support said Criminal District Courts when established. The Criminal Dis- 
 trict Court of Galveston and Harris counties shall continue with the district, 
 jurisdiction, and organization now existing by law, until otherwise provided 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. Tlie Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two Asso- 
 ciate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concur- 
 rence of two judges shall be necessary to the decision of a case. No person 
 eliall be eligible to the office of Chief Justice or Associate Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court unless he be at the time of his election a citizen of the United 
 States and of this State, and unless he shall have attained the age of thirty- 
 years, and shall have been a practising lawyer or a judge of a court in this 
 State, or such lawyer and judge together, at least seven years. Said Chief 
 Justice and Associate Justices shall be elected hy the qualified voters of the 
 State at a general election, shall hold their offices for six years, and shall 
 each receive an annual salary of not more than three thousand live hundred 
 and fifty dollars. In case of a vacancy in the office of Chief Justice or Asso- 
 ciate Justice of the Supreme Court, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until 
 the next general election for State officers, and at such general election the 
 vacaney for the unexpired term shall be filled by election by the qualified 
 voters of the State. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which 
 shall be co-extensive with the limits of the State ; but shall only extend to 
 civil cases of which the District Courts have original or appellate jurisdic- 
 tion. Appeals may be allowed from interlocutory judgments of the Dia- 
 9 
 
210 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 trict Courts, in such cases and under such regulations as may be provided 
 by law. The Supreme Court and the judges thereof shall have power to 
 issue, under sucli regulations as may be prescribed by law, the writ oi man- 
 damus^ and all other writs necessary to enforce the jurisdiction of said court. 
 Tlie Supreme Court shall have power, upon affidavit or otherwise, as by the 
 coart may be thought proper, to ascertain such matters of fact as may be 
 necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court 
 Bhall sit fcr the transaction of business from the first Mondoy in October 
 until the last Saturday of June of every year, at the seat of government, 
 and at not more than two other places in the State. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall appoint a clerk for each place at which 
 it may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in such manner as is now 
 or may hereafter be required by law; shall hold his office for four years, 
 and shall be subject to lemoval by said court for good cause entered of 
 record on the minutes of said court. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Court of Appeals shall consist of three judges, any two of 
 whom may constitute a quorum, and a concurrence of two judges shall be 
 necessary to a decision of said couit. I'hey shall be elected by the qualified 
 voters of the State at a general election. They shall be citizens of the 
 United States and of this State ; shall have arrived at the age of thirty 
 years at the time of election ; each shall have been a practising lawyer, or 
 a judge of a court in this State, or such lawyer and judge together, for at 
 least seven years. Said judges shall hold their offices for a term of six 
 years, and each of them shall receive an annual salary of three thousand 
 five hundred and fifty dollars, which shall not be increased or diminished 
 during their term of office. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Court of Appeals shall have appellate jurisdiction co-exten- 
 sive with the limits of the State in all criminal cases, of whatever grade, 
 and in all civil cases, unless hereafter otherwise provided by law, of which 
 the County Courts have original or appellate jurisdiction. In civil cases its 
 opinions shall not be published unless the publication of such opinions be 
 required by law. The Court of Appeals and the judges thereof shall have 
 power to is?ue the writ of habeas corpus; and under such regulations as 
 may be prescribed by law, issue such writs as may be necessar}' to enforce 
 Its own jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals shall have power, upon affida- 
 vits, or otherwise, as by the court may be thought proper, to ascertain such 
 mutters of fact as mny be necessary to the exercise of its jurisdiction. Tht 
 Court of Appeals shall sit for the transaction of business from the first 
 Monday of October until the last Saturday of June of every year, at the 
 capital, and at not more than two other places in the State, at which the 
 Supreme Court shall hold its sessions. The court shall appoint a clerk for 
 each place at which it may sit, and each of said clerks shall give bond in 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 211 
 
 such manner as is now or may hereafter be required by law ; shall hold his 
 office for four years, and shall be subject to removal by the said court for 
 good cause, entered of record ou the minutes of said court. 
 
 Sec. 7. The State shall be divided into twenty-six judicial districts, 
 which maybe increased or diminished by the Legislature. For each distiict 
 th ire shall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, at a general election 
 fo members of the Legislature, a judge, who shall be at least twenty-five 
 years ©f age, shall be a citizen of the United States, shall have been a prac- 
 tising attorney or a judge of a court in this State for the period of four 
 years, and shall have resided in the district in which he is elected for two 
 years naxt before his election ; shall reside in his district during his term of 
 office ; shall hold his office for the term of four years ; shall receive an 
 annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, which shall not be increased 
 or diminished during his term of service ; and shall hold the regular terms 
 of court-at one place in each county in the district twice in each year, in 
 such manner as may be prescribed by law. The Legislature shall have 
 power by general act to authorize the holding of special terms, when nec- 
 essary, and to provide for holding more than two terms of the court in any 
 county, for the dispatch of business; and shall provide for the holding of 
 District Courts when the judge thereof is absent, or is from any cause dis- 
 abled or disqualified from presiding. 
 
 Sec. 8. The District Court shall have original jurisdiction in criminal 
 cases of the grade of felony ; of all suits in behalf of the State to recover 
 penalties, forfeitures, and escheats ; of all cases of divorce ; in cases of 
 misdemeanors involving official misconduct ; of all suits to recover damages 
 for slander or defamation of character; of all suits for the trial of title to 
 land, and for the enforcement of liens thereon ; of all suits for trial of right 
 to property levied on by virtue of any writ of execution, sequestration, or 
 attachment, when the property levied on shall be equal to or exceed in 
 value five hundred dollars; and of all suits, complaints, or pleas whatever, 
 without regard to any distinction between law and equity, when the matter 
 In controversy shall be valued at, or amount to five hundred dollars, exclu- 
 sive of interest; and the said courts and the judges thereof shall have 
 power to issue writs of habeas coi^pus in felony cases, mandamu.-^, injunction, 
 certiorari, and all writs necessary to enforce their jurisdiction. The District 
 Courts shall have appellate jurisdiction and general control in probate 
 matters over the County Court established in each county for appointing 
 guardians, granting letters testamentary and of administration, for settling 
 the accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians, and for the trans- 
 action of business appertaining to estates; and original jurisdiction and 
 general control over executors, administrators, guardians, and minors, 
 under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Legislature. All cases 
 now pending in the Supreme Court, of wiiich the Court of Appeals has 
 
212 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 appellate jurisdiction under the provisions of this Article, shall, ns soon ai 
 practicable after the establishment of said Court of Appeals, be certified, 
 and the records transmitted to the Court of Appeals, and sliail be decided 
 by such Court of Appeals as if the same had been originally appealed to 
 such court. 
 
 Sec. 9. There shall be a clerk for the District Court of each county, who 
 shall be elected by the qualified voters for the State and count}' officers, 
 and who shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal by informa- 
 tion, or by indictment of a grand jury, and conviction by a petit jur}'. In 
 case of vacancy the judge of tlie District Court shall have the power to ap- 
 point a clerk, who shall hold until the office can be filled by election. 
 
 Sec. 10. In the trial of all causes in the District Courts, the plaintiff or 
 defendant shall, upon application made in open court, have the right of trial 
 by jury; but no jury shall be impanelled in any civil case unless demanded 
 by a party to the case, and a jury fee be paid by the party demanding a jury, 
 for such sum, and with such exceptions as may be prescribed by the Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 Sec. 11. No judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or 
 where either of the parties may be connected with him by affinity or con- 
 sanguinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law, or where he shall 
 have been counsel in the case. When the Supreme Court, or the Appellate 
 Court, or any two of the members of either, shall be thus disqualified to 
 hear and determine any case or cases in said court, the same shall be certified 
 to the Governor of the State, who shall immediately commission the 
 requisite number of persons learned in the law, for the trial and determina- 
 tion of said cause or causes. When a judge of the District Court is dis- 
 qualified by any of the causes above stated, the parties may, by consent, 
 appoint a proper person to try said case ; or, upon their failing to do so, a 
 competent person may be appointed to try the same in the county where il 
 is pending, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And the District 
 Judges may exchange districts, or hold courts for each other, when they 
 may deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law. The dis- 
 qualification of judges of inferior tribunals shall be remedied, and vacan- 
 cies in their offices shall be filled, as prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 13. All judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District 
 Courts shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace through- 
 out the State. The style of all writs and process shall be "The State ol 
 Texas." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the au- 
 thority of "The State of Texas," and conclude "against the peace and 
 dignity of the State." 
 
 Sec. 13. Grand and petit juries in the District Courts shall be composed 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 213 
 
 of twelve men; but nine members of a .^rand jury shall be a quorum to 
 transact bu.siness and present bills. In trials of civil cases, and in trials of 
 criminal cases below the orade of felony, in the District Courts, nine mem- 
 bers of the jury, concurring, may render a verdict, but when the verdict 
 shall be rendeied by less than the wliole number, it shall be signed by 
 evary member of the jury concurring in it. When, pending the trial of any 
 case, one or more jurors not exceeding three, may die, or be disabled from 
 iitting, tlie remainder of the jury shall have ll>e power to render the ver- 
 dict ; provided^ that tlie Legislature may change or modify the rule author- 
 izing less than the wnole number of the jury to render a verdict 
 
 Sec. 14. The Judicial Districts in tl^s State and the time of holding tlie 
 coLiits therein are fixed by ordinance forming part of this Constitution, 
 until otherwise provided by law. 
 
