Class. Book Jd-9-3^ fopyiiglitl^^.. COPXRIGHT DEPOSm Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Tine Library of Congress littp://www.arcliive.org/details/greatcontestliistOOIiump / c^ THE GREAT CONTEST: A HISTORY OF Military and Naval Operations DUEIl^G THE CITIL WAR IN TUB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1861-1865. By WILLIS C. HUMPHREY, Assistant Adjutant-General Michigan. 'LIBERTY AND UNION, NOW AND FOREVER, ONE AND INSEPARABLE."— WEBSTER. IN ONE VOLUME. DETROIT: c. H. simith: & CO. ^roPWiGH';^*^ / COPYRIGHTED, 1886, BY C. H. SMITH & CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TO THE MEMORY OF OUR FALLEN COMRADES, THIS BOOK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. Letters of Approval. pOR letters testimonial, given after an examination of the work, the pluthor acknowledges obligations, with feelings of grati- tude, to the following persons : — Brevet Major-General R. :^. :>1LGER, Governor of Michigan ; Brigadier-General JOEK R0BERT80K, Mjutant-General of Michigan ; Brigadier-Generals L. S. TROWBRIDGE and MMES H. KIBD ; Colonel E. M. DUFFIELB ; Colonel GE ARIES D. LOJ^G, Past-Commander Grand sirmy of the Republic, De- partment of Michigan ; and Captain L. J. :^LLE}{,— all veterans of the late war. Executive Mansion, Michigan. July 15, 1886. Having examined the manuscript copy of this work, I take pleasure in recommending it. Its entirely new presentation of the military operations during our late civil ^uar, is excellent. Military Department, Michigan, ADJUTANT -general's OFFICE. Landing, July 19, 1880. I cheerfully recommend this work. The author has been my (assistant for many years, and I can say that he does ivell tvhat he undertakes. I gladly repeat from r)iy Preface to " Michigan in the War," that his assistance ivas valuable in connection with that work. Office of the state military board, Detroit, July 34, 1886. It is an excellent ^vork. We take pleasure in recommendincf it to our conirades. Having examined the manuscriiDt, %ve do not hesitate to say that the entirely neiu aiTangement of the military operations in the fighting territory of our late tvar, is superior. 'C^f'Uc^ 9u. ^..cA^ fcP^nrh^<^ ^ ^il^ P R E B^ A <2) 1^ . I^HE purpose of this work is to present the military and naval opera- tions in the United States during the Southern Rebellion of 1861 to 1865 as fully and yet as briefly as possible, necessarily avoiding much detail, glowing descriptions of battle, and accounts of personal deeds of valor. The determination to produce this volume was arrived at from a strong desire to present to the old soldier, and to the mem- bers of the Grand Army of the Republic and their families, first, a plainly written history of the war in a convenient and inexpensive form, for a sum within the reach of all. The histories that have been given to the public are in two, three, four, or more volumes, and are expensive; and the military and naval operations narrated in them are so interlaced with civil and polit- ical history that it becomes tedious to the reader to follow the thread of the story. Every family that is able should have such a history as Greeley, Lossing, Dkaper, De Paris, or Badeau has written. They are certainly valuable; and to those who possess either, it is believed that this work will prove an excellent auxiliary. To the majority of people, however, simply the facts connected with the military and naval movements are of special interest, or "what was going on at the front; "and for this class this book is more particularly written. Two years of hard labor and thorough search have been spent upon this work in the endeavor to make it as nearly correct as possible ; yet errors will no doubt appear, perhaps many of them. Dat(js of battles are easily obtained, but it is not always easy to ascertain the exact number engaged upon each side, or the exact losses in battle. In this work, in most instances, approximate round numbers are given. The arrangement of this volume originated with a desire to enable the reader to follow each army, or the operations in any one section, ( vii ) viii PREFACE. through to the end, instead of having to wait a month, as in a magazine, for the continuation of the story. In giving the navy a separate place, considerable repetition became necessary, as in many instances its operations are inseparably interwoven with those of the land forces. Yet a history of the navy is necessary to the plan adopted. For want of space, many things will be abbreviated. Generally, there were four pieces of artillery to 1,000 men in the movement of an army. This being understood, the artillery force in campaigns will not always be given. A brigade usually consisted of from four to six regiments, or about 3,000 men. Sometimes, if the regiments were large, three comprised a brigade. Divisions were formed of from two to four brigades, generally three, according to the strength of the brigades. Army corps in the larger armies were usually formed of three divisions. Sometimes two, and sometimes four, divisions were placed in one corps. Divisions had from two to six batteries, of six field-pieces each. In the later organization of the Army of the Poto- mac, the artillery of each army corps was united under one com- mander, and designated the Artillery Brigade. Each army always had a strong artillery reserve. The cavalry force increased as the wai" progressed from regiment to brigade, to division, and to corps. This work will be criticised : that is expected and desired ; candid and proper criticism tends to perfection ; but it is hoped the critic will be generous minded. With the folloAving quotation from the preface of Horace Gree- ley's " American Conflict," the author will leave the book in the hands of an "intelligent, and discriminating people": — " If any of my numerous fellow-laborers in this field is deluded with the notion that he has written the history of our gigantic Civil War, /, certainly, am free from like hallucination." The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation of the credit- able manner in which Messrs. Charles H. Smith and Hubert H. Humphrey (C. H. Smith ..t Co.) have brought out this work. W. C. H. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. CAUSES AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR, . . . 13-32 ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. April, 1861, to May, 1864. Section Fi rst. CHAPTER II. BULL RUN TO MALVERN HILL, 33-63 CHAPTER III. CEDAR MOUNTAIN TO CHANTILLY, "THE ARMY OF VIRGINIA," 64-76 CHAPTER IV. SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANTIETAM, 77-86 CHAPTER V. FREDERICKSBURG, ... 87-92 CHAPTER VI. CHANCELLORSVILLE TO LEE'S SECOND INVASION OF MARYLAND 93-117 CHAPTER VII. GETTYSBURG TO MINE RUN 118-174 (ix) X CONTENTS. CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS. Cumbertand, Tennessee, and' Ohio. CHAPTER VIII. BELMONT TO PITTSBURG LANDING, 1T5-191 CHAPTER IX. CORINTH TO PERRYVILLE, ........ 192-201 CHAPTER X. CORINTH TO ARKANSAS POST 202-212 CHAPTER XI. STONE RIVER, • 213-221 CHAPTER XII. VICKSBURG, 222-240 CHAPTER XIII. THOMPSON'S STATION TO CHICKAMAUGA, .... 241-261 CHAPTER XIV. CHATTANOOGA AND KNOXVILLE, 262-279" CHAPTER XV. FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE, 280-291 SHERMAN'S GREAT MARCH. Atlanta, the Sea, and Richmond, CHAPTER XVI. CHATTANOOGA TO ATLANTA, . 292-305 CHAPTER XVII. ATLANTA TO THE SEA, 306-320 CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XVIII. THROUGH THE CAROLINAS, 321-32& ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. May, 1864, to April, 7865. Section Second. CHAPTER XIX. PREPARATIONS FOR THE FINAL ADVANCE, . . . 330-340 CHAPTER XX. WILDERNESS TO COLD HARBOR, 341-363 CHAPTER XXI. PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND, 364-378 CHAPTER XXII. FIVE FORKS TO APPOMATTOX, 379-399 CHAPTER XXIII. DEATH OF GENERAL GRANT, 400-40T CHAPTER XXIV. OPERATIONS IN VIRGINIA OUTSIDE OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, 408-446 CHAPTER XXV. WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, ........ 447-472 CHAPTER XXVI. COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA, 473-485 CHAPTER XXVII. COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA, 4.S6-495 CHAPTER XXVIII. DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF, 496-.521 xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIX. CONCLUSION, 522-5^2 PART SECOND. THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 1S61-18G5. CHAPTER XXX. OPERATIONS DURING 1861-62, 51:3-563 CHAPTER XXXI. OPERATIONS DURING 1862-63, 564-575 CHAPTER XXXTI. OPERATIONS DURING 1863-61:, 576-595 CHAPTER XXXIII. OPERATIONS DURING 1861:-'65, 596-610 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, 611-614 TOPICAL INDEX, 615 INDEX TO BATTLES 616-620 INDEX TO NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS, ...... 620-621 INDEX TO NAMES MENTIONED, 622-632 PART THIRD. GENERAL OFFICERS, REGULAR AND VOLUNTEER, . . 635-652 OFFICERS UNITED STATES ARMY, 1860 653-671 LIST OF BATTLES DURING THE WAR, .... 672-691 STEEL FLilTES, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Frontispiece. ULYSSES S. GRANT, 330 DAVID G. FARRAGUT, ..... .... 513 MAP — THEATER OF THE WAR, 13 10 longitude "Wei 81 Longitude West 19 from. Greeirwich. T7 from. "Wkahingion. 6 O Longitude East THE GREAT CONTEST. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. CA USES AND PREPARA TIONS FOR THE WAR. A T the period of the Revolutionary War, slavery existed in all the States except Massachusetts, slavery in There were at that time about 500,000 slaves in the states.''' ^ United States. By the census of 1790 it appears that there were 158 slaves in New Hampshire, 17 in Ver- mont, 952 in Rhode Island, 2,759 in Connecticut, 21,- 324 in New York, 11,423 in New Jersey, and 3,737 in Pennsylvania ; but slavery was gradually abolished in the Northern and Middle States, except Delaware, which had, in 1790, 8,887 slaves ; and it was excluded from the new States. Before this had been fully ac- complished, however, the North and the South had en- tered upon a struggle, each endeavoring to maintain the balance of power. In 1821 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave State, with a compromise that in compro" future no slave State should exist north of the paral- ™'^®- lei of 36° 30' north latitude. This measure was hotly opposed by Southern members, and rumbling threats of dissolution were heard. (13) 14 CAUSES OF THE WAR. The following is the number of slaves held by each State in 1860 :— states' -Rightb. Secession threaten- inos. Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, 435,132 111,104 1,798 61,753 462,230 225,490 332,520 87,188 436,696 114,965 North Carolina, 331,081 South Carolina, 402,541 Tennessee, 275,784 Texas, 180,388 Virginia, 490,887 Nebraska Territory, 10 Utah Territory, 29 New Mexico Territory, 24 District of Columbia, 3,181 Total, 3,952,801 The principle of States' Rights held by one party at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, was never relinquished by individuals. The legislature of Kentucky, led by Jefferson, first formulated the doc- trine of nullification and secession in a series of reso- lutions, in 1798, and the legislature of Virginia, led by Madison, did the same in 1799. This was a political move on the part of both Jefferson and Madison. Neither was a warm advocate of slavery. The resolu- tions, although directly intended as protests against cer- tain laws of Congress, had an eye upon the question of slavery ; and these gentlemen, desiring the defeat of the Federal party, were striving to aid the opposition. Pe- titions had been sent into Congress, urging action against the traffic in slaves, which stirred up sectional debate. Men took sides, not with the party to which they had belonged, but with their section ; and this was the first time the North and the South were ar- rayed against each otlier on a question that many then saw must soon become partisan. Some of the Southern debaters, protesting against Northern interfer- ence, at this time threatened civil war. Jefferson, as caUjSes of the war: 15 a Republican (the party changed its name to Democrat in 1805), was elected President in 1804, over Chailes C. Pinckney, Federalist; and before the close of his administration he succeeded in having an act passed prohibiting the African slave trade after January 1, 1808. In a debate in the United States Senate, during the session of 1829-30, Senator Hayne, of South Caro- lina, ^ho became involved in a warm discussion with tj^^ ^^^_ Senator Webster on the question of nullification, or ^™"' °^ ■^ ' Nulliflca- whether a State had a right to annul an act of the gen- tion. eral Government, speaking of his own section, said, " They will look to the Constitution ; and when called upon by the sovereign authority of the State to pre- serve and protect the rights secured to them by the charter of their liberties, they will succeed in defend- ing them, or perish in the last ditch." Webster replied, "When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and disfigured fragments of a once glorious Union ; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent ; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood. Let their last feeble and linoerina- glance, rather, behold the gorgeous ensign of the Re- public, now known and honored throughout the earth. * * * * Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." These two great minds thus depicted our Civil War thirty years in advance. But it was not altogether the slavery question that kept alive secession threatenings. The tariff question The Turin was a cause of dissension from 1820 to 1832, it being *^''^^'*'°"- claimed by the South that the North was too much fa- vored in the matter of duties, giving Northern manufac- turers an advantage over Southern agriculturists. This agitation reached its hight when, in 1832, the legislature CAUSES OF THE WAR. of South Carolina, led by Calhoun, then Vice-President of the United States, passed a nullification ordinance, setting at defiance the acts of Congress relative to du- ties, and began organizing troops for the purpose of re- sisting Federal authority. But the prompt and firm action of General Jackson, then President, averted the threatened insurrection. At the time of the admission of Missouri, threats of secession were heard from the South. John C. Cal- houn, of South Carolina, a leading character in the South from 1820 to the time of his death, which occurred in his sixty-ninth year, in Washington, in 1850, was an advocate of State sovereignty, and did more than any other one man to keep alive the existing agitation. In the United States Senate, 'in 1838, he delivered his fa- mous speech on slavery, and continued to agitate the question in behalf of the slave-holding interests, and for the dissolution of the Union. The election of Franklin Pierce, in 1852, over Gen- eral Scott, was a triumph of the States' Rights party. Slavery, now exclusively a Southern institution, became, in 1854, the central point on which differences of opinion as to the relative supremacy of Federal and State govern- ments were to be decided, the test question being the right of slave-holders to emigrate with slave property to portions of the public domain, for the purpose of organ- izing new slave States. The bloody struggle in Kansas Territory between the border ruffians and free-State men, from 1855 to 1859, will be long remembered. Congress repealed the Missouri Compromise, May 25, 1854. This restriction removed, the slave power at once attempted to gain con- trol over that territory. Kansas was organized as a Territory in 1854, and soon afterward became the scene of fierce contests between liberty and slavery. CAUSES OF THE WAR. 17 The war reached Congress in heated debate?. May 22, 1856, Representative Brooks, of South Carolina, ' ' '■ ' ^ Brooks's committed a brutal assault upon Senator Charles Sum assault up- ner, of Massachusetts, while in the Senate chamber, .s„n,„',,,' /„ knocking him from his seat, and beating him when help- ^""src^^- less and unconscious. Senator Sumner had just fin- ished a two days' speech in behalf of Kansas and lib- erty. But liberty was at last triumphant ; and on Jan- uary 21, 1861, a bill for the admission of Kansas as a free State passed the Senate, — the very day that Jeffer- son Davis abandoned his seat in that Chamber — a re- markable incident. Kansas was admitted to the Un- ion, January 29, 1861. In 1856 James Buchanan was elected President over John C. Fremont, the Pv,epublican nominee, which was a triumph for the slave power. Still the asfitation continued. In 1859, John Brown, ~ ' John otherwise known as Ossawattomie Brown (receiving that Brown. appellation from his heroic defense of a town of that name in Kansas), a brave and determined free-State leader in the Kansas struggle, planned, and in October led, an expedition to Harper's Ferry, Virginia, for the purpose of liberating slaves. He captured the arsenal there, but was soon surrounded by Virginia militiamen, and taken prisoner, being afterward tried, and found guilty of treason. He was executed, Dec. 2 of that year, by the authorities of Virginia. In 1860, dissensions in the Democratic party caused the withdrawal of a part of the delegates from the Dem- ocratic National Convention, which met at Charleston, for the Presidency. S. C, April 23, 1860. The Convention unanimously resolved not to ballot for President until the platform was adopted. A Committee on Besolutions, consisting of one member from each State, was appointed ; but the members fjiiled to agree. Finally, on the sixth day the 18G0. Party nominees 18 PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. Committee made two reports, which conflicted on the subject of slavery in the Territories, one party claim- ing the protection of slave property, the other resolving to leave the question to be decided by the people. An effort to harmonize the two factions failed, and on April 30, the first-named party withdrew from the Conven- tion. The second then struggled on until May 3, en- deavoring to make a nomination for President, but with- out success, when it adjourned to meet at Baltimore. Both factions met in that city on June 18, and the lirst nominated John C. Breckenridge, the second, Stephen A. Douglas. Thus the Democratic party had two candidates in the field. The Republicans nominated and elected Abraham Election of '■ Abraham Liucolu, who rcccived the electoral vote of every free State except New Jersey. A fourth candidate for the Presidency, John Bell, of Tennessee, was nom- inated b};^ the Constitutional Union party. At the electoral college, Lincoln received 180 votes, Douglas, 12, Breckenridge, 72, and Bell, 39. Mr. Douglas after- ward nobly stood by Lincoln and the Union, and was the leader of the war Democrats. Lincoln having been elected on the platform of the non-extension of slavery, the South lost no time in „ . acting upon what her statesmen had declared would be Beginning ^ '■ of seces- the sigual of its withdrawal from the Union. South Carolina inaugurated the long-impending struggle, by adopting an ordinance of secession, Dec. 20, 1860. Other States seceded as follows : Mississippi, January 9, 1861; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11 ; Georgia, January 19 ; Louisiana, January 26 ; Texas, February 1; Virginia, April 17; Tennessee, June 8; Arkansas, May 6; and North Carolina, May 21. The States of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland did not formally secede ; but their population was half in PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 19 sympathy Avith the movement. This placed about one one haif of third of the area and about one thh"d of the population directly or of the Union in oi)position to the National Government, j^'^l.^^'j!'!^ If, however, the "fire in the rear" is considered, one io°- half of the people of the United States were arrayed against the other half. Several of the rebellious States, in regular and extra legislative session, had authorized the raising of volun- teers for State defense some time before actually seced- preparing ing, South Carolina taking such action as early ^s ^°'" ^'^^ "'"'■ November 10, 1860. Her United States Senators resigned their seats, James Chestnut on the 10th, and James H. Hammond on the 11th of November, her Representatives in Congress resigning their seats on December 24. On November 18, Major Robert Anderson was ordered by Secretary of War Floyd to the command of Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor. After the secession of South Carolina, Major Anderson became satisfied ^^"J"'" ^"" derson oc- that the authorities of that State intended to seize Fort cupies rort Sumter, and on the night of Dec. 26 he quietly removed his troops, stores, etc., to that fort. This was a strong fortification, built upon a shoal in Charleston Harbor, and midway between Morris and Sullivan's Island in the ship channel, surrounded on all sides by water. It was designed to mount 136 guns in three tiers ; but this project was not completed. Anderson's force consisted of ten officers, including himself, fifty-five artillerists, and a band nundiering fifteen men. The officers were Major Robert Anderson, Commandant ; Captains Abner Doubleday, T. Seymour, and J. G. Foster ; First Lieu- tenants, Theo. Talbot, Jefferson C. Davis, and G. W. Snyder; Second Lieutenants, J. N. Hall and R. K. Meade ; Surgeon, S. W. Crawford. Great was the rage in Charleston the morning fol-:- 20 FREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. lowing Major Anderson's removal. The writer happened to be in the city, and during that day Charleston All oxcitod. city. seemed to be populated with mad men and women, the latter in the door-ways and windows and upon the streets, calling all men cowards if they did not go at once and take Sumter from those accursed, usurping Yankees. Even the dogs caught the infection, and such confusion was never before known to usually orderly Charleston. The militia were under arms, — in fact, the militia were under arms the night before, and toward morning had reached the vicinity of the Fort, intending to take possession, wdien they discovered that Anderson was a few hours ahead of them. It was their return with the news that threw the city into the spasms just noted. Vigilance committees were oro;anized, all North- ern people Avere watched, and on the least suspicion, were thrown into prison, and many were ordered out of the State. December 3 President Buchanan, in his message to Buchanan the Thirty-sixth Congress, denied the right of States to amii'i- iL secede. On Nov. 14 Honorable Alexander H. Stephens, Stephens ^f Qeorgia, afterward elected Vice-Presi.dent of the against se- '-' ' cession. seceding States, made an able and eloquent speech against separation before the Georgia legislature at Milledgeville. Among the many truths he uttered wns this forcible question : " What right has the North assailed ? Can any of you to-day name one governmental act of Avrong, deliberately and purposely done by the Government at Washington, of which the South has a right to complain? I challenge the answer." On December 20, the day of the passage of the Seces- sion Ordinance, Honorable Caleb Cushing arrived in Charleston w^ith a message from the President in the in- terests of peace. The Convention then in session refused to make any promise. Mr. Cushing remained in Charles- PREPARATION.'^ FOR THE WAR. 21 ton but five hoai-s. Soon after, South Carolina sent com- missioners to Washington to treat with the National „,i„a «,,i,ds Government, and on Dec. 30 they souc;ht a formal «"»""^- audience with the President, who declined to receive was^iung- them, and on January 3, 1861, these commissioners brushed the dust from olT their sandals, and retui-ned to the dominion of South Carolina. On January 16, Colonel J. W. Hayne, as special envoy from South Carolinn, demanded of the President the surrender of Fort Sumter, but received no satisfaction. December 10, 1860, Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Unit-noweii ' ' ■' o / Cobb. ed States Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, and was succeeded by Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland. Dec. 12, 1860, Lewis Cass, being dissatisfied with Mr. Buchanan's inaction, resigned as Secretary of State, and was suc- ceeded by Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania. The latter was succeeded as Attorney-General, on the 17th, by Edwin M. Stanton. December 29, John B. Floyd, United States Secretary JohnB. . Floyd. of War, resigned, having previously used the power of his office to disperse the United States ai-my and navy to distant and far separated stations, and to transfer large quantities of arms, ammunition, and ordnance from Northern to Southern arsenals. On January 80, 1861, he was indicted by the Grand Jury of the District of Columbia as being privy to the withdrawal of a large amount of Indian bonds from the Department of the In- ^*"'''" ^"" i dian Bonds. terior, and for conspiring against the Government. He was soon afterward commissioned by Jefferson Davis to a high position in the military service of the Confederacy. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, succeeded Floyd as Secretary of War, January 18, 1861, and was succeeded as Post- master-general by Horatio King, January 8, 1861. Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, resigned, being in sympathy with the enemy. He had been 22 Preparations for the war. to North Carolina the month previous, to pursuade the legislature of that State to vote for secession. star of the Jauuarv 9, the steamer Star of the West, havins; left West fired "^ ' -^ . into. New York on the 5th of that month with supplies and reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off' Charleston, where she was fired upon by the enemy's batteries of Morris Island and Fort Moultrie. She returned to New York with two shot holes in her hull. January 11, ThomaJ' IS^lj Philip F. Thomas was succeeded as Secretary of John A. ^^^^ Treasury by John A. Dix, of New York. This ^'^- appointment was made at the earnest solicitation of the capitalists in New York, and in other parts of the country. On February 4, 1861, a convention of delegates of the seceding States was held at Montgomery, Alabama, for the purpose of organizing a government. Howell organiza- Cobb was choscu chaimian. On the 8th the convention enem°V'' '^^^^pted a constitutiou, modeled after that of the United Govern- Statcs, but wlth somc alterations, chiefly relative to ment. ^ ^ J slavery and States' rights. Jefferson Davis, of Missis- sippi, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, were chosen provisionally, as President and Vice-President, on the 9th, and were inaugurated on the 18th. Slavery was their corner-stone. Stephens said, in a speech at Savannah, Georgia, March 21, that slavery should be the corner-stone of communities, and that the founders of their constitution, because of its slavery foundation, had achieved a revolution fruitful of beneficial results for the future of civilization. January 12, 1861, Representatives in the United Congress- Statcs Cougross froui Mississippi — Singleton, Barkesdale, Davis, McRae, and Lamar — withdrew ; and on January, 21, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, and C. C. Clay, Jr., of Alabama, also David L. Yulee and Stephen R. Mallory, of Florida, withdrew from the men with- draw from the U. S. Congress. PRSFARATIOA'S FOlt THE WAR. ^3 United State Senate. On the same day the Alabama members of Congress — Moore, Clopton, Pugh, Curry, and Stallvvorth — left their seats. January 23 the Geor- gia members — Love, Crawford, Hardeman, Gartrell, Underwood, Jackson, Jones, and Hill — also left the House. February 5, United States Senators John Sli- dell and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, and Repre- sentatives Taylor, Davidson, and Landrum, of that State, withdrew. While the Federal Government was still inactive, hoping for a peaceful solution of the difficulties, the Southerners had seized United States forts, arsenals, etc., as follows : — December 28, 1860, in South Carolina, Charleston Har- bor, Fort Moultrie, and Castle Pinckney ; and in Charles- The south- ton the Custom House, post-office, and arsenal: also the <^™s'"s ' ^ ' ' seize the United States Revenue cutter Aiken. forts, arse- January 2, 1861, in North Carolina, Fort Macon, at Beaufort, the fortifications at Wilmington, and the United States arsenal at Fayetteville. January 2, in Georgia, Forts Pulaski and Jackson in the harbor of 'Savannah, and the United States arsenal at Savannah. January 4, in Alabama, Fort Morgan, at the mouth of Mobile Bay, and the United States arsenal at Mobile. January 8, in North Carolina, Forts Caswell and Johnson on Cape Fear River. January 11, in Louisiana, Forts St. Philip and Jackson on the Mississippi, Fort Pike on Lake Pont- chartrain, and the United States arsenal and barracks at Baton Rouge. January 13, in Florida, Fort Barrancas and the United States navy yard at Pensacola. January 24, in Georgia, the United States arsenal at Auo;usta. PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. January 30, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the United States Revenue cutters Cass and 3IcClelland, and on February 1, the United States Mint, with $500,000, and the Custom House. February 8, at Little Rock, Arkansas, United States arsenal. February 19, in Kansas, Fort Kearney. March 2, in Texas, at Galveston, United States Rev- enue cutter Dodge ; and Fort Brown, March 6. By the end of May the United States flag floated at the South only over Fort Pickens, Fortress Monroe, and the fortresses on Key West and the Tortugas, off the Florida coast. About $40,000,000 worth of property belonging to the United States had thus been seized by the enemy before the Federal Government had struck a blow. February 16, General David E. Twiggs, com- mander of the ITnited States forces in Texas, with head- quarters at San Antonio, treacherously surrendered his troops, which numbered about 2,500 men, together witli a large quantity of arms, ammunition, ordnance, horses, wagons, etc., valued at |1, 500, 000, to the Texas Militia under Ben McCulloch. The troops, stationed at differ- ent points, were paroled by McCulloch, after their arms had been taken from them. The ship Star of the West arrived April 20 at Indianola, laden heavily with val- uable stores for the army. Unsuspicious of the change in affairs, she became an easy prey to the enemy. Twiggs was, for a short time, in the service of the Confederacy. He died at Augusta,. Georgia, Sept. 15, 1862. The Confederate Government began its existence by organizcfor a, provisioual Congress, made up of delegates appointed resistance. ^^^ State couventions. This Congress met February 4, at Montgomery, Alabama. On February 9, as before stated, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen pro- visional President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of PREFARAflONS FOR THE WAR. S5 Georgia, provisional Vice-President. They were inan- giirated February 18. Their Congress was busy organ- izing the insurgent government until March 16, when it adjourned. It had adopted a flag, which w^as displayed in seven States on March 4. March 6, Davis issued a call for 100,000 volunteers. By reference to the Army Register of 1861, it will be seen that 269 officers resigned and 26 were dismissed from the U. S. Army in the early part of 1861. Un- doubtedly the greater part of them were sons of the South, and joined the enemy. President Lincoln's preparations to enforce Federal authority, caused Davis to re-convene his Congress on April 29, for the purpose of organizing a resistant force. Nov. 6, 1861, an election was held in the seceding States, under their permanent Constitution, Davis and Stephens being confirmed as President and Vice-Pres- ident by a unanimous electoral vote, their terms of office extending over six years. The provisional Congress gave way to a permanent Congress, and the President was inaugurated February 22, 1862. During the ex- istence of the rebellion, Davis had the following-named as Cabinet officers : — Secretary of State — Robert Toombs, of Georgia, Feb. •^ ' Jefferson 21, 1861 ; R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, July 30, 1861 ; Davis's and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, Feb. 7, 1862. Secretary of the Treasury — Charles G. Memminger, of South Carolina, Feb. 21, 1861 ; and James L. Tren- holm, of South Carolina, June 13, 1864. Secretary of War — Leroy Pope Walker, of Missis- sippi, Feb. 21, 1861; J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, Nov. 10, 1861; James A. Seddon, of Virginia, March 22, 1862; and John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, Feb. 15, 1865. Cabinet. 2(] PUEFAkATlONS FOR THE WAR. Secretnry of the Navy — Stephen R. Mallory, of Florida, March 4, 1861. Attorney-general — J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiann, Feb. 21, 1861; Thomas H. Watts, of Alabama, September 10, 1861; Geo. Davis, of North Carolina, November 10, 1863. Postmaster-general — John II. Reagan, of Texas, VjJHt March 6, 1861 ; Henry #. BffiTTf, of Mississippi, February ^^ 21, 1S65. A briof bi- Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United Sham"' States, was born Febrnary 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. i.imoiu. ixig ancestors were Quakers. His parents were born in Virginia, his grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrating from Rockingham County, that State, to Kentucky, about 1781. In 1817 Lincoln's father removed with his lamil}' to Indiana. ''Abe" went to Illinois at the age of 21, worked on boats on the Mississippi River, clerked in stores, worked on a farm, split rails, etc., for a livelihood, meanwhile employing all his spare time in prosecuting his studies. He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1831, 1836, 1838, and 1810. In 1837 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1846 he was elected to • the lower house of the U. S. Congress. He was six feet and nearly four inches in bight, lean in flesh, and weighed 180 lbs. He had black hair, a dark complexion, and grey eyes. A deep Lincoln left his home at Springfield, 111., February cnse of ruture re- 11, sad aud dejected. Dreadful trials and enormous ties"^ "' responsibilities were about to fall upon him, and he felt it. It had been declared at the South that he should never live to be inaugurated. Trouble was expected at Baltimore. While en route, he was cheered by immense crowds at Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus, Pittsburg, Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, New York, Philadelphia, and Itarrisburii-, arriving at the latter citv on the 22d. frMparations for the war. 21 That evening, at the earnest solicitation of friends, he quietly passed through Baltimore, and entered Wash- ington the next morning, at about the hour that he was expected to leave Harrisburg. In his inaugural address, March 4, 1861, Lincoln assured the Southern people that they had no cause for apprehension because the present administration was Republican, that he should do whatever he could to arrive at a peaceful solution of the present trouble ; but that at the same time he should endeavor to have all the laws executed in all the States as was required by the Constitution, President Lincoln formed his Cabinet as follows: — Secretary of State, Wm. XL. Seward; Secretary of ^'.^.t's the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, succeeded by Hugh •^'•''^'"^t- McCulloch June 30, 1864; Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton January 13, 1862 ; Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles ; Secretary of the Interior, Caleb B. Smith, succeeded by John P. Usher in Januar}^, 1863 ; Postmaster-general, Mont- gomery Blair; Attorney-general, Edward Bates. March 12, John Forsyth, of Alabama, and xVIartin J. Crawford, of Georgia, arrived in Washington, as. southern agents of the so-called Confederate Government, with sioners. instructions to make overtures to the Federal Govern- ment for the adjustment of all questions growing out of secession; but they were not received by either Seward or the President, nor recognized as such agents. They remained in Washington several days, but failed to negotiate, and finally departed, moving South, and mak- ing dire threats, forgetful that they could have been seized as traitors, and tried for their lives. The Confederate Government was at that time mak- ing extensive preparations for war. Their President had given the Northern people to understand that if the OS Ph'/:j\iRATIOX^ FOR THE WAR. South \Yn8 not allowed to \vitlulr;i\v })0;uH>alily, slio ^^•o\ll(l lay tluMr cities in ashes, and devastate their rich valh\vs. Apr. v<; •(•.!, I'Ih'' 1^'ederal Ciovernnient. and the peopie of the ';:"'- \""'" Northern States oeuorallv. had lioned tor a. peaceful set- lort Sum- ^ • f "^ ">'• tleuient of the ditticulties ; hot when, on the morning of April 12, 18G1, firing hegan upon Sumter, intense indig- nation aroused those who were h\yal. Edmund Ruflin, of Yiriiinia, a man seventv-five years old. who had by his speeches at public meetings Thowi.rbo- j^^^^^^ more than any other man to ''fire the Southern heart," fired the first gun upon Fort Sumter. (He committed suicide in 1865.) The war had now actually commenced ; all hope of peace was lost. Anderson, with his eighty men, fought bravely ; but the enemy, unmolested, had been building heavy batteries on every side, and now opened with a terrible cannonade. At the end of thirty-four hours the fort had become so badly damaged, and its supply of provisions and ammunition was so nearly exhausted, that Anderson deemed it best to surrender. On Sunday April II. afternoon, April 14, 1861, he marched out of the fort o.t sum- ^^.^1^ oolors Hying and drums beating, saluting his Hag with fifty guns, the terms of the capitulation allowing him to march out with the '' honors of war." President Lincoln had endeavored to reinforce Anderson, and a fieet o'i eight ships had just arrived off the harbor with troops and [u-ovisions ; but it was too late. The Fed- eral (loverument did not wish to begin the war, hence the enemy was allowed to build batteries within easy range undisturbed : otherwise Beauregaid could have been kept at a respectful distance, and Avith a proper reinforcement and provisioning of the fort, it is doubtful if it could have been taken. President Lincoln now called for 75,000 volunteers. ti'i- suiTon- dorod. VUEPAUATIONH FOR THE WAR. 29 The call was received with universal enthusiasm through- Lincoln » first call for out the North, many more troops responding than were troops. icquired. On April 10, the first volunteers arrived in Washing! on, coming from Pennsylvania. April 19, the 6th Massachusetts reached Baltimore, and in passing from the Philadelphia to the Washington depot, they were attacked by a mob of secession sympathizers. The r, 1 • ^ TIL, April 10. soldiers were quiet until one of their number had been Baltimore killed, when they turned and fired, killing eleven and Ztt^T w^ounding as many more of their assailants. They were sett^troops. compelled to fight their way to the Washington cars, losing eleven men, — three killed and eight wounded. Some Pennsylvania troops arriving on the same train, being unarmed, were taken back to Philadelphia. April 19, the National capital was virtually cut off Washington from the North. The Treasury building and the Capitol ^^"'"''^''• had been barricaded, and howitzers plac(3d in the pas- sages. The Senate and the House became barracks. The only guard was a few companies of Pennsylvania volunteers, a company of regular troops, and a company of Washington volunteers under Cassius M. Clay. General B. ¥. Butler arrived at the Susquehanna with a brigade of Massachusetts troops April 20, and finding the bridges burned, he seized a steamboat at the ferry " Havre de Grace," and transported his troops to Annapolis. On the 24th he marched toward Washing-^ ^, I *-" Butler rc- ton, repairing bridges and railroads as he went. At neves Annapolis Junction they mot the New York 7th, the ton. latter taking the advance, and the whole force arrived at Washington on the 25th, and the capital was safe. May 14, General Butler, with the same Massachu- •' -^ ' _ _ Butler cn- setts regiment that had been attacked in its streets, en-ter? Baiti- tered Baltimore, and encamped on Federal Hill. April 18, the enemy took possession of Harper's ^^^^^^^,^ Ferry. The Federal officer in command being unable Ferry evac- 30 pr£:parations for the war. aatwibytheto resist the approacliin^^ force, lie blew up the arsenal Federals. ^ ^ o 7 i and the work-shops, re-treating to Pennsylvania. The Gos- April 20, the enemy took possession of the Gosport port navy '■■'./ l l yard disas- navy yard near Norfolk, Va. The officer in command had ample time and means to save the twelve war ves- sels and a part, at least, of the 2,000 cannon and the im- mense quantity of powder and machinery, altogether valued at over $10,000,000 ; but the vessels were all scuttled except one, the Cumherland, which was taken away to Newport News. The guns were spiked with cut nails so poorly that the enemy found them very lit- tle injured. It appears probable that there were too many officers in the United States army and navy in . sympathy with the South. January 13, when the enemy took possession of Pen- Gaiiantryof sacohi uav}^ J^^^, Lieutcnant Slemmer, who was in sieK.mer."* ^^'^^^ McRao with about seventy-five men, did a valiant deed. He had been ordered by his immediate superior to surrender to the enemy; but he disobeyed. He spiked his guns, and quickly entered and garrisoned Fort Pickens, — a powerful work. He was just in time to save to his government a valuable fort. One half of his pluck, honor, and faithfulness would have saved the ships and stores at Gosport. The North The North is now aroused. The seceding States at last . ° aroused, have defied the United States Government, and have fired upon and taken Fort Sumter by military force. Massachusetts volunteers have been murdered in the streets of Baltimore. The capital of the nation is threatened. A large number of officers of the army and navy have deserted the flag they swore to defend. United States forts, arsenals, ships, etc., have been seized. The Government must be defended, the Union preserved. The legislatures of the loyal States were called in PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 31 extra session, and A'oted large sums of money, and offered large numbers of men. April 15, the New York legislature voted to supply $3,000,000 and 30,000 men ; and on the 22d, New York City appropriated |1 ,000,000 to equip volunteers, and |)50,000 for the support of the families of those who enlisted. April 25, the Vermont legislature voted $1,000,000 for the equipment of vol- unteers. April 29, Indiana voted $500,000 ; and on May 8, Connecticut voted $2,000,000. May 8 the Governor of Ohio called out 100,000 militia. May 15, Massachusetts offered the Government $7,000,000. Iowa and Michigan, and in fact all the loyal States, followed with proffers of men and money. Altogether more than $30,000,000 were thus offered in aid of the Union cause within one month of the fire upon Sumter. April 19 the President issued a proclamation, declar- ^^^^ ^,j^^^_ ing a blockade of the ports of South Carolina, Georgia, "'^^''• Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ; and on the 27th he included those of Virginia and North Carolina, these States having seceded since the 19th. May 3 the President called for 42,000 additional volunteers for a three years' service, 22,000 for the regular army, and 18,000 seamen. In the latter part of May, Jefferson Davis removed his jefEerron headquarters to Richmond, and his capital was trans- p^'^g * Rich. ferred to that city. The Southern Congress adjourned ™°°J|^j'^''^'' May 21, to meet at Richmond July 20. Davis reached Richmond May 29, and the Southern leaders, as did also the people generally who lived down that way, expected soon to possess Washington. They claimed it, and made preparations to take it. May 24, 1861, United States volunteers took pos- ais^nter '' session of the hills from Georgetown to Alexandria, "^^^s™^- having crossed the Potomac into Virginia the night 32 PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. before. In taking possession of Alexandria, Colonel Ellsworth, of the New York Fire Zouaves, removed the enemy's flag which was floating on the Marshall Plouse. On coming down the stairs of the hotel with the flag, the proprietor, whose name was Jackson, shot and killed Death of Ellsworth, wlien one of the Zouaves instantly shot Ellsworth. Jackson dead. Ellsworth's body was taken to Wash- ington, where funeral services were held, the President attending as one of the mourners. The Federals now made strong intrenchments cov- The enemy erluff Washingtou, as the enemy was gatherins; at gatheringat • O 7 J n O Manassas. MauaSSaS. ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. April, 1861, to May, 1864. Section First. CHAPTER TI. BULI^ RUN TO MAT.VERN HILL. MCDOWELL— MCC LE LLAK WASHINGTON, the seat of the United States isoi. Government, stands upon a commanding site on the left bank of the Potomac River, between two small tributaries, the one on the east being called East Brief de- scription of Branch, and the one on the west. Rock Creek, the latter washing- separating Washington from Georgetown. Fifteen miles i^.'Jtf" south of Washington, on the Potomac, is Mount Vernon, ^^gjif^j' once the home and now the tomb of General Washing- ton. Thirteen miles above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac, from which the capital city is supplied with water. Distances in miles from Washington to important cities are as follows : Baltimore, 38 : Philadelphia, 136 ; scnmofdis- New York, 220; Boston, 432; Chicago, 763; San Francisco, 2,000 (in an air-line) ; St. Louis, 856 ; Rich- mond, 100 in a straight line, 122 by the roads ; Freder- icksburg, 50; Charleston, 544; Mobile, 1,033 ; New Orleans, 1,200; Nashville, 714; Louisville, 663; Athmta, 646; Memphis, 929. Alexandria lies on the right bank of the Potomac, 3 (33) 54 M<^DOWjELL. IS 61. seven miles below Washington. The river at this point is about one mile wide. The battle ground in Virginia is briefly described as follows : — The Alleghany Mountains extend from the south- west to the north-east through Virginia, and stretching on, pass through Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and into New York State. The Shenandoah Valley, which extends from the James River to the Potomac, lies between two parallel chains of these mountains. The Blue Ilidge is the eastern barrier of the valley. West of the mountains lies West Virginia, which was a part of Old Virginia at the beginning of the war. The people of that section, protesting against secession, created a new State, which was formall}^ admitted into the Union June 20, 1863. The principal battle fields were east of the Blue Ridge, and in the valley. The battles of the Army of the Potomac were between Washington and Richmond, except those of the Antie- tam and Gettysburg campaigns. The Blue Ridge Range is intersected by numerous gaps, through which wagon roads and railroads pass. There were but few railroads at this time. Two lines ran from the Potomac to Richmond, one from Acquia Creek through Fredericksburg, the other from Alexandria to Gordons ville. (The latter place is ninety-five miles south-west of Washington and seventy-six miles north- west of Richmond.) Here the road forks, one branch connecting with the Tennessee line at Lynchburg, the other turning eastward and southward to Richmond. Two branches of the Alexandria and Lynchburg line enter the valley of Virginia, one from Charlottesville to Staunton, near the source of the Shenandoah River, the other from Manassas Junction through the Blue Ridge at Manassas Gap. MCDOWELL 35 A multitude of the smallei^ water courses run web- i«6-i. like through the country between the Blue Ridge and Chesapeake Ba3% eventually forming large rivers, the most impoi'tant of wliich are the Rappahannock, the York, the Chickahominy, and the James. All of these rivers run nearly parallel, and empty into the Chesapeake Bay, except the Chickahominy. which joins its waters with the James twenty-two miles below City Point. These streams, together with the numerous ravines and marshes and the easily muddied clay soil, make Virginia an exceedingly difficult country for offensive operations. The first great battle of the war was fought at Bull Run, about 30 miles west of Washington. From Wash- ington to Fairftix Court House is 20 miles. Groveton Further de- ls 32 miles west of Alexandria ; Gainesville, 36 miles ; the'^ g'"]" Manassas, 27 miles. Sudley Sprinsrs is 8 miles north R"" ^''"'^ ^ ./ 1 o ground. of Manassas. Bull Run River, flowing to the south- east, reaches the Potomac through the Occoquan. Sud- ley Springs, on Bull Run, is about three miles north of Groveton ; Stone Bridge, on that stream, is about three miles east of Groveton ; and the battle field was in the triangle of which the three last-named places form the points. The battles, marches, and hardships of the Army of the Potomac date from the battle of Bull Run, although the army in Virginia had not yet received that designa- t i on . The enemy had collected an army of about 22,000 men at and near Manassas, having detachments at Cen- treville and Fairfax Court House, with cavalry pickets within sight of Washington. They also had, within supporting dislance, about 10,000 men under General J. E. Johnston, at Winchester, — a city situated in the valley of Virginia, about thirty-five miles from Harper's Ferry. General R. Patterson had crossed the Potomac 36 MCDO WELL. 18G1. ^\\\y 2, with about 15,000 men, and bad defeated Jack- son's brigade at Falling Waters that day ; then following his retreat, had rested at Martinsburg, which is about thirteen miles from Winchester. General Patterson was jenerai directed by General Scott to engage Johnston vigorously, and thus hold him there while a force from Washington should attack the Confederates at Manassas. On July 15, General Irvin McDowell, a graduate of West Point and a veteran of the Mexican War, who was in command of the Federal forces about Washington, was ordered by General Scott to make a forward move- ment, preparations for which having been going on since the 9th. The army was composed mostly of three months' men, whose term of service would soon close. These troops must be used soon, if at all. For that reason, and to satisfy the popular cry, " On to Rich- mond ! " it was decided to move against the enemy. General McDowell put his army in motion July 16. It then numbered about 30,000 men ; but some 2,000, whose term of service had expired, turned back before the battle began, leaving but 28,000. The battle was fought, on the Federal side, by about 18,000 men. The army was in four divisions, officered as follows : — 1st Division : Daniel Tyler; Brigades, E. D. Keyes, R. C. Schenck, W. T. Sherman, I. B. Richardson. 2d Division: (1.) David Hunter, wounded, (2.) Andrew Porter ; Brigades, Andrew Porter, A. E. Burn- side. 3d Division: S. P. Heintzelman ; Brigades, W. B. Franklin, 0. B. Willcox, 0. 0. Howard. 5th Division : D. S. Miles ; Bi'igades, Louis Blenker, T. A. Davies. The 4th Division, under General Theodore Runyon, remained behind to guard Washington and the position the arm}^ had just left. MCDOWELL. 37 Hunter, Hemtzelman, Miles, Keyes, Sherman, Per- ism. ter, and Franklin were colonels in the regular army. The Confederate forces ^Yel■e commanded by General G. T. Beauregard, who had under hiui Generals Ewell, Early, Longstreet, Evans, Holmes, D. R. Jones, P. S. Cocke, and M. L. Bonham as brigade commanders. DiAqsions had not been formed in this army at this time. The brigade commanders under General Johnston were Jackson (who was afterward called " Stonewall," because he stood firm at this battle). Bee, F. S. Bartow, A. Elzey, and Wilcox. Thus it will be seen that each side had its best officers to fight the first great battle of the war. The enemy fell back as the Federals advanced, finally taking up a defensive line behind Bull Run, extending from Union Mills (some four miles in advance of Manas- sas Junction) to the Stone Bridge. On July 18, Tyler's division being in advance atJi;iy/i8- Centre ville, Richardson's brigade was sent to reconnoitre Bhickburn's Ford, which Longstreet was guarding, where Richardson became engaged. Sherman was sent to his sui^port, but finding the enemy in strong force, and advantageously posted, Tyler withdrew to Centreville, having suffered a loss of about 90 men. The loss of the enemy was reported as 68. The march of the Federals had been slow. General McDowell was greatly disappointed, as he had hoped to attack by the 19th; but his troops w^ere raw. They had been improvident with their rations, Avere unused to marching, and the supply trains were tardy, causing a delay of at least two whole days, thus giving the enemy ample time to make preparations, and to be reinforced by Johnston. On the 19th, McDowell caused a reconnaissance to be made, which discovered the enemy's position. Cov- Black- burn's Ford. 58 MO DO WELL. 1861. ered by the stream of Bull Run, his left was found at Stone Bridge, his center at Blackburn's Ford, and his right at Union Mills Ford. The Federal commander at once made his dispositions, Tyler to move against Stone Bridge ; Hunter and Heintzelman to cross at Sudley Springs, about two miles above the bridge, and move down upon the enemy's left flank and rear; Miles in reserve to make a demonstration upon Blackburn's Ford. The attack was to begin at early dawn, July 21. General McDowell had at first intended to make his main attack upon the enemy's right flank ; but finding that position difficult to assail, decided upon the move- ment just described. r^^j gj Unfortunately, the Federals were late in getting juii Run. started on the morning of the 21st. McDowell had planned well, but this was the first battle of the war, and his commanding officers did not seem to see the necessity of quick action. The battle opened about 10 A. M., and fighting soon became hot. The flanking force making the detour met with success. Hunter's division being in advance. Beauregard had been making prepa- rations to cross Bull Bun on his right, and attack McDowell's left, and had already weakened his own left; thus McDowell, attacking first, had the advantage. Burnside was first engaged. The Federals pressed forward. Porter becoming engaged on Burnside's left. Beauregard's brigades were posted from left to^ right, as follows : Evans, Cocke, Bonham, Longstreet, Jones, Early, Holmes, and Ewell. At Stone Bridge, Evans was taken by surprise by Burnside, and Cocke, being nearest, was hastened to his aid. The battle was fierce, the enemy resisting with great determination ; but Heintzelman soon coming into line, they were forced rapidly back. Beauregard now became convinced that he could not cross Bull Run to attack MODO WELL. 39 Centreville as he had planned. Bee and Bartow were ism. hastened to the left, and soon after Hampton's Legion, Buir^mi which had arrived from Richmond, also went there. The opposing forces now had five brigades each, all engaged, and the enemy, being on the defensive, had the advan- tage ; but the Federals, under the impetus of their suc- cess against Evans and Cocke, dashed forward. At this moment Sherman, who had forced his way across the stream, took the enemy in flank. The Stone Bridge was uncovered, and Keyes crossed. The enemy was routed. The day should have remained with the Federals. General Patterson had been instructed by General Scott to keep General Johnston in sight, but he had allowed himself to be deceived. Johnston had displayed a- small force, well stretched out, and slipped away through Manassas Gap to the aid of Beauregard, and the latter began to receive these reinforcements early in the morning. Up to this time, a little after noon, the Federals had met with continued success; but they were now checked. The flying brigades of the enemy rallied around Jackson, who had just arrived on the ground, and stood " like a stone wall." Bonham and Holmes also arrived from the right. The Confederates had formed a new line behind a house belonging to the Widow Henry, at the southern line of the triangle running from Grove ton to Stone Bridge. The Federals now received a fire that staggered them. There came a lull, and both sides reformed for another struggle. Several fresh regiments had by this time arrived from Richmond to reinforce the enemy. At 2 p. M. jMcDowell again opened the battle w^ith his whole force that had crossed Bull Bun. Miles's division, with the brigades of Richardson and Schenck, w^ere still upon the other side, and did not become en- 1:0 MO DO WELL 1S6 1. gaged, except in demonstrations against Longstreet and 51111^111. P'^i't of Bon ham's brigade, at Blaekbnrn's and Mitchell's fords. All other troops on both sides are again engaged in deadly combat. The position taken by the enemy is a strong one, and they now outnumber the Federals. First the Federal attack is repulsed, and some of their batter- ies are captured ; then the Confederates are forced back, and the lost guns recaptured. The battle becomes ter- rific, both sides fighting with fearful determination. It is difficult to decide upon which side lies the advantage, when at the supreme moment Kirby Smith, with nearly 2,000 fresh troops of Elzey's brigade, the rear of John- ston's army, and Early's brigade just brought up from the enemy's extreme right, arrive upon the field, and charging upon the Federal right flank, the day is lost. It is about 3 : 30 p. m. McDowell, Sherman, Keyes, in fact all the ofiicers, heroically endeavored to save the rout of the army ; but the soldiers were not veterans, and they could not resist the enemy's fresh troops which were continually arriv- - ing, and now largely outnumbered them. They cer- tainly did nobly for their first encounter. If Patterson could have come up when Kirby Smith did, the result would no doubt have been different. Burnside's brigade, which had been held in reserve when the last attack w^as made, together with the brigades of Bichardson and Schenck, and Miles's division, covered the rear. The Federals retreated to the defenses of Washington. The enemy had been so severely handled, and were so nearly defeated that they could not pursue. The Fed- eral loss was 481 killed, 1,011 wounded, and 1,210 miss- ing. The loss of the enemy, as reported, was 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 12 prisoners. Among the Federals who w^ere killed were Colonel James Cameron, of the M'WOWELL. 41 79th New York, brother of the Secretary of War ; Col- ism. oiiel Slocum, of the 2d Rhode Ishind, and Colonel DcauTof Ilaggerty, of the 69th New York. Among the wounded cameron, were Generals Hunter and Ileintzelman, and Colonel 0. siocum, ' ami Hag- B. WiHcox, the latter being taken inisoner. Colonel M. gerty. Corcoran, of the GOth New York, was also wounded and taken prisoner. Among the Confederates who were killed were Generals Bee and Bartow. General Bee ueat'i of Generals resigned as Captain of the 10th United States infantry Bee and March 3, 1861. ''"'°"- July 22, 1861, the day after the Bull Bun disaster, Juiy 22. u. 1 S. Congress had been fixed b}^ Congress as the time to vote upon the caiis for President's call for 400,000 men. The defeat of the army, s«''Ooomen. instead of retarding it, accelerated the passage of a reso- ^ lution for the ample support of the Government. In- stead of the 400,000 which was called for, the Resolution provided for 500,000 men for three years' service, and also authorized the enlistment of 25,000 more men for the regular army, and the increase of the navy to the fullest needs of the Government. Congress also raised the pay of soldiers from $11 to |13 per month, adding a Pay of soi- •^ , . diers. bounty of $100 to be paid after two years ot service. (The Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863-64 — raised the pay of enlisted men to $16 per month.) Arms and ammunition were needed at once, and in ^ Arms pnr- larffer quantities than home manufacturers could pro- chased in • Europe. duce. Agents were dispatched to Europe, and purchases were made of all serviceable arms that could be found in England, Germany, and other countries. But the best of them proved to be poor arms. The capacity of the Springfield and other armories was increased, and the importation ceased as soon as American factories could furnish the needed supplj^ General Geo. B. McClellan was called to the com- mand of the army in Virginia July 22. This army was 42 MCGLELLAN. 180 1 General Scott re- tires. McClellan succeeds Scott. 186'^. " All quiet on the Po- tomac." now to grow to huge dimensions, and to be designated the "Army of the Potomac." General Scott retained command as General-in-Chief until Oct. 31, when he was pLiced on the retired list at his own request. When McClellan took command, he found an army of about 50,000. Recruiting, drilling, and organizing began at once ; but this required much time and hard work. The Northern people knew nothing of military science, and were wholly "green" at the beginning. (The writer asked his captain, when he enlisted as a private in May, 1861, if he could take along a 150-pound trunk.) The Southern people, on the contrary, had been drilling and preparing for war since the days of Calhoun. On November 1, McClellan succeeded Scott as General-in-Chief. The Army of the Potomac now num- bered 168,000 men; this included, however, the troops at Baltimore and Annapolis, and in Virginia. About 150,000 men were present for duty, of whom some 15,000 were not yet armed. The organizing and pre- paring for active service of so large an army was a huge undertaking, and it is admitted on all sides that it was well done by General McClellan. November passed away, but the General did not feel that the army was yet fully prepared for the field. December passed, and so on till the spring of 1862, before McClellan could be prevailed upon to move. He overrated the numbers of the enemy in his front, placing the figures at 150,000, when in fact there were scarcely one half that number, and he could have moved at any time after November 1 with 100,000 men. When the question was asked, "What's the news?" the well-remembered reply was, " All quiet on the Potomac." By February 1, the army in the neighborhood of Washington numbered in the aggregate 222,000 men ; there were present for duty 190,000. The enemy in MCCLELLAN. 43 front numbered about 60,000, under the command of isoa. General Joseph E. Johnston. On March 8, the President issued an order in which the Army of the Potomac was organized into four corps, under Generals McDowell, Sumner, Heintzelman, and Keyes (numbered in the order named), and a fifth corps under General Banks formed of his own and General Shields's divisions, Division commanders were : 1st Corps, Generals Franklin, McCall, and King; 2d Corps, Richardson, Sedgwick, and Blenker ; 3d Corps, Porter, Hooker, and Hamilton; 4tli Corps, Couch, W. F. Smith, and Casey; Banks's Corps, Williams and Shields. The enemy evacuated Manassas March 9, falling back to the Rappahannock. The Army of the Potomac the enemy moved forward on the 10th, occupying Centreville that™°^®*' day and Manassas Junction the 11th. McClellan was Mccieiian relieved of command as General-in-Chief on the last- Generaiin-^ named day, and placed in command of the Army of the ^*'®^' Potomac, his whole attention being required by that army, which was about to start on a campaign planned by himself and his corps commanders in council on March 13. The 2d, 3d, and 4th corps were concentrated near Alexandria by March 16, and on the 18th began to embark on transports for Fortress Monroe. By April . 6, McClellan, with 110,000 men, had arrived at that point. Two letters addressed to General McClellan, one by the Secretary of War and one by the President, are here inserted as a partial explanation of military mat- ters about Washino;ton at that time : — M MCCLELLAN. I g(}2 , War Department, March 13, 1862. — To Major General George B. McClellan: — Letter from ^^^^ President, having considered the plan of operation? Secretary of agreed upon by yourself and the commanders of army corps, cieiian. makes no objection to the same, but gives the following direc- tions as to its execution: — 1. Leave such a force at Manassas Junction as will make it entirely certain that the enemy shall not repossess himself of that position and line of communication. 2. Leave Washington entirely secure. 3. Move the i-eniainder of the force down the Potomac, choosing a new base at Fortress Monroe, or anywhere between here and there ; or at all events, move such remainder of the army at once in pursuit of the enemy by some route. Edwin M.. Stanton, tiecretary of War. Washington, April 9, 1862. Major General McClellan: — President's My dear Sir, Your dispatches complaining that you are not properly sustained, while they do not oti'end me, do pain me very much. Blenker's division was withdrawn from 3^ou before you left here, and you know the pressure under which I did it, and, as I thought, acquiesced in it — certainly not with- out reluctance. After you left I ascertained that less than 20,000 unorganized men, without a single field battery, were all you designed to be left for the defense of Washington and Manassas Junction, and part of this, even, was to go to General Hooker's old position. General Banks's corps, once designed for Manassas Junction, was diverted and tied up on the line of Winchester and Strasburg, and could not leave it without again exposing the Upper Potomac and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This presented (or would present when McDowell and Sumner should be gone) a great temptation to the enemy to turn back from the Rappahannock, and sack Washington. My explicit order that Washington should, by the judgment of all the commanders of the army corps, be left entirely secure, had been neglected. It was precisely this that drove me to de- tain McDowell. letter to Mc- Clellan. M^GLELLAN. 45 I do not forget that I was satisfied with your arrangement is an. to leave Banks at Manassas Junction ; but when that arrange- ment was broken up, and nothing was substituted for it, of course I was constrained to substitute something for it myself ; and allow me to ask, Do you really think I should permit the line from Richmond via Manassas Junction to this city to be entirely open, except what resistance could be presented by less than 20,000 unorganized troops ? This is a question which the country will not allow me to evade. And once more let me tell you it is indispensable to you that you strike a blow. / am powerless to help this. You will do me the j ustice to remember I always insisted that going down the bay in search of a field instead of fighting at or near Manassas was only shifting, and not surmounting a difficulty ; that we should find the same enemy, and the same or equal in- trenchments at either place. The country will not fail to note — is now noting — that the present hesitation to move upon an intrenched enemy is but the story of Manassas repeated, I beg to assure you that I have never written to you or spoken to you in greater kindness of feeling than now, nor with a fuller purpose to sustain j^ou as far as in my most anx- ious judgment I consistently can. But you must act. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln. McDowell's corps had been ordered to move with the army, but was stopped by order of the President, as cieuan'^'' explained in the above letter ^^""'° On April 4, the first half of the army having arrived at Fortress Monroe, the movement toward Yorktown was begun, and on the 5th, McClellan, with about 50,000 men, arrived before the enemy's fortifications at that place, when the pickets of the contending armies came in collision. The enemy's works lay along Warwick Creek, which runs from near Yorktown to the James River; thus McClellan's further progress was barred, and he must take these works before he could move another step 46 Mf^GLELLAN. i8G'4. toward Richmond. Magruder had constructed several dams in this stream, which, by backing the water, caused inundation. Besides this valuable defense, the position was naturally a very strong one, and had McClellan no more than 20,000 men, no doubt Magruder could have successfully resisted, if determinedly attacked; but 100,000 men ought to have dried up Warwick Creek^ surmounted the enemy's dams, and pushed on. On McClellan's approach, Magruder had been ordered to withdraw ; but he was obstinate, and disobeyed. His Government afterward forgave him. At this time the enemy defending Yorktown and its outlying fortifications, — a portion of which were the old works built by Lord Cornwallis in 1781, and were now repaired — numbered about 11,000 men under Gen- eral Magruder. McClellan decided not to attack with the force present, but waited for the whole army of 110,000 men. Magruder was not reinforced until the 7th, and then lightly, and on the 12th had only about 23,000 men to defend a line of works fourteen miles in length. April 16. On the 16th, McClellan ordered an attack on a part Leo 8 Mills. ^£ |.j^g enemy's works at Lee's Mills, which was about the center of their line ; but only a few hundred troops took part in it, and they were repulsed after a severe engagement, with a loss of 200 killed and wounded. The assault was made by the 3d, 4th, and 6th Vermont, who carried the enemy's works across the creek, but they were not supported, and Magruder, hastening re- inforcements, forced them back after an hour's hard fighting. McClellan then began a regular sieore, making exten- April 5 to . . . . May4.siege sivc preparations, bringing up heavy siege guns, and town. using up a month in building batteries, etc.; but the enemy left before he was ready to bombard. MCGLELLAN. 47 On April 30, Johnston, Lee, and Jefferson Davis isg-^, held a conference with Magruder, and decided to with- draw from Yorktown. Magruder evacuated on the Yoiktown morning of May 4 unmolested, joining General Johnston, ''"''•'''''^^^^• who retired with his whole array toward Richmond. Franklin's division had joined McClellan on the 22d of April, giving him about 120,000 men. Pursuit at once began, with Stoneman's cavalry in advance. The enemy was overtaken near Williamsburg. Hampton's cavalry and some infantry forming his rear guard halted at this point, and took possession of Fort Magruder and adjoin- ing works. On the evening of the 4th, Stoneman's advance was checked by Hampton, a severe engagement took place, when Stoneman retired a short distance, and waited for the infantry to come up. Hooker's division arrived first; but it was dark, and he could not attack until morning. Longstreet, who had gone on, learning of Hampton's success in checking the Federals, returned with his whole corps to the defenses of Williamsburg. Hooker attacked Longstreet on the morning of the 5th, but for j^^ 5 some unaccountable reason he received no assistance wmiams- burg. from the other divisions near at hand. Although largely outnumbered. Hooker's troops, with great pluck and determination, fought a hard fight. The battle was a severe one, and lasted all day, Hooker barely holding his ground. At 4 p. M., Kearny arrived with his division. He had heard Hooker's guns, and hastened to his aid. Up to this time the enemy had been bold, coming out of their works and sorely pressing the Federals ; now the tide changes, Kearny's men go in with a will, the Confeder- ates catch " Hail Columbia," and after a long and stubborn resistance are driven back into their fortifications, when night stops operations. Hancock, in command of a brj- 48 M^CLELLAN. 186H. gade, did some fine work on the enemy's left flank in — repulsing Early. Peck's brigade of Couch's division also came up soon after the arrival of Kearny, and did some good work on the Federal right. On the morning of the 6th, it was found that the enemy had silently retired during the night. In the battle of Williamsburg, the Federal loss was about 2,000 killed and wounded, and 600 taken pris- oners ; the loss of the enemy was about 3,000 killed and wounded, and 600 taken prisoners. Hooker's divis- ion sustained fully two thirds of the Federal loss. This battle was fought by Hooker and Kearny, aided by the brigades of Hancock and Peck. McClellan arrived after the battle was over, and ordered the army forward, the May 17. eucmy slowly retreating. May 17, the enemy was Bottom's Bridge. rlriven across the Chickahominy at Bottom's Bridge. Franklin's division, followed by three other divisions, left Yorktown on transports, arriving at the mouth of the Pamunkey River on the 6th, landing on the 7th on the right bank of York River, opposite West Point, which is about twenty-five miles from Yorktown and thirty-five miles by rail from Richmond, at a place called Eltham. This interfered somewhat with the west^Mnt I'etreat of Johnston, who sent Whiting's division to attack Franklin on the 8th ; but they were repulsed, and hastily retired. McClellan used this point, together with the White House, as his depot for supplies. At this time, General McClellan reformed his army, dividing it into five corps, and giving Franklin and Fitz John Porter the two new corps. He had by letter, on May 9, asked of the President permission to do this, and also authority to relieve incom- petent corps commanders. The President replied that he was informed that he (McClellan) did not consult ^yith Sumner, Heintzelman, or Keyes, in fiict with no- M(^'GLELLAN. 49 body but Fitz John Porter and perhaps Franklin, and iso-^. asked, " Do the corps commanders disobey your orders?" He also gave McClellan a little friendly advice, intimating that he had better let the corps commanders remain. McClellan took no action, except to appoint the two new corps commanders as noted. As reorganized, the division commanders were as follows : 2d Corps (Sumner), Richardson and Sedgwick; 3d Corps (Heintzelman), Hooker and Kearny; 4th Corps (Keyes), Couch and Casey; 6th Corps (Franklin), Slocum and Smith; 6th Corps (Porter), Morrell and Sykes; independent divisions of Pennsylvania Reserves, McCall. The other forces in Virginia were at this time dis- tributed as follows : when Frajiklin's division was taken from McDowell and sent to McClellan, Shields's division was taken from Banks and sent to McDowell, who is now . at Fredericksburg. A new division has been formed and added to this corps, under General Ord. General Geary, with a few regiments, is stationed at Manassas. Banks is in the Shenandoah, entertaining Jackson; and General Fremont, with about 13,000 men, is in West Virginia. Blenker's division, taken from Sumner, is with him. The advance of the Federal army caused the evacua- May s. tion of Norfolk, the enemy retiring from that place May "^^^^!^ 8, and on the 10th the Federal troops took possession, evacuate ' ^ ^ Norfolk. A delegation of citizens came out and met the troops, surrendering the city and navy yard. President Lincoln was present on this occasion. On May 20, the army reached New Bridge, eight JJ^^^ -^'^ miles from Richmond, and on the 23d the enemy was Bridgp. driven from Mechanics ville. On the 24th, there was skirmishing at Ellison's Mills and Cold Harbor, the en- emy retreating. 4 50 MCGLELLAN. 180-^. On May 24, the Federal left, composed of the corps of Kej^es and Heintzelman, was on the right bank of the Chickahominy, reaching from Bottom's Bridge to Seven Pines, the latter point about seven miles from Richmond. The rest of McClellan's array was on the left bank, Sumner being at Railroad Bridge, and Porter and Franklin near Gaines's Mill and Mechanicsville. The Chickahominy rises a few miles north of Richmond, and runs south-east to the James. It is about seventy miles long. May 27. Qj^ |-j^g 27th, Portor, with Morrell's division and Hanover ^ ' Court Warren's brigade and a brigade of cavalry, in all about 10,000 men, left his camps, and attacked a division of the Confederates of equal force, under General Branch, near Hanover Court House, which is about fourteen miles to the north. The attack was gallantly made; and after a severe engagement, the Confederates were driven from their position. They soon after rallied, and attempted to make a stand, but were again put to flight, retiring in great disorder southward. The Federal loss was about 400 killed, wounded, and missing ; the loss of the enemy, about 1,200, of whom 800 were prisoners. Porter returned to his camps on the 29th. On the 30th of May the Commander-in-Chief of the enemy's forces. General Johnston, determined to attack and crush the Federal left, which was in a difficult and dangerous position, before the right could cross to its aid. His army in and about Richmond numbered about 80,000 men, in six divisions, under Generals Magruder, A. P. Hill, Longstreet, G. W. Smith, D. H. Hill, and Huger. The latter had just arrived from Norfolk, hav- ing evacuated that place on the 8th. The enemy began the attack about 1 p. m. on the 31st, with the divisions of Longstreet and D. H. Hill. A> P- Hill's division was stationed on the left bank, moglellan: 51 Magruder's was held in reserve. Huger's division did ise-^. not, as intended, get up in time to take part in this day's battle. Keyes's corps, in two divisions under Casey and Couch, was the first to receive the blow, and May 31 and , ' June 1. a bloody battle was fought at Fair Oaks and Seven seven Pines Pines. Keyes was outnumbered, he having about 12,000 oaks. '""^ men, and Longstreet and Hill about 25,000 ; but his men heroically resisted the terrible charges of the enemy until 3 : 30 P. M., when Kearny came to his aid Phil Kearny knew no obstacles at such a time. But now Johnston, who had been waiting at Old Tavern with Smith's division for the booming of Longstreet's cannon, — which he failed to hear because of a strong contrary wind, — became impatient, and pushing Smith forward rapidly, fiercely attacked the Federal right,- forcing it back. His object was to get possession of Bottom's Bridge, and thus cut off McClellan's left. At 6 p. M. the battle was terrific. Smith was gain- ing ground. Up to this time the bnttle was fought between Casey, Couch, and Kearny, numbering about 16,000 men ; and Longstreet, Hill, and Smith, with 40,000 men. The Federals, greatly outnumbered, seemed destined to defeat; but Sumner had not been idle. With great difficulty he succeeded in getting Sedgwick's di- vision across the river, which had been swollen by a tremendous rain the night before, and now, just in the nick of time, the old man dashes upon the exultant enemy. Johnston is astonished to find Sumner before him. He did not know of the bridge, and felt sure of victory. Sedgwick's men fight with intrepidity, each one a hero. Their impetuosity cannot be resisted. The enemy is checked, maddened, yet still holding his ground with great determination ; but he is finally driven back upon Fair Oaks Station. It is now night, and darkness puts an end to the terrible battle. 52 M^GLELLAN. 18 62. Johnston was wounded in front of Sumner's troops General wliile leading Smith's men to the charge, and was carried Johnston \^\^q Richmoud, General Smith assuminsr command tem- wounded. _ ^ porarily. The morning of June 1 found Hooker's and Richard- son's divisions at the front. The latter had made all haste to follow Sedgwick across the Chickahominy ; hut owing to high water and defective bridges, he was unable to reach the field until after the battle of May 31 was over. Before the battle. Hooker had been guarding the passes of White Oak Swamp, and Kearny was with Heintzelman at or near Savage Station ; but when Kearny was sent to iiid Keyes, Hooker was recalled to occupy the position he had vacated. The battle of June 1 was opened by the Federals. The enemy had received a strong reinforcement, Huger's division having at last gotten into position. The troops of Sumner, Keyes, and Heintzelman moved steadily for- ward, driving the enemy back at all points ; and by noon all the ground lost the day before had been recap- tured. The fighting was marked by brilliant charges by the Federals, especially by the brigades of Sickles, and Meagher. Towards evening the crest-fallen enemy retreated in haste and confusion, and returned to the defenses of Richmond. The Federal loss in the two days was 890 killed, 3,627 wounded, and 1,222 prison- ers, — total 5,739, Keyes's corps losing over 3,100 of the total. The loss of the enemy is variously estimated, " according to who tells the story ; " but the experience of the whole war shows that in all such battles the loss on each side in killed and wounded was about the same. The prisoners vary according to the fortunes of the day. In this battle the Federals took about 1,300 prisoners. The losses of the enemy fully equaled those of the Federals; and as they attacked the Federals behind breastworks, were probably greater. MCGLMLLAN. 53 McClellan was now reinforced with about 10,000 isoa. men from Fortress Monroe. McCall's division of Mc- Dowell's corps also joined him on June 12. The con- tending forces then took a brief rest. It had rained so much that the Federal soldiers were continually in mud, water, or on damp ground, causing much sickness ; and this, together with losses in battle, reduced McClellan's army to about 100,000 effective men, notwithstanding reinforcements. There were about 12,000 present sick, and 30,000 absentees at this time, according to the official report. General Robert E. Lee, formerly an officer in the General r.ce regular army, and a veteran of the Mexican War, had commamiof been placed in command of the enemy's forces in Yir- t^'e enemy's ginia, in place of General Johnston, wounded. He was a noble type of the American soldier, a member of one of the most honorable families of Virginia. No doubt it was with the deepest regret that he drew his sword against the flag of his country. • j On June 13 a brigade of the enemy's cavalry under General Stuart left Richmond at the North, having a short engagement with two Federal squadrons of cavalry at Hanover Court House on the 14th, in which Captain Ju»e u. r-i 1 in ^• Hanover Royall, commandmg one of the squadrons, greatly dis- court tinguished himself, and was severely wounded. The °'^*'^' Federals were finally pushed aside, and Stuart passed on, making a circuit of the Federal army; but being closely pursued, he destroyed but little property, and with difficulty escaped McClellan's cavalry at Jones's Bridge on the Chickahominy, returning to Richmond from the South. The raid accomplished nothing. June 25, McClellan, wishing to extend his left, junc 25. pushed Hooker's division forward to Oak Grove, within five miles of Richmond. The enemy attacked fiercely, but Hooker held his ground, and a severe battle followed. 54 McCLELLAK 186^. McClellan sending forward the divisions of Kearny and Couch, and portions of the divisions of Casey and Richardson, to Hooker's aid, the enemy was defeated and driven off, and Hooker was j&rmly established there. The Federal loss was 50 killed, 400 wounded, and 64 taken prisoners. The Federal army, now numbering about 115,000 men for duty, lay from Old Tavern to White Oak Svv^amp, with the divisions of Morrell, Sykes, and McCall, under Porter, still on the left bank of the Chickahominy. The corps from right to left were posted as follows : Porter, Franklin, Sumner, Heintzelman, and Keyes, and all were partially intrenched except Porter, w^ho had no breast- works, as McClellan expected soon to withdraw from that side of the river. The enemy under Lee numbered 60,000 in five divisions, under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, Huger, Magruder, and D. H. Hill. Jackson, arriving in haste June 26, coming by way of Charlottesville, Gordonsville, and" Beaver Dam Station to Ashland from Port Republic, where Fremont had left him, brought 30,000 men, giv- ing Lee a force of 90,000. f McClellan, having decided to move his army to James River, began transferring his supplies from White House by boats on the night of June 25, taking eight days' rations in wagons for supplying his army until he could reach that river. Lee was making great efforts to collect a large force Beaver^ wlth whlch to crush the Army of the Potomac. June 26 Dam Creek }^q bcgau a movemcut against McClellan's right, expect- or Median- . '^ . ° D 7 r icsviiie. ing to demolish Porter. A. P. Hill was to cross at Meadow Bridge, Longstreet and D. H. Hill at Mechan- icsville Bridge, Jackson to come from the North, Huger and Magruder to entertain the balance of McClellan's army, and detain reinforcements to Porter as much as MoCLELLAN. 55 possible. McCall, with about 6,000 men in three ise^i. brigades, under Seymour, Reynolds, and Meade, was at Beaver Dam Creek, near Mechanicsville, well intrenched. Jackson, who it was intended should open the battle, and thus, by taking McCall in the rear, render Lee an easy victory, found a difficult country to march over, and failed to come up as intended. Lee became impa- tient. Jefferson Davis was there to witness the Federal defeat, and at 3 p. m. Lee ordered the attack upon McCall's position by the divisions of the two Hills. A. P. Hill's division was over 12,000 strong, and led in the attack. Assault after assault was made, the hottest of the en- gagement being at Ellison's Mills, where the Confeder- ates attempted to cross the creek. The Federals, having a strong position, suffered but little, but caused terrible destruction in the ranks of the enemy. Lee was disap- pointed, and ordered another charge, which was desper- ately made and terribly repulsed, when darkness closed the conflict which had resulted in defeat to the enemy, and a loss of about 3,000 men. McCall's loss was scarcely 350, which seems incredible ; nevertheless, the statement appears to be a fact. At daylight on the 27th, McCall withdrew from the position he had so well defended, and joined Porter at Gaines's Mill. Two brigades of Morrell's division had come to his aid the night before, and remained to cover the rear. They were savagely attacked before leaving the works ; but the enemy was repulsed with severe loss, when the retreat was made in good order. Porter had discovered the gathering storm, and was concentrat- ing his forces. At noon on the 27th, Porter's corps, j„ne 27. numbering about 25,000 men, lay, quietly waiting the Minorcoid foe, from Po white Creek — a stream running at right Harbor, angles with the Chickahominy, and upon which stands Gain-es's Mill — to New Cold Harbor, and stretching to 56 MOCLELLAM isdj. the right across McGee's farm, turns again to the rivei', "~ or rather to its swampy border. MorrelFs division lay on the left, facing the west along Powhite Creek, and to New Cold Harbor. Sykes's division, forming the center and right, faced north and east. McCall's division, held in reserve for a short time, was soon called into action. Lee had deployed his divisions, Longstreet on his . right, next A. P. Hill, then D. H. Hill, who was to be joined by Jackson on the extreme left; but the latter, following his instructions, had gone too far in the direc- tion of White House. Lee supposed that McClellan would extend Porter's right to protect that supply depot, not dreaming that the Federal commander was already preparing to change his base to the James River. ,, „ At 1 p. M., while marchino- into his assio-ned position, Cold Har- " o o ± 7 ^^^r. A. P. Hill's troops came in contact with MorrelFs right and Sykes's left, and the battle of Gaines's Mill or Cold Harbor opened, — a little sooner than the enemy had intended. Hill brought up his artillery within short range to support the fierce attacks of his infantry ; but it was of no avail. The Federal troops stood firm, and repulsed each assault with heavy loss to the Confederates. Durino- the battle, two of McCall's brio-ades were called to reinforce Morrell's right. General Lee, arriving on the field, discovered his error. Instead of throwing so much force to the defense of White House, McClellan had concentrated his troops, on that side of the Chickahominy, about Gaines's Mill ; and although still unable to fathom McClellan's inten- tions, Lee immediately recalled Jackson upon Cold Harbor. Without waiting his arrival, however, he re- newed the attack at about 3 : 30 p. m. Longstreet was sent against Morrell and McCall, and A. P. HOI against Sykes ; for he feared Porter would soon be reinforced, and felt that he must act at once. M(^GLELLAA\ 57 The attack is general along the whole line. The isoa. assaults of the enemy are furious and determined at ~ every point. Resolved to avenge the defeat of Beaver Dam Creek, they savagely rush upon the Federal guns. The battle rages for one hour and a half with terri- Jan. 27. ..,,., Gaines's ble losses on both sides, each side using all its reserves, mui, con- Now a brigade of the enemy charges a point in the Federal hne, which under the sudden shock bends inward, then, reinforced, the Federals return the charge, driving the enemy beyond its first starting-point. Thus the whole line of combatants moves in broken waves amid sheets of flame and shot. Porter, outnumbered, has sent to his chief for aid, and just as Longstreet is making an almost resistless charge, Slocum's division of Franklin's corps arrives, part going to Morrell's aid and part to Sykes's. Slocum has come in good time, the line i« saved and disaster thwarted; but the battle rages furiously until 5 p. m., when, repulsed on all sides and at all points, the enemy fall back, and for a brief time desist; for their troops are exhausted. Lee is greatly dissatisfied. He has met a bloody check, and has f^iiled to break the Federal line. At about 5 p. M., Jackson arrives near the field, new arrangement of troops is made, D. II. Hill going to the extreme left of the enemy's line. A. P. Hill's division had boen badly cut up and disorganized, and Jackson's troops, with what there was left of that division, formed the center of the line, with Longstreet still on the right. And now 70,000 men will attack Porter, whose troops have been fiohtino; for five hours. McClellan is informed of the situation, but declines to send more reinforcements, with the exception of two brigades, which have been offered by Sumner, as he fears Huger and Magruder. He has more than 75,000 men across the river, but imagines that the enemy menacing him number 100,000, 58 M^aLELLAN. 