 Sec, 15. There shall be established in each county in this State a County 
 Court, which shall be a court of record ; and there shall be elected in each 
 county, by the qualified voters, a County Judiie, who shall be well informed 
 in the law of the State ; shall be a conservator of the peace, and shall hold 
 his office for two years, and until his successor shall be elected and quali- 
 fied. He shall receive as a compensation for his services sucli fees and 
 perquisites as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 16. The County Court shall have original jurisdiction in all misde- 
 meanors, of which exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to the Jus- 
 tice's Court, as the same are now or may be hereafter prescribed by law, 
 and when the fine to be imposed shall exceed two hundred dollars; and 
 they shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil cases when the 
 matter in controversy shall exceed in value two hundred dollars, and not 
 exceed five hundred dollars, exclusive of interest ; and concurrent jurisdic- 
 tion with the District Courts, when tlie matter in controversy shall exceed 
 five hundred and not exceed one thousand dollars, exclusive of interest; 
 but shall not have jurisdiction of suits for the recovery of land. They shall 
 have appellate jurisdiction in cases, civil and criminal, of which Justice's 
 Courts have original jurisdiction, but of such civil cases only when the 
 judgment of the court appealed from shall exceed twenty dollars, exclu- 
 sive of costs, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. In all 
 appeals from Justice's Courts, there shall be a trial de novo in the County 
 Court, and when the judgment rendered or fine imposed by the County 
 Court shall not exceed one hundred dollars such trial shall be final ; but if 
 the judgment rendered or fine imposed shall exceed one hundred dollars, 
 as well as in all cases, civil and criminal, of whicli the County Court has ex- 
 clusive or concurrent original jurisdiction, an appeal shall lie to the Court 
 of Appeals, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. The 
 County Courts shall have the general jurisdiction of a Probate Court. 
 
214 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Ihey shall probate wills, appoint guardians of minors, idiots, lunatics, 
 persons non compos mentis, and common drunkards, grant letters testament- 
 arj' and of administration, settle iiccounts of executors, administrators, 
 and guardiauf., transact all business appertaining to the estates of deceased 
 persons, minors, idiots, lunatics, persons non compos mentis, and common 
 drunkards, including the settlement, partition, and distribution of estates 
 of deceased persons, and to apprentice minors, as provided by law. And 
 the County Courts, or judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of 
 mandamus, injunction, and all other writs necessary to the enforcement of 
 the jurisdiction of said courts ; and to issue writs of habeas corpus m cases 
 where the offence charged is within the jurisdiction of the County Court, or 
 any otiier court or tribunal inferior to said court. The County Court shall 
 not have criminal jurisdiction in any county where there is a Criminal Dis- 
 trict Court, unless expressly conferred bylaw ; and in such counties appeals 
 from Justice's Courts and other inferior courts and tribunals, in criminal 
 cases, shall be to the Criminal District Courts, under such regulations as 
 may be prescribed by law, and in all such cases an appeal shall lie from such 
 District Courts to the Court of Appeals. Any case pending in tlie County 
 Court, which the County Judge may be disqualified to try, sliall be trans- 
 ferred to the Disti'ict Court of tlie same county for trial : and where tlierc 
 exists any cause disqualifying the County Judge for the trial of a cause of 
 which the County Court has jurisdiction, the District Court of sucli county 
 shall have original jurisdiction of such cause. 
 
 Sec. 17. The County Court shall hold a term for civil business at least 
 once in every two months, and shall dispose of probate business, either in 
 term-time or vacation, as may be provided by law ; and said court shall 
 hold a term for criminal business once in every month, as may be provided 
 by law. Prosecutions may be commenced in said court by information 
 filed by the County Attorney, or by aflldavit, as may be provided by law. 
 Grand juries impanelled in tlie District Courts shall Inquire into misde- 
 meanors, and all indictments therefor returned into the District Courts 
 shall forthwith be certified to the County Courts, or other inferior courts 
 having jurisdiction to try them, for trial; and if sucli indictment be quashed 
 In the County or other infeiior court, the person charged shall not be dis- 
 charged if there is probable cause of guilt, but may be held by such court 
 or magistrate to answer an information or affidavit. A jury in tlie County 
 Court shall consist of six men; but no jury shall be impanelled to try a 
 civil case, unless demanded by one of the parties, who shall pay such jury 
 fee therefor, in advance, as may be prescribed by law, unless he makes 
 affidavit tiiat lie is unable to pay the same. 
 
 Src. 18. Each organized county in the State, now or heieafter existing, 
 shall be divided from time to time, for the convenience of the people, into 
 precincts, not less than four and not more than eight. The present County 
 
r 
 
 STATE OF TEXAS. 215 
 
 Courts shall make the first division. Subsequent divisions shall be made 
 by the Commissioners' Court, provided for by this Constitution, In each 
 such precinct there shall be elected, at each biennial election, one Justice of 
 the Peace and one Constable, each of whom shall hold his office for two 
 years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified; provided^ that 
 in any precinct in which there may be a city of eight thousand or more in- 
 habitants, there shall be elected two Justices of the Peace. Each countj 
 shall in like maimer be divided into four commissioners' precincts, in each 
 of wliich there shall be elected, by the qualified voters thereof, one County 
 Commissioner, who shall hold his office for two years, and until his succes- 
 sor shall be elected and qualified. The County Commissioners so chosen, 
 witli the County Judge, as presiding officer, shall compose the County 
 Commissioners' Court, which shall exercise such powers and jurisdiction 
 over all county business as is conferred by this Constitution and the laws 
 of this State, or as may be hereafter prescribed. 
 
 Sec. 19. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in criminal matters 
 of all cases where the penalty or fine to be imposed by law may not be more 
 than for two hundred dollars, and in civil matters of all cases where the 
 amount in controversy is two liundred dollars or less, exclusive of interest, 
 of which exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to the District or 
 County Courts; and such other jurisdiction, criminal and civil, as may be 
 provided by law, under such regulations as may be prescriljed by law ; and 
 appeals to the County Courts shall be allowed in all cases decided in Jus- 
 tice's Courts where the judgment is for more than twenty dollars exclusive 
 of costs, and in all criminal cases, under such regulations as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. And the Justices of the Peace shall be ex-officio notaries 
 public ; and they shall hold their courts at such times and places as may be 
 provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 20. There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a 
 County Clerk, who shall hold his office for two years, who shall be Clerk of 
 the County and Commissioners' Courts and Recorder of the county, whose 
 duties, perquisites, and fees of office shall be prescribed by the Legislature, 
 and a vacancy in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners' Court, 
 until the next general election for county and State officers ; provided, that 
 in counties having a population of less than eight thousand persons there 
 may be an election of a single clerk, who shall perform the duties of Dis- 
 trict and County Clerk. 
 
 Sec. 21. A County Attorney, for counties in which there is not a resident 
 Criminal District Attorney, shall be elected by the qualified voters of each 
 county, who shall be commissioned by the Governor, and hold his office for 
 the term of two years. In case of vacancy, the Commissioners' Court of 
 the county shall have power to appoint a County Attorney until the next 
 
216 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 general election. The County Attorneys shall represent the State m al. 
 cases in the District and inferior courts in their respective counties ; but if 
 any county shall be included in a district in wliich there shall be a Distric* 
 Attorney, the respective duties of District Attorneys and County Attorneys 
 shall in such counties be reguluted by the Legislature. The Legislature 
 may provide for the election of District Attorneys in such districts as may 
 be deemed necessary, and make provision for the compensation of District 
 Attorneys and County Attorneys ; provided. District Attorneys shall receive 
 an annual salary of five hundred dollars, to be paid by the State, and such 
 fees, commissions, and perquisites as may be provided by law. County At- 
 torneys shall receive as compensation only such fees, commissions, and 
 perquisites as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 22. The Legislature shall have power, by local or general law, to 
 increase, diminish, or change the civil and criminal jurisdiction of County 
 Courts ; and in cases of any such change of jurisdiction the Legislature 
 shall also conform the jurisdiction of the other courts to such change. 
 
 Sec. 23. There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county a 
 Sheriff, who shall hold his ofiice for the term of two years, whose duties, 
 and perquisites, and fees of office, shall be prescribed by the Legislature, 
 and vacancies in whose office shall be filled by the Commissioners' Court 
 until the next general election for county or State officers. 
 
 Sec. 24. County Judges, County Attorneys, Clerks of the District and 
 County Courts, Justices of the Peace, Constables, and other county officers, 
 may be removed by the Judges of tlie District Courts for incompetency, 
 official misconduct, habitual drunkenness, or other causes defined by low, 
 upon the cause therefor being set forth in writing, and the finding of its 
 truth by a jury. 
 
 Sec. 25. Tlie Supreme Court shall liave power to make rules and regu- 
 lations for the government of said court, and the other courts of the State^ 
 to regulate proceedings and expedite the dispatch of business therein. 
 
 Sec. 26 The State shall have no right of appeal in criminal cases. 
 
 Sec. 27. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the transfer 
 of all business, civil and criminal, pending in District Courts, over which 
 jurisdiction is given by this Constitution to the County Courts, or other 
 inferior courts, to such County or infeiior courts, and for the trial or dis- 
 position of all such causes by such County or other inferior courts. 
 
 Sec. 28. Vacancies in the office of judges in the Supreme Court, of the 
 Court of Appeals, and District Court, shall be filled by the Governor until 
 the next succeeding general election ; and vacancies in the office of County 
 Judge, and Justices of the Peace, shall be filled by the Commissioners' 
 Court, until the next general election for such offices. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 217 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 SDFFKAGE, 
 
 Section 1. The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote 
 In this State, to wit : 
 
 First. — Persons under twenty-ona years of age. 
 
 Second. — Idiots and lunatics. 
 
 Third. — All paupers supported by any county. 
 
 Fourth. — All persons convicted of any felony, subject to such exceptions 
 as the Legislature may make. 
 
 Fiftli. — All soldiers, marines, and seamen employed in the service of the 
 army or navy of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 2. Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifica- 
 tions, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall 
 be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State 
 one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the dis- 
 trict or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified 
 elector ; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the 
 foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have 
 declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States in accordance 
 with the Federal Naturalization Laws, and shall have resided in this State one 
 year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in 
 which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector ; and all 
 electors shall vote in the election precinct of their residence ; provided, that 
 electors living in any unorganized county may vote at any election precinct 
 in the county to which such county is attached for judicial purposes. 
 
 Sec. 3. All qualified electors of the State, as herein described, who sliall 
 have resided for six months immediately preceding an election within the 
 limits of any city or corporate town, shall liave the right to vote for Mayor 
 and all other elective oflftcers ; but in all elections to determine expenditure 
 of money or assumption of debt, only those shall be qualified to vote who 
 pay taxes on property in said city or incorporated town ; provided, that no 
 poll tax for the payment of debts thus incurred shall be levied upon the 
 persons debarred from voting in relation thereto. 
 
 Sec. 4. In all elections by the people the vote shall be by ballot, and the 
 Legislature shall provide for the numbering of tickets, and make such 
 other regulations as may be necessary to detect and punish fraud, and pre- 
 serve the purity of the ballot box ; but no law shall ever be enacted requir- 
 ing a registration of the voters of this State. 
 
 Sec. 5. Voters shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and io 
 going to and returning therefrom. 
 
218 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 ARTICLE Vn. 
 
 EDUCATION. — THE PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 1. A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the pres- 
 ervation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty ol 
 tlie Legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for 
 the support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools. 
 
 Sec. 2. All funds, lands, and other property heretofore set apart and 
 appropriated for the support of public schools ; all the alternate sections 
 of land reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may 
 hereafter be made to railroads, or other corpoi-ations, of any nature what- 
 soever ; one-half of the public domain of the State ; and all sums of money 
 that may come to the State from the sale of any portion of the same, shall 
 constitute a perpetual school fund. 
 
 Sec. 3. There shall be set apart annually not more than one-fourth of the 
 general revenue of the State, and a poll tax of one dollar on all male inhab- 
 itants in this State between tlie ages of twenty-one and sixty years, for the 
 benefit of the public free schools. 
 
 Sec. 4. The land herein set apart to the public free school fund shall be 
 sold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be 
 prescribed by law ; and the Legislature shall not have power to grant any 
 relief to the purchasers thereof. The Comptroller shall invest the proceeds 
 of such sales, and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the 
 Board of Education herein provided for, in the bonds of this State, if thf 
 same can be obtained, otherwise in United States bonds ; and the United 
 States bonds now belonging to said fund shall likewise be invested in State 
 bonds, if the same can be obtained on terms advantageous to the school 
 fund. 
 
 Sec. 5. Tlie principal of all bonds, and other funds, and the principal 
 arising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart for said school 
 fund, shall be the permanent school fund ; and all the interest derivable 
 therefrom, and the taxes herein authorized and levied, shall be the available 
 school fund, which shall be applied annually to the support of the public 
 free schools. And no law shall ever be enacted appropriating any part of 
 the permanent or available school fund to any other purpose whatever ; nor 
 shall the same or any part thereof ever be appropriated to, or used for the 
 support of any sectarian school; and the available school fund herein pro- 
 vided shall be distributed to the several counties according to their scholas- 
 tic population, and applied in manner as may be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 6. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties 
 of this State for education or schools, are of right the property of said 
 
STATE OF TEXAS, 219 
 
 counties respectively to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested 
 In said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be avail- 
 able against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose of its 
 ands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the Commissioners' 
 Court of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands shall be pro- 
 tected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their set- 
 tlement, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, at the price fixed by 
 •aid court, which price shall not include the value of existing impiovomenta 
 made thereon by such settlers. Said lands and the proceeds thereof, when 
 sold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of public 
 schools therein-; said proceeds to be invested in bonds of the State of 
 Texas, or of the United States, and only the interest thereon to be used and 
 expended annually. 
 
 Sec. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored chil- 
 dren, and impartial provision shall be made for both. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Governor, Comptroller, and Secretary of State shaU consti- 
 tute a Board of Education, who shall distribute said funds to the several 
 counties, and perform such other duties concerning public schools as may 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 ASYLUMS. 
 
 Sec. 9. All lands heretofore granted for the benefit of the Lunatic, Blind, 
 Deaf and Dumb, and Orphan Asylums, together with such donations as 
 may have been or may hereafter be made to either of them, respectively, 
 as indicated in the several grants, are hereby set apart to provide a perma- 
 nent fund for the support, maintenance, and improvement of said asylums. 
 And the Legislature may provide for the sale of the lands and investment 
 of the proceeds in manner as provided for the sale and investment of school 
 lands in Section 4 of this Article. 
 
 UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Legislature shall, as soon as practicable, establish, organize, 
 and provide for the maintenance, support, and direction of a university of 
 the first class, to be located by a vote of the people of this State, and styled 
 "The University of Texas," for the promotion of literature, and the arts 
 and sciences, including an agricultural and mechanical department. 
 
 Slc. 11. In order to enable the Legislature to perform the duties set forth 
 In th^ foregoing section, it is hereby declared that all lands and other prop- 
 erty heretofore set apart and appropriated for the establishment and main- 
 tenance of *'The University of Texas," together with all the proceeds ol 
 sales of the same, heretofore made or hereafter to be made, and all ^;ra?its, 
 donations, and appropriations that may hereafter be made by the State »>i 
 
220 CONSTITUTION OF TEE 
 
 Texas, or from any otliei source, shall constitute and become a permauenl 
 upiversity fund. And the same as realized and received into the Treasury 
 of the State (together with such sums, belonging to the fund, as may now 
 be in the Treasury), sliall be invested in bonds of the State of Texas, if the 
 same can be obtained, if not, then in United States bonds ; and the interest 
 accruing thereon shall be subject to appropriation by the Legislature to 
 ftccomplish the purpose declared in the foregoing section ; jorovitied, that 
 one-tenth of the alternate sections of the lands granted to railroads, reserved 
 by the State, which were set apart and appropriated to the establishment of 
 •' The University of Texas," by an act of the Legislature of February 11, 
 1858, entitled "An act to establisli 'The University of Texas,'" shall not 
 be included in or constitute a part of the permanent university fund. 
 
 Sec. 12. The land herein set apart to the university fund shall be sold 
 under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms, as may be pro- 
 vided by law ; and the Legislature shall provide for the prompt collection, 
 at maturity, of all debts due on account of university lands, heretofore 
 sold, or that may hereafter be sold, and shall in neither event have the 
 power to grant relief to the purchasers. 
 
 Sec. 13. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, established 
 by au act of the Legislature, passed April 17, 1871, located in the county of 
 Brazos, is liereby made and constituted a branch of the University of Texas, 
 for instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and tlie natural sciences 
 connected therewith. And the Legislature shall, at its next session, make 
 an appropriation, not to exceed forty thousand dollars, for the construction 
 and completion of the buildings and improvements, and for providing the 
 furniture necessary to put said college in immediate and successful opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 14. The Legislature shall also, when deemed practicable, establish 
 and provide for the maintenance of a college or branch university for the 
 instruction of the colored youths of the State, to be located by a vote of the 
 people ; provided, that no tax shall be levied, and no money appropriated 
 out of the general revenue, either for this purpose or for the establishment 
 and erection of ihe buildings of the University of Texas. 
 
 Sec. 15. In addition to the lands heretofore granted to the University of 
 Texas, there is hereby set apart and appropriated, for the endowment, 
 maintenance, and support of said University and its branches, one million 
 &< res of the unappropriated public domain of the State, to be designated 
 and surveyed as may be provided by law ; -and said lands shall be sold 
 under the same regulations, and the proceeds invested in the same manner 
 as is provided for the sale and investment of the permanent University 
 fund ; and the Legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to the 
 purchasers of said lands. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 221 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 TAXATION AND REVENUE. 
 
 Section 1. Taxation shall be equal and uniform. All property in thii 
 State, whether owned by natural persons or corporations, other than mu* 
 nicipal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, which shall be ascertained 
 as may be provided by law. The Legislature may impose a poll tax. It 
 may also impose occupation taxes, both upon natural persons and upon cor- 
 porations, other than municipal, doing any business in this State. It may 
 tax incomes of both natural persons and corporations, other than mu- 
 nicipal, except that persons engaged in mechanical and agricultural 
 pursuits shall never be required to pay an occupation tax ; provided^ 
 that two hundred and fifty dollars worth of household and kitchen 
 furniture, belonging to each family in this State, shall be exempt from tax- 
 ation ; and provided further, that the occupation tax levied by any county, 
 city, or town, for any year, on persons or corporations pursuing any pro- 
 fession or business, shall not exceed one-half of the tax levied by tlie State 
 for the same period on such profession or business. 
 
 Sec. 2. All occupation taxes shall be equal and uniform upon the same 
 class of subjects within the limits of the authority levying the tax ; but the 
 Legislature may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property 
 used for public purposes; actual places of religious worship; places of 
 burial not held for private or corporate protit; all buildings used exclusive- 
 ly and owned by persons or associations of persons for school purposes 
 (and tlie necessary furniture of all schools), and institutions of purely pub- 
 lie charity ; and all laws exempting property from taxation other than the 
 property above mentioned, shall be void. 
 
 Sec. 3. Taxes shall be levied and collected by general laws and for pub- 
 lic purposes only. 
 
 Sec. 4. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not 
 be surrendered or suspended by act of the Legislature, by any contract or 
 grant to which the State shall be a party. 
 
 Sec. 5. All property of railroad companies, of whatever description, lying 
 or being within the limits of any city or incorporated town within this State, 
 shall bear its proportionate sliare of municipal taxation ; and if any such 
 property shall not have been heretofore rendered, the authorities of the 
 city or town within which it lies shall have power to require its rendition, 
 and collect the usual municipal tax thereon, as on other property lying 
 within said municipality. 
 
 Sec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of 
 specific appropriations made by law ; nor shall any appropriation of monev 
 
222 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 be made for a longer term than two years, except b\' the first Legislature to as 
 semble under tliis Constitution, which may make the necessary appropriations 
 to carry on the government until the assemblage of the Sixteenth Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 7. Tlie Legislature shall not have power to borrow, or in any mau' 
 ner divert from its purpose any special fund that may, or ought to, corae 
 into the treasury ; and shall make it penal for any person or persons to 
 borrow, withhold, or in any manner to divert from its purpose any special 
 fund, or any part thereof. 
 