18 62. when in reality there are but two small divisions. But Magruder shows his teeth once in awhile, and McClellan keeps his 75,000 men well in hand. Porter now has about 35,000 men, nearly worn out with fatigue, to oppose double his number, one half of whom are fresh troops. At about 5 : 30 p. M., Lee again advances to the attack with overwhelming force. Almost like a flash the battle again breaks forth along the whole line. The Federals steadily deliver a terrible fire, their artillery opening great gaps in the ranks of the advancing foe. The first assaults are repelled with much slaughter, although it is with the greatest effort that the Federals can maintain their line against such odds. Lee and Jackson call for their reserves. Porter has no reserves; he has had every available man in action since 4 o'clock, and at last the Federals, largely outnumbered and ex- hausted, are crowded back. A rout seems inevitable, but they know that they must defend Alexander Bridge, Desperate their ouly moans of crossing the Chickahominy. Nobly ^''"^" do the Union soldiers withstand the almost resistless tide. Vainly do they look for assistance from their brothers just across the river. A little before dark the two brigades from Sumner's corps arrive — French's and Meagher's L^sh brigade. The tired soldiers are revived; they rally around these fresh troops, reform their lines, and await the enemy, who is preparing for a final assault. But Lee, seeing the firm stand taken, imagines that heavy reinforcements have arrived, and it being now night, the day's struggle is ended. The battle of Gaines's Mill has been fought with a loss in killed and wounded of 14,000 Americans, 7,000 on each side. The enemy have captured twenty-two pieces of artillery, and the position held by the Federals at the beginning of the battle. During the night, the MCGLELLAN-. 59 Federals crossed to the other side of the river, after is on. which they burned Alexander Bridge. The 28th was occupied by McClellan in getting his trains started for the James River, and his army ready to follow. He believed that Lee had an army of 200,- 000, and so impressed the President of his needs for reinforcements that General lialleck was directed to send at once, with all dispatch, 25,000 men from Corinth; but this order was countermanded before the troops had started. On the other hand, Lee fell into an error by supposing that McClellan was about to retreat to White House ; and on the 28th, Jackson's troops were deployed along the Chickahominy, a portion reaching to Bottom's Bridge, to prevent the crossing of the Federals. Thus Lee lost and McClellan gained a whole day, which the latter made good use of by hastening his immense trains to the James. About noon Magruder thought he saw evidences of evacuation in his front, and sent a brigade under Toombs against some fortifications occupied by Hancock's brigade at Grolding. Toombs found • the '^'"''^ ^• ^ . ^ . Gokling's Federals alive, and received a handsome repulse, with a farm. loss of about 250 in all — killed, wounded, and prisoners. During the 28th, the evacuation of the Federal works was continually going on. Sumner's corps and Smith's division were to cover the rear, assisted by Heintzelman's corps. On the afternoon of the 29th, June 29. Sumner's corps and Smith's division were fiercely attacked station. by two divisions under Magruder at Savage's Station. Heintzelman, misunderstanding his orders, had gone on. The assault was violent and spiteful, and the result hung in the balance for an hour; but Sumner was equal to the emergency, and toward evening succeeded in giving Magruder a severe repulse. Meantime the chiefs of the contending armies were making all haste, one to reach the James, the other to 60 mCL^LLA]^. i8c>ii. overtake him. Lee was unable to get his army over the Chickahominy until the 29th. His organizations had been terribly torn up by the fierce battle of Gaines's Mill, and the troops needed rest. The corps of Keyes and Porter had nearly reached Malvern Hill. June 30, Franklin, with Smith's and Richardson's divisions and Naglee's brigade, were left to guard the pass of White Oak Swamp at Frazier's Farm. Jackson, with his four divisions, arrived at this point about 11 A. M.; but the pass was narrow, and his superior num- bers availed him nothing. He attacked with artillery only, and Franklin defended with artillery. The battle with cannon continued all day. Jackson was held in check, and darkness found him still unable to force a passage. There had been severe loss on both sides. McClellan was lucky once ; for Franklin had held nearly one half of Lee's army in check while a fierce battle Giendaie/ ^^s raffiusi; a short distance away at Glendale, or Charles or Charles O o J -> City Cross City Cross Road, where McClellan had stationed about Road. 18,000 men, composed of McCall's, Kearny's, and parts of Hooker's, Sedgwick's, and Slocum's divisions, to de- fend the line of retreat until his trains should reach the James. At 3 p. m. the Confederates attacked with the divisions of Longstreet and A. P. Hill, numbering about 22,000 men. The Federals were stationed as follows : Slocum on the right of the Charles City road, his left touching that road, facing north, and Kearny on his left, facing north- west. Next were McCall's Pennsylvanians, facing Rich- mond, and a little to the rear and left of the latter was Hooker, making a gap, behind which and covering it was Sedgwick. The first assault, prefaced by a heavy artillery fire, was terrific, and fell upon McCall's noble veterans, who were in three brigades, commanded by Meade, Reynolds, and Seymour. The enemy was MCGLELLAK 61 repulsed severely, with a loss of many prisoners. The isoj. charge was renewed, this time upon Hooker and McCall's left (Seymour's brigade). The latter is nearly over- powered, and is driven back upon Hooker, who now orders a charge, and in turn the enemy is driven home, Meade and Reynolds giving them a terrific volley as they pass, Sedgwick sending forward his men to take the place made vacant by Seymour's worn-out troops. But Lee again returns to the charge. He is desperate. He must break the Federal line. He next attacks Kearny and McCall's right. Kearny repulses the assault, but Meade has already met several determined charges, and his men, exhausted, are compelled to fall back before a fresh Virginia brigade. They retire but a short distance, however, still obstinately contesting their ground. Two batteries were taken by the enemy in McCall's line, but were soon after recaptured. The battle raged fierce and bloody till night, the f^^J!°f ^ enemy being finally completely repulsed, and with fear- ful loss. The Federal loss was also heavy, McCall's division being terribly cut up, losing one fourth of its numbers in killed and wounded. General McCall was himself taken prisoner in the evening, having lost his way in the woods. Jefferson Davis was with Lee to witness the complete overthrow of the Yankees, but he was again disappointed. Magruder and Huger were expected to aid in this attack, but failed to reach the field in time. Porter's corps, having reached Malvern Hill, was this day attacked by a force under Wise, which was easily repulsed. Wise had come down the James to take possession of Malvern Hill and Turkey Bend, but was too late. During the night of the 30th the retreat was continued, and on the morning of July 1, the whole Federal army had arrived at Malvern Hill, and were posted from left to right in this order : Por- Malvern HilL 62 ^ MCGLELLAN. 186 2. ter, Heintzelman, Sumner, Franklin, and Keyes, each flank reaching nearly to the James. July 1. On July 1, Lee finally succeeded in getting his forces together under Longstreet, Hill, Jackson (D. H. Hill had been with Jackson since June 27), Magruder, and Huger, moving rapidly after McCIellan with Jackson in the advance. The Federals also were now all together for the first time since the left wing first crossed the Chickahominy (May 24), and were well prepared to re- ceive the now concentrated force of the enemy. Jack- son, arriving upon the ground first (about 2 p. m.), does not wait for the others, but pushes forward the divisions of Whiting and D. H. Hill and a part of E well's division. At once opening with his artiller}^, he launches Ander- son's brigade against the Federal center. His artillery is soon silenced by McClellan's powerful guns, which can now be used to advantage for the first time in this campaign ; for he has them all together in a most com- manding position. Anderson's men cannot reach the Federal lines, so terrible is the fire of the Union soldiers. The}^ falter, and instantly the Federals charge, driving the Confederates back. Lee now orders Jackson to desist until all the troops are up. Magruder arrives in front of the Federal right at about 4 p. m., and at once opens with his artillery. But his guns are quickly silenced by Porter's cannon. He then charges with infantry, but to no avail. Charge after charge is re- pulsed. Huger comes up with his fresh division, and the battle continues along the line. Longstreet and A. P. Hill have just reached the battle field, but being exhausted by the march and their recent terrible ex- periences at Gaines's Mill and Glendale, they are placed at rest behind Jackson, and do not engage in this battle. This was a deadly conflict of arms, and terribly de- structive to the enemy, who became furious in their MCGLELLAN. 63 determination to crush the Federals. At 6 p. m., with i8G3. great heroism they charge in the face of a withering fire. Repulsed, they charge again and again in desi^er- ation, but finally go back before a sheet of flame, and the victory is with the Federals. The loss of the Con- federates was frightful, many times greater than that of the Federals. Lee's efforts were mainly against McClel- lan's center and left. The battle lasted till 9 p. m., when Lee withdrew out of range of the Federal guns. During the night of the 1st, although worn out with constant marching and fighting, staggering through the juiy 2. mud, the Federal soldiers retreated to Harrison's Land- ^J'^^J^''"^" -' at hill rri- ing unmolested. Some little skirmishing occurred on ^""^'^ ^^'^'i- the 2d, but no engagement. Lee withdrew his army to the Richmond fortifications, and McClellan fortified at ^""^ ""' Harrison's Landing. Federal loss since the battle of Oak Grove, June 25, had been about 15,000; that of the enemy, for the same time, about 25,000.. We will now let the Army oif the Potomac rest for a short time, and follow the misfortunes of the Army of Virginia. CHAPTER III. CEDAR MOUNTAIN TO CHANTILLY. ''ABMY OF VIBGINIAy — FOPE. 18 a -4. Qj HORTLY after the army of the Potomac had settled w>3 down at Harrison's Landing, President Lincohi Lincoln vis- came to visit it (July 8), to look over matters, and he army. again visited McClellan at his camps on July 25. Changes were being made in the military management. Haiieck ap- Major-Geueral Halleck was appointed General-in-Chief pointed Qf r^w ^i^g Federal armies on Jnly 11, 1862. On July General-in ^ . Chief. 14, General John Pope, a graduate of West Point and a veteran of the Mexican War, was appointed to command July 14. r^Q armv in Yire;inia, to be called the " Army of Vir- "Army of " ^ Virginia." ginia." General Pope came from the Western army, and had recently met with success at New Madrid and Island Number Ten on the Mississippi River. He at once assumed command of the newly organized army, which was made up of the corps of Fremont, McDowell, and Banks, numbering about 45,000 men ; but these troops were badly scattered. Fremont and Banks were at Middletown, and McDowell's corps at Fredericksburg and Manassas. Pope at once began preparations for a movement toward Richmond. Fremont, desiring to be relieved, was replaced by General Sigel. Burnside, with the 9th corps, recently from New Berne, North Carolina, was now at Acquia Creek. Two divisions of this corps, under Reno and Stevens, were added to Pope's army, but did not join him until Angnst 14, Burnside being left in command at Acquia Creek. More (64) FOFE. 65 volunteers were now wanted, and on August 4 the Presi- iso-^. dent issued a call for 300,000. Ang^ 4. Early in August, Lee determined upon an offensive '^^'^ ^""^f" *''-'• ^ iclcnt cjills campaign, and at once put a part of his army in motion for 300,000 , . more vol- northvvard. muecrs. General Jackson was now at Gordonsville with about 25,000 men in three divisions, under Ewell, AYinder, and A. P. Hill, sent thither by Lee to oppose Pope. Lee feared Pope might reach and destroy the railroads about Gordonsville, and had sent Jackson there with the first two divisions named. They arrived on July 19. But Jackson became satisfied that he was too weak to resist Pope, and asked for reinforcement. As soon as Lee became satisfied that McClellan would not proceed far- ther in the direction of Richmond, he sent the division under A. P. Hill to Jackson, which arrived July 27. On July 25 there had been a sharp cavalry skirmish at Orange Court House, resulting in the defeat of the enemy, the Fedei'als taking some prisoners. Jackson started his forces on the 7th of August to march upon the Army of Virginia at Culpepper. On the morning of the 8th, the Federal cavalry under Gen- eral Bayard met the enemy's advance near the Bapidan, and by splendid maneuvering. General Bayard suc- ceeded in delaying the march of Jackson's army consid- erably. Pope's division commanders were, in Sigel's corps, Generals Schenck and Schurz, and an independent bri- gade under General Mili'oy ; in Bank's corps. Generals A. S. Williams and Augur ; in McDowell's corps. Gen- erals Bicketts and King; in Burnside's corps, Generals Reno and Stevens, with General Reno in command. The cavalry division was under General Cox, in two bri- gades, commanded by Generals Buford and Bayard. August 8, Pope occupied Culpepper and Sperryvilie. 5 66 FOFE. isfin. On the 9th, Banks moved forward, with the divisions of Ancv^ 9. Williams and Augur, about seven miles to Cedar Mount- *^«'^=^'' ain, where one of his brioades under General Crawford Mountain, _ ° or siaiigh- had preceded hirn the night before for the purpose of ain. supporting Bayard. As Banks approached Cedar Mount- ain, he learned that he was confronted by Jackson, and at once made dispositions preparatory to a battle. Au- gur having the left and Williams the right, Banks com- pleted his line at 4 : 30 p. m., at which time the battle was opened by Jackson with the divisions of Ewell and Winder, numbering about 15,000 men. The Federals numbered scarcely 7,500, but had a strong position. The Confederates advanced to the assault with determination, maintaining a terrible infantry and artil- lery lire ; but the Federals stood firm, delivering their fire with great precision. First Ewell, then Winder, was driven back wilh severe loss, when Jackson re- formed his lines, and decided to await the arrival of Hilfs division, which was some distance away when the battle began. Meanwhile the enemy's batteries were continuing a destructive fire. Banks became impatient, and at once charged the foe alono; the whole line, when the battle became terrific. The ranks of the enemy were soon thrown into "Teat confusion, and forced to retire. Success seemed about to crown the efforts of the Federals when Hill's division reached the field, and they were checked. It was then nearly six o'clock. ' Gallantly did the Federal soldiers resist the onslaught of nearly four times their number. After a stubborn battle, there came a lull, when Banks drew back to his former position, where he was reinforced by the arrival of Ricketts's division. Soon after, Jackson pushed for- ward his whole force, but seeing the Federals drawn up in excellent order, and imagining a much larger force be- fore him, he decid-ed not to attack them. It was now dark, and the battle over, • POPE. 67 The Federal loss was 314 killed, 1,445 wounded, and isa-^. 622 missing — total, 2,381. Ricketts arrived just as the battle was closing, his part of the loss being 163. This heavy loss attests that the conflict had been severe. The loss of the enem}' wms reported at about 1,300, but was no doubt much larger. Generals Augur and Geary were among the Federal wounded. General Geo. S. Greene assumed command of Augur's division. General Prince, of Augur's division, was taken prisoner. General Winder was among the enemy's dead. Sigel's forces Death of n , -. • -ri n • ^ ^ Gc-neral were last approaching. Jackson soon after withdrew to winder. the south side of the Rapidan, to await reinforcements. McClellan's army was ordered back to Acquia Creek, except Keyes's corps, which was to be left to garrison Fort Monroe and vicinity. On August 16 he evacuated Harrison's Landing, where his army had remained en- camped since July 2, and stai'ted overland for Newport News via Williamsburg and Yorktown, crossing the Chickahominy at Barnett's Ferry.. McClellan arrived in person at Acquia Creek on the 24th. In compliance with orders, he had already sent about 22,000 men under Porter and Heiiitzelman to join Pope. As soon as Lee learned that McClellan was leaving Harrison's Landing, he started to reinforce Jackson. Taking command himself, he formed his army into two large corps, under Longstreet and Jackson, numbering about 75,000 men, Jackson had the same three divis- ions with which he attacked Banks ; Longstreet, the divisions of McLaws, Anderson, Hood, and Walker. He had left D. H. Hill with his corps to guard llich- mond. On August 20 he crossed the Rapidan at Som- , "^ A August 20. merville and Raccoon fords to again attack Pope. The i^'=e cmss.s latter had retired from the Rapidan to the left bank of an loi- an the Rappahannock on the 18th, placing Reno at Kelly's tZ^gn. Ford, Banks at Rappahannock Station, McDowell' at 68 rOPE. 1862. Rappahannock Ford, and Sigel higher up the river, forming the right of the army. On the 21st, Lee appeared on the right bank, oppo- site the Federal position. Cannonading began at once, August 32. r^y^^ ^vas continued all day by both armies. On the 22d, Freeman's . Ford. maneuvering commenced on both sides, each seeking for an opportunity to gain an advantage. Several days vs^ere thus spent in marches and counter-marches. Lee, spreading out Longstreet's corps to deceive Pope, sent Jackson up the river. He reached Waterloo Bridge on the 22d, where he remained until the 25th, endeavoring to cross. High water at first detained him, and soon after Sigel appeared opposite him on the left bank of General Great liun. General II. Bohlen, of Sigel's corps, was killed in action at Freeman's Ford on the 22d wdiile re- killcd. sis ting Jackson's attempt to cross the Rappahannock at that point. Jackson now moving on up the river, crossed at Hinson's Ford, and mai'ched to Salem via Orleans, where he rested the night of the 25th. On the following morning he passed through Thoroughfjire Gap, arriving at Bristoe Station that evening. During the nio-ht, movino' rapidly, Jackson marched upon Manassas, August 27. *= ' O 1 J 7 1 -r. -, , • n jacksou and by daybreak had captured the Federal garrison of pop'iiTsup- about 500 men there, and Pope's depot of supplies. An plies at immense quantity of stores for the subsistence of the Manassas. i- "^ Army of Virginia had been gathered here, and as all that the enemy could not carry off was destroyed, this was a serious loss to Pope, and the Washington folks were greatly alarmed. On the 26th, Porter and Heintzelman joined Pope. Porter came from Acquia Creek, and Heintzelman from Alexandria. McCall's division of Pennsylvania Reserves under Pueynolds had rejoined McDowell on the 23d, which increased the strength of Pope's army to about 60,000 men. On the evening of this day he massed his POPE. 69 army between Warrenton, Fayette ville, and Warrentoii isr,-i. Junction. As yet he had not suspected that Jackson was marching upon his rear, but during the night of the 26th he received information of the fact. He had been engaged in marching and counter-marching, endeavoring to get at Longstreet's corps, wliich was now on the oi)- posite bank, about Sulphur Springs. Early on the morning of the 27th, he put his army in motion, sending McDowell, followed by Sigel's corps and Reynolds's division of McDowell's corps, in the order named, to Gainesville, which tlicy reached that night; Kearny and Reno to Greenwich, a village a little to the south of Gainesville ; Porter and Banks to follow, while he, with Hooker and Heintzelman, moved in the direction of Manassas. His object was to catch Jackson before Longstreet could join him. About 3 p. m. Hooker came upon Ewell's division which Jackson had left at Catlett's Station, and was now moving to rejoin the main body. He attacked Ewell near Bristoe Station on Kettle Run, August 27. and after a sharp engagement drove him upon Broad Run, Hooker encamping at Bristoe that evening. General Pope now changed his plans, and instead of retaining control of Thoroughfare Gap, where Longstreet ^ _ '=' '^^' ° Pope look- must come through to aid Jackson or whence JacksOn ing foi- could easily escape, he ordered McDowell, and in fact "' ""^ all his forces, to converge on Manassas. Troops com- pletely worn out with marching by day and by night, who did not reach their encampments until last midnight, must again start at daylight on the 28th for Manassas. On that day Pope, with the troops under Hooker, Kearny, and Reno, arrived at Manassas to find Jackson gone. The latter had moved to the old battle ground of Bull Run, his left at Catharpin Creek near Sudley Springs and his right near Groveton. Learning that Hill had crossed Bull Run at Blackburn's Ford, and 70 POPE. iso^. was moA'irio: upon Centreville, Pope conjectured that Jackson was marching for Aldie, and so ordered his troops to change the direction of their march toward Centreville, pushing on -at once, with the corps of Heintzelman and Reno, for that point. Kearny reached Centreville in advance. Hill was now rapidly moving off to rejoin Jackson, when Kearny attacked his rear, and heavy skirmishing continued until dark. When McDowell first reached Gainesville, he had placed Ricketts, with his division, in Thoroughfare Gap, and did not call him away until he received Pope's order to change direction from Manassas to Centreville. About the time that Ricketts received the order to join Mc- Dowell, Longstreet's advance had arrived at the Gap. There was some skirmishing and artillery firing ; but as Ricketts had been ordered away, he did not make much effort to hold his position. His division was compelled to march the whole night in order to join McDowell as directed. Upon receiving Pope's order to proceed to Centre- ville, McDowell turned northward, and with King's division a considerable distance in advance of Sigel and Reynolds, he came upon some of Jackson's forces sta- tioned near Grove ton about 6 p. m. An artillery battle at once began, Jackson at the same time hurrying for- August 28. ward the divisions of Ewell and Taliaferro (Winder's Gaines- clivisiou) for the purpose of crushing King before friendly troops could arrive. King's troops were at once placed in line, and awaited the onset. The eneni}^, with more than double their numbers, charged furiously upon the brigades of Gibbon and Doubleday. The fight was stub- born on both sides, but King held his ground, and dark- ness ended the battle without the least advantage having been gained by the enemy. Ewell and Taliaferro were both wounded, the former losing a leg. ville. FOFE. Yl During the evening, King, feeling that he could no i-v«y. longer alone maintain his present position, withdrew to the rear, and the close of this day found Ileintzeliiian and Reno at Centreville, Porter near Bristoe Station, Banks at Cedar Run, King in the direction of Manassas, and Sigel and Reynolds in front of Jackson and near his center. Ricketts did not rejoin McDowell until the following morning. On the mornino- of the 29th, Pope, still hoDing; to ^^''^"'^t 2^- '^ 5 15 1 O Groveton. prevent a junction between Longstreet and Jackson, ordered his arni}^ to move upon the hitter's position, — Heintzelman and Reno toward Jackson's left, Sifrel's and Reynolds's divisions and Milroy's brigade were al- ready at his center, and IMcDowcll and Porter against his right. Porter to get upon Jackson's right flank be- fore Longstreet could arrive. Sigel and Reynolds, aided by Milroy, opened the battle about 6 : 30 a. m., and the combat at once became fierce along the whole line. But they were unsupported, the others being too far away to render assistance. At the beginning of the battle the Federals gained ground, but Jackson, whose divisions were now com- manded by Hill, Lawton, and Starke, soon learned that their support was yet fir off, and rapidly concentrated his strength upon them, and they alone sustained tjjie fierce attacks of his whole corps for nearly four hours, when again Phil Kearny came to the rescue, taking position upon Sigel's right. Soon afterward Hooker came into line upon Kearny's right, and the advance of the almost triumphant enemy was checked. Reno now arrived upon Sigel's left. Meantime, the fighting had gradually ceased, except artillery firing. Jackson was waiting for Longstreet, and the Federals delayed the attack until their several corps should be united. At about 2 : 30 p. m., General Pope, believing that Y2 POPE. i8r,.i. McDowell and Porter must have reached the positions assigned them, ordered Hooker and Kearny to open the battle. The troops of these two corps advanced in splen- did order, and, charging, drove the enemy on the right from their position ; but again there was a miscalculation. Neither McDowell nor Porter has attacked, which en- ables Jackson to reinforce his left, and drive the Federals back. McDowell, with the divisions of King and E,ick- etts, is hastening toward the center, where he hears the roar of the battle, urging Porter to attack as directed ; but still Porter delays. At 4 : 30 p. M. Pope sends Porter an order to attack, and waiting an hour or more to give him time to get the order, a little before 6 p. m. he again attacks Jackson's left and center. McDowell arrives at this time, and at once leads King's division, now under General John P. Hatch, King being relieved on account of illness, against Jackson's right. The fighting is fierce and determined; but it is discovered that Longstreet is there. Porter does not attack. He has about 12,000 good men, but does not lead them against the enemy. Longstreet arrived on the field with three divisions about noon (Anderson's division was not up yet), and got his troops into position unmolested during the afternoon, perfecting tli^ junction by joining his left to Jackson's right, his right extending toward Gainesville. He soon became satisfied that Porter would not afford him any entertain- ment, and sent Hood's division to Jackson's aid, whose troops McDowell came in contact with. Pope was now largely outnumbered. The Federals gallantly main- tained the battle until dark ; but were unable to drive the enemy at any point. Kearny's and Reno's men made heroic charges in the face of a terrible fire, and at one time threw Jackson's left into confusion ; but he, being reinforced by Longstreet, was enabled to strengthen POPE. T6 it, and thus steadying his ranks he hehl his giounil, ex- isc-i. cept that his left had been somewhat forced back. The morning of the 30th was spent by the opposing Angu.i, 30. ^ . ..,!.. p ,1 , 1 The second torces in reorganizing their troops lor anotlier struggle, 1^^,,,^ ^f and taking care of the wounded and dying. Lee's army ^"'^ ^''"• was now fully united by the arrival of Anderson's divis- ion, which gave him much superiority in numbers over his antagonist. Pope was still determined to attack, although by waiting or withdrawing to Centreville he Avould soon have been reinforced by the arrival of Banks and Franklin, and other troops from McClellan's army or from Washington. Heintzelman was still on his right. Reno now joined him, then King, Sigel, and Reynolds in the order named from right to left, Reynolds being some distance in advance of Bald Hill. Porter had been brought to the right and rear of King and Sigel. At about 1 p. M. the Federals opened with a sharp musketry fire, which w^as continued for some time, when Porter w\as moved to the front, with orders to assault tlie enemy's center. His divisions were led by their old commanders, Sykes and Morrell. The soldiers of these divisions made the charge with great gallantry; but they ^vere enfiladed by Longstreet's batteries, which loaned their aid to Jackson with a will, and the Federal ranks suffered fearfully. They were rapidly thinned, and . l)ut few were able to reach the enemy's position. With stubbornness they continued the fight until about four o'clock, when they were at la^t compelled to retire, though with great reluctance. They were not supported by a charge from any of the other troops, which again enabled Jackson to reinforce one wing from the other. Lee now sees his opportunity, and at once assumes the offensive. Porter has f\illen back behind Sigel, whose soldiers, with King's division, are now called upon to resist a furious charge from Jackson. P^icketts is 74 FOFE. 18 a 'J. hurried from the right to their aid, and at the same time Longstreet assaults Ileynolds, who has been drawn back upon Bald Hill, and has been reinforced to some extent hy Ricketts and Sigel. Jackson is checked, and the con- flict at this point is reduced to a heavy musketry fire; but the battle increases to a terrible combat on the Federal left, where Longstreet is pressing forward for the capiure of Bald Hill. Milroy is sent to Reynolds; but together they are too weak in numbers to check the assailants who now in overwhelming force charge and capture the Hill, at the same time menacing Stone Bridge. (The reader will recollect this Stone Bridge, in the first battle of Bull Bun, where Slierman w^as posted.) The Federal left is compelled to fall back to the protection of their line of retreat. Longstreet, now sure of victory, pushes vigorously forward; but tlie soldiers of the Federal left see the necessity of defending the Bridge, and they gallantly resist the onslaught. Long- street is checked. The brigade of regulars under Bu- chanan, Tower's brigade of Rickett's diAdsion, and the brigades under Meade and Sejaiiour, stand before a terrific fire without faltering. The battle rages fiercely till dark, but the Federals hold their ground. Pope's right has held Jackson back, thus eainine; some advan- tage ; but now he finds it necessary to withdraw it a short distance to conform with the left. Night ends the terrible conflict. The losses on both sides have been heavy. Generals Schenck, Hatch, and Tower are among the Federal wounded. During the night the Federals retreat across Bull Run to Centreville. On the morning of the 31st, Lee again put his army in motion, crossing Bull Run for the purpose of forcing Pope back upon Washington. Jackson was sent upon Pope's rear, reaching Chantilly, some eight miles north POPE. 75 of Centre ville, that evening. Pope found Franklin's iso^i. corps just arrived at Centreville, it having been sent to reinforce him. Sumner also arrived with his corps on the afternoon of the 31st. Banks, who had remained at Bristoe with the trains, crossed the river at Union Mills, and joined Pope that morning. Jackson's move- ment, which threatened Fairfax, having been discovered, the Federal army was put in motion Sept. 1 to thwart him. Centreville, Ciiantilly, and Fairfax Court House form a triangle, the latter place being east of the two former about ten miles. Germantown lies on the road running from Fairfax to Chantilly. On the morning of Sept. 1, Pope fell back to about half way between Cen- tre\ille and Fairfax, placing Hooker a little forward of Germantown, to the right of the road, forming his right. Stevens and Beno Avere stationed on Hooker's left, Kearny next, Sumner, Sigel, and Porter still farther to the left, covering the road from Centreville, and Mc- Dowell and Franklin in reserve. Hooker first encountered the enemy between Ger- sept. i. mantown and Chantillj^ at Ox Hill. The divisions of ox'mn/' Beno and Stevens were on Hooker's left. At about 5 p. M., after some artillery firing with the latter, Jackson passed him, and furiously attacked Beno and Stevens. The assault was gallantly received, and the enemy driven back in disorder; but being reinforced, the Con- federates again charged, and the Federals w^ere foi'ced back, when Kearny arrived with his division and plunged into the thickest of the fight. The exultant enemy was again driven back, when darkness ended the conflict. At this battle the Federals met with a sad loss in the death of Phil Kearny. He proved one of the besti>p«<'^ of •^ ^ Phil fighting generals in the Federal army, always at the Kearny. t<3 fopM. isiifi. breach where the bullets were the thickest. He had served with great distinction in the Mexican war. Death of General Isaac I. Stevens was also amono; the killed. General ° stev He was a graduate of West Point, and served with dis- tinction in the Mexican war. On the morning of Sept. 2, General Pope withdrew the Army of Virginia to the fortifications around Wash- ington, and again the people of the capital cit}^ were filled with alarm. His campaign had been an unfortu- nate one. Impartial histor}^ will credit him with being an honest soldier, and an officer of superior talents, and will attribute his fidlure in the main to unfortunate circumstances. On every important collision with the enemy, the troops that he had upon the ground were largely outnumbered ; still he had to contend with the same enemy that had just before forced McClellan off his track, and pushed him upon James River, and Mc- Clellan had more than double Pope's numbers. During this campaign. Pope's losses were about 14,000 in killed, wounded, and missing, and the losses of the enemy were about the same. The battle of the 28th of August is called the battle of Gainesville, and was the one fought so gallantly by V King's division. General Reynolds's division had a End of sharp engagement on the morning of the 28th. while proceeding from Gainesville toward Manassas, and before McDowell received the order to turn toward Centreville. The battle of the 29th is known as the battle of Grove- ton, and that of the 30th as the second battle of Bull Run. Pope's campaign CHAPTER IV SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANTIETAM. M^VLELLAN. AFTER the close of his campaign in Virginia, is 02. General Pope resigned his command, and was popT^ives again placed on duty in the Western army, and the JJ'J[^^j*° ^^''" Arni}^ of Virginia was known no more forever. The Army of the Potomac again arose to importance, with McClellan still in command. Immediately after Pope's retreat to Washington, Lee began preparations to invade the Noith. He was not sure how far he could go, but would proceed until he heard from the '' Yanks." On Sept. 3, Jackson left Ox Hill for Maryland, crossing the Potomac at White's Ford, near Leesburg, on the 5th, and entering Frederick on the 6th. Lee arrived at that place with the rest of his gept. 5. army on the 8th. It had been the desire of the South- ^;^^°7'"f* ern leaders for a long time to carry war and devastation into the North, and for several reasons, probably the greatest being revenge and the effect of such a move, if successful, in Europe. Plunder, also, or the prospect of plunder, no doubt gave elasticity to the step of Lee's soldiers. McClellan at once reorganized his army, and leaving the 3d Corps under Heintzelman and the 11th Corps under Sigel, with some other troops to defend Washing- ton, he started after Lee with six corps, the 1st Corps under Hooker, the 2d under Sumner, the 5th under Porter, the 6th under Franklin, the 9th under Reno, (77) 78 MCCLELLAN. 186-i, the 12th under Mansfield. Conch's division of the 4th Corps was added to Franklin's. His army numbered in the aggregate about 90,000 men, moving in three grand divisions : I'ight wing, 1st and 9th Corps under General Burnside ; center, 2d and 12th Corps under Sumner; left Aving, 5th and 6th Corps under Franklin. The division commanders were as follows : 1st Corps, Meade, Doubledny, and Ricketts ; 2d Corps, Richardson, Sedg- wick, and French; 5th Coi'ps, Morrell and Sykes ; 6th Corps, Slocum, Wm. F. Smith, and Couch; 9th Corps, Sturgis, Rodman, and Colonel 0. B. Willcox ; 12th Corps, A, S. Williams and Geo. S. Greene; and a divis- ion of cavalry under General Pleasonton. ' McClellan reached Frederick, Md., with the greater portion of his army, on' the 13th, Lee having just left for the other side of South Mountain, undoubtedly South . . . Moautain. fecliug that he must have something between himself and the freshly recruited Union army. McClellan had moved very slowh^ while endeavoring to penetrate Lee's plans. He had been a week at least in advancing thus far from Washington, a distance of about forty-five miles. The road from Frederick to Hagerstown runs through Turner's Gap, and to Sharpsburg through Cramp- ton's Gap, South Mountain. McClellan, learning that Lee had divided his armv, one half beino; at Haoerstown and the other gone to invest Harper's Ferry, resolved to move upon him before he could unite his forces ; and on the morning of the 14th he pushed forward with his right wing toward Turner's Gap, with General Cox's Tunier^s " K^nawha " division (which had joined Reno's corps) <^^p- in advance. When Cox arrived near the Gap, he found D. H. Hill's division of Longstreet's corps in possession, and at once opened with his artillery, soon after follow- ing with an assault with infantry. The conflict at once became severe. The Federal MCfJLELLAK 79 soldiers, having to climb steep and nigged acclivities, i*«». suffered heavy loss ; but their efforts Avere crowned Avith success in capturing a conimanding position. The enemy made strenuous efforts to retake the lost ground, but Cox held out till Reno came u[), who arrived opportunely with Willcox's division, as the situation was becoming critical. It was 2 p. ^r. when Hooker, with the 1st Corps, reached the scene of action. Willcox had come a little before him. At this time the Confederates savagel}^ renewed the assault upon Willcox's division, the sudden attack causing some disorder in the Federal ranks. The artillery -men were driven from their guns, which were about to be taken possession of by the enemy, when the 79th New York and 17th Michigan made a gallant charge, rescued the guns, and repulsed the enemy. The last-named regiment had been in service but two weeks. Meantime Burnside, having his troops now all in hand, arranged for a general assault. Lee, appreciating the importance of holding the gap, hastened Longstreet back with the balance of his corps from Hagerstown. At about 4 p. M., the Federals again opened the battle, and a general engagement followed, the enemy defending their "round with great determination. The fmhtin'T lasted until dark, when Longstreet was compelled to yield, and Turner's Gap was in the hands of the Feder- als, at a heavy cost, however, for they had lost many brave soldiers. They also met a severe loss in the death ^^^^"^ °^ General of General lleno, who was killed at the moment ofReno. victory. He was a graduate of West Point. The center, under General Sumner, joined the right wing a little after dark. Burnside's loss in killed and wounded numbered about 1,600, 312 of whom were killed. But few of his men were captured by the enemy. Long- street's loss in killed and wounded fully equaled that of the Federals. His loss in prisoners was about 1,500. 80 M^^GLELLAN. Sept. 14. Cramptou'i Gap. Sept. 13. Maryland Heights. Sept. I'l. HurpL'i-'s Ferry. Sept. 15. Death of Colonel Miles. At daylight on the 14th, when Burnside was ordered to move upon Turner's Gap, Franklin with his own corps was directed to go to the relief of Harper's Ferry, which was being invested by Jackson. Franklin arrived at Crampton's Gap, through which he must pass, about noon. The distance between Crampton's and Turner's gaps is about six miles. Tire enemy, under command of Howell Cobb, were in possession in strong force. Franklin at once attacked, and after a severe action of three hours, the pass was captured, the enemy hastily retreating. The loss on each side in killed and wounded was about 500, the enemy also losing about 400 pris- oners. The battles of these two gaps are known as the " Battle of South Mountain." When Lee left Frederick, he sent Jackson to capture Harper's Ferry if possible, after which he was to rejoin his chief. About noon on the 13th, Jackson reached the vicinity of Bolivar Heights, sending a force under McLaws against Maryland Heights. McLaws attacked the Federal detachment at that point in the forenoon of that day, driving it before him, and during the night the Federals retired to Harper's Ferry, leaving McLaws in quiet possession. On the 14th, Jackson having his batteries well established on the heights about Harper's Ferry, opened a heavy fire upon the Federals. The 14,000 troops there under Colonel Dixon S. Miles made very little defense ; and during the night of the 14th about 2,000 Federal cavalry under Colonel B. F. Davis made their escape. The infantry remained, however, and about 8 o'clock on the morning of the 15th, Colonel Miles surrendered. About 11,500 Federals thus became pris- oners. Colonel Miles was killed by one of the last bul- lets fired by the enemy. McClellan had sent Miles word that he would have relief there by the evening of the 15th, and Miles had replied that he would hold out.- M(^CLELLAN. 81 If he could have resisted a few hours more, Jackson iso^. would have been compelled to raise the seige. On Sept. 17 occurred the battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Md. Lee had taken position there on the risrht bank of Antietam Creek on the 15th. His inten- ';'''^- J®' ^'^• ° Antietam, tion was to invade Pennsylvania ; but the prompt move or sharpa- of the Federal army had stopped his mad career. The Antietam enters the Potomac eight miles above Har- per's Ferry, its course being nearly south. Mc- ^ Clellan arrived on the opposite, or eastern, side of the creek with a part of his army on the afternoon of the loth; but delayed attacking until more of his divisions should arrive. The 16th was spent in arranging his forces for the coming battle. At the same time Lee was making preparations for defense. The Federal right wing was divided, Hooker being sent to the right, while Burnside, with the 9th Corps — under command of Gen- eral Cox since Reno's death, — was placed upon the left. McClellan sent Hooker across the creek about 4 p. m. to feel of the enemy's left, which was defended by Hood, and was posted a short distance to the northeast of Hunker Church. The church was the enemy's center, and from that point his left was drawn away from the Antietam toward the Potomac. It was nearly dark when Hooker attacked, and the battle for that day was of short duration. Hood was pressed back a short distance, when both the antagonists rested for the night. Mansfield came to the support of Hooker during the night. Early the following morning this terrible battle began in awful earnestness. Hooker opening the combat. Jackson had arrived from Harper's Ferry, taken Hood's place, and now Hooker and Stone- wall Jackson, like gladiators, struggle for the mastery. The Federal soldiers gradually force the Southerners back. The forces are about equal in numbers, and both 82 M^CLELLAN. 18 'J. leaders are terrible fio-hters. The Federal left has not yet attacked, thus Lee is enabled to reinforce Jackson, who now is forcing Hooker back. The contestants have nearly annihilated each other when Mansfield reaches the battle-ground. It is 7 : 30 a. m. The advance of the enemy is checked, and then they are driven back Death of f^^'ther th§n before. Mansfield falls mortally wounded. General jjg ^y^^g r^ crpaduatc of Wost Polnt, and had served in the Mansfield. . "^ ' Mexican war. (He died on the 18th from the effects of the wound.) Hooker is wounded and carried from the field. General Williams assumes command of the 12th Corps, and General Crawford, commanding a brigade in Williams's division, takes charge of the division. It was scarcely necessary for any one to take Hooker's place, his corps was so reduced and exhausted. There followed a brief lull in the bnttle, when both sides hurried rein- forcements forward. Sumner with Sedgwick's division arrived upon the field at 9 a. m., and again the conflict became furious. Sedgwick forced the enemy back beyond Dunker Church, and captured that position ; but Mc- Clellan strangely sent his troops forward by detachments, and Sedgwick, not reinforced, was compelled to retire before fresh troops, and relinquish the ground that had cost so much blood. Now Sumner's two other divisions under Richardson and French have arrived, and they again turn the tide of the battle, recapturing the lost ground. At 8 A. M., McClellan orders Burnside to attack the enemy's right, which was commanded by Longstreet ; but he does not get the order until 9 o'clock, when difticul- ties arise, and he is delayed. He sends a brigade to cap- ture the Stone Bridge in his front, over which he must pass, but is repulsed. Burnside is unable to get ready for a second assault until about 1 p. m., which enables Lee to reinforce his left more and more, as first Hooker, then MOGLELLAN. 83 Mansfield, and then Sedgwick have made it necessary, iso-,'. And now he takes more troops from Longstreet, as Bnrnside does not attack, to oppose French and Rich- ardson. Meagher is there with his Irish l)rigade, and they do excellent work. Meagher is wounded, and Colonel Burke takes his place. The Federals now drive the enemy, and come nearly to the town of Sharpsburg. It. is noon. Richardson wants help; he can scarcely maintain his ground. Franklin has arrived from Har- per's Ferry, and goes at once to aid the Federal right. At 1 p. M., Richardson and French still hold the ground they have so heroically won. At this hour the brave Richardson falls, mortally wounded. (He died Nov. 3, Genera" 1862, at Sharpsburg, Md.) This was a severe loss. He ^''^i^^'"^" was a graduate of West Point, and had served with dis- tinction in the Mexican war. Burnside pushes forward at 1 p. M., and after a severe struggle captures the Stone Bridge and crosses over. Unlooked-for delays again occur, and he is unable to send Cox forward until 3 o'clock, when the brave boys of Cox's division gallantly advance, and force Longstreet back to the vicinity of Sharpsburg. At this time A. P. Hill's corps, arriving from Harper's Ferry, where it had remained to parole the 11,500 prisoners captured by Jackson, at once en- tered the fight. The battle had ceased on the right. Porter arrived with his corps about noon, but was held - in reserve. The 9th corps were the only Federal t loops now engaged, but at this point the conflict becomes furious and destructive. Cox holds his ground till near night, when, seeing the right still inactive, he retires to the borders of the Antietam. The enemy do not follow, and the battle of Antietam is ended. General Rodman, ^ ,, , ' Death of commanding a division in the 9th Corps, received a o™erai , Rodman. mortal wound during the engagement, and died from its effects soon after. Generals Geo. B. Anderson and R, Generals j^.^|g|g|^^ j^_ Q_^ Q^.^_ ^g^ lg62. GeiiGrals Stark and stark and Jjawreiice O'C Branch were among the enemy's dead. 84 M(^GLELLAN. ISO -J. S. Ripley were among the enemy's wonnded. The for- mer was a graduate of West Point, and left the United Death of States army in April, 1861. He died of his wounds at Generals t> 1 • 1 Anderson, Raleigh, Stark 1 Branch. This was the bloodiest battle, so far, in this war. McClellan's army considerably outnumbered that of his adversary ; but he fought by detachments, in detail, which enabled Lee to meet him man for man ; he there- fore gained nothing by his numerical superiority. The Federal loss was 2,000 killed, 9,400 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. The loss of the enemy was about .10,000 killed and wounded, and 4,000 prisoners. The Feder- als actually engaged, numbered about 70,000 ; the en- emy, 55,000. Sept.. 19. During the 18th, both armies remained quiet. Mc- u^^vSnia! Clellau was reinforced during the day by two divisions under Couch and Humphreys. The following night, Lee, baffled, returned to Southern soil. On the morning of the 19th, Porter's corps in pursuit captured five can- SupherdV noi"' fi'om Lee's rear guard at Shepherdstown Ford, the town Ford, g^^g^jjy retiring toward Martinsburg. A portion of Por- ter's corps crossed on the morning of the 20th in reconnaissance. Jackson savagely attacked this force, and being largely outnumbered, it was driven back across the Potomac with severe loss. McClellan now moved his army to Harper's Ferry, encamping near there on the left baiik of the Potomac on the 22d. x\fter his retreat from Maryland, Lee took a position on the Opequan, between Winchester, Mar- tinsburg, and Charlestown. On Oct. 10, 1862, Lee sent Stuart's cavalry, which October 10. 77 j ? Chambers- -^yas composcd of three brigades under Hampton, Fitz- hugh Lee, and Jones, on a raid across the Potomac. They crossed on the morning of the day named at MCCLELLAtr. 85 McCoy's Ferry, and by r.-ipid travel arrived at Cliam- i*«y. bersbiirg, Pa., that evening. They did but little damage to the town, but helped themselves to a large number of valuable horses. Early the following morning they hastened away on their return march for Virginia. Re- entering Maryland, and passing through Emniittsburg, they hurried on, only giving time for rest sufficient to feed. The aroused Federals seemed to have Stuart surrounded and cut off from the Potomac. Cavalry and inffintry from several directions pursued him ; but Stuart finally managed to elude the Federals, and recrossed the Potomac at White's Ford on the 12th, about 1 p. m., re-joining Lee on the 13th. lie accomplished nothing except stealing horses. The battle of Antietiim had caused some changes in division and corps commanders in the Federal army. Reynolds had taken Hooker's place ; Willcox was placed in command of Reno's Corps ; Couch was given the 2d Corps, and Slocum the 12th. There w^ere also two divisions under Stoneman and Whipple which were not attached to any corps. The arni}^ having obtained supplies of clothing and other needed stores, as well as the required rest for the fatigued soldiers, began cross- ing the Potomac into Virginia at Berlin and Harper's Ferry on the 25th of October. Slocum, with the 12th Corps, was left at Harper's Ferry. The crossing was completed on Nov. 2. McClellan was already pushing forward the heads of columns in the track of Lee, who was retiring toward the Rappahannock. Longstreet reached Culpepper on the 3d. Jackson and Stuart's cavalry moved back more slowly. The Federal cavalry under Pleasonton and Averill were clearing the way for the National army. ^■»'- 2. ° -^ , . . -^ Union Vil- Pleasonton had a sharp fight at Union Village with a lage, or brigade of the enemy's cavalry, which was speedily dis- f.l^_ 86 M(-CLELLAN. isez. lodged. On the following day, Averill havino- joined Novr^ Pleasonton, they came upon Stuart's division at Upper- upperviiie. yQig^ wheve he was drawn up, determined to defend the pass of Ashby's Gap. The Federals charged him, and after a sharp engagement the enemy was thrown into disorder and driven through Upperville, the Federals taking possession of Ashhy's Gap on the 4th. On November 5, Pleasonton with his brigade, still Nov. 5. . ' . , r . . Baibee's pushiug forward, again met Stuart's whole division at RoTds and Barbee's Cross Roads and Chester Gap, and fouglit for Chester ^j-^g possessiou of this gap. The struggle was fierce, but brief; the enemy was beaten, and retired in disorder. Averill at the same time took possession of Manassas ^.nabs.s ^^^ after a short contest. Bayard's cavalry, and Sigel with the 11th Corps, com'ing from Washington, joined McClellan about this time, who was now concentrating his army on Warrenton. CHAPTER y. FREDERICKSBURG-. BURNS IDE. NOVEMBER 7, the President removed General i«6v, McClellMn, and placed General Burnside in coni- ' ~" mand of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan was at Nov, 7. Salem when he was relicA^ed. The army, liowever, pr^- reuIS" ceded toward Warrenton, and on the 9th was assembled about that point, as previously ordered by McClellan. General Burnside continued the army formation in three grand divisions, of two corps each, selected and arranged as follows : — Right, under E. V. Sumner — 2d Corps, D. N. Couch; divisions, W. H. French, W. S. Hancock, 0. 0. Ilowiird : 9th Corps, 0. B. Willcox ; divisions, Geo. W. Getty, S. D. Sturgis, W. W. Burns. Left, Wm. B. Franklin — 1st Corps, J. F. Reynolds ; divisions, Geo. G. Meade, John Gibbons, Abiier Double- day : 6th Corps, W. F. Smith ; divisions, John Newton, W*. T. H. Brooks, A. P. Howe. Center, Joseph Hooker — 5th Corps, Daniel Butter- field ; divisions, Geo. Sykes, A. A. Humphreys, Charles Griffin: 3d Corps, Geo. Stoneman ; divisions, Daniel E. Sickles, D. B. Birney, A. W. Whipple. Two divisions of cavalry were under Alfred Pleasonton and Geo. D. Bayard. Burnside put his army in motion on the 15th of Nov. 15. November for Fredericksburg. Sumner reached Fal- f,"™*'fjf ' mouth on the 17th, and by the 20th the whole army mof^""- (87) 88 BURNS] DE. 1862. was encamped in the vicinity of that place. XJnfortu- nately, Burnside was compelled to halt for his pontons, Avhich were sent from Washington via Acquia Creek, • and did not arrive until the 25th. The enemy had remained encamped at Culpepper until the 17th, when Lee, learning of Burnslde's movement, started his army for Fredericksburg also, and the heights commanding the town were in Longstreet's possession on the 22d. This was very mortifying to Burnside. His pontons did not arrive, and he could not cross the river without them; so although a powerful army was at his command, he was unable to prevent Longstreet from taking quiet possession of those formidable positions. Jackson, with the rest of Lee's army, arrived on the 28th. Lee's army, now numbering about 90,000 men, was posted along the river some distance back, reaching from Marye's Hill, just back of the town, down the river to Prospect Hill. This position at the hill was im- pregnable, and a stone wall running from it toward his center formed a natural breastwork which had been strengthened with the spade. The Confederates had been busy all along their line fortifying their positions, which were already formidable in themselves. Burnside's army, numbering about 110,000 men, moved to the Rappahannock opposite Fredericksburg on the night of the 10th of December, and at once began the construction of bridges at that point, and also lower down, toward the enemy's right, opposite Smithfield. The Confederate sharpshooters delayed this operation Dec. 11. ' opposite Fredericksburg until the afternoon of the 11th. fnTbeguu Franklin, on the Federal left, was to cross with the 1st at Fred- ^-^^ g|^]^ Corps at Smithficld, and was ready some hours ericksburg. ■•• ' _ *' _ before Sumner, who was to. cross at the city with the 2d and 9th Corps. Hooker was to remain on the north bank, and to send his divisions across afterward at the points BURNSWJi. 89 most needed. The Federal artillery endeavored to dis- is a a. lodge Lee's troublesome sharpshooters, but were unsuc- cessful, and during this cannonade the town was set on fire in many places, causing much ruin among the build ings. Volunteers were called for to cross in ponton boats. The 7th Michigan and the 10th and 20th Massachusetts passed over in the face of a murderous fire, and " drove the rascals out." Sumner then completed his bridges, and about 4 p. m. sent Howard's division over to occupy Fredericksburg. On the morning of the 12th, Sum- ner and Franklin passed over with their commands. Couch was placed on the right, Willcox at his left, touching Franklin's right under Smith, and Reynolds's corps on the extreme left. The principal part of the struggle in this battle was on the right and left. Franklin began the attack betw^een 9 and 10 a. m. on the 13th, Hejniolds sending Meade's division against Dec. i3. Prospect Hill, followed by Gibbon on his right, and pl^eddcks- Doubleday on his left. These three divisions were soon ^'"'°- hotly engaged. Meade advanced rapidly. The divis- ions of Birney and Sickles had been sent over by Hooker to reinforce Franklin, and were alread}^ on the ground. Smith's left division, under Howe, was pressed forward at the same time. Birney was alreadj^ engaged when Meade gave his men the order to charge, and with a rush they drove the enemy from his first line of w'orks, and took possession ; but they lost heavily, and must have support or give up the ground they have won. Meade's veterans have outstripped their comrades, and have got- ten too far in advance. Gibbon and Doubleday are both hotly engaged, and can afford them no assistance, and now the reinforced enemy compel them to retire. Birney at last comes to their aid, but it is too late ; he can only aid them in making their retreat more easy. It was about 2 p. m. Jackson had repulsed Frank- 90 BUEmiDM:. isaa. lin's attack. General Conrad F. Jackson, of Meade's DeatiTof division, was among the killed. General Geo. D. Bay- jaTkson ^^'^' tsommanding the cavalry division, received a mortal and Gen- wound, of wlilch he died the next day. On the Federal eral Baj'- •iii ? •• n r : aid. right the attack on the enemy s position from Marye s Hill to Deep Run was made at the same time that Reynolds attacked his left. Sumner directed the 2d Corps against the slopes of Marye's Hill and the stone wall. French's division led the attack, receiving a ter- rible fire. His ranks were rapidly thinned, but the sur- vivors moved steadily forward, and approached the ene- my's works. Longstreet's artillery and musketry poured forth incessant waves of fire and ball, which the Federals could not withstand, and those that had not already fallen were compelled to retire. The enemy, well sheltered, suf- fered comparatively little. Hancock now dashes forward. His division reaches and even passes the point reached by French ; but they, too, cannot reach that terrible wall, and soon melt away. One third of the division is either killed or wounded. Howard pushes his division into the fight on the right of Hancock, while the divisions of Getty and Sturgis join in the battle on the left ; but all are repulsed. Burns's division of the 9th Corps has become engaged on the other side of Deep Run on Smith's right. Hooker has brought forward his remaining divisions, and Whipple, Griffin, Humphreys, and Sykes have all taken part in the action. Burnside ordered a new assault. In vain the im- pregnable position of the enemy was explained to him^ and between 3 and 4 p. m. Humphrey's division was directed against that death-dealing wall. The gallant Humphreys, who knew no fear, led hig men forward into that sheet of flame. The slaughter was dreadful. They nearly reached the wall, but with ranks so decimated Maxcy BURNSIDE. 91 that it was useless to go farther, and Humphreys with- isu-j. drew what there was left of his division. Sykes's di\ ision had been sent to his support ; but the repulse was so terrible and decisive, that these troops were used only to co^'er the retreat. About 3 p. M. Jackson made an olfensive movement against Franklin, but was so hotly received that he de- sisted. The battle of Fredericksburg ended with the day. The Federal loss was 1,180 killed, 9,028 wounded, and 2,145 missing ; total, 12,353. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was about 5,000. Generals Thomas R. R. Cobb and Maxcy Gregg were among Death of . ^ ° . Generals their killed. During the 14th and 15th, both armies cobb and rested, with the exception of skirmishing. On the night q^ of the 15th the Federals returned to the left bank of the Rappahannock, and to their old c[uarters at and near Falmouth. On the morning of the 16th, the enemy discovered the disappearance of the Federal army, and again ex- tended their outposts to the town of Fredericksburg, now an almost ruined city. On the 15th Burnside had been granted opportunity by Lee to bring oif the Federal wounded, and on the 16th Lee also granted permission to Federal detachments to come and bury the several hundred dead, their fallen comrades, victims of this ter- rible battle, who lay at the foot of that dreadful wall. They were buried at the foot of Marye's Hill. The Federal army had exhibited great valor in this battle, had advanced and retired under the most terrible fire known in the w^ar up to this time, without the least disorder, and only fell back when it was foinid utterly impossible to proceed farther. Both armies now remained quiet for a month, watch- ing each other, except some slight skirmishing, and one or two inoffensive cavalry raids. 92 Birjx\VSlD£. ISO 3. About the middle of Janiiavy. 1863, Burnside made Jan., i8ii;3. pi'eparatioiis for a new movement against the enemy, nttemus i pi't)posing to cTOss the Rappahannock cat Banks's Ford, a new cam- fg^y mlles aboA^e Frederieksbnro-. Leavins: Sio-el's corps, paign. . . . . *" *". *" which had recently joined him, to guard his communica- tions with Falmouth, and Couch's corps to draw the attention of the enemy down the river. Burnside put his troops in motion, arriving at Bankss Ford January 20. with the grand divisions of Hooker and Franklin. ■ The ponton boats were brought along, as the river was swollen and the ford impassable. For a few days the weather had been all that the Federals could desire ; but fortune was not with General Burnside. A heavy storm broke forth on "the night of the 20th, and the morning of the 21st found the soil soft, the mud deep, and the rain still pouring down in torrents. This con- tinued all day, and it was yet raining on the 22d. It was nearly impossible to move artillery. The bridges could not be completed. The delay gave the enemy, now apprised of Burnside's intention, time to bring up a force to dispute the passage of the river. The fates were against General Burnside, and with great reluctance he gave the order to his army to return to its camps about Falmouth, where, after the severe task of marching through the mud, it went into winter quarters on the 23d. CHAPTER VI. CHANCELI.ORSVILI.E TO LEE'S SECOND INVASION OF MARYLAND. IIOOKEE. JANUARY 25, 1863, General Burnside, at his own ises. O request, was relieved, and General Hooker placed jamiary. in command of the Army of the Potomac. General Bomside •^ relieved by Sumner was also relieved on account of old age, and atnooker. his own request. General Sumner died at Syracuse, Death or • Gciicriil N. Y., March 21, 1863. He had been long in the service, smimcr. having served in the Black Hawk and Mexican wars, win- ning fcime in the latter. General Hooker reorganized the army, dropping the organization of grand divisions, and forming it into seven corps, which were numbered and officered as follows :^ 1st Corps, John F. Reynolds ; divisions, James S. Wadsworth, John C. Robinson, Abner Doubleday. 2d Corps, Darius N. Couch ; divisions, Winfield S. Hancock, John Gibbon, Wm. H. French. 3d Corps, Daniel E. Sickles; divisions, David B. Birney, Hiram G. Berry, Amiel W. Whipple. 5th Corps, George G. Meade; divisions, Charles Griffin, Geo. Sykes, Andrew A. Hum- phrej'^s. 6th Corps, John Sedgwick; divisions, Wm. T. H. Brooks, Albion P. Howe, John Newton. 11th Corps, Oliver 0. Howard ; divisions, Charles Devens, Adolph von Steinwehr, Carl Schurz. 12th Corps, Henry W. Slocum; divisions, Alpheus S. Williams, John W. Geary. Cavalry Corps, Geo. Stoneman ; divisions, Alfred Pleasonton, Wm. W. Averill, David McM. Gregg, and John Buford. (93) 9i HOOKEE. 18 63. March 21, 18G3, General Hooker adopted corps badges, by which the several corps were afterward Corps known. The badge system was first introduced by adopted, ^^^i^ Kearny, in order to distinguish officers from en- listed men in his division. Fiekl and staff officers were to wear a red patch on the top of the cap, line officers, a red patch on the front of the cap. When Birney suc- ceeded the lamented Kearny, he continued the badge, and added a red patch on the side of the cap for all en- listed men who had been engaged in action. General Hooker, upon taking command of the Army of the Po- tomac, ordered a badge for each corps, — the 1st Corps a disk ; the 2d, a trefoil ; the 3d, a lozenge ; the 5th, a Maltese cross ; the 5th, a plain cross ; the 11th, a cres- cent; the 12th, a star. Following this the other corps of the several armies adopted badges as follows : — 4th Corps, (April, 1864) an equilateral triangle. 7th Corps, (in Arkansas) a crescent encircling the upper rays of a star. 8th Corps, a star wdth six rays. 9th Corps, a shield with anchor and cannon. 10th Corps, a trace of a four-bastioned fort. 14th Corps, an acorn. 15th Corps, a cartridge box marked "Forty Kounds." 16tk Corps, a circle with four minie-balls. 17th Corps, an arrow. 18th Corps, a cross with foliate sides. 19th Corps, a fan-leaved cross with octagonal center. 20th Corps, the 12th Corps was broken up, and this corps adopted the star. 22d Corps, five leaves with a circle in the center. 23d Corps, a plain shield. 24th Corps, a heart. 25th Corps, a square with a smaller one inside. HOOKER. 95 Sheridan's Cavalry Corps, gold crossed sabres on ;in isos. oblong blue field, surrounded by silver rays. Wilson's Cavalry, a carbine from which, suspended by chains, was the red sw^allow^-tail guidon of cavalry, bear- ing two gilt crossed sabres. The Confederates remained in their position after the battle of Fredericksburg, extending their lines, however, from Banks's Ford above Fredericksburg down to near Port Conway, Longs treet's forces being at Fredericks- burg and vicinity, Jackson's below them. Both armies remained in their camps for over three months, reorgan- izing, recruiting, drilling, and otherwise preparing for another great struggle. Meantime numerous small battles and skirmishes were going on between detach- ments of the contending forces. Moseby did a clever thing during the night of March 8, 1863, at Fairfax Court House. The village was in March 8. JMosd^v possession of the Federals, and surrounded by Federal captures troops. Favored by darkness and accompanied by st°ou"hton. some thirty men, he managed to elude the Federal guards, and entering the town, captured Colonel Stough- ton, a brigade commander, in his bed. He also captured several other officers and men, making in all thirty-five prisoners, and succeeded in taking them through the Federal lines to the enemy's camp, February 10, 1863, the enemy's cavalry undeV Gen- GLicester eral W. H. F. Lee was repulsed at Gloucester Point on ^°"'*- York River. Feb. 25, the Confederate cavalry under Feb. 35. General Fitzhugh Lee surprised a Federal post at Leeds- ^'^"*'^°^^"- town, capturing about one hundred prisoners. On the 17th of March about 2,000 Federal cavalry, under March ir. Averill, crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, in Ford. the face of a heavy fire from Fitzhugh Lee's skirmishers, and captured -a number of prisoners. Averill had advanced only about one mile from the river when he 96 HOOKEl;. 1803. met Fitzhugh Lee, who had hastened forward with his cavalry brigade to oppose his further progress. A ter- rible battle followed, becoming at once a general engage- ment. Lee's, men charged with great fierceness, bring- ing the combatants close upon one another. The fight- ing was with pistols and sabres, the enemy being finally repulsed. The Federals then gallantly returned the charge, throwing Lee's men into disorder, who hastily retired. The Federals pursued the retreating foe some eight miles to Brandy Station, where Lee made a stand, and fighting w^as renewed; but it was now night, and General Averill, knowing that Lee could soon be rein- forced by inffintr}^ returned to Kelly's Ford, and re- crossed that evening. The Federal loss was 6 killed, 50 wounded, and 24 missing. The enem^^'s loss was 11 killed, 88 wounded, and 34 prisoners. Early in April, General Hooker decided on a move- ment against the enemy. Possibly he may not have been quite ready, or the time may not have been the most opportune ; but nearly 25,000 men of the Army of the Potomac were about to be discharged in consequenee of expiration of term of service, and he must use them at once if at all. Lee's army was considerably weakened by the absence of Longstreet with three divisions, he having gone to attack the Federals at Suffolk, Va., but he was soon to return. Hooker's army now numbered about 100,000 effective men in infantry and artillery and ,13,000 in cavalry. To deceive Lee, demonstrations were made on the Lower Rappahannock, Doubleday's division proceeding as far as Port Conway, twenty-one miles below Freder- icksburg, where the 24th Michigan infantry crossed the river, and entered the town of Port Ptoyal. The enemy's attention was thus taken away from Hooker's real movement. April 27, Hooker put his right wing in HOOKER. 97 motion, uiid ou the morning of the 29th this wing, com- isas. posed of the 5th, ilth, and 12th corps, with Slocum by Apni a-. seniority in command, crossed the Rappahannock at ""^'^'"•'^ Kelly's Yo\\\, and on the morning of the 30th had crossed a™y ^^ the Kapidan, Slocum and Howard at Germania lord, and Meade at Ely's Ford, moving at once toward Chan- cellorsville, which is 11 miles from Fredericksburg. Hooker dispatched Stoneman with the cavalry divisions stonemair^ of Buf'ord and Gregg on a raid upon Lee's communica- tions, sending Averill toward Rapidan Station, Pleason- ton's ca^'alry remaining to clear the advance of Hooker. While the Federals were crossing at Kelly's Ford, Staart became aware of Federal activity; but misjiidg- ^ ing Hooker's designs, hastily assembled his cavalry under W. H. F. and Fitzhugh Lee at Culpepper, and moved thence to Brandy Station. Hampton's cavalry division was far away, resting and recruiting. Stuart soon learned his mistake, and made all haste to get to Germania Ford to dispute its passage ; but he was too late, and could only harass the Federal rear guard. In the afternoon of the 29th he savagely attacked the Federal rear near Madden Farm, but was unable to im- Apm so. _ Germaina pede their march. Stuart now sent W. H. F. Lee with Ford. his cavalry in the direction of Gordonsville, as Stoneman was threatening the enemy's lines of communication be- tween that point and Richmond; and with Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry he started in all haste to pass around the Fed eraf right, in order to reioin his chief. On the morning of the 30th, the Federal right wing, Hooker at with Pleasonton's cavalry in advance, approached Chan- J'^'J.g^^jJg^ cellorsville, when the enemy's three brigades which had "•'"iTodds ' ./ o Tavern. just been sent there to watch Federal movements, fell back to Tabernacle Church. Meantime, the Federal left wing had been busy. On the 28th, Wadsworth's division crossed at Smithfield, and Brooks's division a little 7 98 HOOKER. 1803. above. This move bothered Lee. With part of the Federal army approaching on his left, and the other half crossing on his right, he was compelled to do considera- ble guessing. On the afternoon of the 30th, the Federal 2d Corps, under Couch, crossed the Rappahannock at United States Ford. This ford, which is about seven miles above Fred- ericksburg, had till now been in possession of the enemy ; but the march of Slocum had freed it ; Couch therefore crossed without hindrance, and reached Chancellorsville at 10 p. M. the same day. At the same time. Hooker ordered the od Corps to move in the track of Couch, leaving Sedgwick \\\i\\ the 1st and 6th corps confronting the enemy at Fredericksburg and vicinity. Hooker arrived in person at Chancellorsville on the oOlh, toward evening. During the night the Federal cavalry were busy reconnoitering. The 6th New York, under Lieutenant-Colonel McVicar, had reached the vicinity of Todd's Tavern. Stuart had just arrived at that point after his attack on Slocum's rear. His ad- vance, the 2d Virginia, at once charged upon McYicar, who stood firm, giving the enemy a cruel fire, which stunned them. McVicar now returned the charge furi- ously, and the 2d Virginia was scattered to the winds. Fitzhugh Lee moved rapidly away toward Spottsylvania Court House, believing that he had narrowly escaped Death of the whole of Stoneman's cavalry. The brave McVicar Vicar. was killed while leading the charge. His regiment now^ returned to Chancellorsville. Hooker did not get ready to move beyond Chancel- lorsville until nearly noon. May 1. About this time, Lee, having become satisfied of his intentions, resolved to strike first, He had about 70,000 men in sii^ divisions, under A. P. Hill, Pvodes, Early, Colston, Anderson, and McLaws, The first four composed Jackson's corps, and HOOKER. 99 the last two were a portion of Longstreet's corps. Lee isos. at once put his army in motion, leaving Earl}^ with about 10.000 men to oppose Sedgwick. Ilis advance, under Ma hone, met the Federal advance under Sjkes on the May i-i. " Old Road," or Turnpike, between Chancellorsville and chancci- Fredericksburg. Both made haste to reach the hill, the ^°''''""- highest point in the neighborhood, on which stands the Newton House. Sykes won, after a severe engagement. Federal and secured the hill. The reinforced enemy again ^"^^°*'*- attacked, but was repulsed. Sykes held his ground, but all to no purpose. Hooker's orders for an advance were counteiinanded, and his several army corps were directed to return to the vicinity of Chancellorsville, where his army had formed line before dark that night, with Howard on the right at Dowdall's Tavern, Slocum in the center at Fairview and Chancellorsville, with Sickles between them. Conch on Slocum's left, Meade's corps forming the left of the army. The enemy hiid closely followed the Federals in their backward movement, and that night Lee's army encamped on the Federal front. During the night, Jackson conceived a brilliant movement, and played the trick upon Hooker the next day. Early on the morning of May 2, Jackson started with 30,000 men, about one May 2. half of Lee's army, to make a circuit around the Federal t^ck^^^^ right for the purpose of striking Howard's right flank and rear. The outposts of Sickles's corps discovered this body moving apparently in retreat, and artillery firing began. Jackson left one regiment, the 23d Georgia, to protect his rear, and pressed on. Hooker, being deceived, thinking that the enemy was retreating, sent Sickles's corps in pursuit. It was about two o'clock when Sickles started. The Georgia regiment, numbering about 500 men, was captured, but resisted long enough to allow the escape of Jackson's trains, routed. 100 HOOKER. 18 3. Jackson now saw that he must hold the Federals in check, or his plan would be revealed. He therefore sent back two brigades to bar the way, and hurried on. About 3 p. M. two scouts came in to the Federal right, and informed General Devens, commanding the right division, that the enemy was near at hand in large force. Word was at once sent to Hooker, but he was too far away for a reply to be received in time. The enemy's advance reached Howard's right flank about 5 p. M. with a rush and the customary yell, and at once charged upon Devens's division, which numbered about 4,000 men. They found the Federals with arms stacked light and eating their evening meal. The surprise was com- plete. In less than thirty minutes Devens's whole division was routed, and flew pell-mell toward the left. The troops under Sickles, imagining the enemy to be in full retreat, were detained till night by the two brigades that Jackson had placed in front of them. After the rout of Devens, Jackson came upon How- ard's 2d division under Carl Schurz, numbering about 3,000 men. This division fought w^ell for a time, but could not long withstand Jackson's heavy force, and finally gave way, losing five pieces of artillery. How- ard's next division, under Steinwehr, was then attacked j but there was only one brigade here, the other having gone with Sickles in pursuit of the retreating enemy. Jackson's route had been similar to the trail of a long snake; while the front of the Federal army is upon its tail, it bites hard in the rear. Howard and Steinwehr make every effort to stay the fleeing soldiers of Devens and Schurz, and succeed in rallying a portion of them around Steinwehr; but it is of little avail. Although they check Jackson for a time, they finally follow the general rout. In less than one hour the 11th Corps has been broken into fragments. HOOKER. 101 The Confederates pass on, next reaching a command- is a 3. ing position hastily taken by Pleasontou with his cavahy ~~ at Hazel Grove. Pleasonton had been with Sickles, but returned at the first warning of disaster. When he saw that Jackson's advance must be checked until he could establish a battery, he sent the 8th Pennsylvania, sth Penn- , ... ... - , sylvaiiia cavalry against the enemy, this single regiment bravely cavalry im- charging right into the fxce of death. I\Iajor PetJr '""^taiized. Keenan, with thirty officers and men, fell at the first Death of fire ; but the regiment moved straight forward, scatter- Keenau. mg Jackson's advance, and checking the main body long enough to allow Pleasonton to plant a battery of 22 guns, mostly cannon belonging to the 3d corps. The 8th Pennsylvania having been at last brushed aside, Jackson's victorious troops press forward ; but with double-shotted guns Pleasonton literally mows them down. Their charge is repulsed, but they reform and again charge. Fortunately, Sickles has arrived to aid Pleasonton, and again, after a fierce encounter, the enemy is repulsed. Jackson is at last checked ; his xiie enemy troops are exhausted, and need rest. It is now night. ^ '^^ ^ ■ During the evening, the enemy met with a great misfortune. General Jackson, with a few staff officers, passed in front of his own lines for the purpose of reconnoitering. As he reached the neighborhood of Birney's skirmishers, they fired upon the party, who hastily retired toward their own lines, when a body of Jackson's own troops fired upon him and his staff, mis- taking them for Federal cavalry. The lines of the con- tending forces were very near each other at this point, and it does not seem to be definitely known who did the injury ; but Stonewall Jackson fell, mortally wounded. Jl'i^o,' Several of his staff were either killed or wounded. He '""'t'^ny wounded. had received one ball in his right hand and two in his left arm, shattering it at the shoulder. He was carried 102 HOOK Eli. isG.i. to Guiney Stntion, where he died on May 10. The last battle fought by this great warrior was one of his great- est achievements. General Thomas J. Jackson was a graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mexican war. In this day's battle the usual finale, " And night ended the conflict," cannot be applied. sickiess At 9 p. M. Sickles asked Hooker for an order to re- Ixittle in the night, capture the ground taken by the enemy. At 11 p. m., having received the desired order. Sickles attacked with Birncy's and Berry's divisions, strong!}^ supported. The battle in the night lasted for an hour, the soldiers fighting The enemy at closc ordcr. At midnight the enemy had been driven back as far as the position lost by Schurz in the after- noon, when the firing gradually ceased, both armies getting a little rest, but riot much sleep. During the attack of Jackson's troops, the balance of the enemy's forces under Lee's immediate command had kept up a continuous fire upon Slocum's and Couch's front. They did not attempt to advance, however. Lee was still waiting for news from Jackson Avhen night closed in. The first day of the battle of Chancellorsville had ended. The fighting had been principally in the vicinity of Dowdall's Tavern ; but only a small jDortion of the Federal army had been engaged. A. P. Hill had been wounded soon after Jackson's misfortune, and Stuart was called to command Jackson's corps. On the morning of May 3, Howard's corps was on the left, where it had been placed that it might recover from the disaster of the day before. Couch was next on Howard's right, Slocum next, and Sickles on Slocum's right. Meade's corps was posted still farther on. The 1st Corps had arrived by the United States Ford, and during the night was placed on the extreme right. The Federal line now formed an angle, the center above Chancellorsville, the right reaching back to Ely's Ford HOOKER. 103 on the Rapiflan, and the left resting below the United is as. States Ford on the Rappahannock. The battle ^Yas renewed at about 6 a. m. on the 3d. ^\"^ ^l^^^^^ Stuart, now in command of Jackson's corps, expect- reuewed. ing to carry the Federal position by storm, attacked Sickles savagely. Birney was the first in his way, but the battle soon reached the whole Federal front covered by Sickles, Slocum, and Couch, Stuart being opposed to Sickles and Slocum's right, and Lee, with Anderson's and McLaws's divisions, attacking Slocum's left and Couch. The principal attack was by Stuart, his troops driving the Federals, and then they in turn forced Stuart back. The slaughter was fearful, both sides exhibiting great bravery. At the beginning of the battle of the 3d, the enemy had about 55,000 men present, and the Fed- erals about 75,000 ; but the opposing forces engaged were about equal. The battle raged with great fury till 9 A. M. Up to this time neither the 1st nor 5th corps had fired a shot. There was now a lull in the battle, j Lee, with Anderson's and McLaws's divisions, while hotly engaged, had been gradually working to the left, so as to connect with Stuart. Stuart had gained no ground as yet. For a short time the infantry were allowed to rest; heavy cannonading continued, however, on both sides. Lee has now joined Stuart, and the enemy's forces are again united. The tired soldiers are not allowed a very long respite. Lee orders a new attack, and the same corps of the Federals have to stand the brunt of the battle. Sickles sends to Hooker for assistance and ammunition ; but Hooker has been stunned by a cannon shot which struck a wooden column iiooker of the Chancellor House portico against which he was '''"""'"^' leaning, and he is now insensible. His chief of staff is at Falmouth, so there is no one present to give an order. Consequently, the three Federal corps fight on, resisting 104 HOOKER. 1SG3. the fierce charges of the enemy, without the rauch- needed assistance and ammunition. Before Hooker was injured, he had directed a new line to be established, for the three corps engaged, in rear of the one upon which they were fighting, which was a difficult move in the midst of battle ; but being Federals short of ammunition, the Federals were compelled to fall back about 10 a. m. to this new line, from which Lee in vain attempted to drive them. Again the battle subsides to a sharp skirmish fire. General Berry has Gen. Beny been killed, Greneral Whipple mortally wounded. Lee whipptr is now in possession of the Chancellor House. The enemy suffered fearfully, and the losses on both sides were terrible. Sedgwick, with the 6th Corps and Gibbon's division of the 2d Corps, remained at Falmouth menacing Fred- ericksburg. Hooker, on the evening of the 2d, sent an order to Sedgwick to march upon Chancellorsville, tak- ing Lee in the rear ; but during the night he changed the order, sending Sedgwick to capture the enemy's stronghold held by Early, before proceeding to Chan- cellorsville. Sedgwick occupied Fredericksburg before daylight on the 3d. Gibbon was brought over and Fredericks- placcd ou his right. Sedgwick was not ready to attack ^'"=, , until 11 A. M., when the order for assault was given, and Heights " a 7 stormed by after a tcrriblo struggle the famous stone wall and Marye's Hill were carried, giving them about 400 prisoners. Early, collecting his troops at the rear, moved southward. The Federal loss in this assault in killed and wounded was about 1,000 men. At 3 p. M. Sedgwick put his corps in motion toward Chancellorsville, leaving Gibbon to guard the river at Fredericksburg and the Federal depots at Falmouth. Gibbon placed one brigade in the town, and moved two brigades across to the heights on the left bank, leaving only a small detachment on Marye's Hill. HOOKER. 105 WJiile Lee was reforming his troops and nnikini; i8o:i. preparations for another assault upon Hooker, he re- ceived information of the defeat of Early and the approach of Sedgwick. He at once detached four bri- gades to delay the march of the latter, who was moving rapidly in that direction with Brooks's division in ad- vance. A short distance from Salem Church, about 5 sedgwick ... at Sulfin P. M., hrooks came upon the enemy, who had just chmch. arrived at that point. One brigade of Early's division, under Wilcox, had retired from the defenses of Fred- ericksburg in advance of Sedgwick, and now joined the four brigades sent by Lee. Brooks attacked at once. His artillery silenced the enemy's guns within twenty minutes, when he charged with determination. He drove the enemy back, capturing their ground and a large number of prisoners. Wilcox's brigade was completely routed. The enemy gathered for another struggle, and charged the Federals in turn; but Newton's division had arrived, and the assault was easily repulsed. Fight- ing continued till dark ; but the enemy, aided hj HooJrcrs silence, succeeded in holding Sedgwick in check. Hooker had not recovered from the blow that stunned him; 'consequently the Federal army was without a head. On the 4th both armies remained quiet until noon ; but about 1 P. M., Early, whom we saw going southward after Sedgwick had captured his stronghold, returned and took possession of Marye's Hill without striking May a. a blow. He also endeavored to capture Taylor's Hill, takes Ma- but was repulsed, losing about 200 men taken prisoners. ""^^^ "'"' Lee, learning of this, and Hooker still remaining inactive, took three brigades, and passing around Sedgwick, made a savage attack upon Howe's division, which formed Sedgwick's rear, also occupying Taylor's Hill. Howe Taylor's concentrated all his division upon the hill, from which ^^'"' position Lee was unable to drive him. Just at night 106 UOOKEU. I Has. the enemy was repulsed with the loss of a considerable ~~ ^ number of prisoners. Lee has failed to drive Sedgwick from his ground ; but the latter now finds himself in a critical position. Hooker seems to be some one else, and not " fighting- Joe " at all. His troops remain quiet all day the 4th, with the exception of a demonstration by General Grif- fin with his division, who, in reconnoitering Stuart's lines, meets fierce resistance, and retires with severe loss. Sedgwick, becoming satisfied that Hooker would not co-operate with him, falls back upon Banks's Ford, which is about three miles above Fredericksburg, during Sedgwick the night of the 4th, and the morning of the 5th found recrosses the Kap- him again across the Rappahannock. Gibbon had also ' evacuated Fredericksbur'o' the same nio'ht, and returned 1^ LXIV^ ^JCl...iV^ iil^Xil., to Falmouth. The 5th was passed quietly by both armies. Durino; the nis-ht. Hooker retreated across the The whole ^i^rer and at 8 a. m. of the 6th, his last soldier was safely army re- ^ " J cross the landed on the left bank of the Rappahannock, and on night of ^ ^" ^ . . the 5th. the 7th the Army of the Potomac was once more in its old camps around Falmouth. Lee again returned to his old quarters about Fredericksburg. The Federal loss in this campaign was about 12,000 killed and wounded, and 5,000 taken prisoners. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded had been fully equal to that of the Federals, and about 3,000 prisoners. General Edward Death of Y , Paxton was amonar the enemy's dead. He was killed General o ♦^ Paxton. on the evening of May 2. The troops of the Army of the Potomac whose term of service had now expired, were mustered out on their return to Falmouth. As before stated, when Hooker started for Chancel- lorsville, he sent Stoneman with his cavalry under Buford and Gregg to raid upon Lee's Richmond communications. , Stoneman crossed the Rappahannock on April 29, his stoneman s J- - '- ^ raid. force numbering about 3,500. AverilFs division was HOOKER. 10^ directed to liapidan Station to watch the enemy's isos. cavaliy in that vicinity. Stnart had sent W. H. F. Lee to Gordonsville. The latter reached Rapidan Station on April 30, coming from Culpepper. Averill approached liapidan Station on the morning of May 1, and at once made preparations to attack ; but the day was spent before any movement of importance was made, and under cover of darkness Lee managed to get away with- out a serious fight, and dashed otf to Gordonsville to oppose Stoneman. Averill being without instructions as to further movements, now proceeded to rejoin the Army of the Potomac, encamping at Ely's Ford on May 2. Stone- ^^'^y ^■ man encamped on the right bank of the Rapidan, near comt Raccoon Ford, on the evening of April 30. On May 1 he started for Louisa Court House, and entered that village on the morning of the 2d, destroying the railroad there. Lee had reached Gordonsville, and in the after- noon of that day came to reconnoitre Stoneman's force. After a sharp engagement he- was driven back to Gor- donsville. That evening Stoneman encamped at Thomp- son's Cross Roads, where two railroads intersect, the Fredericksburg to Columbia and the Charlottesville to Richmond. Making his headquarters here for a short time, he sent out detachments in different directions, destroying railroads and bridges. On the 5th, with those of the detachments that had been ordered to rejoin him there, Stoneman started northward, passing through Yanceyville. Lee followed him, but did not seriously interrupt his march. Re- crossing the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford on the 7th, Stoneman on the following day recrossed the Rappahan- nock at Kelly's Ford. Two detachments, of one reg- iment each, sent out by Stoneman from Thompson's Cross Roads, were yet behind ; one under Colonel Kil- 108 BOOKER 1863. Kilpatriek Mliv 4. Uiclimoiid. Colonel Davis. Timstair Station. June 3. Lee starts northward. patrick had moved toward Richmond. On the morning of the 4th lie reached the Acqiiia Creek Railway at Hun- gary Station, and tore up the track, burned the depot, and cut the telegraph wires ; then pushing on he reached the outskirts of Richmond the same day,' when brushing the enemy's outposts aside, he dashed into the outer works of the city, capturing a number of prisoners. Then quickly turning about, he sped away, crossing the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, destroying the rail- \Yiiy bridge there, and moving rapidly he crossed the Pamunkey at Hanovertow^n. He mannged to elude the enemy, wdio was in hot pursuit, and reached Gloucester Point on the 7th. Colonel Davis, with the other de- tachment, reached Ashland on the Acquia Creek Railway on the 3d, where he destroyed the railroad, and pro- ceeding that evening to Hanover Junction he destroyed the depots, a number of cars and locomotives, and a large quantity of. provisions. He also destroyed the bridges over Stony Creek and Machumps Creek. Mov- ing on, he reached Tun^tall's Station, White House Railway, on the morning of the 4th, where a detachment of the enemy's infantry confronted him, but after a short engagement he escaped them, and turning north- ward, crossed the Pamunkey at Plunkett's Ferry and the Mattapony at Walkerton on the 5th, reaching Gloucester Point in safety on the follow^ing day. The armies of Hooker and Lee had rested in their encampments one month, when on June 3 Lee started by way of the Federal right for an offensive cam- paign. His army now numbered about 90,000 men, 10,000 being cavahy. His infantry was divided into three corps : 1st Corps, Longstreet ; divisions. Hood, McLaws, ^Pickett. 