 Sec. 8. All property of railroad companies shall be assessed, and the 
 taxes collected in the several counties in which said property is situated, 
 including so much of the road- bed and fixtures as shall be in each county. 
 The rolling stock may be assessed in gross in the county where the principal 
 ofiice of the company is located, and the county tax paid upon it shall be 
 apportioned by the Comptroller, in proportion to the distance such road 
 may run through any such county, among the several counties through 
 which the road passes, as a part of their tax assets. 
 
 Sec. 9. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay 
 the public debt, shall never exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dollara 
 valuation, and no county, city, or town shall levy more than one-half of said 
 State tax, except for the payment of debts already incurred, and for the erec- 
 tion of public buildings, not to exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dol- 
 lars in any one year, and except as in this Constitution is otherwise provided. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Legislature shall have no power to release the inhabitants 
 of, or property in, any county, city, or town from the payment of taxes 
 levied for State or county purposes, unless in case of great public calamity 
 in any such county, city, or town, when such release may be made by a vote 
 of two-thirds of each House of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 11. All property, whether owned by persons or corporations, shall 
 be assessed for taxation, and the taxes paid in the county where situated, 
 but the Legislature n)ay, by a two-thirds vote, authorize the payment of 
 taxes of non-residents of counties to be made at the office of the Comptrol- 
 ler of Public Accounts. And all lands and other property not rendered for 
 taxation by the owner thereof shall be assessed at its fair value by tb3 
 proper oflflcer. 
 
 Sec. 12. All property subject to taxation in, and owned by residents of 
 unorganized counties, shall be assessed and the taxes thereon paid in the 
 counties to which such unorganized counties shall be atta.ched for judicial 
 purposes; and lands lying in and owned by non-residents of unorganized 
 counties, and lands lying in the territory, not laid off into counties, shall be 
 assessed and the taxes thereon collected at the office of the Comptroller of 
 the State. 
 
.STATE OF TEXAS. 223 
 
 Sec. 13. Provision shall be made by the first Legislature for the speedy 
 sale of a sufficient portion of all lands and otlier property for tlie taxes due 
 thereon, and every year thereafter for the sale of all lands and other prop- 
 erty upon which the taxes have not been paid, and the deed of conveyance 
 to the purchaser for all lands and other property tlius sold shall be held to 
 rest a good and perfect title in tlie purchaser thereof, subject to be im- 
 peached only for actual fraud ; provided, that the former owner shall, within 
 two years from date of purchaser's deed, liave the riglit to redeem the land 
 upon the payment of double the amount of money paid for the land. 
 
 Sec. 14. There shall be elected by the qualified electors of each county, 
 at the same time and under the same law regulating the election of State 
 and county officers, an assessor of taxes, who sliall hold his office for two 
 years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 15. The annual assessment made upon landed property shall be a 
 special lien tliereon, and all property, both real and personal, belonging to 
 any delinquent taxpayer, shall be liable to seizure and sale for the payment 
 of all the taxes and penalties due by such delinquent ; and such property 
 may be sold for tlie payment of tlie taxes and penalties due by such delin^ 
 quent, under such regulations as the Legislature may provide. 
 
 Sec. 16. The sheriff of each county, in addition to his other duties, shall 
 be the collector of taxes therefor. But in counties having ten tliousand 
 'iihabitants, to be determined by the last preceding census of the United 
 States, a collector of taxes shall be elected to hold office for two years, and 
 until his successor shall be elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 17. The specification of the objects and subjects of taxation shall 
 not deprive the Legislature of the power to require other subjects or ob- 
 jects to be taxed in such manner as may be consistent with the principles of 
 taxation fixed in this Constitution. 
 
 Seo, 1^ The Legislature shall provide for equalizing, as near as maybe, 
 the valuation of all property subject to or rendered for taxation (the County 
 Commissioner's Court to constitute a board of equalization) ; and may also 
 provide for the classification of all lands, with reference to their value iu 
 the several counties. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Section 1. The Legislature shall have power to create counties for th« 
 convenience of the people, subject to the following provisions : 
 
 First. — In the territory of the State exterior to all counties now es Isting, 
 no new counties shall be created with a less area than nine hundred squara 
 
224 CONSTITUTION OF TEE 
 
 miles, in a square form, unless prevented by pre-existing boundary lines. 
 Should tlie State lines render this impracticable in border counties, the area 
 may be less. The territory referred to may, at any time, in wliole or in 
 part, be divided into counties in advance of population, and attached, for 
 judicial and land-surveying purposes, to the most convenient organized 
 county or counties. 
 
 iSecond. — Witliin the territory of any county or counties now existing, no 
 new county sludl be created with a less area tlian seven liundred square 
 miles, nor sliall an}' such county now existing be reduced to a less area 
 than seven hundred square miles. No new counties shall be created so as 
 to approacli nearer than twelve miles of the county seat of any county from 
 which it may, in whole or in part, be taken. Counties of a less area tiiau 
 nine hundred, but of seven hundred or more square miles, within counties 
 now existing, may be created by a two-thirds vote of each House of the 
 Legislature, taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals. Any 
 county now existing may be reduced to an area of not less than seven hun- 
 dred square miles, by a like two-thirds vote. When any part of a county is 
 stricken off and attached to or created into another county, the part stricken 
 off shall be holden for and obliged to pay its proportion of all the liabilities 
 then existing of the county from which it was taken, in such manner as 
 may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Third. — No part of any existing county shall be detached from it and 
 attached to another existing county until the proposition for such change 
 shall have been submitted, in such nianm-r as may be provided by law, to 
 a vote of the electors of both counties, and shall have leceived a majority 
 of tliose voting on the question in each. 
 
 COUNTY SEATS. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Leuislature shall pass laws regulating the manner of remov- 
 ing county seats, but no county seat situated witliin five miles of the geo- 
 gi'aphical centre of the county shall be removed, except by a vote of two- 
 thirds of all the electors voting on the subject. A majority of such electors, 
 however, voting at such election, may remove a county seat from a point 
 more than five miles from the geographical centre of the county to a point 
 within five miles of such centre, in cither case the centre to be determined 
 by a certificate from the Commissioner of the General Land Ofllice. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 Sbction 1. Any railroad corporation or association, organized under the 
 law for the purpose, shall have the right to construct and operate a railroad 
 between any points within this State, and to connect at the State line with 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 225 
 
 railroads of other States. Every railroad company shall have the richt, 
 vrith its roa«l, to intersect, connect with, or cross any other railroad ; and 
 shall receive and transport each the other's passengers, tonnage, and cars, 
 lOiided or empty, without delay or discrimination, under such regulations 
 &c shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. Railronds heretofore constructed, or that may hereafter be con- 
 structed in this State, are hereby declared public highways, and railroad 
 companies common carriers. The Legislature shall pass laws to correct 
 ftbusts and prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in tlie rates of 
 freight and passenger tariffs on the different railroads in this State ; and 
 shall from time to time pass laws establishing reasonable maximum rates 
 of charges for the ti-ansportation of passengers and freight on said railroads, 
 and enforce all such laws by adequate penalties. 
 
 Skc. B. Every railroad or other corporation, organized or doing business 
 in this State under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a 
 public office or place in tliis State for the transaction of its business, where 
 transfers of stock shall be made, and where shall be kept, for inspection 
 by the stockholders of such corporations, books, in which shall be recorded 
 the amount of capital stock subscribed, the names of the owners of the 
 stock, the amounts owned by them respectively, the amount of stock paid, 
 and by whom, the transfer of said stock, with the date of the transfer, the 
 amount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and places of residence 
 of its officers. The directors of every railroad company shall hold one 
 meeting annually in this State, public notice of which shall be given thirty 
 days previously, and the president or superintendent shall report annually, 
 under oath, to the Comptroller or Governor, their acts and doings, which 
 report shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be prescribed 
 by law. The Legislatuie shall pass laws enforcing by suitable penalties the 
 provisions of this section. 
 
 Sec. 4. The rolling stock and all other movable property belonging to 
 any railroad company or corporation in this State shall be considered per- 
 sonal property, and its real and personal i)roperty, or any part thereof, shall 
 be liable to execution and sale in the same manner as the property of indi- 
 viduals ; and the Legislature shall pass no laws exempting any such prop- 
 erty from execution and sale. 
 
 Sec. 5. No railroad or other corporation, or the lessees, purchasers, or 
 managers of any railroad corporation, shall consolidate the stock, property, 
 or franchises of such corporation with, or lease or purchase the works or 
 franchises of, or in any way control any railroad corporation owning or 
 having under its control a parallel or competing line ; nor shall any officer 
 of such railroad corporation act as an officer of any other railroad corpora- 
 tion owning or having the control of a parallel or competing line. 
 
226 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 6. No railroad company orjj^anized under the laws of this State shall 
 consolidate by private or judicial sale or otherwise with any railroad com- 
 pany organized under the laws of any other State or of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 7. No law shall be passed by the Legislature grantini^ the right to 
 construct and operate a street railroad within any city, town, or village, or 
 upon any public highway, without first acquiring the consent of the local 
 authorities having control of the street or highway proposed to be occu- 
 pied by such street railroad. 
 
 Sec. 8. No railroad corporation in existence at the time of the adoption 
 of this Constitution shall have the benefit of any future legislation, except 
 on condition of complete acceptance of all the provisions of this Constitu- 
 tion applicable to railroads. 
 
 Sec. 9. No railroad hereafter constructed in this State shall pass within a 
 distance of three miles of any count}' seat without passing through the 
 same, and establishing and maintaining a depot therein, unless prevented 
 by natural obstacles, such as stieams, hills, or mountains; provided, such 
 town or its citizens shall grant the right of way through its limits, and suf- 
 •jcient ground for ordinary depot purposes. 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 municipal corporations. 
 
 Section 1. The several counties of this State are hereby recognized aa 
 legal subdivisions of the State. 
 
 Sec. 2. The construction of jails, court-houses, and bridges, and the es- 
 tablishment of county poor-houses and farms, and the laying out, construc- 
 tion, and repairing of county roads shall be provided for by general laws. 
 
 Sec. 3. No county, city, or other municipal corporation shall hereafter be- 
 come a subscriber to the capital of any private corporation or association, 
 or make any appropriation or donation to the same, or in anywise loan its 
 credit: but this shall not be construed to in any way affect any obligation 
 heretofore undertaken pursuant to law. 
 
 Sec. 4. Cities and towns having a population of ten thousand inhabitants 
 or less, may be chartered alone by general law. They may levy, assess, 
 and collect an annual tax to defray the current expenses of their local gov- 
 ernment, but such tax sliall never exceed, for any one year, one-fourth of 
 one per cent., and shall be collectable only in current money. And all 
 license and occupation tax levied, and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and 
 other dues accruing to cities and towns shall be collectable only in current 
 money. 
 
 i 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 227 
 
 Sec. 5. Cities having more than ten thousand inhabitants may have theil 
 cliarters granted or amended by special act of the Legislature, and may 
 levy, assess, and collect such taxes as may be authorized by law, but no 
 tax for any purpose shall ever be lawful, for any one year, which shall ex- 
 ceed two and one-half per cent, of the taxable property of such city ; and 
 no debt shall ever be created by any city, unless at the same time provision 
 be made to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the intere&t 
 thereon and create a sinking fund of at least two per -cent, thereon. 
 
 Sec, 6. Counties, cities, and towns are authorized, in such mode as may 
 now or may hereafter be provided by law, to levy, assess, and collect the 
 taxes necessary to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund to satisfy 
 any indebtedness heretofore legally made and undertaken ; but all such 
 taxes shall be assessed and collected separately from that levied, assessed, 
 and collected for current expenses of municipal government, and shall 
 when levied specify in the act of levying the purpose therefor ; and such 
 taxes may be paid in the coupons, bonds, or other indebtedness for the pay- 
 ment of which such tax may have been levied. 
 
 Sec. 7. All counties and cities bordering on the coast of the Gulf of 
 Mexico are hereby authorized, upon a vote of two-thirds of the taxpayers 
 therein (to be ascertained as may be provided by law) to levy and collect 
 such tax for construction of sea walls, breakwaters or sanitary purposes, 
 as may be authorized by law, and may create a debt for such works and 
 issue bonds in evidence thereof. But no debt for any purpose shall ever be 
 incurred in any manner by any city or county, unless provision is made at 
 the time of creating the same, for levying and collecting a sufficient tax to 
 pay the interest thereon and provide at least two percent, as a sinking 
 fund ; and the condemnation of the right of way for the erection of such 
 works shall be fully provided for. 
 
 Sec. 8. The counties and cities on the Gulf coast being subject to ca- 
 lamitous overflows, and a very large proportion of the general revenue 
 being derived from those otherwise prosperous localities, the Legislature la 
 especially authorized to aid by donation of such portion of the public do- 
 main as may be deemed proper, and in such mode as may be provided by 
 law, the construction of sea walls, or breakwaters, such aid to be propor- 
 tioned to the extent and value of the works constructed, or to be con- 
 structed, in any locality. 
 
 Sec. 9. The property of counties, cities, and towns owned and held only 
 for public purposes, such as public buildings and the sites therefor, fire 
 engines and the furniture thereof, and all property used or intended for 
 extinguishing fires, public grounds, and all other property devoted exclu- 
 sively to the use and benefit of the public, shall be exempt from forced sale 
 auu from taxation ; provided, nothing herein shall prevent the enforcement 
 
228 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 oi the vendor's lien, the mechanic's or builder's lieu, or other liens now 
 existing. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Legislature may constitute any city or town a separate and 
 independent school district. And when the citizens of any city or town 
 have a charter, authorizing the city authorities to levy and collect a tax for 
 the support and maintenance of a public institution of learning, such tax 
 may hereafter be levied and collected, if, at any election held for that pur- 
 pose, two-thirds of the taxpayers of such city or town shall vote for such 
 tax. 
 
 ARTICLE Xa. 
 
 PRIVATE CORPOHATIONS. 
 
 Section 1. No private corporations shall be created except by general 
 laws. 
 
 Sec. 2. General laws shall be enacted providing for the creation of pri* 
 vate corporations, and shall therein provide fully for the adequate protec- 
 tion of the public and of the individual stockholders. 
 
 Sec. 3. The right to authorize and regulate freights, tolls, wharfage, or 
 fares levied and collected or proposed to be levied and collected by indi- 
 viduals, companies, or corporations, for the use of highways, landings, 
 ■wharves, bridges, and ferries, devoted to public use, has never been and 
 shall never be relinquished or abandoned by the State, but shall always be 
 under legislative control and depend upon legislative authority. 
 
 Sec. 4. The first Legislature assembled after the adoption of this Consti- 
 tution shall provide a mode of procedure by the Attorney-General and 
 District or County Attorneys, in the name and behalf of the State, to pre- 
 vent and punish the demanding and receiving or collection of any and all 
 charges as freight, wharfage, fares, or tolls, for the use of property de- 
 voted to the public, unless the same shall have been specially authorized 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 5. All laws granting the right to demand and collect freights, farce, 
 tolls, or wharfage shall at all times be subject to amendment, modification, 
 or repeal by the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 6. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money paid, 
 labor done, or property actually received, and all fictitious increase of stock 
 or indebtedness shall be void. 
 
 Sec. 7. Notliing in this Article shall be construed to divest or affect 
 rights guaranteed by any existing grant or statute of this State, or of the 
 tiepublic of Texas. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 229 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 SPANISH AND MEXICAN LAND TITLES. 
 
 Section 1. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, which have here- 
 tofore accrued to the Republic and State of Texas, under their constitutions 
 and laws, shall accrue to the State under this Constitution; and the Legis- 
 lature shall provide a method for determinini!^ what lands have been for- 
 feited, and for }>"iving effect to escheats ; and all sucli riglits of forfeiture 
 and escheats to the State shall, ipso facto, inure to the protection of the in- 
 nocent holders of junior titles, as provided in Sections 2, 3, and 4 of thia 
 Article. 
 
 Sec. 2. Any claim of title or right to land in Texas, issued prior to the 
 loth day of November, 1835, not duly recorded in the county where the 
 land was situated at the time of such recoi-d, or not duly archived in the 
 General Land Office, or not in the actual possession of the grantee thereof, 
 or some person claiming under him, prior to the accruing of junior title 
 thereto from the sovereignty of the soil, under circumstances reasonably 
 calculated to give notice to said junior grantee, has never had, and shall 
 not have, standing or effect against such junior title, or color of title, ac- 
 quired without such or actual notice of such prior claim of title or right ; 
 and no condition annexed to such grants, not archived, or recorded, or oc- 
 cupied as aforesaid, has been, or ever shall be released or waived, but actual 
 performance of all such conditions shall be proved by the person or persons 
 claiming under such title or claim of right in order to maintain action 
 thereon, and the holder of such junior title, or color of title, shall have all 
 the rights of the Government which have heretofore existed, or now exist, 
 arising from the non-performance of all such conditions. 
 
 Sec. 3. Non-payment of taxes on any claim of title to land, dated prior 
 to the 13th day of November, 1835, not recorded or archived, as provided 
 In Section 2, by the person or persons so claiming, or those under whom he 
 or they so claim, from that date up to the date of the adoption of this Con- 
 stitution, shall be held to be a presumption that the right thereto has re- 
 verted to the State, and that said claim is a stnle demand, which presump- 
 tion shall only be rebutted by payment of all taxes on said lands. State, 
 ccunty, and city or town, to be assessed on the fair value of such lands by 
 the Comptroller, and paid to him, without commutation or deduction for 
 any part of the above period. 
 
 Sec. 4. No claim of title or right to land, which issued prior to the 13th 
 day of November, 1835, which has not been duly recorded in the county 
 where the land was situated at the time of such record, or which has not 
 been duly archived in the General Land Office, shall ever hereafter be de- 
 posited in the General Land Office, or recorded in this State, or delineated 
 
230 COirSTlTUTION OF THE 
 
 on the maps, or used as evidence in any of the courts of this State, and the 
 same are stale chiiins ; but this shall not affect such rights or presumptions 
 as arise from actual possession. By the words, "duly recorded," as used 
 in Sections 2 and 4 of this Article, it is meant that such claim of title or 
 rl<»ht to land shall have been recorded in the proper office, and that mere 
 errors in the certificate of registration, or informality, not affecting the 
 fairness and good faith of the holder thereof, with wliich the record was 
 made, shall not be held to vitiate such record. 
 
 Sec. 5. All claims, locations, surveys, grants, and titles, of any kind, 
 which are declared null and void by the Constitution of the Republic or 
 State of Texas, are, and the same shall remain forever, null and void. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Legislature shall pass stringent laws for the detection and 
 conviction of all forgers of land titles, and may make such appropriations 
 of money for that purpose as may be necessary. 
 
 Sec. 7. Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Article shall not be so construed 
 as to set aside or repeal any law or laws of the Republic or State of Texas, 
 releasing the claimants of head rights of colonists of a league of land, or 
 less, from compliance with the conditions on which their grants were 
 made. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS AND LAND OFFICE. 
 
 Section 1. There shall be one General Land Office in the State, which 
 shall be at the seat of government, where all land titles which have emana- 
 ted or may hereafter emanate from the State shall be registered, except 
 those titles the registration of which may be prohibited by this Constitu- 
 tion. It shall be the duty of the Legislature at the earliest practicable 
 time to make the Land Office self-sustaining, and from time to time the 
 Legislature may establish such subordinate offices as may be deemijd 
 necessary. 
 