2d Corps, Ewell ; divisions. Early, Johnson, Rodes. 3d Corps, A. P. Llill ; divisions, An- derson, Pender, Heth. Cavalry corps, Stuart. UOOKEU. 109 Lon.cstreet took the advance, followed by Ewell, ises. while Hill remained to confront and occupy the atteii- tion of Hooker until Lee should be well under way. Stuart's cavalry had been concentrating at Culpepper. Hooker could not long be deceived ; he soon surmised that Lcc was movine;. Causing; bridges to be thrown J"ne s. '^^ i? 1 C 1 Hooker's across the Rappahannock on the afternoon of the 5th, army in he sent Howe's division of the 6th Corps over on the°'°^°°' morning of the 6th for the purpose of feeling the enemy ; but tliis force was not strong enough to make a thoiough demonstration against Hill's whole corps, and Hooker could not send over more and comply with positive orders not to uncover Washington. . He was therefore compelled to withdraw Howe without getting the desired information. He had already directed Pleasontou, who had been given Stoneman's place after the Chanceilois- ville campaign, to collect his cavalry, and make a dem- onstration towards Culpepper. The cavalry numbered about 7,500, in three divisions, under Generals Buford and Gregg, and Colonel Dutfie. (Avorill had been relieved of his command on May 3.) For the purpose of this reconnaissance two brigades of infantry, under Generals Ames and llussell, were attached to this force. Pleasonton crossed the Rappa- -T'ln^ ^• hannock at Beverly Ford on the morning of the 9th crosses tiie with Buford's division and Ames's brigade, sending ii't'ir'ar Gregg and Duffie with Russell's brigade across at Kelly's J;|J^^'''^ Ford. Duflie was to proceed to Stevcnsburg, for the purpose of reconnaissance, and to cover the Feileral left. Gregg, with Russell's brigade, was to come upon Stuart in the rear, while Buford should attack him in front. Stuart, whose purpose was to threaten the Federals in the direction of Warrenton, in order to conceal Lee's movement to the Shenandoah Valley, had moved to, and encamped near. Brandy Station on the evening of the 110 HOOKER. Death of Colonel Davis. June 9. Brandy Station. 8th. Pleasonton was advised of this before crossing the Rappahannock. Gregg crossed unmolested ; but Bu- ford's advance found the enemy's pickets guarding the ford. Colonel Benj. F. Davis, of the 8th New York cavalry, crossed at once, and put the enemy's outposts to flight. Davis pursued them, and came upon a part of Jones's brigade. Both charged and became mixed up. The combat was with sabres and pistols. Colonel Davis fell, mortally wounded. (This was the officer who bravely led the brigade of cavalry out of Harper's Ferry the night before Miles surrendered. He was a graduate of West Point.) The Federals, outnumbered, were driven, when the 8th Hlinois coming up, the enemy in turn was driven back in disorder, losing a part of Stuart's bag- gage. Rallying upon the balance of Jones's brigade, they made a stand about two miles from the river, where Pleasonton attacked them; but Stuart now arrived with the larger part of his force, and the Federals were checked. Pleasonton now selects a strong position, which en- ables him' to keep the enemy at a respectful distance, the fighting being continued with artillery and small arms. At this moment Gregg is discovered approaching Stuart's rear. Leaving two brigades before Pleasonton, Stuart hastens with the rest of his troops to oppose Gregg, whose advance under Colonel Percy Wyndham finds a brigade of the enemy at Brandy Station. Wjaid- ham attacks vigorously, forcing the enemy from the Station. "The determined foe return the charge, but with Kilpatrick's aid Wyndham gives them a severe repulse. Stuart now arrives, outnumbering Gregg two to one, and the conflict becomes fierce. Russell's bri- gade is not up, as the infantry could not keep pace \\\\\i the cavalry \ but Gregg bravely maintains his ground. Buford has beeu driving the two brigades of the enemy HOOKER. Ill which were left to oppose him, but too slowly to arrive iso.i. in time to aid Gregg, and after a terrible hand to hand combat, in which both sides have displayed great valor and sustained heavy losses, Gregg retires in a direction to unite with Pleasonton, which was soon accomplished. Russell now arrived, and Pleasonton's force was united, except the cavalry division under Colonel Dunie. This division, however, came up a little later, having per- formed its errand of putting to flight a strong force of the enemy at Stevensburg. In Stuart's captured baggage Pleasonton discovered the plans of Lee, — information greatly desired by Gen- eral Hooker ; ami having accomplished the object of his reconnaissance, he ordered a retreat at 5 p. M., and re- Pleasonton crossed the Rappahannock without difficulty. The losses had been about 600 in killed and wounded on each side. Pleasonton was fortunate in retiring across the river, as Ewell, sent by Lee in haste, had just arrived from Culpepper with a large infantry force. Lee now prepared to carry out his proposed plan of invading the Northern States. On the 10th, Ewell, at June lo. the head of his corps, composed mostly of the soldiers ing for- who had served under Jackson, moved forward, passing ^'^"^ ' through SperrjMdlle and Chester Gap. He reached the banks of the Shenandoah at Cedarville on the evening of the 12th. Ewell now planned to capture the Federal brigade at Berryville, under McReynolds, and also the rest of this division at Winchester, which was commanded by General Milroy. Although Hooker had notified Halleck of Lee's movements on the 10th, by some strange misfortune Milroy received no notice of the approach of a large force of the enemy until Ewell attacked him on the loth. His scouts, however, on the J™e is-is. 12th had brought him information of the appearance ofter. a strong force of the enemy in that neighborhoodj which 112 HOOKER. 1863. he concluded was a cavalry force on a raid. Becoming satisfied on the morning of the 13th that a heavy force was threatening him, he ordered McHeynolds to Win- chester, posting his other two brigades under General Elliott and Colonel Ely in good positions outside of the fortifications. Toward night Early's division of Ewell's corps confronted Elliott, while Johnson's division ap- peared before Colonel Ely's position, which was on Elliott's left. The enemy at once attacked, and after a sharp engagement the Eederals fell back a short dis- tance, when the enemy, worn out by a long march, concluded to rest until morning. General Milroy had taken some prisoners during the engagement, from whom he learned that he had been fighting the advance of Lee's army, and now had a whole army corps of the enemy before him. It was too late to retreat ; he therefore made preparations to defend his post to the last, and during the night he retired within the fortifications. McReynolds with his brigade joined him about 10 p. m., having escaped a division of the enemy under General Rodes. On the morning of the 14th, Ewell sent Early with his division to attack from the north, while Johnson should occupy the attention of the Federals on the south. Early, being obliged to make an extensive detour to escape the notice of the Federals, did not get ready to attack until 6 p. m., when Milroy was suddenl}^ apprised of his proximity. Milroy had weakened the force at the north side to resist Johnson, whose attacks had been vigorous, and Early captured this part of the defenses at the end of half an hom''s struggle. Night approaching, the enemy now desisted, feeling sure of an easy victory in the morning, winciiester Duriug the uight, Milroy evacuated his works, moving evacuated. -^^ ^j^^ dircctiou of Harper's Ferry, leaving his sick and HOOKER. 113 wounded behind with the artillery and wagons. To guard is 63. agains't the escape of the Federals, Ewell had sent out a force of three brigades, whom Milroy found in his path about 3 A. M., near Rocktown. Elliott, who was in advance, suddenly received a volley of musketry, and the conflict at once became fierce. The Federals, deter- mined not to surrender, fought desperately. Ewell hurried a new force forward, w^iich attacked them in the rear. Their organization became broken, and after a terrible struggle they succeeded in escaping the toils of the enemy, a portion reaching Hancock and a portion Harper's Ferry. Milroy's loss was about 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The loss of the enemy was unknown. On the 11th, Hooker moved the 3d Corps to a position on the Rappahannock near Beverly Ford. The following day he ordered the 1st Corps to Bealeton Station, and the 11th to Catlett's Station; but on the ]3th, following the movements of his adversary, Hooker put his whole army in motion, which was concentrated at Manassas and Fairfax on the 15th. As soon as Hill June is. saw that the Federals had left Falmouth, he took up his Manassas. march to join Longstreet at Culpepper; and on the loth Longstreet moved forward, passing through Upperville on the 19th, and on the 20th through Ashby's and Snicker's gaps, reaching the vicinity of the Potomac that day. Hill had been ordered to follow the route taken by Ewell. Ewell had waited at Winchester after the defeat of Milroy for the arrival of Lee. He put his corps in motion on the 20th, sending Early to Shep- Jnne sn. herdstown, Johnson crossed the river and occupied cross the' Sharpsburg, Rodes at the same time taking possession p°^°'""'- of Hagerstown. Again this j)ersistent enemy is on the old Antietam battle-field. On the 21st Lee ordered Ewell to push forward to 8 114 HOOKER. June 16. Chambers- burg. June 17. Aldie, Va. Bravery of Colonel di Cesnola. Ilarrisburg, and take possession of the capital of Penn- sylvania if possible. The Army of the Potomac had been slightly rein- forced at Fairfax by a division of cavalry under Stahel and a brigade of infantry. Hooker's army now num- bered about 85,000 men ; while Lee had an army of at least 90,000, having received reinforcements from every possible direction. On June 16, a body of E well's cavalry under Jenkins entered Greencastle, Pa., reaching Chambersburg that night, seizing horses, cattle, and provisions. He re- turned and joined Hodes at Williamsport on the 17th. Hooker, watching Lee's movements, sent Pleasonton's cavalry to reconnoitre, with Gregg's division in advance, led by Kilpatrick's brigade. The latter came upon a brigade of Stuart's cavalry, under General Munford, near the village of Aldie, on the 17th. Charging at the head of his old regiment, the 2d New York, Kilpatrick took possession of the town. Munford hastily sought a strong position beyond the town, where he awaited the Federals, who at once charged him determinedly. The 2d New York attacked his right, obliging it to give way, with the loss of many prisoners. Munford then con- centrated his whole strength to break Kilpatrick's right; both sides charged fiercely, and the fighting w^as deper- ate with sabre and pistol. Colonel di Cesnola, of the 4th New Y'ork, being under arrest, charged unarmed at the head of his regiment. Kilpatrick, admiring his pluck, handed him his own sword in the midst of the battle ; but the brave Colonel was soon wounded and made a prisoner. The Federals, being reinforced by a fresh regiment sent forward bv Greoo- the enemv at last were defeated, retiring in haste to Middleburg. Kilpatrick remained upon the captured ground. Colonel Duffie had been sent with the 1st Rhode HOOKER. 115 Island to Thoronghftire Gap, and was to join Kilpatrick j.v«.v. at Middleburg. Duffie reached Middleburg during the j.^TTr battle at Aldic. Stnart, with a brigade, attacked him Middrburg. there. He had only 280 men, bnt resisted for a time with great lieroism. He was at last compelled to retire, but his troubles were not over; in retreating, he came upon Chanibliss's brigade of Stuart's cavalry, and a severe struggle followed. Duffie at last escaped, but with heavy loss. Hooker sent the 5th corps to Aldie to sustain Pleas- onton in his operations against Stuart near the Blue Ridge, and on the 18th posted the other corps of his army as follows : the 2d at Centreville, the 6th at Ger- mantoAvn, the 3d at Gum Springs, the 1st at Herndon Station, the 11th near Goose Creek, and the 12th in the vicinity of Leesburg. On the last-named day, Pleason- ton moved upon Stuart at Middleburg, who not wishing an engagement until the return of some of his absent brigades, fell back beyond the town, leaving the Feder- als in possession. Pleasonton had been looking for the promised infan- try support, but it did not get up, and without it he moved forward on the 19th, finding Stuart strong!}^ June lo. posted and awaiting him. The Federals opened the " ""'' battle, and a severe engagement followed, with heavy losses on both sides. The Confederates were finally driven from their position, and again forced to retire. On the 20th, the brigades of Hampton and Jones arrived within supporting distance of Stuart. Pleasonton was also reinforced by Barnes's division of the 5th Corps. On the morning of the 21st, Pleasonton advanced, attack- ing Stuart, who, after a severe fight, retired toward June 21. Upperville. The latter had ordered Munford and "'^'"" "' Jones, who were at Union, to join him at once at Upperville. Buford's cavalry Avas entertaining them. 116 HOOKER. IS 03. and as they retired in conformity with Stnart's order, the Federals repeatedly charged them, inflicting severe loss. Meanwhile Stuart had reached Upperville, from wdiich place he was soon driven by Pleasonton. Hamp- ton, covering the rear, had a savage bout with Kilpatrick, as the enemy was leaving. Stuart now moved on to Paris, where Munford and Jones joined him. The Federal cavalry rested at Upperville. Stuart reached Ashby's Gap that evening, where he was reinforced by McLaws's division of infan- try. Pleasonton, having accomplished all that was in- tended in this direction, returned to Aldie on the 22d. June j^r. Lee continued to move forward, and on the 2Tth was at Chambers- Chambersburg, Pa., with the corps of Longstreet and urg, a. jj-jj_ Ewell was nearirig Harrisburg, and the folks in Washington were almost scared to death again. On the 29th, Ewell had reached the vicinity of Plarrisburg, and was preparing to attack, when he received orders to hasten back. Lee had learned of the Federal approach. On the 24th, Stuart started upon a raid, hoping to do some injury in the Federal rear; but he did no dam- jniie 2s. .^o-e uutil the 28th. He had crossed the Potomac near Rockville, ^ ^ i • -i-» • Md. Dranesville the night before, and reaching Rockville, Md., he learned of a Federal supply train of 150 wagons coming from ^Yashington, and succeeded in capturing the whole train, with little opposition, its defenders flying to Washington, terrified. Stuart reached Westminster June 30. q^ the 29th, and on the oOth moved in the direction of Hanover, ^ Pa. Hanover, Pa., where he hoped to find Ewell s forces, but instead he found Kilpatrick. This olficer had just been given a division made up of two brigades of Stahel's cav- alry, under Farnsworth and Custer. Stuart at once attacked with great vigor, and at first met with success ; but the Federals, becoming more concentrated, returned the charge, and after a severe fight, drove the enemy HOOKER. 117 from the town. Stuavt retired in the direction of Dover, i s as. which place he reached July 1st, after an all-night's march. Moving thence to Carlisle, still in search of Ewell, he received orders from Lee to hasten to Get- tysburg. CHAPTER Til. GETTYSBURG TO MINE RUN. jilEADE. ISO 3. r^ ENERAL HOOKER continued to follow his adver- V_J sary closely. He constructed two bridges over the Potomac at Edwards's Ferry, crossed into Maryland on the 25th and 26th, and on the 27th his army lay near Middletown andFrederick. Less than 40 miles separated the antao'onists. Marchino- orders had been o-iven for t^ O Cr jnne 28. ^\^q 28th, "whcn an order was received from Washing-ton Hooker re- •- lieved by relieving General Hooker and placing General Geo. G. Meade in command of the Army of the Potomac. Hooker had asked to be relieved on the 2Tth. The change was a surprise to the new commander. General Meade at once put the army in motion, not changing the orders for the day. He had been reinforced, and now had about 100.000 men. General Sykes was given the 5th Corps, and Han- cock was placed in command of the 2d, as General Couch had been ordered to Harrisburg on the ap- proach of Ewell to that place, for the purpose of organizing the Pennsylvania militia for defense. Gen- eral Meade now decided to move to the neighborhood of Westminster and Waynesboro. The 1st Corps encamped on the 30th at Marsh Creek, the lltli on the 29th at Emmittsburg, and on the 30th the other corps were encamped at Taneytown, Frizellburg, Union, and New Windsor. The division of cavalry under Buford arrived at Emmittsburg on the 30th. Reynolds, in command (118) MEADE. 119 of the left wing of the army, at once ordered Buford to /.vc.>. push forward and occupy Gettysburg. June 30, Meade issued orders for his army to take positions running along Pipe Creek from Manchester to Middleburg. Lee's army lay between Chambersburg and Cashtown, enjoying a rich feast in the sumptuous pastures of Penn^ sylvania, levying on towns for provisions, clothing, boots, and shoes, and even money ; as, for example, the town of York was required to deliver 105 barrels of Hour, 28,000 pounds of baked bread, 3,500 pounds of sugar, 1,650 pounds of coffee, 300 gallons of molasses, 1,200 pounds of table salt, 32,000 pounds of fresh beef, pork, or bacon, 2,000 pairs of shoes, 2,000 pairs of socks, 2,000 hats, and $100,000 in cash. ! " At this tiu;e Lee ascended an eminence and was listening attentively for a friendly no'sc from the North. He expected help now from the " fire-in-the-rear." It had been so understood, but the rioters in New York were not ready to co-operate. Lee was sadly disap- pointed. The enemy's Vice-Pres^lent actually ap- proached the gates of Washington expecting Lincoln and the Federal Government to be ready to come to terms ; but the movements of the Federal army soon undeceived them. Buford was just entering Gettysbnrg June so. when a brigade of the enemy approached, coming from ciuaTry "en- Cashtown with an empty wa^on train, intending- to fill !"'' ^^"y^- the wagons, their chief desire being for boots and shoes. Buford had arrived in good time. The enemy retired with the wagons still empty. Lee, as w^ell as Meade, soon after discovered the importance of the position at Gettysburg. At daybreak on July 1 General Hill ordered Ileth's J»iy i-s^. division to move upon Gettysburg, drive Buford out, tie of cet- and get the shoes. Soon after Heth's departure, Lee ^1^^° '"'' determined that he not only wanted the shoes, but also 120 MEADE. IS 3. the position, and directed Hill to follow with the rest of GettJ^urg. liis corps, Rud at once ordered a concentration of his whole army at that point. Ewell was not far away, having been ordered back from his campaign against Harrisburg. General Meade had started the 1st and 11th Corps, under command of Reynolds, at the same time, to aid Buford in holding the place ; and thus by accident Gettysburg became a terrible battle field. Meade had only intended to hold the enemy in check there until he could get into position on Pipe Creek. 1 About 8 A. M., July 1, 1863, the battle of Gettysburg began. Buford had sent word to Meade and Reynolds the night before of his encounter with the brigade of the enemy, and urged that infantry be hurried forward. He then posted his men; numbering about 4,200, west of the town, on Willoughby Run, in the best positions possible, and rested for the night. At the hour named, Heth attacks furiously, but is met by a terrible fire Buford and from Buford's men posted as infantry, which checks the come he- eucmy's advance. The battle soon becomes a fierce '""^*" conflict. Although largely outnumbered, Buford holds Heth's force in check, anxiously looking for the arrival of Reynolds. He can leave none of his men in reserve ; all must fight in the first line; but notwithstanding heavy losses, his men nobly hold their ground. Rey- Hiirs corps nolds arrives about 9 a. m. in advance of his troops. The arrives. ]^g|- Qorps, uudcr Doublcday, begin to arrive at about 10 wadsw'th-s A. M., but none too soon. The enemy attack Wadsworth's division, which is the first to arrive, before it is well into position. Reynolds, showing no fear of the shower of bullets flying around him, in person leads this division forward to the support of Buford's cavalry, who have been struggling against an almost overwhelming force for two hours. Giving some directions to Doubleday about the disposition of other troops about to arrive. di^itfion ar- rives. MEADE. 131 General Reynolds hurries on to encourage his soldiers isea. by his own example, when at about 10:15 a bullet Geuvsu i-. pierces his brain, and he expires almost instantly. This Qg,,^,..,, was a sad loss to the Federals. General Reynolds was Reynolds •^ . killed. a graduate of West Point, and a veteran of the Mexican war. Doubleday assumed command until the arrival of Howard. On the left, General Meredith, with his brigade of Wadsworth's division, puslies the enemy back across the stream, capturing about 1,000 prisoners, including Gen- eral Archer, a brio-ade commander. At this time the enemy have crowded Wadsworth's right, under General Cutler, back some distance, when Cutler, wnth the aid of reserves, in turn forces the enemy back in confusion, capturing two whole regiments. About 11 a. m. there comes a lull in the battle. The enemy is posting fresh troops for a new attack ; but the Federals also have fresh troops, the other two divisions of the 1st The dms- Corps, under Generals Rowley (Doubleday's division) RoM,°on and Robinson, havino: arrived, and are placed at once in f"f ^°"^" ■ ~ ' A Icday ar- the battle line. "^e- General Howard arrives about noon, in advance of his ^ ' General corps, and assumes command, Doubleday returning to Howard .,- ,, assumes the command of the 1st Corps. A nerce artillery duel command. is indulged in, when the enemy again advance to the attack: but they 2;ain no o-round. The 11th Corps arrives about 1 p. m., when Howard posts it on the right corps ar- of the 1st Corps, with Scliurz in command, that it may assist in repelling the fierce assaults of Hill's corps. The Federals are now facing west ; but Schurz has no opportunity to attend to Hill. Ewell, with Rodes's divis- ion, makes his appearance at the north, and the 11th rh-es with Corps must bend to the right so as to face this new "^^^^H^ *^'" enemy. Rodes at once takes possession of a command- ing position at the north-west of the town. 122 MEADE. 1863. Jnst before E\v ell's arrival the figlitiiig slackens, Getiysbrg. 'j^^t shoi'tly after 2 p. m. the enemy renew the assault all along the line. Rodes extends his right to meet Hill's left, and opens a terrible artillery fire upon Cutler. Doubleday sends Baxter's brigade of Robinson's division to fill a space between the 1st and 11th Corps. Rodes J A at once throws a brigade, under General O'Neal, upon Baxter. O'Neal is repulsed with heavy loss, and retires in disorder. Rodes then sends Iverson's brigade upon Baxter, Avhen Doubleday pushes forward Robinson's other brigade, under General Paul, which arrives in time to aid Baxter in checking this assault. At the same time, Cutler quickly charges Iverson's flank, whose brigade is terribly cut up, and he retires in haste, leaving over 1,000 23risoners in Federal hands. Meantime Hill has been fighting Donbleday's left with Heth's division, sup- ported by a division under Pender. It is nearly 3 p. m. The conflict has been desperate, but the 1st Corps does not yield a foot of ground, although outnumbered two to one. The battle has been almost continuous since "8 o'clock. Buford's cavalry and the 1st Corps have had a terrible time. The greatest eftorts of the enemy have been directed against Doubleday's left. Meredith with the "Iron Brigade," and Stone with the Pennsylvania " Bucktails," together with Biddle's bri- gade, have performed wonders. Every oflQcer and man must have performed prodigies of valor in so successfidly resisting the overwhelming force sent against them. The slaughter of the enemy has been fearful in their eiForts to drive the Federals from their chosen position. At the north, Schurz has been contending with a portion of Rodes's division, neither side gaining any material advantage. Upon Howard's arrival, about noon, he sent word to Sickles, wdio was supposed to be at Emmittsburg with MEADE. 123 the 3(1 Corps, requesting him to hurry forward. He is 03. also notified Meade at Taneytowu of tlie situation. He GtnT^rg. would now (3 P. M.) draw in his lines, and take position on Cemetery Hill, which seems imperative ; but unfortu- nately he decides to hold on to the present position a lit- tle longer, hoping to hear from Meade, and a little later Ewell's 2d diA'ision. under Early, appears at the f/^l'^/ ^1' ^ J 7 L i. Vision ar- north-east, and formino; quickly, rushes upon the rio-ht "^'*^'* *'"'i of the 11th Corps, whose left is now fiercely attacked schmz by Rodes's left. Hill, learning of Early's arriA^al and cemetery assault, presses forward vigorously. At 3 : 30 p. m. the ^^"' 11th Corps yields, and retreats in disorder to Cemetery Hill. This leaves the 1st Corps in a critical position. Doubleday asks for reinforcements, or orders to retreat. Howard hesitates. The 1st Corps is now not only struggling against the fierce assaults of Hill's troops, but also Rodes's division, which has left Early to take care of Schurz. After a half hour's resistance, in which The gai- the Confederates are punished terribly, Doubleday orders ie^\y cTm- a retreat to Seminary Ilid<>e, which is performed in good ^]^]]^^, \'^'- •^ o ■ J- ° lall back. order. Here he gives the advancing enemy a serious check, and shortly after retires to Cemetery Hill. The Federals left about 4,000 men in killed and wounded upon the battle field, and as many more had been taken prisoners. The most of the latter were of the 11th Corps, captured by Early in the streets of Gettysburg. At 4 p. M. General Hancock arrives with instructions General from Meade to assume command, and Howard returns takerTOm- to the 11th Corps. The Federals now make haste to '^^"'i- form in their new position, but the battle has ceased for the day. Lee lias arrived, but decides not to renew the attack until the arrival of Longstreet. General Hancock, after viewing the ground, forms his lines, beginning with Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, extending south over Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top. The 1st Corps 124 MEADE. 1803. is posted facing west, except Wadsworth's division, Gett^sbig. '^'^'liich takes possession of Gulp's Hill at the north-east corner of the Federal position. The 11th Corps facing north, is between Wadsworth and Doubleday. General Sickles, who had hurried forward at the call The 3d of Howard, arrived about 5 p. m. with Birney's division, Corps ar j-,jg q^i^qj- divisiou, uudcr Humphreys, coming about mid- night. Birney was posted on the left of the 1st Corps. The i3tii The 12th Corps, under Slocum, also arrived about 5 river ^'^ ^- ^^- Slocum now took command, and soon after Han- cock proceeded in the direction of Taneytown to join his simer ''' corps, which he had left at that place ; but Meade, hav- coinmand [^^g- Ordered the concentration of his army at or near until 1 A. M. ° . , "^ Gettysburg, Hancock met his corps before reachmg Taneytown, and returned with it. Only the 5th and 6th Corps reached the position that Meade had intended to take on Pipe Creek. General Meade arrived upon the Jnly 2. ^ . ^ . Meade ar- battle field about 1 A. M., July 2, accompanied by his staff, and occupied the rest of the night in making him- self acquainted with the situation by the light of a bright, full moon. The 5th Corps arrived about 6 a. m., July 2, and Hancock with the 2d Corps an hour later. During the forenoon, advantage was taken of the silence of the enem}^, to improve the Federal position. Lee was waiting for Longstreet, whose troops had not all arrived. The Federal position layabout as Hancock had formed it, from Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill (both hills being a short distance directly south of the town of Gettysburg) along Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top. The right of the Federal line was on the east side, a little south of Culp's Hill, and extended north around Cemetery Hill along Cemetery Ridge on the west side; the left was at Little Round Top. There were three points on the west side where the enemy made his greatest efforts to break the Fedral lines; rives. MEADE. 125 viz., Ziegler's Grove, near Cemetery Hill, Peach Orch- isnr,. arc], a short distance north of Little Round Top, Gettysbrg. and Little Round Top itself; also on the east side, against Gulp's Hill, and from the north against Cemetery Hill. At 3 p. M. Meade has his army corps posted as fol- lows : Beginning on the right, is the 5th Corps, which is held in reserve near the Baltimore road. The 12th Corps is next, with A. S. Williams's division on the right, Geary's division joining, Slocum being in command of the Federal right since Meade's arrival. Williams is in command of the 12th Corps, which faces the east. At Geary's left is Wadsworth's division. The three last-named divisions defend Culp's Hill and its right flank. On Cemetery Llill and touching Wadsworth's line is the 11th Corps, facing north, northeast, and northwest. To the left of Howard is Robinson's division of the 1st Corps, with Doubleday in the rear in reserve. General Newton has been placed in command of the last-named corps. Although Doubleday has commanded the 1st Corps with great ability, new arrangements have returned him to his division. The 2d Corps joined Rob- inson's left in three divisions, — right. Hays ; center. Gib- bon; left, Caldwell. The 3d Corps is on the extreme left, Humphreys' division joining Hancock, Birney's division reaching Little Round Top. Sickles, however, • . moves the 3d Corps forward to Peach Orchard and Devil's Den, leaving Little Round Top behind him and a little to his left. The 6th Corps has not yet arrived. The enemy's forces are posted as follows : Johnson's j^j^ ^^ ^^ division of Ewell's corps, which reached the battle "<"'^- ^'''^■ ■"■ enil forces ground just at dark the day previous, threatening Culp's aii up but Hill ; Early's and Rodes's divisions of that corps before corps. Cemetery Hill ; Hill's corps facing east in three divisions under Heth, Anderson, and Pender, the last-named 126 MEADE. 18 63. ioining Rodes ; and the extreme right under Longstreet, Gett^'rg. two of whose divisions, under McLaws and Hood, have The ene- recently arrived ; Hood on the extreme right. His "]f*„p°'',1|^* third division under Pickett had not arrived when the picketfs battle commenced. division. The battle of July 2 opened in the afternoon, upon Tlie battle J I J i of July 3 the Federal left. Before this, between 6 and 7 a. m.. General H. Berdan, commanding a brigade in Birney's division, obtained permission from General Sickles to make a reconnaissance in front of Little Hound Top; and taking 100 men from the 1st Berdan sharpshooters, supported by 160 from the 3d Maine, he advanced. He found the enemy approaching in force. A severe action took place, in which his comm'and lost nearly one half of its number. The advance of tlie enemy was greatly delayed by the desperate resistance of this handful of men. General Berdan and his brave men deserve great credit for this check given the enemy, which saved, for the time. Little Round Top to the Federals. About 3 : 30 p. M., Longstreet attacks Peach Orchard and Devil's Den Hill. Hill's artillery joins the roar of Longstreet's, and the Federal artillery thunders in reply. The Federal 6th Corps has arrived, and taken Sykes's position, Sykes now bringing the 5th Corps to aid the left in repelling Longstreet. A terrible struggle for Little Little Round Top takes place almost at the beginning. Hood's right makes desperate efforts to take possession of this eminence. Birney has sent four regiments to dispute the base of the hill with the enemy; but this force is not sufficient. General Warren, of Meade's staff, calls on Sykes for more troops to defend the hill. The 5th Corps is just arriving, as before stated. Colonel Vincent is sent with his brigade, composed of the 20th Maine, the 44;th New York, the 83d Pennsylvania, The Gth Corps ar- rives. Rouud Top. MEADE. 127 and the 16th Michigan^ and at the same moment is as. Colonel O'Rouvke, at the head of the 140th New Yoi-k oytt~iir of Weed's brigade, 5th Corps, lushes to the rescue. The enemy have nearly reached the summit when Vincent :ind O'Rourke are upon them, and a bloody struggle, hand to hand, muzzle to muzzle, follows. The eneni}^ are Death of repulsed; Little Hound Top is saved. The shiughter yt";;'^„d has been great. Vincent and O'Rourke are among the o'^^oii^'^e- killed. Sykes now brings the balance of Weed's brigade to Little Round Top, and the enemy renew the charge, even as Weed is forming. Again the carnage is fearful, but again the enemy are driven back. General Weed is ^^"^^^ °' General killed. During this time the 3d Corps has been hotly weed. engaged. Sykes sends Barnes's division to help Birney, whose three brigades are heroically resisting superior numbers, and are suffering dreadfully; but this rein- forcement is not sufficient. Longstreet is making des- perate efforts to break the Federal left. Caldwell's division of the 2d Corps is brought to assist Birney and Barnes. Caldwell sends Colonel Cross with a brigade to charge the advancing foe. Birney rallies his men, and the enemy is compelled to fall back; but being soon ^^,^^^ „f reinforced, he pushes Birney back in turn. Colonel coionei Cross IS kdled. Caldwell now moves forward with the rest of his division, and the enemy is forced to retire. On the Confederate side, Hood's division, with a por- tion of McLaws's division, has done the principal part of the fighting so ffir. It is about 6 p. m. McLaws, seeing Hood repulsed, now enters the fight, attacking the orchard. Hill also sends in his right under Anderson. A desperate encounter follows. The position which Sickles had caused the 3d Corps to take is difficult to defend, and the Federals are at last compelled to relin- quish this ground. The enemy captures the orchard. 128 MEADE. 18 63. Birney, Barnes, Caldwell, and Humphreys after a fear- Gett^itig. ful struggle are forced backward. General Sickles is commanding a brigade Death of under Birney, is taken prisoner GGnGrfii manding a brigade under Caldwell, is killed. Zook. Deatli of Coloiifl Willard. Gulp's Hill. wounded. General Graham^ General Zook, com- The battle is now raging along the whole line. Ewell has attacked Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill. Hancock brings a part of Plays's division, under Colonel Willard, to aid Hum- phre3^s. Willard, who leads his men bravely into the fight, soon falls, killed by an enemy's bullet. The 6th Corps sends three brigades to aid the left. Meade hastens Williams from the right with his own division under General Ruger, and Geary's division, except Greene's brigade ; also Doubleday's division of the 1st Corps, with a part of Robinson's division. These troops strengthen the left and center. It is nearly night. The enemy are still making determined efforts to break the Federal left, but meet with terrible loss, the Federal artillery doing fearful execution. The combat rages in all its fierceness until dark, when the enemy retire. Johnson does not attack Gulp's Hill until about 6 P. m. Wadsworth's division is flicing north ; Greene's brigade, east. In consequence of the withdrawal of the rest of the 12th Corps, Greene has stretched his small force out to the right toward McAllister's and Power's Hills, on which is posted the artillery of the 12th Corps. Johnson advanced against Greene's position with a front of two brigades, his other two brigades being in the rear as a support. Wadsworth extends his right to aid Greene. The Federals have a strong position, and give the enemy a terrible reception, though they continue to press for- ward with great determination. Greene is reinforced by a brigade from Schurz's division. Johnson's right is checked after sustaining great loss ; but his left is gain- ing ground when Kane's brigade of Geary's division, MEADE. 129 which has been hastily brought back, arrives at Greene's isgs. right, and the attack against Gulp's Hill is repulsed. Gcti^r-' The fighting lasted until long after dark ; it was 10 . . o'clock before it entirely ceased. Soon after Johnson's attack, Ewell puts the troops under Early and Rodes in motion against Cemetery [i-",'^**""^ Hill, which is defended by the 11th Corps and a part of Robinson's division of the 1st Corps. Barlow's division of two brigades, under General Ames, facing north, receives Early. There are but four other brigades in the 11th Corps; one has gone to Greene, and the other three, under Schurz and Stein wehr, are facing west. Early m.-ikes the principal attack, and is gaining ground, when a portion of the troops facing west about face, and aid in forcing EarJy back. As at all other points, the struggle becomes fierce and bloody. Hancock has sent two regiments from the 2d Corps to Wadsworth, and now sends Carroll's brigade to Howard. It arrives opportunely. The struggle has been in the balance, but now the scales turn in favor of the Federals. Their artillery is dealing death to the enemy's ranks, and at last they give up the fight and retire. General Wm. Barkesdale, commanding a brigade in Early's division, is Death of among the killed. Rodes, attacking from the west, does ^'^°f'"^^ o 7 o 7 Barkes- not put forth efforts equal to the determined assaults of f^^i^. Early, and is soon repulsed. The battle at this point ends in the dark, at about the same time as at Culp's Hill. Thus the enemy is repulsed at all points, and has gained no ground, except at and near the orchard. The Federal lines here had been thrown too fiir forward. Meade's center, now posted on Cemetery Ridge, holds a much stronger position than before. In preparing for the expected battle of the 3d, Meade sent Williams, with that portion of the 12th Corps brought to the left, back to its former position on 9 130 MEADE. 1SG3. the right. Two brigades of the 6th Corps also went to GettTsb'r>. Strengthen the right; the balance of this corps was placed in different parts of the line. The divisions of Doiibleday and Caldwell were returned to their original positions. The 5th Corps was placed on the left, the 3d Corps held in reserve, and the rest of the Federal army remained substantially the same as the day before. July 3. Ewell reinforced Johnson on the mornino- of the 3d The battle , _ O opens at with three brigades from the troops of Early and Rodes. ■ At daylight Johnson, who held a footing at the base of Culp's Hill, began the battle with infantry. The Fed- erals had some time previous opened with their artillery, giving the enemy a murderous fire, and were about to charge when Jackson forestalled them, and the conflict again raged on the Federal right. Johnson's troops were repulsed again and again, and still the desperate conflict continued for seven hours, with scarcel}^ a lull in the battle. At about 11 A. M. Johnson's troops became exhausted, and their fire slackened. Their efforts had been in vain. The Federals now seized the opportunity, charging the Confederates, and drivino; them from their o-round and across Rock Creek, capturing about 500 prisoners. The battle ended on this side before it began on the other. We left Stuart at Carlisle, where he had received jj.^ .^^ orders to rejoin Lee. Kilpatrick was still upon his tracks rick-s cav- ^when he was instructed to return to the Federal army, airy. . . , and in endeavoring to comply, he came upon Hampton's July 2. brigade, about 4 p. m., July 2, at Hunterstown, where town, Pa. Stuart had left it for the purpose of delaying him. After a brief engagement, Custer charged furiously, when Hampton's troopers gave way, and hastily retired. Kil- patrick then proceeded directly to Gettysburg, arriving there on July 3, a little before the enemy attacked Meade's position on the west side. Kilpatrick, with MEADE. 131 Merritt's and Farnsworth's cavalry, got in Hood's rear, isos. and by a vigorous attack succeeded to some extent in Gctt^-i" drawing the attention of the enemy's right from Little Round Top ; but during the encounter they met with a severe loss in the death of the gallant Farns worth. General Lee began the attack on the west side with his ^,^™^" artillery about 1 p. m. Pickett's division of Longstreet's corps arrived from Chambersburg about 7 A. m. This picketts division was to lead the assault against the Federal rwel'"" "' center at and near Ziegler's Grove. At the hour men- tioned, all was read3^ Pickett was supported by Ileth's Grow. division under Pettigrew, and by a part of McLaws's division. The charging force numbered nearly 20,000 men, all under the direction of Longstreet. The artillery opens, the enemy commencing the attack. The Federals promptly reply, and the silence is again broken. 250 cannon are belching forth a continuous thun- dering roar, dealing death in frightful numbers in both armies, until about 3 p. m., when the cannon cease, and Pickett's infontry move forward. The Federal cannon reopen their terrible mouths, and large gaps are seen in the ranks of the advancing foe ; but on they come, those brave Americans. A thrill of Gjenerous admiration runs through the Federal lines as those heroic Virginians un- flinchingly press forward, silently, determinedly, wUhoiit the ?/eU, charging right up to the Federal position. Their ranks are literally mowed down like the grass be- fore the reaper; but those that stand continue to fight, exhibiting as much tenacity, and suffering as terribly, as did Burnside's troops at Fredericksburg. The attack is most desperate in front of the 2d Corps, and the divisions of Doubleday and Uobinson of the 1st Corps. The soldiers of these five divisions heroically resist the heroism of the enem3^ Humphreys has sent Carr's l)rigade to aid the 2d Corps. In front of Hays's division 132 MEADE. IS a 3. the line of the enemy is broken, and Hays captures GettW)'r"- ahout 2,000 prisoners. A portion of the assaulting force, led by Armistead, rushing out of the smoke which en- At the velops them, leap over the stone wall held by Webb's ^ "' ' brigade, and a desperate hand to hand conflict follows. Generals Hancock, Gibbon, and Webb are among the wounded. The clothes of the combatants are set on fire by the burning powder, and officers and men are mingled in the terrible struggle ; but the assailants are at last utterly defeated. Death of Three brigade commanders — Garnett, Armistead, and Garnett, Peudcr — are mortally wounded, and many of their field Armistead, ^fj^gg^.g ^^^ killed or wouudcd. Whole regiments throw and Pen- ~ der, all dowu their arms, and rush forward out of the terrible srr3-d. Unites of West sheet of fire, to be taken' prisoners. 2,500 are taken by had°*served Glbbou's divisiou. The wreck that is left of that fine in the u. jjody of men retires toward Seminary Ridge, pursued by the remorseless fire of the Federal cannon. Pickett's division has been nearly annihilated. Pettigrew's divis- ion has also suffered terribly. Longstreet's attack has suffered a terrible repulse. The Federal loss in this day's battle has been small in comparison with that of the enemy. About 5 p. M. a brigade of the 5th Corps, which corps still holds the left, makes a i^ecomiaissance in its front, and the enemy retire before it, making but slight resistance, leaving the ground first occupied by Sickles in Federal hands, with about 300 prisoners. Darkness now envel- ops the terrible scene, and the battle of July 3 is over. July 3, During the afternoon the cavalry corps of the con- afternoon. • 1 p 1 1 1 n 1 1 tending forces meet upon the east side of the battle field, near the Federal right. Stuart reached that point about 10 A. M., sent there by Lee to take advantage of the victory should success crown his efforts; for the Feder- als must retreat in that direction. Stuart soon discovers MEADE. 133 Pleasontoii's cavalry near b}^ and plans to attack tlicni. iso.i. It is 2 r. M. before he can get ready, and meantime the GottT^Mg. Federals have discovered him. An artillery battle at "^ once begins. Pleasonton's snperior gnns soon silence those of the enemy. Tlie charge and counter charge immediately follow. The troops under Gregg and Mc- intosh rush fearlessly upon the superior numbers of the foe. The 1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th Michigan cavalry, Pio^i^on- . . . . toil's and foi-niing a bi'igade under Custer, exhibit great heroism; stmut'scav- also the 3d Pennsylvania and the 1st New Jersey. The l/Lturif own. combatants close upon each other, fighting with sabre "''"' and pistol. Stuart maintains his ground for a time, but is finally defeated, and retires. He cannot take ad- vantage of the defeat of the Federal army, but will undoubtedly prove of service in covering the retreat of Lee. The Confederate loss has been about 700 ; Federal loss, the same. The following is the report of Gen. Custer of the part taken by his brigade in this action : — '' In compliance with instructions received from the omdai Ke port of headquarters of the 3d division, I have the honor to General submit the following report of the part taken by my command in the engagements near Gettysburg, Julj^ 3, 18G3:— " At an early hour on the morning of the 3d I received an order, through a stalT officer of the Brigadier-General commanding the division, to move at once my command, and follow the 1st brigade on the road leading from Two Taverns to Gettysburg. "Agreeably to the above instructions, my column was formed and moved out on the road designated, when a staff officer of Brigadier-General Greasi', commanding the 2d division, ordered me to take my command and place it in position on the pike leading from York to Gettysburg, which position formed the extreme right of 134 MEADE. 1863. our line of battle on that day. Upon arriving at the Gett^'io-. point designated, I immediately placed my command in July 3. position, facing toward Getty sbui'g. At the same time I caused reconnaissances to be made on my front, right, and rear, but failed to discover any considerable force of the enemy. Everything remained quiet till 10 A. M., when the enemy appeared on my right flank, and opened upon me with a battery of six guns. Leaving two guns and a regiment to hold my first position and cover the road leading to Gettysburg, I shifted the remaining portion of my command, forming a new line of battle at right angles to my former line. The enemy had obtained correct range of my new position, and were pouring solid shot and shell into my command with great accuracy. Placing two sections of Battery ' M,' 2d regular artillery, in position, I ordered them to silence the enemy's battery, which order, notwithstanding the superiority of the enemy's position, was successfully accomplished in a very short space of time. " My line, as it then existed, was shaped like the letter L. The shorter branch formed one section of Battery 'M,' supported by four squadrons of the 6th Michigan cavalry, faced toward Gettysburg, covering the Gettysburg pike ; the long branch, composed of the remaining two sections of Battery ' M,' 2d artillery, supported by a portion of the 6th Michigan cavalry on the left and the 1st Michigan cavalry on the right, with the 7th Michigan cavalry still farther to the right and in advance, was held in readiness to repel any attack the enemy might make coming on the Oxford road. The 5th Michigan cavalry was dismounted, and ordered to take position in front of my center and left. The 1st Michigan cavalry was held in a column of squadrons, to observe the movements of the enemy. ' I ordered fifty men to be sent one mile and a half on the Oxford road. MEADE. 135 while a detachment of equal size was sent one mile and i *«,-;. a half on the road leading from Gettysburg to York, odK^y,.. both the detachments being under the command of the "^"'^ '^• gallant Major Weber, who, from time to time, kept me so well informed of the movements of the enemy that I was enabled to make my dispositions with complete success. At 12 o'clock an order was transmitted to me from the Brigadier-General commanding the division, by one of his aids, directing me, upon being relieved by a brigade from the 2d division, to move with my command and form a junction with the 1st brigade on the extreme left. On the arrival of the brigade of the 2d division, commanded by Colonel Mcintosh, I prepared to execute the order. Before I had left my position Brigadier- General Gregg, commanding the 2d division, arrived with his entire command. Learning the true condition of affairs in my front, and rightly conjecturing that the enemy was making his dispositions for vigorously attack- ing our position, Brigadier-General Gregg ordered me to remain in the position I then occupied. " The enemy was soon after reported to be advancing on my front. The detachment of fifty men sent on the Oxford road were driven in, and at the same time the enemy's line of skirmishers, consisting of dismounted cavalry, appeared on the crest of the ridge of hills on my front. The line extended beyond my left. To repel their advance, I ordered the 5th Michigan cavalry to a more advanced position, with instructions to maintain their ground at all hazards. Colonel Alger, commanding the 5th, assisted by Majors Trowbridge and Ferrj^, of the same regiment, made such admirable disposition oi their men behind fences and other defenses as enabled them to successfully repel, the repeated advance of a greatly superior force. I attributed their success in a gr^at measure to the fact that this regiment was armed 136 ME A BE. 1863. with the Spencer repeating rifle, which in the hands of Getter- hrave, determined men, like those composing the 5th July 3. Michigan cavalry, is, in my estimation, the most effective fire-arm that our cavalry can adopt. Colonel Alger held his ground nntil his men had exhau&ted their ammunition, when he was compelled to fcill back on the main body. " The beginning of this movement was the signal for the enemy to charge, which they did with two regiments, mounted and dismounted. I at once ordered the 7th Michigan cavalry, Colonel Mann, to charge the advancing column of the enemy. The ground over which we had to pass was very unfavorable for the maneuvering of cavalry, but despite all obstacles this regiment advanced boldly to the assault, which was executed in splendid style, the enemy being driven from field to field until our advance reached a high and unbroken fence, behind which the enemy were strongly posted. Nothing daunted. Colonel Mann, followed by the main body of his reg- iment, bravely rode up to the fence and discharged their revolvers in the very face of the foe. No troops could have maintained this position ; the 7th was, there- fore, compelled to retire, followed by twice the number of the enemy. By this time Colonel Alger, of the 5th Michigan cavalry, had succeeded in mounting a consid- erable portion of his regiment, and gallantly advanced to the assistance of the 7th, whose further pursuit by the enemy he checked. " At the same time an entire brigade of the enemy's cavalry, consisting of four regiments, appeared just over the crest in our front. They were formed in column of regiments. To meet this overwhelming force I had but one available regiment — the 1st Michigan cavalry, and the fire of Battery 'M,' 2d regular artillery. I at once ordered the 1st to charge, but learned at the same MEADE. 137 ISO :{ . moment that similar orders had been given by Brigadier- General Gregg. As before stated, the 1st was formed Qett^'r- in column of battalions. Upon receiving the order to J"iy 3. charge, Colonel Town, placing himself at the head of his command, ordered the ' trot,' and sabres to be drawn. In this manner the gallant body of men advanced to the attack of a force ontnumbei'ing them five to one. In addition to this numerical superiority, the enemy had the advantage of position, and were exultant over the repulse of the 7th JNIichigan cavalry. All these facts considered, would seem to render success on the part of the 1st impossible. Not so, however. Arriving within a few yards of the enemy's column, the charge was ordered, and with a yell that spread terror before them, the 1st Michigan cavalry, led by Colonel Town, rode upon the front i-ank of the enemy, sabering all who came within reach. For a moment, but only a moment, that long, heavy column stood its ground ; then, unable to withstand the impetuosity of our attack, it gave way in a disorderly rout, leaving vast numbers of their dead and wounded in our possession, while the 1st, being masters of the field, had the proud satisfaction of seeing the enemy seek safety in headlong flight. " I cannot find language to express my high apprecia- tion of the gallantry and daring displayed by the officers and men of the 1st Michigan cavalry. They advanced to the charge of a vastly superior force with as much order and precision as if going upon parade ; and I challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brill- iant or successful charge of cavalry than the one just recounted. Nor must I forget to acknowdedge the individual assistance rendered by Battery ' M,' 2d reg- iment of artillery, in this charge. Our success in driving the enemy from the field is due, in a great measure, to the highly efficient manner in which the battery was IS a 3. Getty sb'rg. July 3. 138 MEADE. handled by Lieutenant A. C. M. Pennington, assisted by Lieutenants Clark, Woodruff, and Hamilton. The enemy made but slight demonstration against us during the remainder of the day, except in one instance, when he attempted to turn my left flank, which attempt was most gallantly met and successfully frustrated by Second Lieutenant J. H. KeHogg, with Company 'H,' 6th Mich- igan cavalry. We held possession of the field until dark, during which time we collected our dead and wounded. At dai'k I returned with my command to Two Taverns, where I encamped for the night. " In this engagement my command lost as follows : nine officers and sixty-nine men killed, twenty-five officers and two hundred and seven men wounded, seven officers and two hundred 'and twent^^-five men missing; making a total of five hundred and forty-two. Among the killed I record the name of Major N. H. Ferry, of the 6th Michigan cavalry, who fell while heroically cheering on his men. It would be impossible for me to particularize in those instances deserving special men- tion ; all, both men and officers, did their duty. There were many cases of personal heroism, but a list of their names would make my report too extended. To Colonel Town, commanding the 1st Michigan cavalry, and to the officers and men of his regiment for the gallant manner in Vvdiich they drove the enemy from the field, great praise is due. Colonel Mann, of the 7th Michigan cav- alry, and Colonel Alger, of the 5th Michigan cavalry, as well as the officers and men of their commands, are entitled to much credit for their united efforts in repel- ling the advance of the enemy. The 6th Michigan cav- alry rendered very good service by guarding both my right and left flank ; also by supporting Battery ' M ' under a very hot fire from the enemy's battery. Colonel Gray, commanding the regiment, was constantly seen MEADE. 139 wherever his presence was most needed, and is deserv- isos. ing of special mention. I desire to commend to your Gett^)-rg. favorable notice Lieutenants Pennington, Clark, Wood- J"'>' ^' ruff, and Hamilton, of Battery ' M,' 2d artillery, for the zeal and ability displayed by each on this occasion. My thanks are personally due to the following named mem- bers of my staff, who, on many occasions, exhibited remarkable gallantry in transmitting and executing my orders on the field : — " Captain G. A. Drew, 6th Michigan cavalry, Assist- ant Inspector-General. " First Lieutenant R. Baylis, 5th Michigan cavalry, acting Assistant Adjutant-General. " First Lieutenant Wm. H. Wheeler, 1st Michigan cavalry, A. D. C. " First Lieutenant Wm. Colerick, 1st Michigan cav- alry, A. D. C. " I desire also to mention two of my buglers, Joseph Fought, Company ' D,' 5th U. S. cavalry, and Peter Boehn, Company ' B,' 5th U. S. cavalry ; also Orderlies Norvall Churchill, Company ' L,' 1st Michigan cavalry, George L. Foster, Company ' C,' 1st Michigan cavalry, and Benjamin H. Butler, Company ' M,' 1st Michigan cavalry." The following is an extract from the report of Gen- eral K. A. Alger (now Governor of Michigan), giving an account of the part taken by his regiment in this battle : — "June 30. We marched to Littletown, Pa., where ^'^^"^^ _ ' ' Alger's the Michigan Cavalry Brigade, being 2d brigade, 3d cav- official re- alry division, Army of the Potomac, consisting of the 1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th Michigan cavalry, and Captain Pennington's Battery of the U. S. regular artillery, was formed and placed under the command of Brigadier- General- G. A. Custer. From Littletown we marched to 140 MEADE. isii-s. Hanover, Pa., where iny regiment had its first serious Gett^r-r. encounter with the enemy. General Stuart's cavalry July 3. being near that place, I was left with my regiment to intercept him, should he move upon the road I was left to guard. Toward evening the enemy attacked me in quite a large force. I charged them, driving them some distance, dismounted my command and fought them on foot, killing and capturing quite a number. My loss was quite severe. " It is proper here to state that my regiment was armed with the Spencer rifle, being the only regiment in the brigade, and I think in our division, then provided with that weapon. Consequently I was then and after- ward required to do very much fighting on foot. "July 2. 'Was at the fight at Hunterstown, Pa., but I was not engaged except in slight skirmishing. Suslained no loss. "July 3. At 10 A. M., our brigade being on the right of the army, the enemy's cavalry under General Stuart appeared in our front in large force. I was ordered to dismount my regiment and advance and attack him, which I did, driving him back about half a mile and into a thick wood. Here he rallied and attacked me, and was repulsed, but with a heavy loss to my regiment as well as to him. Again he attacked me, moving round on my left flank, but was again repulsed. In this last attack I also sustained a serious loss, includ- ing the gallant Major Noah H. Ferry (brother of U. S. Senator Ferry), of my regiment. " Being unable to hold my position longer, my am- munition being nearly exhausted, and while the enemy were diverted by a charge of the 7th cavalry. Colonel Mann, on my right, I fell back and mounted m}^ regi- ment. While mounting, the enemy charged past my right flank about forty rods distant, driving the 7th MEADE. 14:1 Michigan back in confusion; at that moment, having is as. monnted a portion of my command, I directed Major octtysvrg. Trowbridge to take it and chai'ge the enemy, which he -^'iiy ^■ did gallant h'^, having his horse shot and killed under him in so doing. "A few moments later the balance of the regiment was engaged, and the enemy checked and driven from the field, only, however, to rally and come down upon our brigade in still greater numbers. This charge was met by Colonel Town with his 1st Michigan, which had been held in reserve until now, who, assisted by the other regiments of the brigade, charged, checked, and broke the enemy's ranks, driving them from the field in confusion." " I cannot pass the notice of this charge of the 1st cavalry without adding a word to its already recorded, well-earned pndse. I do not believe it had its equal during the war, if ever. The squadrons, w^ith almost faultless alignment, were hurled upon the largely supe- rior numbers of the enem}^ and as each squadron came up it was broken and forced out on either flank of the succeeding one, which filled its place, until over one half of the regiment was broken up. But the rebels could not stand such terrible and rapid blows, and wei'e forced to leave the field in haste and confusion, while the broken squadron of the gallant 1st formed as best they could in the rear of their regiment, and joined in the pursuit. " This left our brigade in possession of that notly- contested field, and the night having closed in, this ter- rible battle ended ; and at our left, wdiere the roar of cannon and musketry had been kept up all day, all was now quiet, except occasional desultory firing along the line. My loss in killed and wounded was very severe. Major Ferry, who was cheering his battalion to hold its U'2 MMAJJK 1S63. ground, was instantly killed. His death cast a deep Gettysb'rg. gloom upon the whole brigade. He was a gallant soldier July 3. and an exemplar}^ man, and his loss was a great blow. "July 4. At 10 A. M., our division marched from Gettysburg battle-field to intercept the enemy, who was retreating along the South Mountain road toward Will-, iamsport. We marched via Emmittsburg up the road leading to Monterey, a small place, as it appeared in the night, on the top of the South Mountain Range, the 5th Michigan cavalry being in the advance. As we ap- proached the summit of the mountain about midnight, the night being very dark, we were surprised by the enemy opening fire upon us with two howitzers, charged Avith grape-shot, at close range. The confusion following was only for a moment, *and they were soon driven off, and the command moved forvrard. Arriving at the summit of the mountain, tiie trains of the enemy could be distinct]}^ heard moving along down the road which intercepted the line of our march — the road leading down the west slope of the mountain toward Williams- port. Near the junction of the two roads and between us and the trains of the enemy was a bridge over a deep stream swollen by the heavy rains of the afternoon of the 4th, which was guarded by over one thousand of the enemy's infantry. This bridge the 5th cavalry charged across, forming its line on the opposite side of the bridge by the flashes of its guns (the regiment being dis- mounted), and moved forward at a double quick upon the enemy, and was followed by the mounted escort of General Kilpatrick. This charge resulted in the capture of about fifteen hundred prisoners and a large train of wagons, the latter extending from the top to the base of the mountain, which were mostly burned, and the mules attached to them turned over to the quartermaster. I cannot speak in terms of too high praise of the behavior mi: A DM. 1 13 of my regiment in this engagement. It was the most isii:t. trying place it had passed through up to that time, if Gcttysb-rg. not during its organization." The following is written especially for this work, by General L. S. Trowbridge, who was an officer in the 5th Michigan cavalry, and took part in this battle : — So much has been said and written of the infantry q.^^,.^^^ fight at Gettysburg, that not until recently has much operations. attention been given to the operations of the cavalry in J^y General that campaign ; and yet those operations were of great ^™"^"^ importance, and doubtless had much to do with the ultimate result of that desperate battle. The cavalry has been said to be the eyes of the army ; and it was perhaps owing to a disregard of that truth that General Lee unexpectedly found himself brought face to face with the entire Ai-my of the Potomac when he supposed that he had only a portion of it to contend with. It has been said, with how much truth I know not, that General Lee would not have ordered the assault on the third day of the battle had he known that General Meade had succeeded in -bringing up his whole army. A brief re- view of the operations of the cavalry immediately pre- ceding, and at, the battle of Gettysburg, may not be un- interesting or unprofitable. When the invasion of the North was decided upon, General Lee had two things to be accomplished by his cavalry : first, to conceal, as by an impenetrable veil, the movements of his army ; and secondly, to give him full, accurate, and timely information of the movements of his antagonist. His cavalry was under the command of General Stuart, a bold, aggressive, and in many re- spects a brilliant officer, but more successful in planning and executing a dashing cavalry raid, than in the less exciting but more important work of closely watching his enemy. He was foiled in his efforts to conceal the 14:4: MEADE. 1803. movements of Lee's army, by the bold and unexpected Gettysb-rg. 'ittaclv made on him by Pleasonton at Brandy Station on the 9th of June. Information srained by that attack, Cavalry . O ./ ' operations, through captuFcd dispatches and other sources, revealed to General Meade General Lee's scheme of invading the North. That information was. abundantly confirmed by the brilliant engagements of the 17th, 18th, and 19th of June at Aldie and Upperville, in which the gallant divisions of Gregg and Biiford demonstrated that the Confederate cavalry could no longer justly claim any superioi'ity over the Union cavalry. On the contrary, the brave boys in blue had the proud satisfaction of seeing the Confederates driven from one position after another, until their whole force had been driven back more than six miles, and all the information which Pleasonton sought had been gained. Lee's immediate objective point was TIarrisburg, where he expected to accomplish so much in breaking up communication with Washington by the destruction of the Pennsylvania Railroad as to give him his choice between Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington as his next objective point. With that end in view. General Early was ordered to move on York, Pa., and Stuart was directed to phice his cavalry as speedily as possible in conjunction wdth that force, which would constitute the right wing of the invading army. To accomplish this, two plans were open to him : one to pass along the flank of the army and across the Potomac at Shepherds- town and Williamsport. That would seem to most mil- itary critics to have been the proper route, as he could then have kept constant watch on the movements of his enemy. But General Stuart conceived a more brilliant, if successful, and certainly much more hazardous plan, Avhich was to pass around the rear of the Army of the Potomac. If this route afforded greater expedition in MEADE. 145 connecting with Early, and the tempting chances of iscs. capturing a train or some detached portions of the army, Gett^rg. it also exposed him to the dansrer of beinor cut off from ^ , 1^ o o Cavalry communication with liis chief, and furnishing him with operations, the information which it was of the highest importance for him to have, — a result which actually did occur through the quick movements and splendid fighting of the Union cavalry. Leaving Jones's and Robertson's brigades with the main army, he took with him the three brigades of Hampton and the two Lees for this perilous undertaking. Doubtless he thought the brigades of Jones and Robertson, with that of Jenkins, numbering altogether nearly 4,000 men, would be amply sufficient to keep Lee advised of all the movements of the Army of the Potomac. Perhaps they should have been, and it may be that it was not so much the absence of the three brigades of Hampton and the two Lees, as that of Stuart himself, that so disturbed General Lee. Certain it is that the absence of that officer was very severely felt and greatly criticised. It has even been said that there was talk of a court-martial for his disobedience of orders, but that General Lee refused to order the court because, as he said, Stuart was allowed a discretion under his orders, and could not be tried for disobedience while exercising that discretion. A glance at the map will show the extent of Stuart's march around the Army of the Potomac. The fighting of the 17th, 18th, and 19th of June had been in the Luray Valley, between thirty and forty miles in a north- w^esterly direction from Fairfax Court House. After those fights, he concentrated his three brigades for the contemplated movement at Rector's Cross Roads on the night of the 24th of June. Moving in a south-easterly direction, as he approached Haymarket, he found Han- cock's corps occupying the road which he expected to 10 146 MEADE. IS OS. take. He was thus obliged either to retrace his steps, Gett^sb'rg. abaiicloii his contQ,mplated movement, and cross the Potomac at Shepherdstown, or make a still wider detour Cavalry ^^ ™g|- rj^j-Qund the Armv of the Potomac. He chose the operations. ^ "^ latter. Withdrawing from Hancock, he again took his south-easterly course. Passing through Bristoe Station and Brentsville, he crossed the upper waters of the Occoquan, then turning to the northeast he again crossed the Occoquan at Wolf Run Shoals, passed through Fairfax Court House to Hunter's Mill within ten miles of the Chain Bridge at Georgetown, then turning to the northwest he passed through Drainesville, and on the 28th of June crossed the Potomac at Bowser's Ford. The next day he captured a train of 125 wagons at Rockville, — a capture which proved a very expensive one for him through his obstinacy in determining to hold on to them at all hazards. The delay occasioned by them was instrumental, at least, in enabling Kilpatrick to interpose his division of cavalry between Stuart and Lee's main army.; and by bold, aggressive, and splendid fighting, Kilpatrick forced him into a long, circuitous march, reaching as far as Carlisle, before he could get into communication again with his chief. With Stuart cut off from the main body of the Con- federate army, and fairly occupied with his favorite employment, — a cavalry raid, — let us turn our attention to the Union Cavalry, Stahel's division of cavalry had been engaged in out- post duty at Fairfax Court House during the spring and early summer of 1863. On the 17th of June, while the guns of Gregg, proclaiming a spirited fight at Aldie, were distinctly heard at Fairfax Court House, Stahel's division suddenly broke camp. As the booming of the guns at Aldie came rolling down Little River Pike, it was thought by the rank and file that they were going to MEADE. 147 join their comrades. at Aldie. Instead of that, however, isos. that division made an extended reconnaissance to War- Gett^'rg. renton and Sulphur Springs, detachments being sent on . Cavalry various roads, covering a wide extent of territory. It operations. was doubtless deemed important by the commander of the Army of the Potomac to know whether Lee's army had gone down the Shenandoah Valley, or whether there was still danger of its advancing through Thoroughf^ire Gap and along the Warrenton Pike upon the old battle field of Bull Run. If that information was the object of the expedition, it was fully gained ; for scarcely an armed rebel was seen during the whole march. Thus the last possible doubt of the plans of General Lee was dispelled, and it became plainly evident that his move- ment meant an invasion of the North. After returning from that expedition, the Michigan Brigade, then composed of the 5th, 6th, and 7th reg- iments of cavalry, was sent to Frederick, Md., and from there to Gettysburg. On the 28th of June it was in Gettysburg, and there learned of the passage of Early's troops through that place toward York. Returning to Emmittsburg, it learned of the changes in the army. Hooker had been relieved, and Meade placed in com- mand. Stahel's division had been added to the cavalry corps; Stahel had been relieved, and Kilpatrick assigned to its command. Copeland had been relieved of the command of the Michigan Brigade, to which the 1st Michigan had been added, and Custer, just promoted to be Brigadier-General, had been assigned to its com- mand. Farnsworth, who also had just been made a Brigadier-General, was assigned to the command of the other brigade. Meanwhile Stuart, dragging along his train of cap- tured wagons, had stopped at Hood's Mills to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the telegraph line, 148 MEADE. Gottysb'rg. Oaviilry operations. thus giving Kilpatrick the opportunity which he wanted of throwing his division between Stuart and Lee. The night of June 29th Stuart rested at Westminster, where he found abundance of forage and provisions, moving the head of his column to Union Mills. The same night, Kilpatrick was at Littlestown, only seven miles distant, directly on Stuart's path. These forces came in collision the next day, and a spirited engagement followed near Littlestown and at Hanover. In these engagements viclory was on the side of the Union troojis. Stuart was driven out of Hanover, and forced to make a wide dclour, thus greatly prolonging his absence from his chief — an absence already being very sorely felt by General Lee. While Kilpatrick is in hot pursuit after Stuart, forc- ing him farther and farther away from a junction with Lee's .'n*my, the concentration of the rebel army at Gettysburg is fully revealed to General Meade. Gregg, with the second cavalry division, who has been on the right flank of Meade's army, is hurriedly ordered to Gettysburg, which place he reaches on the 2d of July, about noon. He takes position on the Hanover road, on the right flank of Meade's army. Kilpatrick comes upon Hampton's brig:;ide on the evening of July 2, at Hunterstown, a small place about live miles north of Gettysburg, where a spirited little fight takes place, but without decisive results. Kilpatrick then moves to Two Taverns, about five miles from Gettysburg, on the Bal- timore Pike, where, after an all-night's march, the tired men go into bivouac for a little rest early in the morning of the od, just as the booming cannon announce the opening of the fierce struggle for the possession of Gulp's Hill. After a few hours' rest, the division nuives out, and takes the road to place itself on the left flank of the AIEADJl 149 army, which has been abandoned by Buford, who is isas. ordered to Westminster to protect the su}iply trains. (kttT^/rg. Gregff, however, who is on the right, with the instinct ... . , ■. Cavalry of the true soldier, anticii)ating serious trouble on that opeiations. flank from Stuart's cavali-y, sends a staff officer to Custer, and directs him to take position on the right flank. Sagacious soldier! most fortunate order! On that flank, this day, is to be made a desperate attempt to (urn Meade's flank, which, if successful, may work dreadful mischief for the Army of the Potomac. Custer moves to the right, and takes position north of the Hanover road, about three and a half miles east of Gettysburg. Stuart, smarting under the mild reproof of General Lee for allowing himself to be so long separated from the army, and anxious to do something to re-establish himself in the confidence of his chief, determines to force his way to the Baltimore Pike around the flank of Meade's army, whore in the midst of the wagon trains and reserve artillery he expects to create such a panic as to insure the success of Pickett's fierce assault on the left center of the infantry line, and compel the Army of the Potomac to aba.ndon its strong position on Cemetery Ridge. Vain hope ! Custer's brigade, though three of his regiments are new troops, having not yet been seri- ously engaged, will dispute your path, and drive your boastful veteran legions from the field. In attempting this movement, Stuart had the four brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, Chambliss, and Jenkins, and the three batteries of Griflin, Breathed, and McGregor. He doubtless, thought his movement would be a surprise ; but not only had Gregg been informed by General Meade that a large body of the enemy's cavalry had been seen moving toward his left, but Custer had sent out scouting parties, who gave him timely notice of the approach of the enemy. While endeavoring to con- 150 ME ABB. Gcttysb'rg. Cavalry operations. ceal the movements of Chambliss's and Jenkins's brigades, Stuart pushed one of Griflin's guns to the edge of the woods where they were, and fired some random shots in different directions, himself directing the firing. This was doubtless a prearranged signal to inform General Lee that he had secured a good position. Certainly there was much to inspire him with hope and confidence. Before him lay a beautiful undulating country, stretching for two or three miles to the Baltimore Pike. There was nothing apparently to oppose his march. Not a man of the enemy was to be seen through all those beautiful fields. Surel}^, success Avas within his grasp, and another hour would see his squadrons spreading panic and dismay in the rear of the Union army ! Another bright wreath of glory was just within his reach. What a rude and sudden awakening from a blissful dream ! The fire of Griffin's gun immediately brought an answering response from Pennington's three-inch rifles, the fire of which was so accurate and so rapid that Griffin was soon disabled, and he was forced to seek shelter. The opening of fire by Griffin's battery and the appearance about the same time of Hampton's and Lee's brigades in open ground farther to the left, disclosed the rebel position to General Gregg, who at once assumed the aggressive, and so im- petuous was his attack that Stuart was soon obliged to abandon the thought of getting to the Baltimore Pike unobserved, and concentrate his whole force, and his ut- most effort to avoid being disastrously driven from the field. Early in the day, Custer had occupied the extreme right, the two brigades of Gregg's division being on his left, and connecting with the infantry line on Wolf's Hill. Custer received an order to join Kilpatrick on the flank beyond the Round Tops ; but Gregg, appreciating the threatening character of Stuart's movements, took MM A DM. 15 1 the responsibility of ordering him to remain. It is re- isos. ported in several histories that Custer moved off the oettysb'rg. field in obedience to that order, but such was not the case; nothing of the sort was dune, or even attempted. ^'^Jjljjfons Mcintosh, who was sent to relieve Custer, formed still farther to the right, his right resting in a piece of woods on the Low Dutch road near where the present cavalry monument now stands. Custer had formed his brigade, the 6th and 7th, supporting the sections of Pennington's battery in different positions, the 1st in reserve mounted in column of squadrons, and the 5th, with their Spencer repeating rifles, dismounted and moved to the front of his center and left. Mcintosh, wishing to know what was in his front, moved the 1st New Jersey toward the wooded crest, where Hampton and Lee had massed and concealed their forces. This movement brought out a strong skir- mish line from the Hummel farm buildings, a short dis- tance in front of the crest, which had been occupied by Witcher's battalion of Jenkins's brigade. The 5th Mich- igan was promptly moved forward to assist the 1st New Jersey, while Hampton ordered up his sharpshooters to strengthen his line, and for a long time the fight was maintained by these commands with great spirit. The ammunition of the 5th Michigan becoming ex- hausted, that regiment fell back to its horses, having suffered severely, and lost one of its most trusted officers in the death of Major Ferry. This movement, being interpreted as a breaking of the line, the enemy promptly followed up. To check their advance, the 7th Michigan was ordered to charge. By some unfortunate mistake, that regiment was led up to a high stake-and-rider fence, and no attempt being made to change direction, it was thrown against that fence in great confusion as squadron after squadron dashed headlong upon those in 152 MEADE. 18 3. front. Meanwhile they were subjected to a severe fire Gettysbrg. fi'oiii the (lismoiinted men of the enemy who were be- hind another fence a short distance in front, and were Cavalry operations, soon forccd to retire in much confusion. As that regiment was retiring, it was charged by a mounted regiment of the enemy, which, however, retired without accomphshing any decisive results. The 5th Michigan had now reached its horses. The 1st battalion being speedily mounted, Colonel Alger ordered Major Trowbridge to take them and charge the enem3^ This was done with a will, and as those men dashed forward with a cheer, the dismounted men of the enemy in front broke and lied in great confusion. Back over the fields, past the Ilummel buildings, past their guns, back into the woods where they had first been massed, those men fled in wild dismay. A detachment of the 2d North Carolina, under Captain Geary, how- ever, maintained their ground behind a fence in the hollow of a little stream, and from that position poured a hot fire into the flank of that battalion as it passed. The Major's horse was killed, and he only escaped capture by the timely arrival of his orderly, who was riding his second horse. The battalion, however, charged on nearly to the enemy's guns, when it w^as obliged to retire. Upon retiring, it was in turn charged by Cham- bliss's brigade and the 1st Virginia cavahy, which was in turn driven back by the balance of the 5th coming up under Colonel Alger. Thus the battle swayed back and forth over the field. It was just at this time, with the 7th retired in some confusion after its bloody repulse at the high fence, the 6th supporting the battery, the 5th broken up some- wdiat, but hotly engaged in its disconnected charges, and the 1st the only available force left, that the enemy con- ceived the idea of sweeping the field with a magnificent ME ABB. 15;^ dash of veterun legions. Hampton, wlio had been seek- is 03. ing in A'ain to find Stnart, had retnrned to his command, Gctt^rg. to find the battle 2;oino' sorely ao'ainst them, and two o o ./ <_ 7 Cavalry regiments of his brigade and two of Lee's brigade about operations. to charge. Thinking that two regiments would be suf- ficient for the purpose, he ordered back the two regiments of Lee's brigade, and placing himself at the head of his two regiments, led them to the charge. Ilis regimental commanders, and Fitzhngh Lee, thinking he could not maintain himself with two regiments, moved forward to his support until all of his brigade except the Cobb legion, and all of Lee's brigade except the 4th Virginia cavalry, were hotly engaged in the fierce struggle which followed. On the Union side, to meet this new danger, reliance was had mainly on the 1st Michigan. The odds were great, but that regiment had established a reputa- tion for desperate fighting. It was ordered to charge. Colonel Town, a most brave and gallant soldier, placing himself at its head, orders the trot. AVith steady ranks, their sabres gleaming in the sun, they move forward until within striking distance of that advancing host, when with a wild cheer they burst upon it with their flashing sabres. They are aided by the impetuous attacks of other detached bodies. Rogers and Treichel, with sixteen men of their squadrons of the 3d Pennsylvania, all who could get their horses, with Alger and a portion of the 5th Michigan, vigorously assail the right flank. Miller, with his squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, and Hart and Strong with a squadron of the 1st New Jerse}^, stril^e the left flank, and cut clear through it. Mclutosh, with his stair and orderlies, charge in with their sabres. For a moment, though it seemed like hours, the ranks of that mighty column held their ground, then the}^ stag- gered, broke, and fled, leaving the Union troops in pos- 154 MEADIS. GL-ttysb"rg. session of the hotly contested fiehl. The fight was over. Stuart had failed. He could not reach the Baltimore Pike, and the anticipated panic in the rear of Meade's Cavalry armv was a thina; only of the imagination. Perhaps it operations. '' <_ ^ u l was not, after all, of such great importance as it had promised. Pickett, too, had failed. The great invasion of the North was at an end ; and now, instead of leading a victorious army in hot pursuit of the broken remnants of Meade's army, Stuart has the melancholy duty of guarding the flank of the defeated army of Northern Virginia as it takes up its mournful march to reach the other side of the Potomac. • It was a memorable fight. Beyond question, it was up to that time the most important and most desperate cavalry fight that had occurred. The Confederate troops engaged were as follows : In Hampton's brigade, the 1st North Carolina and the 1st and 2d South Carolina regiments, the Cobb Georgia, the Jeff Davis, and the Phillips Georgia legions ; in Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Virginia regiments ; in W. H. F. Lee's brigade, com- manded by Chambliss, the 9th, 10th, and 13th Virginia and the 2d North Carolina regiments ; in Jenkins's bri- gade, the 14th, 16th, and 17th Virginia regiments, and the 34th and 36th Virginia battalions. The artillery was composed of McGregor's, Breathed's, and Griffin's batteries. The 4th Virginia, however, was guarding the Confederate left, and took no active part in the fighting. The whole force numbered not less than six thousand men. On the Union side the troops engaged were as fol- lows : In Custer's brigade the 1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th Michigan regiments, the three latter being new regiments and never before seriously engaged, and one battalion of the 5th ' Michigan being absent guarding a train ; in MEADS. 155 Mclntosli's brigade, the 3(1 Peimsylvaiiin, the 1st New isgs. Jersey, and the 1st Maryland regiments of cavalry ; Gctt^i- in Colonel J. Irvin Gregg's brigade, the 4(h and 18th Pennsylvania,* the 1st Maine, and the 10th New York operations. regiments of cavalry. In addition to these above, the Purnell troop of Maryland cavalry was temporarily serv- ing with the 1st brigade, and Company " A," 1st Ohio cavalry, with the 2d brigade. The artillery consisted of Randol's light Battery '' E," 1st U. S. artillery, 4 guns ; Pennington's light Battery " M," 2d U. S. artillery, 6 guns ; and the 2d section of light Battery " H," 3d Penn- sylvania artillery, 2 guns. The whole force numbered about five thousand men, but Gregg's brigade was not engaged, as it lield an important position connecting with the right of the infantry line at Wolfs Hill. The 1st Maryland, Lieutenant-Colonel Deems, was occupied in guarding the right flank at some distance from the field of battle, and was not actively engaged. The aggregate forces actually engaged were thus reduced to about three thousand men. There has been much dispute as to who occupied the field after the fight was over. Stuart and his officers claim they drove the Union forces from the field. On the other hand, Gregg, Mcintosh, Custer, and their officers maintain that they remained masters of the field, even of that portion occupied by the Confederates at the beginning of the fight. Mcintosh claims that after the fight he established his picket line in the woods where Hampton and Lee had massed their forces in the morn- ing. In support of this he cites the statement of Mr. Rununel, the owner of the farm on which the fight occurred, who says that his father was captured that day by the rebels, who took possession of his farm buildings, and that after night he was released, and told that he might go home if he could get there, but that he 156 MEADE. 1863. could not get there on account of. the Union picket line GottTIbrg. being between him and his home. He may not have had any clear perception as to whether the -pickets he saw were Cavalry "'. ^ ^ .... operations. Union or Confederate. But again, it is claimed that the Confederates used the Rnmmel farm buildinsrs all nis-ht for hospital purposes. It is, however, a matter of small moment who had actual physical possession of the field. It is the opinion of the writer that neither side actually occupied that portion of the field where the fight took place, but that each retired to the positions occupied by them at the beginning of the fio-ht. One thino- will be admitted by all, and that is, that Stuart attempted to turn the flank of Meade's army, and that he failed to do it ; and further, that he was prevented from doing it by the aood generalship of General Grreffo: in forcing the fighting, and the hard fighting of the brave men under his command. While other troops performed their full duty, and deserve their full measure of credit, the fact still remains that the brunt of the fighting fell on Custer's brigade, and to that brigade chiefly belongs the credit of winnino- that fiaht. "O' During the night of the 3d, Lee's army took a new position. E well's force was brought to the west side. Longstreet fell back, and the enemy's line was formed lying north and south, facing east, where he intrenched. But he did not remain here long. The forenoon of the 4th was spent in burying the dead, caring for the wounded, and reorganizing. At noon, rain began to fall, and during a rainy afternoon Lee prepared for Lee re- retreat. His head of columns started at 4 p. m., moving treats. |^^ ^^^ ^^ Fairfield to the Potomac, a distance of forty miles. The bulk of his trains, under a strong escort, went via Chambersburg. The crest-fallen enemy marched all night in rain and mud, and had all disap- MEADE. 