 Sec 2. All unsatisfied genuine land certificates barred by Section 4, Arti- 
 cle 10, of the Constitution of 1869, by reason of the holders or owners there- 
 of failing to have them surveyed and returned to the Land Office by the 
 first day of January, 1875, are hereby revived. All unsatisfied genuine land 
 certificates now in existence shall be surveyed and returned to the General 
 Land Office within five years after the adoption of this Constitution, or be 
 forever barred; and all genuine land certificates hereafter issued by the 
 State shall be surveyed and returned to the General Land Office within five 
 years after issuance, or be forever barred ; provided^ that all genuine land 
 certificates heretofore or hereafter issued shall be located, surveyed, or 
 patented only upon vacant and unappropriated public domain, and not 
 upon any land titled or equitably owned under color of title from the sover- 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 231 
 
 elgnty of the State, evidence of the appropriation of whicli is on the county 
 records or in the General Land Office ; or when tlie appropriation is evi- 
 denced by the occupation of the owner, or of some person holding for him. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Legislature shall have no power to grant any of the lands of 
 this State to any railway company except upon the following restriction* 
 and conditions : 
 
 First. — That there shall never be granted to any sucli corporation moio 
 tlxan sixteen sections to the mile, and no reservation of any part of the 
 public domain for the purpose of satisfying sucli grant shall ever be made. 
 
 Second. — Tliat no land certificate shall be issued to such company until 
 they have equipped, constructed, and in running order at least ten miles of 
 road ; and on the failure of such company to comply with the terms of its 
 charter, or to alienate its land at a period to be fixed by law, in no event to 
 exceed twelve years from the issuance of the patent, all said land shall be 
 forfeited to the State and become a portion of the public domain, and liable 
 to location and- surve}'. The Legislature shall pass general laws onl}', to 
 give effect to the provisions of this Section. 
 
 Sec. 4. No certificate for laud shall be sold at the Land Office except to 
 actual settlers upon the same, and in lots not to exceed one hundred and 
 sixty acres. 
 
 Sec. 5. All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to railway companies, 
 where the charter or law of the State required or shall hereafter require 
 their alienation within a certain period, on pain of forfeiture, or is silent on 
 the subject of forfeiture, and which lands have not been or shall not here- 
 after be alienated, in conformity with the terms of their charters, and the 
 laws under which the grants were made, are hereby declared forfeited to 
 the State and subject to pre-emption, location, and survey, as otlier vacant 
 lands. All lands heretofore granted to said railroad companies, to which no 
 forfeiture was attached on their failure to alienate, are not included in the 
 foregoing clause ; but in all such last-named cases it shall be the duty ol the 
 Attorney-General, in every instance where alienations have been or here- 
 after maj" be made, to inquire into the same, and if such alienation has been 
 made in fraud of the rights of the State, and is colorable only, the real and 
 beneficial interest beinir still in such corporation, to institute legal proceed- 
 ings in the county where the seat of government is situated, to forfeit such 
 lands to the State, and if such alienation be judicially ascertained to bfl 
 fraudulent and colorable as aforesaid, such lands shall be forfeited to the 
 Slate and becon::e a part of the vacant public domain, liable to pre-emption, 
 location, and survey. 
 
 Sec. 6. To every head of a family without a homestead there shall be do- 
 nated one hundred and sixty acres of public land, upon condition that he 
 will select and locate said land, and occupy the same three years, and pay 
 
232 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 the office fees due thereon. To all single men of eighteen years of age and 
 upwards shall be donated eighty acres of public land, upon the terms and 
 conditions pre^fcribed for heads of families. 
 
 Sec. 7. The State of Texas hereby releases to the owner or owners of the 
 sc'ii all mines and minerals that may be on the same, subject to taxation as 
 Ovher property. 
 
 Sec. 8. Persons residing between the Nueces river and the Rio Grande, 
 and owning grants for lands which emanated from the government of 
 Sjiain, or that of Mexico, which grants have been recognized and validated 
 by the State, by acts of tlie Legislature, approved February 10, 1853, August 
 15, 1870, and other acts, and who have been prevented from complyingwith 
 the requirements of said acts by the unsettled condition of the country, 
 shall be allowed until the first day of January, 1880, to complete their sur- 
 veys, and the plats thereof, and to return their field-notes to the General 
 Land Office ; and all claimants failing to do so shall be forever barred ; pro- 
 vided^ nothing in this section shall be so construed as to validate any titles 
 not already valid, or to interfere with the rights of third persons. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT. 
 
 Section 1. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the House of 
 
 Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 3. Impeachment of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Attorney- 
 General, Treasurer, Commissioner of the General Land Office, Comptroller, 
 and the Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District Court, 
 shall be tried by the Senate. 
 
 Sec. 3. When the Senate is sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the Sen- 
 ators shall be on oath, or affirmation, impartially to try the party im- 
 p<\ached, and no person shall he convicted without the concurrence of two- 
 thirds of the Senators present. 
 
 Sec. 4. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall extend only to removal 
 liom office, and disqualification from holding any office of honor, trust, or 
 profit, under this State. A party convicted on impeachment shall also ba 
 subject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according to law. 
 
 Sec. 5. All officers against whom articles of impeachment may be pre- 
 ferred shall be suspended from the exercise of the duties of their office, 
 during the pendency of such impeachment. The Governor may make a 
 provisional appointment to fill the vacancy occasioned by the suspensioa 
 of an officer, until the decision on the impeachment. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 233 
 
 Sec. 6. Any Judge of the District Courts of the State who is incompetent 
 to discharge the duties of his office, or who shall be guilty of partiality, or 
 oppression, or other official misconduct, or whose habits and conduct are 
 such as to render him unfit to hold such office, or who shall negligently fail 
 to perform his duties as judge, or who shall fail to execute in a reasonable 
 measure the business in his courts, may be removed by the Supreme Court. 
 The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to hear and determine the 
 causes aforesaid when presented in writing upon the oaths, taken before some 
 Judge of a Court of Record, of not less than ten lawyers, practising in the 
 courts held by such judge, and licensed to practise in the Supreme Court; 
 said presentment to be founded either upon the knowledge of the persona 
 making it or upon the written oaths as to the facts of creditable witnesses. 
 The Supreme Court may issue all needful process and prescribe all needful 
 rules to give effect to tliis section. Causes of this kind shall have pre- 
 cedence and be tried as soon as practicable. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Legislature shall provide by law for the trial and removal 
 from office of all officers of this State, the modes for which have not been 
 provided in this Constitution. 
 
 ADDKESS. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and District 
 Courts, shall be removed by the Governor on the address of two-thirds of 
 each House of the Legislature, for wilful neglect of duty, incompetency, 
 liabitnal drunkenness, oppression in office, or other reasonable cause wliich 
 shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment ; provided, however, that the 
 cause or causes for which such removal shall be required shall be stated at 
 length in such address and entered on the journals of each House ; and pro- 
 vided further, that the cause or causes shall be notified to the judge so in- 
 tended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own de- 
 fence before any vote for such address shall pass ; and in all such cases, 
 the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals oi 
 each House respectively. 
 
 ARTICLE XVI. 
 
 general provisions. 
 
 Section 1. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, before they enter 
 upon the duties of their offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation ; 
 •♦ I, ( ) do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully and im- 
 partially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as , 
 
 according to the best of my skill and ability, agreeably to the Constitution 
 and laws of the United States and of this State ; and I do further solemnly 
 Bwear (or affirm), that since the adoption of the Constitution of this State, 
 r beinir a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly weai)on8, 
 
234 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 ■within this State nor out of it, nor have 1 sent or accepted a challenge to 
 fight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carry- 
 ing a challenge, or aided, advised, or assisted any person thus offending. 
 And I furthermore solemnly swear (or affirm), that I have not directly 
 nor indirectly paid, offered, or promised to pay, contributed nor promised 
 to contribute any money, or valuable tliinij,', or promised any public office 
 or employment, as a reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the 
 election at which I was elected (or if the office is one of appointment, to 
 secure my appointment). So help me God." 
 
 Sec. 2. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and . 
 from the right of suffrage, those who may have been or shall hereafter be 
 convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes. The privilege 
 of free suffrage shall be protected by laws regulating elections, and pro- 
 hibiting under adequate penalties all undue influence therein from power, 
 bribery, tumult, or other improper practice. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Legislature shall make provisions whereby persons convicted 
 of misdemeanors and committed to the county jails in default of payment 
 of fines and costs, shall be required to discharge such fines and costs by 
 manual labor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 4. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this 
 Constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a chal- 
 lenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out 
 of it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly assist in any manner those 
 thus offending, shall be deprived of the right of suffrage, or of holding any 
 office of trust or profit under this State. 
 
 Sec. 5. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of 
 profit or trust in this State, who shall Iiave been convicted of having given 
 or offered a bribe to procure his election or appointment. 
 
 Sec. 6. No appropriation for private or individual purposes shall be made. 
 A regular statement, under oath, and an account of the receipts and expen- 
 ditures of all public money shall be published annually, in such manner an 
 shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Legislature shall, in no case, have power to issue '* Treasui7 
 Warrants," "Treasury Notes," or paper of any description intended to cir- 
 culate as money. 
 
 Sec. 8. Each county in the State may provide, in such manner as may be 
 prescribed by law, a manual-labor poorhouse and farm, for taking care of, 
 managing, employing, and supplying the wants of its indigent and poor in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Sec 9. Absence on business of the State, or of the United States, shall 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 235 
 
 not forfeit a residence once obtained, so as to deprive any one of the right 
 of suffrage, or of being elected or appointed to any office, under the ex- 
 ceptions contained in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Legislature shall provide for deductions from the salanea 
 of public officers who may neglect the performance of any duty tlat may 
 bo assigned them by law. 
 
 Sec. 11. The legal rate of interest shall not exceed eight per cent, per an- 
 ILum, in the absence of any contract as to the rate of interest ; and by con- 
 tract parties may agree upon any rate not to exceed twelve per cent, per 
 annum. All interest charged above this last-named rate shall be deemed 
 usurious, and the Legislature shall, at its first session, provide appropriate 
 pains and penalties to prevent and punish usur}'. 
 
 Sec. 13. No member of Congress, nor person holding or exercising any 
 office of profit or trust under the United States, or either of them, or under 
 any foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the Legislature, or hold 
 or exercise any office of profit or trust under tliis State. 
 
 Sec. 13. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may 
 be necessaiy and proper to decide differences by arbitration, when the par- 
 ties shall elect that method of trial. 
 
 Sec. 14. All civil officers shall reside within the State ; and all district oi 
 county officers within their districts or counties, and shall keep their offices 
 at such places as may be required by law ; and failure to comply with this 
 condition shall vacate the office so held. 
 
 Sec. 15. All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or 
 claimed by her before marriage, and that acquired afteivvard by gift, devise, 
 or descent, shall be her separate property ; and laws shall be passed more 
 clearly defining the rights of the wife, in relation as well to her separate 
 property as that held in common with her husband. Laws shall also bp 
 passed providing for the registration of the wife's separate property. 
 
 Sec. 16. No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or ex- 
 tended with banking or discounting privileges. 
 
 Sec. 17. All officers within tliis State shall continue to perform the dutiei 
 of their offices until their successors shall be duly qualified. 
 
 Sec. 18. The rights of property and of action which have been acquired 
 under the Constitution and laws of the Republic and State shall not be 
 divested ; nor shall any rights or actions which have been divested, barred, 
 or declared null and void by the Constitution of the Republic and State, be 
 re-invested, renewed, or reinstated by this Constitution ; but the same shall 
 remain precisely iu the situation in which they were before the adoption of 
 
236 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 this Constitution, unless otlierwise herein provided ; and provided further, 
 that no cause of action heretofore barred shall be revived. 
 
 Sec. 19. The Legislature shall prescribe by law the qualilication ot grand 
 and petit jurors. 
 
 Sec. 20. The Legislature shall, at its first session, enact a law whereby 
 the qualified voters of any county, justice's precinct, town, or city, by a 
 majority vote, from time to time, may determine whether the sale of intoxi- 
 cating liquors shall be prohibited within the prescribed limits. 
 
 Sec. 21. All stationery and printing, except proclamations and such print- 
 ing as may be done at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, paper, and fuel used in 
 the legislative and other departments of the government, except the judi- 
 cial department, shall be furnished, and the printing and binding of the 
 laws, journals, and department reports, and all other printing and binding, 
 and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings 
 of the Legislature, and its committees, shall be performed under contract, 
 to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price, 
 and under such regulations as shall be presciibed by law. No member or 
 officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested 
 in such contracts ; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval 
 of the Governor, Secretary of State, and Comptroller. 
 
 Sec. 23. The Legislature shall have the power to pass such fence laws, 
 applical)le to any subdivision of the State, or counties, as may be needed to 
 meet the wants of the people. 
 
 Sec. 23. The Legislature may pass laws for the regulation of live stock 
 and the protection of stock raisers in the stock-raising portion of the State, 
 and exempt from the operation of such laws other portions, sections, or 
 counties ; and shall have power to pass general and special laws for the 
 inspection of cattle, stock, and hides, and for the regulation of brands; 
 provided, that any local law thus passed shall be submitted to the freehold- 
 ers of the section to be affected thereby, and approved by them, before it 
 shall go into effect. 
 
 Sec. 24. The Legislature shall make provision for laying out and working 
 public roads, for the building of bridges, and for utilizing fines, forfeitures, 
 and convict labor to all these purposes. 
 
 Sec. 25. That all drawbacks and rebatement of insurance, freight, trans- 
 portation, carriage, wharfage, storage, compressing, baling, repairing, or 
 for any other kind of labor or service, of or to any cotton, grain, or any 
 other produce or article of commerce in this State, paid, or allowed, or con- 
 tracted for to any common carrier, shipper, merchant, commission mer- 
 chant, factor, agent, or middle-man of any kind, not the true and absolute 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 237 
 
 owner thereof, are forever prohibited, and it shall be the duty of the LegiS' 
 lature to pass effective laws punishing- all persons in this State who pay, 
 receive, or contract for or respecting*; the same. 
 
 Sec. 26. Every person, corporation, or company that may cor.init a horai* 
 cide, through wilful act, or omission, or t>"ross neglect, shall be re5i)0usibk, 
 in exemplary damages, to the siuviving husband, widow, heirs of his orhef 
 body, or such of them as there may be, without regard to any criminal j ro- 
 ceediiig that may or may not be had in relation to the homicide. 
 
 Sec. 27. In all elections to fill vacancies of oflSce in this State, it shall be 
 to fill the unexpired term only. 
 
 Sec. 28. No current wages for personal service shall ever be subject to 
 garnishment. 
 
 Sec. 29. The Legislature shall provide by law for defining and punishing 
 barratry. 
 
 Sec. 30. The duration of all offices not fixed by this Constitution shall 
 never exceed two years. 
 
 Sec. 31. The Legislature may pass laws prescribing the qualifications of 
 practitioners of medicine in this State, and to punish persons for malprac- 
 tice, but no preference shall ever be given by law to any schools of medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Sec. 32. The Legislature may provide by law for the establishment of a 
 Board of Health and Vital Statistics, under such rules and regulations as it 
 may deem pioper. 
 
 Sec. 33. The accounting officers of this State shall neither draw nor pay 
 a warrant upon the treasury in favor of any person for salary or compensa- 
 tion as agent, officer, or appointee, who holds at the same time any other 
 office or position of honor, trust, or profit under this State or the United 
 States, except as prescribed in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 34. Tlie Legislature shall pass laws authorizing the Governor to 
 lease or sell to the government of tlie United States a sufficient quantity of 
 the public domain of tlie State, necessar^-for the erection of forts, barracks, 
 arsenals, and military stations, or camps, and for other needful militaiy 
 purposes ; and the action of the Governor therein shall be subject to the 
 approval of the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 35. The Legislature shall, at its first session, pass laws to protect 
 laborers on public buildings, streets, roads, railroads, canals, and other 
 Bimilar public works, against the failure of contractors and sub-contractors 
 to pay their current wages when due, and to make the corporation, com- 
 pany, or individual for whose benefit the work is done, responsible for thei< 
 ultimate payment. 
 
238 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 Sec. 36. The Legislature shall, at its first session, provide for the pay. 
 ment, or funding, as they may deem best, of the amounts found to be justly 
 due to the teachers in the public schools, by the State, for service rendered 
 prior to the tirst day of July, 1873, and for the payment by the school dis« 
 tricts in the State of amounts justly due teachers of public schools by such 
 district to January, 1876. 
 
 Sec. 37. Mechanics, artisans, and material men, of every class, shall have 
 a lien upon the buildings and articles made or repaired by them, for the 
 value of their labor done thereon, or material furnished therefor; and the 
 Legislature shall provide by law for the speedy and efficient enforcement of 
 said liens. 
 
 Sec. 38. The Legislature may, at such time as the public interest may 
 require, provide for the office of Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics, and 
 History, whose term of office, duties, and salai-y shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 39. The Legislature may, from time to time, make appropriations 
 for preserving and perpetuating memorials of the history of Texas, by 
 means of monuments, statues, paintings, and documents of historical value. 
 
 Sec. 40. No person shall hold or exercise, at the same time, more than 
 one civil office of emolument, except that of Justice of the Peace, County 
 Commissioner, Notary Public, and Postmaster, unless otherwise specially 
 provided herein. 
 
 Sec. 41. Any person who shall, directly or indirectly, offer, give, or 
 promise any money or thing of value, testimonial, privilege, or personal 
 advantage, to any executive or judicial officer or member of the Legisla- 
 ture, to influence him in the performance of any of his public or official 
 duties, shall be guilty of bribery, and be punished in such manner as shall 
 be provided by law. And any member of the Legislature, or executive or 
 'udicial officer who shall solicit, demand, or receive, or consent to receive, 
 directly or indirectly, for himself or for another, from any company, cor- 
 poration, or person, any money, appointment, employment, testimonial, 
 reward, thing of value or employment, or of personal advantage or prom- 
 ise thereof, for his vote or official influence, or for withholding the same, 
 or with any understanding, expressed or implied, that his vote or official 
 action shall be in any way influenced thereby, or who shall solicit, demand, 
 and receive any such money or other advantage, matter, or thing afdl'esaid 
 for another, as the consideration of his vote or official influence, in consid- 
 eration of the payment or promise of such money, advantage, matter, or 
 thing to another, shall be held guilty of bribery, within the meaning of the 
 Constitution, and shall incur the disabilities provided for said offences. 
 With a forfeiture of the office they may hold, and such other additionai 
 Dunishment as is or shall be provided by law. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 239 
 
 Sec. 42. The Legislature may establish an Inebriate Asylum for the cure 
 cf drunkenness and reform of inebriates. 
 
 Sec. 43. No man or set of men shall ever be exempted, relieved, or dis- 
 charged fiom the performance of any public duty or service imposed by 
 general law, by any special law. Exemptions from the performance of 
 ■ucL public duty or service shall only be made by general law. 
 
 Sec. 44. Tlie Legislature shall prescribe the duties and provide for the 
 election by the qualified voters of each county in this State, of a County 
 Treasurer and a County Surveyor, wlio shall have an office at the county seat, 
 and hold their office for two years, and until their successors are qualified; 
 and shall have such compensation as may be provided by law. 
 
 Sec, 45. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for collecting, 
 arranging, and safely keeping such records, rolls, correspondence, and other 
 documents, civil and military, relating to the history of Texas, as may be 
 now in the possession of parties willing to confide them to the care and 
 preservation of the State. 
 