157 peared from the Federal front by daylight on the 5th. isgs. The battle of Gettysburg was over. oiti^'r- July 1, the Federals were outnumbered two to one; on the 2d and 3d the opposing forces engaged were about equal, probably about 70,000 men each. Meade's army outnumbered Lee's before the battle ; but the ter- rible usage received by the Federal advance during the first day's battle, and the long marches and counter- marches in endeavoring to discover the intentions of the enemy, undoubtedly annulled this advantage, at least to a great extent. The battle of Gettysburg resulted in a loss to the Federal army of 23,186 men, of whom 2,834 were killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 taken prisoners. The loss of the enemy is stated to have been 31,621, —killed, 3,500; wounded, 14,500; prisoners, 13,621. Probably three or four thousand of the latter were among the wounded, causing them to be counted in both columns, which, if true, would make the total loss of Death of the enemy about 28,000. Among the enemy's killed was semmes" General Semmes ; among the wounded. General Carnot ^^^ ^°^''^' Posey, who died of his wounds Nov. 15. Lee had sent a large wagon train in advance of his army, and on the afternoon of July 4 it reached Fair-J"iy 4. field, and continued on toward Monterey. Near the Maryland. latter place, during the night, it was overtaken by Kil- patrick's cavalry, Avhich put the enemy's cavalry, guard- ing the train, to flight after a brief engagement, captur- ing the greater part of the train, together with many prisoners. The train was destroyed, and Kilpatrick moved on to Monterey ; but the head of the train had escaped. He then proceeded to Smithsbura;, reachina- ^"'y ^■ ^ _ '- ^ ^^ o Smithburg, and resting there on the morning of July 5, where Maryland. Stuart's advance found and attacked him about 2 p. m. that day. The enemy was repulsed, and i^e tired toward Leitersburg. 158 MEADE. 1 s a 3 . MenOe pur sacs. I'uirfield. Pa. July 6. Williams- port and Hagcrs- town, Md. Lee's order of retreat placed Hill's corps in advance. Longstreet's in the center, and Ewell's in the rear. Hill reached Fairfield on the morning of the 5th, and cross- ing Monterey Gap, encamped that evening at Frogtown, on the western slope of Sooth Mountain, Longstreet closely following, and Ewell reaching Fairfield ahout 4 p. M. that day. On the 6th Longstreet took the advance, and reached Hagerstown in the afternoon, Hill following, and Ewell still in the rear. As soon as Meade learned of the retreat of the enemy, he gave the order for pursuit. On the morning of the 5th, the 6th Corps, under Sedgwick, moved toward Emmittsburg, and about 4 p. m. Sedgwick's advance had a slight engagement near Fairfield with Rodes's division, which covered Ewell's rear, and another on the morning of the 6th, a little beyond that place. But Sedgwick's orders were not to provoke a battle ; he therefore only watched the enemy's movements. i Lee's main sup ply- trains, which had pressed rapidly forward, reached the vicinity of the Potomac near Will- iamsport on the 6th, hoping to cross on ponton bridges left by Lee at Falling Waters in charge of a small guard ; but General McReynolds, who was stationed at Fred- erick with a small body of cavalry, had succeeded in completely destroying these bridges on the 3d. The waters of the Potomac were now swollen by incessant rain, which, with the loss of the bridges, placed Lee's trains in a critical position. Buford, with his division of cavalry searching for the enemy's supply-trains, arrived in the vicinity of Will- iamsport about 5 p. m. on the 6th, and at once attacked the troops guarding the trains. At the same time Kilpatrick was endeavoring to reach and aid Buford. Stuart placed himself in Kilpatrick's way at Hagers- town, and after a severe engagement the latter eluded MEADE. 159 Stiiurt, leaving the 5th New York and the 1st Vermont isgs. with a battery to detain him, and made baste to join Buford, Avhose guns summoned him. But he had scarcely entered the fight wlicn Stuart approached. The two regiments named have had a terrible time. Stuart, knowing the danger menacing the train, desper- ately charges this heroic little band. His first assaults are repulsed ; but this small force, unable to detain him long, retires toward the main body, closely followed by Stuart, whose opportune arrival saves the trains. The Federal cavalry are now greatly outnumbered. They make one more gallant effort, but are compelled to with- draw. On the evening of the 7th, Lee's whole army had ^^^^^ ^ arrived in the vicinity of Haejerstown. The following Lee's army morning (the 8th) Lee ordered Stuart to attack the Potomac. Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick and Merritt, posted on Beaver Creek, and too near for comfort. A sharp fight followed, when the Federals were forced back to the vicinity of Boonsboro, where they were joined by Boonsboio, Buford. The Federals now take the aggressive, and in turn drive the enemy back to Beaver Creek, when dark- ness stops further operations. From this time until the loth Lee anxiously waited for the fall of the waters. The rest of the Federal army had begun to follow the movement of Sedgwick soon after his departure from Gettysburg with the 6th Corps ; but they moved slowly, juiy ii. and did not reach the vicinity of the enemy's position f^onte Lee. until the 11th. The Federal cavalry had frequent encounters with the enemy, but the opposing armies did not reach an engagement until on the 13th, when Meade had com- pleted his preparations for an attack. He issued orders that evening for an advance upon the enemy the next morning ; but fortunately for Lee the waters had sub- 100 ME ADR 1S63. ^Klod. He now had bridges completed at Falling Waters, and durino- the night of the loth beiran crossinu'. Ewell's July 13. . . , Lee crosses corps With great difficnltv sneceeded in reaching the ugima. Y^ygjj^j.j giiQ^.Q j^y fording the river at Willianisport, al- though the water reached to the necks of short men. Longstreet's corps crossed at the bridge, closely followed July 14. i^y Hill's troops, and the morning of the 1-lth found Lee's Waters, army again upon its "native heath." The Federal infantry were not in a position to interfere with this movement after it became known, but the cavalry, as usual, were busy, bravely attacking superior forces, and greatly harassing llilfs rear, taking a considerable num- ber of prisoners. A squadron of the 6th Michigan cavalry, under Major Peter A, Weber, dashing too far in advance, was surroun'ded ; and after desperate fight- ing, all who were not kiUed were taken prisoners. Death of i[.^^,^y Weber was among the slain. General Petti- Major •' ~ Weber. grcw was among the enemy's wounded. The rest of this regiment, with the 1st Michigan cavalry, fiercely attacked and drove before them a. whole brigade of the enemy, capturing a large number of prisonei's. Alto-' getlier the Federal cavalry captured about 2.000 prison- ers on the morning of the 14th. Lee moved in the direction of Winchester. Meade at ttnce [)ut his army in motion for Berlin and Harper's Ferry, and began crossing at these points on the ITth, all ol" his army being in A'irginia on the PJth. He now oral army eudcavored to ovcrtako Lee; but the latter was makino- again in ' , "- Virginia, all hastc to reach Culpepper, and succeeded in escaping the Federals, Louii'street and Hill arrived at Culpepper Leo reaches on tlic ^Itluaud FwcU soou after that. The Federal Cnlpepper. 1 i' T •, -r ■ ^ i \\T commander, linding pursuit unavailing, repaired to >V ar- Moaiio"^ renton Junction, reaching there on the 25th. In the roaches pxirsult there had been continual skirmishing and several \\ arrenton i o Junction, small battlos. On the IGth four briiiades of Stuart's July 19. The Fetl MEADE. 161 cavalry, luulcr Fitzhugh Lee, attacked a brigade of isgs. Federal cavalry under Colonel Irvin Gregg, who had a j„ij~;. fine position near Shcpherdstown. The assault be2;an '^'i^pi'^'i''^- A ^ o town, ^ a. about 4 r. m., and lasted until dark, the enemy being repulsed with severe loss. Gregg retired unmolested during the night. Buford's cavalry, aided by infantry, had severe eno-agements with detachments of Longstreet's , , „. „, ^ ^ O July 21, 23. corps at Manassas and Chester Gaps (or Wapping Manassas Heights) on the 21st and 22d, without material results. Gaps. During the Gettysburg campaign, the Army of the Potomac was officered in corps and divisions as fol- lows : — 1st Corps : John F. Reynolds, who was killed July 1 wliih' in coinmaiid of the left wing of the army. Double- day commanded the corps on July 1, when he was suc- ceeded by John Newton. Divisions : J. S. WadsAvorth, John C. Robinson, Abner Doubleday. The latter divis- ion was commanded by T. A. Rowley on July 1. 2d Corps : W. S. Hancock. Divisions : J. C. Cald- well, John Gibbon (wounded on the 3d, when Wm. Harrow took command), i^lex. Hays. 3d Corps : Daniel E. Sickles (wounded on the 2d, when Birney took command). Divisions : D. B. Birney (succeeded by J. H. H. Ward), A. A. Humphreys. 5th Corps : Geo. Sykes. Divisions : James Barnes, R. B. Ayres, S. W. Crawford. 6th Cor[)s : John Sedgwick. Divisions : H. G. Wright, A. r. Howe, Frank Wheaton. ilth Corps: 0. 0. Howard. Divisions: F. C. Barlow (wounded on the 1st and relieved by Adelbert Ames), A. von Steinwehr, Carl Schurz. 12th Corps : H. W. Slocum. Divisions : A. S. Will- iams (who commanded the corps during the battle of July 1, 2, and 3, Slocum being in command of the right wing, and T. H. Ruger of the division), J. W. Geary. 11 162 MEADE. 18 6 3. Cavalry Corps: Alfred Pleasonton. Divisions; D. McM. Gregg, Jolin Buford, and Judson Kilpatrick. The opposing armies now rested for a time; the August 1. cavalry forces, however, were kept busy. On August 1 tion. Buford crossed the Rappahannock for the purpose of 7'econnaissance, skirmishing with the enemy and forcing him back to Brandy Station, where a heavy infantry force was encountered, when Buford retired the way he came. On August 2, Lee's army, leaving Culpepper, retired to the right bank of the Bapidan, where it rested. On the 11th of September, Meade learned that Longstreet Lougstreet had gone with his corps to join General Bragg. Bragg, and at once determined to attack Lee. On the loth the cavalry under Kilpatrick crossed the Bappa- Sept. 13. Culpepper, haunoclv at Kelly's Ford, Buford crossing at Rappahan- nock Bridge and Gregg at Sulphur Springs. Moving forward in a line, they drove the enemy's skirmishers before them, and came upon two brigades of Stuart's cavalry, strongly posted at Culpepper. A vigorous assault was at once made. Custer, charging at the head of his brigade as usual, took a number of prisoners ; but he was wounded in the onset. The enemy soon gave way and hastily retreated, leaving three pieces of artil- lery and a large number of prisoners in the hands of the Federals. Meade had followed the movement with his whole army, which concentrated at Culpepper soon afterward ; but here he received instructions from Washington to await the result of a battle now imminent between Rose- sept. 23. crans and Bragg. On the 23d he was ordered to send and 12th the 11th and 12th corps to Washington, which were to Corps sent |^ ^^ |^, Hookcr to thc relief of Rosecrans at Chat- to Rose- crans. tanoo2,a. This weakened the Army of the Potomac so much that Meade was compelled to suspend operations until the arrival of new recruits, furloughed absentees, and other expected reinforcements. MEADE. 163 On October 9 the Federal commander, desiring to 2««a. take advantage of the favorable season, put his army in motion, proposing to cross the Rapidan and attack the enemy. But Lee had also resolved upon action, and was already in motion to take the offensive. On the 8th he started to attack Meade at Culpepper, intending to surprise him. His army crossed the upper Rapidan on the 9th, proceeding toward Madison, where his troops appeared tlie following day. On the 10th Stuart's cav- oct. lo. airy attacked Kilpatrick near James City, who, having '^"'"^*^'^^" only a brigade with him, was compelled to retire to Bethel. To gain time, he sent the 5th New York and the 5th Michigan to charge the pursuers. They were successful in checking them, and releasing a number of prisoners, who were a portion of the 120th New York infantry just captured. Pleasonton, who was at James City with a small force, retired to Bethel Church. Meade now becomes aware of Lee's intentions, and at once recalls that portion of his forces that have started to cross the Rapidan ; but Buford's cavalry, Rapidan. being in advance, 'has already crossed at Germania Ford, and before he can return, Fitzhugh Lee, with a largely superior force, is upon him, and a severe battle follows. Ilis infantry support has turned back. Buford's men deliver a terrible fire, causing heavy loss in Fitzhugh's ranks. The fighting continues until night, when Buford recrosses the. river, and rejoins the army. On the morn- ing of the 11th, Meade recrosses the Rappahannock, as the best way to avoid Lee's intended blow. The cavalry must cover the retreat. Before reaching Brandy Station, Stuart was joined by Fitzhugh Lee. Kilpatrick was ioined by Buford. This day, Oct. 11, was a terrible day for the cavalry corps of both armies. It was a day Brandy sta- of desperate fighting from daylight till dark. Meade is crossing the Rappahannock while Pleasonton UU MEADE. 18 63. is covering and protecting the rear from Stuart's fierce assaults. Near Brandy Station a furious combat takes place, the Federals repelling with fearful slaughter every new charge of the determined foe. At one time Kilpat- rick is surrounded ; but he seizes the flag, the charge is sounded, and with Davis's brigade on the right, and im- patient Custer, with the gallant Michigan brigade, on his left, away they go. 3,000 flashing sabres. The Confed- erates give way before the Federals have scarcely reached their lines. The darkness ends the fighting, when Pleasonton follows Meade across the Rappahan- nock. Lee enters Culpepper about noon, wishing to pay his respects to the Federal commander; but he finds that Meade is '" out of town." The Federal army at this time lay on the left bank of the Rappahannock, from Kelly's Ford to Freeman's Oct. 12. Ford. On the mornino- of the 12th. Lee started his Culpepper. ^ "^ ' _ army for Warreuton by way of Sulphur Springs, for the purpose of flanking Meade's position on the Rappahan- nock. The latter, having his army well in hand, now determined to recross the river, and attack Lee at Cul- pepper, supposing him still there. Buford in advance rapidly pushes back a brigade of the enemy's cavalry, and soon learns that Culpepper is empty. Lee is " out of town " this time. Meade is greatly puzzled. He had sent Gregg's cavalry to watch the road from Culpepper to Warreuton and the crossings of Hedgeman's River, and has received no report from him. But Gregg has been having a severe time. His troops have been falling Thomp- back, fighting at every step. At Thompsons Ford, on '^'^ ■ Hedgeman's Ri^'er, a severe engagement took place. Gregg succeeded in checking Stuart for a time ; but the head of Ewelfs column arrived, and after a stubborn fight, Gregg was compelled to yield, having suftered a loss of about 500 men. MEADE. 165 The enemy, pressing' forward, reached Warrenton at isas. noon on the loth. Grregg had sent messengers to inform Meade of the situation ; but they had either been killed or captured. Not till 10 p. m. did Meade learn from Gregg, who had retreated to Fayetteville, that Lee was pushing on in the direction of Warrenton. His army was again assembled on the Rappahannock, and at day- break on the loth it was rapidly marching for Centreville via Bristoe Station. The 2d Corps, under General Warren, covered the rear. On the morning of the 14th, (vt. ii. he had a severe engagement with Rodes's division Qf " """• Ewell's corps at Auburn, but repelled the enemy, and proceeded to Bristoe Station. The whole Federal army ^^'"'^'" had crossed Broad Run except the 2d Corps, which was not in sight when the last preceding corps (the 5th) passed. In the afternoon, Warren arrived at the point of crossing, to iind the enemy's troops under Hill in his way. While Warren's flankers were having a sharp skirmish w^ith llilfs advance, he selected a strong posi- tion, and by the time Hill w^as ready to attack, he was ready to receive him. A fierce battle followed. The enemy determined to capture Warren's position at any cost, and cut off the passage of Broad Run. Hill had the most troops, but was out-generaled. The sfai/lng qualities of the Northern soldiers were well brought out in this battle, which ended in the complete defeat of the enemy, with a loss to them of 500 in killed and wounded, 500 prisoners, and five pieces of artillery. General Henry F. Cook was among the enemy's killed. Federal i^^-'tii of loss did not exceed 200, in consequence of advantage of cook, position. At dark the 2d Corps resumed its march toward Centreville without further hindrance.- On the mornino: of the 15th, the Federal army reached the neighborhood 106 MHADA'. IS OS. of that place. This movement of the Army of the Potomac thAvarted Lee's purposes, and on the 18th he began his retreat. The Federal cavalry following his rear had a hard figlit with Stuart at Bnckland Mills on Oct 19. ^]jg 19th, ^Yhere Kilpatrick, with two briu-ades under Buckland _ ^ "- _ Mills. Custer and Davis, was opposed by Stuart with Hamp- ton's division. Although greatly outnumbered, the Federals attacked with determination, driving the Con- federates .from their position. Stuart, however, was soon joined by Fitzhugh Lee's division, which proved too much for Kilpatrick, and with hard fighting and great dilHculty he managed to extricate himself, and re- tired, with a loss of about 200 prisoners. The killed and wounded on each side numbered about 100. Meade followed Lee back again, and halted on a line from Warrenton to ^Varrenton Junction. Lee retired to Culpepper, where he went into camp, and by the 27th both armies were quietly resting. In this campaign :Meade had about 50.000 men; Lee about 45,000. Early in November the Federal general again resolved to make one more attempt against the enemy before the closing in of winter ;' and on Xov. 7 he put his army in motion for the Eappahaunock. directing the 1st, 2d, and 3d Corps, under General French, against Kelly's Ford, and the 5th and 0th Corps, under Sedg- wick, to the right against Rappahannock Bridge. The army arrived near the points named about noon. Lee had intrusted to Ewelfs corps the task of guarding the river crossings at these points. Kodes's division was at and near Kelly's Ford. Johnson and Early alternately guarding the bridge and its vicinity, the enemy also occupying a strong fortification on the left bank at the bridge. The railroad bridge had been burned, but the enemy now had a ponton bridge thrown across. Birney. with AVard's division of the 3d Corps, being MEADJ£. 16 Y the first, lo ;nilvc at Kelly's l^'ord, made the attack, and tso.t. after a brisk engagement, captured the ford with about ^,,~^_ 350 prisoners. Ixodes withdrew a few miles to the rear, i^^''^'* About o p. M. Sedgwick arrived before the fortifications at the bridge, which were occupied by a brigade of Early's ,',3ouk division. Soon after, Early sent over another brigade, ^'■'''°''- making a garrison of about 2,500 men. Artillery firing and skirmishing occupied the rest of the afternoon. The first division of the 6th Corps, under General Russell, being placed in advance, secured. a good foot-hold near the works. After dark. General llussell asked and obtained permission to storm the works. With his own brigade and Bartlett's, under Colonel Upton, a dash was made, and they were at once over the parapet. A des- perate struggle followed, ending wdth the capture of the Avorks, with nearly 1,800 prisoners. Early burned the l>ontoii bridge and retired. Lee, W'hose headquarters are at Culpepper, at once orders a retreat. Hill's corps, which has been posted on Ewell's left, on the upper Rappahannock, hastily marches to Culpepper, when the whole army retreat to the right bank of the Rapidan, and take position, with its left wing along that river from Mine Run to Liberty Mills, its right on Mine Run, Hill on Ewell's left. Meade crossed the Rappahannock on the 8th, but did not at once follow the enemy. His army rested in the vicinity of Brandy Station and Culpepper until the 2Gth, W'hen it took up its line oC march for the Rapidan, crossing that river during the afternoon and night. The Nov. so. 3d and 6th Corps on the right cross at Jacob's Ford, the crosso: 2d Corps at Germania Ford, and the 1st and 5th Corps ^'^i'^^'''"- on the left at Culpepper Ford.. General INIeade had directed his right and center to concentrate at and near Robertson's Tavern, and his left at New Hope Church. The 2d Corps had considerable 168 M£ADK 1S63. skirniishiiig with the enemy's cavalry, hut easily XHished Nov. 26 10 them hack, and reached Rohertson's Taverii ahout ^^^ \ 10 A. M. on the 2Tth, haltinii- there for French to come Mine K«n. ' ~ up with the 3d and 6th Corps. But during this time Lee has heen active. He instructed Ewell to delay French's march as much as possible until he could make necessary dispositions. The 3d Corps, in advance, came upon the skirmishers of Johnson's division which Ewell had thrown forward. It is about 9 a. m. French hesitates. He should take the road to the left, and join Meade, who is with Warren at Robertson's Tavern ; but he decides to engage Johnson, although Meade again, at 2 r. M., orders him to join his left to "Warren's right. French is obstinate. The 6th Corps is held inactive in the rear of the 3d. Aboht 3 p. m. he pushes one divis- ion of the 3d Corps, under General Prince, against Johnson, and the enemy getting the advantage. Carr's division also becomes engaged. Still Johnson gains ground. The fighting is fierce, the battle is bloody ; but Birney succeeds finally in forcing the enemy back. Night ends the conflict. Lee has gained his point in delaying the movement of the Federals. The loss in killed and wounded has been about 600 on each side. Early and Bodes have moved forward, and con- fronted the 2d Corps during the afternoon ; but the opposing forces do not become engaged. Meantime Lee is hurrying Hill with his corps from the upper Bapidan. General Meade has been greatly disappointed. French has seemingly been the cause of a lost opportunity. The Federals should have crushed Ewell before Hill could arrive. This was Meade's plan. French had lost the whole afternoon, allowing two army corps to be detained by one division of the enemy. Hill's corps arrived upon Mine Bun that evening, when Ewell was ordered back to take position on Hill's left. Meade MEADE. 169 succeeded in getting his army together on the 28th, isas. concentnited upon the 2d Corps ; but he now finds Lee's whole army in a strong position on the opposite banlv of Mine Run. The day is spent by both armies in prepar- ing for battle. On the morning of the 29th, General Warren, with the 2d Corps and Terry's division of the 6th Corps, moves to the left, endeavoring to outflank Hill's right; but Hill prolongs his line of battle, and although night finds Warren in a good position on the Federal left, he is unable to flank Hill. The 3d Corps now joins War- ren's right, the 1st Corps next, the 6th Corps forming the extreme right, supported by the 5th Corps. During the night this arrangement is somewhat changed. Two divisions of the 3d Corps, under Carr and Prince, are placed under Warren, who has charge of the left attack, which is ordered to take place on the morrow, while Sedgwick is given command of the right attack, com- posed of the 5th and 6th Corps. The center is com- posed of two divisions of the 1st, and one division of the 3d, Corps under Birney. The general attack is to be made at 8 a. jm. on the Mine kuh. 30th, the left to begin the assault; but at the hour named, Warren's guns are silent. It is discovered that the Confederates have improved the hours of the night, and are now too strongly fortified. Warren sees disas- ter in an attack, and sends word to Meade. Meade goes to see for himself. He agrees with Warren, and the orders for the assault are countermanded. Artillery firing had begun on the right, and Birney had pressed back the enem^^'s ski/mishers in his front; but now all operations were stopped. The campaign was a failure, and durino- the niaht of Dec. 1, the Federal army quietly ^'^^\ ^■ , ./ ^ J Meade re- withdrew to the Bapidan, and crossed over in the morn- tires to ing, reaching its camps about Culpepper on the 3d, ITO MEADE. 1864. where it went into winter quarters. Lee's army returned to its former position. In December, 1863, General Foster was ordered from North Carolina to Tennessee to relieve General Burnside, and General B. F. Butler was placed in com- mand of the department vacated by Foster. In Febru- ary, 1864, Butler planned the release of the Federal Feb. 5. prisoners at Richmond. On Feb. 5, General Wistar was Federo.! fit- tempt to re- started on a raid for that purpose, with 1,500 men, part ionTrs^rt cavalry, part infantry. The Army of the Potomac and Richmond, j^g autagouist were still where we last saw them. A strong force of cavalry and infantry was sent from the Army of the Potomac across the Bapidan to draw the attention of Lee, while Wistar should accomplish his raid ; but it ended in nothing. Wistar only reached Bottom's Bridge, having become satisfied that the enemy was aware of the intended movement, and was prepared to meet it. He therefore returned to New Kent without loss. The troops that crossed the Bapidan returned to their camps, having lost about 250 men in the movement. Feb.^^28. On Feb. 28, 1864, General Kilpatrick, with 5,000 rick's raid pickcd troopcrs, started from the camps of the Army of mond. the Potomac for the same purpose that had moved Wistar. He crossed the Rapidan at Ely's Ford, moving via Spottsylvania Court House toward Richmond, reach- ing Beaver Dam Station on the evening of the 29th. Here he was attacked by a small force of the enemy, which he quickly put to flight. After tearing up the railroad track at that place and Ashland, he pressed forward, reaching a point within about four miles of Richmond on March 1, and near the enemy's outer works. Driving the enemy from the first line of fortifi- cations, Kilpatrick was already hotly engaged at the second line, when he became satisfied that he could not accomplish the main object of the raid, and sounding the MEADE. in retreat, he withdrew about six miles in the direction of i864. Mechanics YJ lie, where he intended to give his soldiers a little needed rest. But they had scarcely prepared their camp when they were savagely attacked by the enemy. The charge was repulsed, but Kilpatrick, concluding that he was too near Richmond to admit of resting his troops, moved on across the Chickahominy, pursued by the enemy to the vicinity of White House, where he was reinforced by about 3,000 infimtry sent up from New Kent Court House. The enemy now withdrew, and Kilpatrick returned to the army. He had lost about 150 men, taken about 500 prisoners, and had destroyed a large amount of the enemy's stores. When Kilpatrick, on his way out, reached Spottsyl- vania Court House, he sent Colonel Ulric Dahlgren (son of the Admiral) with 500 men upon a different route? for the purpose of reaching Belle Isle, and if possible releasing the Federal prisoners there. Colonel Dahlgren proceeded to Frederick's Hall, destroying the railroad there, and thence moved southward. Being misled by a negro guide, he found himself a long distance out of his course on March 2. The enraged troopers hung the treacherous guide that evening. The movement against Belle Isle w^as abandoned for an attack upon Richmond. Dahlgren attacked the Richmonc fortifications on the northwest side during a heavy rain storm, and carried the first line, but at the second line the Federals were severely repulsed, when thej^ retreated in the direction of the Chickahominy, closely pursued. On the morning of March 3, just after crossing the Mattapony at Dob- ^^^^^ g ney's Ferry, Dahls^ren, with about 100 men, became coionei separated from the rest of his troops, when he was sud- gren kiiied. denly attacked. Dahlgren, with several of his men, was killed, and the remainder of the 100 were taken prison- ers. The balance of the force escaped to the Federal lines. 172 MEADE. is(i4. The Army of the Potomac has been ri'vided into two — sections in this volume ; the first opens the war, the second will close it so far as relates to the operations of the larger armies. We will now leave this army for a time, to follow the "tide of war" in the other depart- ments east of the Mississippi River, when we will return to find it under the masterly guidance of General Grant. We have seen that the small arni)^, which moved to Bull Run under McDowell, has grown to an immense organ- ization ; and that the President's call for 500,000 volun- teers immediately after that disaster was quickly an- swered by the loyal people of the North. After McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, the governors of the loyal States united in a letter to the President, dated June 28, 1862, recommending that more volunteers be called for, and offering their hearty co-operation. The 300,000 President issued a call on the 2d of July for 300,000 unteeis. additional volunteers, which was promptly responded to by the people, and, as in the case of the first call, more men were furnished than had been asked for. The raising of funds to carry on the war exhibits the patriotism of the North fully as much as the raising of men. The prompt assistance rendered by the loyal moneyed men, together with the wonderful financial ability of President Lincoln's Cabinet officers, brought us gloriously through that trial. In the volunteer service, it proved a difficult matter to fill up old regiments, new volunteers demanding the privilege of naming their own officers ; and for this rea- son many more regiments were formed than was act- ually necessary, a large number of the old regiments being unable to obtain a sufficient number of men to enable them to muster in the full complement of officers, where' vacancies had occurred. But to the credit of the new regiments be it said, they selected a large number MEADE. 173 of their officers from the lower ranks of the old regi- iso^. ments, thus promoting line officers, and enlisted men who had rendered valiant service on the battle-field. The following-named appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1863, and for deficiencies for the year 1862, made by an Act of Congress, approved July 5, 1862, is here inserted, that the reader may judge some- what of the enormous expense of our war, and to show what makes up war expenditures : — For recruiting, including quarters, fuel, straw, postage, Expenses bunks, doctors' services, and transportation, — sending recruits °* ^^^ ^'^'"'' to join regiments, — $180,000. For the purchase of books, tactics, and instructions for vol- unteers, $50,000. For pay of the army, $8,905,318. For commutation of officers' subsistence, $1,574,186.50. For commutation of forage for officers' horses, $283,414. For payment to discharged soldiers for clothing not drawn, $150,000. For payments in lieu of clothing for officers' servants, $71,630. For pay of volunteers, including not more than forty major-generals and two hundred brigadier-generals, $226,- 283,282. For subsistence in kind for regulars and volunteers, $78,- 386,640.80. For the regular supplies of the quartermaster's department, $36,912,000. For the incidental expenses of the quartermaster's depart- ment, $20,836,750. For the purchase of cavalry and artillery horses, $5,400,000. For mileage of officers on special duty, escorts or supplies, $1,291,600. For transportation of the army, clothing, subsistence, ord- nance stores, or other war material, repairs, etc., $40,000,000. For quarters of officers and men on certain duty, $4,234,000. For heating and cooking stoves, $90,000. For maintenance of gun boat fleet proper, $2,160,000. IH MEADE. 18 64. For maintenance of steam rams, $180,000. For contingencies of the army, $500,000. For clothing, camp, and garrison equipage, and expenses of offices and arsenals, $39,322,536.25. For military telegraph, $500,000. For medical and hospital department, $5,705,984. For contingent expenses of Adjutant-General's department, $2,000. For supplies, transportation, and care of prisoners of war, $3,373,728. For armament of fortifications, $1,062,500. For current expenses of ordnance service, $732,600. For ordnance, ordnance stores and supplies, including horse equipments, $7,380,000. For manufacture of arms at the national armory, $1,800,000. For repairs, etc., at national armories, $150,000. For powder and lead, $1;100,000. For additional expen.ses at arsenals, $500,000. For purchase and manufacture of arms and ordnance stores, $13,000,000. For surveys, instruments, charts, etc., $445,000. For secret service, $500,000. For payment of bounty to volunteers, $20,000,000. For the comfort of discharged volunteers who were unable to proceed to their homes, from disease or wounds, $2,000,000. CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS. CUMBERLAND, TENNESSEE, AND OHIO. CHAPTER VIII. BELMONT TO PITTSBURO LANDING. GRANT. THE Central Departments in this work will include isgi operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, the northern halt' of Mississippi and Alabama, and reach somewhat into the borders of Georgia and North Carolina. The extreme length of the State of Kentucky is 308 miles, and its greatest width is 172 miles. The Tug Fork River, the main affluent of the Big Sandy Hiver, forms the boundary between it and West Vir- ginia from the Cumberland mountains northward to Cat- lettsburg, where the Big Sandy joins the Ohio. The Ohio forms the northern boundary of Kentucky from this point to Cairo, where it enters the Mississippi. The Cumberland Mountains, a range of the Appalachian System, forming part of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia, extend in a southwest direction across Tennessee, dividing East from Middle Tennessee, and enter North-eastern Alabama and North-western Geor- gia. In Kentucky these mountains cover about 4,000 square miles. In Tennessee the top of the mountains forms a very broad table-land, in some places fifty miles wide. The most important rivers of Kentucky are the (175) 1T6 GRANT. 186 1. Green, Salt, Kentucky, Licking, Little Sandy, and the West Fork of Big Sandy. In Eastern-central Kentucky is the great Blue Grass Region. The greatest length of Tennessee from east to west is 432 miles ; its greatest width, 109 miles. East Tennessee is mountainous. The larger streams which are affluents of the Missis- sippi in Tennessee are the Big Hatchie, Obion, and Forked Deer. The principal rivers are the Tennessee and Cumberland. The main tributaries of the Tennessee from the north are the Clinch, Paint Rock, Elk, Flint, Sequatchie, and Duck; from the south, the Wautaga, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Hiawassee, and Big Sand}^ The principal tributaries of the Cumberland are the Llarpeth, Stone, and. Cany Fork rivers. The Tennessee River is formed by the Clinch and Llolston rivers, which rise in Virginia and unite at Kingston, Tenn. It flows southward to Chattanooga, where it turns to the right, soon striking a mountain ridge, and then turns southwest, running into Alabama ; then westward to the northeast part of Mississippi, after which it returns into Tennessee, and north into Kentucky, passing through the latter State to the Ohio River at Paducah. It is about 800 miles Ions;. The Cumberland River rises in Cumberland Moun- tains in Harlan County, Ky., runs nearlj'^ west to Nash- ville ; turning to the north-westAvard it finally returns into Kentucky. In Lyon County, Ky., it is only about three miles from the Tennessee. It joins its waters with the Ohio at Smithland. It is 650 miles long. The State of Tennessee is divided into three districts for civil purposes ; viz.. East Tennessee, extending from the eastern boundary to the middle of the Cumber- land Table-land ; Middle Tennessee, from the latter to GRANT. ] rr tlie Tennessee River; and West Tennessee, from that ism. river to the Mississippi. As will be seen by reference to the list of battles, the first clash of arms in this Department occurred in Kentucky in September and October, 1861 ; but the movement of troops on an important scale began with the occupation of Cairo, 111., by General Grant. Captain captain Grant, a graduate of West Point, who had served many ^'^'"'*" years in the regular army, and with distinction in the Mexican war, resigned his commission July 31, 1854. At the breaking out of the war he lived at Galena, 111. The Governor of that State, in common with all govern- ors in those days, knew nothing "about war," and his Adjutant-General was no better informed. In casting abont for efficient help, the Governor became acquainted with Grant, through his instrumentality in raising a company at Galena and bringing it to Springfield for muster, and requested him to help organize the Adju- tant-General's Office. Grant accepted, acting as head clerk for several days. On May 4, the Governor placed " the hero of our story " in command of Camp Yates. June 16, he was commissioned Colonel of the 21st June i6. Illinois inflintr}^ Grant appeared in the camp of this coioiui.'' regiment in citizen's clothes, carelessly dressed, and with dilapidated hat. The boys cried, '' Oh, what a colonel ! " but they soon learned his military qualities. The reg- iment was shortly after ordered to Mexico, Mo. On August 7, 1861, Grant was commissioned a A'lg- " Brigadier-General, the commission to date back from brigadier- May 17, of that year, and ^vas placed in command at"™''™'' Ironton, Mo. ; but he was relieved within a few days by General B. M. Prentiss, and ordered to take charge of alfairs at Jefferson City, Mo. Here he was soon relieved b}' Colonel Jeff. C. Davis, going thence with an expedi- tion to Cape Girardeau, and soon after was ordered by 12 lYS GBAA'T. Sept. 4. Cairo. Nov. 7. lielmont. General Fremont to proceed to Cairo, 111., where he assumed command Sept. 4, having a force of about 8,000 men. His first move was to capture Paducah, K}^, on Sept. 16, which he did without firing a shot. A strong force of the enemy was hastening forward to get possession of the town, but the Federals were three hours ahead of them. Leaving General C. F. Smith in command there. Grant returned to Cairo. November 1, Fremont directed Grant to make some demonstrations about Columbus, Ky., 20 miles below Cairo, that General Polk, an Episcopal Bishop from Louisiana, who had turned warrior and was in command at Columbus, might not send reinforcements to Sterling Price, then threatening Fremont in Missouri. No\^ 6, at night, Grant left Cairo with about 3,000 men on transports, under General McClernand and Colonels Dougherty, Logan, and Buford. Early the following morning the troops were debarked upon the Missouri shore at Hunter's Landing, four miles above Belmont. Moving forward, the enemy were met at about 9 a. m. W'ithin a mile of their works, in heavy skirmish line, and tlie battle at once began. The enemy were driven into tlieir works, when the conflict became severe, and lasted till noon. The impatient Federals then charged, and captured the works wdth about two hundred prisoners. The garrison, numbering over 2,000 men, fled down the river. The Federals burned the camp, and were about retiring wdien they were suddenly attacked by a strong body of troops sent over from Columbus by General Polk. The}^ came in two detachments, one upon Grant's right, and the other upon his left. The latter had cut the Federals oft' from their boats. This detachment was composed partly of the troops that had just been put to rout, who had hurriedly reformed behind the river bank while the Federals were at their captured camps. The GRANT. 179 Federals now made a gallant charge, and after a brief ism. encounter, drove the enemy off in great disorder, and reached their transports in safety. General Grant was the last to reach the boats, and came near being captured. General Polk, with the other force, now attacked the boats ; but the gun-bonts gave him so hot a reception that he soon retired to a respectful distance. The Federals re- turned to Cairo, taking with them the prisoners, and two pieces of captured artillery. The Federal loss was 485 in killed, wounded, and missing; that of the enemy, 642. Oct. 21, General Schoepf, with about 2,000 men, oct 21. ^ ' ' _ ' Wild Cat. defeated a superior force of the enemy under Zollicoffer at Wild Cat, Ky. Oct. 7, General Wm. T. Sherman relieved General oct. 7. Robert Anderson, who was in command of the " Depart- relieves ment of the Cumberland," with headquarters at Louis- ^"*'/'"*°" ' J- at Louis- ville, Ky. This was done at Anderson's request on vine, Ky. account of poor health, lie had been made a Brigadier- General, and placed in this command as a recognition of his faithful service at Sumter. Generals Anderson and Sherman were both graduates of West Point, and both had served in the Mexican war. General Sherman resigned his commission Sept. 6^ wm" t. 1853, to go into the banking business in San Francisco, shemum. At the commencement of the Acts of Secession, he was superintendent of a State military academy near Alexan- dria, La. ; but when he saw a separation of the States in- evitable, he prompt!}^ resigned (February, 1861), and re- turned north, offering his services to President Lincoln at the beginning of hostilities. He was appointed Colonel of the 13th United States infantry May 14, 1861, and Briga- dier-General of volunteers in August, 1861. He had served as a Lieutenant in Captain Anderson's company in the regular army, 1843-1846. Aug. 24, 1861, when General Anderson was appointed to the command of the 180 GEAA'T. 186 1. Department of the Cumberland, Generals Sherman and Thomas were directed to report to him for orders. At the time of Anderson's appointment to this (itnoraii Department, General Wm. Nelson was in command at Thomas iii -r-v • i t-, . /^ Kcniucky. camp DicK Robinson, near Nicholasville, Ky. General Thomas relieved Nelson, who was assigned to another command within the Department. Kentucky was in- vaded about this time by forces of the enemy, from the direction of Nashville, Tenn., under Generals A. S. John- son and Buckner, and from the direction of Cumberland Gap, under Generals Crittenden and Zollicoffer. Co- lumbus, Ky., was occupied early in September by a strong force under Generals Pillow and Polk. Johnson at once began fortifying at Bowling Green, and Buckner, with a division, was threatening Louisville. General Sherman was sent out to oppose Buckner with a small brigade under General L. JI. Rousseau (a veteran of the Mexican war), and some State militia. Sherman moved "out about twenty-five miles to Muldraugh's Hill, near Elizabethtown. Buckner was yet in the neighborhood of Green River. Sherman remained at Muldraugh's Hill, drilling his men and receiving new troops. By Oct. 1 he had two full brigades, and was preparing to move toward Green River when he was called to Louisville to relieve General Anderson. Sherman sent General A. JNIcD. McCook to take command of the force he had just left, which had been moved forward some twenty -live miles to Nolin Creek. General Sherman retained this command but a short time. Secretary of War Cameron had asked him, in a consultation at Louisville, on Oct. 16, how many men he would need, and Sherman replied, " 60,000 to drive the enemy out of Kentucky, and 200,000 to finish the war in this Department." General Sherman had about 18, 000 men at this time. GRANT. 181 Nov. 4, General McClellan ordered General Don ism. Carlos Buell to relieve Sherman, the latter to report to Nov^bcr Halleck at St. Louis, who had recently superseded Pre- ^^^^^ ■''- ' -^ ^ lievcs Sher- mont. Buell arrived and assumed command about the man. middle of November. Shernian had asked for too maii}^ men, but the country afterward learned that he was correct in his estimation. Buell was soon after furnished as many soldiers as Sherman asked for. His army was now designated the "Army of the Ohio." General Sherman was soon after placed in command of Benton Barracks at St. Louis, remaining there until Feb. 13, 1862, when he was sent to take command at Paducah, igcs. Ky. He joined Grant at Pittsburg Landing about the middle of March, with a division of infantry. Jan. 7, General J. A. Garfield (afterward President), with about 2,500 men, left his camp on George's Creek, Ky., moving against the enemy at Paintsville, who numbered 2,500 men under Colonel Humphrey Marshall, Tlie enemy retired before him to Middle Creek, near J""- 'o. Prestonburg, on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, crcck and Garfield pursued Marshall's troops, and found them burg"'' strongly posted. He attacked vigorously on the 10th, and after a severe engagement the enemy were driven from their position in great disorder, and hastily re- treated under cover of the darkness. The Federal suc- cess was complete. Garfield returned to Paintsville. In the beginning of January, Buell sent Thomas with one division to dislodge the enemy on Cumberland Biver. Thomas left his camp at Lebanon, and arrived at Logan's Cross Roads, or Mill Springs, Jan. 16. General Geo. B. Crittenden, formerly of the United ' -^ _ Jan. ] 9-2(1. States army, was in command of the enemy's forces, mhi numbering about 10,000 men, at Beach Grove. Learn-"'"'""' ing of Thomas's approach, Crittenden, with about 6,000 men, moved rapidly out to meet him. The Federal 182 Gh'A XT. ISO','. General became aware of tins in time to select a good position. His force also numbered about 6,000. Early on the 19th, Crittenden attacked. Only a part of Thomas's troops had yet arrived in position, but the enemy's determined assaults were repelled, the Federals, however, suifering severely. The remainder of Thomas's troops soon re-inforced him, when he in turn pressed forward, and after a fierce engagement the enemy were routed and retired on the run for their intrenchments at Beach Grove. Thomas pursued, but darkness found him just arrived before Crittenden's position, and the attack was delayed until morning. The enemy did not wait for daj'light, but retreated in great haste during the night across the Cumberland. This was a great success for Thomas. Crittenden's force was completely broken up ; his troops were scattered and dispersed in the mountains. The Federal loss was about 300; that of Death of i\^Q enemv, about 400. includino- General Zollicoffer, who Gen. Zolli- . " - D y coffer. was killed. On Feb. 2, General Grant left Cairo with about Feb. 2. 17,000 men in two divisions, under Generals McClernand Grant ^^^^ Q^ -p ginitjT accompauied by Commodore Foote moves upon ' i FortHeniT. with a uaval fleet of seven 2;ini-boats. four of which were &" iron-clads. for the purpose of reducing Fort Henry, a strong fortification of the enemy situated on the east bank of the Tennessee River, about sixty-five miles from its mouth. Foote began the bombardment of the fort on the afternoon of the 6th, Grant landing his troops for the purpose of investment and capture of the garri- son, which numbered 2,700 men; but General Tilghman had already sent the garrison to Fort Donelson, which was only twelve miles away, on the west bank of the Feb. 6. Cumberland. Tilghman himself remained with his ar- Fort Henry ^-jjg^^-g^ and defended the fort for about one hour, surreii- cwred. when, satisfied that his troops had escaped, he surren- a It A AT. 1S3 dered with 100 men and 20 pieces of artillery. Toward iso-4, the close of the action, a shot from the fort pierced the middle boiler of the Usse.r, scalding twcniy-eight of her crew, several of whom died. Nine soldicis, who were on board, were also badly scalded, from the effects of which four of them died. Besides this misfortune, the loss of the fleet was two killed and nine wounded. The enemy's loss was abou-t 25 in killed and wounded. Feb. 12, General Grant put his army, now called the F'^''- ^^■ ' . . Grant "Army of the Tennessee," in motion for Fort Donelson, moves upon which was garrisoned by about 21,000 men, commanded son. by an acquaintance of ours, named Floyd (John B.). The fort had been lately reinforced by the arrival of General Pillow with a division on the 9th, Buckner with a division from Bowling Green on the 11th, and Floyd with a brigade on the 12th. Grant at once invested the fort and surrounding works. The number of troops present with him at this time was considerably less than that of the enemy. On the loth a brigade of McCler- ^^^ ^^_^^ nand's division assaulted the enemy's works in its front, FortDonei- son. where a battery, situated on a hill, had become very an- noying. The charge was three times gallantly made, and each time the Federals were driven back with great loss. The following day the gun-boats bombarded the enemy's batteries, which, being located on high blutfs, were little injured. Grant meanwhile perfected his arrangements for an assault. He was reinforced on the forenoon of this day by a division under General Lew Wallace, which gave him about 22,000 men. This was increased to 27,000 by other reinforcements on the 15th. McClernand was •^ _ _ _ Feb. 15. placed on the right, Wallace in the center, and Smith on a scwre the left, except McArthur's brigade of Smith's division, which was posted on the extreme right. Floyd became satisfied that he could not " hold the fort," and on 184 GRANT. IS a -J. the morning of the 15th the enemy, with haversMcks well filled for a march, fiercely attacked the Federal right, endeavoring to cut their waj' out. McClernand and McArthur together had about 8,000 men. These were sorely pressed by more than 12,000 of the now desperate eneni}'. A terrible battle w^as fought. Mc- Clernand's men, though resisting noblv, were beins; pushed back, when Wallace came, to their aid, and the enemy was checked. At this moment Grant returned from a consultation with Foote on board the flng-ship. He immediately ordered a general assault, being satisfied that Floyd had weakened his right. At 4 p. m. he pushed Smith forward vigorously, whose troops moved in double-quick time, and fearlessly charging the enemy's works in their front, captured them after a severe strug- gle at the parapet. TliesG works in the possession of the Federals rendered the enemy's whole position untenable. Meantime McClernand and Wallace had been busy. Simultaneously with Smith's movement they had sharply engaged the enemy's left, assaulting so vigorously that Floyd dare not take a man away to strengthen his right. The battle lasted till night, ending in victory to the Federals. On the right the enemy was driven back into his works, and on the left his outer works were captured. It was now evident that Fort Donelson must fall. During the night the enemy's chiefs held a council of war under a mantle of gloom. Floyd did not really want to f^iU into the hands of the Federal government just at this time. Pillow, next in rank, did not care for the honor of command. Two small steamers and a scow Floyd and lay at the dock, and with these Floyd and Pillow es- capr^ *^'' caped with about 3,000 men, all that could in safety be crowded upon the boats then at hand. This left General GliAXT. 185 S. B. Buckuer in charge of the garrison, and on the is 62, morning of the IGlh he snrrenclered with about 14, GOO j,,^.,, ,,. men. lUickner was a graduate of AVest Point, and had ^''"'' """'' served in the Mexican war. The Federal kiss at deis. Fort Donelson was 425 killed and about 1,600 wounded. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded w^•ls about 2,000. Floyd was hoard of but little more during the war, holding no importnnt ectuimand afterward. He died at Abingdon, Va., Aug. 20, 18G3. ';7"' ,;"■ The capture of Donelson caused the fall of Nashville, '''".va. — a fearful blow to the pride of the South. The South- erners had boasted that Nashville should never ho taken. General A. S. Johnston, who had recently fallen b:ick from Uowling Green, Ky., to Nashville, evacuated, retiring to Murfreesboro, followed by the wealthier class of Nashville's citizens. General Buell took immediate possession. The fiill of Donelson also caused the loss to the enemy of Columbus, Ky., General Polk removing the garrison to Corinth, Miss. General Sherman, who had been unjustly relieved of command at Louisville, was now placed in charge of a division, and on March 4 took possession of Columbus. February 27, General Grant went to Nashville to confer with General Buell. His superior, General Ilalleck, took offense at his freedom, and placed Grant upon a shelf at Fort Henry. (For the outrageous treat- ment received by General Grant at the hands of jealous nie'nt re" officers, see his " Personal Memoirs," Vol. I, p. 326.) "f''^ ,"^' General Ilalleck then sent General C. F. Smith up the «'""'. Tennessee with Grant's troops. General Smith intended to move against Corinth, and debarked one half of his troops at Pittsburg Landing, which was a steamboat landing on the \v(\st bank of the river, about two hun- dred miles from its mouth, and about twenty miles north of Corinth. The other part of his army was })osted at 1S6 GRANT. IS <;:■!. Savannjih, a few miles away. General Sherman, coming from Paducah, K}"-., joined Smith here with his division, and was posted where we shall find him at the battle of Shiloh. Abont the middle of March, General Smith, who was over sixty years of age, was taken sick, and IT.'illeck, having somewhat recovered from his ill-feelinu- 7 O toward Grant, reinstated the nanghty boy, who was now a Major-General of volunteers, having been so commissioned soon after the fall of Donelson. Grant resumed command March 17. General Smith died at Death of Sfivannah, Tenn., April 25. He was a graduate of West Gen. 0. F. 771 o Smith. Point, and had served in the Mexican war. The Federals had not fortified, the plan being to move against the enemy at once, and Grant took the army and its plans as he found them. Beauregard was in command of the enemy's forces at Corinth. Grant asked Ilalleck for permission to move against him be- fore he became too strong, but the request was not granted. It was expected that Buell with his army would join Grant in time for the movement ; but Buell had been slow, bad weather and bad roads and building bridges over Duck River near Columbia detained him. These difficulties delayed his army so much that it was seventeen days making about ninety-five miles. The Con- fhc eucmy were fast collecting at Corinth. When f""^* "* Beauregard and Polk, with their troops, left Island Corinth. ~ " i " Number Ten in the middle of March, they proceeded to Corinth. Soon after this, Bragg arrived with a division. ■ General A. S. Johnston also came from Chattanooga with about 18,000 men, and Van Dorn had started with about 25,000 men after his battle with Curtis at Pea Ridge, Ark., and was fast approaching. But without Van Dorn, Johnston, who had assumed command, had nearly 45,000 men, including a cavalry force of some 4,000 under General Gardner, and being well posted an Ayr. 187 as to the strength of Grant's army, he decided to isr,:j. attack the Federals before Buell could arrive. Hardee and Breckenridge were both present, and had commands in Johnston's army. Grant had about 30,000 men in five divisions. The diAdsions of Sherman and Prenliss were posted at Shiloh Church, Sherman's right at Snake and Owl creeks, his left reaching to the left of the church, Prentiss at his left; and at Prentiss's left, on Lick Creek, a brigade of Sherman's division under Colonel D. Stuart. McCler- nand's division w^as at Sherman's left rear, and the divisions of W. H. L. Wallace (Smith's division) and Tlurlbut were about one nule to the rear of McClernand, Wallace on Ilurlbut's right. On April 3, Johnston put his army in motion for Shiloh. The distance from Corinth to Pittsburg Landing is alDout twenty-five miles by the road. He hoped to be able to attack on the 4th, but the bad weather that was delaying Buell made his march also slow, and he did not reach Grant's front till late on the evening of the 5th. At daylight on the 6th the Federal outposts ^^^.^^ g were driven in, heavy skirmishing and artillery firing ^^^^^'^^[j^J followed until about 7 : 30 a. m., when the advance corps Landing. of the enemy under Hardee fiercely attacked Prentiss^ i^^^t^ and Sherman. Bragg's corps closely followed, and was soon engaged. It is denied that Prentiss wvas taken by surprise. The enemy was expected, and an early breakfast had been ordered. There had been skirmishing for three days previous, and Grant had urged Buell to hasten his march. Although the greatly superior numbers of the enemy striking Prentiss so suddenly gave him a stunning blow, his troops fought with great determination, resist- ing stubbornly each foot of ground, and it was 9 o'clock before he was forced from his position and his camps 188 GliAiVr. 1 sea. Pitt^biivg Landing. Sherman I'orced back. Prentiss surrenders. General. AVallace falls. Death of General A. S. John- ston. A lull in the battle. captured, liis men still fighting with great heroism. Stuart's brigade was now compelled to fall back. Meau- timc Sherman's troops were holding their ground with great tenacity, their heroic leader inspiriting them by his presence at points of the greatest danger, giving directions as coolly as if at drill, notwithstanding he had been Avounded twice, once slightly in the shoulder by a spent ball. Ilis horse had been shot under him early in the battle. Hardee, reinforced by Polk about 10 a. m., compelled Sherman to fall back to save his left flank ; but he retired slowly, punishing the enemy dreadfully. At this time Prentiss should have fallen back, but he stubbornly held his ground until about 4 p. m., when being surrounded he was compelled to surrender with 2,200 men. General Grant was at Savannah when the battle be- gan, expecting to meet Buell there in person ; but at the first booming of cannon he started for the field, and with his staff had been in the thickest of the fight since 8 o'clock. The enemy's right reached Hurlbut's position by 10 A. M. Wallace came to his aid. The battle raged fierce and bloody from right to left until 3 p. M. General Wallace fell mortally wounded while gallantly cheering his men. The enemy now^ hoped to capture the landing. They had already taken all the Federal camps. About 3 p. m. Johnston received a mortal wound wdiile urging his troops forward. He reeled in his saddle, and was carried to the rear, where he soon bled to death. The wound was in the thigh, a large artery having been severed. At this moment the enemy's advance was checked. He had expended his fury, and soon after there came a lull in the battle. The carnage had been frightful. Grant, taking advantage of the temporary calm, placed his troops in a better position, shielded somewhat by a GRANT. 189 ravine, his left at the landing, his right under Sherman is on. on Snake Creek. The gun-boats T^/ler and Lexington pi,f,^.,, were moved up so as to cover the ravine with their guns, landing. Beauregard took comniniid of the enemy's forces after the death of Johnston. It was 5 p. m. before the enemv r ^ „ %/ i) P. M. were ready to renew the assault, then on they came, '^''^^''' '•'" charging desperately ; but they were repulsed with fearful slaughter, and night ended this day's terrible battle. ^"3 '"" Each side had engaged all its men, Baell's troops have not yet arrived. Grant still has a fresh division under Lew Wallace just arriving from Crump's Landing, -and in truth his army is not beaten. Giant s.nv He has a strong position ; and thus reinforced, how can ^l'^^'^''^ Beauregard succeed in the morning in what he has failed to accomplish ivhen ihe Federals are all in confusion? Biiell's advance division, under Nelson, arrived about 9 p. M. Nelson's advance brigade had crossed the river at about : 30 p. m., but the fighting was then over. Buell's army had all arrived by the following morning. Lew •Wallace should have reached the field by noon of the 6th, but taking the wrong road caused his men a, long march. On the morning of the 7th the Federals April r. moved forward to the attack. Wallace was on Sher- ^^"'°''" man's right, McClernand on his left, and Buell's three divisions under Nelson. Thomas L. Crittenden and A. ]\IcD. JNFcCook were on Grant's left. The battle o[iens all along tlie lin(^ at daylight. Tlie disappointed enemy resist in desperation, but ar(! con- tinually driven hack. They dispute the Federal advance stubbornly, Beauregard frantically urging on his men. Again the battle has become furious, the slaughter dreadful, raging with great violence until 2 p. ]\r-., when the Federals have recaptured their camps. The baffled enemy sullenly retire. Firing is kept up until about 4 p. M., when the battle of Shiloh comes to an end. 190 GRANT. 18 0'^. Beauregard returns to Corinth; but the Federals do not at once pursue, as the tired soldiers need rest. In this two days' battle the Federal loss was 10,944 men in Grant's army and 2,103 in Buell's. In both armies, the killed numbered 1,754, the wounded, 8,408, and missing, 2,885. The loss of the enemy, as reported by BeMuregard, was 1,728 lulled, 8,012 wounded. Death of j^,^,-[ 955 niissing. General W. H. L. Wallace died Generals ^ Wallace April 10, at Savannah, Tenn. General Albert Sidney den. Johnston, who died on the 6th, was a graduate of West Point, but had left the United States army to join the enemy. General Gladden, a Confederate, was also killed on the 6th. These three generals had served in the Mexican war, and General Johnston had also been in the Black Hawk war.. General Sherman was accorded great credit for hold- ing the enemy in check in their first assaults, thus allow- ing the rest of the army needed time ; and also for hold- ing fast to his position on the right. He was soon after commissioned a Major-General. After the battle of Shiloh, Halleck decided to take April 9. command in person, and arrived on the 9th of April. Ilalleek as- i t-> • • t i • • i i r> n i • General Fope joined this army with the forces under his command April 21, coming from Island Number Ten, Mississippi Biver, w^hich he had captured on the 8th. Halleck's army now numbered about 90,000 effective men, in three grand divisions. Grant's old army (the Army of the Tennessee), composed of the divisions of Sherman, Hurlbut, Smith (deceased), and Davis, was placed under command of General Thomas. The Army of the Ohio, under Buell, was composed of the divisions of Mc§ook, Wood, Nelson, and Crittenden. The Army of the Mississippi, under Pope, was composed of the divisions or Stanley, Hamilton, Palmer, Paine, and Plummer. The divisions of JMcClernand and Lew Wal- snmes com- mand in the fleld. HALLECK. 191 lace formed the reserve. Halleck placed Grant next to isr,-i. himself, as second in command. May 1. On May 1, Halleck started his army toward Corinth. Haiieck Beauregard had strongly intrenched himself there, ' 7 7 starts for the intention of invading Kentucky. To deceive the Kentucky. Federal general, Bragg sent Forrest's cavalry, about 1,500 strong, to make a demonstration against his lines. A part of this force attacked a Federal stockade between McMinnville and Manchester August 29 ; but Federal reinforcements being near, Forrest withdrew after a McMinn' brief engagement, going northward. He had not gone ''"'^ "'"^ far when a Federal brigade under Colonel Fyfe overtook ter, Tenn. him (August 30). A fight ensued, the enemy receiving 196 BUELL. 18G2 , Morgan's raiders. Aug. 6. Tazewell, Tenn. Aug. 12. Gallatin, Tenn. Sept. 5. Bragg enters Ken- tucky. Aug. 30. Btiell fol- lows Bragg. a severe piinisliment, being utterly routed and scattered in every direction. This paralyzed Forrest for some time. The enemy's cavalry under Morgan started early in August on a raid in the neighborhood of Buell's army. He had a skirmish with the Federals on August 6, at Tazewell, and then moved on to Knoxville, where he rested a few days, when he passed Buell's left, and crossed the Cumberland near Hartsville, the Federals pursuing. General Johnson, with about 600 cavalry, overtook him on the 12th near Gallatin ; but Morgan was too strong for this small force, and Johnson was re- pulsed, and retreated in disorder, except General John- son himself and a small body of gallant soldiers, who bravely stood their ground for some time, when they were made prisoners. Morgan then entered Kentucky, and soon afterward joined Kirby Smith. Bragg passed through Dunlap, reaching Pikeville August 30, and was at Crossville the next day, where Forrest joined him, moving thence through Sparta to Carthage on the Cumberland, threatening Nashville. He soon turned northward, however, and crossed the borders of Kentucky Sept. 5, arriving at Glasgow on the 12th. On August 30, Buell became satisfied that the enemy was making an offensive move, and at once started his army to cover Nashville, moving to Murfreesboro, then to Lebanon, leaving Thomas in command at Nashville. On the 12th of September, Buell reached the vicinity of Mitchellville, having moved slowly until he could learn Bragg's intentions. The following day a captured dis- patch gave him the desired information — Bragg was moving on Louisville. Thomas was called in haste, with part of the force from Nashville, and Buell pushed forward in pursuit, arriving at Bowling Green, Ky., on the 18th, Well Wi On moving from Glasgow, Bragg left Breckenridge on is a '4. the Tennessee frontier to watch Nashville. Pressing for- ward with Hardee's corps through Cave City against Munfordsville, he sent Polk's corps around by the right, to invest the Federal works there from the other side. This town lies on Green River. The Federals, who were posted on the left bank, about 2,000 strong, under Colonel Wilders, occupied a block -house located on the west side of the railroad track, and a small fort, called Fort Craig, on the other side, with a breastwork between. Hardee's advance, composed of two brigades under General Chalmers, arrived in front of the Federal intrenchments on the evening of the 13th, and early the following morning began the attack 5 but after a severe gcpt. 14-ic. fight it was repulsed with considerable loss. On the ^!;"''^°'''^'^" <-' ■•- ville. 15th and 16th, Wilders was reinforced from Louisville, increasing his force to about 4,000 men. Bragg was waiting for Polk, who arrived on the right bank on the 16th. The Federals were now surrounded. Hardee again attacked on the 16th, and desperate fighting contin- ued throughout the day, the enemy being repelled at all points. The Federal commander now became satisfied that further resistance was useless. He saw himself encompassed by 25,000 men, his retreat cut off; and on the morning of the 17th he surrendered. Bragg at once moved on in the direction of Louisville, filling his wagons with provisions, and collecting droves of cattle and horses as he went. When he reached Salt River, he changed his mind, and fell back on Bardstown, where he had left Polk with his corps, and on Oct. 1 he entered ^^^ ^ Lexington with Hardee's corps. Lexington is 30 miles ^"gg f. ^ . ... . enters Lex- from Frankfort, 77 miles from Cincinnati, and 94 miles ington. from Louisville. Here Bragg issued a proclamation to the dear Kentucjcians, while his army was gathering everything ivithin reach. Buell ar rives at Louisville. 198 BUELL. 186 a. Buell had followed Bragg as rapidly as possible, but started too late. His advance reached Louisville on the Sept. 25. 25th, and his whole army had arrived by the 29th, where he was largely reinforced by new recruits, also by a strong detachment from Grant's army at Corinth, giving him an active force of about 70,000 men. While the troops were at Louisville, General William Death of jv^eison met his death at the hands of a brother officer. General ' Nelson, in a moment of resentment for harsh and unjust treat- ment. The deed was considered justifiable. General Nelson entered the naval service at the age of fifteen, and served in the United States Navy until the breaking out of the war, when he was made Brigadier-General of land forces. He was killed Sept. 29, 1862. On the 30th Buell reorganized his army in three corps, under A. McD. McCook, Crittenden, and Gilbert. Division commanders under McCook were Sill, Rousseau, and Jackson ; under Crittenden, Wood, W. S. Smith, and ; under Gilbert, Mitchell, Schofpf, and Sheridan. On this day the President relieved Buell of his command, and named Thomas as his successor ; but Thomas declined, and plead for the retention of Buell, who was reinstated, with Thomas second in command. This all occurred in one day. Oct. 1, Buell left Louis- ville, marching on Bardstown. A terrible drought pre- vailed at this time, and consequently water was scarce. This caused the troops to move slowly, and they did not reach Bardstown until October 4. Polk had gone toward Bryantsville, arriving at Har- rodsburg on the 6th. At this time there was trouble in the enemy's camp. A new secession governor was being installed at Frankfort on the 4th. A division under General Sill, forming the Federal left, moving in the direction of Lexington, caused the disturbance. Kirby Smith was at Frankfort with his corps, and Bragg has BUELL. 199 come to witness the ceremony. In the midst of the isg'^. preparations, scouts came in haste with the news that the Federal army was approaching, and all was instantly in confusion. " Every man to his post," was the order. The would-be governor hastened away to Lexington. Hardee's corps was on the road to Perryville, which lies 40 miles southwest of Lexington. On the 6th the Federal left — McCook's corps — ^^^ g reached a point half way between Bardstown and Mack- The pppos- . ing forces ville. Gilberts corps had reached Springfield, and drawing Crittenden's corps lay between Springfield and Lebanon. ^|iig ''"^^' On the 7th the Federals drew closer to Perryville. Sheridan's division took an advanced position on Doc- tor's Creek, where, on the morning of the 8th, Hardee oct. s. attacked him, but was repulsed. Hardee was across doctors ^ Creek, or Chaplin's Creek with about 15,000 men. Polk had ciiapiiu arrived with one division, the other having been sent to reinforce Kirby Smith at Frankfort, in consequence of the scare created by Sill. Bragg now had about 25,- 000 men at Perryville. Buell had given orders to perryviiie. attack on the morning of the 9th ; but Bragg, thinking that only a small part of the Federal army, was before him, began the attack upon McCook's corps at 2 p. m. of the 8th. McCook had taken position on Gilbert's left, having crossed Doctor's Creek about 10 a. m. Hardee attacked the Federal left with great vigor, Anderson's division coming upon Rousseau, and Buckner on his right against Jackson. Rousseau held his ground at first, but Jackson's troops were new recruits, and although they bravely withstood a terrible fire for a time, they were at last compelled to give way, when the whole Federal left was driven back some distance with severe loss. General Jackson was killed at the beginning of the gpnerai battle. He had served at the head of a regiment of ^-'^'^'^'^ s- Jackson Kentucky volunteers in the Mexican war. General Kiiied. 200 BUELL. 1^62. Wm. R,, Terrill, a graduate of West Point, was soon Pensile, aftei'ward killed while endeavoring to rally his brigade ; but the enemy had also suffered severe loss, both of An- derson's brigade commanders being wounded. Colonel Geo. Webster, of the 98th Ohio, whose brigade, with Ter- rill's, formed Jackson's division, now came to aid what Death of ^vas left of Terrill's brigade. The battle was terrific, but Terrill and the cuemy was checked. Webster was wounded, and Webster, clicd Oct. 9. He had served in the Mexican war. During this battle between two divisions of the enemy's right and the Federal left, Sheridan, who was at Rousseau's right, had kept up a harassing artillery fire upon Anderson's left, and about 4 p. m., just as McCook's corps (Sill's division was not in the battle) was falling back,' the enemy found that Phil must be looked after a little. Anderson now turned savagely upon him, and again the battle raged. Polk sent An- derson reinforcements, and at the same time Gilbert sent Mitchell with two brigades of his division to reinforce Sheridan's right. The enemy charged and charged again, directing all their efforts against Sheridan, but could not move him. Mitchell's third brigade was sent to aid McCook, Its commander, Colonel Gooding, was wounded while bravely fighting with McCook's troops. Schoepf's division was not engnged, being held in re- serve. Toward night, Sheridan and Mitchell assumed the offensive, and drove the baffled enemy back beyond Bragg dc- Chaplin's Creek, and through Perryville, capturing sev- eral hundred prisoners. It was now dark, and the bat- tle of Perryville ended. Crittenden's corps had taken position farther to the right than was intended by Buell, on account of scarcity of water, calculating to be back in time for the proposed attack on the 9th. He did not hear the musketry firing at all, and paid no attention to the artillery feated. hUELL. 201 firing; thus this corps took no part in the battle. Al- isea. though sent for in great haste at 4 p. m., Crittenden did perryvnie. not arrive on the field till night, so that the battle was fought by about 25,000 men on each side. The Federal loss in killed was 845, in wounded, 2,851, and 515 miss- ing. The enemy's loss was fully equal. Buell made preparations to attack in the morning, but Bragg had departed during the night, retiring toward Harrodsburg, which he reached on the evening of the 9th. On the 11th, Bragg's army had concentrated around oct. ii. Bryantsville, Kirby Smith and Polk's other division emng out having been called in haste. On the 13th, Bragg moved tucky!° rapidly to get out of Kentucky, passing through Lan- caster, Mt. Vernon, and Barboursyille. By the 26th his whole army had passed Cumberland Gap. Buell at once sent his columns in pursuit ; but he soon saw that Bragg had too much the start, and gave up the chase. Bragg returned to the vicinity of Knoxville, and Buell through ^™°^ "^^^^^ •^ ^ o at Knoxville Bowling Green to Lebanon, Tenn. Bragg's invasion of and Bueii Kentucky was a failure, except in capturing from his " dear friends " all the cattle, swine, horses, mules, and provisions he could carry aw^ay. It is said that his booty made a wagon train fifty miles long. Oct. 30, General Buell was relieved of command, ^^^^"gj^'^Jg. and General Rosecrans took his place. He at once '^'■^°®- began concentrating the army around Nashville, Mc- Cook's corps reaching that place Nov. 6. CHAPTER X CORINTH TO ARKANSAS POST. GRANT. ISO a. up of Halleck's ariuy * at Corinth. WHEN Halleck's army broke up at Corinth, in June, Sherman proceeded to Memphis, still under Grant, who now commanded the Army of the The break- Tennessec, and the Army of the Mississippi. Hal- leck had gone to Washington, superseding McClellan as General-in-Chief, and P,ope had gone to command the "Army of Virginia." The divisions of Hurlbut and Ord were stationed at Bolivar, the army under Rose- crans, formerly Pope's command, was at Corinth, the re- mainder of Grant's forces at Jackson, Tenn. Grant had about 40,000 men in his department. The division commanders of the Army of the Tennessee were Gener- als Sherman, McPherson, Ord, and Hurlbut; of Rose- crans' army. Generals Hamilton, Stanley, Davis, and McKean. On Aug. 30, General Price sent a cavalry brigade un- der General Armstrong to feel of the Federals at Bolivar. A brigade of Federal cava^y came out to meet them, and a sharp engagement followed, lasting several hours. They were at one time at close quarters with the sabre, but the enemy was finally defeated. The Federals returned at night, rejoining the main body on the north bank of the Hatchie. Armstrono- movins: to the west- ward, attacked a small body of Federals at Medon Sta- tion on the 31st. Here he was again repulsed, when he returned toward the Hatchie (203) Ang. 30. Bolivar, Tenn. Aug. 31 Medon Station. A brigade under Colonel GRANT. 203 Dennis was then sent after him, and overtook him Sept. 1862. 1 at Britton's Lane. Although much inferior in strength g^pt 1. to the Confederates, who turned and attacked him sav- ^''"o""* ' Lane. agely, Dennis repulsed them in repeated charges, when they retired, having suffered severely. This ended Armstrong's campaign. g^^^ ,3 On Sept. 13, Price advanced toward luka, with The enemy 1 /• under Ster- about 14,000 men. Colonel Murphy, in command of a img Price Federal brigade there, withdrew on the appoach of Price, " who took possession, and called upon Van Dorn to join him in an attack on Corinth. It was to prevent this junction that Grant proceeded at once to attack Price with the divisions of Stanley and Hamilton, under Rose- crans, numbering about 9,000 men, and 6,000 under Ord, brought from Bolivar and Jackson, Rosecrans was sent to attack from the south while Ord should assail Price from the north. On the 18th Grant was at Burnsville waiting to hear from Ilosecrans. Ord had reached the point assigned him, and was to lead the attack on the morning of the 19th ; but unfortunately Rosecrans found ^^^^^_ muddy roads, and sending Grant word that he would be greatly delayed thereby, he struggled on, but did not reach the vicinity of luka until the middle of the after- noon of the 19th. Grant had sent word to Ord to wait the booming of Rosecrans' guns. Price was too sharp to let the chance slip, and at once attacked Rosecrans before he was hardly in position; but although largely outnumbering the Federals, he could not drive them. Hamilton's di- vision in the advance sustained the shock, and repulsed the attack of Price's whole force, Sullivan's brigade of this division performing wonders. The battle was des- perate, and raged till dark ; but Price w^as repulsed, and Pr'^^e de- . . ' fcuted. during the night he evacuated luka. Ord had not heard Rosecrans' guns, a strong north '204: GitANT. ISO 'J. wind prevailing, and he did not know of the battle until niiduiizht. Kosecrans' loss in killed and wounded was about 750 ; that of the enemy, about 1,40D, including Doaih of 350 prisoners. General Ilenrv L. Little, commanding a Liitk'.' division of the enemy, was among the killed. He had formerly been a captain in the United States army, and had served in the Mexican war. Both Rosecrans and Ord entered luka the following morning. Being unable to pursue. Grant at once ordered Rosecrans back to Corinth and Ord to Bolivar, removing his own headquar- ters to Jackson. Price now proceeded to form junction with Yan Dorn. They met at Ripley on the 2Sth of September, and at once began a movement upon Corinth with the latter in command. They reached Pocahontas October 1, crossing the Hatchie river, where Van Dorn left a small force of cavalry to guard the bridge, and pushed Corinth. ' forward, encamping Oct. 2 at Chewalla, while his pickets reached well toward Corinth, coming in contact with the Federal outposts, which fact was quickly made known to the Federal commander. Rosecrans had about 18,000 men. The extensive works built by Beauregard and im- proved by Halleck to accommodate his 100,000 men, had been modified so that they could the better be de- fended by the small army under Rosecrans. The works consisted of redoubts and fortb, connected by breast- works and abatis. The force under Yan Dorn numbered about 25,000 men in three strong divisions. Price's two divisions were under Maury and Herbert ; the other di- vision was commanded by Lovell. The first-named formed the enemy's center, the second his left, the last his right. Rosecrans moved outside of his works when informed of the enemy's approach, posting McKean's division GRANT. 206 across the Memphis Railroad west of the town, DaAas's isgs. division on McKcan's right, and Hamilton still farther ooiiMh. to the right, with Stanley's division in reserve. On the morning of the 3d, Van Dorn began the attack with Lov- ell's division, upon McKean. Oliver's brigade of Davis's division had been brought to strengthen the Federal left. Soon afterward Maury opened upon Davis, Herbert upon Hamilton, and the battle became general all along the line. Oliver's brigade occupied an advanced redoubt, the fire from which was proving disastrous to Lovell, who now heavily attacked it. McArthur's brigade of Mc- Kean's division reinforced Oliver. Davis at the same time was furiously assailed by a largely superior force ; and with Oliver absent, it was with great difficulty that his men withstood the onset. The combatants were within short musket range. Both sides were stubborn, and fought with great determination, but McKean was at last compelled to yield the redoubt and retire. This exposed Davis's left flank, of which Maury at once took advantage, when Davis also was compelled to fall back to conform to McKean's movement. The fury of the enemy was soon spent, and there came a lull, which en- abled both sides to restore their lines, the Federals forming now lines some distance in the rear of the first. At about 2 p. M. Van Dorn renewed the attack. Lov- ell assailed McKean as savagely as before, and this time Van Dorn made strenuous efforts to break the Federal center, Herbert's division joining INIaury against Davis. Hamilton endeavored to flank the enemy's left, but ac- complished little on account of the dense woods and underbrush. Meantime Davis's troops were experienc- ing a terrible conflict with largely superior numbers, and would have been driven but for the timely arrival of Stanley. Even with this reinforcement, Davis was still outnumbered, and it was with great difficulty that he 206 GRANT. isofi. maintained his ground until dark, when the combatants cori^ rested. Two of Davis's brigade commanders had fallen, General General Hackelman being killed, and General Oglesby Hackelman o 7 n j killed. badly wounded. During the night, Rosecrans rearranged and con- tracted his lines. The colored fugitives worked all night for dear life, throwing up new breastworks and strength- ening old ones, and building a new redoubt on the Boli- var road, afterward named Fort Richardson. Hamilton still held the right, but had been brought to the rear, and was facing north. He was joined as before by Davis on his left. Stanley's troops were placed in line on Davis's left, with McKean, whose line reached over Col- lege Hill to the southwest of Corinth, on the extreme left. At dajdight on the 4th, Price opened a heavy artil- lery fire upon the Federal center ; but by some misman- agement. Van Dorn did not at once attack with infantry. The Federal artillery, being excellently served, soon silenced the enemies batteries ; the fire of the sharp- shooters, however, gradually increased to a battle. At about 9:30 A. M. Herbert's division advanced, his left against Fort Powell, which was defended by a portion of Hamilton's men, his right against Fort Richardson. The assault was most determined, the Federal fire incessant and terribly destructive, the Southern soldiers being lit- erally mowed down. Rapidly reinforced by Maury, those that have not fallen bravely press forward, and reach the parapet in the face of a death-dealing fire. Here a fearful struggle takes place Many artillerists fell while yet by their guns. At last overpowered, the Federals give way, and the fort is taken. Fort Powell is also taken. Rosecrans, in the midst of his retreating soldiers, strives to rally them. A small force of the enemy not GRANT. 207 yet exhausted reaches the streets of Corinth, but in isgs. great confusion. Rosecrans has succeeded in rallying the scattered troops, and leading a charge the enemy is quickly driven back. Hamilton now takes the enemy in flank, and recaptures Fort Powell. Davis, reinforcing his center, gallantly charges, recapturing Fort Richard- son. In vain does the disappointed and maddened foe charge, and reinforced, charge again to retake it; but he is finally repulsed, and with dreadful loss. The fighting has also become desperate between Maury's men and Stanley's division. The enemy suc- ceed in taking some outer breastworks at this point, but are stopped by two strong redoubts, and finally forced to retire. At 11 a. m. Van Dorn ordered a re- treat. This had been a fierce battle, the slaughter great. Van Dorn was utterly defeated, and his army fearfully punished. McPherson arrived with a brigade from retreats,"™ Jackson just as the battle ended. f^^'^l '^''' The loss of the enemy in killed was about 1,400, and it was estimated that 5,000 were wounded. 2,200 prisoners were captured by the Federals. Rosecrans' loss was 340 killed, 1,809 wounded, and 230 missing. The enemy reached Chewalla in great disorder on the morning of the 4th, but the Federals were unable to pursue till the next day, all being exhausted by the aw- ful struggle. On the morning of the 5th, Van Dorn pushed on for ^^^ ^ the Bio; Hatchie River, hopinGr to cross at Davies Bridge Big Hat- in advance of the Federals; but the lederal general, or Mata- Hurlbut, had left Bolivar, by order of General Grant, ^^^^l"^' that morning, to take possession of the bridge. Van Dorn's advance reached the bridge first, but Hurlbut was at Matamoras, a height that commanded the passage of the river. A brigade of the enemy crossed the bridge, and attempted to drive Hurlbut from his position, but was driven back in disorder. 208 GRANT. 1802. General Ord, who was in command at Bolivar, was on the way with more troops to assist Hurlbut, and reached Matamoras in advance of his troops just as the enemy had been repulsed. He at once placed himself at the head of the Federals, and charging, drove the enemy still farther back across the river, capturing the bridge. General Ord was wounded in the charge, and Hurlbut resumed command. The Federals held the bridge against every attempt of the Confederates to dis- lodge them, and Van Dorn was finally compelled to seek another crossing. Precious time was lost by Rosecrans, who was fol- lowing. He took' the wrong road at first, and did not get up in time to attack while Hurlbut held Van Dorn in check. The latter, Ijeing unable to force a passage at Davies Bridge, and knowing that Rosecrans would be upon him soon, turned toward Crum's Mill Bridge, and succeeded in crossing at that point and reaching Bipley Price es- On the moming of the 6th. Hosecrans arrived there on capes. ^j^g g|.j^^ l^^|. ||. ^^^^ ^^^ l^|.g . ^Y^^ enemy was fiir awa}^. Notwithstanding his inability to overtake Van Dorn, he had won a glorious victory. Hosecrans returned to Corinth, and soon after succeeded Buell in command of Bupersedcd tho Army of the Cumberland. Van Dorn did not please ton^™ '^'^'^ his government, and Pemberton w^as placed over him. On Nov. 2, Grant began his movement against the Grant's ouomy uuder General J. C. Pemberton, who had formerly towlrT^^ been an officer in the United States army, and had vicksburg. gervcd in the Mexican war, where Grant had known him. Three divisions were brought from Corinth, under General C. S. Hamilton, and two divisions from Bolivar, under General J. B. McPherson, both forces proceeding to Grand Junction. General Sherman also joined Grant soon after, coming from Memphis with about 15,000 men. Grant's army was thus increased to about 40,000. GRANT. 209 On the 13th of November, his advance reached Holly isgh. Springs. Pemberton was on the Tallahatchie at Abbe- ville and Wyatt. Grant reached the vicinity of the enemy's position Nov. 29, and on Dec. 1 Pemberton withdrew to Grenada, the Federals following as far as Oxford. Grant's cavalry, going still fartlier, had a sharp fisrht with the enemy near CofFeeville on the 5th. ^^'^^ ^■ , CoUeeville. Grant now desired to place a force between Pemberton and Vicksburg, and after correspondence with Halleck, Sherman proceeded to Memphis for the purpose of organizing a strong force, with which he was to move by boats down the Mississippi and up the Yazoo, in order to cut Pemberton off from Vicksburg. Sherman, taking with him the division of General M. L. Smith, arrived at Memphis Dec. 12, and at once began prepara- Dec. is. Sherman at tions tor the proposed expedition. Memphis. On Dec. 19, Grant learned that Van Dorn, with about 5,000 cavalry, was raiding in his rear. He at once telegraphed, or dispatched couriers, to all the sup- ply depots and outposts to be on guard. Colonel Mur- phy, in command at Holly Springs, Miss., received Grant's dispatch on the evening of the 19th ; but taking no heed he went to sleep. Van Dorn charged suddenly into the town on the morning of the 20th, capturing ^^^ ^^ many of the officers in bed, and made nearly the whole ^^""^ ^ _ ^ _ "^ _ Springs dis- garrison prisoners. The garrison numbered about 1,500, aster. and all were paroled. He then proceeded to destroy the supply depot containing a large quantity of provisions, burned the arsenal, railroad station, and several trains of cars, and altogether did immense damage. Grant had started 4,000 troops to reinforce Murphy ; but in conse- quence of an accident to the railroad train, they did not reach the ground until Van Dorn had departed, he hav- ing hastily withdrawn the same evening. But that did not excuse Murphy, who had sufficient force to easily 14 210 GRANT. 186 a. defend his post until reinforcements could arrive. On DecTli. the 21st Van Dorn attacked the post at Davis's Mill, Davis's which was defended by only 250 Federal soldiers, and was repulsed. Several other small garrisons were also attacked, but he was everywhere driven off. The cap- ture of Holly Springs was his only success. Forrest, with about 3,500 men, was at the same time raiding upon Grant's communications in Western Forrest in Tcnnessce. About the middle of December he crossed ' the Tennessee River at Clifton, and proceeded to destroy an important branch of railroad running from Humboldt to Columbus, Ky. General Sullivan started from Jackson in pursuit. One brigade under Colonel Dunham overtook parker^s' Forrest on the 30th at Parker's Cross Roads. Forrest Cross turned upon him savaarely, and a fierce engagement fol- Roads. ^ O ^' O O ^ lowed. Forrest s numbers were greatly superior, and Dunham began to feel that he must be utterly defeated, when just in time to prevent disaster. General Sullivan routed. cauic to his aid. In an instant the scene changes. The exultant foe is checked, then he is driven, and finally routed. The Federal loss was 200 in killed and wounded; the loss of the enemy, including prisoners, was about 500. The destruction of his depots at Holly Springs, together with the near approach of winter, determined Grant Grant to move backward. His army returned to Grand ' Junction and La Grange in the latter part of December. For more than a week his communication and his source of supplies had been cut off from the North, obliging his army to subsist on the products of the country where they were. Pemberton now retired to Vicksburg, hav- ing learned of Sherman's plans. Dec. 30. General Sherman left Memphis Dec. 20 with about Sherman's ^ ^ expedition 30,000 mou iu three divisions under A. J. Smith, M. L. Vicksburg. Smith, and Geo. W. Morgan, and proceeded down the GRANT. . 211 river ill transports. The troops under General Curtis, isna. which had been operating in Missouri, and were now at Helena, had been transferred to Grant's command. This force was taken on board by Sherman, and phiced under command of General Frederick Steele. This addition increased Sherman's army to about 42,000 men. The expedition reached Milliken's Bend on the evening of the 24th, and was joined here by Commodore Porter's fleet. Proceeding up the Yazoo — which empties into the Mis- sissippi nine miles above Vicksburg — on the 26th, the army was landed by the morning of the 27th upon the y^^^^^fg^J^' only ground available, — a piece of land lying between Bayou, the Yazoo and Chickasaw Bayou, — when skirmishing with the enemy immediately began. Sherman could not use one half his troops, in consequence of swamps and overflowed land. On the 28th, General M. L. Smith fell, dangerously wounded by one of the enemy's skirmishers. On the 29th, Blair's brigade of Steele's division was ordered to attack the enemy's works on Chickasaw Bayou. He began the assault about noon, charging in the face of a terrible fire. His soldiers press forward without faltering and capture the first and second lines of rifle-pits ; but here they are checked. The enemy's position back of this is almost impregnable. De Cour- cey's brigade was sent to his relief, but it needed a dozen brigades to accomplish the desired object. De Courcey was forced back, and Blair was soon after com- pelled to retire, his brigade having suffered fearfully. Their loss had been about 1,500 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The whole Federal loss was about 2,000. General Sherman now became satisfied that this was not the point at which Vicksburg could be successfully attacked, although on the 31st he contemplated making another trial at Haynes Bluff, by a night attack, but dark nights and dense fogs prevented j and learning of 212 GRANT. IS a 3. Grant's retreat, he again embarked his troops, Jan. 2, jan.^ 1863, and set sail for Milliken's Bend. At the mouth Sherman ^f ^|^g Yazoo he met a steamer with General McCler- retires. nand on board, who had an order from the President to take command of the expedition. On Jan. 4, without debarking, with the exception of a small portion of the troops, McClernand, at Sherman's suggestion, proceeded up Arkansas River for the pur- pose of capturing Fort Hindman, formerly known as Arkansas Post, which was garrisoned by about 5,000 men under General Churchill. The Federals landed a little below the fort on the 9th, but in consequence of the difficult approaches, the investment was not com- jan. n. pleted until the 11th, when, at 1 p. im., the attack began. Post." "^ The enemy's troops were mostly Texans, and good fighters. They bravely disputed the Federal advance, but could not resist an avalanche. After a hard fight they were driven from the outer works. The Federal artillery, together with three gun-boats, had dismounted all their cannon. Suddenly the- Federals cease firing, a sure indication that a charge is about to take place. In an instant Sherman's corps on the right and Morgan's on the left spring forward, going right into the fort. Churchill now surrenders, further resistance being use- less. The whole garrison is captured. The Federal loss is about 950 in killed and wounded. The Federals return to Milliken's Bend. Grant's forces were about this time divided into four corps, numbered and otficered as follows : Sherman in command of the 15th Corps, in two divisions, under Steele and Stuart; McClernand the loth Corps, divis- ions, A. J. Smith and Morgan; the 16th and ITth Corps w^ere under Hurlbut and McPherson. We will now leave the Mississippi River for a Avhile, and look after Bosecrans and minor operations in Ken- tucky and Tennessee, 1 S It 2 CHAPTER XI. STONE RIVER. BOSJi:GRANiS. GENERAL BRAGG occupied Mmfreesboro after his returu from Kentucky in October, going into win- ter quarters there. Rosecrans had relieved Buell on the 30th of October, and shortly after concentrated his army about Nashville ; consequently there were numer- ous small battles about Nashville and in that part of Tennessee. On Nov. 7 several detachments of Federal f°'': ^" troops moved in the direction of Murfreesboro. On this 'i''^""- day General Kirk dislodged the enemy under Wheeler at La Vergne, Sheridan drove the enemy out of Nolens- ville, and Colonel Hill defeated a body of the enemy at IL'irtsville. On Dec. 7, at daylight, Morgan, with about ^'"'- '^■ 2,500 men, attacked Colonel Moore at liartsville, who had three small regiments of infsxntry and one of cavalry. The attack was a complete surprise, the Federals scarcely having time to form line. After a severe engagement the Federals were routed, and the greater part of them taken prisoners. Dec. 12 the Federal cavalry under General Stanley captured Franklin, destroying the de- pots and mills which supplied Bragg's army. On Nov. 24, General Joseph E. Johnston, who had scarcely recovered from the wounds he received at Fair Joi'"'^'"" '" •^ chief com- Oaks, was placed in command of the enemy's forces un- mand of der Bragg, Kirby Smith, and Pemberton. At this time ato fcnrrs 10,000 men were sent from Bragg's army to reinforce Pemberton at Vicksburg. Dec. 27, Morgan, with 3,000 (213) FedoiMls Routed. Dec. 13. Franklin. Kov. '^1 (Jenenil in this l)e imrtnieiit. 214 JiOSAVh'ANiS. 7.s-«y. men, captured Eli/abetlitown, Ky., and 500 Federals, i)oo~^. ^'^'^^^ were paroled. Dec. 21, Federal General S. P. KH-i.wth (^j,yt<3r, with 1,000 cavalrN-nien, started tVoni London, town, U.v. ' ; . ' Ky., on a raitl npon IJragg's Richmond eoninumications. Entering Virginia near Cumberland Gap, he advanced nearly to Bristol, destroying railroads and bridges, and Dor, so. capturing on the 30th, at l>h)untsville, 300 Confederates, uiouiiis- (ooether witli their connnauiUM', Maior McDowell. Re- ville, 'Venn. '^^ . turning, he reached the Federal lines at jSlanchester, Ky., on Jan. 6, 1863. This was a hard ride for the boys, as they were obliged to keep the saddle day and night. Oct. ir. Oct. 17, General John IMorgan, still operating in Loxingtou. K^.i^tm-i-y ^vith about 3,000 ca^•alr^'-men, defeated a small body of Federals -near Lexington; and again on the 18th he defeated another detachment of Federals, capturing about 250 prisoners. But he did not fare so Oct S3, w^'ll ;>t Big Hill Pass, where on the 23d Colonel McCook J^'^'^' "'.'' attacked and defeated him, taking a considerable num- ber of his men prisoners. Oct, 7. October 7, a brigade of the enemy under General Anderson approachiHl Nashville, Tenn., when General Palmer, with his own brigade and Negley's, attacked him at La Yergne, and compelled him to retire. Forrest again appeared in this neighborhood, and on Oct. 20 attacked a detachment of Federal cavalry near the Cum- berland, a little below Nashville. After a spirited en- li'aiiement, he was driven across the river. Soon after- ward, Forrest, joined by Morgan and a Kentucky brigade uinKn- Roger Hanson, moved upon tiu^ fortifica- is'ov. 5. tions of Nashville, and on Nov. 5, at 2 a. m., they Kasiuiiu-. .j^^.^^jit^.^i Y^^y^ Negley, but were repulsed after a sharp Nov. m fio-ht. Nov. 10, at Rural Hills, east of Nashville, a small body of Federal infantry repulsed a guerrilla force which attempted the capture o\' a supply train. A few Li\ Vergno, Kj KiujilUUIs (lays hUir a part, of l\l()r<;;iirB troopers wore doroiitod by jmo», ('oloiuil K(Mmclli, iind considorjiblc^ booty which they li;i(l (H)lhu'.lcMl wjis t.'ik(Mi IVoiii thom, VVh(Mi (uMicrnl Ivoscu'iiiiis roliovod (uMicrnI ImicII, \]\o iiniiic o('tli;it iiriiiy \v;is cliiingcd IVoiii iUc " Ai'iny of thc^ Ohio" to tii(^ " Army ol' thc^ (Imnbcrlaiid." (uMioial Kosccraiis, lia\'iiii;' been for soiiio liiiK^ iiiaimI his tr()0|»s in niotioii ^^^^ „^ l)t'(\ -!(). Il(^ liad ail army of about 1 5,000 incMi oC all if<'^'"- ci'iuih' arms, including' u cavalry {'owe of o,U00. Jjrag'g was nmi.v in still at Murrroesboro with Polk's cor})s and three bri- "'"' ""' gades of Hardee's eori)s. The remainder of the latter nn.^K at corps, rorminji; the left, was slalioiuMl at hagleville. i.oio. McCown's division of Kirby Smith's corps formed ilie right, and was stalioned at lleatlyvilh\ I'rom tlu; left, Hardee stalioned a, di\isioii at Triune, for the purpose of watcliing the b'ederals, l\os(Haaiis' army was formed in threes gra,nd divisicms : A'//////, MeCvoolv — divisions: Jelferson (). Davis, dohnson, and SlieridaJi. (filler, Thomas — divisions: JNegley, Ivoussean, Vvy, and Dumont. J-'t'ft, Criltendeii — divis- ions: NVood, Palmer, and Van (Move. Cavalry division, Stanley. MeOook moved dinudly upon Hardee's forces at 'friune, the other corps laking roads each side. Mct'OoU p^*',,,',,,^"'. " met Hardee's pickets a short distance from Nashville. ^'"'• l)ii\iiig tlieni belor(> him through Nolensville, he reached Triune on the 27th, wIumi he found tluj enemy liad gone; tlu^ day before toward Murfreesboro. On the 2'Jth the ».•- , ju, .i... l^'ederal army reached the vicinity of Overall's (>reek, huiumIhIi- Ivosecraiis' cavalry s(>ciiiiiig (iu! bridgt^s Ixilore llu^ (meiiiy had liim^ to dcslroy tluMu. Orittenden, on (lui i(d't, passiMl that creek this same day, and reaclnMl the neighborhood of the enemy's brea,stworks on tha,t sich^, sending a briga,de across Stone lliver to reconnoitre. 216 FiO&'£:CJUNS. 1862. Ascertaining that the enemy intended to hold their ston~ ground, the brigade returned at dark, after having put ^'^^'■- to flight a regiment of Breckenridge's division. Negley's division had followed Crittenden, Rousseau's division re- maining to cover the rear. These two divisions com- prised Thomas's corps in the battle of Stone River. McCook reached Overall's Creek, nearly directly west of Murfreesboro, the same day, but did not cross over until the 30th. Bragg had put his army in battle order, Hardee's corps in two divisions under Breckenridge and Cleburne on the right bank of Stone River ; Polk's corps, composed of the divisions of Cheatham and Withers, on the left bank, in front of Murfreesboro, and to the left of Hardee. McCown's division of Kirby Smith's corps had just arrived, and was placed on Polk's left. Alto- gether the Confederates numbered about 35,000 men; the Federals about 43,000. Since the 26th there had been continuous fighting, the enemy's skirmishers and cavalry slowly falling back, vigorously disputing the Federal advance. During the 30th, Bragg remained quiet, which gave Rosecrans opportunity to get into position without hindrance, with the exception of a sharp encounter just at night on McCook's front, between Woodruff's brigade and a brigade of the enemy. The latter was pushed back, McCook securing the desired ground, at a loss, however, of about 130 in killed and wounded. His three divisions, forming Rosecrans' right, were now posted wdth Sheridan on the left, Davis in the center, and Johnson on the right. Thomas's corps had taken its place in the center of the army, with Negley in line between Crittenden and McCook, and Rousseau in the rear. Rosecrans' plan was to move his left across Stone River on the 31st, and attack Hardee, leaving McCook and Thomas to take care of the enemy on the left bank. ROSECRANS. 217 Tliongh not knowing the plans of the Federal com- isa'j. mander, fortunately for himself Bragg made a counter stoi~ movement unknown to Rosecrans. He had ordered Hardee to cross with Cleburne's division to the left )jank, wliich placed him at Polk's left, and in command also of McCown's division, so that Polk and Hardee, with four fifths of Bragg's army, were now on the left bank, Breckenridge's division being alone upon the other side. At daylight on the 31st, Van Cleve's division began Dec. 31. crossing Stone River. Wood's division was to follow. Negley's division joined Sheridan's left, Palmer on Neg- ley's left. Two brigades of Rousseau's division were held in reserve. The other two brigades were posted some distance back, guarding the rear. Van Cleve's division had already crossed when heavy firing was heard on the right. This spurred Rosecrans to hasten his movement on the left, thinking an attack on Bragg's right would cause him to draw from his forces in McCook's front ; but before Wood had crossed, a dispatch from McCook caused Ptosecrans to change his mind in- stantly, and Van Cleve was ordered back in haste. This was Rosecrans' first knowledge of his danger. McCown's division began the attack upon Johnson about 7 A. M. The Federals Avere taken somewhat by surprise, and were hardly in shape to receive the terrible fire that was so suddenly opened upon them. Cleburne's division now moved forward, and joined in the attack. Johnson had only two brigades on the line, the other one being held in reserve. After a gallant fight of nearly three quarters of an hour, some of the time hand to hand, the Federals were driven from their position, with a loss of several pieces of artillery. The reserve brigade now came up, but too late, and Johnson was driven back in disorder. The enemy's cavalry, under 218 SOSAVBAX^. 186'-i. Stone River. Death of Geueral Jo#h;;a W, Sill. Wharton, attacked the retreating Federals on the right tlank, capturing about 1,000 prisoners. The enemy now pressed forward upon Davis's division. After repelling the first assault, causing the enemy fearful loss, Davis's right brigade, being also attacked in flank, was compelled to give way. His next brigade fell back after a desper- ate fight, and the third soon followed, bravely contesting every inch of ground. Davis rallied his troops a short distance in the rear, near a house situated on a rising- piece of ground, and stubbornly resisted until McCown had swung around on his flank and rear. At this point, after a desperate conflict in which lie caused the enemy heavy loss, Davis was again compelled to retire to the left, being nearly surrounded by overwhelming numbers. Rosecrans had the most men, but Bragg the most luck. Bragg could not have managed better had Rosecrans' plans been fully known to him. He had thrown two divisions a2:ainst one, crushino- it before reinforcements could be had, and was thereby enabled to crowd back McCook's second division. Soon after the attack upon Davis, Polk moved for- ward, Cheatham against Sheridan, Withers upon jSfegiey. Sheridan had a good position, and he knew how to hold it. The enemy attacked him fiercely, but after suflering fearful loss, was repulsed. Cheatham now pushed for- ward his reserves, and was again driven back by a terrific fire. The very earth quaked under the crash of Sheridan's guns. At this moment one of Sheridan's brigades, under Sill, charges the confederates, throwing them into great disorder. The brave Sill falls, mortally wounded. Withers had sent one brigade against Negiey, which was repulsed with awful slaughter, nearly 200 out of the 400 enaacred beina- killed or wounded in one regiment — the loth Mississippi. It was at this time that Da^ is had been compelled ROSEGRANS. 219 to retire from the house where he had made a stand, isen. thus uncovering Sheridan's right flank, and now, about ston~ 9 : 30 A. M., Sheridan must contend with Cleburne, Mc- ^'"^'■• Gowns, and a portion of Cheatham's division. In the fjice of all this he and his brave veterans do not frilter ; but, under a terrible fire, Sheridan reforms his lines so as to accommodate the whole crowd, and Hardee aslcs Bragg for Jielp. Withers is at once ordered to pitch into poor Phil also. Palmer and Negley's left are now attacked by Polk, and the battle rages furiously. Sheridan suc- cessfully resists all Hardee's efforts for an hour, thus protecting the center, and enabling Rosecrans to correct his lines. Sheridan's brigade commanders, Roberts, Schaeffer, and Sill, have all been killed. His division has been forced back so that it now faces west, back to back with Negley's. Sheridan's ammunition begins to fail ; his ranks are thinned, and at last he is compelled to fall back. Negley is also forced backward. Rousseau's division now comes to relieve Sheridan, whose soldiers are allowed to take a little rest. Rosecrans and Thomas are first here, then there, always in the thickest of the battle. Pal- mer's division, on the Federal left, his left extending to Round Forest, was attacked by Withers at the time Sheridan and Negley fell back, and his two brigades on the right were driven ; but Hazen, in command of the other brigade, held his ground against repeated charges. Sheridan and Hazen are credited with having saved the Federal army from defeat. Van Clove's division had arrived from across Stone River, and was fighting on the right of the engineer brigade, which was doing brave work with the musket on Rousseau's right. Wood's division was fighting in different parts of the field, going in detachments where most needed. The battle which had raged unceasingly since 7 o'clock, was reduced Riv 220 ROSEGRANS. 1862. to a heavy musketry fire from noon until 2 p. m. Dur- stonT" ing this time Rosecrans improved his position, by ex- tending his new line along the Nashville Railroad, which runs from Murfreesboro to the Northwest, and by con- centrating Palmer's division on the position so well de- fended by Hazen, with Wagner's brigade of Wood's division connecting Hazen's left with the river. At 2 p. M. the battle again becomes a carnage ; but the Federals are now all together. The enemy again attack, meeting with a deadly fire. Nearly a whole brigade is destroyed in the desperate charge. Brecken- ridge has brought two fresh brigades over the river, and joins in the new attack at Round Forest, where the enemy are frantically endeavoring to break the Federal lines. In desperation B-ragg throws his last men into the fight, but it is of no avail. The Union soldiers stand firm, repelling charge after charge. The battle rages along the whole line till dark, when firing gradually ceases, and night ends one of the most terrible conflicts of the war. 1863. January 1, 1863, there was no fighting, each side '^'^^' ^" taking needed rest. Rosecrans, however, resumed his first plan of attacking the enemy's right across Stone River, and posted Van Cleve's division on the right bank during the day. On the morning of January 2, Bragg determined to dislodge this force. About 4 p. m., Breckenridge, with five strong brigades, attacked Van Cleve's two brigades, which had advanced a short dis- tance from the river ; and so impetuous was this assault that before reinforcements could reach them, the Feder- als were driven back to the river, a part of them cross- ing in some confusion. Immediately Rosecrans hastened Palmer's division across, which attacked Breckenridge with vigor, throwing his troops into great disorder. Negley's division followed, and Breckenridge was soon ROSEGRANS. 221 routed. Meanwhile the Federal artillery, posted on the isos. left bank, was doing fearful execution in the ranks of stoi~ II River. the enemy. During this engagement, a savage artillery battle was going on between Polk and the Federals in his front, ceasing with the defeat of Breckenridge. The battle of Stone River was now at an end. Bragg retreated to Murfreesboro on the 3d, and on the 5th to Duck River. Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro that day, but did not pursue farther. The Federal loss in the battle of Stone River was about 1,500 killed, 7,500 wounded, and 3,000 prisoners ; total 12,000. Bragg's loss was about 14,000 in killed, wounded, and missing. Generals Wood, Van Cleve, and Kirk were among the Federal wounded ; and Generals Sill and Schaeffer, and Colonel Geo. W. Roberts Deatii or were amonn; the killed. General Willich was taken ^"™"!!^ •^ bchaeffcr, prisoner. Colonel Roberts was the officer who led the ""'^ toioiKi detachment that spiked the enemy's guns at Island Number Ten (see Navy). Among the enemy's killed were Generals Roger W. Hanson and James Rains. The Death of latter was a graduate of West Point, and had served Hanson Ind in the United States army before the war. ^""^*- CHAPTER XII. VICKSBURO. GRANT. 18 63. T X T^E left General Grant, whose headquarters have V V been at Memphis since Jan. 10, withdrawing from Pemberton's front at Grenada, Sherman and Mc- Clernand at Milliken's Bend. On the arrival of the latter from the Arkansas River expedition. Grant joined them with the 17th Corps under McPherson (the 16th Corps having been left at Memphis under Hurlbut), and imme- diately began operations against Vicksburg from that point. McClernand now returned to his own corps. A new channel, called the Williams's Canal, across a neck of land made by a bend in the river opposite Vicksburg, had been begun by the Federals in 1862, for the purpose of giving the river a new course, which would leave Vicksburg an inland town, and render that strong- hold powerless to blockade the river. The completion Grant at of this chanuel. was undertaken by Grant in February, Vicksburg. ][gQ3_ j^^-^ immense amount of work was done in this direction, when on March 8 the waters of the great river, as if indignant at this meddling with their natural course, broke down the dam at the entrance of the channel. Instantly it was filled to the overflowing of its banks, rendering it useless. All the labor and time spent upon it was destroyed in a moment. The camps were inundated, causing a great loss in provisions and ammunition. The work was given up. In the meantime Grant was endeavoring to find a- (323) GRANT. 223 water passage around Vicksburg on both sides of the ises. Mississippi : on the right bank about seventy miles vick^irg. above Vicksburg, via Lake Providence, Bayou Baxter, Bayou Macon, the Washita River, Tensas River, and endeavour- Red River ; on the left bank, via Yazoo Pass, Moon ^"s to And ' ' ^ a water pas- Lake, Coldwater River, and Tallahatchie River. The sage around Lake Providence route was abandoned, after about six weeks had been spent in the struggle. Soldiers had worked in water and mud, suffering greatly, McPher- son's whole army corps was engaged in this effort. The Yazoo Pass route was also abandoned on March 27. The operations in this direction were attended by con- siderable fighting. On Feb. 2 the dam, or levee, obstructing the Yazoo Pass was opened, and soon after two gun-boats, the ChillicotJie and De Kalb, accompanied by two regiments of sharpshooters and Ross's division of McClernand's corps, on transports, entered Moon Lake. The expedition succeeded in entering Coldwater River March 2, and on March 10 reached the Tallahatchie. On this river, near ^, the village of Greenwood, the enemy had erected a fortification called Fort Pemberton. When the Federals arrived at this point, they found the water had overflowed the approach to the fort, and they could only attack with the gun-boats. The ChillicotJie opened fire the 11th, Marchii-ii but after suffering considerable damage from the enemy's ^'^'' ^®'"" shot, was obliged to withdraw. The De Kalb renewed the attack on the 13th, silencing the guns of the fort; but the inability to land the infantry rendered this of no avail. At the same time Porter, with a strong division of the navy, was trying still another route — via Steele's Bayou, Black Bayou, Deer Creek, Rolling Fork, and Sunflower River to the Yazoo. He entered Steele's Bayou on March 14, Grant, learning of the check to berton. 224 GRANT. the Tallahatchie expedition, ordered Sherman to follow ' Porter, and by that direction go to its relief, after assist- vicksburg. -j^g poj^ter to reach the Yazoo. On the 20th, Porter Deercreek. found himself in a box. He had almost reached Rolling Fork, but the enemy had felled trees across Deer Creek before and behind him. The Southern sharpshooters The Fed- ^^d couie in swarms, and drove Porter's men from their erainavyin y^^^^ ^f removina; the obstructions. The vessels could a bad fix. o not be turned in the narrow stream, and Porter endeav- ored to back out, but found himself shut in. He landed a force from the ships, but the Southern soldiers were too numerous. They also had the advantage of the shelter of bushes and trees. The whole fleet was now in imminent danger of being destroyed. On the night of the 19th, Porter had sent a messenger to Sherman, who was a long distance away, at Hilfs plantation. Sherman made all haste. One regiment, the 8th Missouri, under Colonel Giles A. Smith, arrived first, and checked the enemy till Sherman arrived with two brigades, when the fleet was saved. General Sher- man marched with his soldiers for about twenty-five miles, for it was impossible to bring horses ; but when a short distance from Porter, he came upon a loose horse, mounted it, and came bareback at a gallop, in advance of his troops. The expedition was decided a failure, and returned, reaching the Mississippi March 27. The Tallahatchie expedition also returned soon after, and the tired Federals found that they must take some other course for the reduction of Vicksburg. General Grant now decided to take the course that for some time had seemed to him the true one ; that is, crossing the Mississippi below Vicksburg. The sub- merged condition of the roads on the Louisiana shore had hitherto made this route difficult. March 30 he started his advance down the Vight bank of the Missis- GRAN7\ 225 sippi, under McClernancl, who, moving via Richmond ises. and New Carthage, arrived at Hard Times, a point nearly vicklb'urg. opposite Grand Gulf, April 28. McPherson followed March 30. closely with the 17th Corps. The march had been slow army ^in and difficult, in consequence of the many swamps and J"!^'""" ^"'' bayous. In conjunction with Grant's movement, Porter Times. had run the Vicksburg batteries on April 16, with a fleet ^p,.ii. le. of seven war vessels and two transports, one other trans- ^°''^'^'' '""'' ^ ' the Vicks- port having been lost. General Grant soon after ordered burg batter- six other transports to attempt the passage, five of which passed safely. One was lost, sunk by the enemy's batteries. Sherman remained at Milliken's Bend to occupy the attention of Pemberton until the advance should secure a landing upon the left bank, which duty Sherman performed so well that the enemy was com- pletely deceived for several days, Pemberton believing that the Federals were returning to Memphis. Grant had left General Hurlbut in command at Memphis. This officer, under instructions, organized a cavalry raid in Pemberton's rear. For this duty General Gricrsou's Grierson left La Grange April 1 7, with three regiments "^"^' of cavalry, — the 6th and 7th Illinois and the 2d Iowa, — numbering about 1,700 men, and a battery of artillery. Grierson crossed the Tallahatchie on the 18th, On the 20th he encamped between Houston and Starkville, having sent back to La Grange the day before about 175 men who were not strong enough for such rough duty. One piece of artillery also returned with them. From Starkville he sent the 2d Iowa with one piece of artillery eastward, for the purpose of tearing up the Mobile and Ohio Railroad between Macon and Okolona. But this regiment found the railroad too well guarded, and returned, as directed, to La Grange. With the two Illinois regiments Grierson pushed on southward. He had now about 1,000 men. Directing his course for the 15 Vicksburg. 226 GRANT. 1863. Southern Railroad between Jackson and Meridian, he passed through Louisville, and entered an immense swamp at night. This was a painful march, made in one of the darkest of nights and in a hard rain. The water in the swamp was two and three feet deep. Crossing Pearl River on the 23d, he reached Newton Station on the Southern Railroad the following morning, where he tore up the track, burned a large number of cars, and destroyed several locomotives and bridges, creating havoc generally. Pressing forward, Grrierson again crossed Pearl River at Georgetown on the 26th, reaching Hazlehurst on the Mississippi Central Railroad the same day, where he continued the work of destruction. Thence he moved in the direction of Grand Gulf, hoping to meet Grant in that neighborhood ; but a strong force of cavalry under Wirt Adams blocked his way, and turning rapidly, he pushed on for Baton Rouge. At Brookhaven Station he captured 200 prisoners, whom he released on parole. The enemy was in hot pursuit, making it necessary that Grierson's tired horses should keep moving. He crossed the Tickfaw River twice, and succeeded in reaching the Amite River bridge May 1, scarcely two hours in advance of the enemy. Rapid movements had saved him. During this day he surprised two separate de- tachments of the enemy's cavalry, and put them to flight, taking many of their number prisoners. May 2 he reached Baton Rouge, where he and his gallant soldiers were received with open arms by the Federal force at that place. He had left behind only 3 men killed, 7 wounded, 5 sick, and 9 missing, and had cap- tured over 500 prisoners. He had traveled about 600 miles. The Federals having now concentrated sufficiently at Hard Times, General Grant resolved to attempt a lodg- GRANT. 227 merit at Grand Gulf. On April 29, Porter's fleet opened isgs. upon the enemy's batteries there, the reduction of which vicksbmg. was necessary before the transports could land the Aprii 29. troops ; but after a bombardment of nearly six hours, in Guif. which several of Porter's vessels were considerably damaged by the enemy's plunging shot, the attempt was given up. The lower batteries had been silenced, but those above the town, located upon high banks, vigor- ously returned the Federal fire to the last. Grant now decided to look for a crossing lower down, and at once put his army in motion for De Schroon's plantation, six schroon's miles below Hard Times. As the Federals marched but i'^'^"^'^"""' four miles in direct line, McClernand's coi;ps and a por- tion of McPherson's reached this point on the morning of the 30th. Porter engaged the Grand Gulf batteries on the evening of the 29th, simply for the purpose of giving the transports an opportunity to pass. This was accom- plished without loss, when Porter retired down stream, and on the morning of the 30th the vessels were all at Apiii 30. De Schroon's. The troops at once began to embark, em^g cross Grant did not know at this moment just where he would *^® ^^^'"^' land, but he was bound to land somewhere upon the left bank. Just as the first transport was about to cast off, a colored man informed the General of the availability of the country around the village of Bruinsburg, situated five miles below. Accordingly this place was selected for landing, and the 13th Corps at once crossed, and took possession without opposition, the 17th Corps immediately following. But speed was now the thing most required, and McClernand was at once pushed toward Port Gibson, which is about twelve miles from Bruinsburg and eight miles back from the river. On the morning of May 1, when within two or three *^"y i- miles of the town, McClernand came upon a force of the son. 228 GRANT. 186 s. enemy under General Bowen, numbering about 8,000, vick^iig. strongly posted, hastened thither by Pemberton from Grand Gulf to delay Grant's march. McCiernand at once attacks vigorously, the enemy resisting with great determination. McPherson arrives upon the field with a part of his corps, and at once enters the fight, which now becomes desperate. The Southerners, although exhibiting great braver}^, are at last compelled to yield, the Federals encamping upon the battle field. These have suffered a loss of 130 killed and 718 wounded. The loss of the enemy has been about 500 in killed and wounded and about 600 prisoners, the latter number in- Death of eluding a portion of the wounded. General E. D. Tracy.'' Tracy was among the enemy's dead. ]yjjjy 2 After the defeat at Port Gibson, the enemy hastily ^'■™'^ evacuated Grand Gulf (May 2), and by the evening of Gnlf evacn- \ j / y j o atcd. the 3d his forces had all crossed the Big Black. The Federals arrived at Hankinson's Ferry on that river the same evening, in time to save the bridge. Grant had sent word to Sherman on April 30 to " come on." The latter, making all haste, arrived at Hankinson's Ferry May 8, where the Federals had remained since the 3d, awaiting him, meantime making preparations for future movements. Pemberton, at Vicksburg, was anxiously looking for reinforcements, which were hastening from all points and concentrating at Jackson. Grant resolved to attack these reinforcements before they could join Pemberton. His whole army was in motion on the 8th, and on the Grant cuts 11th his rear cut loose from Grand Gulf. He was going aTbase^of ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^"^ \i^^Q above Vicksburg. The soldiers supppiies. filled their haversacks, then the wagons were loaded, when they stvung out. The Federal Government soon learned of the movement, and the people at Washington wei-e scared. Grant was rash- he would be over- GRANT. 229 whelmed! Halleck telegraphed him to "go back," but isos. Grant had calculated for this, and did not report his intended movement until too late to return. McPherson was placed on the right, Sherman had the center, and McClernand the left. McClernand was to take care of and entertain Pemberton, who was now preparing to oppose the Federals at Edward's Depot while McPher- son and Sherman should march upon Jackson. Logan's division of McPherson's corps, numbering about 6,000 men, in advance, reached the vicinity of Raymond on the 12th, where it met about the same ^^"^' ^~-, ^ ' Raymond, number of the enem}^, under General Gregg, recently miss. brought from Port Hudson. Logan at once attacked, and after a severe engagement drove the enemy toward Jackson. The Federal loss was 66 killed, 339 wounded, and 37 missing. Gregg's loss was 100 killed, 305 wounded, and 415 prisoners. On the same evening, Sherman had arrived at Dillon, and McClernand at his left on Fourteen Mile Creek. McPherson resumed his march for Jackson on the morning of the 13th, going north to Clinton, there turning east, following the Vicksburg and Jackson Rail- road. Sherman was now directed to move rapidly east- ward to Raymond, thence northeast direct upon Jackson, McClernand at the same time to follow Sherman as far as Raymond. Before starting, however, McClernand de- tached Smith's division to join Blair's division of Sher- man's corps, which had just arrived at Auburn from Grand Gulf with a large supply train. At 2 p. M. McPherson struck the railroad at Clinton, destroying the track and telegraph lines, which threw consternation into the camps of the enemy on both sides of him, and encamped that evening near Clinton. Sher- man rested that night beyond Mississippi Springs, and McClernand at Raymond, the divisions of Blair and Smith nearing New Auburn with the trains. 230 GRANT. 1863. Grant now receives news warning him that he must vicfeMrg b^ quick. The enemy has received a valuable reinforce- - ment in the person of General J. E. Johnston, who had that day arrived at Jackson, coming from Chattanooga. At 4 o'clock on the morning of the 14th, the Federals move ; but it is raining hard, and the march is slow. Crocker's division of McPherson's corps in advance first come in contact with Johnston's skirmishers at 9. a. m. These are rapidly driven back to near their works, where the enemy was found drawn up in strong force. The attack is delayed for some time by the rain. John- ston is at this moment preparing to evacuate ; his force is too small to resist Grant's whole army, and Pember- ton is still at Edward's Depot. Grant's active force present scarcely numbere 50,000 men. Four months of severe hardship have greatly reduced his army. At 11 o'clock the rain has ceased, and McPherson attacks on the left, Sherman on the right. The enemy answer with vigor for a time, when suddenly it is noticed that only cannon are replying. A forward movement is Johnston ordered, when it is discovered that Johnston has slipped away, leaving about 150 artillery-men to detain the Federals as long as possible. These are captured. At 3 p. M. the stars and stripes wave over the capitol of Mississippi. A large amount of stores were found, and all that could not be used were destroyed, including cotton w^arehouses, spinning factories, and the junction of the many railroad lines leading into Jackson. The railroad tracks were torn up for a long distance, which duty was assigned to Sherman. The Federal loss in the attack had been 41 killed and 24 wounded. . Johnston, whose loss had been about 850, moved northward, at the same time calling for Pemberton to join him; but the latter could not decide to uncover the stronghold that Jefferson Davis had ordered him to evaciiates Jackson. GRANT. 231 protect " at any cost." He therefore moved southward is a 3. upon Dillon on the afternoon of the 15th with about yi^.]T^„.g 30,000 men, with the intention of attacking Grant be- fore he could collect his forces, at the same time request- ing Johnston to meet him at Raymond. The Federal general however was wide awake, putting his army in motion in the direction of Vicksburg on the morning of the 15th, and that evening McPherson's corps and Hovey's division of McClernand's corps reached Bolton Depot, on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad, a few miles east of Champion Hill. The divisions of Osterhaus and Carr were a short distance south of the railroad, while Smith's and Blair's divisions were near Raymond, which is about eight miles south of Bolton Depot. Sherman was now concluding matters at Jackson. Pemberton again received a positive order from Johnston to move northward and join him. This he concluded to obey, and on the mominsi: of the 16th moved northeast- •^ ' ° _ , May 16. ward, not knowing that he was directing his course upon champion Grant's forces. The latter had put his army in motion that morning, marching westward. A collision must soon take place. McPherson had the right, with Hovey leading. Smith's division, on the extreme left, came upon Pemberton's rear guard about 7 a. m. Brisk skir- mishing at once begins. Osterhaus, in the center, soon strikes the enemy's column, and a sharp fight follows. Pemberton has now reached Champion Hill, and can go no farther. The Federals are northeast and south of of him ; but fortunately for him he has stumbled upon a strong position, of which he at once takes advantage. Skirmishing has been continuous since morning ; it is now 11 A. M. Sherman had left Jackson that morning, but was yet some distance away. Grant felt that he must attack at once. He had only about 30,000 men present. Hi 232 GRANT. 18 03. McClernand had been directed to begin the attack; but vici^irg. Grant Ms tens in vain for his cannon. Hovey at this hour has reached a position so near the enemy that the skirmishing grows to be a battle. Logan deploys on his right, and at once becomes engaged. Ilovey's men dash forward, driving back a division of the enemy, and cap- ture its ground, with several pieces of artillery and 300 prisoners ; but here they are checked. Crocker's divis- ion now arrives. A brigade is sent to Hovey. McCler- nand still remains inactive. Seeing this, Pemberton reinforces his left from his right, and after desperate fighting Hovey is forced back, losing the ground and guns his men have so bravely captured. At the same time a charge made upon McPherson's batteries is re- pulsed, with severe loss to the enemy. A gap now exists between Logan and Hovey. Crocker, with his other two brigades, goes in to fill it. The battle is con- tinued by Logan, Hovey, and Crocker. McClernand holds one half of Grant's force idle. Pemberton leaves about six or seven thousand men in front of him, so ciiampion ^|^^^^ ^j^^ ^,^|.^l^ -g fought by about 16,000 Federals and 18,000 Confederates. The Federals press forward. Hovey recaptures the guns that he has recently cap- tured and lost. The enemy is sorely pressed. Pember- ton draws more troops from his right. McClernand's guns are silent. The Federals for a moment are checked. But Logan has succeeded in flanking Pemberton's left. Thus taken in the rear, it gives way, and the Federals now charge all along the line. They cannot be resisted, and the enemy fall back, then break and retreat in great disorder toward Vicksburg. It is about 4 p. m. McClernand now comes forward, when General Grant sends Osterhaus and Carr after the retreating enemy, while the soldiers under Logan, Hovey, and Crocker, to whom the glory of this victory belongs, rest upon the GRA^'T. 233 battle field. To Logan belongs great credit for the is 03. flank moA'eraent, which first broke the ranks of the vicki^bm-g. enemy, and rendered it impossible for Pemberton to .p^ ^o^an proceed northward to unite with Johnston. His only Ho^^y, ^ . *^ CrockLM-, avenue of escape was toward Vicksburg, although in all and their probability he would in any case have retreated to that Joi°gs this stronghold after his defeat, as one half of his army had '''''^'"•y- already taken to flight in that direction. Ti ^• £• L f* •^ 1 T 1 n Pemberton Jackson lies lorty-iive miles almost directly east from retreats to Vicksburg. Champion Hill is about midway, on a di- "^'*^''^*^"''s- rect line, near the railroad, so that Pemberton's troops must travel about twenty-five miles before reaching their harbor of refuge. Those that first began the retreat reached Bovina Station, within eight miles' of Vicks- burg, at midnight. General Bowen, commanding the division which formed the rear guard, was directed to make a stand at Baker's Creek, five miles west of the battle field, until Loring's division should pass. This last-named division, numbering about 6,000 men, was composed of the troops that had fought the silent battle with McClernand. Loring had not learned soon enough of the defeat of the left, and the pursuit of Osterhaus and Carr, who followed Bowen closely to Baker's Creek, May le. had cut him ofl". The latter was now compelled to creck, take the road to the southeast, in the direction of Ray- *'"'^' mond. Grant at once sent Blair and Smith after him. They overtook and attacked his rear guard, which fought desperately, but was soon routed. General Tilghman Death of was among their killed. He was a veteran of the Mex- Lio^d' ican war, and a graduate of West Point. Loring now 'r''s'""=»n. abandoned his artillery and wagons, scattering his 6,000 men in the woods, the greater portion of them reaching Jackson a few days later. Osterhaus soon drove Bowen from Baker's Creek, when he retreated rapidly to the Big Black River bridge, which is within ten miles of 234: Git ANT. IS 63. Vicksburg, Here Pemberton's retreating army arrived vick^urg. at about 2 a. m. the 17th, and rested. His loss had been about 3,000 in killed and wounded, 3,000 able- bodied prisoners, and 30 pieces of artillery, besides the scattering of Loring's division. The Federal loss was 410 killed, 1,844 wounded, and 187 missing. During the 16th, Johnston was at Calhoun station, on the northern railroad, waiting to hear from Pember- ton. On that evening he received a dispatch, written by Pemberton in the morning, before he had been attacked, informing Johnston where to meet him. The latter put his small army in motion on the morning of the 17th, and had by a forced march, passed over fifteen miles of ground before he learned of Pemberton's defeat and re- turn to Vicksburg. He at once returned northward to Livingston. On the morning of the 17th the Federal army was May 17. ^ , _ ° , -^ ' Big Black again in motion. Sherman had rested that night at Clinton, where he received orders to press forward to Bridgeport, on the Big Black, which would bring him upon the Federal right. McClernand, with Osterhaus and Carr, moved forward at 4 a. m,, with McPherson following. Blair was now directed to rejoin Sherman, to whose corps his division belonged. Bowen, with his division, still guarded the bridge over the Big Black, waiting for Loring, not knowing that he had been driven toward Jackson. McClernand now came to attack him. His position was a strong one, and was easily defended until Lawler's brigade of Carr's division succeeded in flanking it, when with Colonel Kinsman at its head this brigade charged in the face of a terrible fire. Undaunted the Federals rushed forward, and car- ried the position, the enemy giving way in great disorder. Before the whole of them had escaped, some of their number set the bridge on fire, and about 1,800 were River. GRANT. 235 thus cut off and made prisoners by the Federals, ises. Eighteen pieces of artillery were also taken. The vieksburg. Federal loss at the bridge was 29 killed and 242 wounded. Pemberton now withdrew within the forti- fications of Vicksburg. At noon Sherman had reached Bridgeport, where Blair joined him. The bridge equipage of the army was with Sherman, so that he had no difficulty in crossing the Big Black. McClernand's and McPherson's soldiers built bridges during the night, and the following mdrning (the 18th) the 13th and 17th Corps were marching toward Vicksburg. Sherman was also across, and that day reached the Walnut Hills, between Haynes Bluff and Vicksburg. Haynes Bluff was now silent; the enemy had abandoned this stronghold, which had resisted all of Grant's and Sherman's previous efforts. Grant now goes over to Sherman's quarters, and bidding him " Come on," they go together to take a look at it and ^rant and their new base of supplies. They see the smoke of j^^^|'j'"'^=J" friendly steamers, which are at anchor in the river "^'^ below. Sherman says, " I see it. I give it up." He had advised Grant against the move via Hard Times. On the morning of the 19th, with McClernand on the y^ltb^urg. left, McPherson in the center, and Sherman on the right, ^^y ^^ ^° ' ' yD ■> July 4. Grant had Pemberton's army closely invested. Johnston now repaired to Jackson, where he endeavored to organ- ize an army to raise the siege of Vicksburg. Pemberton's army numbered about 33,000 at this time. Grant had scarcely 40,000, and supposing that the defenders of Vicksburg did not exceed 15,000, he at once ordered an May lo. assault. McClernand and McPherson had difficult ^^'^!;!^^;;j''' ground to pass over, and were unable to get up in time for the assault of this day. Sherman only succeeded in •^ *' . The first as- making an attack with Blair's division, which was sauit. repulsed with severe loss. Sherman's old regiment, the '.ynes Bluff. i36 GRAiVT. 186 3. 13th Eegulars, led by Captain Edward C. Washington, 5ie„7^f charged up to the enemy's works, where the gaUant mk..i)arg. Washington planted a flag, but fell, mortally wounded. He died the following day. The 20th and 21st were consumed in correcting Ihies, revictualing the army, and getting ready for a general assault, which had been ordered for the 22d. During the entire night of the 21st, the mortars threw shells into Vicksburg ; and at 3 a. m. of the 22d, the Federal artillery opened vigorously. Porter joining with his iron-clads in the general roar. At daylight the sharpshooters open fire. This continues until 10 a. m., when, the hour having arrived for the assault, the Federal cannon cease, and the troops move forward. The charge is gallantly m-ade by the whole army, but Grant has been deceived in his estimation of the numbers of the defenders. His assaulting columns meet with a terrible fire at every point. Great heroism is exhibited by his troops, who plant their flags upon the parapet in many places. The battle rages without abatement until 2 p. M., when the Federals have been repulsed all along the line. But McClernand thinks he has not been repulsed, and calls upon Grant for reinforcements, stating that he has captured two strong works. Reinforcements are given him, and the assault ordered renewed, and at 4 p. M. another attempt is made, with the same result as before, and darkness ends the fighting for this day. Grant has met with a severe check. He has made some gain, however, in getting positions nearer the enemy's works. Assaulting was not to be again indulged in ; it had proved too dear. The Federals at once begin preparations for a regular siege. Grant's army is now ^ , . reduced to about 35,000 men, but reinforcements are Grant rem- -' ^ forced. near at hand. A division under General Lauman arrived GRANT. 237 from Memphis on May 24. General Hiuibut also isos. oro;anized and forwarded two divisions, one under Gen- ° ^ , , ' Siege of eral Kimball, arriving June 3, and another under General vieksburg. W. S. Smith, on June 8. General Schofield sent a strong division under General Herron from Missouri, which re- ported to Grant on June 11 ; and finally two divisions, one under General Welsh and the other under General Potter, of the 9th Corps, commanded by General Parke, joined Grant's forces June 14. The last two divisions were borrowed from Burnside, who then had his head- quarters at Lexington, Ky, General Grant's army was increased to nearly 75,000 men. The army now settled down to siege operations, and as Johnston was at Jackson with an army of about 25,000 men, defenses were erected facing east as w^ell as west. During the siege the enemy attempted in different ways to draw off' a portion, at least, of Grant's forces, hoping that Pemberton might be enabled thereby to cut his way out. On June 7 a detachment of Arkansas troops, num- june ?. bering about 3,000 men, made a furious attack upon BenJi^^L.^ Milliken's Bend, one of Grant's supply depots, which was guarded by a brigade under General Dennis ; but he was well prepared for the attack, and dealt out to the enemy from his stores of ammunition so bountifully that they hastily retreated after a brief but sharp engage- ment. Two Federal gun-boats aided in their repulse. An Arkansas force of about 8,000 men, under Gen- eral Holmes, came to attack Helena, Ark,, Avhich was garrisoned by about 4,000 Federal troops under General Prentiss. Holmes attacked at daylight, July 4, but the juiy 4. Federal works were strong, and Prentiss had prepared Jk!"^' for their reception. The assault was furious, and lasted until 10 A. M., when the enemy was terribly repulsed, with a loss of about 1,600 in killed and wounded and 238 - GRANT. 1863. 1,100 prisoners. The Federal loss was less than 250 in siegT^f killed, wounded, and missing. vicksburg. Qq jui;ie 25 and July 1, mines were exploded under the enemy's works by the Federals, but with no other result than to demolish them somewhat in the immediate vicinity of the mines. The siege was now drawing to a close. Pemberton's troops were in a sad plight, their provisions nearly gone. For some time they had been without beef or pork, and had been compelled to substi- tute horse and mule flesh. The sick list was a long one, the hospitals were full, and all were disheartened. Johnston had approached the Big Black with his little army June 29, reconnoitering ; but he turned away after viewing Grant's preparations for his reception. This discourasred Pemberton, and on July 3 a flag of July 3. ° • / J Q Flag of truce put a stop to the firing. General Bowen, who True 6 accompanied it, asked for the appointment of a commission to discuss terms of capitulation ; but Grant would only treat with Pemberton personally. Pemberton came out at 3 p. M., and held a consultation with the conqueror ; but the terms were not agreed upon until the following July 4. morning, when on the 4:th day of July, America's glo- l!rrende?« rious day, the enemy surrendered. Grant's capture amounted to 31,600 men, and 175 pieces of artillery. The hero entered Vicksburg at the head of Logan's division, the 45th Illinois being in the lead. The battle- torn flag of the latter regiment was placed upon the Court House. The enemy lost two general oflicers dur- ing, the siege. General I. W. Garrott, killed June 17, and General M. E. Green, killed June 27. General John S. Bowen died July 16. Sherman General Sherman was at once started after Johnston moves after ^j^}^ three armv corps, the 13th Corps under General Johnston. "^ ^ ^ ^ , ... Ord, to which had been added Lauman s division (Mc- Clernand had been relicA^ed June 18), the 15th (Sher- GBANT. 239 man's own corps) under General Steele, and the other is«a. corps under Parke, consisting of the divisions of Welsh, Potter, and W. S. Smith. Johnston lay midway between Brownsville and the Big Black when, on July 5, he learned of the surrender. He at once returned to the fortifications of Jackson, which he had greatly strength- ened. Sherman's forces appeared before the works at Jackson on the 9th, and at once began an investment of juiy g-ie. Johnston's position. Skirmish and artillery firing were Miss.^°''' kept up, but no assault was made, nor did any engage- ment occur during the siege, except that Lauman's division, on the extreme right, carelessly ran into Breckenridge's forces on July 12. The latter was well intrenched, and in his main works ; but Lauman, without proper investigation, attacked, supposing this force to be an advanced detachment. He received a bloody repulse, suffering a loss of about 500 men. Sherman being compelled to wait until the 16th for a supply of ammunition, could not assault until the 17th. Again Johnston slips away, evacuating during the night of the 16th, and retiring to Brandon, and through the town of Morton to Meridian. He was not pursued, except that Steele's division followed as far as Brandon. On the 25th, Sherman returned to Vicksburg, after hav- ing destroyed for the second time the railroad, depots, and fortifications at Jackson. Durino' Grant's operations from May 1 to July 4, he Grant's o L ^ J 7 great suc- had taken over 42,000 prisoners, and caused the enemy cess. a total loss of about 60,000 men. His losses during that time had been 1,511 killed, 7,396 wounded, and 453 missing; total, 9,360. President Lincoln wrote The presi- to General Grant, congratuhiting him and giving him his gratuiation. hearty thanks. Grant's army during the Vicksburg campaign was officered as follows : — ■- 240 GFAAT. 1S63. 13th Corps, John A. MeClernand (up to June 18 when E. 0. C. Ord took command) ; divisions, Peter J. Osterhans, A. J. Smith, A. P. Ilovey, Eugene A. Carr : 15th Corps, Wm. Tecumseh Sherman ; divisions, Fred- erick Steele, Frank P. Bhiir, James M. Tuttle : 17th Corps, James B. McPherson ; divisions, John A. Logan, John McArthur, M. M. Crocker (succeeded May 17 by Isaac F. Quinby, its permanent commander), John E. Smith succeeded Quinby June 3. Two divisions of the 9th Corps, John G. Parke; divisions, Thomas Welsh, Robert B. Potter : three divisions of the 16th Corps, W. S. Smith, Nathan Kimball, Jacob Gr. Lauman ; one division from Missouri, Francis J. Herron. Soon after the fall of Yicksburg, Grant's army was considerably broken up.. The troops belonging to the 9th Corps were returned to Burnside, the loth Corps was sent into the Department of the Gulf, and the 16th Corps to Memphis. The 15th Corps encamped on the Big Black about twenty miles east of Yicksburg, and the 17th remained in and about Yicksburg. CHAPTER XIII. THOMPSON'S STATION TO CHICKAMAUOA. BOSmCKAJVS. AFTER the buttle of Stoiio River, Rosecrans in- i^^- trenches at Murfreesboro. Bragg has taken a j^uuuuy. strong position ahont Shelby ville, Manchester, and Tnl- lahonia. While remaining in these positions, the antag- rp,,,, ^,„. onists, closely watching- each other, are sending ont ^['^ '* '""' raiding parties. Jan. 25, 18G3, the enemy capture a train of cars between Nasliville and Murfreesboro, on the Louisville and Nashville road. They also capture a train on Feb. 15, and another on the 26th. Early in January Bragg starts Wheeler's cavalry on a raid, which pushes to within ten miles of Nashville, burning a bridge on the Columbia, Railroad. On the 13th of January Wheeler appears upon the banks of the ■vv||'eu,i.s Columbia River, where he succeeds in capturing- four cavaiiycap , tiiros four transports loaded with army supplies. lie paroles the transports. crews, and sends them back on one of the transports, burning the other three. The brigades of Forrest and AVharton join Wheeler near Franklin, who now has a force of about 3,000 men and two batteries. Rosecrans has sent JeHerson C. Davis with his division and two ■ brigades of cavalr}^ under Colonel Minty after him. On Davis'in his route, Minty captures a detachment of about 300};",;!':;!°' troopers near Eagleville. Davis reaches Franklin, to find Wheeler a long distance away. ° , "^ , . Feb. 3. On Feb. 3 Wheeler, moving rapidl}^, arrives atrortDonoi- Dover on the Cumberland, about tAVO miles from Fort 'er. "' 10 (341) 242 ROSEGRANS. 186 3. Donelson, which was fortified, and garrisoned by the 83d Illinois and a battalion of the 5th Iowa cavalry, numbering about 700 men, under Colonel Abner C. Harding (afterward made Brigadier-General), and four pieces of artillery. Harding prepares for defense, and sends to Fort Henry for assistance. At about 3 p. m. Forrest charges the works. The Federals give him a severe reception, but his men press forward, and succeed in capturing the first line of defense ; but here they are checked. Wharton, not being ready, does not come to his assistance, thus giving Harding opportunity to bring his whole force against Forrest, who is soon compelled to retire. The enemy now prepare to make a combined assault, but first send a flag of truce, demanding surren- der, which is refused. .They rush forward, and again the first line is captured. The fighting is at short range. It is now night ; darkness favors the Federals, and after a severe struggle the Confederates are repulsed. At about eight o'clock in the evening the gun-boat Lexington arrives, throwing her heavy shot into the midst of the retreating enemy, which accelerates their motions. Wheeler has suffered a loss of about 300 men. The Federal loss was about 100. Colonel Lowe brings reinforcements from Fort Henry, but the enemy has fled. Wheeler narrowly escapes Davis, who is still after him, Woodbury, and reaches Columbia Feb. 18. On Jan. 28, Federal ^^'^^' General Palmer defeats a detachment of Confederate cavalry at Woodbury, taking 100 prisoners. General Reynolds surprises a detachment of the enemy at Milton, Milton ^Q^- 1, capturing a number of prisoners, and on Feb. 3, succeeds in breaking up recruiting camps, and capturing Lmerty. supplics ucar Liberty ; at Lebanon on the 8th he takes Fe^- 8. about 600 prisoners. March 1., On March 1, General Stanley, with about 700 Biadyviiie. j^Q^nted mcn, attacks about the same number of the Feb. 1. ROSECRANS. SttS enemy at Brady ville. The Federal charge is irresistible, ises. The enemy break and retreat in great disorder, leaving over 100 prisoners in Stanley's hands. A brigade of March 3. regulars put to flight a detachment of the enemy's cavalry at Eao'leville the followinsr day. March 5 the March 5- Federals meet with disaster at Thompson's Station, sons sta- March 1, Colonel Coburn left Brentwood to join General spTmg'^niii. Gilbert, his superior, at Franklin. Gilbert directed Coburn to lead his troops to Spring Hill for the purpose of reconnaissance. Coburn had about 2,800 men, — the 33d (his own) and the 85th Indiana, the 19th Michigan, the 22d Wisconsin, the 124th Ohio, and about 600 mounted infantry, — under Colonel Jordan, with six pieces of artillery. When a short distance from Franklin, on the 4th, he comes upon a detachment of Van Dorn's cavalry, which, after a slight skirmish, falls back in the direction of Spring Hill, seeking to draw him on. Van Dorn is near at hand wdth 5,000 men, which fact is unsuspected by Coburn. The latter hesitates, and goes into camp about eight miles from Franklin. Surprised at finding the enemy so near, he sends to Gilbert for further instruc- tions. The latter orders him to continue his march. During the night he learns that Van Dorn is near with a large force, and sends the information to his chief. He waits until 8 A. M. the following morning to hear from Gilbert, but receives no word, and thinking that he must carry out his instructions, he resumes his march, i At about 9 A. M. he again meets Van Dorn's skir- mishers, not far from Thompson's Station. Coburn presses forward, and soon meets the fire of Van Dorn's artillery. The forces of the enemy are partially hid from view ; and being deceived as to their numbers, the two Indiana regiments charge their batteries, when they meet a terrible fire of musketry. They still press for- 244 E06EGEANS. 1863. ward, but when near the enemy's line their officers dis- cover the superior numbers before them, and order a retreat to the heights near by. Instantly the enemy charge upon them. The Federals reach the desired ground, turn, and deliver a fire which staggers their pursuers, who fall back. Coburn has discovered that he is greatly outnumbered, and endeavors to retreat; but Van Dorn gives him no opportunity, attacking furiously with his whole force. Cobuin calls for Colonel Jordan, whose men have not yet entered the fight, but Jordan retires with his troops and artillery toward Franklin. The Ohio reg- iment follows, leaving the other four regiments contend- ing with Van Dorn. These brave soldiers stand their ground nobly, repulsing charge after charge. Coburn, having been deprived of nearly one half of his command, finds it impossible to retreat. His troops are new, but they exhibit the qualities of old warriors. They have resisted five times their own numbers for six hours. Their ammunition is gone, and at about 4 p. M. Coburn finds himself completely surrounded. Further resist- cobnm ance being useless, he surrenders. He has lost about surrenders. _ _ 300 in killed and wounded. About 1,300 prisoners fell into the enemy's hands. Van Horn's loss footed up about 600 in killed and wounded. Simultaneous with the movement of Coburn, Rose- crans sent two other columns on a reconnaissance, under Sheridan and Steedman. Sheridan, with his division and two brigades of cavalry under Colonel Minty, pro- ceeded toward Eagleville. Minty, going toward Union- ville, drove the enemy's outposts from Rover on March 4, and following them to their main body at Unionville, drove it on March 5 from that town in the direction of Shelbyville, taking 50 prisoners. Minty rejoined 'Sheridan at Eagleville that evening. After some ma- neuvering, Sheridan was ordered to Franklin, Marcti 4, 5. Unionville. BOSAVRANS. ■ 246 Steedman, advancing through Triune and Harpeth, is 03. came upon Roddy's brigade of cavahy at Chapel Hill, March 4. driving it beyond Duck River, and taking 60 prisoners, ^'^"i"'^"'"- when he returned, arriving at Triune on the 6th. Gor- don Granger, with a division, left Franklin on the 8th, marching upon Thompson's Station, where he encount- xhomp- ered two regiments left by Van Dorn to watch the ^°'''® ^^^ ° "^ _ _ tion. Federals. Granger drove this force before him, which retreated to Spring Hill. Van Dorn, learning of Gran- ger's numbers, hastily retired to Columbia, leaving Forrest at Rutherford Creek to check the Federal ad- vance. Granger crossed that stream on the 11th, when Forrest retired, crossing Duck River at Chapel Hill. Granger now gave up the chase. On the 20th, Colonel A. S. Hall, with about 1,300 y^"' men (the 80th and the 123d Illinois, the 101st Indiana, ™ir the 105th Ohio, and a section of the 19th Indiana bat- tery, and a company of Tennessee cavalry), while re- turning from a reconnaissance, is attacked near Milton by Morgan with his brigade of cavalry. Hall posts his force on Vaught's Hill, and awaits his foe. Morgan charges furiously, but is repulsed. Mad that this small band should check his superior force, he collects his men well in hand, and makes a determined assault. The Federals stand firm, and he is repulsed a second time, when he withdraws. His loss had been more than 300. Hall had but 50 men disabled. He returns to Murfreesboro without further hindrance. On the 21st the Federals surprised and captured a j^^,^^.^,^ ,,j post of the enemy at College Grove on Harpeth River, coiiogc March 25, Forrest captured two Federal posts near Brentwood, as follows : about 300 men of the 22d Wis- ^'''''' ^; ' Brentwood. cousin and 200 of the 19th Michigan, who had escaped the Thompson Station disaster, were stationed, the first at Brentwood, the latter at a block-house on the Frank- M6 ROSUCBA.YS. isiis. lin road. Forrest came first upon the Wisconsin men, who surrendered after a short fight. He then sur- rounded the block-house, and after a brief engagement the Michigan men, seeing the uselessness of resistance, also surrender. Forrest then retires toward Spring Hill. A regiment of Federal cavalry strike his rear, and by a vigorous charge nearly release the prisoners ; but just at this moment, having heard the firing, Forrest returns with a portion of the main body, and the oppor- tunity is lost. Fnuiiif ^U^i'il 10. ^-'^iT^ I^orn attacks Granger at Franklin with two strong divisions. The Federal force numbers about 5,000 infantry, reinforced that day by Stanley's cavahy. After a severe engagement, in which the 40th Ohio and the 4th Regular cavalry signalize themselves, Van Dorn withdraws, and retires to Spring Hill; but he will trouble the Federals no more. Major-General Earl Van Dorn was killed by Dr. Peters, of Maury Co., Van Doin. Teuu., May 8, 1863, for injury done his fiimily. He Dr'petL. ^^^^^ ^ graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mexican war with distinction. April -3. April 2, two brigades, under Generals Cruft and Woodbury. -^ \ t n • Hazen, left Murfreesboro, moving against a body of the enemy at Woodbury, which made but little resistance, and escaped with a loss of thirty prisoners. April 3, General Stanley, with his cavalry and a Snow Hill, brigade of infimtry, disturbed the enemy under Morgan at Snow Hill, where that officer had for some time made his headquarters. Morgan was compelled to retreat after a sharp encounter, in which he lost about 40 prisoners. April 6. April 6, General Mitchell, then in command at Nash- Green Hill. . . . ville, with a mounted regiment surprised and dispersed a recruiting camp of the enemy at Green Hill, taking a number of prisoners. April 20, General Reynolds left itOSECRANS. 24^ Murfreesboro with his division, accompanied by a bii- isti:i. gade of mounted infantry, under Colonel Wilder, and ApriT^o. Minty's cavalry, movins; against Morgan at McMinn- ^!f,^'"''- J J : GO o ville. ville. But Morgan retired hastily, retreating beyond Cany Fork. The Federals succeeded in taking about 120 prisoners, and accomplished the destruction of the Tullahoma railroad bridge. In Kentucky, March 22, two regiments of the enemy, March 22. under Colonel Cluke, who had been foraging in the ling.^Ky" neighborhood of Mount Sterling, captured a small Federal garrison at that place. Burnside, who had been assigned to the Department of the Ohio, March 15, 1863, relieving General H. G. Wright, sent a force in pursuit ; but the enemy had escaped to the Cumberland Mountains. On the 24th, a body of cavalry under General Pegram March 34. attacked the Federals at Danville. General Carter, in Ky. command at that place, overestimating Pegram's force, had sent his supplies to Lexington the day before, and taken the larger portion of his troops to Dick River bridge, leaving a force behind to check the enemy a sufficient time for him to complete his retreat across the Kentucky Iliver, which movement was entirely success- ful. Pegram did not follow, but proceeded to Monticello. General Gillmore, who commanded the division to which Carter belonged, arrived with some reinforcements, and assuming command, recrossed the Kentucky, and moved in pursuit of Pegram, w^ho relinquished the most of his booty in endeavoring to escape. Gillmore still pursuing, overtook the enemy at Somerset on March 30, where March 30. they were strongly posted. Pegram had about 2,000 somerset, men, Gillmore about 1,300. The Federals attacked with ^" impetuosity, and after a short but severe encounter put the enemy to flight, taking a number of prisoners. The Federals lost about 50 men in the action. Pegram's loss was about 300. On reaching the Cumberland, Gill- more gave up the pursuit. 2J:8 ROSECRAiYS. 1S63. May 1. Montici'llo, Ky. April 18, 19. Bear Creek, Ala. April 24. Tvisciim- bia. April 28. Town Creek. On May 1, Carter crossed the Cumberland River, and moved upon Monticello, where a small force of the enemy was stationed, under Colonel Chenault, who re- tired southward after a short skirmish. Colonel Morri- son, with reinforcements for the enemy, came from Albany, Tenn., by another road. The pursuing Federals then turned upon Morrison, who, after a brief engage- ment, retired in the direction of Jamestown, unable to connect with Chenault. April 17, General Dodge, with three brigades, left Corinth, Miss., moving toward Tuscumbia, Ala. On the 18th his advance encountered a brigade of the enemy's cavalry under Roddy, on Bear Creek, near luka. Roddy w^as on his way from Bragg's army to join Pem- berton, at Vicksburg. The Federals, without waiting for the main force, attacked Roddy, and met with a severe repulse ; but on the following day, Dodge came up with his whole command, and capturing the ford, drove the enemy toward Tuscumbia. Dodge did not press mat- ters for a few days, being delayed for want of cavalry horses for the brigade of Colonel Streight, which was to endeavor to reach and break up the Atlanta and Chatta- nooga Railroad, Bragg's avenue of supplies, under cover of the maneuvers of Dodge. On the 24th the Federals moved forward, and took possession of Tuscumbia, Roddy falling back and taking a strong position at the rapids called Muscle Shoals, on Town Creek, where he was reinforced by the opportune arrival of Forrest. Pushing forward, Dodge attacked the enemy here on the morning of the 28th, but after a sharp fight withdrew. Finding Roddy's position very strong, and thinking that Streight was now far away on his course, he started that evening upon his return to Corinth, reaching that place soon after. Streight set out from Tuscumbia on the 24th, with a JiO.SBCRAiVS. 249 small brigade of mounted infantry, passing through isos. Russellville, Newburo-, and Moulton. From the last- ,' ' ^' Colonel named place he proceeded toward Blountsville, reaching streight's the vicinity of Day's Gap on the evening of the 29th. capture. Immediately after being relieved of Dodge's presence at Muscle Shoals, Forrest and Roddy put forth every effort to overtake Streight. The Federal pkn was, that Dodge should occupy the attention of the enemy until Streight could get so far away that it would be impossible for Forrest or Roddy to overtake him. But Dodge retired too soon. Forrest came up with Streight on the morn- ing of the 30th, as he was moving rapidly for the strong . ^.^j gg position of Day's Gap. Forrest's advance attacked ^''^'^ *^'^P' fiercely, driving the Federal rear guard upon the main body, which was now strongly posted at the gap. The enemy, hotly pursuing, was checked. Forrest's coming up made a furious- assault; but meeting a murderous fire he fell back in disorder. The brave Federal colonel at the head of a portion of his troops, quickly charged in turn, routing his assailants, and capturing two pieces of artillery. After this repulse Forrest was inclined to respect his adversary. At 2 p. M., seeing that the enemy remained at a distance, Streight moved on ; but his horses were poor ones for such service at the start, and now were nearly worn out. His troops were infantry soldiers recently mounted, with no previous training for cavalry service. He could therefore scarcely hope to escape the well- trained and excellently mounted troopers that were upon his trail. The Federals had gone but seven or eight Apni 30 miles when they were again overtaken on Long Creek q^^^^^ ^j^. at about 5 p. m. The Confederates come on with a rush, throwing them into some disorder; but they soon rally, and check the exultant enemy. The fighting continues until 8 P. M. without material advantage to either side. 250 ROSJEGRAlfS. 1803. It is now dark, and firing has ceased. The Federals burn their wagons, spike the two guns that they have captured, and at 9 p. m. again move on. Marching all May 1. night, they reach Blountsville at 11 a. m.. May 1. Al- viiie. though horses and men are exhausted, they are allowed but two hours' rest, resuming their march toward Gads- j^j^y 3 den, and reaching there at 11 a. m.. May 2, where they Gadsden, (Jestroy large depots of the enemy's supplies. The enemy has been close upon them since leaving Long Creek. After a rest of two hours at this place, they move on toward Rome, Ga., their objective point. Turkey Arriving at Turkey Town at 5 p. m., they are obliged to stop for rest, and to prepare coffee. The pursuers are soon upon them, attacking savagely ; a severe battle follows, ending with the repulse of the enemy. The combatants are exhausted, and both sides enjoy a brief respite. At dark the Federals resume the march, and with little rest being allowed them, they pass through May 3. the village of Cedar Bluff, Ga., May 3, at daybreak, and Bluff, Ga. soon after cross the Chattooga River, burning the bridge. Feeling secure for a time, Streight allows his soldiers to break ranks. Some fall to the ground, utterly exhausted ; some proceed to prepare a meal, while the stronger ones scatter about in search of provisions. In the midst of this relaxation, Forrest, reinforced by fresh troops, again makes his appearance. The Federals hastily rally around their chief, with the will but not the strength to continue the fight. They have ridden more than 150 miles, having had very little rest or sleep for the last four days, engaged in continual skirmishing and fighting since the morning of the 30th. Colonel Streight, seeing the condition of his men, and knowing that his ammunition is nearly exhausted, becomes disheartened. Forrest, ready for the charge, now sends a demand for surrender. Feeling that further resistance Avould be BOSECRANS. 25l useless, Colonel Streight accedes to the demand — a ises. hard blow to these brave men, about 1,300 of whom fell strei^ into the enemy's hands. Most of them were soon after- surmidcrs •^ to Forrest. ward exchanged, but Colonel Streight himself was held a prisoner for nearly a year, when he succeeded in escaping from Libby Prison. (Colonel A. D. Streight was from Indiana. He was killed in action at Dalton, Ga., Aug. 16, 1864.) In this raid the Federals had traversed Northern Alabama from west to east, and had nearly reached Rome, Ga., when compelled to yield. In Teiuiessee, May 16, 1863, General Palmer, at the BrTdyviiie. head of his cavalry escort, chars-es and disperses a •^ ° '■ May 22. squadron of the 3d Georgia, at Bradyville. May 22, Midcueton. General Stanley, with a part of a cavalry division, sur- prises a small force of the enemy at Middleton, who escape to the woods, leaving nearly 100 prisoners in Federal hands. May 27 Colonel Cornyn, having come May 27. FlorGiiC6 from Corinth with four regiments of cavalry, attacks a Aia. detachment of Roddy's cavalry brigade at Florence, Ala., driving it from the town, and destroying the enemy's factories and a large accumulation of army stores at that point. June 3, General Grano-er moved his headquarters ^''°'',,^- ' O ^ Franklm and his whole corps, with the exception of one regiment of cavalry and one of infantry, from Franklin to Triune. When Forrest heard of this, he at once determined a bold stroke. The following morning he appeared before Franklin with two brigades, and at once began an attack. His first assault was repulsed ; but getting his troops well in hand, he again advanced, and after a desperate engagement, the Federals were driven out of their works, and out of the town. At this moment Campbell's brigade of cavalry arrived, having been hurried forward by Granger at the first news of the danger, and the scene is changed. Victory is snatched from the victor ; 252 BOSWBANS. IS 63. Forrest is driven back. The Federals now assume the offensive, when the enemy hastily retire, and the follow- ing day reach their old rendezvous at Spring Hill. June 11. June 11, one brigade of Forrest's cavalry make a Triune. . • r^ i ^ demonstration against Grangers cavalry outposts at Triune. The brigade beat a hasty retreat, however, after having suffered severe loss. This was repeated Triune. Juiic 20, with like results. June 9, Colonel Kautz, with three mounted reariments, attacked a brisrade of the June 9. n y o Monticeiio. eucmy under Pegram at Monticello, Ky., driving it in disorder beyond the village ; but Pegram, soon after re- inforced, returns to re-engage the Federals. A desperate fight follows. The latter, outnumbered, extricate them- selves with difficulty, and regain the banks of the Cum- berland. Burnside dispatched another small force, this time into Tennessee, commanded by Colonel Sanders, which succeeded in cutting the railroad at Lenoir's sta- tion. Strawberry Plains, and Mossy Creek, returning safely to Kentucky on June 26, bringing back 400 prisoners. June 27. General John Morgan, the Southern raider, started Morgan's ^^ j^-g g^.gg^^ j.^^jj through Kcutucky and the southern counties of Indiana and Ohio, leaving Sparta, Tenn., June 27, with about 3,500 men. He crossed the Cum- berland, entering Kentucky at Burkesville July 2. At July 3. Columbia, Ky., on the 3d, he was met by 150 Federal Columbia, troopers, under Captain Carter, who held him in check for some little time. But Carter was killed, and his men compelled to retire, when Morgan sacked the town, and soon after reached Tebb's Bend on Green River, where July 4. on July 4 he came upon about 250 men of the 25th ITZ^Kj. Michigan infantry, under Colonel 0. H. Moore. Sur- render was demanded, and refused. The Federals were strongly intrenched. Morgan at once began the attack with a part of his force, making furious charges, which BOSAVEANS. 253 were eacli time repulsed. After an engagement of ises. nearly three hours, the enemy withdrew, having suffered a loss of about 250 in killed and wounded. The Federal loss was only 6 killed and 23 wounded. The brave Michigan men had done nobly, receiving afterward the thanks of the Kentucky legislature, as well as commen- dations from the whole country. Morgan himself, though defeated, admired the heroic Colonel, sending him a note in which he said, " I promote you to be Brigadier- General." Morgan next struck Lebanon, where, on the 5th, ^^^^J^'^ 400 men of the 20th Kentucky, under Colonel Hanson, Ky. fought him for seven hours ; but at last, the town being on fire, the Federals surrendered. Pushing rapidly for- ward, Morgan reached Brandenburg, 40 miles below Louisville on the Ohio, on the 7th. Here he captured two steamers, and crossed into Lidiana on the 8th. The ^'Ja^jien. Federals were now in hot pursuit. A force of infantry, ^"•"a ^y. cavalry, and artillery, under Generals Hobson, Judah, and Shackleford, reached Brandenburg just after Morgan had crossed. Hobson procured some steamers, and crossing quickly, pushed on in pursuit. Morgan reached Corydon on the 9th. The Home Guards resisted, but Jniy 9- were overpowered, and the town sacked. ind. The marauders then pushed on to Salem, where they ^ _ ' "^ Salem, Ind. captured a small militia force, and pillaged the town. Plundering as they went, they neared Vernon, where Colonel Lowe, with a strong militia force, caused them to turn aside. Passing through Versailles on the 12th, y^^^g^jjf;^ they reached the Ohio border the next day at Harrison, ind- Moving around Cincinnati, the daylight of the 14th found Morgan some fourteen miles east of that city, anxiously seeking some avenue of escape. The Federals were close upon him, and the militia of Indiana and Ohio were in arms. Vernon, Ind. 254 EOSi:OEASS. 1S6 3. On the 18th of July Morgan reached Buffington Island juijMs, 19. Ford, near Pomeroy, on the Ohio, having passed through isLidf '" Williamsburg, Winchester, Piketon, and Jackson. But a Ohio. ^g^ enemy now appeared before the robbers, — the Federal gun-boats were there to oppose their passage. General Judah, coming by water, landed at Portsmouth, and on the 19th his cavalry attacked Morgan on one side, while Hobson's advance struck him on the other. A battle followed, ending with the defeat of the enemy and the capture of all their plunder, with over 700 prisoners. Morgan escaped with the main body, and fled up the river. At Belleville, about 3 r. m., nearly 300 of his men succeeded in getting across the river, when the gun-boats arrived and put a stop to the opera- tion. The Federal land forces now came up, and about 1,000 more of the enemy surrendered. Morgan, with what troops yet remained to him. now fled inland to McArthur, and thence to New Lisbon. The militia here caused him to stop. Shackleford with his cavalry was July S6. upon him, and escape was impossible, when, on July 26, boi" o.r ^^^® ^^^^ raiders surrendered. The loss of the enemy Morgan i^c^^ bccn about 500 in killed and wounded, and the surrenders. balance all taken prisoners, except those who escaped at Belleville. Morgan and a few of his oflicers were held prisoners at Columbus, Ohio, whence they man- aged to escape on Nov. 26 foUowiug. Just previous to Morgan s raid, about 100 of the enemy from Kentuck}^ had raided into Indiana at Leavenworth. They were captured by the Home Guards of that place. We will now accompany General Rosecrans, who has at last decided to move against his adversary. On June June 24. 94 \iq p^;t liis amiy in motion toAvard Braa'o-'s position Koseci-ans' . . >-^ t army in ou Duck Rlver. McCook, having the right, moved toward Shelbyville, Thomas in the center toward Man- chester, and Crittenden on the left in the direction of BOSWEANS. 255 McMinnville. Thomas's advance met a detachment of ises- the enemy at Hoover's Gap, and after a slight en-jjoo^s gagement, secured the gap. McCook reached and cap- ^'^p- tured Liberty Gap. General Gordon Granger's reserve L^berty^' corps also marched this day from Triune toward Bragg's ^ap- position, securing Guy's Gap on the 27th, after a sharp ji^ne 27. skirmish. Then, closely following the enemy, he arrived ^""^ ^ ^^'^■ at Shelbyville about 7 o'clock that evening, capturing sheibyvuie. the town, with about 500 prisoners. Manchester fell into the hands of the Federals on the morning of the 27th, and by the 29th Thomas and McCook had both reached that place. Bragg had retired to Tullahoma. The Federals rapidly advanced, and reaching Tullahoma July 1, ao'ain found the enemy had retreated the day J"iy ^^• before. Bragg continued his backward movement until he reached Chattanooga. Crittenden's corps had arrived at McMinnville. Rosecrans, now obliged to wait until he could es-J°^^"*°' tabhsh a line of communication with Murfreesboro, and receive supplies, did not appear in the vicinity of Chat- scpt. e. >- I- ^ ^^ 1 m Federals tanooo-a until Auo-. 20. He crossed the Tennessee cross Ten- River on Sept. 6. On the 7th, Bragg evacuated Chat-^jJ^^^ tanooga, and withdrew to Chickamauga River about sept. 7. nine miles distant, posting his army near La Faj^ette, Ga. evacuates Auo-ust 21, General Burnside started from Crab ^''^"^' Orchard, Ky., with about 20,000 men, moving into East Tennessee, for the purpose of co-operating, as far as pos- sible with General Rosecrans. General Buckner, who was at Knoxville with about 10,000 men, was ordered to join Bragg at about the same time. During his movement, and on September 9, at Cumberland Gap, sept. 9. Burnside was fortunate in capturuig a brigade of buck- land Gap, Iter's troops, under General Frazier, which Buckner had left behind without orders. Burnside took possession of Knoxville on the 3d of September. Stevi'i irs Giip. Davis Cros Roads Sept. 13. Lett's tan- yard, Ga. 256 EOSUCBAAS. 1S63. Rosecrans now sought to drive Bragg from his posi- sept~i. tion at La Faj^ette. Thomas, in reconnoitering, reached Dug Gap. J)i^g Qap in Pigeon Mountain, where he halted his advance, after a brief engagement, having discovered the enemy in heavy force and strongly posted. Crittenden reached Tunnel Hill, after a heavy skirmish near Buz- zard Roost. McCook marching farther south had reached pme Tap. ^|pj^^g Gap, wlicu Rosccrans, becoming satisfied that Bragg ^vas being heavily reinforced, and that his own army was too much scattered, ordered a concentration of his force in Chickamauga Valley, about half way be- tween Chattanooga and La Fayette, on Chickamauga Creek. The movement w^as completed on the 18th of September, having been performed without difliculty, except that Crittenden's, rear experienced heavy skir- mishing with the enemy at Lett's tan-yard. The Federal army was now posted, with Thomas on the left, not far from Rossville, Crittenden in the center, and MeCook on the right. Two mounted brigades, under Colonels Minty and Wilder, on the extreme left (which afterward became the right by moving the whole army except themselves to the left), were attacked on Sept 18-21. ^j^g 18th, and forced back some distance ; but no other Battle of ' " chicka- fighting occurred until the next day. Bragg had been heavil}^ reinforced, troops having arrived from Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, and East Tennessee. One half of Johnston's army had come to aid in the defeat of Rose- crans. Hood, with his division of Longstreet's corps, had reached the ground, and his chief was near at hand with his other two divisions, under McLaws and B. R. Johnson, Longstreet's troops having been brought from Lee's army b}^ forced marches. * The eneni}- was mak- ing a powerful concentration, hoping to crush Rosecrans before he could be reinforced. Bragg's army had now been increased to fully 75,000 men, about 60,000 of inaiisia. ROSEGRANS. 257 whom were present for duty at the beginning of the bat- isgs. tie; while Eosecrans could scarcely bring 45,000 to obi^ oppose him. Bragg's division commanders were Cle- ™*"g*- burne, Breckenridge, Cheatham, W. H. T. Walker, Stewart, Preston, Johnston, (the last two of Bnckner's corps,) Ilindman, Hood, McLaws, and B. R. Johnson. On the 19th, about 10 a. m., Thomas opened the battle. Hood had command of the enemy's left (Long- street with his other two divisions did not arrive in time for this day's battle), Polk of the right. The Fed- eral division commanders were, in Thomas's corps. Gener- als Negley, Baird, Brannan, and Reynolds ; in Critten- den's corps. Generals Wood, Palmer, and Van Cleve; in McCook's corps, Generals Davis, Sheridan, and Johnson. Bragg intended to gain the Federal left, and secure the road to Chattanooga; but he unexpectedly found Thomas there to oppose him. The weight of the battle at the beginning fell upon Thomas. Bragg reinforced his right, and Eosecrans, his left. The fighting was fierce and determined at this point until 2 p. m., when the battle reached to the center, and then along the whole line, raging furiously until 4 p. M. A lull then followed until 5 p. m., when Bragg, having massed upon the center, endeavored to break the Federal line in the middle. He had nearly succeeded, when Thomas reinforced the center with a portion of his corps, and the enemy was driven back. The conflict continued until long after dark. The slaughter was frightful on both sides, that of the enemy the heaviest, having attacked the Federals in their chosen position. The 8th Indiana battery aiijd Loomis's Michigan bat- tery were captured by the enemy in a desperate charge. The Federals made a counter-charge, and recaptured the Indiana battery and a part of the Michigan battery, 17 258 EOS^CBAJS'S. IS 63. with many prisoners. When Loomis's battery was taken chicka- by the enemy, and all its men killed or captured mauga. Lieutenant Van Pelt still stood by his beloved guns, Deatii of and " alone fought a legion in their defense," until struck Geo! w. down. The day's battle was over, but neither side had Battefy^A, gained any material advantage. Every Federal division Michigan. \^r^([ ijeeu engaged. They still held their ground, having repulsed the enemy at all points. During the night, both armies reformed their lines, the Federals falling back some distance. Longstreet arrived about midnight with his two other divisions, and was placed in command of Bragg's left. The Federal army, as now posted, were by divisions from left to right : Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds, Brannan, Negley, Davis, and Sheridan, with Wood and Van Cleve in reserve. Bragg had ordered an early attack, confi- dent, since Longstreet's arrival, of success ; but Polk, commanding his right, failed him; he was eating his breakfast at a late hour. It was 9 a. m. before the battle began. Longstreet was instructed to wait until Polk should double Thomas up, but the latter had built breastworks and made excellent preparations for his reception. Polk's troops make charge after charge, but are driven back with fearful loss at each attempt. At 11 A. M. Longstreet attacks, having become satisfied that Polk Avill not be able to force Thomas from his ground. But Bosecrans has greatly weakened his right to rein- force his left, and now Longstreet attacks with a force outnumbering the Federal right three to one. The Fed- erals stubbornly resist for a time, but are finally com- pelled to give way. Davis and Sheridan strive in vain to rally their troops ; they cannot resist the terrible onslaught. Portions of Brannan's, Van Cleve's, Neg- ley's, and Wood's divisions are also carried away. Thomas still stands his ground with the divisions of is a 3. Baird, Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds, and portions of euicuu- Negley's, Wood's, Brannan's, and Van Cleve's divisions. ™'"'^''- The battle continues with unabated fury. Thomas's right is forced from its position, but retires slowl}^, and only a short distance to the spurs of Mission- ary Ridge. He is yet ignorant of the rout of the Fed- eral right. He forms new lines in a strong position, and continues the defense with the determination of a hero. Polk's troops are exhausted by their efforts. Longstreet is now free to aid Polk, and at once prepares to annihilate Thomas. Bragg now attacks on the front and both flanks, expecting an easy victory ; but he finds " good men and true " with " Pap " Thomas in command. Shortly after noon, General Gordon Granger joined Thomas with the brigades of Whittaker and Mitchell, under General Steedman. Granger, with his reserve corps, had been stationed at Rossville ; but at 11 a. m., V'^"* ''^^ ■t^ ' ' 'of General becoming satisfied that Thomas needs help, he moves Granger. rapidly forward, without orders, and arrives most oppor- tunely, bringing Thomas much-needed ammunition. He has scarcely arrived and been placed upon the right of the Federal line, when the Confederates assault furiously. The conflict becomes desperate, but the Federal soldiers nobly repel every effort of the enemy. Chjirge after charge is repulsed, causing frightful losses in the ranks of the foe. A division of the enemy getting in the rear, Steedman, seizing a flag, charges at the head of the brigades of Whittaker and Mitchell, driving them in Gallantry „ . of General contusion. steedman. A second time Longstreet prepares for a general as- sault. On they come, but the " Rock of Chickamauga" q^^^j..