 Sec. 46. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplin- 
 ing the militia of the State, in such manner as they shall deem expedient, 
 not incompatible with the Constitution and laws of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 47. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall not 
 be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service. 
 
 Sec. 48. All laws and parts of laws now in force in the State of Texas, 
 which are not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, or to this 
 Constitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws of this State, 
 until they expire by their own limitation or shall be amended or repealed by 
 the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 49. The Legislature shall have power, and it shall be its duty, to 
 protect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the personal property 
 of all heads of families, and also of unmarried adults, male and female. 
 
 Sec. 50. The homestead of a family shall be, and Is hereby protected from 
 forced sale for the payment of all debts, except for the purchase-money 
 thereof, or a part of such purchase-money, the taxes due thereon, or for 
 vork and material used in constructing improvements thereon, and in this 
 last case only when the work and material are contracted for in writing, 
 with the consent of the wife, given in the same manner as is required in 
 making a sale and conveyance of the liomestead ; nor shall the owner, if a 
 married man, sell the homestead without the consent of the wife, given in 
 such manner as may be prescribed by law. No mortgage, trust deed, oi 
 other lien on the homestead shall ever be valid, except for the purchase- 
 money therefor, or improvements made thereon, as hereinbefore provided. 
 
240 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 whether such mortgage, or trust deed, or other lien shall have been created 
 by the husband alone, or together with his wife ; and all pretended sales ol 
 the homestead involving any condition of defeasance shall be void. 
 
 Sec. 51. The homestead, not in a town or city, shall consist of not 
 more than two hundred acres of land, whicli may be in one or more parcels, 
 with the improvements thereon ; the homestead in a city, town, or village 
 shall consist of lot, or lots, not to exceed in value five thousand dollars, at 
 the time of their designation as the homestead, without reference to the 
 value of any improvements thereon ; provided^ that the same shall be used 
 for the purpose of a home, or as a place to exercise the calling or business of 
 the head of a family ; provided also, that any temporary renting of the home- 
 stead shall not change the character of the same, when no other homestead 
 has been acquired. 
 
 Sec. 52. On the death of the husband or wife, or both, the homestead 
 shall descend and vest in like manner as other real property of the deceased, 
 and shall be governed by the same laws of descent and distribution, but it 
 shall not be partitioned among the heirs of the deceased during the lifetime 
 of the surviving husband or wife, or so long as the survivor may elect to 
 use or occupy the same as a homestead, or so long as the guardian of the 
 minor children of the deceased may be permitted, under the order of the 
 proper court having the jurisdiction, to use and occupy the same. 
 
 Sec. 53. That no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this Con- 
 stitution, it is declared that all process and writs of all kinds which have 
 been or may be issued and not returned or executed when this Constitution 
 is adopted, shall remain valid, and shall not be in any way affected by the 
 adoption of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 54. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide lor the custody 
 and maintenance of indigent lunatics, at the expense of the State, under 
 such regulations and restrictions as the Legislature may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 55. The Legislature may provide annual pensions, not to exceed one 
 hundred and fifty dollars per annum, to surviving soldiers or volunteers, in 
 the war between Texas and Mexico, from the commencement of the revo- 
 lution in 1835, until the 1st of January, 1837; and also to the surviving 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence of Texas ; and to the survivini; 
 widows continuing unmarried of such soldiers and signers ; provided, that 
 no such ])ension be granted except to those in indigent circumstances, 
 proof of which shall be made before the County Court of the county where 
 the appliciuit resides, in such manner as may be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 56. The Legislature shall have no power to appropriate any of the 
 public money for the establishment and maintenance of a bureau of immi 
 gration, or for any purpose of bringing immigrants to this State. 
 
STATE OF TEXAS. 241 
 
 Sec. 57. Three millions acres of the public domain are hereby appropri- 
 ated and set apart for the purpose of erecting a new State capitol and other 
 necessary public buildings at the seat of Government, said lands to be sold 
 under the direction of the Legislature ; and the Legislature shall pass suit- 
 able laws to carry this section into effect. 
 
 ARTICLE XVII. 
 
 MODE OP AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE. 
 
 Section 1. The Legislature, at any biennial session, by a vote of two- 
 thirds of all the members elected to eacb House, to be entered by yeas and 
 nays on the journals, may propose amendments to the Constitution, to be 
 voted upon by the qualified electors for members of the Legislature, which 
 proposed amendments shall be duly published once a week for four weeks, 
 commencing at least three months before an election, the time of which 
 Bhall be specified by the Legislature, in one weekly newspaper of each 
 county, in which such a newspaper may be published ; and it shall be the 
 duty of the several returning oflScers of said election to open a poll for, and 
 make returns to the Secretary of State, of the number of legal votes cast at 
 said election for and against said amendments ; and if more than one be 
 proposed, then the number of votes cast for and against each of them ; and 
 if it shall appear from said return that a majority of the votes cast have 
 been cast in favor of any amendment, the said amendment so receiving a 
 majority of the votes cast shall become a part of this Constitution, and 
 proclamation shall be made by the Governor thereof. 
 
 Done by the delegates of the people of Texas, in Convention assembled, 
 In the city of Austin, on this the twenty-fourth day of November, in th« 
 j-ear ot our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five. 
 In testimony whereof we hereunto subscribe our names : 
 
 Edward B. Pickett, 
 President of the Convention. 
 JiBiGH Chaxmers, 
 
 Secretary of the CouventioiL 
 
AMENDMENTS 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 Proposed hy the Legislature of tJie State convened at Austin, January 
 
 9, 1883, and ratified by the 'people, August 14, 1883, pursuant 
 
 to the ISth Article of the Constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. SECTION. 
 
 Section 29. The county court shall hold at least four terms for both civil 
 and criminal business annually, as may be provided by the Legislature, or 
 by the commissioners' court of the county under authority of law, and such 
 other terms each year as may be fixed by the commissioners' court ; pro- 
 vided, the commissioners' court of any county having fixed the times and 
 number of terms of the county court, shall not change the same again until 
 the expiration of one year. Said court shall dispose of probate business 
 either in term time or vacation, under such regulation as may be prescribed 
 by law. Prosecutions may be commenced in said courts in such manner as 
 is, or may be, provided by law, and a jury therein shall consist of six men. 
 Until otherwise provided, the terms of the county court shall be held on 
 the first Mondays in February, May, August and November, and may re- 
 main in session three weeks. 
 
 ARTICLE VIL 
 
 SECTIONS 3, 4 AND 6 AMENDED SO AS TO KEAD AS FOLLOWS : 
 
 Section 3. One-fourth of the revenue derived from the State occupation 
 taxes, and a poll tax of one dollar on every male inhabitant of this State be- 
 
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 243 
 
 tween the ages of twenty-one and sixty years, shall be set apart annually 
 for the benefit of the public free schools, and, in addition thei-feto, there 
 shall be levied and collected an annual ad valorem State tax of such an 
 amount, not to exceed twenty cents on the one hundred dollars valuation, 
 as, with the available school fund arising from all other sources, will be suf- 
 ficient to maintain and support the public free schools of this State for a 
 period of not less than six months in each year ; and the Legislature may 
 also provide for the formation of school districts within all or any of the 
 counties of this State, by general or special law, without the local notice 
 required in other cases of special legislation, and may authorize an addi- 
 tional annual ad valorem tax to be levied and collected within such school 
 districts for the further maintenance of public free schools and the erection * 
 of school buildings therein ; provided that two-thirds of the qualified prop- 
 erty tax-paying voters of the district, voting at an election to be held for 
 that purpose, shall vote such tax, not to exceed in any one year twenty 
 cents on the one hundred dollars valuation of property subject to taxation 
 in such district, but the limitation upon the amount of district tax herein 
 authorized shall not apply to incorporated cities or towns constituting sep- 
 arate and independent school districts. 
 
 Sec. 4. The lands herein set apart to the public free school fund, shall 
 be sold under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may 
 be prescribed by law ; and the Legislature shall not have power to grant 
 any relief to purchasers thereof. The Comptroller shall invest the pro- 
 ceeds of such sales and of those heretofore made, as may be directed by the 
 Board of Education herein provided for, in the bonds of the United States, 
 the State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities, and 
 under such restrictions as maybe prescribed by law ; and the State shall be 
 responsible for all investments. 
 
 Sec. 6. All lands heretofore, or hereafter granted to the several coun- 
 ties of this State for educational purposes, are of right the property of said 
 counties respectively, to which they were granted, and title thereto is vested 
 in said counties, and no adverse possession or limitation shall ever be 
 available against the title of any county. Each county may sell or dispose 
 of its lands in whole or in part, in manner to be provided by the commis- 
 sioners' court of the county. Actual settlers residing on said lands, shall 
 be protected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their 
 settlement, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, at the price fixed 
 by said court, which price shall not include the value of existing improve- 
 ments made thereon by such settlers. Said lands, and the proceeds thereof, 
 when sold, shall be held by said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of 
 public schools therein ; said proceeds to be invested in bonds of the United 
 
244 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 States, the State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other secu- 
 rities and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law; and the 
 counties shall be responsible for all investments ; the interest thereon, and 
 other revenue, except the principal, shall be available fund. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 SECTION 9 AMENDED SO AS TO READ AS FOLLOWS: 
 
 Section 9, The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to 
 pay the public debt, and of the taxes provided for the benefit of public 
 free schools, shall never exceed tliirty-five cents on the one hundred dollars 
 valuation ; and no county, city or town shall levy more than twenty-five 
 cents for city or county purposes; and not to exceed fifteen cents, for roads 
 and bridges, on the one hundred dollars valuation, except for the payment 
 of debts incurred prior to the adoption of this amendment, and for the erec- 
 tion of public buildings, street, sewer and other permanent improvements, 
 not to exceed twenty-five cents on the one hundred dollars valuation in any 
 one year, and except as is in this Constitution otherwise provided. 
 
 Ill Hi 
 
k 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 ODQliliSOSlba