^^ is there. Another desperate struggle, and the battle of Gliomas the ■■■ _ OiD 7 ^ "Rock of Chickamauga is over, with the setting of the sun. cMcka- Thomas and his soldiers have made a wonderful defense ; niautra. 260 ROSECRANS. 1863, may their country never forget them! That evening chick^ the Federals retired to Rossville. The enemy made mauga. gome feeble attacks during the movement, which were easily repulsed. When Thomas reached Rossville, he found Generals Negley, Davis, and Sheridan there, who had succeeded in rallying quite a force, which now proved valuable to Thomas, as it gave his tired soldiers opportunity for rest. General Garfield, Rosecrans' chief-of-staff, joined Thomas at 4 p. m., and remained with him during the rest of the day. Rosecrans had already established his headquarters at Chattanooga, where about one third of his army had followed him. During the 21st there was but very little fighting, and that evening Thomas retired to Chattanooga. Bragg advanced, taking possession of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. The Federal loss was 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded, 4,945 missing; total, 15,851. Bragg's loss was fully 20,000, although reported as 17,804. Death of Amonar the enemy's killed were Brigadier-Generals Pres- Smith, ton Smith, James Deshler, and B H. Helm. The last •and Helm, two wcre graduatos of West Point. General Wm. H. Death of Lytle was amons; the Federal dead. He had won dis- General ... . Lytle. tinction in the Mexican war. Braa-ff now laid siege to Chattanooara. This town is Roeecrans oo O o besieged, pleasautly situated on the left bank of the Tennessee River, 151 miles southeast of Nashville, and 138 miles northwest of Atlanta. It is surrounded by high hills, and amid picturesque scenery, several valleys and inter- vening ridges converging at this point. The enemy now seriously interrupted Rosecrans' communications. For several days the Federal troops were on short rations. Many horses and mules died from starvation, or were worked to death in striving to bring supplies over the one route yet left open, — from Nashville. The Federals had possession of the railroad RO SEC BANS. 261 from Nashville to Bridgeport; but here the road crossed ises. to the south side of the Tennessee River, which crossing was commanded by Bragg's guns, so that instead of bringing his supplies direct from Bridgeport, only 25 miles away, the Federal commander was compelled to follow a circuitous route for sixty miles north of the river, over a mountainous country. ^ , „, ' •' Sept. 30. On Sept. 30, Bragg sent Wheeler with about 4,000 wheeier's troopers on a raid upon Bosecrans' supply trains. The Federal cavalry started in pursuit ; but Wheeler caused ^'^'^ ^- , •/ ^ ■' Anderson s great damage, capturing and destroying two large trains. Gap. and taking about 1,000 prisoners at Anderson's Cross oct. s. Roads, in the Sequatchie Valley. Here his success ^^"^crson's ended. The Federal cavalry attacked him Oct. 2, Roads. but in too small a force to do mo«e than check him for a short time. Again on the 4th, near Mc- oct. 4. Minnville, the Federal cavalry, about 2,000 strong, vine."^" attacked the bold raider, but without result, and at dark Wheeler moved away toward Murfreesboro, which he found too strongly guarded to venture an attack ; but he did attack, without success, a stockade ^^^ ^ on Stone River. Then pushing southward toward Shel- stockade byville, he reached Wartrace Depot, where the Federals River. again overtook him. A hard fiaht followed, resulting in WcirtriiCG the defeat and rout of Wheeler. His force became di^. Depot. vided, when he hastily retreated, but was closely pur_ sued, the Federals capturing about half of his command before he could reach Bragg's lines. We will now close this chapter, as there is a change in the management of military affairs in this Department, and will rejoin the successful march of our great captain. CHAPTER XIY. CHATTANOOGA AND KNOXVILLE. GRANT. Oct. 16. o 1863. f \N the 16th of October the President directed Gen- eral Grant to take command of the departments of Giant as- i^^ Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and signed to ' ^ .... the com- designated all three as the Department of the Mississippi. three De- General Grant placed General Thomas in command of partments. j^^Qsecrans' armj^, giving to Sherman the Army of the Tennessee, Burnside retaining command of the Army of the Ohio. In the first days of September, Grant had Thomas re- J i. ^ lievesRose- visited Ncw Orlcans for the purpose of holding a confer- ence with General Banks. While there he attended a re- Grant in- yig^y of Bauks's troops at Carrollton. While returning J urea near ^ o New Or- to Ncw Orlcaus from the review on Sept. 4, his horse became frightened and springing against a wagon with great violence, fell to the pavement with the General, severely injuring his hip. This caused him many days of painful suffering, and obliged him to use crutches several weeks. He returned to Vicksburg about the middle of September, but did not leave his bed until the 25th. On Oct. 3 he was directed to proceed to Cairo as soon as able to take the field. The dispatch reached him on the 10th, and he arrived in Cairo on the 16th, where he received instructions to report at the Gait House, Louisville, Ky., with which he at once complied. At Indianapolis he met the Secretary^ of War, Hon. E. M. Stanton, who now gave him the order of the (262) - • _ . GRANT. 263 President. They proceeded together to Louisville. On isgs. the 18th Grant telegraphed the order placing General chattT Thomas in command of the Army of the Cumberland, "°°°''- and started with his staff for Chattanooga on the 19th, arriving there on the 23d. He had already given various orders looking to the relief of the beleaguered army under Rosecrans at that place. Hooker was near by, ^ • 1 1 Hooker at having arrived from the Army of the Potomac with the chatta- 11th Corps under General Howard, and the 12th Corps "°°"''' under General Slocum. Hooker had made a surprisingly quick movement, transporting over 20,000 men, with artillery, trains, animals, and baggage, nearly 1,200 miles within seven days. The day after General Grant arrived at Chattanooga, he issued orders for the movement of troops. His first duties were to relieve the half-starved and half-clothed army. Retreat was not thought of by Grant, although Rosecrans had contemplated doing so. On the 26th of October, Hooker, following the instructions of his chief, crossed the Tennessee at Bridgeport, marching eastward via Whiteside and Wauhatchie to Brown's Ferry, the ferry being a short distance west of Chattanooga and in possession of the enemy. Troops were also put in motion from the camps at Chattanooga for the capture of the ferry. General Hazen, with a brigade of infantry, went down the river on ponton boats in the night, and at daylight on the 27th surprised the enemy's pickets and captured the post and the heights commanding that point. Hooker reached Wauhatchie in Lookout Valley on the afternoon of the 28th, where a part of his troops under Geary were left, the rest going to the neighbor- hood of the ferry. The enemy on Lookout Mountain was watching oct. as. Hooker's movements, and Longstreet determined to jjatciiie. drive him back. About midnight of the last-named 264 GRANT. 1863. day, he charged down upon Geary's division, expecting chatteT to completely surprise it; but Geary was wide-awake, nooga. g^jj^ gave McLaws a hot reception. Hooker, hearing the sound of battle, sent Howard from the ferry to his relief. Geary resisted a largely superior force for three hours. The battle was fierce, lasting till 4 a. m. of the 29th. At last, with the aid of reinforcements, the enemy was overthrown, and retired in disorder. Hook- er's loss was 416 in killed and wounded. The loss of the enemy was about 1,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. Hooker's victory at once brought relief to the army. Grant had opened the way so that provisions could be freely conveyed to the troops, and they soon had full rations. Bragg's army was intrenched about three miles from the Tennessee, along the western slope of Missionary E,idge, across Chattanooga Valley to the western slope of Lookout Mountain. His line of works was about twelve miles long, enveloping the Federal position on the ^^^ j^ east, south, and west. On Nov. 14, General Sherman Sherman arrivcd at Bridgeport, Ala., with four divisions, under arrives . fromvicks- Ostcrhaus, M. L. Smith, Hugh Ewing, and John E. '^^^' Smith, the first three of the 15th Corps, the latter of the 17th Corps. General Sherman, being now in command of the Army of the Tennessee, had placed General Blair in command of the 15th Corps. These troops had left Yicksburg by boat, Sept. 28, for Memphis, reaching there Oct. 4. They soon pushed forward to the relief of Chattanooga, a division of the 16th Corps, under G. M. Dodge, following. The distance from Memphis to Chattanooga is 330 miles. Sherman's march was along the northern border of Mississippi and Alabama, passing through Corinth, luka, Tuscumbia, Florence, Decatur, Athens, and Stevenson, skirmishing heavily nearly the whole distance. GRANT. 265 General Sherman reported in person at Grant's is 03. headquarters on the 16th, and received his instructions, chatt^ which were to proceed to a position which would threaten ''°°^^- Bragg's right at the northern end of the ridge. Thomas had the center, and would move against the enemy's works on Missionary Ridge. McCook's and Crittenden's corps had been consolidated, and now constituted the 4th Corps, in three divisions, under Cruft, Wood, and Sheridan, commanded by General Gordon Granger. General Palmer now commanded Thomas's old corps, the 14th, which was in three divisions, under Baird, Johnson, and Jefferson C. Davis. Hooker held- the right before the enemy's works on Lookout Mountain. Owing to heavy.rains, bad roads, and so many rivers to cross and recross. Grant was unable to complete his preparations for an attack until the 23d. On the 22d the 11th Corps had been detached from Hooker's command and brought to the left rear of Thomas's, where it acted as a reserve. Heavy artillery firing had been going on during the forenoon of the 23d, and at 1 p. m. Wood and Sheridan advanced at ^^^^ 23_25 double-quick, forcing back the enemy's pickets and their reserves, capturing 200 prisoners and taking possession "ooga. of their advanced line of works, including Orchard Knob and a low range of hills lying about half way between Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge. Palmer advanced on Granger's right, and Howard on his left, where the Federals intrenched during the night. But Sherman had not yet reached the point assigned him. His troops must cross the Tennessee twice, first at the west of the town, at Brown's Ferry, then passing north of it march- ing eastward they reach the river again, northeast of the town and about four miles distant. During the night the Federals quietly cross over, capturing the enemy's pickets, and by daylight on the 24th Sherman has two Battle of Chatta- nooga. 266 GRANT. isiis. divisions strongly intrenched near Bragg's right flank, ciiattaT ^^"^^^ ^y noon he is ready to move forward. Osterhans's division has been left with Hooker, but Jefferson C. Davis's division of Palmer's corps has been gwen to Sherman to fill the vacancy. It was not intended that Sherman should go much farther this day ; but he presses forward, and after some heavy artillery firing and sharp skirmishing, about 4 p. m. secures a strong position on the northern end of Missionary Ridge. At last he has reached the place assigned him by General Grant on the 15th. General Howard now extended his left connect- ing with Sherman's right. During the 24th, Thomas remained quiet in accordance with Grant's plan, who was waiting for his flankers to perform their part of the play. While Sherman was skillfully executing his portion of the preliminaries to the great battle expected on the morrow. Hooker grandly accomplished the work given him to do. He had with him Geary's division of the 12th Corps, Cruft's division of the 4th Corps, and Osterhaus's division of the 15th Corps. Hooker's camps were on the western side of Lookout Creek, near the base of Raccoon Mountain. Geary, with his own divis- ion and one brigade of Cruft's division, crossed the creek near Wauhatchie at about 8 a. m., captured the enemy's pickets, and at once began to climb the mount- ain-side. At the same time the remainder of Hooker's troops approached the creek, opposite the northern extremity of Lookout Mountain. This attracted the attention of the enemy wholly, so that Geary was not discovered for some time. By 11 A. M. the enemy was driven from the foot of the hill. They now discover Geary climbing over ledges and boulders on their left and rear. Osterhaus's right joins Geary's left, and the Federals press forward over GRANT. 267 obstacles of the most extraorclinQry character. The is 03 Conf^erates resist determinedly, but are driven. chatta^ Lookout Mountain is about 2,000 feet above the "°°S'i- level of the sea, and about 1,400 feet above the Ten- nessee, which skirts its base, and is steep and difficult of ascent. On the northern slope, about midway up the mountain, the enemy had a continuous line of earth- works. The fighting lasted until night. Since 2 p. m. the clouds had settled down below the combatants, and those below could only see the flashing of the guns ; hence it was named " The battle above the clouds." "The bat- Hooker succeeded in capturing Lookout Mountain. He the also took about 2,000 prisoners. The Federal soldiers *'^°"'^''-" exhibited great gallantry in charging up the mountain- side in the face of a severe fire. During the night the enemy retired to Missionary Ridge, leaving Hooker in possession of the mountain. On the 4th of November, Bragg had sent Longstreet, with his corps and Wheeler's cavalry, to operate against Burnside in East Tennessee, hoping to draw off a portion of Grant's force in that direction ; but the latter, trust- ing to the ability of Burnside to take care of himself, held his troops before Bragg. The Federals now make preparations for storming the enemy's intrenchments. Bragg has concentrated his forces upon the top of Missionary Ridge, abandoning all his rifle-pits below. Without Longstreet he has about 40,000 men ; Grant has about 60,000. On the morning of the 25th the assault of Missionary Ridge was renewed. This ridge runs nearly north and south, and is about 400 feet high. Hooker, on the right, was to pass from Lookout Mountain down into the valley at the east, march to Rossville Gap, and envelop the south end of Missionary Ridge, or Bragg's left flank. Soon after dajdight Sherman opened the fight. His 268 GRANT. 1 S li . Ohiitt;l- The magni- ftcent charge of Tliomas's troops. Bragg rout I'd. Nov. 37. Ringgold and Tay- lor's Kidge whole army was soon engaged upon the enemy's right and rear. Hooker was detained in bridging Chattanooga Creek, and it w^as 3 r. m. before he came np. Meantime, Grant had held Thomas back till Hooker should attack, so that Bragg should weaken his center to strengthen his flanks. This delay made severe work for Sherman ; Bragg was thus enabled to reinforce his right more and more, and notwithstanding the heroism and determina- tion of Sherman's troops, they could make but little headway against such a tide. At last, about 3 p. m., Thomas received the order, and the impatient troops of Sheridan, Wood, Baird, and Johnson moved forward under a tremendous fire of artillery from the ridge. They soon take up the double-quick. The first line of the enemy is reached. Not a shot has been fired by the Federals. With a rush they go over the w^orks. Hun- dreds of prisoners are taken in the trenches. On and up go the Federals, the enemy flying before them to the crest. Here they make stubborn resistance ; the air is filled with clouds of shot and shell, but the exultant Federals press on, and the last line is reached and taken wdth thousands of prisoners within one hour from the time they started. The enemy is now in retreat down the eastern slope. Sheridan pursues until dark, taking many prisoners. Hooker and Sherman have broken Bragg's wings, and he is utterly routed ; Chickamauga is avenged. The Federals take more than 6,000 prisoners. Bragg retreated to Chickamauga Station. The Fed- erals started in pursuit the following morning. The enemy's rear guard was soon overtaken, and skirmishing continued for twent}^ miles, to Ringgold. A little be- yond this place Bragg ordered some of his troops to hold a gap in Taylor's Ridge until his trains should be placed beyond danger. Hooker at once attacked, but GBAiYT. 200 his artillery was not up, and the Federal advance was iso:i- checked. A severe engagement followed of three hours' <^,,^,~ duration, but without result. The Federal artillery ar- "«°g'^- rived about noon, and had scarcely opened when the enemy again retreated ; but Bragg had accomplished his object; his trains were saved. Grant now discontinued the pursuit, and after destroying the railroads in the neighborhood pretty thoroughly, his army was ordered back to the vicinity of Chattanooga. The Federal loss in this fight with Bragg was 757 killed, 4,529 wounded, and 330 missing; total, 5,61G. The loss of the enemy was 6,000 taken prisoners, and an estimated loss of 4,000 in killed and wounded, also forty pieces of artil- lery. Bragg reported his total loss as 8,684. General Grant returned from Ringgold to Chatta- nooga on the 28th, and directed that Granger's corps should go at once to the relief of Burnside, who was be- sieged at Knoxville by Longstreet. Granger seemed unwilling to go, and General Grant, fearing for Burn- side's safety, determined to send his most trusty lieu- tenant, and at once ordered General Sherman to march to Knoxville with the 15th Corps. Sherman started on the 30th. J«-- ''■ Tin 1*1 Sherman We left Burnside in East Tennessee a httle while goes to the before the battle of Chickamauga, where he has been ^^^^^J.^J,^ having a serious time. On Oct. 10 his cavalry had a brisk engagement with the enemy's cavalry under Sam b", Jones, at Blue Springs, not far from Bull's Gap, result- ^,';;;;;f^'' ing in the defeat of the foe. But Jones met with suc- cess on Nov. 6, near Bogersville, where with 2,000 fj;^^;,,' troopers he attacked two regiments under Colonel Gar- rard, putting the Federals to flight, and capturing over 500 prisoners. Oct. 20 Colonel Wolford, operating in o.- the Sweetwater Valley, was attacked by a superior phu., Tenn force of the enemy near Philadelphia. After several Oct. 10. Nov. 6. Ko.-:oi-s- vilU', Ti'iin ft. PhihuU'l- 270 GBA^T. Ndv. 10. ville, 'Pemi. Nov. M. llutrs Fon-y. Nov. 15. Loudon Creek. Lenoir's. llolf^Um Kiver. Nov. 16. Campbell'i Station. Nov. IT to Dec. 4. Siege of Knoxville. Heath of General Sanilers. hours' fighting, finding that he was being snrronndod, he votired to London, leaving in the enemy's hands about 300 prisoners. On Nov. 10 the Federal garrison at llogersville was attacked by forces from Virginia, and forced back to Morristown. with a loss of about 400 prisoners. On the morning of Nov. 14 Longstreet's advance crossed the Tennessee at Huff's Ferry, six miles below Loudon. A brigade under General Julius White attacked Long- street's advance, driving it back a distance of two miles. Burnside now hastened to concentrate his forces at Lenoir's, from which place he marched on the evening of the 15th for Campbell's Station. Longstreet was endeavoring to reach that point first, but Bnrnside arrived ahead of him. Taking a strong position one half mile from the station, on the Knoxville road, he awaits the enemy. Longstreet soon jittacks with a part of his corps, but is repulsed. He assaults again and again, but is repeatedly driven back with severe loss, when he withdraws. During the night Burnside retires to the defenses of Knoxville. The enemy soon follow, and on the 18th assault the works, but receive a severe repulse. General Sanders, commanding Burn- side's cavalry, is killed while gallantly fighting at the head of his troops. The earthwork in front of which he fell was named Fort Sanders by General Burnside, in honor of his memory. Longstreet now determined to reduce the garrison by famine till they should be compelled to surrender, and at once began the siege. He had about 17,000 men when he left Bragg, but now received a considerable re- inforcement by the arrival of the forces under Sam Jones and Carter Harrison. On the 25th he made an attempt to seize a height that comniantled Fort Sanders, but tailed. At 6 A. m. oh the -0th the enemv made a GliAya\ 271 (letonnmccl assnult ii[)on tho fori, the Oonfederatos rus1i- isa4. ing right into the face ol'ih'.-itli, undaunted by (he terri- ^ov. •»). ble (ir(> delivered by the Federals; but after despera ((«';•'" ^•"" lighting, in which the enemy snilered a loss of nearly 1,000 men, they were repulsed. The Federal kiss was less than 50. Longstreet, learning of Bragg's disaster and Sherman's approach, raised the siege on Dec. 3, and retired in the direction of Virginia; but he remained in East Tennessee until the following spring, when he re- ioined General Lee in Virginia. General Sherman ve- ^'•"■'""" , turned to the vieinity of Chattanooga, and rcN^ted his NvUouLong- *■ stroet le- worn-out veterans. They had marched over oOO nules uros. since leaving Yicksburg. The whole country, including Congress, voted thanks to General Grant and his soldiers. Success seemed to follow both him and them, no matter what Held they occu})ied. On March 2, 1864, Congress revived the grade of^;;;f'' Lieutenant-General. The President named General ^J'"'!' =' 1,'U'lltOlllUlt Grant for the place, which was contirmed by the Senate, cuuomi Grant was called to Washington, where he arri\etl l^aiHUT"- March 8, and on the 0th he met the President for the ^^•'*'^^- first time, and received his commission, which placed him in command of all the armies of the United States. General Sherman was given the place vacated by Gen-^''*'' eral Grant, and iNlcPherson took Sherman's late conunand. m^i' General Grant at once began preparations tor the spring campaign, meeting Sherman at Nashville on the 17th of March to arrange matters in that Departnu^nt. lie then returned to Washington, reaching there on the ^ad. Grant's headquarters had been at Nashville since the middle of December. Thomas had remained at Chatta- nooga, Sherman at Bridgeport, with his troops distributed along the railroad from Stevenson to Decatur, Ala., and toward Mashvil](\ (uuun-al Foster relieved General Burnside on Dec. I I ; but the former was soon after re- un-son romotod. 372 a RANT. isti-t. liovod at his own voquest, on aooount of a wound re- ooivod in the IMoxionn war. General John M. SehotieUi assuming- eoumiaud of the Depart uuMit o( the Ohio on Feb. 1), 1804. Whim ShiM'uiau was ordered to the assistauee of Rose- oraus, Mt'Pliersou was h>ft in eonunand at Yieksburg. ^,^.j ^^ About the middle of Oetober, 1803, MoPherson, with isia. Mo |]^> (livisi(>us oi' Logan and Tut tie, moved in the direetiou rUi'i'smi !>t I'.i;; I'.huk of (\Mutou, where th(^ enemy seemed to be eoueentrating. After erossing t4»e l>ig l>laek, Meriierson met the enemy's cavahy imder Wirt Adams. Sharp skirmisliiug fotUnved, in wliieh Adams was foreed baek some distanee, after which the enemy was heavily reinforced. The purpose of the rtronnaissitiK'c having been etfeeted, JNlePherson returned to VieUsburg. . In January, 1804, Ceueral Oraut directed Sherman to organize a force at Vicksbnrg, for an expedition I *- ..... against the enemy's railroads in Mississippi. General Fobruary. Shemiau Ict't Yicksburg Feb. o, with four divisions, two shonuHus nuder JNU'Fherson and two brought from Memphis under MoriiUnn ^ij^lbut. Passiug tlirough Jackson, Brandon, and Mor- ton, he reached Meridian on the 14th, driving the enemy under General Polk before him. Here he destroyed 150 miles of railroad track and i\,000 feet of trestle-work to his entire satisfaction, and everything else but iidiabited houses, including depots, storehouses, and bridges. At ]\Ieridiau, Sherman expected to be joined by a division of cavalry under W. S. Smith from the vicinity of ^lem- phis, but Smith did not etVect the junction ; he was de- tained in his march, lie had succeeded in destroying about 1,000,000 bushels of corn, 2,000 bales of cotton, and 80 miles of railroad track. Innug contronted by Forrest on Feb. 20, and believing his force inferior to that of the enemy, he returned to IMemphis, Forrest fol- vvb. S3, lowing as far as the Tallahatchie, after haviuii' a brief Miss. eniiairement at Okolona on the 22d. a/i'.i\r. 27n SluM-man roiuaiiiod at McM-idian until rob. '20, wailing tsa-t. I'or tlic airi\al of Smith, inliMuliiii'; io push as lav as St'hnn, Ala. !>ut not wishini;' to g'o farlluM' without ('a\ali\, ho nt)W bogan his return tuaroh to Nicksburp,', ^'»''"''>i> (Ml a lino north of tiio owe on whioh lu> had advanoiMl, \ ioUshur;. passing' through (Linton on tlu> iJtith, having niarrlunl about ,"U)0 uiilos. llo hail k(>[)t up a oonlinual skirmish- ing with tho ononiv on his march out, and had lost 'J I killed, t>S wouuihul, and SI missing; lu^ brought bai'k with him about r>Ot) prisoners. Sonm 5,000 m>groes had I"o11ow(h1 his army to Vieksburg. CnMUM-al -K)seph 1*1. Johnston had sujierseded l>nigg ,,,',"|![j I,'^, aflor tho batlh> oi' (Miattanooga. When J(dinsti)n learninl •''•''"^'""• of Sherman's advance" from \'i(dvsburg, lu> siMit two divisions of liardet^'s corps to riMulorce l*olk. (ien(M"a.l (^rant, at (Miattanooga, being iid'maned oi' this, started (icneral PaluuM' \vilh tlu^ 1 Ith (\)rps in (lie dii'cction of halton, io I'ounteract it. Tahner nu)ved out b'eb. 21j, pressing Itack Wheider's cavalry until he r(N'ieh(>d Tunn(>l Hill Uidge, wluM'e on i\\o 'J^th, at about l\ v. m., W luMder ,,.,, ,,. o- ma(h> a stand. lie was compelled to rtdire, how(>V(>r, ''""'""""""' ' K'id^'o ami after a sharp light. Again at about 5 l'. M. Wheeler I'ni-y.Kni lactnl about at IJuz/artl Iv(U)st, (Ui Koidvy l*'ace Kidgo. A brief iMigagemeut look place, when llu> luinosing forc(\s ''"*''• *'' ^• rested for the night. In (\\o morning it \Nas found that la.i.uv. Wh(Hd(M- had gone toward Haltou. PaliuiM- IoIIowimI, and soon nud tln^ enemy in [void;y Vavv Vall(\y. iVfter a sliai'p tight, having l»(H'onu> satisfied that heav\' rtdn- forctMuiMits were mai'id»ing to WluMdiM-'s aid, he withdrew, rtdurning to Tinuud Hill and so(m after to Kinggold. Hardee's divisions stMd to Polk W(Mi> orderiMl back, ,)ohnston having learmnl that Sherman had returned to Vicd-isburg. After nduruing from his Meridian expedi- lit)n, (uMKM'al SluM'mau \isited (((>ueral r»aid\S at Nt^w Orleans. ll(>soon aftiM'ward sent t wo di\ isions to join 274 GBAiVT. isti4. Banks on the Red River, one division under T. Kilby Smith, and the other under Joseph A. Mower, both in command of A. J. Smith. General Hurlbut returned to Memphis ; McPherson remained at Vioksburg. Beeoming satisfied that he had defeated W. S. Smith in his attempt to unite with Sherman, Forrest started inuiiug in on a raid into Western Tennessee and Kentucky, moving Tennessee. northward from Okoh)na, Miss., March 14, 1864, with March 33. about 5,000 men. He reached Jackson, Tenn., March Ttnn. ' 23, where he rested a short time, sending a detachment to attack a Federal post at Union City, Tenn., defended Union City, by Colonel Hawkins with the 11th Tennessee cavalry, numbering about 450 men. The first charge of the enemy was gallantly repulsed, but Hawkins now surren- dered, believing that he could not resist the force sent against him, i'm"!.- ^ Forrest appeared before Paducah, Ky., March 25. I'ort An- Colonel S. G. Hicks with about 650 men garrisoned Fort lU'vson, Ky. ■" Anderson, in the edge of the town. His demand for surrender being refused, Forrest savagely assaulted, and was handsomely repulsed. Again the enemy charged, more determinedly than before, and was again repelled. The Federals were aided by two gun-boats. Forrest now drew off, but remained in the neighborhood until the 27th, when he vanished. His loss luid been over 350 in killed and wounded ; Federal loss, 14 killed and 46 WHHinded. The raiders now moved upon Fort Pillow, located on the Mississippi above Memphis. The garrison consisted of 19 ofticers and 538 men, of whom 262 were colored troops, commanded by Major L. F. Booth. Major W. F. Bradford commanded the white troops. Booth being the ranking otlicer, had charge of the garrison. April 13. Forrest assaulted at sunrise on the 12th. The Federals Fort Pill>>\v massacre, fought gallantly, and up to 2 r. m. the enemy had not GJiA.\T. 275 gained any deoiaive advantage. INTajor "Booth liad been isg4. killed, and Bradford was now in command. At this m-iitu of honr the firing had eeased when Forrest demanded an jj^jj uneonditioiial siirreinler, and under cover of the tlag of truce his fiends crept np (o [lositions near the works which they had failed to gain by fighting. This was both cowardly and tn^acherous. Bradford refused to siirremler, when the (lemons rushed over the fortilii'a- tions, and a, sci>ne followtnl that no piMi can deseriho for its barbarity. JMore than .'H)0 Federal soldiers, who had surrendered wluni they found the fort in possession of the enemy, were murdiM'ed, the devils crying, ■' Nt) quartiu'," shooting and bn(elu>riiig in indis- criminate slaughter. Men were nailtnl to t(Mil lloors and buildings, and burned alive; wouiuUmI and sick were shot where tliey hiy. Major Bradford, with otluM- [)ris- omn-s, was taken along by Forn^st whtMi lu> nu)\(Ml away. The following day Bradford was U>d a. short distamn^ , ),,,,,,, of aside from the line of march, and a volley lired at him. J.'"''!',., It is stateil that he fidl dead, pierced by many bullets. Forrest now hastily returned to NortluM'u Mississippi. A few days Liter (uMieral S. 1). Stiirgis, with about 10,000 men, was sent from M(>mphis after Forrest, but the latter, nK)ving ra[)idly, escaped. Farly in duno Sturgis made another attempt against b'orrest, advancing through West Tennessee and NortluMu Mississippi. He came upon the (Mumuv nt'ar (^iintowu. Tht^ l*\'deral ■'""" ^'^• cavalry tirst encountered Forrest, pushing his cavalry Mis». back upon his infantry, which was found to be strongly posted. 8turgis was sonu^ live mih>s behind. Hasten- ing forward at double-quick, he soon came upim the ground, but it was a, hot day, and his men arrived ex- hausted ; wilhont^ rest tlu^v W(M(^ pushed inuuediately into the light. Tlu> conlliet was short and decisive, result iiiir in the rout of tlu^ l*\Hlerals, who retr(>;ited in 276 a2UAT. IS a 4. disorder. At Ripley they suceeeded in checking the June 11. pursuing enemy for a time, but were again driven, For- iS.^' ^"^'^^' '*^>ll^wing nearly to Memphis. Sturgis had been utterly defeated, with a loss of about 3,000 men, most of whom were captured. Early in July the Federals once more moved against Forrest. On the 7th, General A. J. Smith, who had been returned to this department from Banks's army, left Saulsbury, Tenn., with about 12,000 men, skirmishing with the enemy all the way to Tupelo, ]\[iss. July 13-10. On tlie loth, near that town, a detachment of For- Tiipolo, , ' ' Miss. rest's cavalry attacked the Federal trains, but met with a severe repulse. The following day, at Tupelo, Forrest •with his whole force, numbering about 14,000 men, attacked the Federals, 'who being well posted, drove back the assailants. Gathering for a determined charge, the enemy renewed the assault again and again ; but without success. Forrest now retired. The Federals ZJ^^"" soon followed, and on the 15th, at Old Town Creek, the contlict Avas renewed, resulting, after a severe battle, in the defeat of the enemy. Smith soon afterward with- drew to Memphis. Again in August General Smith went in search of Forrest, marching as far as the Talla- hatchie. The latter dashed into Memphis on the morn- Aug. 21. ing of Aug. 21 with about 3,000 troopers, while Smith Monipiiis, was looking for him in Mississippi. He succeeded in ''""■ capturing several othcers and about 300 men; but before he could get away the Federals gathered in his path, causing him a loss of about 200 in killed and wounded. Doc. i-t, -ca December 14, 1863, as Longstreet was retiring from lU-an's St,n- . , , . . . tion, Teim. the neighborhood of Knoxville, the Federals in pursuit overtook him near Bean's Station. A severe engage- ment folloAved, but without result; it ended with dark- ness. Longstreet now fell back toward Bull's Gap. December 29, General Sturgis, in command of a GRANT. 277 small force, defeated John Morgan, who had about 5,000 mod. men, between Mossy Creek and New Market, Tenn., Dec.lo^'ea. causinsr him a loss of about 250 men; Federal loss ^^''^^^ '-' ' ^ Creek, about 100. Tcnn. December 28, Wheeler's cavalry captured a Fed- eral supply train near Charleston, Tenn. ; but their ciuuief^ton, possession of it was of short duration. Federal rein- ''""" forcements coming up just in time, retook the train, repulsing Wheeler with a loss of 45 in killed and wounded and over 100 ]3risoners. The Federal loss was 15 in killed and wounded. January IG, 1864, John Morgan attacked General j.^„^o^ -c4. Sturgis at Dandridge, Tenn. A severe battle followed, iB'""''''''^°''' ending at night without result, when Sturgis retired to Strawberry Plains. January 14, a small force of the enemy under Gen- •^*°- ^*' ^^• "^ \ , Seviorvillc, eral Vance, which had come from North Carolina, cap- Tcim. tured a small Federal train near Sevierville, Tenn. On the following morning. Major Davidson, with the 4th Illinois cavalry, surrounded Vance, taking him prisoner with several of his officers and about 100 men, together with his booty. May 29. May 29, Morgan entered Kentucky on a raiding naai'ng in expedition, causing great destruction of property. June Kentucky. 9, General Burbridge overtook him at Mount Sterling, jime 9. and punished him severely. Again, near Cynthiana, u',,;^ Burbridge gave him another hard blow, causing him a loss of 300 in killed and wounded and 400 prisoners, cyntinana. together with 1,000 stolen horses. The Federal loss Avas about 150. Morgan found Kentucky a bad place for his business, and returned to East Tennessee, where, on Sept. 4, at Greenville, he was attacked by General ^'"i^*- '*• ^ ' ' _ "^ Grecnvillu, Gillem. His force was defeated with a loss of 175 men. tcuu. Morgan had made his last raid ; he was killed during D'^'^^^ ^^ ° . General this engagement by Federal pursuers, in endeavoring to Morgan. 278 GRANT. 1864. escape from a house. General Morgan had served in the Mexican war as a volunteer in a Kentucky regiment. Oct. 3. October 2, General Burbridge approached Abinsrdon, Abingdon, T-r n 1 t> i ^ & 5 va. Va., for the purpose of destroying the enemy's salt works at that point, when he was met by a superior force under Breckenridge, and defeated with a loss of over 300 men. Oct. 28. October 28, General Gillem's cavalry defeated a Morris- town,Tenn. body of Confederates at Morristown, Tenn., causing them a loss of about 450 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. But Breckenridge, who had recently assumed Nov. 13. command in East Tennessee, avenged this at Bull's Gap Snn! ""''' on the night of Nov. 13. With a force of 3,000 cavalry- men he routed Gillem after a sharp fight. Gillem did not have one half that number, and was compelled to retreat, followed by the enemy to Russellville, where he was overtaken and again defeated with the loss of his battery, train, and about 200 men captured, after which he at last succeeded in reaching Knoxville. The enemy Nov. 17. ceased pursuit at Strawberry Plains. Colonel L. S. strawberry _ _ " Plains. Trowbridge, in command of a small brigade at Straw- berry Plains, had sent forward a force of about 300 men to aid Gillem. This force received the enemy with a severe fire near Morristown, checking them. Gillem's troops, that had not been captured, thus escaped, when Trowbridge's force returned. Breckenridge attacked Trowbridge on the 17th ; and although the latter had no more than one sixth of the force of the enemy, he re- pulsed and drove him off. Sept. 23. September 23, Forrest, with about 7,000 men, cap- Aia. ' tured a garrison of 600 colored troops at Athens, Ala., commanded by Colonel Campbell. Two white regiments coming to reinforce the garrison, arrived too late ; they were driven back and compelled to retire. On both oc- casions the Federals resisted bravely, but could not withstand the overwhelming force of the enemy. QUA NT. 279 September 26, Forrest appeared at Pulaski, Tenn., isg4. which was occupied by a strong force under General ggpt. se, sr. Rousseau. A little skirmishing only was indulged in, J"Ji^^^''' when the enemy moved away. He next attempted the destruction of the railroad betw^een Tullahoraa and Decherd, but was deprived of the sport by the Federals under Generals Rousseau and Steedman, on whose ap- proach Forrest hastened away to Fayetteville. October 1 and 2, Forrest again attacked Athens, oct. i, 2. Ala., which was now garrisoned by the 73d Indiana Aia. under Colonel Slade. He was severely repulsed, return- ing to Tennessee. October 26, General Hood appeared before Decatur, oct. 20- Ala., and laid siege. General Granger was in command Decatur, of the strong Federal garrison there. On the 28th, a ^^^' part of the garrison made a sortie, capturing 200 of Hood's soldiers in their rifle-pits. At another time a colored regiment rushed out, and spiked the guns of one of Hood's batteries. Hood raised the siege on the 29th, moving on to Tuscumbia. In the next chapter will be related the misfortunes of Hood, and the fortunes of Stoneman's and Wilson's cavalry. ■29. CHAPTER XY. FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE. THOMAS. IS 64. r^ ENERAL SHERMAN, who at this time commands ^^ the Federal forces in the central departments, since General Grant's ascendency, (a narrative of whose Thomas operations will be fonnd in a following: chapter, headed and Hood. ^ , , o i 7 " Sherman s March,") has now reached Atlanta, Ga., having pushed Johnston's, army before him. As before stated, Bragg w^as relieved by General Johnston soon after the battle of Chattanooga. On July 17, Jefferson Davis relieved Johnston, because he could not stop Sherman's onward march, placing General Hood in com- mand. Hood could do no better. General Sherman is now making preparations for his great march to the sea. After he had forced Hood out of Atlanta, the latter moved northward upon the communications of Sherman, hoping to draw him out of Georgia. General Sherman had sent General Thomas back from Atlanta to Nashville, where he arrived Oct. 3, for the purpose of organizing the forces in that vicinity for the defense of Tennessee. We have just seen that Hood has returned into Alabama. Sherman has followed him as f[ir as Gaylesville in that State. He will now leave Hood to the tender mercies of " Pap " Thomas, to whom has been assigned the 23d Corps, under General Schofield, and the 4th Corps, under General Stanley. The 23d Corps was organized in Kentucky, and brought to Tennessee by Burnside. General Thomas (280) THOMAS. 281 has been busy organizing an army out of the troops i864. about Nashville. New recruits are also coming to him, schc^d and those added to the two corps named above, which ""'^ ^'''""" . . . ^^ Pulaski. have arrived at Pulaski, will give him a sufficient force to take care of Hood. General Schofield assumes com- mand at Pulaski. The division commanders in the 4th Corps are Generals Kimball, Wagner, and T. J. Wood ; and of the 23d Corps, Generals Ruger and J. D. Cox. Ruger's division is at Johnsonville. General J. H. Wilson has been sent by General Grant from the army in Virginia, to organize the cavalry force of Thomas's arm}''. This officer is now with Schofield, with a cavalry corps numbering about 4,000 men. Schofield has a force of about 25,000. Thomas, whose headquarters are at Nashville, has about 15,000 other troops, but as yet they are somewhat scattered. Hood, whose army was divided into three corps, un- der Cheatham, Stewart, and Lee, crossed the Tennessee at Florence, Ala., Nov. 17, moving toward Nashville, and driving a detachment of Federal cavalry, under General Hatch, from Lawrenceburg on the 22d. In accordance with his instructions, Schofield now fell back to Colum- bia, having all his troops at that place by the 24th. Hood came on throudi Pulaski to Columbia. On the ° _ Nov. 22. night of the 27th the Federals retired across Duck Lawrence- River, Schofield at once starting his trains for Nashville, about 60 miles distant. During the 28th the Federals successfully disputed the crossing of the river with Hood. On the 29th a strong force of the enemy crossed ^°^- ~^- -^ Spring Hill, about six miles above, and advanced toward Spring Hill, Tenn. about 15 miles north of Columbia. Schofield sent Stanley with Wagner's division to check this force at that point. Stanley reached Spring Hill just in time to head off Forrest and save the trains. Infantry coming to Forrest's support, a severe battle followed, ending in the dark with the repulse of the enemy. 282 THOMAS. IS 04. Meantime Scliofield had successfully resisted all at- tempts of Hood's main body to cross the river. Under cover of darkness, Schofield retreated, passing Spring Hill unmolested. His troops marched twenty-five miles during the night, and got into position at Franklin, eighteen miles south of Nashville, on the morning of the Nov. 30. 30th. Ruger's division, which had been sent to Stanley's Te'i'm^*"' ''issistance at Spring Hill, now rejoined its corps. Scho- field had intended to cross the Harpeth River, but there was no bridge for wagons and no ford. He was there- fore obliged to draw up his army on the south side of the river until bridges could be built. These were com- pleted, and the trains had crossed when Hood's advance appeared. Wood's division was sent across with the trains. Schofield now had but 20,000 men to oppose Hood's 45,000. The latter did not get up to attack until nearly 4 p. m., which gave the Federals time to construct breastworks. Two brigades of Wagner's division held some advanced works, which were heavily attacked. Bravely resisting for a time, they were at last forced from their position with severe loss, fiilling back upon the Federal center. The exultant enemy followed with a rush, and pierced the Federal lines. Wagner had lost eight guns. The moment was critical. Two brigades, under Generals Opdyke and Conrad, held in reserve, saw the danger, and rushed to the rescue at Gallantry tbo cry of General Opdyke, who shouted, " Forward to opdjke. the lines ! " and leading his men, these two brigades dashed forward in a charge that was irresistible. The enemy was checked, and then driven back, with a loss of 400 prisoners. The lost guns were all recovered, the gap was closed, and Schofield's army saved from disaster. Hood now made most determined efforts to regain the lost ground, hurling his regiments against the Federal breastworks in desperation ; but every attempt was re- TIIOMAH. 283 pulsed with icavrul slauglitcr, tlio whole Federal front iso4. becoming engaged. The battle lasted far into the evening, when Hood became silent. The desperate char- acter of his assaults is shown by his losses. His army had suffered dreadful losses, amounting to 1,750 killed, 3,800 wounded, and 102 prisoners, making a total of 6,252. The Federal loss was 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, and 1,104 missing; total, 2,326. General Stanley was among the Federal wounded. Hood lost thirteen general officers, of whom six were killed, six wounded, and one taken prisoner. The killed were Generals 0. F. Strail, ^^^^^^^ Patrick R. Cleburne, John Adams, John C. Carter, S. R. b^me, . _^ Adams, Gist, and H. B. Granbury. Ihe wounded were brown, carter, Manigault, Quarles, Cockorell, , and Scott. Gordon JH.f^J^'jJ was captured. (General Thomas recommended General ^''^^''^• Opdyke for promotion, stating that he believed that officer saved the day.) j Schofield put his army in motion for Nashville a lit- tle after midnight, reaching that place about noon on Dec. 1. Thomas had just been reinforced by General A. J. Smith, with his three divisions of infantry. Gen- eral Steedman had also arrived, coming from Chatta- nooga wnth 5,000 men, including a brigade of colored troops. Thomas now prepared to receive the enemy, posting his army on the southern side of the town, with General Smith on the right, the 4th Corps in the center, with General T, J. Wood in command in place of Stan- ley, wounded, and General Schofield with the 23d Corps on the left. Steedman was placed on Schofield's left. Thomas now had about 55,000 men, including Wilson's cavalry, numbering about 10,000. Hood at once began to intrench in front of the Federal works, as if he would besiege an army larger than his own. Cheatham's corps formed his right, Lee's the center, and Stewart's the left. Dec. 4 a division of Hood's army attacked a small L'Si /7/(>.l/.Us; i\w. 1. 0\ov;iirs rrook. I>>'0. S. ;uul Uooa flU'O OJUll l!:>m«> of NashvUlo. (li^lachnuMil o[' Vcdcvwh nt n bUu'k-hoiiso on Ovornirs (^rcok, four inilos iu>i(li oi' MurtVeesboro. (uMieral Ixoussonu, who was al INliuiVoosboro with about 8.000 nuMi. soul (uMUM'al iMilrov witli a brigade (o (hoir assist- aiU'O. The small baiul held oni bravelv (ill Milrov arrived, when the enemv was driven oil'. Oee. S. l'\)rres('8 eavalrv made a weak altaek upon jMurlVeesboro, but enpigiui;' onlv in avtillei'>' tiring and a little skirmishiuii', thev smm withdrew, (^n this day Ixonsseau sent Milrov, with about 0,500 men. out to the AVilkerson Pike, where he had a brisk engagement with b\>rresl, ilri\ing him from his tem[)ora\'\ breastworks, and eapturing about '2o0 o\' his troopers. Milrov, lost about 1^00 men in theaetion. The divisi()n eommanders in the opposing armies were as follows: In the Federal aiiny, — AVood's corps (uMierals Kimball, l-llliott. and r>eatty; Scoiield's corps, (\>ueh and (\>x ; Smith's corps, Me.Vrthur, Garraril, and (\donel J. U. Moore; Wilson's cavalry corps. Hatch, \\. W . Johnson, J. V. Knipe. Hood's division com- mandtMs were (uMUM'als Johnson. Stevenson, t'layton, lioring, French. Walthall, Jolnison. Williams, J. A. Smith, and T. 1>. Smith. from the tst to the 15th ot" Hecember was spent by both armies in btrcMiglheniiig their works and otherwise preparing lor the impending contlict. tumeral Thomas had been ready to attack Hood t'or some time, but on account ot" a I'ree.'.ing rain, co^ering e^erything witli ice. lu^ was delayed tor se\eral days. .Vt last, the weather becoming more t;nornbK\ the f^ederaU nunc t\n-ward on the nioniing o\' the I5ih. Tlunnas sends Steedman against ihe cni^ny's right to eaiise him to weaken Ids left. This succeeds, when Smith, N\ith Wilsiui's ca\alry o]\ his right, is sent \igorously against llooil's lct"t. en- vidoping his let't tlank. The enemy give way, yielding THOMAS. t>85 ji portion of their works ^Yith sovornl pins and sibont iso4. •100 prisoners. Wood also advanoos, assauUini;- Hood's center, and a. little before noon a brigade oi' \Vai;ner's division makes a, brilliant ebarge, eaptnring the eneniy's works on Monti;oniery Hill. Sehofield havino- been lield in reserve, is now sent to tbe rii;ht of Smith. Tlic lii2;ht.ing beeomes g'eneral aloni;- the whole line. l>y night Hood's army has been forced from its original lin(« of works, Wilson's eavalry doing excellent service. Wood has forced back Hood's center, eaptnring his breastworks with 000 prisoners; Steedman has also gained impm-tant advantages. The enemy's h^ft- has been driven back a long distance, and Thomas has captnred 1 ,lJOO prisoners and 15 gnns, when darkness ends the day's battle. Dnring the night, Uood corrected his lines, drawing back the right and center to conform to the lefl. Wo also bronght Cheatham's corps from right to left. The following )norning the Federals moved forward toward the enemy's new position, in the same order as at the close of the tireceding day. Thomas was not abh^ to attack until about 3 r. M., when Steedman's and Wood's left made a determined assault ui>on Hood's right, in- trenched at Overton's Hill. After a terrible struggle the Federals W(M(^ repulsed. Wilson, Smith, and Scholield have not bc(M) idle, howe\iM-. Hood had weakened his left to repel the attack upon his right, when they pushed forward vigorously, sweeping everything before them. Wood and Steedman now hear the cheers of their com- rades at the right, and again they charge furiously, this time with success, capturing the hill. Thousands of pris- oners are taken by the Federals, and Hood's army is routed, retreating in utter disorder toward Franklin. Thomas has taken 4,500 prisoners and about 50 pieces of artillery. Wilson's cavalry give inunediate pursuit, and after going a short distance, they come ui) with the t>S(! THOMAS. tstit. (MUMuv's cavnlrv l'()^^M•in^• Hood's rear. A brisk liulit ViiUn- of i:»l<^'!^ lil;u'(>, whiMi i\\c l'\Mler;ils I'linruv, (\Wonol Goo. I'olonol SiuiMlns; Sp.Mldiui;-, with the i2th Tennessee, K\uliii;;'. The oiio- niy's liiu^ breaks and soattors. IXirknoss apiin eon- ehulos tho day's tighting-. uotimr' rursuit was continued on the 17th. the eavalry U\ul- Tioo t)!\i.. ino, followed by the -1th Oorps. A severe eniiagenient was had at Hollow Tree (lap, within I'onr miles of Frank- lin. AVilson charged, dispersing the enemy, and captur- ing -100 }n-isoners ; then pressing forward he soon drove FMukUu, \\^,^^\ hastily t'i\un iM'anklin. the latter leaving behind 2,000 (d" his wounded and about 200 Federal wounded whom he had captured. Five miles beyond Franklin Hood's rear guaril made another stand; but a brilliant charge, in which the -I th •rt\uular cavalry d\d splcnilid iivHHi work, bri>ki> il up. dri\ iug the enemy in confusion. The riunu.K-^ ill [>ursnii was continued by t]u> cavalry as far as i.ss. llutnl's anuy liad btuMi nearly (h\>^lroy(Ml ; \\c li;u! lost l;>,l)l)l) uumi lak(Mi prisuu- tM-s aud ll.OOD by ib^scM'ru)u tluriuu' bis '1\muu\^sih^ caui- paii;u ; also sovouty-livo pieoos of artilKuy. Tbi^ 1'\m1- oral b>ss iu tbt> battio of NashviHo was 'J,lll) iu killotl and wouiuKvl. I'pou i\\c dc\'c:\i of ('uIKmu by l>rtH'kouri(l!;'(^ at Hull's st»,uMn,ui _, 111- 1 • "ii I' ""*' ''''<"*''^" KM\\K MoutMuau was ordtM-tnl lo j;(> Iroui LouisviUo, ivy., „„Hds;c in to his ivliof. llo at oui-o startod witli a ilivision or;|;*;;;~ cavalry undor (uMUM"al Hurbridut^ l\)r Kuo\vilI(\ Ou .■;'"'"• the death of Jolni Morgan, l>asil |)uk(> took counuaiid, ('outinuiuii; optU'atious uudor UriH-kouridgi^'s diriH'tiou. On \)ev. lo, Ston(MiiaM, ha\iu;;' uuiioil tiu> I'orcos of l>ur- •^'•'■- '•'• bridge and (lilbMu, uu>V(ul against the euiMuy. (lilhMu 'ivnu. oanie npon l>uko at Kiugsport, defeating biui aftcu- a. sharp engagoiiKMit, aiul oapturiug his (rain aud S-> pris- ouiMs. 'V\\c folKnviug (kiy Uurbridge eui-ouutorod tlu^ iv.-. ti. enemy at Ibistok TtMin., aud al Abingdon, Va., on the I5tli, eaiil uriuii- about ;>0() nrisoiuM'S, and deslroNinu' i^'''"' '•'■ ' ' _ ' . • \ \hiii;.',iK.ii, sevei'al h^aibni tiaius o\' ears aud a largc^ (piautily ol"va. niililarv slort\s. DcH'oiuber Ui, (lilKuu riuiletl tb(> eui^- niy's I'avalry uiuKm- N'aughn, at Marion, pursuing biui lo Miui-n ,.nui \Vytb(Milb\ \'a., eapturiug at that plaee IjOO [)risouers ^ "' aiul S guns, ti^gtdber with a. valuable wagon train. Extensive U\ul-works iu\ar {\\c town aiul (b(* I'ailroad bridge t)ver luu>dy (^'rind; W(M-(> d(\s(roy(Ml. On iUo 17th StoiuMuan moved from Mount Airy lo destn>y the enemy's salt works at Saltville, \'a. Near Marion, p,.^. ^^ l>iivbridge iu ad\auee fought l>roek(Miridge several boui-s, ^'•'"""'• wluMi (he (MUMuy, pere(Mviug (hat (JiUiMU was a[)proaeh- ing, retired into JNorth Oarolina. StontMuau lluui pushed on to Saltville, wduM-e he sueciH'ibMl iu aeeompbshing the '*''»• "-'"• object of the expedition. l*'roni her(> he returiunl to Kiu)\vine with (tillem's troops, l>urbridge returning to Kentueky. Egypt sta- tion, Miss. 288 THOMAS. 1S04. Dec. 21, Oeiieral Cuiersoii left ]\Toiuphis with about Grier^n. 3,500 cavaliy. Reaching the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad at Tupelo, he destroyed that road to Okokma. At Verona on the 25th a detachment of this force destroyed an immense amount of supplies intended for Hood's Dec. S8. army. On the 28th, Grierson attacked the iiitienched enemy, numbering about 1,G00 men, at Egypt station. During the engagement, reinforcements for the enemy arrived ; but belbre they could form a junction, Grierson defeated them in detail, capturing over 500 prisoners; then moA ing to the Mississippi Centi-al, he tore up the track for several nriles near Winona station. He also destroyed cloth and shoe factories at Baiikston. At Benton the enemy's cavalry was again defeated after a sharp conflict, when Grie.rson proceeded to Vicksburg. This had been a successful raid, causing the destruction of an immense amount of the enemy's supplies, railroads, factories, etc. 1805. March 20, 1805, Stoneman started from Mossy Mavcii Creek, Tenn., with about C,000 cavalry, making a suc- stoncinnu ccssful raid into Virginia and North Carolina, having in North ^ i i t-> tiT-n Carolina, sliglit engagements with the enemy at l>oone, Wilkes- boro, Jonesville, Salisbury, Salem, Huntsville, and many other places. Ten miles east of Salisbury, at Grant's April 13. Creek, on April 12, he came upon the enemy 3,000 tvcck.'^ strong, under Pemberton, of \'icksburg ftime. Gillem's cavalry made a brilliant charge, the 11th IMichigan cav- ^'""""^'■■'•' 1 1 1^ ^ 1 a i> T> T 1 • \ 11 of ooioiui ah-y under ( ok)nel S. 1). Lrown displaying great gallan- I'.rowu. 1^.^^^ remberton was completely routed, with a loss of 14 pieces of artillery and nearly 1,400 men taken pris- oners. Stoneman then returned to Greenville, Tenn., with his prisoners and captured artillery, leaving Gillem with a division to intercept and disperse any troops of the enemy moving south. During this raid, Stoneman had destroyed an immense amount of military property. TtaKWA^. 289 ;m(l liad i';ip(invd ovor 0,000 prisonors. On April '2o, isc^. (^illtMu, h.MN ini;" (lori'nltMl ;i bodv of (Ik^ »mumun nt>;ir AsIk^- villt\ WMS about lakiui;' posstv'^sii)!! of llial town whon ho was iiit\>rnunl (hat (ho war was a( an oiul. iMnroh -J'J, (^MUMal J. 11. Wilson, witli about in.OOO . mon, mostlv niountod, was starttnl s(>uthwartl IVoui ^..iv.un'^i,. Cluokasaw, Ala., bv (uMHMal Tlu^iuas, tor tht> |Mu-post> of ^'■''''""" drawing; as niuoii o(" tho (Mumuv's t\>ri'i>s as possible tVoui ;•.'!!■ r(^int\)r(Mni;- Mobilo durina; (uMUM-al (^anby\s ofXM'atious (horo. \ViIsou lol't (^hiokasaw Landing on tho '1\mhiossoo Kivor on (ho ilato naniod, with throo divisions und(M* Gonorals hong, Upton, and Mo(\n)k. Kni|H^'s division had goiu' with th(^ lliih Corps to Now (^rloans, and from thoro to Mobilo, aiding in tho i'a[)tiU(M)l' (hat plaoo. Wilson arri\od at bilylou on March ,'>(). h\o\\\ horo C'roxlon's brigado of MoOook's division was siMit (o Tnsoaloosa, lor (ho [>nr[)i)S(^ ot" dostroving tlu^ (Mumuv's laotorios thoro. Upton at tho sanio time u\ovod io MmittMallo, driv- ing a small t'oroo of tho oiuMny bol'iui^ him. Wove ho M^mii ,mi dostroyod (ho iron-works, rolling-mills, do. On tho.viii. " * 31st, just south ot" tln^ ti>wn, Koddy's oa\alr\ dro\o in Upton's piokets. A lively tight IoUowihI, wIumi l\()ddy "was driven toward Kandolph. lie attempted io make a six Miir stand at Six ISFile Creek, but was again routed. Upton entered Kandtdidi tho next day. \\'iIson now eanu> up with liOUg's division, and joiniiii;- I'nton, pushed on tt)ward 8elma. .At b-bone/or ( luu-eh ho eanio \\\)ou kihmio!-..t Forrest with about 5,000 uumi. The b'oderals, dis- mounting, gallantly eharged the enemy, who was W(^ll sheltered by abatis. Forrest was soon routed, with a loss of 200 taken prisoners ; ho lied toward Solma. Wilson followed as far as Ulantersville, where lie rested for the night. 0\\ (he -d ho nmved on to Selma, reaeli- vprii a in.u' (here a( I v. m. IKm'o lu^ ("ound l'\u'ri^st with abou( 19 Vprll 1 ClUMUT.t 290 THOMAS. 1805. 7,000 men prepared to defend the place. The Federals promptly attack, making a brilliant charge, and capture the first line of works. General Long is wounded, and Colonel Minty takes his place. Again the Federals move forward, and before dark the inner line is carried and the town captured, with about 3,000 prisoners, Forrest retreating in haste with the balance of his com- mand. The Federals destroy an immense amount of property, including foundries, machine-shops, and arse- nals. The enemy had previously burned 25,000 bales of cotton to keep it out of Federal hands. McCook rejoined Wilson on the 5th of April, whom he had left on the 1st, going to Scottsville to aid Crox- ton in an attack on Jackson's division of Forrest's com- mand. The latter was moving from Tuscaloosa to Cen- treville. Croxton failed to connect, and McCook, not deeming it advisable to attack without him, withdrew. Wilson left Selma on the 10th with his whole force, except Croxton's brigade, moving toward Montgomery, which place he entered on the 12th. The enemy had burned an immense amount of cotton on the approach of the Federals. Moving from there on the 14th, they April 16. arrive before Columbus, Ga., on the 16th, to find a ^o um us, g^j.Qj^g force opposing further advance. The Federals at once attack, and soon capture the town, with about 1,000 prisoners. The enemy had a war vessel here nearly ready for sea, which the Federals destroyed, together with the navy yard, arsenal, armory, factories, and a large amount of cotton and two hundred cars. An- other war vessel, the Chattahoochee, lying a few miles below, was destroyed by the enemy. On this same day a detachment of McCook's division, under Colonel La Grange, leaving the main body at West Point, Tuskegee, proceeded to West Point, which it found well fortified, and garrisoned by about 250 men. La Grange THOMAS. 291 carried the works by storm, capturing the entire garri- is 05. son. Among the enemy's killed was General Chas. H. Death of Tyler, a graduate of West Point military academy, r^^'^ll^ Wilson reached Macon, Ga., on the 20th, when he was informed that Lee had surrendered, and the war was Ma"oii,^Ga. over. Croxton, who had left Wilson at Ely ton, had pro- Apm 4. ^ , Tuscaloosa, ceeded to Tuscaloosa, where he surprised and captured Aia. forty prisoners, destroying the military school and some bridges, moving through Talladega and Carrollton, Ga., ^pj.j^ g to Pleasant Hill. Here the enemy attacked the 6th ^^^as^ant Kentucky cavalry. The 2d Michigan gallantly coming to its assistance, the enemy was driven off with severe loss. Croxton joined Wilson on the 31st at Macon. SHERMAN'S GREAT MARCH. ATLANTA, THE SEA, AND RICHMOND. CHAPTER XYI. CHATTANOOQA TO ATLANTA. SHERMAN. 1804. /GENERAL WILLIAM T. SHERMAN assumed shei^n's ^— ^ command of the military division of the Missis- prepara- gjppi^ embracing the departments of Cumberland, Ten- the march nessee, Ohio, and Arkansas, March 18, 1864. The gia. latter, howeA^er, being too remote, was transferred to the Department of the Gulf on May 8. General Sher- man at once addressed himself to the task of organizing and preparing for the proposed movement into Georgia, coincident with the advance of all the armies against the enemy. The army of the Cumberland was rendezvoused at Chattanooga, the Army of the Tennessee at Huntsville, Ala., the Army of the Ohio at Knoxville. The question of furnishing supplies to Sherman's army as it moved forward, making its line of communication longer and longer, proved at first very troublesome. But the Gen- eral was equal to the emergency, and before starting he had everything arranged so that it worked like a charm. It required 100 locomotives and 1,000 cars to keep his 100,000 men and 35,000 animals supplied. Each man carried rations for five days, each regiment was allowed one wagon and one ambulance, and the ofl&cers of each company one pack-horse or mule. Each (893) SHURMAK 203 brigade and division had its supply train limited to is64. carrying food, ammunition, and (3lotliing. Tents were forbidden, except for the sick and wounded, and one tent for each headquarters, — only tent-flies for all others. General Sherman set the example, having only tent-flics for himself and staff, and no tent furniture of any kind. On May 6, General Sherman left the vicinity of Chattanooga with about 100,000 men. General Geo. H. Thomas was in command of the Army of the Cumberland, with about 60,000 men, in three corps : the 4th Corps, General 0. 0. Howard, in three divisions under Generals D. S. Stanley, John Newton, and Thomas J. Wood ; the 14th Corps, General John M. Palmer, in three divisions under Generals Richard W. Johnson, Jefferson C. Davis, and Absalom Baird ; the 20th Corps, General Joseph Hooker, in three divisions under Generals A. S. Williams, John W. Geary, and Daniel Butterfield. The 11th and 12th Corps had been consolidated, and were designated the 20th Corps. Slocum, who had commanded the 12th Corps, was assigned to a command at Vicksburg. How- ard, who had commanded the 11th, w^as given the 4th Corps, as General Gordon Granger, its old commander, was on leave of absence. General James B. McPherson, in command of the Army of the Tennessee, had about 24,500 men, in three corps : the 15th Corps, General John A. Logan, in four divisions under Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, Morgan L. Smith, John E. Smith, and Wm. Harrow; the 16th Corps, General Grenville M. Dodge, in two divisions under General Thomas W. Sweeny and James C. Veatch: the 17th Corps, General Frank P. Blair, in two divisions under Generals Mortimer D. Leggett and Walter Q. Gresham. This was only a part of the 16th and 17th Corps, the rest being at Memphis and Vicksburg, under Hurlbut and Slocum, or absent with Banks on the Red River expedition. 294 f^llKKMAN. {\v\\v\-.\\ -loliii M. S('li()(i(>l(l, in ('(tiiiiii;iii(l oC ilui Army ol' \\\{\ Ohio, li:ul .'iltoiil. 18,500 nuui of [\\v. 2')(l (loips, in ilir(M^ divisions, uiulcr Gcnonils Alvin I*. ll()V(;y (o;uly ill .hiiK^ iliis division wus coiisolidaUMl vvilh Ihe oUior two), Homy M. Jud.'il), juid J;um)1) I). Cox. Tho ro- niiiiiidor of l.lio IJ.'M Corps \v:is loll Itoliind (or duly in Koiilucky .'iiid ToinH'SsiM^ LoL>'ii;oil's .'iiid (h'cshiun's divisions wcm'o Ji.bsonl^ on rnrlonj>;li ; ]}I;iir w;is occnpying a sciil in lli<^ IF. S. Coni^i-(>ss jii llic iinio 81iovni;Mi \n\i his army in motion. ll(^ did not join McPlicrson until Juno !), .'it Ac.vvorlli. Tlu^ ('.'i,v;i,li-y ('orc(^ was in lour divisions, niidor Conorais (mmit^'o Sloncman, Kimnor Carrard, Judson Kilpa,tri(;k, and Tlldvvard M. McOooiv. Tlio divisions of Stoiuunan and (larra.rd wore still re- cruiting in Koiilii('lrmairs total force to about 108,000. His arlilh>ry numlioriMl '250 guus. Tho (Mioniy undor (J(>noral dosopli 1*1. -loiinslon, Slior- inan's oh/cr/irc poinl, numbering about 48,000 men, Indd l)altoii, (u'l., strongly forliruMl and (!0V(M'(m1 at (lu^ norlli by Ivoeky Vaw Ividge, whieh at Bu/,/,ard Koost Cap is four n\iles north of Daltou. Dallon is thirty-uino uiih>s soullit^ast ol" ( 'haltanooga, and niiudy-nine north of Atlanla. rlolinston's army was in two eorjts, under Hood and Hardee. On May 7, MePluM'son on the Federal right lav at L(M> and Coriions Mill, Tliomas in the center at '^'"•^' "•, and n(>ar iJinii^'old, Schofudd on Tiiomas's left at Jved i{,...Hi (iMp. (^l.,y. Allliougli liiert^ was severe lighting on the 8th ^,„^. (, and 0th ai Hu/zard Koost (^ap, Ivoeky I'aee Ividge, and DMion. l);il|,)ii, SluMiiiaii did not inliMid to atlai'k Ihe enemy's Miiy a-ia. naturally sirong iu)silion, but to Hank him out. Thomas km''.'! '''""' an (1 Schorudd pn^ssiMJ liiiii idos(> in IVont and on his rigid, wliil(> Mcpherson, preceded by Kilpalrick's eav- SIIKKAfA N: 295 nlry, inovtul upon l\os;u';i, whuli lu's i>ii (lie Ooytaniuila, isr,i. llivor, Urtoou inilos south of Daltou. Tlioiuas drove Iho enemy's outposts IVom Tuiuk^I Hill on the 7th, aiul m.mv v. sUii inish nud nrtillory tiring continued at this point; but ,,','|',"" other oi)er:itions awaited the result of JMcPhersou's movement. The latter appeared before Kesaea on the i)(h, but believini;- the garrison tliere too strong, fell sii,iu,- back to Snake (^reek (ia[>, and notified Sherman of these*"" *"'''' faets. Kilpatrick had been wounded this dayin a sharp engagement with a detachment of the enemy's cavalry at a cross road near Resaca. Sherman was greatly disappoint imI, for he had hoped TMcPherson could take Uesaea, and thus cut oil' dohn- ston's escape to the South. On the 11 th, lea\iiig Howard's corps and Stoneman's cavalry in front of l>u/,/,ard Roost Ga[), he moved the rest of his army in the tracks of McPherson, upon Ivesaca. When McPher- son first appeannl before Kesaea, its works were gar- risoned by only one brigade; but dohnston, bcMug warned on the afternoon of the 9th of the danger, dis- patched Hood with his trooi>s to that place, where ho was joined by a, division under (general !\)lk which had just arrived. This, with other reinforcements, increased Johnston's army to GT),!)!)!) uumi. On the night of the rJth, Johnston evacuatcil Dalton, concentrating his whole army around Ivesaca, w'hero strong fortifications had been previously made, Howard and Stoneman following closely upon his rear. Slu>r- man was now a[>proai'hing, and McPherson nu)ved for- ward, driving the enemy's [»ickets before him, and took position with his right on Oostananla River. Thomas came in on McPherson's left, and Schotield on the lef"l mmv i.i ic. of the army, with Stoneman on the extreme left. l>y the 14th Sherman had his army well in [)Osi(iou, envel- oping tl\e town at the* north and west, his limvs IxMug 296 SHERMAN. IS 4. gradually pressed forward. Heavy musketry and artil- ^^ lery firing continued throughout the 14th and 15th, the battle becoming heavy on the afternoon of the 16th. The Federals succeeded in forcing both flanks of the enemy backward. McPherson gained a ridge overlook- ing the town, which he held against the most determined efforts of the enemy to retake it. Johnston retired from Resaca during the night, moving southward. The Fed- erals took possession of the town at daylight on the 16th. The Federal loss before Hesaca was about 4,000 in killed and wounded. Sherman at once crossed the Oostanaula, and started in pursuit. Newton's division of Thomas's army, which May 17. -^ , _ '' ^ Adairsviiie. was iu advaucc, had a brief engagement with Johnston's May 19 ^'^'^^" ^^^ Adairsvillo. The Confederates reached Cass- cassviiie. yille ou the 19th with the Federals close upon them. Some fighting took place here just at night, but in the morning the foe was gone ; Johnston had crossed the Etowah River during the night, burning the bridges, and now halted at Allatoona Pass. Sherman, now on the right bank of the Etowah, also halted to rest his troops, repair railroads, and bring up supplies. General Sherman was somewhat familiar with this section, having spent some time here in 1844, while serving in the regular army. He again flanked the enemy's position, when Johnston fell back to Dallas, ,, „^ ^ thirty-five miles northwest of Atlanta, and extending his May 25 to '^ ' O -Tune 4. liucs to Marietta, intrenched. Sherman confronted" his Church. wary antagonist at this point on the 26th, McPherson still on the right, Thomas in the center, Schofield on the left. General Milo S. Hascall now commanded Judah's division. Hooker's corps in Thomas's advance had fought a severe battle with the enemy on the afternoon of the 25th, and again on the morning of the 26th at i^'^iias- ]v^g^y Hope Church, about four miles north of Dallas; SHERAfAISr. 297 but the enemy's position was a strong one, and Ilooi^er is 64. was unable to drive him out. McPherson had reached Dallas, leaving a gap of about three miles between his gu^^t army and Thomas. Finding the enemy's position very Hickory. strong at New Hope, Sherman ordered McPherson to Aitoona move to the left, so as to unite with Thomas's right. In pi'im^pklil endeavoring to accomplish this, McPherson was savagely vinecreek. attacked on the 28th. His soldiers had erected good • breastworks, and gave the enemy a terrible repulse ; but he was not enabled to effect a close junction with Thomas until June 1. Meanwhile the Federal left was ^"^.",^0^11 ^ gradually extended to Acworth. Since May 25, and durino; the maneuverin<2: of the •^ ' '^ ^ ° June 9 to Federals, there had been a continuous and severe con- July 2. flict of arms. Wood's division, supported by Johnston's, Pi^nT,and while feeling for the enemy's right flank, had a hot en- J'^^fg^""'^" gagement at Pickett's Mill on the 27th. June 4, John- ston withdrew from New Hope Church, and took position about the twin mountains (Little and Big Kenesaw), also occupying Pine and Lost mountains covering Marietta. The Federals occupied Big Shanty on the 9th. McPherson had been transferred from the right to the left of the army June 4. During a cannonade on the afternoon of the 14th, while Johnston, Hardee, and Polk were reconnoitering Sherman's position, a Federal shell exploded near, a piece striking General Polk in the Cxenerai breast, killing him. General Leonidas Polk was a ^°"' '''"''*■ graduate of West Point. At the breaking out of the war he was an Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. Up to this time the losses in killed, wounded, and missing had been about 10,000 men on each side; but Johnston's number missing was much larger than Sher- man's. On June 15 the Federals, pressing forward, forced the enemy from Pine Mountain, taking several hundred .Iiitic 17. CivoU riiio Kn .In III- V!0. » rowdor .Spriiij;' ,'in 298 SHERMAN: iH() a. m., but w-ere n.'Mdi ..f r'' St(Mibcnville, Ohio, .luly 17. The l^'cderal loss in the assault was about 2,500 in killed and wounded; the loss ofllu^ (MiiMoy was estimated at about 1,000. Sherman now concludiMl (o (ry the (lank Ircalnu^nt again, and on llu^ night ol" duly 2, McThcrson was .iiii.v :i. brought back lo llu^ right. Johnston promptly evac- uatiMl as SluM-man again tlircalcncM] his rc^ir. Ivetreating toward Atlanta, he made a stand on the north and west bank of the (Chattahoochee, within strong intrenchments previously ilirown up. Sherman had now forced the cntMuy back lo within t(M» mih\s oi' Atlanta. The i^'cdcr- als at onci^ moviMl forward, the head of Thomas's column having a sevens (MigagiMucnt with dohnslon's rear six miles beyond Maritdta. After sonu^ heavy skirmishing and maneuvering, SluMMuan again tlankc^l. Schofield crossing tlu^ (M>alialmochc(^ just bidow llu^ nu>ulh of St)ap's Cnndv. for the purpose of threatening Atlanta.. This compelled .K)hnston to change his position so as to .lohnnloii .•i^riiiii 1 l.ll'OH. .iiil\ ;i \i. ell!ll(;llloo clioc HiVlM cover Atlanta, and during- the niglU of the Olh he i.s«4. orot?sed the river, taking a new position, his loft on the ,,„,j. ,, Chattahoochee, his right on Peach Tree Creek. Both [J;;;;;; ■^'■ armies now r(>s(od a few da^'s. Jnly 17, ,)cllerson Davis relieved General Johnslon, .luiy ir. and placed Hood in chief ooniniand. On this day I^hcr- 'J,i"^^,|j'\,y man a52;ain advanced, skirmishing- and fighting con tiiui- """**• ously. ]\Icrhcrson had crossed (he river at UoswcU on the loth, and Thomas on the 17(h on his own pontou bridges at Powers's and Paice/s ferries. The Federals were well closed in upon Hood's position by the 20(h, when soon after noon of that day Hood sallied out in heavy force fronv his Peach Tree Oreek line, striking in .i„)y -o. the order named the divisions of Newton, Wm. T. ^,',;;^'J Ward (Buttertield's division), Geary, Williams, and Johnson. The battle lasted nearly two hours, and was fierce and bloody. The Federal line was partially pro- tected by barricades of rails ;uul h\gs. hastily thrown to- gether. The enemy was finally repulsed with fearftil slanghter. His loss, partly estimated, was 5,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners; the Federal b)ss was about 1,000. (uMierals A. L. Kong ot (icorgia, Johu J. oouorais Pettus of Mississippi, and Ceo. M. Stevens of ^lary- J;;'J^'^;J^'''" land WTU-e anuing the enemy's killed. INleantime the st'-'^'-^"^- other Federal divisions were working up on the north and east of Atlanta. McPherson was forcing his way to the east siilc. with Ulair on the left, Logan uniting with him, and Schofield and Dodge in the rear. General Gresham was severely wounded during the afternoon, while leading his division to the attack in Ulair's advance ; General Ciiles A. Smith was placed in conunand o( his division. When night closed in, the enemy had been pushed back to an eminence styled Bald Hill, which was steep and strongly fortified. Ou the 21st, General Sherman ordered the destruc- Hood's first sortie. 300 SHEEAIAN. 1SG4. tion of the Augusta Railroad from Decatur to Atlanta. juijTTi to McPherson, on the left, lay across this road, which runs Sept. 2. Q^^ |.Q ^Y\Q east, Schofield was now in the center, and Atlanta. ^ Thomas on the right. After the destruction of the rail- road, Sherman intended to bring McPherson to the right of Thomas, for the purpose of reaching another railroad July 21. running to East Point. On the evening of the 21st, Bald Hill. i^\r^\Y succeeded in getting possession of Bald Hill. Leggett's division led the charge, and captured the hill, which was afterward called Leggett's Hill. During the night. Hood abandoned the Peach Tree Creek line, and withdrew into the defenses of Atlanta, facing north and east. But the position captured by Blair alarmed him. From this height the Federal guns overlooked Atlanta, July 22. and during the night Hardee was dispatched stealthily to the right with his corps, led by Wheeler's cavalry, and on the morning of the 22d he was creeping upon Blair's left and rear. Feeling that his left was not strong enough, McPherson had that morning directed Dodge to move to Blair's left. Smith's division was on Leggett's left, with his own left somewhat refused. At the moment of attack by ILardee, Dodge was marching right in front, and was nearly up. He had but to halt and face to the left to be in line of battle before the surprised enemy, who had made a long night's march, thinking to bag Blair. During the morning, McPherson, accompanied by his staff, had visited Sherman at his headquarters, which were with Schofield. Their consultation was about con- cluded when heavy musketry firing was heard in the direction of Blair's position. McPherson hastily mounted and rode away, promising to send Sherman word as to its meaning. McPherson, becoming satisfied by the rapidly increasing sounds of battle that there was serious work ahead, sent his staff one after another on SHERMAN. 301 different errands, and dashing forward, soon joined iso4. Dodge, who was now hotly engaged with his back to Atlanta. There was a gap between Dodge and Smith ; McPherson sent for a reserve brigade of the 15th Corps to fill it, and at once started to find Blair. He soon dis- July 23 appeared in the woods, to be seen alive by his friends McPhcrson no more on earth. The enemy had penetrated the gap, ^"'^^''' and he rode directly into Hardee's skirmish lines, and refusing to surrender he was killed while endeavoring to escape. It was but a few minutes after he rode into the woods that his horse returned, bleeding and rider- less. The enemy was soon forced back, when the body of the greatly lamented General was recovered. His pockets had been emptied, but the soldier that had the effects was captured, and the papers and wallet were recovered. General Sherman sent the body to Clyde, Ohio, his home, in charge of his staff. General McPher- son was a graduate of West Point, and had been a class- mate of Schofield, Sheridan, and Hood. The first blows of Hardee had fallen upon General J. W. Fuller's (formerly Yeatch's) and Smith's divisions ; but Sweeney and Leggett were soon engaged, and alto- gether they gave the enemy a terrible reception, soon checking his advance ; and although he made desperate attempts, he could gain but little ground. There had been a gap between Dodge and Blair, as previously stated, which had been filled by troops from the 15th Corps ordered by McPherson — his last order, just before he entered the fatal woods. Logan was placed in command of McPherson's army, M. L. Smith was given the 15th Corps temporarily, and General J. A, J. Lightburn assumed command of Smith's division. It was now a little after noon, and from that Desperate time until dark the battle raged furiously. Seven times charges of did the enemy charge savagely, and seven times was he troops. ;U)2 jSJJJi'JiMAN. is battle Dodge was enabled to construct light breastworks, whieh may in part aeeonnt for it. The 15th Corps was also intrenehed. The loss of tlie enemy was about 2,500 killed and 2,000 taken prisoners, 1,000 t)f wliom were wonndinl ; his total loss was estimated ;is 10,000 at least. This battle was fought, on the Federal side, by the Army of the Tennes- see. William Walker, of Georgia, a JNlajor-General in t^'«»^ «* the ranks of the enemy, was killed this day. Tie was a waiutr. graduate of West Point, and had served with distinction in the Mexican war. Some changes in Federal commanders now occurred. General 0. 0. llow-ard was chosen to fill the vacancy ,^''"""i - caused by JMcFherson's death, Logan returning to the i>iomotod. command of the l^th corps. General D. S. Stanley was given the 4tl\ ('Or{)s, and General Nathan Kimball suc- ceeded to the command of Stanley's division. At this time General Hooker asked to be relieved, which rciiuest """'^'"'" was granted. General Henry W. Slocum was called from Vicksburg to conunand the 20th Corps. He did not arrive, however, until the latter part of August. The corps was commanded by (uMieral A. S. Williams during the interval. In the eniMuv's ranks (HMUMal S. D. Lee had been given Hood's old corps, Cheatluuu returning to his division in Hardee's corps. 801 >S7/A'AMALV. ISO i. Tho dosiruciion of ilio Auuusln Ivailrdnti. Avliich 81um-- man im-(1(M"0(1 lu^foro the battU^ of (lio 'J-d. was now llu)i\)ni;'hly a('('(Mn|)lisluMi, ovor (liirtv niilos boinj;' de- slrovod. A now niovo to (ho ri^lit was now ordorod on Jnlv l^i'i l\)i" (ho t'ollowiui;- niovninu'. wIumi tho arniv oi' tho Tonnossoo was put in motion for 'Idionias's rii!;ht. iMoving by tho rear, Dodgo oamo into position on Pal- mor's rii^lit at Trootor's (^rook. l>lair on tho right of tho loth (\)rps. and Logan on tho oxtronio right, (lonoral JotVorson 0. Davis's divisi(>n oi' Pahnor's oorps was (M'dorod to tho oxtromo right to strongthon that think. Jlooil did not relish the way Sherman had o[' moving armies nronnd just where he ph^isetl.and again attempted •'"'> -^- io frustrate his idans on the -Sih. hv attaekin«;- Ids vMui soriio. right in the manner he had his \o\\ on the 'I'ld. Loo's corps was to attaek (lie ir)lli (\n-ps, and 8iewart's oorps to folhnv, nuning arounil to Logan's rear. Lt>gan had seareidy arrivoil in Ids new position on the morning o( the 'JStli when skirmishing began. folK>wed by artillery firing; but the 15th (\)rps had time to throw up slight breast W(n"ks ol' h)gs anil rails. -Vbout 1 1 v. M. liOe slruid; tho loth Corps. A fioree battle at onee h(\i;an. The divisions oi' M. L. Smith auil Harrow, whieli were the eeuter and right oi' the ir^th (\nps, roeoived the weight oi' tho attaek. The battle lastoil until about I r. m.. the enemy making sev- eral desperate assaults, but was eaeh time repulsed. Stewart mo\ed t'erward to Lee's assistance after the first repulse. The slaughter ot' the enemy \vas terrible. Thi^ foidederates displayed great bravery and determina- tion in their assaults, but they were eompletely roiuilsed, anil at last relumed, sorely smitten, to their intreneh- numts. The Lnion soldiers had held their ground tirndy against a largely superior foree. and had caused a loss to the euoiuN' oi' about 4,0t)t) men in killed, wounded, .S7/A7M/.(X ^05 ami missing ; the Federal loss was about 800. Davis's /.v<;j. division had taken the wrong road, and did not Jirrive on the ground until after the batth^ was over. Ward's division of Pahner's corps was now drawn out of Thomas's line and sent to the right to further strengthen that point. The wdiole army now stretelnnl over ten miles of grountl, from the Augusta Railroad on the left to the Sand Town road on the right. 20 CHAPTEK XVII. ATLANTA TO THE SEA. SHERMAN. iHii4. A S General Sherman had already determined on his J~\- march to the sea, this chapter is begun at this point, and for the further reason that nil his movements from this time are made with that end in view. AVhen he began his movement to the riglit, he sent liis cavalry to the enemy's rear for the purpose of destroying the railroads about Jonesboro. On -the 27th of July, McCook's cavalry, moving from the right fl;ink of tlie ai-my, tore up the track near Palmetto station, and going on to Fayetleville, captured and burned a large train of wagons, taking about 400 prisoners and 1,000 mules: but Wheeler's cavalry was close upon July -JO, f!0. ' ' . • 1 T • » Lovijoy'H them. Stoneman s cavalry was to join them at Lovejoy s station. gtjitiQjj^ Itt^t, it did not arrive, and McCook was compelled to move on. At Newnan station he came upon a July' so. gjj-oiio; force of the enemy's infantry. lie was now station. compelled to fight, llis men gallantly charged the enemy, and after a severe conflict cut their way through, with the loss of about 500 men and the prisoners they had previously captured. McCook reached the right of the Federal army at Turner's Ferry on the 3d of August. Stoneman had started from the left flank also on July 27, but instead of proceeding to Jonesboro as Macon. intended, he pushed toward Macon, tliiuking he might be able to liberate the Federal prisoners there; but SHERMAN. 307 finding the enemy's position difficult to attack at that i864. point, he gave up the attempt, and returned to Clinton. Here he found the enemy in strong force before him. Supposing that he was surrounded, he directed his brigade commanders to force their way through, and re- join the army. Stoncman himself, with about 700 men, stoncniim made a gallant stand, fighting the enemy bravely, and holding them in check until the escaping troopers were well away, when, being at last surrounded, he was com- pelled to surrender. For the purpose of reaching farther to the right, Sherman moved Schofield's army from left to right, as had previously been done with Howard's. The 14th Corps was also withdrawn from Thomas's line, and taken to the right to support Schoficld, who, in working his army toward East Point, had shai'p engagements with the enemy at TJtov Creek, on the 5th and 6th of ^"«- -'^ ^■ ■^ "^ ' . U toy Ci-fuk. August. On the 6th, General Palmer was relieved of the command of tl)e 14th Corps at his own request, and General Jefl'erson C. Davis appointed to fill the vacancy. General James D. Morgan was given Davis's division. About the middle of August the enemy's cavalry made a raid northward upon Sherman's communications, but all damage done was soon repaired. August 18, Kilpatrick, with his division of cavalry, started upon another raid upon Hood's communications south of Atlanta, having an engagement at Jonesboro, ^"^- ^"•" routing the enemy and destroying considerable railroad track. At Lovejoy's he again met the enemy, capturing Ang. 20. a battery and about seventy prisoners, when he returned to the army, arriving there on the 23d. ' The efforts of the Federal cavalry to destroy Hood's source of supplies had not been satisfactory to General Sherman, and he now determined to move his whole army upon it. The movement began on the 25th, orders 308 SHERMAN. 186 4. having been previously given. Before the movement began, the army lay from left to right : Stanley, 4th Corps ; Williams, 20th Corps ; Howard, Army of the Tennessee; Davis, 14th Corps; and Schofield, 23d Corps. Stanley was north of Atlanta ; Schofield, west. Williams, 20th Corps, was moved back to the Chatta- hoochee with the sick and wounded and extra supplies, occupying strong works there which had been previously prepared. General Slocum arrived at this point, and assumed command of the 20th Corps. Stanley marched by the rear of the army, and arrived next day at Utoy Creek, in the rear of the 14th Corps. At the same time Howard moved out to the west of Thomas. General Dodge had been wounded, and the 16th Corps was now commanded by General Ransom until after the fall of Atlanta, when Sweeney's division was transferred to the 15th Corps and Fuller's to the 17th Corps. The army was now west of Atlanta, and facing south, Howard on the right, Thomas in the center, and Schofield on the left, where the latter continued active East Point, demonstrations about East Point. Hood knew that Sherman was making some new move, but believed the Federals were short of rations, and were about to retreat across the Chattahoochee. On the 30th, having discov- ered his error, he hastened the corps of Hardee and Lee to Jonesboro, where they arrived on the morning of the 31st. On the 28th, Howard moved forward to Fairburn, and Thomas to Red Oak. Meanwhile Schofield pre- sented a bold front toward the enemy. On the 29th, Howard and Thomas thoroughly destroyed the railroad from East Point to Fairburn. On the 30th the march southward was resumed. Howard moved along the road from Fairburn to Jonesboro, skirmishing heavily with the enemy's cavalry all the w^iy. Schofield marched to Rough and Ready. Thomas was between them. How- SHERMAN. 309 ard advanced rapidly, reaching Flint River that day, and is a 4. driving the enemy from the bridge, secured it, and crossed Logan's corps over that evening. Logan placed M. L. Smith's division, now commanded by Wm. B. Hazen, on the left, Harrow's division on the right, and Osterhaus in reserve. The 16th Corps, under Ransom, moved to the right of Logan, but remained on the west side of Flint River. Blair arrived on the 31st, and joined Logan's left, but also remained west of the river. These three corps connected their lines, however, by numerous bridges, Logan's corps occupying a ridge where they were strongly intrenched. Hardee with his own and Lee's corps was now at Jonesboro, and the opposing forces were scarcely two miles apart. Jonesboro is about twenty miles south of An-siand Atlanta. About 3 p. m. on the 31st, Lee's corps savagely j^Jfj^boi-o attacked Logan. The battle raged for two hours, but the 15th Corps could not be moved; a division each from the 16th and 17th Corps had been sent to Logan's assistance. The enemy was finally repulsed with a loss of about 2,000 in killed and wounded ; Howard's loss was about 1,000. Hardee's corps had been engaged farther to the right, disputing the passage of the river Flint River. with Kilpatrick's cavalry. Hood was bewildered. The Federals were reported as moving northward from Rough and Ready station. He ordered Hardee to send back Lee's corps in all haste. Lee started that night; this left Hardee alone at Jonesboro. Sherman soon learned this, and ordered a concentration around Hardee, hoping to capture the whole corps. About 4 p. m., September 1, Davis's corps approached the north front of Jonesboro, his right join- ing Howard. Davis at once charged upon the enemy's works on his front, capturing them with their defenders — a whole brigade — and two field-batteries of ten guns. 310 SHERMAN. I s « i . luUos laiitii. Although Howard endeavored to get below Jonosboro, ~~ and Stanley's corps to the east of the town, night closed Death of \\\ beforo these movements could be completed. Among iCierlni, the enemy's losses at Jonesboro were Generals Anderson, c'uuiming, Cummino- and Patten. Hardee escaped to Loveioy's luul Patten. °' _ ^ «J. •' Station during the night. The following morning Sherman pushed forward, but had scarcely reached Hardee's new front when news arrived that Atlanta was evacuated by Hood, and Gen- eral Slocuni was in possession. Sherman suspected this, as he had heard heavy explosions during the pre- vious night in the direction of Atlanta. Hood evacuated Sept 2. ju^-iiio; thc uight of September 1, ioining Hardee soon Hood evac- O D r ' i» o At- afterward. The Union soldiers were overjoyed at the good news. General Thomas was ji boy again in his glee. The whole country was cheered. The President wrote a hearty letter of congratulation to Gceneral Sher- man. General Grant telegraphed that he had ordered a salute to be fired, with guns shotted, from every battery bearing upon the enemy in his front. General Sherman now determined to give his tired soldiers the rest they had so nobly earned, and at once ordered his army back to Atlanta, which movement was Sept. 8. begun on the 5th, and by the 8th they were encamped Sherman ^^pQuud Atlanta, Thouias's troops in and about Atlanta, vests at At- 7 jr 7 hvnta. Howard's at East Point, and Schofield's at Decatur. The enemy's cavalry, under Wheeler and Forrest, were now threatening Sherman's communications in Northern Georgia and Tennessee, and about the middle of September Newton's division, now commanded by General George D. Wagner, was sent back to Chatta- • nooga, and Sweeney's division, which was now com- manded by General John M. Corse, and belonged to the 17th Corps, was sent back to Rome. Toward the end of September, Hood became active, and was moving SIIMRMA^. 311 northwartl. Shernian was now convinced that the cucuiy i «« j. was making a general movement npon his rear, lie g^.^t. 29. therefore sent General Thomas to Chattanooga on the J^lj'^'u,. 29th, with Mormm's division of the 14th Corps. ^ ^■'"'•t''- Sherman's losses since leaving Chattanooga m May had'been 31,687 ; those killed numbered 4,442, wounded, 22,822, missing, 4,423. The loss of the enemy was estimated at between 35,000 and 40,000, 12,000 of whom were prisoners. This had been a severe campaign ; scarcely a day had passed since the 7tli of May without a heavy skirmish or battle. Hood crossed the Chattahoochee about the 1st of J^^^^^; ^ J- ^^^. October with an army of 40,000 men. Hardee had i"g noiti.. been called to Charleston, S. C, to relieve Bcaurogard, the latter having been placed at the head of the enemy's forces in the central region. Hood's three corps were now commanded by Cheatham, S. D. Lee, and Stewart. The enemy's cavalry in advance captured about 400 Federal soldiers at l>ig Shanty and Acworth. On the umsiLmiy. 5th of October a. division of Hood's infantry ap[)eared before Allatoona, which was garrisoned by three reg- iments under Colonel Tourtelotte. An immense quantity of supplies was stored at that place, which Sherman made haste to protect. Leaving Slocum at Atlanta with the 20th Corps, he started northward, Oct. 3. The siurm„n ^ after lUx army had undergone many changes. General J. D. Cox was now in command of the 23d Corps, General Schotield having gone to Knoxville to look after some business connected with his Department. General Stanley took Thomas's place, assuming command of the troops of the 4th and 14th Corps that were not with Thomas at Chat- tanooga. Generals Logan and Blair had gone north, leaving the 15th Corps in connnand of General Osterhaus and the 17th under General T. E. G. Ransom. Sherman moved north after Hood with about 00,000 men. Hood. Oct. 5. Allatoona 312 SHJiJBMAN. 1864. On Oct. 4, General Sherman signaled from Yining Station to Kenesaw, and there repeated to General Corse at Rome, to hasten back to the assistance of the garrison at Allatoona. Corse arrived in the nick of time with three regiments, increasing the garrison to nearly 2,000 men. On the morning of the 5th a division of the enemy, about 5,000 strong, under General French, appeared be- fore Allatoona, and demanded its surrender. General Corse refused, when the enemy assaulted on all sides at once. They attacked furiously, but after a desperate struggle were finally repulsed, with a loss of about 1,500 in killed and wounded and 400 prisoners. The Federal loss was about 700. Sherman, from the top of Kenesaw, "Hold the eighteen miles distant, signaled to Corse, " Hold out, re- fort! I am • „ ' o ? ? coming!" hei IS couimg ! which he did most nobly. Assault after assault was gallantly repulsed, and General Cox, approaching with the 2od Corps, decided the enemy to hastily decamp. The battle had lasted from about 9 A. M. till about 2 p. m. General Corse and Colonel Tourtelotte were both severely wounded. During this battle. Hood with his main force was at Dallas. He continued to move northward, with Sher- man close after him. Hood's men complained that the raid upon Sherman's communications was of no use, as Sherman carried duplicate railroads, bridges, and tunnels along with him. Sherman reached Kingston on the 10th and Rome on the 11th, (the latter place is about 80 miles northwest of Atlanta,) arriving on the 13th at Oct. 12. Resaca. Hood had appeared before Resaca on the 12th, demanding its surrender. Colonel Weaver, in command of a small Federal force there, refused the demand ; but Hood concluded not to attack, and after some skirmish- ing he moved away, destroying the railroad and captur- oct. 13. i^g ^^^ garrison at Dalton, consisting of a regiment of Daiton. colored troops. SIIEBMAN. 31 a Sheiiiiiin followed Hood as far as Gaylesville, Ala., is 04. which place he reached on the 21st of October. But now he concluded that Thomas could take cave of Hood, and at once began organizing for a march through Geor- gia. General Ransom, who had commanded Blair's Death of corps since leaving Atlanta, died of fcA'er Oct. 29, near Ran!ol. Rome. Schofield, who had rejoined Sherman at Gayles- ville with the 23d Corps, and Stanley with the 4th Corps, were ordered to report to Thomas. General Wilson, who had been sent from Petersburg by General shcnnan Grant to take command of the cavahy in this Depart- ^Z^'i^T ment, was also ordered to report to Thomas, Sherman ""'''''' '" . . ^ . . . . the sea. retaining Kilpatrick for his chief cavalry commander. General Thomas would also have the following-named troops to aid him in repelling Hood ; viz, 10,000 troops, mostly new, at Nashville, Steedman's division at Chat- tanooga, Ronssean's division at Murfreesboro, R. S. Granger's division at Decatur and Huntsville, Ala., the garrisons at Bridgeport and Stevenson, about 8,000 cav- alry, under Edw^ard Hatch, Croxton, and Colonel Capron, besides some 10,000 cavalry now collecting under Wil- son ; also General A. J. Smith, with his two divisions of the 16th Corps, who was soon to arrive from Missouri. These troops would give Thomas a force largely superior to Hood's, and on Nov. 2 General Grant finally gave his consent to Sherman's " march to the sea." On the 14th of November, General Sherman was ^^^ ^^ again at Atlanta, Ga., with the 14th, 15th, 17th, and sherman J? I'll • """"^ ^^ 20th Corps, which he organized in two grand divisions : Atlanta. the 7ight, under General Howard, — 15th Corps, P. J. Osterhaus ; divisions, Charles R. Woods, W. B. Hazen, John E. Smith, John M. Corse,— 17th Corps, Frank P. Blair; divisions, J. A. Mower, M. D. Leggett, Giles A. Smith. The left, under H. W. Slocum,— 14th Corps, Jefterson C. Davis ; divisions, W. P. Carhn, James D. ;U I .s7/A7;.i/.i.r. I sot. Morgan. A. Hainl, 'JOtli (\)ips, A. S. Williams; divis- ""■ ions, N. .1. Jackson. John W. (]c:\y\, W. T. Ward. The cavalry uudiM" .hulson KilpalrioU was in (wo briii;ado8, oonunandoil by (\>lonols I'Mi II. Mnnay and Smith 1). Alkins. (uMUM-al John .\. I^i^an took oommanci of the h)th (\>rpsat Savannah. This aiany. nil iolA. nuiuluM'od ahont lU),0(H) mon, bosidos abont. 6, <")()() i'a\alry nniliM- K ilpalrii'k. (h> Nov. h), SluM-nian's army swnnt;- out into tlio shonuMu-s tMUMn\'s I'ouutrN , (MitiroU out looso iVom all thoir oom- iio>>i>s muuioations. Tho artilhM'y was iH^hu'od to l>5 i^iins, or willa iiu- about t)Uo gun toi\u'h l,()l)() num. l-laoh gun. caisson, and >xou. foroo was drawn by oight horses, and (\aoh oin-jts had a wagtMi train of about UOO wagons, with six n\nlos oacli, and L->1^ ambulanros. with t.wo horsost\aoh. ThoriMVoro altogvthor l!.c>(H) wagons, and 000 ambnlanoos; oaoh wagmi oarriod about -.T^tU^ pcuiiuls' weight. Tlu^ armv starttnl with '100 rounds oi' ammunition [hm' man, (\'U'h s(ddi(M' carrying on his jum'sou t'ort\ nnuids ; and cac\\ \uccc o[' arlillory had -(U) rounds ol" assorted auununition. Tho army was also [U'ovidod with about twenty da\s' ratiims pov man. auil tivi> days' t\n-ag(^ tor the animals. This, with the eorn and beet' t'ound in tlu^ ouimun's country , }u\>\ 1^1 sutlieient for the needs ot" the troo[>s. .\(i;>n(:»'s Ind'oro the last troops left Atlanta, the ilestruetion oi' loiuuirios (\miulries, arsenals, maehiuc^-shops. etc.. was eompleleil ; Hsuos. eviuything that eould be oi" use io the enemy wa^s laid in aslu^s. (\eneral Sherman had drawn his supjdies from Louis- ville via Naslnilh', up to this tiuu\ It is -tTl uules from .Vtlauta to l.onis\ ille, and l^SO nuK\s lo Masln ille. It required a large luimber oi troops io guard these lines; strong guards had t(> be maintaiueil at Marietta, Kenesaw, .Vllatooua, b'towah Hridge. Kingston. lu>me. .Uesaca, Oalton, Kiutru'old. and ('hattam>Oiia. alsi> at all SN/:h\UAX. ;vi5 imjH>rl;in( bridges luu] railroMil sl;i(i(>iis. l^il (uMioral isr.t. Sherman adopdnl a. now plan, — ho wilhdrow all (ho (roops from Ihoso points, llo aided the ononw in de- stroying the Federal eonununioations, hinisoll' snb- sisting on southern ei>rn and hccW and at the same time iiave himself and Thomas more men. delVerson Daxis sent Uootl upon SluMinan's eommunieatu>ns tor the spe- uoips iio.hi eial purpose of drawing him northwaril out of ^'i^'>^i"gi:v ; i.'^.'^JrMi detV must, therefore hav(^ be(M\ set a-gu(\^sini;- when h(^ '•>^'>"""- saw Sherman helping Wood by burning bridges and tear- ing up railroad trai'ks in his rear, llowovor, SheiMuan did not ilestrov [\\o rails or (he rolling stock; they were sent (o (Miattau(niga I'or I'uture us(\ Th.e proposeil march to the si\i was (uMuu'al Sher- i,,..,„t „„a man's d(digh( ; (he ma((er had oeeupied his mind {'or ^"'''""""• sonu^ time before tlu^ taking o\' .Vtlanta. Visions of bursting (lu^ (U\emy"s empty sludl wtu'e t'ons(au(ly before him. With a k(HM> insight he foresaw what (he etVeet of that ex[>losiou wt>nld lu\ and was eager to begin the movenuMit ; and to him next afl(M- (uuu'ral (^rant belongs (lu^ eredit for the bearing that I'ampaign had towartl the eiuling of the war. It is elaimed by some tha.t all eredit is due to tyrant, and by o(hers (o Sher- man, for the eoneeption of (his grand eampaign; bn( '( is half and half. When (Irani had routetl and defeated Bragg at (^hattauooga, and been made ehief of all (he armies, he seleeled tuuieral SluuMuan for his sueeessor, us leader in that seetion. and direeteil him to nu>ve into the enemy's eonutry. In a le((er (o Sherman, daled April 4, 18G4, (^u'ant said, " Vou I. propi>se (o move against Johnston's ariuy, to break it up, and to go into the interior oi' the ^Miemy's eonutry as far us you eau, intlieting all (he damage you eau against all their war resourees." "I do not propose to lay down for you a. plan eampaign, but simply to lay down the work it is 316 SHERMAN. IS 04, desirable to have done, and leave you free to execute it in your own way." Again Sept. 12, 1864, in a letter to Sher- man, Grant said that his plan would be to send a force to Mobile and another to Savannah from the Department of the Mississippi, with Sherman moving at the same time upon Macon and Augusta, Ga. A great deal of correspondence passed between these two master spirits concerning future operations, Grant giving his own ideas, asking Sherman his views, and finally leaving him to plan and execute what they both had decided upon. No doubt both Generals smile at the efforts of their respect- ive friends and admirers to give one or the other the whole glory. To each other they are the fastest of friends ; one cannot speak in too high terms of the other. And certainly they were both honest in their endeavors to put dowm the rebellion and end the war. Neither thought of reward or promotion or personal glory ; both were practical soldiers, knew nothing of politics, worked unitedly and in harmony, and thus with the aid of good lieutenants of their oAvn selection, they ended the war. It is 300 miles from Atlanta to Charleston, and 292 Tho army to Savanuah. Howard's column moved toward Gordon, moves. while Slocum marched toward Milledgeville. These points were reached on Nov. 22. The railroads were destroyed as they moved along. Howard had passed through Jonesboro and Monticello, while Slocum had moved via Decatur, Stone Mountain, and Eatonton. On the 22d, while the right of the 15th Corps was operating Nov. 23. near Griswoldville, it was attacked by a brigade of the Grisvi'old- • n -\t rm viiie. enemy s troops coming from Macon. Ihe enemy was handsomely repulsed, and driven back into Macon, with severe loss. Kilpatrick met a detachment of Wheeler's cavalry at East Point, driving them before him and pur- suing to Lovejoy's, where they took possession of some intrenchments and made a stand. The Federals charged, SHERMAN. 317 driving the enemy from the works, and taking a number i864. of prisoners. Kilpatrick moved thence through Clinton Ki,j,^ to Macon, where he met another force of the enemy's "'^'''^ '^''^' cavahy, and drove them into the works of Macon, then marched on through Gordon, Milledgeville, Gibson, and Waynesboro. Turning to the right here, he moved toward Millen, hoping to liberate the Federal prisoners there ; but before reaching that place he learned that they had been removed. He then fell back, arriving at Louisville on the 29th of Nov., followed by Wheeler's cavalry, skirmishing continuously. During this latter movement Kilpatrick, with his staff and the 8th Indiana and 9th Michigan, were isolated from the rest of the command, and nearly surrounded ; they cut their way out, however, with little loss. On the 2d of December, reinforced by Baird's divis- ion of infantry, Kilpatrick again moved toward Waynes- boro, near which place Wheeler was again encountered waynes- and driven through the town, on toward Augusta. Kil-^""^^* patrick covered the left flank of the army, and was per- sistently followed by Wheeler's cavalry. Sharp skir- mishing and frequent brisk engagements were contin- uous. Howard moved from Gordon, following the Savannah Railroad, having a small fight at the Oconee River, Nov. j^q^ gg. 30. Slocum moved from Milledgeville to Sandersville. Sconce ° River. Thence the army moved direct for Savannah, continuing the destruction of railroads and rolling stock, which had been pretty thorough since leaving Atlanta; over two hundred miles of railroad had been destroyed when Savannah was reached. Sherman passed through Millen on the 3d of December, and by the 10th he had Savan- Dec. lo. nah shut up. As the army neared the coast, swamps reaches and marshes became more frequent, and many miles of ^'^'''^°"*^* corduroy had to be built ; but as Sherman carried bridges lister, 318 SHERMAN. 1S04. and corduroy along with him, nothing stopped him. The boys moved rapidly; at least 15 miles each day was the rule. The entrance of the Ogeechee River to Ossabaw Sound was guarded by Fort McAUister, which stood be- siege ^ot^ ' tween Sherman and the Federal fleet. To reduce this Savannah, f^j.^ ^g^g ^}jq next thing the Federal general wished to accomplish. To a division of the 15th Corps, commanded by General Hazen, of Stone River fame, was allotted this work. On the night of Dec. 12, General Howard's engineers built a bridge 1,800 feet long over the Ogee- chee, where King's bridge had been destroyed, and at sunrise on the 13th, Hazen with his division passed over. Fort McAi- Fort McAllistor was garrisoned by about 250 men. Hazen completed his preparations about 3 p. m., when his soldiers moved forward as if on parade. The garrison fired every gun available, but the Union boys pressed steadily onward, soon taking the double-quick, then the charge. The smoke from the enemy's guns for a moment enveloped them, and then cleared away to discover the Union blue in possession of the fort. The Federal loss was about 90 in killed and wounded ; about 50 of the garrison were killed or wounded. Major Anderson, who commanded the fort, w^as taken prisoner, together with the garrison. December 14, General Sherman met General Foster, who commanded the Federal forces in that Depart- ment, and Admiral Dahlgren, who was in command of the naval fleet there, arranging with Foster for some siege guns, and with Dahlgren to assist in the bombard- ment of Savannah. On the 16th a steamer, sent by General Grant, arrived with a large amount of accumu- lated mail for the boys, and all had a good time reading news from home. Several ships loaded with stores were lying in the harbor for Sherman's army. SHERMAN. 319 General Hardee was in command of the enemy's is a 4. forces in Savannah, which numbered about 12,000 men. Every avenue of escape was closed to him except to the northeast, toward Charleston. General Sherman de- manded the surrender of Savannah on the 17th, which Hardee refused. Sherman at once began preparations for a more complete investment and assault ; but Hardee ^^^ ^^ was too quick for him, and escaped with his troops on savannah ■*■ evacuated. the night of the 20th to Charleston. The Federals at once took quiet possession of the city. The enemy had left behind 230 cannon, a large quantity of ammunition, and 30,000 bales of cotton. The army had been twenty-seven days on the march, leaving a track of ruin thirty miles wide in its rear. It had destroj^ed 20,000 bales of cotton, 200 miles of rail- road track, and had taken from, the country through which it passed, sufficient provision for its subsistence. More than 200,000 bushels of corn were taken, but soldiers were not permitted to enter dwellings, and noth- ing was taken from the poorer classes. Besides destroy- ing railroads, the army also gave to the flames all depots, engine houses, repair shops, foundries, cotton gins, etc., in fact everything that would afford sustenance to the enemy. During the twenty-seven days of isolation, the North knew nothing of the fate of Sherman's army, except through the enemy, and these reports were meager. The Federal loss during the march was about 750 in killed, wounded, and missing. They had captured about 1,300 prisoners. It is 190 miles in a straight line from Atlanta to Savannah, but 255 miles as the army marched. About this time Thomas had secured his great victor}'^ iscs. over Hood, and that, with Sherman's success, filled the ^^^ . ^^^ hearts of all Union loving people with joy. The North hearts eicc- r\ T trifled. was electrified, but the shock was pleasant. On January 320 SHERMAN. 1865. Congress votes thanks to Sherman and his men. 14 the United States Congress passed a resolution ten- dering the thanks of the people and of Congress to Major-General William T. Sherman and the soldiers under him, for their great acheivements from Chattanooga to Savannah. CHAPTER XYIII. THROUGH THE CAROLINAS. SHERAfAN. EARLY in January, 1865, Sherman began making i8G5, preparations for moving northward through the Carolinas. His army now numbered about 60,000 men. No changes had occurred in corps and division com- manders, except that General Logan had arrived from the North, and resumed command of the 15th Corps, and General M. F. Force was now in command of Leg- gett's division of the 17th Corps. The 17th Corps was sent around- by water to Beaufort Island, S. C, march- ing thence to Pocotaligo, twenty-five miles to the north- ward, where it arrived on the 15th of January. On the 18th of the same month, Sherman turned over Savannah and its surroundings to General Foster, and on February 1 he again cut loose. General Grant Feb. i. had sent Grover's division of the 19th Corps to garrison leaves Savannah. Slocum, with Kilpatrick's cavalry, moved ^^''''°"^^- from Sisters Ferry to Barnwell, through swamps, while the right wing, accompanied by General Sherman, marched toward Branchville. When the latter reached Feb. 6. the Salkehatchie, the enemy disputed its passage, hav- saike- ing previously destroyed the bridges. Generals Mower "^^^^^^ and G. A. Smith led their columns through the swamps in water up to their watch pockets, in fact, up to the necks of short men, soon putting to flight the brigade of the enemy on the other side. Sherman's soldiers saw hard times in those days ; a cold, chilling rain came 21 (321) 322 THOMAS. 186 5. down in torrents, and the country through which they were passing was half under water. Howard pressed on to the South Carolina Railroad, destroying the track for many miles. Continuing the march, he arrived at Feb. 13. Orana'eburo; on the 12th, having a sharp engagement Orange- & & 7 o r o n ^ burg. with the enemy that day near that place, on the Edisto River. After destroying the railroads at this point, Howard pushed on for Columbia, driving the enemy before him. The enemy's forces now opposing Sherman's march were composed mostly of militia. The left wing moved via Barnwell, Windsor, and Lexington to Columbia, Wheeler's cavalry contesting the Federal advance; but Kilpatrick pressed them back constantly, with con- tinual sharp skirmishing, amounting often to severe en- gagements. Both wings reached Columbia about the Feb. 16-18. same time on the 17th, and the United States flag again floated over the capitol of South Carolina. .The Mayor had hastened forward to surrender the city on the approach of Howard's troops. Beauregard, who had recently been in Tennessee endeavoring to assist Hood, had been in command at Columbia, but fled on Sherman's approach, leaving Wade Hampton with his cavalry to cover the rear. Hampton set fire to a large quantity of baled cotton ; and it being a very windy day, the flames caught in the buildings, and spread rapidly, burning a large part of the city in spite of the endeavors of the Union soldiers to quench the conflagration. Hardee was now compelled to evacuate Charleston. On the morning of Feb. 17 he began destroying the city by setting fire to warehouses filled with cotton and other stores, and a fearful loss of property followed, including railroad bridges and shipping. Thus Charleston suff'ered ^^^- ^^- at the hands of her defenders almost as much as Colum- Charleston evacuated, bia. Hardce evacuated on the 18th, going into North SHERMAN. 323 Carolina to join General Joseph E. Johnston, who had isns. now been hastily called to oppose Sherman. The United States flag again floated over Sumter, and over Charleston, the cradle of secession. Kilpatrick had a sharp fight with Wheeler's cavalry at Williston station on Feb. 8, and again near Aiken on wiiiiston. the 11th. The enemy was defeated on both occasions. ^^^ "• Kilpatrick then proceeded northward, crossing the Saluda on the 17th. On the 18th he tore up the railroad track at Alston, crossing Broad River on the 19th, and moved on nearly to Chesterfield, when he learned that Wheeler and Hampton had united their forces. Being far in advance, he now retired toward the main body. Sherman pushed forward from Columbia on Feb. 20, marching in the direction of Charlotte, N. C, and crossed the line dividing the Carolinas on the 8th of March. The enemy's forces under Beauregard, Wheeler, and Hamp- ton were awaiting the Federals at that place ; but they were deceived. When Sherman reached Winnsboro, he turned to the east, destroying the railroads as he went. The right wing crossed the Catawba at Peay's Ferry, and marched nearly direct to Cheraw, reaching that place about noon, March 3. The left wing, after de- stroying the railroad nearly to Chesterville, turned east, crossing the Catawba at Rocky Mount on February 23, thence proceeding throusih Chesterfield, March 2, to ^''"'°^ ^■ Sneedsboro, a little north of Cheraw, driving a detach- aeid. ment of the enemy's cavalry before it. Sherman had expected an encounter with Hardee at Cheraw, but on his approach the enemy retreated to Fayetteville. It had been a very tedious march since leaving Winnsboro, through swamps and a low country flooded by recent rains. The Federal army reached Fayetteville on the 11th of March. When the left wing moved from Rocky Mount, 324 SHERMAK 180^5. Kiipatrick proceeded to Lancaster, for the purpose of misleading Beauregard, who thought the Federals were moving on Charlotte. Kilpatrick continued in that neighborhood some days, skirmishing with Wheeler and Kiipltrick Hampton, having a severe engagement on March 9 near ton ^^™^" ^^-ystteville. He had been following Hardee's rear, when he learned on the 8th that Hampton was in his own rear. Turning back with Spencer's brigade, he made a night march, going into camp toward morning, Kilpatrick himself resting at a farm house some distance from the main body, surrounded by a small body guard. Here Hampton charged him suddenly, capturing a part of his staff and the brigade commander, and drove the Federal guards out of their camps. Kilpatrick barely escaped capture. Then at the head of the aroused brigade he charged the enemy in turn, and completely routed them, retaking his camp and the prisoners which Hampton had just captured. Kilpatrick then proceeded to Fay- ette ville. General Sherman now gave his troops a little needed rest, and moved again on the 15th of March for Golds- boro. He now expected more serious work than he had experienced since leaving Atlanta. General Johnston was before him with the forces of Hardee, Beauregard, Cheatham, with what there was left, of Hood's army, Hoke, with the troops that had been operating on the seaboard of North Carolina, and Wheeler's and Hamp- ton's cavalry, numbering in the aggregate about 40,000 men. On moving, Sherman sent Slocum in the direction of Averysboro, accompanied by Kilpatrick's cavalry, to attract the enemy to the defense of Raleigh, Howard moving more directly toward Goldsboro, Sherman him- self remaining with Slocum. Kilpatrick had a sharp skirmish with Hardee's rear guard on the evening of the 15th, capturing a number of SHERMAN. 325 prisoners. On the following morning (the 16tli), S"locum is a 3. found Hardee intrenched near Averysboro, with about MardT 15,000 men. Johnston was expected to ioin him with f' ^'^• the rest of his army. Sherman directed Slocum to ^^vo. attack at once. Williams led the attack with the divis- ions of Jackson and Ward, sending a brigade under General Casey to turn the enemy's right flank. After a short but severe conflict, the enemy was driven from his first line. Slocum now pushed forward Davis with two divisions of the 14th Corps on Williams's left, while Kilpatrick was hotly engaged on the right, and the battle became general. Hardee held his ground with difficulty until dark, when he retreated to Smithfield. The Federal loss was 77 killed and 477 wounded -, the loss of the enemy was unknown, except 217 who were taken prisoners, and 108 of their dead whom the Union soldiers buried upon the field. The left wing moved toward Goldsboro on the 17th, the 14th Corps in advance. On the morning of the 19th, Sherman left Slocum to ioin Howard. Soon afterward, ^arch . . 18-21. about 6 A. M., the 14th Corps, having resumed its march, Benton- came upon the enemy's cavalry near Bentonville. Heavy ^*"''' skirmishing followed, gradually increasing to a battle, the enemy retiring slowly. At noon the Federals found a heavy force of Johnston's infantry before them. The battle now became fierce and determined. Slocum, be- coming satisfied that Johnston was before him with all his forces united, hurried messengers for the 20th Corps. About 3 s. M. the enemy in strong columns charge furiously upon Carlin's division, at the same time striking the rest of the corps heavily. Carlin's troops gallantly withstand superior numbers for a time, but are finally giving way, when Davis hastens to the right, where Colonel Fearing, with his brigade of Morgan's division, is held in reserve. He now sends Fearing at double- 32C) SHERMAN. IS 5. quick against the enemy's flank. Nobly do the soldiers of that brigade perform the work ; they see the danger of the moment. The charge is magnificent, checking the exultant enemy, then forcing him back. Colonel Fearing is wounded, and many of his men are killed and wounded in the charge. The 14th Corps is saved from a greater disaster, but the battle is not ended. The enemy press with great determination upon Morgan's- position, and the fighting becomes hotter and fiercer. Morgan is nearly surrounded, but he has old and tried veterans who repulse charge after charge of the furious and exasperated foe. One brigade of the 20th Corps arrived about 5 P. M., and at once entered the fight. The battle raged from right to left until dark, but Johnston failed to force the 14th Corps from its ground. During the night, two divisions of the 20th Corps came up, and the following morning (the 20th) Howard joined his left to Slocum's right. Skirmishing was kept up, and on the 21st the Federals pressed closely upon the enemy's intrenchments ; heavy skirmishing continued all day. In January, General Grant had brought General Schofield, with the 23d Corps, from Thomas's army in Tennessee to the coast of North Carolina. Schofield Schofield in i^^^^^Q^i at Fort Fishcr Feb. 9. General A. H. Terry was ''"'*• there, having recently captured that fort. Schofield was placed in command, and with his own corps and two divisions of the 10th Corps, under General Terry, soon afterward captured Wilmington, moving thenae to Golds- boro for the purpose of operating in conjunction with MuiTh 21. Sherman. He arrived at Goldsboro on March 21. Learning of this, Johnston withdrew that night to Smithfield. The Federal loss on the 19th, 20th, and 21st was about 1,700 ; the loss of the enemy was es- timated at 3,000. General Sherman moved his army iiUEKMAN. 327 the next (lay to the vicinity of Goldsboro, where Scho- is 05. field reported to him for orders. General Sherman now visited General Grant at City Point, Va. These heroes of the war and the noble Lin- coln met on March 27 at City Point, to congratulate, and ^^^J^' arranee for the finish. Until April 10, Sherman's army ^inuit, and rested around Goldsboro, where the soldiers were sup- meet. plied with new clothing, which must have been a great treat to them. They had marched over 425 miles since leaving Savannah, crossed five large rivers, — Edisto, Broad, Catawba, Pedee, and Cape Fear, — marched through swamps and roads of mud, and were compelled to build many miles of corduroy road. But the boys had made the march ; they had raised the flag of the Union at Atlanta, Savannah, Charleston, and Columbia, and reduced the difference between gold and greenbacks. The shell was exploded. On April 10, Sherman again put his army in motion toward the enemy. Arriving at Smithfield on the 11th, he found that Johnston had retreated to Raleigh. That night General Sherman received a message from General 3,^^,,,,,^,, Grant, conveying the information that Lee had surren- 1^''^"'^ ">'^t dered at Appomattox Court House on the 9th. The surren- following morning (the 12th), General Sherman issued '""' " Special Field Order No. 54," in which he said, " Glory shcnmin ^ very happy. to God and our country, and all honor to our comrades in arms, toward whom we are marching. A little more labor, a little more toil on our part, and the great race is won, and our Government stands regenerated, after four long years of war." Some changes had occurred in the commanding offi- cers of the army since its arrival at Goldsboro. Scho- field's army had been incorporated in Sherman's grand army. Armies, corps, and divisions were officered as follows : — 328 SJJJSBMAA\ 1SG5. Right wing, 0. 0. Howard. 1 5 tli Corps, John A. Logan ; divisions, C. R. Woods, Wm. B. Hazen, J. E. Smith, E. W. Rice. 17th Corps, Frank P. Bhiir; divis- ions, M. F. Force, M. D. Leggett, G. A. Smith. Left wing, H. W. Slocum. 14th Corps, J. C. Davis ; divisions, C. C. Walcott, J. D. Morgan, A. Baird. 20th Corps, J. A. Mower; divisions, A. S. Williams, John W. Geary, W. T. Ward. Center, John M. Schofield. 10th Corps, A. H. Terry; divisions, H. W. Birge, A. Ames, C. J. Paine. 23d Corps, J. D. Cox ; divisions, Thomas II. Rnger, D. N. Conch, S. P. Carter. Cavalry division, Judson Kil- patrick. General Sherman resumed his march after Johnston's army on the morning of the 12th, reaching Raleigh on the following day to find that the enemy had retired to- Miuih 14. ward Ilillsboro. On the 14th, General Sherman received The t'liomy in t i i • opoiis lugo- 1 . New Mexico, Brig.-Gen. J. IL Carcton, ,V~ » Pacific (Cal. and Oregon), " «-J"Sl^';. 4033 » Kansas, Maj.-Gen. S. R. Curtis, 4,033 " va.andN.c.]-:;:,:r " ^•^•^""" ''''!' Middle Dept. (Maryland and l)eh) ^ ^t^S:!::h;;an;:::: :i;:5 Nortliern Dep't. (Ohio, Ind., 111., Mith.), o- Aggregate : 533,417 This was the fighting strength of the United States forces, although there were reported as present for duty on the 1st of May, 662,345 men. , ^ ,, The following is an extract from General brants Report to the Secretary of War, dated, lIc^dquaHers Armies of the United States, Washington, D. C., July 22 1865 The report covers the time General brant commanded all the armies, and the extract frem it is m- serted to show the situaiion of the contending forces, and General Grant's views at that time. 334 THE CONQUEROR. 18 64. From the first, I was firm in the conviction that no peace — could be had that would be stable and conducive to the happi- Mav Extract ^®^^ ^^ ^^® pcople, both North and South, until the military from Gen- power of the rebellion was entirely broken. Repoi-r" ^ I therefore determined, first, to use the greatest number of troops practicable against the armed force of the enemy, pre- venting him from using the same force at different seasons against first one and then another of our armies, and the pos- sibility of repose for refitting and producing necessary supplies for carrying on resistance; secondly, to hammer continuously against the armed force of the enemy and his resources, until by mere attrition, if in no other way, there should be nothing left to him but an equal submission with the loyal section of our common country to the Constitution and laws of the land. These views have been kept constantly in mind, and orders given and campaigns made to carry them out. Whether they mio-ht have been better in conception and execution is for the people who mourn the loss of friends fallen, and who have to pay the pecuniary cost, to say. All I can say is, that what I have done has been done conscientiously, to the best of my ability, and in what I conceived to be for the best interests of the whole country. At the date when this report begins, the situation of the contending forces was about as follows : The Mississippi River was strongly garrisoned by Federal troops from St. Louis, Mo., to its mouth. The line of the Arkansas was also held, thus giving us armed possession of all west of the Mississippi, north of that stream. A few points in Southern Louisiana, not remote from the river, were held by us, together with a small garrison at and near the mouth of the Rio Grande. All the balance of the vast territory of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas was in the almost undisputed possession of the enemy, with an army of probably not less than 80,000 effective men, that could have been brought into the field. ... To the east of the Mississippi we held substan- tially with the line of the Tennessee and Holston rivers, running eastward to include nearly all of the State of Tennessee. South of Chattanooga, a small foothold had been obtained in Georgia, sufficient to protect East Tennessee from incursions from the enemy's force at Dalton, Georgia. West Virginia was substan- THE CONQUEROR. 335 tially within our lines. Virginia, with the exception of the is 64. northern border, the Potomac River, a small area about the ' ' ' May. mouth of James River, covered by the troops at Norfolk andj;xtract Fort Monroe and the territory covered by the Army of the fi"°°i Gen- Potomac, lying along the Rapidan, was in the possession of the Report, enemy. Along the sea-coast, footholds had been obtained at Plymouth, Washington, and New Berne in North Carolina; Beaufort, Folly, and Morris Islands, Hilton Head, Fort Pulaski, and Port Royal in South Carolina ; Fernandina and St. Augus- tine in Florida. Key West and Pensacola were also in our possession, while all the important ports were blockaded by the navy. * * * The enemy had concentrated the bulk of his forces east of the Mississippi into two armies, commanded by Generals R. E, Lee and J. E. Johnston, his ablest and best generals. The army commanded by Lee occupied the south bank of the Rap- idan, extending from Mine Run westward, strongly intrenched, covering and defending Richmond. . . . The army under Johnston occupied a strongly intrenched position at Dalton, Ga., covering and defending Atlanta, a place of great importance as a railroad center. ... In addition to these armies he had a large cavalry force under Forrest, in Northeast Mississippi, a considerable force of all arms in the Shenandoah Valley, and in the western part of Virginia and extreme eastern part of Ten- nessee; and also confronting our sea-coast garrisons, and holding blockaded ports where we had no foothold upon land. Alft al*. jl* Alf. ^ ,^^' ,-jj' -S*. -jf- -^If- General Sherman was instructed to move against Johnston's army, to break it up, and to go into the interior of the enemy's country as far as he could, inflicting all the damage he could upon their war resources. * * * Major-Gen eral N. P. Banks, then on an expedition up Red River against Shreveport, La., (which had been organized pre- vious to my appointment to command,) was notified by me on the 15th of March, of the importance it was that Shreveport should be taken at the earliest possible day, and that if he found that the taking of it would occupy from ten to fifteen days' more time than General Sherman had given his troops to be absent from their command, he would send them back 336 THE CONQUEROR. 1864, at the time specified by General Sherman, even if it led to t ~~ the abandonment of the main object of the Red River expe- Estract dition, for this force was necessary to movements east of the from Gen- Mississippi; that should his expedition prove succes,sful, he Report. would hold Shrcvcport and the Red River with such force as he might deem necessary, and return the balance of his troops to the neighborhood of New Orleans, commencing no move for the further acquisition of territory, unless it was to make that then held by him more easily held ; that it might be a part of the spring campaign to move against Mobile; that it certainly would be, if troops enough could be obtained to make it with- out embarrassing other movements; that New Orleans would be the point of departure for such an expedition; also, that I had directed General Steele to make a real move from Arkansas, as suggested by him (General Banks), instead of a demonstra- tion, as Steele thought advisable. * * * * ** * * ^ * Major- General Meade was instructed that Lee's army would be his objective point; that wherever Lee went he would go also. For his movement two plans presented themselves: One to cross the Rapidan below Lee, moving by his right flank; the other above, moving by his left. Each presented advantages over the other, with corresponding objections. By crossing above, Lee would be cut off from all chance of ignoring Rich- mond or going north on a raid ; but if we took this route, all we did would have to be done while the rations we started with held out; besides, it separated us from Butler, so that he could not be directed how to co-operate. If we took the other route. Brandy Station could be used as a base of supplies until an- other was secured on the York or James rivers. Of these, however, it was decided to take the lower route. The following letter of instruction was addressed to Major- General B. F. Butler: — Fort Monroe, Virginia, April 2, 1864. General: — In the spring campaign, which it is desirable shall commence at as early a day as practicable, it is proposed to have co-oper- ative action of all the armies in the field, as far as this object can be accomplished. THE CONQUEROR. 337 It will not be possible to unite our armies into two or three _j s(>4. large ones to act as so many units, owing to the absolute neces- — sity of holding on to the territory already taken from the enemy; '^^' but, generally speaking, concentration can be practically effected fro„,' ^p,,. by armies moving to the interior of the enemy's country from eiaiGrants the territory they have to guard. By such movement they in- '^^^°' ' terpose themselves between the enemy and the country to be guarded, thereby reducing the number necessary to guard im- poi'tant points, or at least occupy the attention of a part of the enemy's force, if no greater object is gained. Lee's army and Richmond being the greater objects toward which our attention must be directed in the next campaign, it is desirable to unite all the force we can against them. The necessity of covering Washington with the army of the Potomac, and of covering your department with your army, makes it impossible to unite these forces at the beginning of any move. I propose, there- fore, what comes nearest this of anything that seems practica- ble : The Army of the Potomac will act from its present base, Lee's army being the objective point. You will collect all the forces from your command that can be spared from garrison duty — 1 should say not less than twenty thousand effective men — to operate on the south side of James Eiver, Richmond being your objective point. To the force you already have will be added about ten thousand men from South Carolina, under Major-General Gillmore, who will command them in person. Major-General W.. F, Smith is ordered to report to you, to com- mand the troops sent into the field from your own department. General Gillmore will be ordered to report to 3'ou at Foi'tress Monroe, with all the troops, on transports by the 18th inst. or as soon thereafter as practicable. Should you not receive notice by that time to move, you will make such disj^osition of them and your other forces as you may deem best calculated to de- ceive the enemy as to the real move to be made. When you are notified to move, take City Point with as much force as possible. Fortify, or rather intrench, at once, and con- centrate all your troops for the field there as rapidly as 3'ou can. From City Point directions cannot be given at this time for your further movements. The fact that has already been stated — that is, that Eich- mond is to be your objective point, and that there is to be co- operation between your force and the Army of the Potomac — must be your guide. This indicates the necessity of your hold- 32 388 THE CONQUEROR. 1864. i'lg close to the south bank of the James Eiver as you advance. — Then, should the enemy be forced into his intrenchments in ^^' Richmond, the Army of the Potomac would follow, and by Extract ' j ^ j from Gen- means of transports the two armies would become a unit. erai Grant's j^\\ i]^q minor details of your advance are left entirely to your direction. If, however, you think it practicable to use your cavalry south of you, so as to cut the railroad about Hicksford, about the time of the general advance, it would be of immense advantage. You will please forward for my information, at the earliest practicable day, all orders, details, and instructions you may give for the execution of this order. U. S. G-RANT, Lieutenant- General. Major- General B. F, Butler. On the 16th these instructions were substantially reiterated. On the 19th, in order to secure full co-operation between his army and that of General Meade, he was informed that I ex- pected him to move from Fort Monroe the .same day that Gen- era,! Meade moved from Culpepper. The exact time I was to telegraph him as soon as it was fixed, and that it would not be earlier than the 27th of April; that it was my intention to fight Lee between Culpepper and Richmond, if he would stand. Should he, however, fall back into Richmond, I would follow up and make a junction with his (General Butler's) army on the James River ; that could I be certain he would be able to invest Richmond on the south side, so as to have his left resting on the James, above the city, I would form the junction there; that circumstances might make this course advisable anyhow ; that he should use every exertion to secure footing as far up the south side of the river as he could, and as soon as possible after the receipt of orders to move ; that if he could not carry the city, he should at least detain as large a force thei'e as pos- sible. In co-operation with the main movements against Lee and Johnston, I was desirous of using all other troops necessarily kept in departments remote from the fields of immediate oper- ations, and also those kept in the background for the protec- tion of our extended lines between the loyal States and the armies operating against them. THE CONQUEROR. 339 A very considerable force, under command of Major-Gcn- is 64. eral Sigel, was so held for the protection of West Virginia, and the frontiers of Maryland and Pennsylvania. While these Extract troops could not be withdrawn to distant fields without expos- from Gen- ing the North to invasion by comparatively small bodies of the Report, enemy, they could act directly to their front, and give better protection than if lying idle in garrison. By such a movement they would either compel the enemy to detach largely for the protection of his supplies and lines of communication, or he would lose them. General Sigel was therefore directed to or- ganize all his available force into two expeditions, to move from Beverly and Charleston, under command of Generals Ord and Crook, against the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, Subsequently, General Ord having been relieved at his own re- quest. General Sigel was instructed, at his own suggestion, to give up the expedition by Beverly, and to form two columns, one under General Crook, on the Kanawha, numbering about ten thousand men, and one on the Shenandoah, numbering about seven thousand men; the one on the Shenandoah to assemble between Cumberland and the Shenandoah, and the infantry and artillery advanced to Cedar Creek with such cavalry as could be made available at the moment, to threaten the enemy in the Shenandoah Valley and advance as far as possible; while General Crook would take possession of Lewisburg with part of his force and move down the Tennessee Railroad, doing as much damage as he could, destroying the New River bridge and the salt-works at Saltville, Va. Owing to the weather and the bad condition of the roads, op- erations were delayed until the 1st of May, when, everything being in readiness and the roads favorable, orders were given for a general movement of all the armies not later than the 4th of May, My first object being to break the military power of the rebellion, and capture the enemy's important strongholds, made me desirous that General Butler should succeed in his move- ment against Richmond, as that would tend more than any- thing else, iinless it were the capture of Lee's army, to accom- plish this desired result in the East. If he failed, it was my determination, by hard fighting, either to compel Lee to re- 340 THE CONQUEROR. 18 6 4. treat, or to so cripple him that he could not detach a large ~ force to ffo north, and still retain enouo^h for the defense of May. . Extract Richmond. It was well understood, by both Generals Butler from Gen - and Meade, before starting on the campaign, that it was my eral Grant's .. iii- • ictt -n- Report. mtention to put both their armies south or the James Uiver, m case of failure to destroy Lee without it. Before giving General Butler his instructions, I visited him at Fort Monroe, and in conversation pointed out the apparent importance of getting possession of Petersburg, and destroying railroad communication as far south as possible. Believing, however, in the practicability of capturing Richmond unless it was reinforced, I made that the objective point of his opera- tions. As the Army of the Potomac was to move simultane- ously with him, Lee could not detach from his army with safety, and the enemy did not have troops elsewhere to bring to the defense of the city in time to meet a rapid movement from the north of James River. I may here state that, commanding all the armies as I did, I tried, as far as possible, to leave General Meade in indepen- dent command of the Army of the Potomac. My instructions for that army were all through him, and were general in their nature, leaving all the details and the execution to him. The campaigns that followed proved him to be the right man in the right place. His commanding always in the presence of an officer superior to him in rank, has drawn from him much of that public attention that his zeal and ability entitle him to, and which he would otherwise have received. CHAPTER XX. WILDERNESS TO COLD HARBOR. THE CONQUEROR. 1864. The battle rpHE central point of the great struggle must still be i in Vir-inia. The Alleghany and Blue Ridge mount- ains travers'e this State its entire length from north to south, running parallel with each other. West of these mountains lies West Virginia, and between them hes the ^^^ ^^ valley of Virc^inia. The Potomac and the James rise m g,,,„d i the Alleghanies, at a distance from each other of about ^"•^-• 150 miles, making their way across the valley and through the ridge to the Atlantic, uniting with the waters of Chesapeake Bay about fifty miles apart The space between these two great rivers is watered by tour smaller streams : the Rappahannock, whose most impor- tant affluent is the Rapidan; the Mattapony, formed by the Mat, the Ta, the Po, and the Ny ; the Pamunkey, whose largest branches are the North and South Anna (the Mattapony and Pamunkey enter the York River, reaching the bay through that stream); and the Chicka- hominy, which is a tributary of the James. The waters of all these rivers flow between Washington and Kich- mond, these cities being but one hundred miles apart General Grant established his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac. He also had a headquarters office in Washington, of which Ilalleck was the chief for the receipt of all communications from the several armies, except the Army of the Potomac, which reported to Grant direct. General Meade was continued m com- (341) 342 THE COXQUEBOR. 1S64. mand of the Army of the Potoinac to the end of the war. Gcn^ His army was reorganized and divided into three corps, jicaeu. con- ^jie 2d, 5th, and 6th. General W. S. Hancock retained timuHi 111 ■' ' command, command of the 2d Corps, in four divisions, under Gen- erals F. C. Barlow, John Gibbon, D. B. Birney, and J. B. M?km"of Carr, General G. K. Warren was placed in command the army, gf thc 5th Corps, In four divisions, under Generals Charles Griffin, J. C. Robinson, S. W. Crawford, and J. S. Wadsworth. General John Sedgwick commanded the 6th Corps, composed of three divisions, under Gen- erals H. G. Wright, G. W. Getty, and J. B. Blcketts. Chief-of-Artillery was General H J. Hunt, assisted by Colonel H. S. Bui'ton ; Chief-Quartermaster, Bufus Ingalls ; Chief-of-Cavalry, General Philip H, Sheridan. The caAahy was in three divisions, under Generals H. T. A. Torbert, D. McM. Gregg, and J. H. Wilson. General Kilpatrick was assigned to the command of the e-jivahy corps attached to Sherman's grand army, and General Pleasonton to the cavalry force in Missouri, re- porting to General Rosecrans. General A. A. Hum- phreys was Meade's Chief-of-Staff. General Burnside, who had been relieved at Knoxville in December, had since that time been engaged in reorganizing and recruit- ing his old 9th Corps. There was one division (Ferre- ro's) of colored troops in this corps. Burnside joined the Army of the Potomac in the latter part of April. His four divisions were under Generals T. G. Stevenson, B. B. Potter, 0. B. AVillcox, and E. Ferrero. Lee still at Tho two great antagonists lay on opposite sides of and'onthethe Bapidau. Lee, on the south bank, was at Orange Eapidan. q^^^^ House, his right resting on Mine Run, his left ex- tending up the Rapidan fav above Orange Court House. Longstreet had returned with his corps from Tennessee, and was encamped near Gordonsville. The Federal army numbered about 115,000 men; that of the enemy, THJ^ CONQUEHOll. 843 about 75,000. The General-in-Clnel' issued orders for a is<;4. general movement of all the armies to begin on May 4, ^^ay 4. writing Sherman to hammer away at the enemy in his ^^'''j,^'"''""^^ front, and should he attempt to ioin Lee, to follow him ^-nitwi up, and that he (Grant) would prevent Lee from concen- mouou. trating with Johnston ; thus both armies would work together, Meade's instructions were, " Lee's army is to be your objective point; wherever that goes, you must go." Sigel was put in motion in West Virginia; Butler moved up the James, having been joined by General Gillmore with 10,000 men from South Carolina, which gave him an army of 30,000 ; Sherman moved from Chattanooga on May 6. At midnight of the 3d of May, Meade's army was put .pj^g ^^.^^y in motion toward the enemy. The 5th and 6th Corps, °^^*^*'' •^ ^ ^ Potomac with Warren in advance, Wilson's cavalry leading, crossed crosses the the Rapidan at Germania Ford on the 4th. The 2d to stay. Corps, preceded by Gregg's cavalry and followed by 4,000 wagons, crossed at Ely's Ford on the same day. Warren, moving into the Wilderness, encamped that night at Old Wilderness Tavern, Wilson's cavalry ex- tending toward Robertson's Tavern, Sedgwick going into camp near the river. Hancock bivouacked at Chancel- lorsville on the old battle-field, with Gregg's cavalry ex- tending toward Todd's Tavern. Torbert's cavalry was left north of the Rapidan for a time to guard the rear. Burnside, with the 9tli Corps, which had been held back at Warrenton until the other corps had successfully passed over, crossed the Rapidan on the 5th. On the morning of the 5th, Meade's army was a^ain in motion. Lee had moved out from his works on ,, _ „ O May 5-7. the 4th, and the opposing forces were about to clash, wucrmess. Warren's advance, under Crawford, set in motion toward Parker's store, came upon the enemy in strong force about 8 A. M., and the battle of the Wilderness com- SU Till! CO^'QUmiOR. IS 04. menced. At the same time, skirmishing began on „ ,v Griffin's front. Wads worth's division was on Griffin's V, lid mess. May 5. left; Eobinson's was held as support. Crawford was directed to draw back, which he succeeded in doing, skirmishing heavily. Grant now prepared for battle, and at noon the Fed- erals advanced to the attack. Griffin's division pushing back Johnson's division of Ewell's corps, causing it severe loss. But Johnson was soon reinforced by Rodes's division. Warren's right had not yet been joined by Sedgwick's left, owing to the difficulty of get- ting through the dense woods. Griffin, being thus un- supported, was forced back with considerable loss. Wadsworth had become engaged on Griffin's left, and was also driven back. Crawford, still farther to the left, was likewise compelled to retire. He had sent a brigade -to assist Wadsworth, which was savagely at- tacked by superior numbers while on its way, and with difficulty escaped, but with the loss of two regiments made prisoners. About 1 o'clock the 6th Corps was attacked by a portion of Ewell's troops, while endeavor- ing to join the 5th Corps. The fighting was fierce and bloody, ending about 3 : 30 p. m. with the repulse of the enemy. Soon after this, Rodes's division led by Gor- don, made a furious charge ,upon Sedgwick's troops, meeting with some success, when the Federals made a counter-charge, driving the Confederates back to their breastworks. Night ended the battle at this point. At the first attack in the morning. Grant had sent orders to Hancock — who in accordance with instructions was marching for Shady Grove Church, and was now at Todd's Tavern — to hasten to the main body by the .Brock road, and Getty's division was advanced to that road to hold it at the junction of the plank road, which point was menaced by Hill. Getty was pressed hard, THE GONQUEROli. 84.^ but liold his ground until 3 r. inf., when liirney arrived, isg4. and the position was secured. The rest of the 2d Corps ^ ' WiUrrnoss. came up soon afterward. Hancock was now directed to push llill back, and the battle at once became a continu- ous roar, the conflict rnging fiercely until dark. The combatants were close, the losses dreadful ; but Hill could not be driven. Among the Federal killed was Gen- eral Alexander Hays, Avho had won fame at Gettysburg, aonerai He was a graduate of West Point, and had served in uiu-a. the JMexicau war. Meade had sent Wadsworth's divis- ion and a part of Robinson's to aid Hancock ; but owing to difficult marching through tangled thickets, they did not reach the battle-ground until the fighting was over. The whole battle-field was, generally speaking, a dense forest, the roads narrow and bad, these conditions greatly favoring the enemy in their defensive operations. Wilson's division of cavalry had moved in advance of Crawford toward Parker's store in the morning, and Hill's movement up the plank road had cut him off. After a short engagement at the store, Wilson moved around Hill's flank, meeting Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry in superior lorce at Craig s meeting house. A severe , matins fight followed, when the Federals succeeded in cutting '"'"'"^" their way out, pushing rapidly on to Todd's Tavern, Lee's cavalry pursuing. General Sheridan, having learned of Wilson's isolation and surmising the route he would take to get back, sent Gregg's division to meet him. Gregg was just in time ; Lee was pressing hard, when Gregg joining Wilson at Todd's Tavern, tliey togetluu- gave the foe a severe repulse, when he retired. Sheridan now concentrated his cavalry, holding aline on the Federal left from Todd's Tavern to Piney Bijinch. This ended the fighting for the day, except that heavy musketry firing was kept up on the Federal right till nearly midnight. Wild' mess. 346 THE coNQUJ^non. 1S64. Both Grant and Lee made about the same arrange- ments for the next day's battle ; the former strengthen- ing his left to break the enemy's right, while the latter ^^^ ^- massed upon his right to break the Federal left. Han- cock commanded the left, composed of his own corps and the divisions of Getty, Wadsworth, and Stevenson. Burnside had been brought up from Sedgwick's right at dawn of the 6th, and directed to send Stevenson's division to Hancock, while he should press forward to fill the gap between Hancock and Warren with two divisions, leaving Ferrero's division to guard the trains. Grant ordered a general attack at 4 : 30 a. m., but Meade could not get ready before 5 o'clock. Lee's left opened the battle by an attack upon Sedgwick, which the Federals repulsed. Warren's front then became engaged, driving back the enemy after a severe fight ; but the weight of the battle was between Hancock and the enemy's forces under Longstreet and Hill. At 5 A. M. Hancock pushed forward the divisions of Birney, Mott (Carr's division), Getty, and Wadsworth. Barlow's division guarded the left flank. Gibbon next to him was also left to guard against an expected flank Desperate attack by Lougstrect. Hancock at once became en- combatbe- grao'ed. The contest was desperate for more than an tween Han- " o i cock and hour, but finally Hill's line was broken at all points, and erate forces he was drlvcu back about a mile, the Federals capturing and'^Lo™- ^^^ position with many prisoners. But Hancock's troops street. bocamo disordered by the rapidity of the pursuit and the obstacles of the forest, and he halted to reform his line. Stevenson's division now joined him. At 9 A. M. he attempted another advance, when he was suddenly confronted by Longstreet's whole corps as well as Hill's. The battle again became furious ; the Federals were checked, and after a terrible struggle of more than two hours against vastly superior forces, THE CONQUEROR. U1 Hancock was compelled to retire, which he did slowly i8 64. and in good order, until he reached the breastworks he had left in the morning. Meantime Burnside had en- deavored to reach Hancock's right, as directed, with the divisions of Potter and Willcox ; but he failed, owing to the thickets of underbrush and dense woods. He had become engaged, however, and fighting continued along his front during the afternoon as well as in the front of Warren and Sedgwick, which was generally heavy skirmishing, although at times the conflict would rise to a battle. Sheridan was also having a severe battle with Stu- art on Hancock's left, at Todd's Tavern, which ended in the complete defeat of Stuart. During Hancock's retreat, the brave and noble General Wadsworth, while General rallying his men, was shot in the head, and expired soon jjiued. after in the hands of the enemy. He had previously had two horses shot under him. Longstreet was victo- riously pressing forward, endeavoring to turn the Federal left flank, when he fell, seriously wounded, and was Longstreet carried from the field. Lee now took immediate com- mand of Longstreet's troops, but halting to reform them, he gave Hancock opportunity to recover. At 4 p. m. Lee made a desperate assault upon Hancock's position with the troops of Longstreet and Hill, and it seemed for a time that victory would be with him. Nobly did the Federal soldiers stand the test. They were terribly tried by a fire which caught in their breastworks of logs, the wind blowing the flames upon them ; but after a fearful struggle, in which the combatants were close upon each other, the enemy was repulsed. Lee now drew off, leaving many dead and wounded within the Federal lines. The battle was over on the left. Immediately after Ewell's repulse in the morning, Sedgwick advanced, making determined efforts to carry 348 THM COi^QUEROR. 1864, Ewell's position; but the enemy was strongly posted, and held his ground. Just before dark a heavy force Wild' mess ' under Gordon moved out from Ewell's left, and suddenly struck Sedgwick's right, enveloping the brigades of Seymour and Shaler, capturing both generals, with sev- eral hundred men, and throwing the Federal right into considerable confusion. Order was soon restored, how- ever, and the enemy driven off. It was now dark, and the tired troops rested ; the battle of the Wilderness was over. It was a drawn battle, although in one sense a Federal victory, as Lee had come out to overthrow Grant, and had been driven back to his intrenchments on Mine Run. The Federal loss in this terrible two days' battle as reported had been 6,597 killed, 21,463 wounded, and 10,677 missing, one half of whom no doubt returned soon after the battle, having been lost in the woods. The enemy's loss, as reported, was 11,400, but was undoubtedly much greater. Among Generals the losscs of the oucmy was General John M. Jones JoIIerand ^iH^d aud Goucral L. A. Stafford wounded. The latter Stafford, ^[q^ of his wouuds at Richmond on the 11th of May. General Jones was a graduate of West Point. Lee lay quiet within his works on the morning of the May 7. 7th, whilo Grant made preparations to ^et out of the Wil- derness, where he had been unable to use his artillery or cavalry, and where one army corps was isolated fron;i another by thickly tangled underbrush. No fighting occurred with infantry on the 7th, except skirmishing. Warren advanced about noon, r.econnoitering, but there was no engagement beyond skirmish firing. Sheridan, however, had a sharp fight with Stuart near Todd's Tavern, resulting in the retreat of the latter. Orders Grant or- wcrc giveu to thc Federal army to march to Spottsylva- ders tlie . . army to uia, about fifteen miles distant. This movement proved nir. ^^^^ sufficient for flanking Lee out of his strong position. THE CONQUEROR. 349 The troops were not to march till after dark, that the i86 4. movement might not be discovered by the enemy, but unfortunately the Federal wagon trains were started in the afternoon. Lee, learning this, supposed Grant to be retreating to Fredericksburg, and ordered Anderson, now in command of Longstreet's corps, to march to Spottsylvania. On account of fire in the woods, Ander- ^^^^ ^^ ^^ son started earlier than intended ; thus by an accident cident, gets there first. Lee stumbled upon Spottsylvania first. At 9 p. M. Warren started in the Federal advance, by the Brock road, Hancock following, Sedgwick and Burnside moving to the left by way of Chancellors- ville and Piney Branch Church. Sheridan's cavalry cleared the way, continually skirmishing and fighting with Stuart. Warren arrived near Spottsylvania about 9 A. M-. on the 8th, to find Anderson with Longstreet's corps strongly intrenched. Bobinson's and Griffin's divisions in advance received a terrific fire, which was gallantly returned, when the Federals fell back. Bob- General inson had been severely wounded. Warren now came i^o'^'nson •^ woundeu. up with Crawford's division, and Wadsworth's under Cutler, when he moved his whole corps forward, and succeeded in intrenching near the enemy's line. Sedg- wick arrived in the afternoon, assuming command in the absence of Meade, and toward night made a movement forward, but without result. Sheridan had placed a division of cavalry at the bridge crossing the Po River, which the enemy would have to cross to reach Spottsylvania. Meade came along afterward and ordered this division upon other duty, thus opening the way for Anderson; otherwise Warren would have reached the goal first. On the morning of the 8th Lee still thought Grant to be retreat- ing to Fredericksburg, no doubt, as one corps (Hill's) under Early quietly followed along after Hancock upon 350 THE CONQUEROR. 1S64. the same road until near Todd's Tavern before he dis- covered the error, and withdrew to the Catharpin road. Night found Lee with his whole army at Spottsylvania, intrenched on a ridge between the Po and Ny rivers. During the morning Wilson's cavalry had entered Spott- sylvania, but being unsupported was compelled to retire on the approach of Anderson. General Miles, with a brigade of Hancock's corps and Gregg's cavalry, also had a sharp encounter at Corbyn's bridge. The morning of the 9th found the opposing armies spousyiva- facing each other at Spottsyh^ania. Hancock had the iii"^- Federal right, Warren joining him, Sedgwick next, and Burnside on the extreme left. The day was spent in preparing for a new battle, sharpshooting continuing throughout the day. Grajit met with a sad loss during the morning of this day : while General Sedgwick was giving directions about the disposition of his troops, he General was killed lustautly by a bullet from one of the enemy's killed."^ sharpshooters piercing his brain. General Sedgwick was a graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mexican war with distinction. General H. G. Wright was placed in command of the 6th Corps. When the opposing forces were making all haste to reach Spottsylvania, Hancock's corps remained on the Brock road, between Todd's Tavern and Spottsylvania, his left touching Warren. Lee had also left Hill's corps on the Catharpin road. These forces were watching each other and the rear of their respective armies. During the forenoon of the 9th, Hill's corps moved rap- idly by a road south of the Brock road, and took position on Lee's right. Hancock at once moved up on a line with the rest of the Federal army, crossing to the southern side of the Po with the divisions of Birney, Barlow, and Gibbon, Mott's division going to the left of Wright to fill a gap between him and Burnside. Hancock now THE CONQUEROR. 351 threatened Lee's left flank, which had the effect to bring i86 4. back one half of Hill's corps, commanded by Early, from spottsyi- the enemy's right. ^ ^'^_ On the morning of the 10th, Grant made preparations to assault, believing success possible, as Lee had weak- ened his right to oppose Hancock, who threatened his left. Hancock examined the enemy's position in his front, and found them too strong to be attacked with any hope of success. He was now ordered to withdraw Gibbon and Birney, and join the 5th and 6th Corps in a general assault on Lee's center. Gibbon withdrew with- out difficulty ; but the enemy perceiving the movement, immediately pushed forward in heavy force ; Birney's rear became sharply engaged while retiring. Barlow was now alone on the south side of the Po, but he also was ordered to cross to the north side. It was about 2 p. M. when Barlow began to retire. The movement was one of o-reat difficulty, as the troops were to cross a deep Baiiow's ° *' ' -^ _ ^ division and rapid stream in the presence of a superior foe, who in a dan- now attacked furiously. Three separate, desperate gJtion. charges were made by the determined enemy, who seemed to expect an easy victory ; but Barlow's men stood firm, delivering a fire so continuous and deadly that the enemy broke each time, and retired in confusion, leaving the ground covered with their dead and wounded. Barlow finall}^ succeeded in crossing, but with considerable loss. At 11 A. M., Gibbon having reached the right of the 6th Corps, Warren pushed forward two brigades of his division to feel the enemy. They were obstinately resisted, and soon retired with loss. During Barlow's struggle, Birney was returned to the heights north of the Po, to his support, and at 3 p. m. Warren assaulted the enemy on his front, with two divisions, also for Bar- low's relief. Warren's troops retired after suffering severely. 352 THJH CONQUEROR. 18 64. At 4 P. M. the general assault began, the 5fh Corps , ~ with Gibbon's division attackinar in Warren's front, Mott Spottsyl- P ■" vania. joining the 6th Corps in an assault upon Wright's front. assaui'r^^ The assault was bravely made in the face of a terrible fire. Warren's point of attack was a densely wooded hill crowned with earthworks, and the front swept by an enfilading fire of musketry and artillery. The gal- lant Federal soldiers reach these works, but cannot stay there, and after a fearful struggle they slowly and re- • luctantly retire. Wright's troops met with more suc- cess. A storming force of twelve regiments, under Col- onel Emory Upton, 121st New York, led the assault. Colonel Up- They reach the enemy's works, and with a cheer they ton storms ^^^^j^ j^j intronchments, capturinsr a whole brigade the enemy s . 7 Jr o o works, cap- of infantry and a battery of artillery, and turning to turing a in whole bri- right and left drive the disordered enemy a quarter of ^'^ ^' a mile. By this time Warren has been repulsed. It was now necessary to sustain the 6th Corps or withdraw it ; Lee being relieved by the repulse of War- ren, would overwhelm Wright. Hancock having arrived with Birney's division, — Barlow having reached a se- cure position, — he was ordered to join the 5th Corps, assume command, and renew the assault. Meantime a furious cannonade had been kept up. He moved for- ward at 6 : 30 p. M. with Warren's troops and the divis- ions of Birney and Gibbon. The action was bloody and the losses on both sides dreadful. The enemy's works were again reached ; but at dark, after a terrible struggle, the Federals again retire. At the same time the 6th Corps was ordered to give up the works it had so bravely held, and Wright returned to his former line, bringing along the prisoners he had taken. He was obliged, however, to leave the captured battery behind. General Grant made Colonel Upton, who had been badly wounded, a Brigadier-General at once for gallantry in the assault. , . . i , , THE CONQUEROR. 353 General Rice, commanding a brigade in the 5th is 64. Corps, was among the killed. Burnside, on the extreme gpott^i- left, did not become seriously engaged. General Steven- "*'^'^**- son, one of his division commanders, was killed by one Rice and of the enemy's sharpshooters, while near his own head- ^■ii7j['^°" quarters. This had been a terrible day for the 2d, 5th, and 6th Corps. Count Hermann Hacke, of the Prus- ^^""""^ ■"■ Hermann sian army, Avho had secured a furlousrh, come to this Hacke . . killed country, and volunteered as a 1st Lieutenant in a New York regiment, was killed while leading a charge. Death of Among the enemy's killed were Generals Abner Perrin Pemn and and Julius Daniels. ^'^''*'^^'- During the 11th there was no severe engagement. May ii. the day being spent in reconnoitering and preparing for another assault. On the morning of this day. General Grant wrote the government at Washington encourag- ingly, giving birth in his dispatch to that famous sen- tence, " I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Soon after dark, Hancock moved by the rear of the 5th and 6th Corps during a heavy rain storm, and at midnight was in position between Wright and Burn- side, and about 1,200 yards from the enemy's works. Grant directed that the 2d and 9th Corps should assault at daylight, Warren and Wright to attack vigorously, and push in if an opportunity offered. At about 4 : 30 A. m. of the 12th, Hancock moved May is. forward, Birney and Barlow in advance. Gibbon and Mott following. The troops move in quick time for about one half of the distance, when they can no longer ' be restrained, and they spring forward at double-quick. With a tremendous cheer they go over the intrench- ^"^^0^^°^ ments, carrying the works at all points, though they are desperately defended. A fierce and bloody conflict fol- lows inside the works with bayonets and clubbed mus- kets. Johnson's division, which guarded this point, was 23 354 THE CONQUEROR. ISO 4. completely taken by surpise, and after a short struggle spotte^i- was routed, with the capture of Generals Johnson and vania. Qeo. H. Stowart, with about 4,000 prisoners and twenty pieces of artillery. These were sent to the rear, when Hancock pushed on, pursuing in the direction of Spott- sylvania for about half a mile, until a second line of works was reached, when he sent back the cheering words to Grant, " I have finished up Johnson, and am going into Early." Here Lee had rallied Ewell's men, also hastily bringing reinforcements from Hill and Long- street. The 2d Corps had become disordered in the pur- suit, and before Hancock could restore his line the en- emy attacked savagely, forcing the Federals back step by step to the works they had first carried. The 6th Corps, having been previously ordered forward, now reached the captured works on the right of the 2d Corps. A terrible conflict followed, the enemy making every effort to recapture the position ; but the Federals val- iantly repelled assault after assault. Burnside, on the left of the army, had attacked at daylight, and had succeeded in capturing a part of the works in his front, but was soon afterward forced back. one of the Thc fighting was severe, and the 9th Corps gained some perate bat- grouud, but it could uot dislodgc the enemy. Warren, ties of the ^^ |.j^g right, had also attacked, and fighting continued throughout the day. The 6th Corps, however, met with no better success than the 9th Corps. Cutler's and Griffin's divisions were taken from Warren and sent to Hancock and Wright; Warren, with his remaining two divisions, closed up to the left, shortening the line. At the center the battle raged furiously all day and far into the night. Forest trees were blighted by the rain of shot; a tree eighteen inches in diameter was cut down by bullets. At the close of the battle the position of the combatants remained the same ; the Federals still THE COXQUEROR. 355 held the captured works. The losses in this battle, on iin;4. the memorable 12th day of May, were frightful, proba- gpo|^i. bly 10,000 on each side. ^'""'"• On the night of the 13th, the 5th and 6th Corps were moved to the left of Burnside, Wright having the extreme left. This formed a new line north and south, and east of Spottsylvania. In this movement the bri- gades of Upton and Ayres, the former of the 6th Corps, the latter of the 5th, had a severe engagement with the enemy, whose attack was gallantly repulsed, and the 6th Corps was established in the desired position. This move compelled Lee to bring his left to his right. From the 12th to the 18th no general engagement occurred, but there was continued fighting. On the 18th, the 6th and 2d Corps advanced against ^^y ^^^ the enemy, Wright having been moved to Hancock's right the night before. The battle was renewed on the ground where Hancock had been so successful on the 12th, but after desperate fighting the Federals were repulsed, and withdrew. Mott's division had been re- duced to a brigade, and placed in Birney's division. A division of new troops under General Tyler had arrived from Fredericksburg, which was assigned to Hancock's corps. On the afternoon of the 19th, an assault was ^"^ ^^• made by Ewell upon the Federal right. The blow fell heavily upon Tyler, whose new recruits fought splen- didly, holding the enemy at bay until the arrival of aid from Hancock and Warren, when Ewell was repulsed with heavy loss. Ferrero's colored division, guarding trains on the Fredericksburg road, was also attacked by a heavy force ; it did splendid work, repelling the assault with great gallantry. General Grant now determined to flank Lee out of his stronghold, and on the 21st put his army in motion ^^^^ ^^' for the North Anna River, twenty miles directly south. 356 THE CONQUEROR. 1864. March to the North Anna. May ^3-27. North Anna River. Jericho Ford and Taylor's Bridge. Hancock started at midnight of the 20th, Warren fol- lowing during the forenoon of the 21st. Burnside mov- ing that afternoon, left Wright to cover the rear. Dur- ing the day, Lee had discovered Grant's movement, and at once put his army in motion to shield Richmond. Hill, whose corps was the last to follow Lee, attacked Wright after Burnside's departure, but was repulsed ; both corps then followed their respective armies. When Grant reached the North Anna on the 23d, he found Lee there looking at him. The latter had just been reinforced by about 15,000 men from Richmond and North Carolina. Warren crossed the river at Jericho Ford in the afternoon, and at about 5 p. m., while in- trenching, Hill savagely attacked him, throwing a divis- ion under General Browu upon Cutler, while his division was getting into line on Warren's right. Cutler was thrown into some confusion, when Griffin came to his assistance, and the enemy was repulsed with heavy loss, the Federals taking five or six hundred prisoners. Han- cock was at Chesterfield Bridge, and at 6 p. m. captured some works on the north side with a considerable num- ber of prisoners, and saved the bridge, which the enemy was trying to destroy. On the morning of the 24th, Hancock crossed over, Wright also crossed at Jericho Ford, forming on Warren's right. Burnside had arrived at Ox Ford on the night of the 23d, where, owing to the darkness, he halted until the morning of the 24th, when he found Lee's forces holding the ford. Burnside was now in the cen- ter, about half way between Hancock and Warren, and three miles from each, but unable to cross. Lee's army lay in the shape of a wedge, with the point at Ox Ford, interposed between Grant's two wings. About 2 p. m., Burnside succeeded in crossing one division, under Gen- eral Crittenden, at a point half way between Ox Ford THE CONQUEROR. 357 and Jericho Ford; and joining Crawford's division, he isg^. attacked the point of the wedge, which was defended by Hill, whose troops were covered by strong earthworks. After a severe fight the Federals were repulsed, having suffered a loss of six or seven hundred men. Meantime Burnside had sent Potter's division across to join Han- cock, who now sent Potter, Gibbon, and Barlow against the enemy from that side ; but Lee's position could not be shaken. Thus Grant was unable to connect his two wings, and he quietly recrossed his army to the north side on the 26th. On the 24th, General Grant issued an order uniting Burnside's command to the Army of the Potomac (it had been a distinct organization up to this time), Burnside receiving his orders direct from the General-in-Chief. He must now report to Meade, his junior in rank, who had been a division commander when Burnside commanded the Army of the Potomac. Gen- eral Burnside accepted the new condition with the patriotism of a true soldier. Sheridan had just returned from a raid upon Lee's siiendan. communications. When Grant came out of the Wil- derness, he sent Sheridan to cut the railroads between Lee and Richmond. On the 9th of May, Sheridan May 9. arrived at Beaver Dam station, where he destroyed Dam sta- ten miles of railroad track, an immense amount of*^'"''" supplies, and recaptured 400 prisoners taken by the enemy in the Wilderness. Stuart's cavalry followed Sheridan, his advance savagely attacking the Federal rear this day near the North Anna. After a severe fight the enemy was driven off. Stuart did not annoy Sheridan further at this time, but put his horses to their mettle to get between the Federal cavalry and Richmond. At Ashland Depot, on the 11th, Sheridan also destroyed May 11. the railroad and a large quantity of supplies ; he then DepoT pushed on in the direction of Richmond. Stuart crossed 368 THE CONQUEROR. IS 4. his track at Yellow Tavern. The Federals charged, Yeii7w routing the enemy at all points. Generals Stuart and Tavern. Q^ordoii wcrc both mortally wounded, which was a severe Generals "^ Stuart and loss to the enemy. Greneral Stuart died in Richmond mortally Oil the 11th of Juuc. Hc was a graduate of West Point. wounded. Q-gj^g^jj^ Gordou also died of his wounds soon after this. Sheridan now approached the Richmond fortifications. Custer charged, taking the outer works and capturing 100 prisoners ; but an attack upon Richmond formed no part of Sheridan's plans, and he quickly retired to Meadow May 12. Bridge. Here, on the 12th, the enemy fiercely attacked Meadow i « n -\ o Bridge. both front and rear, but was routed after a sharp engagement. The Federals, pressing on, reached Hax- all's Landing on the 14th of May, where they obtained supplies from Butler. Resting his troops till the 17th, Sheridan resumed his march to rejoin Grant. He was obliged to move cautiously, not knowing just where the contending armies were. He reached White House on the Pamunkey on the 19th, and rejoined the Army of the Potomac near Chesterfield on the 24th. He had marched about 200 miles ; his losses had been about 400 men in killed, wounded, and missing. Immediately after recrossing the North Anna, Grant put his army in motion for the Pamunkey, Sheridan leading, Wright, Warren, and Burnside following in the order named, Hancock remaining until the morning of May 27. the 27th, bringing up the rear. The army now came to xran^again ^ ^,Q^-^j^|.j,y difficult to march over, on account of the many moves the left swamps to go through, and the sluggish streams with low banks to cross. On the 28th the army was on the south side of the Pamunkey, having crossed at and near Hanovertown, which place is about thirty miles south of the position just left on the North Anna, and within May 38. twcuty mllcs of Richmoud. White House now became 8hop!^^ Grant's base of supplies. On the afternoon of the 28th, THE CONQUEROR. 359 Sheridan pushed forward to Hawe's shop, where he had i s « 4 . a hard fight with Hampton's and Fitzhugh Lee's cavahy. The enemy was defeated with heavy loss. The Federal nanover • • • -nir • 1, Court army moved forward, skirmishing on the 29th, Wright House. reaching Hanover Court House. Hancock met strong May 28-31. /-Ill -XTtr Tolopot- opposition on the 30th at Tolopotomy Creek, and War-omy. ren's march was checked at Bethesda Church. The Buthcsda. latter had a severe engagement, but finally repulsed the assaults of the enemy, and secured a good position. Hancock then drove the enemy before him, capturing his rifle-pits. On the 30th, at night, Lee's army, which had con- stantly retired so as to keep between the Federals and Richmond, lay from Atlee's Station, on the Virginia Central Railroad, to near Cold Harbor. Grant confronted him, the lines of each army stretching southeast to northwest, covering about ten miles of ground. The Federal army lay from right to left in the following order : the 6th Corps, the 2d Corps, the 9th Corps, and the 5th Corps, with Sheridan on the extreme left, except Wilson's cavalry, which was operating upon the railroads and bridges on the right, completing their destruction as far as possible. Sheridan pushed his pickets out toward Old Cold Harbor, w^iich brought on a sharp fight, result- ing in the withdrawal of the enemy. On the 31st, Sheridan again advanced, finding a May 31 to strong force of the enemy at Old Cold Harbor behind coid Har- breastworks of logs and rails. The Federal cavalry charged, and after a stubborn fight succeeded in carrying the position. Grant realized the importance of the cap- ture, and directed Sheridan to hold it at all hazards until the 6th Corps arrived, which he at once ordered from the extreme right. The conflict then ceased for the night. At daylight, June 1, the enemy assault Sheridan in heavy force, determined to regain the lost 3G0 THE C0i\qUEHOJL Iff it 4. position. Ag.'iin and again the Federal cavalry drive theni back. For four hours Sheridan's men hold out against greatly superior numbers, causing the enemy fearl'ul loss. At about 9 a. m. the 6th Corps arrives, and Old Cold Harbor is secured. About 3 i\ m. General W. F. Smitli, with three divisions under Generals Devens, Martindale, and lirooks, numbering about 10,000 men, from the 10th and 18th Corps of the Army of the James, joined Meade's army. Smith had left one division at White House to guard tliat point. His troops were phiced between Wright and Warren. Lee's right, which h.'id been so bravely resisted by Sheridan's men, had fallen back a short distance, and fortified. At about 5 I". M., Wi'ight juid Smith attacked these works. The enemy was driven out and forced back to New Cold Harbor, with a loss of 700 prisoners. At the same time the enemy on Wa,rren's front attacked savagely, and was t.hr(!e tim(\s repulsed. Ha,nc()(;k and liurnside also be- came engaged. The battle raged till night along the whole line, and long after dark on the Federal left, Lee making desperate efforts to drive Wright and Smith back, for Grant's continual movement to the left was forcing Lee into Richmond. During the night of June 1, the 2d Corps was trans- ferred from its position on the right to the extreme left, joining its right to the 6th Corps. Warren and Burnside were moved to tlui left on the 2d, so as to make the line more compact. During the movement the vigilant enemy fiercely attacked both corps, but were repelled after a severe fight, Burnside, however, losing about 400 men taken prisoners. Among the enemy's killed was General George F. Doles. The entire 1^'ederal army was now south of the Tolopotomy, and Lee, following the Federal movement, transCcrrcd liis ti'oo[)s from his extreme left to his right. Di'mI.Ii of DoloB. TIIK CONQUEROR. ^WX Grant now niado propurulions for a gonci'al assault, and iin>4. at about 4 a. m. the Federals bei>an the attack. II an- ^ , cock's, Wright's, a.iid Smith's tro()[)S chargcid the enemy's "''H'-^ "f works, wliile Warren and Burnside engaged in artillery i,,„.. firing and heavy skirmishing, capturing the enemy's ride-pits in their respective fronts. The assault was twice made by the three fii-st-nanied (;or[)s with gr(;a.t galL-mtry and determination, and the enemy's works were momentarily ca[>tured a,t many points; but IjCC held his ground, and after suffering terrible losses the Federals desisted at a,bout 10 a. m. They had gained some ground, however, along the whole line, and in- trenched nearer the enemy. Hancock in his first assault reached the works, and though driven back, his corps brought out several hundred prisoners. This was a bloody battle. The Federal loss wa,s a,b()ut 7,000 during the three days' fighting around Cold Harbor; that of the enemy is unknown. At this time the Federal army numbered about 100,000 men ; the enemy's about 75,000. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, Grant remained on the de- fensive, or rather did not attack, but received each day an assault of the enemy on different points of the line, which was on each occasion repulsed. On the 7th, Sheridan was sent on another raid upon the enemy's railroads. He destroyed the railroad at Chesterfield station, tlien crossing the North Anna, destroyed the .Tmn; 11,12. line from Trevilian's station to Louisa Court House, station. having on the 11th a severe engagement with Hampton's and Lee's cavalry at the former place.- Sheridan, Cus- ter, Torbert, and Gregg led their men into the fight, and each soldier was a host. The enemy was behind breast- works, but the Federals completely routed them, taking 500 prisoners. On the morning of the 12th, Sheridan destroyed about ten miles of railroad, then returning June 21. White House. 362 THE CONQUEROR. 1864. toward the army, he met the enemy at Mallory's Ford on the North Anna. After a sharp engagement, he determined that the resistance was too strong, and retired northw^ard to Spottsylvania, thence southward by Bowling Green and Dunkirk, crossing the Mattapony on the 20th, and reached White House on the 21st. Near this place he had a slight engagement, driving the enemy out of sight. General Grant now made James River his base of supplies, and ordered Sheridan to break up the depot at White House, which he did, bringing the garrison and wagon trains with him. Leaving White House on the June 26. 24th, he moved toward Meade's army. At St. Mary's St. Mary's (]hurch, ou the 26th, a severe battle was fought between Church. ' ' ° Gregg and Hampton. Gregg was outnumbered two to one, but resisted until Sheridan's trains were safe at Wilcox's Landing, when he slowly retired. Sheridan soon afterward rejoined the army. General Grant now decided to move the army across the Chickahominy and to the south side of the James Grant Rivcr, and then against Petersburg and Richmond. He forces Lee 70 <-> into Rich- instructed General Butler to prepare ferry boats and ^°^ ' ponton bridge material for crossing the James at Wil- cox's Landing. This was a large flank movement, it being thirt3''-five miles to the James, and after crossing to Windmill Point, it is twenty miles to Petersburg- Lee was but six miles from Richmond and twenty-five miles from Petersburg. The Federal army at once began the side step to the June 4. left. On the 4th, the 9th Corps was drawn from the thrchick- right and placed between Smith and Warren; on the ahominy. g^^^ Warreu was moved from the right and massed in the center rear, Burnside again becoming the right ; on the 7th Warren's corps moved to the left of Hancock, reaching to Bottom's Bridge, preparations thus continu- THE CONQUEROR. 363 ing until the night of the 12th, when the army moved iso4. rapidly for the James, except Smith's troops, which were marched to White House, thence to go by boats around to City Point and rejoin Butler. White House, which had been Meade's base of supplies, was now to be abandoned for a new base at City Point, on the James. The Federal army began crossing the Chickahominy that night; Warren was over by 7 a. m. of the loth, J"°« is- Hancock closely following. Burnside marched eastward to Tunstall's station, then directly south to Jones's Bridge on the Chickahominy, where his corps crossed, followed by the 6th Corps. Hancock reached Charles City Court House that night. Warren, with Wilson's cavalry, guarded the rear, and also made demonstrations as if to move against Richmond up the north bank of the James, for the purpose of deceiving the enemy. Warren and Wilson soon afterward withdrew, and fol- lowed the rest of the army, which was all across the J^ne le. Tli6 3.rrny James by the morning of the 16th. Lee now retired across the into the Richmond and Petersburg; fortifications. James. CHAPTER XXI. PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND. THE CONQUEROR. IS 64. /^N the 4th of May, General B. F. Butler, now in V — ' command of a newly organized army, named the Army of the James, moved from Yorktown and Glouces- ter Point by boats down York River and up the James, Gen Bnt- ^^^^^^^g thc uext day at City Point and Bermuda Hun- ler at Ber- drcd, at thc mouth of the Appomattox, which points iimda Him- . . ^ died. were a distance of twenty miles from Richmond, and ten from Petersburg. Here Butler strongly intrenched. The 10th Corps, under General Gillmore, had been brought from South Carolina, and now formed a part of this army, as did also the 18th Corps, under General W. F. Smith. On the 7th and 9th Butler made demonstrations against the railroad between Petersburg and Richmond, destroying portions of the road. Detachments of his May 6. army also had slight engagements with the enemy at tiiln. Port Walthall on the 6th, and at Swift Creek on the 9th. May 9. Bcaurcgard now arrived to oppose Butler, the enemy Creek. havlug hasteucd troops from North and South Carolina. Beauregard had about 20,000 men, and occupied Fort May 12-16. I^arliug aud the adjoining works, about half way be- Fort Bar- tweeu Bcmiuda Hundred and Richmond on the James. ling and Proctor's Butlcr movcd against these works on the 13th, capturing a portion of the outer intrenchments ; but the interior works were very strong, and here he hesitated. On the morning of the 16th, before daylight and during a thick (364 THE CONQUEROR. 365 fog, Beauregard suddenly attacked. A sei^ere battle i8G4. was fought on Proctor's Creek, resulting in the with- drawal of the Federals to Bermuda Hundred, after hav- ing suffered a loss of about 2,000 men in killed and wounded, and 1,500 taken prisoners. The loss of the enemy was about 3,000, mostly in killed and wounded. Among the enemy's killed was General Watt Ransom. General About this time General Grant ordered Butler to ''°*°"^- send Smith's corps to Meade's army. On the 19th and May lo, 20. 20th of May, Beauregard attacked Butler's position, but mmdred. was repulsed on both occasions. On May 12, General Kautz with his cavalry started on an expedition against the Danidlle Railroad, which he struck at Coalfield, Powhatan, and Chula stations, destroying the road and rolling stock at these points ; then moving to the South Side Railroad, he caused the same destruction at Wilson's Wharf, Wellsville, and other stations, returning to City Point on the 18th. On the 24th of May, Fitzhugh Lee May 24. \ViIsoii^s attacked two regiments of colored troops under General wharf. Wilde, at Wilson's Wharf, but was handsomely repulsed. Butler sent a force of about 3,500 men, infantry and cavalry, under Gillmore and Kautz, to attempt the cap,- june 10. ture of Petersburg, but they failed to accomplish their ^^^^'■^^"'■s- object. Kautz's troopers entered the town, but were soon forced to retire. Again urged forward by General Grant, Butler made another attempt on the 15th, on the ^ ruses' northeast side, between City Point and the Norfolk Petersburg. Railroad. This time he nearly succeeded; the outer works were carried by Smith's troops, which had re- joined Butler. But it was now night, and Smith, in command of the attacking forces, determined to defer further advance until morning — a fatal delay! Lee was hastening his army to the defenses of Richmond and Petersburg, and at daylight of the 16th Smith found the works in his front strongly garrisoned by the veteran 366 THE CONQUEROR. 18 64. troops of Lee's ;irmy. Meantime Meade's army had PeteT^urj. 06611 hastening forward. Hancock arrived on the night of the 15th, and took position on Smith's left, Burnside came up the following morning with the 9th Corps, join- ing Hancock's left, and Warren arrived on the morning of the 17th and was placed on Burnside's left. The same day Wright was directed to take two divisions of the 6th Corps to Bermuda Hundred to aid Butler, who was resisting a determined attack of the enemy under Pickett. The other division of the 6th Corps relieved Brooks's division of the 18th Corps, which, under Smith, also went to Bermuda Hundred. Although Petersburg was not taken, yet Grant had made a magnificent and successful movement. His army had marched fifty-five miles, crossed two large rivers, and brought along his immense trains without loss, in the presence of a powerful and vigilant enemy. The Federal army had been marching and fighting, and fighting and marching, for six weeks through the enemy's country, over difficult roads, fording rivers and swamps. The last march was extremely severe, and the soldiers must have been neaily exhausted with fatigue when the first assault upon Petersburg was made ; and before the second one could be made, Lee, who had taken a much shorter route, was there with his army. It should not, therefore, be surprising that Petersburg was not taken. At this time, the strength of the Federal army was about 115,000, that of the enemy about 80,000. The Federal losses had been, as given by General Badeau in his valuable military history of General Grant,in the Wilderness, 13,948 ; at Spottsylvania, 13,601 ; at the North Anna, 1,143 ; and at Cold Harbor (May 31 to June 12), 10,058. This includes the killed, wounded, and missing during the several engagements at the re- spective places. THE COSQUEEOn. 307 On the IGth, 17th, and 18th, the Federals made isa^. determined attempts to oaptuie Petersbnrg, and although Petersburg. gallant charges were made, the fortifications at several jnne is-is. ])oints carried and held, and over 1,000 prisoners taken, n^'giuiits. yet Lee still firml}^ held Petersburg. The Federals had suflered a loss of about 6,000 men in killed, wounded, and missing during these three terrible days. General Grant was greatly disappointed at the failure to capture Petersburg, but he had a good hold, and would not let go. Quietly accepting the situation, he determined to lay siege, and the spade became busy. The Federals now had possession of the works which originally defended the town on the south and east, but the enemy had con- structed strong works in the rear, which were begun on tlie night of the 15th. General Grant now began his dispositions to envelop Petersburg and strike the southern railroads. The bal- ance of the 18th Corps was restored to Butler, and Wright rejoined Meade. General Gillmore had been relieved of his command, and Brooks given the 10th Corps. General Ledlie superseded Crittenden in the command of a division of the 9th Corps. Hancock was compelled to relinquish active duty in consequence of the reopening of an old wound, Birney assuming com- mand of the 2d Corps. On the 21st Grant again began his side step to the left; Butler extended his left so as to reach Burnside's right, the 2d Corps having been drawn out and moved to Warren's left, and the 6th Corps to Birney's left. The siege was already begun, the Federals throwing up a line of fortifications parallel to that of the eneniv. On the 22d Wridit and Birney J""'^ - ^ _ The enemy were pushed westward for the purpose of seizing the make a Weldou Bailroad. During this movement a gap occurred weidon between the two corps, of which Hill, who held Lee's ^'"•'■^"''• right, took advantage, attacking Birney fiercely. Bar- 368 TlJJi: CONQUMUOR. IS 4. low's division, on the loft, received the onset, and for a Potersburg. ^''^H! there \v;is eonsiderable conlnsion, the 2d Cori)S los- ing abont 1,400 taken prisoners; but order was soon restored a.nd the enemy checked, then driven back, when Wright, was bronght back to connect with Birney. On the 23d these two corps again advanced, driving back the enemy's skirmishers, Wright sending working par- ties to tear np the Weldon Ivailroad ; but the enemy soon ap[)eared in strong force, and the work upon the railroad stopped. Wright was withdrawn to the rear of Birney. On the 22d of June, Wilson, with his division of cav- alry and Kautz's cavalry of the Army of the James, al- together numbcn-ing about 0,000 men, started upon a. raid on the enemy's railroads south of Petersburg and stiuion. Kicluuond. At Kc^am's 8-ta.liou on (he Weldon Kailroad thai (lay he destroy (hI (he dejiot and several miles of railroad, then moved west to the South Side Railroad, his rear gua.)"d having a slight engagenu)nt just as it was leaving Iveam's Station. Between NottoAvay Station and Ford's Depot, several miles of railroad were destroyed. Juno 33. ^t 2 A. M. on the 23d, Kautz pushed on to Burkeville Court station, and that afternoon destroyed (he road at that point, while Wilson operated about Nottoway. Here on the 23d ^Vilson w;is savagely attacked by W. 11. V. Lee's cavalry. The enem}^ was repulsed after a, severe en- gagement, and Wilson pressed forward to the Danville road, where he rejoined Kaut/ not far from Burkeville junction. Together they des(roytHl the track pretty thoroughly to Boanoke Stafion, a distance of about eighteen miles. This point was reached on the 25th. The enemy had by this time collected a strong force, and was in close pursuit. \Vilson was now at a point about seventy-(ive miles soudiwest of i\4ersburg, and felt that he must return rapidly eastward *o est'ape (he enemy's supericu- forces concentrating about him. On Houso. iho ljr)(h, iiour Jloaiioke l)iuli;(i on Stauiitoii iUvor, about tso4. () v. iM., a. sevove liglii took place, in wliicli tho attack of p,,,,^,„,„ tluMMUMiiv was ropiilsiMl. Diirina- (ho night the l^'eder- .imu' •,•:.. His moved eastward, niarching all da.y the 2Gth and 27th, ;".':';'""" reaeliinii' Nottoway Iviver by noon of the 28th. Near here, at the Wcddou raih'oad crossing ol' Stony Creek, a. ''"'"' ~^' severe contlict took place bi^tunuMi Wil.-'on and I lamp- ''•''*''- ton's and Lee's cavalry. 1 lampion had coiiu^ in hot haste direct from his fight with Sheridan, and Inid just^ arrived. Learning this (act, AVilson Tell back, and en- deavored to escape by way of Ream's Station. Arri\- ing at tho latter point on the morning of the 21)1 h, lu* -'""i' -!>• Kciiin's Ibnud a Jieavy force ol'inl'antry in his IVont, instead ol, stMiion. as he had ex[)ected, Meade's hd't, wdiich he supposed ex- tended to the Weldon road. He at t)nce prepared to re- turn southward. Scarcely had tlu^ retreat begun when the enemy attacked heavily. After a short slruggh\ the Federals abandoned their artillery, haxing previously d(>stroycd their trains. Wilson and Kant/ became sep- aialed. Wilson suci'ccded in crossing the Nottoway at Double Bridge, and on the aOth he es(^ai)ed across the Blaekwater River, reaching Meade's army in a nu)st wretched plight. Kautz also succeeded on July 2, in reaching the Federal lines. Wilson's loss had been about 1,000 nu'U, bi'sid(\s his trains and artillery; but he had inflicted iuuucnsc^ damage upon the enenry. Meade had sent i\\v Oth Corps to Ream's Station on tht^ 20lh, where it arrived iu the evening to find tha.t the eonteudiug forces had gone south. Wright's orders were to remain at that point until Sheridan arrivctl there. Meantime Kautz came iu to Wright's lines, ami reported the direction Wilson had taken. Sheridan came up on the nu)rning of the l)Oth, when it being ascertained that Wilson had escajxHl, Sheridan and Wright returned to the army. 2i 370 TIIJH CONQUEROR. I so 4. Grant sent Wright with the 6th Corps to Washington on ihe Otli oi' July. The capital was threatened by a July ,). Ibrce of the enemy under Early, who had been sent corps'Icni northwMrd by Leo, in hopes he could succeed in his old to wa^h- {y\(^\^ of IViu'lilcniuii- the Federal army belore him back to the dcleusc of the nation's heart. But not so; Grhut had a good hold, and would not let go. (An account of Early's raid will be I'ounil uiulcr the head, '"Virginia outside of the Army of the Potomac") Grant now contracted his lines for awhile. General W. F. Smith asked for a leave of absence, which was granted, and General Ord was placed in command of the 18th Corps. The army now extended only to the Jerusalem plank road, with Warren on the left, Burnside in the center, and Old on the right. Hancock, again in command of the 2d Corps, lay in the rear of Warren ; Butler, with the 10th Corps, held the right at Bermuda TInndred and Deep Bottom. General I). B. Birncy was placed in command of the lOth Corps by order of General Grant on July 23. This brave oilicer w;»s attacked by fever about, two uiouths afterward, and taken to Philadelphia, ivMih of ^vhere he died Oct. 18, 1864. His lather, lion. J. I'inuv. C\. Birney, was at one time an Alabama planter; but bccomiug satisfied of the injustice of slavery, he set his slaves free, and came north. On the 26th of July, Grant ordered a denmnstration north of the James, via Deep Bottom, by Hancock's corps and Sheridan's cavalry. The expedition started .n.i.v -,'r,28. .,t, 4 p. M. of the 26th, and by the morning of the 27th Doi'p Hot- ■ -,■ -i^ 1-. I 1 mi > torn. had crossed the James at Deep Bottom. 1 ho enemy s advance posts were driven back, with the capture of a small work and four pieces of artillery. Nothing turther was accomplished this day. The Federals formed line on Bailey's Creek. The object of this move was to draw olfa part of l/ce's nrmv to the defense of Richmond; THE CONQUEROR. 3Y1 that accomplished, Hancock was to hasten back and join ^^a*. in an assault upon Petersburg. On the morning of the Petersburg. 28th, Sheridan on Hancock's right was fiercely attacked by a superior force of infantry, but the Federal repeating carbines drove them back in confusion, with a loss of 250 taken prisoners. During the night of the 29th, the expedition quietly withdrew, and returned to Meade's front. The movement of Hancock and Sheridan had greatly alarmed the Richmond authorities, and by the 28th a large part of the defenders of Petersburg had been with- drawn to oppose them. On Burnside's front a mine had been dug under the enemy's works, the main gallery of which was about five hundred feet in length. This work had been accomplished by the 48th Pennsylvania, composed of miners. Eight tons of powder had been placed under the enemy's works, and on the 30th, at jujy 30. 4 : 30 A. M., the mine w^as exploded. The shock was '^'^® °""° ' i explosion. like that of an earthquake ; the enemy's works were torn to pieces ; guns, caissons, and men went up two hundred feet in the air. Burnside was ordered to charge ; Ledlie's division entered the crater. Every order had been given by Grant and Meade to warrant success. Ord was to support the 9th Corps, and also Hancock's corps, which had returned from Deep Bottom. Sheridan had also been directed to engage the enemy's left; but without attempting to judge any one, we will only say that the assault ended in a miserable failure. The divisions of Potter and Wilcox followed Ledlie ; the troops became mixed up, orders were misunderstood, and confusion reigned supreme. Ferrero's colored divis- ion was sent in when it was found that Ledlie's would not reach and scale the farther side of the crater, which was two hundred feet long, sixty feet wide, and thirty feet deep. The colored troops passed the white ones, 372 TtlE CONqUEROR. 18 64. and dashed up the slope; but the enemy had now re- covered, and soon drove them back. Petersburg. -\ir • n n i n* Meantime a fearful conflict was going on between the white troops and the enemy, who had planted batter- ies on both sides of the crater, and was pouring death and destruction into the Federal ranks within this wretched trap. Ord now attempted to advance, but found the way blocked by the disordered troops of the 9th Corps. He then sent Turner's division against the parapet at the right of the crater. A gallant charge was made by Turner's troops, but nothing was accom- plished. Grant, seeing that every chance of success was lost, ordered Meade to withdraw his troops. This was a difficult thing to do ; the enemy's musketry and artillery covered the ground over which the}^ must pass ; but by 2 p. M., after a distressing time, all the troops were brought out, though with severe loss. The Federal loss in this affair was about 4,000 men, about 1,800 of whom were taken prisoners ; the loss of the enemy was about 1,000. Warren and Hancock had engaged only in artillery firing during the assault. Aug 1. Qj^ ^j^g 2g^ qI" Aue-ust, Grant sent Sheridan to Grant sends a ' Sheridan to Washington. He had lost patience with the officers in to look" command of what he considered enough troops to crush after Early. -g^^^,|^^ Slieridaii proved to be the right man, and well did he accomplish the work before him. (See "Virginia outside of the Army of the Potomac") But on the 4th, ^^^g- ^- at the request of the President, Grant himself proceeded Grant goes ^ ^ '■ himself, to Washington, for the purpose of arranging matters for a new move in that Department. He reached General Hunter's headquarters at Monocacy Station on the evening of the 5th. Sheridan was in Washington awaiting orders. Grant gave Hunter instructions to put Sheridan in command of the troops which were to take the field, himself establishing his headquarters where he THE CONQUEROR. 8T3 chose within his Department. Hunter asked to be iso4. relieved; this was granted on the 6th, and Sheridan ;>i"- Pek^mg riving that day assumed command of the Department. Aug. e. Grant gave Sheridan his instructions, telling him to relieves " find the enemy and pursue him to the death," returning ^''"'^'■■• at once to Washington, Mdiere he remained one day, pro- ceeding to City»Point on the 8th. August the 13th, General Burnside was granted a leave of absence and General Parke placed in command of the 9th Corps. On General Grant's return he learned that Lee had sent reinforcements from his army to Early. On August 12, Hancock with his own corps, and Birney with the 10th Corps and Gregg's cavalry, again proceeded to Deep Bottom, to make a diversion in ^^^s- i4-i9- ° '^ . ^ ' Deep Bot- favor of Sheridan. On the 14th a severe engagement tom. took place, the Federals attacking the enemy's w^orks near Bailey's Creek. A small portion of the works was captured, with four pieces of artillery, but no great result was attained, except to detain a division of Long- street's corps intended for Early. The 15th was con- sumed in reconnoitering, and no attack was made. Dur- ing the 16th, considerable fighting occurred, but at night each side remained on its ground ; the Federals had, however, taken about 500 prisoners. On the 18th the enemy assaulted Hancock's lines, but was severely repulsed. Ord and Parke were now stretched out so as to hold the line from the Appomattox to the Jerusalem plank road. Warren had been drawn out, and was held in Aug. 18-21. readiness to move to the left against the Weldon Bail- Ramord. road. Warren moved on the 18th at 4 a. m. and after a severe battle obtained possession of the Weldon Railroad, having suffered a loss of about 1,000 men in the action; but the enemy had suffered fully as much. Lee was now alarmed at the loss of this road, and hastened Hill Petersbvirg. 3T4 THJ^ CONQUEROR. 1864. to recapture it. Hill attacked on the morning of the 19th. Through a misunderstanding of orders, a gap had been left between Warren and the 9th Corps. Hill quickly pushed a heavy column through this, and turn- ing to the right took Crawford in the flank and rear. Crawford's men were thrown into disorder, and compelled to give way with a loss of about 1,500 who were taken prisoners. Ayres's division also became hotly engaged. At this juncture two divisions of the 9th Corps arrived. Joining Crawford and Ayres, they soon changed the feature of the battle, driving the enemy back to their intrenchments, Warren regaining his lost ground. On the night of the 20th, Hancock and Gregg were brought back to the Petersburg front, Birney rejoining Butler. On the morning of the 21st, Lee made another desperate attempt to dislodge Warren, The latter was now well intrenched, and after a severe struggle the enemy was completely repulsed, with a loss of 500 in prisoners. Barlow's division of the 2d Corps, with Gregg's cavalry, was set to destroying the Weldon Rail- road southward. On the 23d, Barlow reached Ream's Station, where Gibbon's division joined him on the 24th, and the work of destruction continued, the cavalry meantime skirmishing heavily to the southwest. Han- cock had constructed an imperfect line of breastworks Aug. 25. ;le, in which he lost about 700 men in killed and G^enu 'tO'^^J Burnham wounded. Among his killed was General Burnham, idiied. 376 THE CU.XQUHROR. 1864. who commanded a brigade. General Stannard lost an peteT^urg. ^^"^^^ ^^d Ord liimself was wounded in the leg and obliged to leave the field. Fifteen guns and many prisoners were taken with the fort. General Weitzel assumed command Ft!' Gilmer, ^f the 18th Corps, and attempted to take Fort Gilmer, but was repulsed with a loss of 300 men. Birney had attacked the enemy's w^orks on Spring Hill, and carried them. Kautz had advanced to within six miles of Rich- mond ; but the enemy was found in strong force behind powerful w^orks, and the expedition accomplished no more than to secure Fort Harrison, and to cause Lee to keep a stronger force in that part of the Richmond defenses. September 30, - Lee attempted in three desperate Sept.. 30. assaults to retake Fort Harrison, but w^is each time re- Fort Harn- ^ son. pulsed with fearful loss. Butler's loss in these two days . was about 2,000 in killed, wounded, and missing. Gn the 1st and 2d of October, the Federals pushed ftirther to the left of Petersburg, gradually gaining ground. The enemy disputed the advance desperately, but was Oct. 7. driven back to the Boydton road. October 7, General Olicirlcs City cross Kautz's cavalry was attacked on the Charles City road "^'"^^* near Richmond, and driven back w^ith considerable loss. The enemy, following up their success, attacked the 10th Corps, but were repulsed by Birney, causing them a loss of about 1,000 men. Oct. 27, 28. On the 27th of October, the 2d, 9th, and 5th Corps, Hatcher's . . ' . . Kun and uudcr the direction of General Meade, in attempting to voA^!°^ extend the Federal left, and if possible cut off Lee's communication at the west, had a severe battle with the enemy at the Boydton plank road and Hatcher's Run. In consequence of impenetrable swamps and tangled w^oods, only a part of this force became engaged. The 9th Corps attacked the enemy's intrenchments at Hatcli- er's Run, while Hancock's corps, w^ith Gregg's cavalry. THJi: CONQUEROR. 377 moved around to the west for the purpose of seizing the is a 4. South Side Ptailway. The 9tli Corps was repulsed. p^,tc^,„.g. Warren with the 5th Corps, in moving between Parke and Hancock, became entangled in the swamp, and was unable to unite his left with Hancock's right. His troops, however, had become engaged, driving the ene- my's skirmishers back into their works. Hancock thus isolated was savagely attacked during the afternoon by a superior force sent out by Hill. A hot battle followed, the enemy gaining ground in the first assault ; but' the Federals quicklj'^ recover, and repay the enemy with interest, driving them back in confusion to their in- trenchments, with the loss of more than 1,000 taken prisoners. The fighting lasted from about 4 p. m. until dark. The Federals gave up the attempt for the pres- ent, and returned next day to the position occupied on the 26th. General Grant had ordered Butler to make a demon- stration in strong force on the north side of the James, in co-operation with the movement on the extreme left. Moving toward the York Railroad, Butler's right became oct. 28, 29. engaged, and suffered a severe repulse, with the loss of attacks the about 1,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. ?'':''"^°"'^ ' 7 7 r fortifica- His operations ceased with those on the extreme left, tions. General Wright, with the 6th Corps, returned to Meade's army about the first of December, and the Federals about Petersburg practicall}^ went into winter quarters. In the latter part of November, General Hancock was ordered north to organize a corps of veteran troops to be ready to enter the field in the early spring. Han- cock was also placed in command of what was then des- ignated the Middle Department when Sheridan started on his raid to the north of Richmond. General A. A. Humphreys succeeded General Hancock in command of the 2d Corps. 3t8 THE COFQUEROk. 1S04. In December, General Weitzel, of Butler's command, Petersburg, ^as scnt With an expedition against Fort Fisher, which commanded the entrance of Wilmington Harbor, one of the chief rendezvous of the enemy's blockade-runners. (See Chapter entitled, " North Carolina Coast.") Gen- eral Butler accompanied the expedition, and contrary to Grant's intentions, assumed command of it. Failing to accomplish the capture of the fort, Butler returned to- ward the end of the month. In January he was relieved of the command of the Army of the James, and General jggg Ord was given his place. Feb. 5-7. On the 5th, 6th, and 7th of February, 1865, in ex- MnC^^ tending the Federal left to Hatcher's Run, the 2d and rm Row- ^^^ Corps and Gregg's cavalry had some hard fighting anty Creek, at Hatchcr's Ruu and Dabney's Mills. The enemy was vaughan again driven back to his intrenchments, and the Federals succeeded in extending their lines somewhat to the west- Generai Ward. Amoug the enemy's killed on the 6th was Gen- kiued. eral John Pegram. He was a graduate of West Point. CHAPTER XXII. FIVE FORKS TO APPOMATTOX. THE CONQUEROR. THE opposing armies had been continually recruited, isgg. and in March, 1865, each numbered about the pete^„rg same as in May, 1864, Grrant having about 115,000 March. men, and Lee about 75,000. On the 25th of March, 1865, at 4 a. m., Lee — as is Fon sted- asserted by some authorities and disputed by others — ™'^°" endeavored to break out, pushing a heavy force upon Meade's right and against the 9th Corps. The opposing lines were not more than one hundred and fifty yards apart at this point. It is argued that Lee hoped that this attack would compel Grant to weaken his left, and in the confusion he would move his main body rapidly to the west, the assaulting column to turn and follow at the right time. True or not. Grant did not weaken his left, and Lee did not go westward. The assault was made before daylight, and the enemy succeeded in cap- turing Fort Stedman and several adjoining batteries. These works were among the first ones taken by the Federals in their first assault upon Petersburg. But General Parke soon brought his troops into action, and put a stop to the progress of the enemy, and after a severe conflict forced the Confederates back to their own lines, with a loss of about 2,000 men taken prisoners. The fort and batteries were recovered, and the former line re-established. During the battle, Meade saw the opportunity, and (379) 380 THJS COiVQUA'WM. 1805. ordered the 2d and 6th Corps forward against the works Petersburg, i^ their respectlve fronts. Humphreys had already March. advanced the 2d Corps to the attack. Wright at once moved up, and the enemy's advanced intrenchments were carried and held against several desperate efforts of the Confederates to retake them. The Federal loss in the three corps engaged was about 2,000 in killed and wounded. The 2d and 6th Corps captured about Genlrai°' 850 prisoners. General William R. Terry was among Terry. the cuemy's killed. He was a native of Virginia. Gen- Generai ^^^^ Grant highly complimented Generals Parke and Grant com- Huuiphreys, also General Hartranft, who commanded a pliments t • • • i n i /-^ Generals divisiou HI thc 9th Corps, for quick action without wait- Hump'hreys^^S for ordcrs, and good generalship displayed at a time and Har- whcu hesitation would have been disastrous. tranft. The following extract from General Grant's Report, dated July 22, 1865, will be found interesting at this point. On the 24th of March, the following instructions for a general movement of the armies operating against Richmond were issued: — City Point, Virginia, March 21^, 1865. Generals : — On the 29th instant the armies operating against Richmond will be moved by our left, for the double purpose of turning the enemy out of his present position around Petersburg, and to insure the success of the cavalry under General Sheridan, which will start at the same time, in its efforts to reach and de- stroy the South Side and Danville railroads. Two corps of the Army of the Potomac will be moved at first in tAvo columns, taking the two roads crossing Hatcher's Run, neai'est where the present line held by us strikes that stream, both moving toward Dinwiddie Court House. The cavalry under General Sheridan, joined by the division now under General Davies, will move at the same time by the Weldon road and the Jerusalem plank road, turning west from THE CONQUEROR. 381 the latter before crossing the Nottoway, and west with the isas. whole column before reaching Stony Creek. General Sheridan — will then move independently, under other instructions which ^'-'*'^'"^''"''g- , . . . A 11 T '^ 1 11 March. Will be given him. All dismounted cavalry belonging to the Army of the Potomac, and the dismounted cavalry from the Middle Military Division not required for guarding property belonging to their arm of service, will report to Brigadier- General Benhaiii, to be added to the defenses of City Point. Major-General Parke will be left in command of all the army left for holding the lines about Petersburg and City Point, sub- ject of course to orders from the commander of the Army of the Potomac. The 9th army corps will be left intact, to hold the present line of works, so long as the whole line now occu- pied by us is held. If, however, the troops to the left of the 9th Corps are withdrawn, then the left of the corps may be thrown back so as to occupy the position held by the army prior to the capture of the Wei don road. All troops to the left of the 9th Corps will be held in readiness to move at the short- est notice, by such route as may be designated when the order is given. General Ord will detach three divisions, two white and one colored, or so much of them as he can and hold his present lines, and march for the present left of the Army of the Potomac. In the absence of further orders, or until further orders are given, the white divisions will follow the left column of the Army of the Potomac, and the colored division the right column. Dur- ing the movement, Major-General Weitzel will be left in com- mand of all the forces remaining behind from the Army of the James. The movement of troops from the Army of the James will commence on the night of the 27th instant. General Ord will leave behind the minimum number of cavalry necessary for picket duty in the absence of the main army. A cavalry ex- pedition, from General Ord's command, will also be started from Suffolk, to leave there on Saturday, the 1st of April, under Colonel Sumner, for the purpose of cutting the railroad about Hicksford. This, if accomplished, will have to be a sur- prise, and therefore from three to five hundred men will be suf- ficient. They should, however, be supported by all the infantry Petersburg. :March. 382 THE CONQUEROR. 18 5. that can be spared from Norfolk and Portsmouth, as far out as to where the cavalry crosses the Blackwater. The crossing should probably be at Uniten. Should Colonel Sumner succeed in reachinir the Weldon road, he will be instructed to do all the damage possible to the triangle of roads between Hicksford, Weldon, and Gaston. The railroad bridge at Weldon being fitted up for the passage of carriages, it might be practicable to destroy any accumulation of supplies the enemy may have col- lected south of the Roanoke. All the troops wiU move witii four days' rations in haversacks and eight days' in wagons. To avoid as much hauling as possible, and to give the Army of the James the same number of days' supplies with the Army of the Potomac, General Ord will direct his commissary and quartermaster to have sufficient supplies delivered at the ter- minus of the road to fill up in passing. Sixty rounds of ammu- nition per man will be taken in wagons, and as much grain as the transportation on hand -will carry, after taking the specified amount of other supplies. The densely wooded country in which the army has to operate making the use of much artillery impracticable, the amount taken with the army will be reduced to six or eight guns to each division, at the option of the army commanders. All necessary preparations for carrying these directions into operation may be commenced at once. The reserves of the 9th Corps should be massed as much as possible. While I would not now order an unconditional attack on the enemy's line by them, they should be ready, and should make the attack if the enemy weakens his line in their front, without waiting for orders. In case they carry the line, then the whole of the 9th Corps could follow up so as to join or co-operate with the balance of the army. To prepare for this, the 9th Corps will have rations issued to them, same as the balance of the army. General Weitzel will keep vigilant watch upon his front, and if found at all practicable to break through at any point, he will do so. A success north of the James should be followed up with great promptness. An attack will not be feasible un- less it is found that the enemy has detached largely. In that case it may be regarded as evident that the enemy are relying upon their local reserves principally for the defense of Richmond, THE CONQUEROR. 383 Preparations may be made for abandoning all the line north of isos. the James, except inclosed works — only to be abandoned, how- ^ ^ _ ^ ^ Petersburg. ever, after a break is made in the lines of the enemy. March. By these instructions a large part of the armies operating against Richmond is left behind. The enemy, knowing this, may, as an only chance, strip their lines to the merest skeleton, in the hope of advantage not being taken of it, while they hurl everything against the moving column, and return. It cannot be impressed too strongly upon commanders of troops left in the ti'enches not to allow this to occur without taking advantage of it. The very fact of the enemy's coming out to attack, if he does so, miffht be resrarded as almost conclusive evidence of such a weakening of his lines. I would have it particularly enjoined upon corps commanders that, in case of an attack from the enemy, those not attacked are not to wait for orders from the commanding officer of the army to which they belong, but that they will move promptly, and notify the commander of their action. I would also enjoin the same action on the part of division commanders when other parts of their corps are engaged. In like manner I would urge the importance of following up a repulse of the enemy. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- General. Major-Generals Meade, Ord, and Sheridan. General Grant now considered matters ripe for a decisive movement against Lee, and made preparations to move in heavy force to the left, for the purpose of flanking Petersburg and cutting off Lee's remaining source of supplies. Orders had already been given, on the 24th, for this movement to begin on the 29th. Sheridan had arrived at White House on the 19th from a long and successful raid, " all the way from Winches- ter," an account of which is given in another chapter, and at once began to shoe up his horses for another trip. Before daylight of the 29th the movement began. ^-"-^ ^^' J '^ ... The last The President and General Sherman had just visited strokes of Grant, Sherman's marching veterans had reached North mer. 384 THE CONQUEROR. 186 5. Carolina. Sheridan had rested his men and recruited Petering, his horses. He had about 10,000 troopers under Gen- March, erals Merritt, Devin, Custer, and Crook. The 6th and 9th Corps were to occupy the works in front of Peters- burg. Ord had been brought over with three divisions of the Army of the James, and placed on Wright's left, his own left reaching the junction of the Yaughan road and Hatcher's Run. Humphreys moved to the left of Ord, and Warren to the left of Humphreys. Sheridan proceeded to Dinwiddle Court House, where he rested that night. In advancing to its position, the 5th Corps came upon the enemy's advance line at White Oak road, Gravelly ncaT Gravclly Run; after a short but sharp engage- cinaker uicut tlic cnemy was driven into his intrenchments. On Boad. ^i^g 30th of March it rained torrents, and the oppos- ing forces remained comparatively quiet, except that March 30. Shcrldau sent a division of his cavahy to reconnoitre ^* Five Forks. A strong force of the enemy w^as found there. The men were soaked with rain, and after a slight engagement the division returned to Dinwiddie. and April 1. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ March and the 1st of April were glo- Giorious nous days for the Federals and for the Union, and also the Union, days of great achievements for Phil Sheridan and his men. The end was near. During the rainy 30th, all but Grant and Sheridan were discouraged. For nearly a whole year there had been a continuous battle between Grant's Army of the Potomac, and the enemy's forces under Lee. The enemy had always been covered by intrenchments, thus compelling the Union soldiers to attack at a great disadvantage. The whole country had become despondent. It was " darkest just before day." But now Grant's grip upon Lee's throat was tightening. The enemy was nearly surrounded, and his supplies vv^ould soon be cut off. Lee fully understood what the • movement of Humphreys, Warien, and Sheridan meant. THE CONQUEROR. 385 and he determined if possible to break the Federal left. isgs. On the 31st of March he pushed all the troops that petg^^^.^, conid be spared from the intrenchments against Warren March. and Sheridan. Warren's three divisions were badly posted in echelon, although he expected an attack. The enemy fell in heavy force upon Warren's corps at White ^^'bo3°i'-'' Oak road about 10 a. m. Ayres's division was forced ^o" roads. back upon Crawford's, then both back upon Grif&n. Humphreys sent Miles's division to aid Warren, and the enemy's advance was checked. During the afternoon, Warren, with the aid of Miles, droA^e the enemy back to his intrenchments, regaining all the ground lost in the morning, and a lodgment on the White Oak road. At the same time Sheridan was having a hot engage- ment at Warren's left with a heavy force under General Pickett, which numbered nearly double Sheridan's force. A terrible battle was fought. Sheridan had begun an advance toward Five Forks when he was attacked. He fell back slowly to Dinwiddle, where he held his ground Dinwicuiie. against the desperate attempts of Pickett's superior force to dislodge him. The fighting lasted until dark, when both sides rested on their arms, the Federals at Din- widdle, the enemy at Chamberlain's Creek. Sheridan had saved the left. Grant was at Dabney's saw mill, where he was kept busy during the night receiving re- ports and issuing orders. At daylight, on April 1, Sheridan moved forward Apni i. against the enemy that had driven him the day before. ^''''' ^^°'''^-'^- Grant had ordered General Warren to report to Sheridan with his whole corps. Expecting Warren's troops to be near at hand, Sheridan pressed forward. Pickett, seeing the approach of infantry, fell back before the cav- alry skirmish lines of Devin and Custer. Crook re- mained at Dinwiddle to hold that point and the roads in the Federal rear. Devin and Custer have hot work, but S5 3SG THE CONQUMROR. iscs. continnally drive the enemy. Warren does not get his I'otor^bnrg. troops lip in time, and the cavahy alone drive Pickett •''1'"^ ^- back to his works on White Oak road, covering Five Forks. It is now noon; Warren has at last reported to Sheridan in person. Mackenzie's cavahy division of the Army of the James, numbering about 1,600 men, joined Sheridan at this time, who now makes preparations to assault the enemy's works, his own cavalry on the left, the 5th Corps on his right, and Mackenzie on the right of War- ren. It is 5 p. M, before all can be made ready. Ayres's division opened the attack ; Merritt, hearing his guns, im- mediately pushed forward Devin and Custer to the as- sault. Lee had directed Pickett to hold the works at any cost, and the enemy resist with great determination. Five Forks rp|-^g jjattlc bocomes fierce and bloody, but the enemy cannot long resist the valor of the Union soldiers, led by Sheridan, Merritt, Devin, Custer, and Ayres. Sheridan remains with Ayres, and seeing a brigade falter before a terrible fire, he seizes a battle-flag, and with his sword in the air he leads them to the charge. The fiery en- thusiasm of the leader at once becomes contagious ; Devin, Custer, and Ayres go over the Avorks at the same time. Warren had led Griflin and Crawford too far to the right, and thus Mackenzie was crowded far away. Sheridan sent word to Warren, who was with Crawford, to close to the left ; but Griffin had already discovered the error, and taking the double-quick, arrived on Ayres's right in good time. Crawford soon afterward entered the fight. The enemy was completely routed, and flew to the westward, the Federals pursuing until dark. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was about 1,300 ; they had taken about 6,000 prisoners. General Warren being too slow and cautious for the work in hand, Sheridan relieved him near the close of the battle, placing Griffin in command of the 5th Corps. THE CONQUEROR. ^^^ As soon as he became aware of Sheridan's success, _ Grant ordered a general bombardment all along the hne, pete.i.u>,.. and the Federal cannon roared and thundered until 4 a. m., ap'^ ^. April 2, xvhen a general assault was made from right ^.,,^, to left m succession, by Parke, Wright, Ord, and Hum- a..u.u. phreys The first two attack at about the same time. The battle at once becomes terrific, the enemy resistmg with great heroism ; but the outer works ^^'^ soon car- ried. Soon afterward, Ord with parts of the 24th and 25th Corps, and Humphreys with the 2d Corps, jom in the assault. Sheridan with his cavalry is agam engaged, and the battle becomes a continuous roar from i eters- bur- to Five Forks. AH of the exterior works of the enemy are wrested from him, and he is confined to his interior fortifications, close around Petersburg. Sher- idan had driven the forces of the enemy opposed to him across the Appomattox River, and the long-coveted South Side Railroad was at last in Federal possession. The Danville Railroad was now the only outlet for the escape of Jefi"erson Davis and his government. In the account of this day's battle it would be injus- tice to particularize as to individual valor. 5^}'om the private to the Lieutenant-General all seemed to feel tha Ihe end was near. Victory, victory, for the Union at v.-^^^- last ' Every man did his duty. During the hottest ot the battle, Lee made a desperate efiort to dislodge the 0th Corps from the works it had captured, sending a strong force under Heth from his left. The attack was fierce and determined. Grant ordered troops ft"om City Point to the aid of the 9th Corps, and Parke held his ground. General A. P. Hill, one of the enemy s best ,.. generals and a graduate of West Point, was killed while ,, rallying his troops to repel the assaults of the 6th and 9th Corps. . -, n 4- At about 10 A. M., Lee had become convmced that th of oSS THE CONQUEROR, 1805. Richmond and Petersburg could be held but a few hours Petersburg, louger, aud SO advised Jefferson Davis at that hour. April 2. Lee's dispatch found Davis at church, the day being Lee advises c\ -, -f-f ^ ./ o jefEerson ouuday. He at once left the church and began prepa- g^^p^ ° rations for leaving his capital. During the night, Lee withdrew his forces. Silently they stole away, sad and Petersburg disheartened, blowing up their magazines and burnino; and Rich- y o L o O mond evac- the bridges across the James behind them. A ram and uated. X • 1 T 1 two iron-clads were also destroyed by them. On leav- ing Richmond, the enemy's rear guard set fire to some storehouses and tobacco warehouses. A stiff breeze blowing, soon spread the flames to the business portion of the city, where the conflagration was great; many houses, churches, and public buildings were also con- sumed. Meantime the hard characters of the town were pillaging the stores. All of the better class were leav- ing or endeavoring to get away, that they might still live under the wings of their portable government. Conveyances of all sorts were busy, at big prices, and great was the uproar. April 3. At 3 A. M., April 3, an explosion was heard in Petersburg. Suspecting that Lee would soon evacuate his works and attempt to unite with Johnston, whose army was now at Smithfield, N. C, Grant had given orders that a close watch be kept on all movements. General Parke, hearing the explosion, moved forward a line of skirmishers, and found the enemy's skirmish line weak; and at 4 a. m. he advanced in force, capturing Petersburg ^j-^g fg^y remaining pickets, and Petersburg was in the occupied by o l j . c the Fed- hands of the Federals. General Ralph Ely's brigade of Willcox's division, 9th Corps, was the first to enter the town, the authorities surrendering to Ely at 4 : 30 a. m., and the flag of the 1st Michigan sharpshooters was raised on the Court House by Colonel Buckbee of that regiment; at the same time the flag of the 2d Michigan infantry was raised upon the Custom House, THE CONQUEROR. 389 Grant at once ordered Meade in pursuit of Lee. is a a. The 10th and 18th Corps had been broken up early in December, 1864, and the 24th and 25th Corps organized, the first under General Gibbon, the latter under General Weitzel. Gibbon accompanied Ord, leaving Weitzel on the north side of the James with one division of the 24th Corps and two divisions of the 25th. About 3 A. M. of the 3d, General Weitzel gave orders for a for- ward movement at daylight, having become satisfied that the enemy was leaving Ptichmond, At 5 a. m. the picket line of Devens's division of the 24th Corps took possession of the enemy's works. At 8 a. m., General Weitzel entered the city, and received the surrender of Richmond. The United States flag again waved over 000111X11^ the capitol of Virginia, and again the American Eagle Ira J'''^' screamed for joy. General Weitzel, by direction of General Grant, assumed control of matters in Richmond, and at once began the work of restoring order and sub- . n • -i-« President dumg the conflagration. President Lincoln was at City Lincoln Point when Grant telegraphed him the good news, and Tonqulror. he came up at once, holding an interview with General Grant in Petersburg. His heart was full of forgiveness for the erring brothers. General Lee having concentrated his broken army at Chesterfield Court House, about half way between Richmond and Petersburg, moved directly to Amelia Court House, where he was compelled to halt for sup- plies. His men were without rations, and his horses without fonige, obliging him to send foraging parties in every direction for food. Sheridan with his cavalry led the pursuit, followed closely by the 5th Corps, under Griffin. Meade, with the 2d, 6th, and 9th Corps, was not far behind ; also Ord's troops, accompanied by Gen- eral Grant himself, were in hot pursuit. Sheridan arrived at Jetersville, about six miles southwest of 390 THE COXQUEROE. Namozine Church. April 5. Fame's cross roads Jctersville, or xVmelia Springs. April 6. High Bridge. Colonel Read killed. Dcatous ville. Sailors Creek. Amelia Court House, at 5 p. m. ou the 4th. He had an cngngeineut with the enemy the day before at Namozine Creek, Namozine Church, and Deep Creek, capturing a large number of prisoners. Meade arrived at Jeters ville on the evening of the 5th with the 2d and 6th Corps. Ord had reached Burkeville at the same time. Tow\ard evening of this day, Sheridan sent a brigade of cavalry to the left to reconnoitre about Fame's cross roads, some five miles northwest of Jetersville. The brigade came upon Lee's advance cavalry, moving west- w^ard with a train of 200 wagons, and at once attacked, repelling the enemy and destroying the train. Lee pushed forward infantry, and Sheridan sent tw^ more brigades of cavalry to the support of the first. A severe battle followed, without' result, the Federal cavalry returning to the main body. Mackenzie's cavalry had been returned to the Army of the James. During the night of the 5th, Lee continued his retreat, moving westward, the Federals resuming pur- suit at daylight on the 6th. Ord hastened a brigade, led by his Chief-of-Staff, Colonel Theo. Read, to Farm- • ville, for the purpose of burning High Bridge which spanned the Appomattox, and w^iich Lee must cross. A heavy force of the enemy was met within a short dis- tance of the bridge, and a severe conflict ensued. This proved to be Lee's advance, which largely outnumbered Read's force. Colonel Read w^as killed, and his force repulsed with heavy loss. Crook's division of cavalry became engaged at Deatonsville, in endeavoring to im- pede the march of the fleeing foe. Time w^as thus Grained, and Custer was soon after enabled to overtake the retreating enemy at Sailor's Creek. Crook and Devin soon came up, and together they pierced the enemy's column, capturing a train of nearly 400 wagons. By this movement Sheridan had cut off Ewell's corps THE CONQUEROR. 391 which formed Lee's reiir guard. Sheridan's troops now isns. fought hard to detain Ewell until the 6th Corps should arrive, in which Colonel Stagg, with his brigade, made a gallant charge. Seymour's division of the 6th Corps arrived at this juncture, when Ewell recoiled, fighting desperately. Wheaton's division of the 6th Corps soon came up, and after a fearful struggle, Ewell, finding himself surrounded, surrendered with about 7,000 men ; Eweii eur- . renders on five general officers were included in the capture. Harpers Humphreys, with the 2d Corps, had pursued the enemy '"^°'' ' in a running fight for fourteen miles this day, capturing over 1,500 prisoners. On the night of April 6, Ord was in front of the flying enemy, Sheridan and the 6th Corps on his left flank, and the 2d and 5th Corps on his right and rear. The heart of the rebellion was nearly sur- rounded. Lee, with what there was left of his army, crossed to the north bank of the Appomattox, near Farmville, during the night of April 6, partially destroying the bridges behind him. Humphreys started the 2d Corps at daylight on the 7th ; Barlow's division came up in Apm ?. time to save a wagon road bridge, near the High railroad bridge, some five miles east of Farmville. The enemy had set fire to the bridge, and his rear guard endeavored to keep tlie Federals off until it should be destroyed ; but Barlow's men drove the enemy back, and saved the bridge. The 2d Corps at once passed over, and came upon Lee, intrenched a few miles north of Farmville. Miles's division attacked, but was repulsed with severe loss. On Humphreys' left, Crook's division of cavalry attacked a strong detachment of the enemy which was guarding a train, and was also repulsed. Soon after Miles's repulse. Barlow joined him, but it being now dark, no further attack ^vas made. At this time Sheridan, Griffin, and Ord were all 392 THE CONQUEROR. mo J. south of the Appomattox, at Prospect station and Prince Edward Court House. "Wright and Humphreys were north of the river, and near the eneni}^, who was intrenched. General Piii'ke had left one division of the 9th Corps in Petersburg, the balance of that corps being stretched along the route of the army, guarding the rear and trains. General Grant's headquarters for the night were at Farmville. In the evening of this day, General Grant sent a note to Lee, in which he asked Lee to sur- render, and stop further shedding of blood, as further resistance on the part of the forces under his command was useless. Lee replied by asking terms, and soon afterward put his army in motion, moving rapidly toward Lynchburg-. But Sheridan was too quick for him, and stood in his way at Appomattox Station. On April 8. tlie evening of the 8th, Custer had reached that point tox'stiuiou. first, capturing four trains of cars loaded with supplies for Lee's starving army. Devin came up soon afterward, and together they drive back the advance of the enemy to Appomattox Court House, four miles north, the fight- ing continuing till dark. At daylight of this day Huni- phre3^s and Wright started again in pursuit ; but the enemy moved rapidly, and was not agahi overtaken until about noon of the 9th, when, being within about three miles of Appomattox Court House, Lee stopped them with a flag of truce. On the morning of April 9, Lee endeavored to cut April 9. through Sheridan's troopers. The Army of the James iox o!h". 1^'^^^ been hastened up on the call of Sheridan, although lA^e sun-en- -j-jj^g soldicrs wore foot-sore and worn out. The enemv ,lors. •' move away from Humphreys and Wright, and charge Sheridan's line in desperation, forcing it back slowh'', but are held in check until Ord and Griffin can get up and into position; then suddenly the cavalry move rap- itlly to the right, discovering to the astonished Confed- THE COXQUEROR. 393 erates a long line of Federal infantry across their path. ^*^^- They recoil \ they are cut off at last. Sheridan makes read}^ for a charge. Custer in advance is ready to spring upon them. Lee is now convinced that all hope of escape is gone, and he hastens forward a messenger with a white Hag, asking a suspension of hostilities. Sheridan halts, his troopers drop rein and rest. General Gordon, one of Lee's ofticers, comes forward, and advises General Sheridan that Lee at that moment is endeavoring to make arrangements with General Grant for surrender. At about 3 p. M., April 9, 1865, General Grant met April 9. General Lee at the house of Wilmer McLean, at Appo- antlgonits mattox Court House, where the articles of surrender ™^'^*- were drawn up and signed. The surrender was com- pleted on the 12th. There were 28,356 rebels paroled ; many thousands had slipped away to their homes on this last march. Grant's armies under Meade and Ord had captured, altogether, since the 29th of March, 74,000 prisoners. The Federal losses sustained by the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James since May 5, 1864, had been 82,720 in killed, wounded, and missing; in killed, 696 officers and 11,967 enlisted, men ; in wounded, 2,324 officers and 47,235 men ; in missing, 587 officers and 19,911 enlisted men. This statement of losses is taken from Badeau's History, and was compiled in the office of the Adjutant-General United States army. There are no reports from which a reliable statement can be made as to the losses of the rebels for the same period. Among their dead were Generals J. R. Chambliss, killed near Hichmond, Aug. 16, 1864 ; J. C. Saunders, at Petersburg, Aug. 21, 1864 ; A. Gracie, at Petersburg, Dec. 2, 1864; and John Pe- gram, at Hatcher's Run, Feb. 5, 1865. The following extract is taken from General Grant's Report, giving the correspondence between Grant and Lee, leading to Lee's surrender : — 394 April. Corre- spoudence between Grant and Lee. THE CONQUEROR. Feeling now that General Lee's chance of escape was ut- terly hopeless, I addressed him the following communication from Farmville: — April 7, 1865. General: The result of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Yirginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, b}' asking of you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States' army known as the Army of Northern Yirginia. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant- General. General E. E. Lee. Early on the morning of the 8th, before leaving, I received at Farmville the following:-.— April 7, 1865. General: I have received your note of this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express on the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Yirginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender. R E. Lee, General. Lieutenant- General U. S. Grant. To this I immediately replied: — April 8, 1865. General: Tour note of last evening, in reply to mine of same date, asking the condition on which I will accept the surrender of the Army of Northern Yirginia, is just received. In reply I would say that peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I would insist upon; namely, That the men and offi- cers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms again against the Government of the United States until properly ex- changed. I will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any officers you may name for the same purpose, at any point agree- THE CONQUEROR. 395 able to you, for the purpose of arraiigiua; definitely the terms inns. upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Vii'ginia — Avill be received. ^P'""- Corre- U. S. GkANT, spoiidence Lieatenant- General. General E. E. Lee. between Grant and Lee. Early on the morning of the 8th the pursuit was resumed. General Meade followed north of the Appomattox, and General Sheridan, with all the cavalry, pushed straight for Appomattox Station, followed by General Ord's command and the 5th Corps. During the day General Meade's advance had consid- erable fighting with the enemy's rear guard, but was unable to bring on a general engagement. Late in the evening General Sheridan struck the railroad at Appomattox Station, drove the enemy from there, and captured twenty-five pieces of ai-tillery, a hospital train, and four trains of cars loaded with supplies for Lee's army. During this day I accompanied General Meade's column, and about midnight received the following communi- cation from General Lee : — April 8, 1865. G-eneral: I received at a late hour your note of to-day. In mine of yesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender ot the Army of Northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition. To be frank, I do not think the emergency has ax'isen to call for the surrender of this army ; but as the restora- tion of peace should be the sole object of all, I desired to know whether your proposals would lead to that end. I cannot, there- fore, meet you with a view to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia; but as far as your proposal mjiy affect the Confederate States forces under my command and tend to the restoration ot peace, I should be pleased to meet you at 10 a. m. to-morrow on the old stage-road to Eichmond, between the picket-lines of the two armies. E. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant. 396 TIIJH CONQUEROR. 186 5. Early on the morning of the 9th, I returned him an an- swer as follows, and immediately started to join the column south of the Appomattox: — April 9, 1865. April.' Corre- spondence between Grant and Lee. General: Your note of yesterday is received. I have no au- thority to treat on the subject of peace; the meeting proposed for 10 A. jj. to-da}^ could lead to no good. I Avill state, however, General, that I am equally anxious for peace with yourself, and the Avhole North entertains the same feeling. The terms upon which peace can be had are well understood. By the South laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable event, save thousands of human lives, and hundreds of millions of property not yet destroyed. Seriously hoping that all our difficulties may be settled without the loss of another life, I sub- scribe myself, etc., U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. General E. E. Lee. On the morning of the 9th, General Ord's command and the 5th Corps reached Appomattox Station just as the enemy was making a desperate effort to break through our cavaliy. The infantry was at once thrown in. Soon after a white flag was received, requesting a suspension of hostilities pending ne- gotiations for a surrender. Before reaching General Sheridan's headquarters, I re- ceived the following from General Lee: — April 9, 1S65. General: I received your note of this morning on the picket- line, whither I had come to meet you, and ascertain definitely w^hat terms were embraced in your proposal of yesterda}'' with reference to the surrender of this armj^ I now ask an inter- view, in accordance with the offer contained in your letter of yesterday, for that purpose. R E. Lee, General. Lieutenant- General L^. S. Grant, THE CONQUEROR. 397 The interview was held at Appomattox Court House, the ises. result of which is set forth in the following correspondence: — — April. Appomattox Court House, Vir(unia, spondence Ax>ril 9, 1865. between Grant and General : In accordance with the substance of my letter to Lee. you of the 8th inst, I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia on the following terms; to wit, Eolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual pai'oles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly ex- changed; and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be pai-ked and stacked and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles, and the laws in force where they may reside. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. General E. E. Lee. Headquarters, Army oe Northern Virginia, April 9, 1865. General: I have received your letter of this date containing the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia as pro- posed by you. As they are substantial!}^ the same as those ex- pressed in your letter of the 8th inst., they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to cany the stipu- lations into effect. E. E. Lee, Generals Lieutenant- General U. S. Grant. After the surrender of Lee, General Grant proceeded April 13. to Washington, arriving there April 13, and spent the Grant at day in consultation with the President and the Secretary ton 398 THE CONQUEROR. . 1865. of War regarding future military action. On the 14th it was announced that General Grant would accompany the President to the theater that evening. But the General was called away to Burlington, N. J., where his children were at school. President Lincoln visited Richmond on the 4th of April 4, 5. April. He was overjoyed at the close of the war. He Lincoln" again visited Richmond on the 6th with Mrs. Lincoln, mond ^''^'' accompanied by a number of gentlemen from the North. But our noble President was not long to enjoy the glory of the hour. He was shot by an assassin on the evening of April 14, at Ford's Theater, and expired at 7 A. m., April 15. (See closing chapter.) The Federal cavalry under General Wilson was at Macon, Ga., when Jefferson Davis was endeavoring to May 11. escape. Wilson sent Colonel Pritchard with the 4th Pritchard Michigan cavalry, and Colonel Hardin with the 1st Ith'Mich- Wisconsin cavalry, in pursuit. Pritchard captured the igancavai- rascal uoar Irwin ville, Ga., May 11, and he lives to-day ry captures j / ./ / ^ ./ jefiE Davis, to cujoy the blessings of a free and united country. May 22. 2-3. C)n the 22d and 23d of May 200,000 Union veterans Grand re- ^oro in Washiuffton, Avhere they rested and feasted and view of . . troops in passed in review. On the walls of the capitol was sus- tor ™^ pended a banner bearing the inscription, " The only national debt that we can never pay is the debt we owe to the victorious Union soldiers." (The new Pharaoh knew not Joseph. It is hoped that the people of to-day June 3. will uot, Pharaoh-likc, forget this banner.) OTiTorpfd- General Grant issued a congratulatory address to the erai troops armlcs on the 2d of June, and the muster out began. begun. iiiTi .„ , ., , The war was over. Our conqueror had marched steadily All hail to i -^ the Con- onward from clerkship in the Illinois Adjutant-Gen- QUGTOr ! eral's office, through the triumphs at Cairo, Paducah, Belmont, Fort Henry, Donelson, 8hiloh, luka, Corinth, Yicksbur^, and Chattanooga, to the greatest victory of THE CONQUEROR. 399 all — the surrender of the enemy in Virginia. He had ^ * ^' ^ • laid seige to Donelson and Vicksburg when out-num- bered by the beseiged, and he had never been driven from a battle field. CHAPTER XXIII. DEATH OF GENERAL GRANT. EULOGY. 1H85. (^INCE the completion of the manuvscript for this Vv--) work, our Conqueror has died, and we can give no fitter words to his memory than the following Eulogy, given by the Honorable D. Bethune Duffield before the people of Detroit on the burial day of the nation's hero, At Rest. Aug. 8, 1885. THK KXJIvOOY. Officers and Men of the United States Army and Navy ; Soldiers of ad- jacent States ; Soldiers of the Grand Army of the Eepublic ; Neighbors and Guests from the Dominion of her Majesty, the Queen ; and Fellow-Citizens : — We do well, in this hour of the nation's sorrow, to gather A riTTiNG in the shadow of this shrouded monument. It is holy ground, Tribute. ^^^ made holier still in memory of him whom to-day the great Republic buries. Since the world began, no grander march to the grave Avas ever made. The great flag of the Union, with its border of crape, floats everywhere half-mast to the breeze ! From the dome of the national capitol, and of all the capitols of all the States, from every national fort and man-of-war, from every mountain peak and every wandering American ship, even in the most distant seas, the national colors droop to-day in silent grief. Bunker Hill, from Revolutionary heights, bows his bandered head; and soldier monuments, through all the land, stand draped in gloomy garb for some one dead. * In Westminster Abbey, where we are told every attendant comes attired in full mourning; in Notre Dame ; in the grand (400) EULOGY. 401 cathedrals of Germany, Austria, and Rome; in the Httle chapels of the Swiss republic; in heathen temples of the Hindoo and Asiatic empires, and in all the churches, chapels, and syna- gogues of the Western world, men are gathered, offering fare- well tribute to some mortal who has passed from earth ! "Who is it that is dead? and for whom is poured this tidal wave of grief? Is it the President of the United States? — No; he walks chief mourner behind the biei-. Is it some one or more of the distinguished senators, or statesmen, or secretaries high in office in the land ? — No ; they, too, are in the line of march, and keep step to the plaintive music of mellow horn and muffled drum. Is it some great soldier, or national benefactor, who has fallen before the one invincible conqueror of us all? — Yes, 'tis even so! The General of all generals, the leader of the Union's millioned army, the soldier of the age, the greatest soldier perhaps of all ages recorded in history, has himself fallen and is no more! Ulysses S. Grant, who, when he led an army, led always to victory, to-day lies buried, and beneath a greater wealth of love than mortal grave has ever known ! Does some one ask: But who is this man? and why is he to-day so widely honored through all the earth? The answer comes. He was a soldier, but by all soldiers conceded the fore- most of his time. He was an American citizen, bred to arms in the military school of the Republic, and he never forgot his country's claims upon him. The vow of the soldier to stand, and if need be die, for her righteous laws, her endangered honor, and her domestic peace, was by him sacredly taken, and still more sacredly kept. When a nation falls into grave perils, especially those of civil war, there comes an hour when its soldiers, by force of intellect move than by the sword, become either its rulers or its saviours. And need I here recall the fact that a score and more of years since, there came a time when the United States Government needed good captains as well as rulers, and cap- tains who combined the qualifications of both, — men who should not only be in front of her battles, but also in front of her people's thoughts, — men, not only of courage and personal greatness, but of supreme devotion to duty and to the national 26 IS S 5. 402 EULOGY. 1885. Constitution ? Such a man in full measure was this dead sol- — dier, for whom to-day the nation mourns. He was not only the bold and skillful strategist, the pereistent and successful fighter, but he was more, vastly more. He knew and under- stood the theory of the national government, and the fatal error and mistake of those who sought its overthrow. He had fully grasped and accepted the interpretation of the national Constitution by Webster, its great expounder, given to the peo- ple over half a century ago, that the government of the United States under its Constitution, was not a mere compact or agree- ment, dissolvable at will by the States, but as the result of a contract it became the ijeople's government, — a body politic, with a will of its own, possessing all needful powers and facul- ties to execute that will to its own purpose, and especially to protect and defend itself against all foes, either inside or outside of the national Union. And these powers were lodged in its own supreme authority, and -expressed themselves whenever and however necessary under the laws, through its army and navy. This was General Grant's idea and theory of our national gov- ernment, this his political creed ; and he had taken his oath as a soldier to maintain it. He believed in the Union, as the very ark of American liberty ; and his whole nature revolted against its destruction — with " States dissevered, discordant, belliger- ent," and " a land rent with civil feuds, and drenched in frater- nal blood." He believed also, when the storm broke upon it, that the Union could be saved. In this quiet and fearless heart lay the patriot's hope, that stretched far, far beyond the sway of the tempest, or the furious sweep of war's desolation; and he was determined, so far as he could, to help achieve its full fruition. He realized and appreciated, also, what it was to be a citizen of a republic as yet unequa'ed in the annals of the world, with its free institutions, its high prosperit}^, and the wonderful prospect of good that lay before it. Thus believing, he accepted the issue made with the Government, and belted himself for the struggle. He dealt not in fine phrases, apolo- gies, or palliations. He called things by their right names, and continued to do so until the last gun was fired. There was in him no barbaric thirst or lust for blood}^ triumphs, by which he might be personally exalted as the EULOGY. 403 laureled -warrior. Other and far higher aspirations were his. i ss 5. If Washington's soul yearned to establish our free government, the soul of Grant yearned to rescue and confirm it, as the father of our country had given and bequeathed it to us. His course, therefore, was onward, straight onward and upward, and his pathway clear and well-defined as the milky way across the heavens. "Although a soldier by profession," he says, "I have never felt any fondness for war, nor have I ever advocated it, except as a means of peace." "The stability of the Government and the unity of the na- tion depend solely on the cordial support and earnest loyalty of the people." And in this hope and this faith in the people, he accepted their commission, and gave himself to the work allotted him. The heroic story of his struggles, and his march from Quincy to Appomattox, by way of Donelson, Shiloh, Vicks- burg, and the red-streaming Wilderness, need not here be re- hearsed. It is known to every citizen, and is eagerly inquired into by every child in the land. Nothing could dissuade him from his one purpose, nothing deter him from his fixed deter- mination to aid the soldiers and the people by the early over- throw of the rebellion. And when, in the spring-time of his marvelous victory, he found the great work done, he formally disbanded his legions, remitted the soldiers of both armies to the delights of home, and straightway gave himself to deeds of reparation and peace. And in all his great career, few things will be more kindly remembered of him than the thoughtful reason he gave at Appomattox for permitting the Confederate cavalry to go off with their horses: "Let them have them," he said, " they will need them for the spring plowing." Twenty years have not effaced that genei'ous courtesy from the memory of the South ; nor will twenty more dim the beauty of that simple sympa- thetic act on the page of American history. This was the sort of soldier he was, — a soldier whose zeal was limitless and untiring, and whose patriotism was of the highest, broadest, and purest order; not that khid we some- times hear of, in men who call loudly for liberty while they do 40J: EULOGY. IS S3, nothino- to deserve it; but a patriotism based on "honesty, truthfulness, generosity, self-sacrifice, and a genuine love of freedom," — a soldier, too, whose sword flashed not for glory, but for the divine conquest of peace. "Let us have peace," were his noble words, inviting hearty and universal reconcilia- tion after tlife bitter struggle was ended, and the Government restored to its Constitutional autliorit_y. " Let us have peace! " — words worthy of the hour that closed the fratricidal strife! And but 3^osterday, behold them fulfilled on the mount of what might almost be called his transfiguration, as former chivali-ic foes, bringing their magnolia wreaths, clasp hands over his casket, and echo from the heart of the New South, "Yes, let us have peace!" while Imagination seems to hear the genius of American liberty in the words of Holy Writ proclaim, " How beautiful upon the mountains, are the feet of them who bring glad tidings of good things, and who preach the gospel of peace!" But great as he was as soldier and patriot, he was also great as a citizen. Lideed, if on his monument, wherever reared, only three words, " Grant, Our Hero-Gitizen," were carved, the strand outline of the man would be drawn. As President of the United States, twice elected, he dis- played equal loyalty to the people's government as when serv- ing them in the field. He suffered no theory of his own to stand in the way of his executing in good faith any and all orders he received from those in authority over him. " This is a republic," he was wont to say, "where the will of the people is the law of the land. I beg that their voice may be heard." And in his record of eight long years, no man can put his fin- ger on a single instance where he was untrue to this declaration. And after havmg won and worn the highest military and civic honois the Republic could bastow, he stepped quietly down from his lofty elevation, and became again as one of us, the simple, unostentatious, private citizen. " We are a republic ! " (these are his words, not mine) — " We are a republic, whereof one man is as good as another before the law. Under such a form of government it is of the greatest importance that all should be possessed of education and intelligence to cast a vote with a right imdei-standing of EULOGY. 405 its meaning. Let us all labor to add all needful guarantees for isss. the more perfect security of free thought, free speech, and free press; pure moi-als, unfettered religious sentiments of equal rights and privileges to all men, irrespective of nativity, color, or religion." What noble precepts! Who can aild to, or im- prove upon them? The father of his country left to us, his children, a " fare- well address," which is still annually read with reverence and affection. These sentiments just quoted, and other like pre- cepts, are among those dropped from the pen of General Grant; and it will not be long before he will be awarded by the Amer- ican people, a common pedestal with him who, in the early days of the Republic, was pronounced "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Nor could the praises of his own country, or the adulation of the various nations that gird the earth, awake any vanity or pride of heart in him. To him kings and emperors, as he en- countered them, were more matters of study than admiration. Their pomp and parade were but glittering vanities in his eye. Back of them he was investigating the condition and welfare of their subjects. It was that that he was seeking to fathom and understand. He knew a far better form of government than any he had ever seen of imperial birth, and for that he spoke as he stood before kings, or was feted at royal banquets. In his pri- vate life and personal habits he studied ever to illustrate the democratic simplicity of republican institutions. His two great and peculiar virtues were courage and modesty ; courage in time of war, modesty in time of peace, — virtues which hypocrisy can never imitate, but which in him were pure gold. And these qualities of themselves seemed, to endow him with a marvelous power of drawing and holding men to him- self, and so enabling him to breast successfully all adverse forces. Like the waves before a ship in full sail, all opposition fell obedient before his advancing prow. His bloody march through the Wilderness strikingly illus- trated this feature in his character, and obtained for him abroad the name of " America's Iron Duke." How charmingly he carried this simplicity of demeanor into his family life, we have all been lateh^ told. The private life 406 MULOGt. 1S85. of very few men has been so rashly and ruthlessly exposed as — has been his. The curtain of his innermost chamber has been daily and most pitilessly drawn aside during the last two months, and the public invited to look, not only upon his hearthstone, but also upon his sick and dying bed. But he has stood the test, and the beholder has seen only the purest flame burning upon the domestic altar. No holier scenes of parental and conjugal love, were ever before disclosed, lingering in ten- der beauty to the very last; for we are told that after death there was found hidden upon his person a farewell message to wife and children, to be read after the spirit had taken its flight. What General Grant has done for his countrymen in the field, in public, and in private life, he has also done, though in a different way, in the home thus opened and disclosed to the people. Henceforth the shrine of married life will be made and kept purer and holier, because of his example. For whatever may be said of men who shamelessly fastened themselves like vampires upon his great name, to rob confiding friends, his personal integrity was above reproach. He was honest and generous in all his intercourse with his fellow-men. Menander, an old Greek poet of two thousand years ago, very truly said: — " In our own breast we have a god — our conscience. To live for self alone is not to live. Whenever you do that which is high and holy, be of good cheer, knowing that God himself takes part with rightful courage. The rich heart is the great thing that man wants." This " rich heart" was found in the breast of General Grant, — rich in all its throbbings for country, for family, and for fellow-men. And that same heart, acting with the strongr mind that ruled it, has left a type of character that will endure and bless the generations yet to be. Like those clear-cut col- umns that in their ruins stand out against the soft Egyptian sky, still gracing the cataracts of the upper Nile, though thou- sands of years have rolled away since first they rose in their beauty, so the example of this bright life shall stand and her- ald down its lessons for generations yet to come. If Joan of Arc, who lived four hundred years ago, is still remembered by the French soldiers who to this day " present arms " whenever KULOQY. 407 thoy enter her native town, how much more will he be remem- is 8 5. bered who has left us this glorious record! Though dead, his work is not done ; not half, no, not a thousandth part done. So, be assured, if another such day of darkness should fall upon our country, and the cannonades of fratricidal war again shake our hills, another Grant will arise to protect and preserve the flag of the Amei-ican Union. History will preserve the nobility of hLs record and hearts yet unborn will be kindled by the fire of his patriotism, and inspired to repeat his deeds and renew in themselves his primal glory. This, then, but alas how briefly told, is the record and the character of the man who has gone from us, but not wholly to disappear. His sun, apparently, has gone down in clouds, amid the muttering thunders of financial disaster and bodily distress; but its last rays have fringed them all with the pur- ple and gold of a king passing to his coronation ; while its after- glow will be transcend en tly glorious, touching as it will with heavenl}^ splendor every mountain-top in the land. And when its rays shall have faded into the silent night, and men's thoughts follow him into the skies through which he has passed, and their eyes discern in Orion's belt three shining stars of sur- passing glory, they will say: "Behold there the trinity of America's heroes! — Washington, Lincoln, and Grant." Then with your partmg salute, let us hear the soul-stirring strains to which the soldiers always march from the grave of a buried comrade; for our Hero has done great things for us and our country, "whereof we are glad." We thank God for his life and his great career; and to-day we rejoice with his as- cended spirit for all he was permitted to do for our reunited and happy country. Honorable men have already buried his body in the soil of the great State in which he died ; but the people through all our broad and ocean-girt land, have buried him in their heart of hearts ; and in their- imperishable love and that of their chil- dren and their children's children, he will live forever. CHAPTER XXIV. OPERATIONS IN VIRGINIA OUTSIDE OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. MCCLELLA N—PA TTERSON, 186 1. T X T^IIEN tlie Richmond Convention declared Vir- V V ginia out of the Union, its northwestern coun- west vir- ties repudiated the Secession Act, in a convention held tTsll. at Wheeling, May 13, 1861. The State of West Vir- ginia, containing fifty-four -counties, was afterward formed out of this section, thus dividing the territory of Virginia into two States. The operations in West Virginia, how- ever, will be given under this head. On the 22d of April, 1861, the command of all the enemy's forces in Virginia was conferred upon Colonel Robert E. Lee. On the same day the people of the territory west of the Alleghanies, which region had been settled mostly from the free States, held a meeting at Clarksburg, for the purpose of sustaining the Federal government. Virginia outside of this section proceeded in hot haste with the rebellion. She erected and armed bat- teries along her coast. On the right bank of the Poto- mac her batteries threatened to blockade the navigation of that river. In the latter part of May, .her militia were assembling at Harper's Ferry under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston. At the same time troops were being massed at Manassas Junction, thus menacing Washington and Maryland. On the Virginia side of the Potomac is a range of hills from Georgetown (408) M^^GLELLAN. ' 409 lo Alexandria, which command the national capital, isoi. They were connected with the Washington side by a bridge at, and one above, Georgetown, and by Long Bridge opposite the capital city. The Federals occupied these heights on May 24, and strongly fortified them ; they also strongly fortified on the Maryland side. These operations secured the national capital against its con- templated seizure by the enemy. General Scott placed General McDowell in command of the Federal forces about Washington. On the 1st of June the first shots were exchanged between the opposing forces in Virginia. A detachment of regular cavalry had moved out to Fair- fax Court House, and dislodged a post of the enemy; and on the same day the enemy's batteries drove a Federal vessel from Acquia Creek. At the bea;innino: of the war. General McClellan was General AT r^i n. assigned to the command of the Department of the Ohio, which included West Virginia. Soon after the secession of Virginia, McClellan, with about 5,000 men, was ordered to cross the Ohio, and advance along the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad toward Harper's Ferry. He crossed at Parkersburg shortly after, driving a force of the enemy, numbering about 1,500, under Colonel Por- terfield, from Grafton to Philippi ; the latter had been sent by Lee to take possession of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Grafton. The Federals followed, and on June 3 defeated the enemy at Philippi, after a brief p™^^^; engagement, Porterfield retreating to Huttonsville. For a time this move of McClellan's cleared the enemy from the greater part of West Virginia, and secured the rail- road ; but the Confederates, determined to destroy this railroad, returned again and again, and were as often driven away. Many sharp engagements took place be- tween the opposing forces for the possession of this road. no ' M(^GLELLAN. isai. At this time General Robert Patterson was in coui- mand of the Department of Pennsylvania, with head- quarters at Chambersburg, making preparations to attack General Joseph E. Johnston, who had a force of about 12,000 men at Harper's Ferry, and had sent a detach- ment across the Potomac, which now occupied Maryland coior.«i Heights. Colonel Lewis Walhice, in command of an Lew wai- jYj,jjajja regiment, moving to co-operate with Patterson, came upon a force of the enemy numbering about 1,000 Jane 11. nicu at Romnc}^, June 11, which force was menacing the Ohio Railroad. Wallace at once attacked, and routed the enemy after a sharp fight. On the 13th of June, General Johnston withdrew his forces from Maryland Heights, and evacuated Har- per's Ferry, retiring to .Charlestown, after destroying the railway bridge and the arsenal. He had become satisfied that he could not resist the approaching Feder- als under Patterson. The latter crossed and occujned Harper's Ferry on the 16th, but was obliged to return to Maryland on the 18th, as General Scott called a part of his force to Washington. The enemy again occuj)ied Romney in strong force, and destroyed the bridge of the railroad at New Creek. June 16. Q^ ^j^g 26th of Juue, Colonel McCook, with an Ohio Vienna. ^ regiment, defeated a regiment of the enemy at Vienna, Va., under Colonel Gregg. General B. F. Butler was placed in command of some 4,000 men about Portress Monroe and Newport News on May 22. General Magruder was in command of a strong force of the enemy at Yorktown, which is located on the right bank of the York River, ten miles from its mouth, with outposts at Big and Little Bethel. Butler sent General Pierce with about 2,500 men to drive the enemy from the Bethels, who retreated from Little Bethel on Federal approach. Pierce attacked PATTMHiSON—MGCLELLAN. 4ll Big Bethel June 10. At this point, which is about ten isoi. miles from Fortress Monroe, the enemy had thrown up j^^^^ breastwoi'ks behind a deep, marshy creek. After a B's i^'^t'"^^!- severe engagement. Pierce was defeated, with a loss of 16 killed and 40 wounded. Among the killed were Death of Major Theodore Winthrop and Lieutenant Greble of the thio^a"'" regular army. Lieutenant Kilpatrick (afterward a fa- ^^^^iT''' vorite and dashing general of cavalry) was among the wounded. On the 7th of Ausrust, General Magruder sent a Aug. 7. ■ Hampton. force against General Butler s outposts at Hampton, not far from Fortress Monroe. The enemy attacked the bridge spanning Hampton River, but were defeated by the Federals guarding it, after a sharp engagement. The enemy then burned the village of Hampton, and re- turned to Yorktown. On the 2d of July, at Falling Waters, Patterson en- July 2. 1 T 1 Falling countered a strong force of the enemy under Jackson waters/ (afterward called " Stonewall"), which was a portion of ^- ^^• Johnston's force. The enemy was defeated after a sharp engagement, when Jackson retreated to Winches- ter, where he rejoined Johnston. Patterson occupied Bunker Hill on the 15th, but on the 17th he turned J^^y i'- -' Bunker away from his enem}^, moving to the left in the direction pm, va. of Charlestown. This was the time that Johnston sud- denly rushed to the rescue of Beauregard at Bull Run.; Undoubtedly, if Patterson had kept Johnston in sight, the Federals would have won a decisive victory at Bull; Run. General Patterson claimed that he followed his instructions. He was soon afterward relieved by Gen- eral Banks. General McClellan, remaining at Grafton some days, had by the 4th of July about 20,000 men. General Garnett, formerly of the United States army, and a dis- f° ^' tinguished veteran of the Mexican war, was in command est r"inia. liavnott killod. 41*2 COX. isat. of a strong force of the enemy at Laurel Hill, liaving a detaohnieut under Colonel Pegram at Rich Mountain. July 8. McClellan moved against these forces witli about 10,000 orBelHS!men, and on July ^8 and 11 completely routed them, '''"■ Colonel Rosecrans with a small brigade having defeated Hk-h.Aumu- Pegram on the 11th. The Federals pressing close upon ^'""" the retreating enemy, Pegram surrendered at Beverly Kovoriy? ou the 12th, with about 500 men. Garnett was over- .iniy 14. taken at Carrick Ford on Cheat River on the 13th, FoX J^i^d on the following day his troops, after a severe uouerai encouutcr. were again routed, and dispersed to the mountains. General Garnett being among the killed. Numerous unimportant skirmishes and small fights took place during these early days of the war while large armies were being organized for more serious work, details of which cannot be presented here, and at the same time secure the brevity desired m this work. In West Virginia many such engagements occurred, which will be found in the list of battles and skirmishes given by States at the close of this volume. For convenience. West Virginia may be divided into two parts : one. the region of the Alleghanies ; the other, all that lies between the mountains and the Ohio River. Through the northern part of this State runs the Baltimore and Ohio railroad ; through the southern part, the Great Kanawha River, which flows from the east into the Ohio. Soon after Garnett's defeat b\' McClellan, a force of the enemy, under Wise, appeared on the Kanawha, but it was soon forced back across Gauley River by a brigade of Federals under General Cox. Wise retired to Lewis- burg, on the Greenbriar River, to the east of Sewelfs Mountain. Early in August, Floyd, Ex-United States Secretar}' of War, was sent from Richmond with a few troops to reinforce Wise. Assuming command. Floyd cox 413 drove Cox from Sewell's Mountain back to the south-- tsm. west, upon New River. Leaving Wise to watch Cox, he proceeded, with about 2,000 men, to Carnifex Ferr}', camifox on Gauley River. Before reaching that point, he came y^"^' upon a Federal regiment at Cross Lanes, which he attacked and routed. He then took a strong position at the ferry, intrenching. On the 3d of September, Rosecrans started from Charksburg with three brigades, under Benham, McCook, and Scammon, to go in search of Fh>yd. After a tedious march, passing through Weston and Suttonsville, the Federals reached Summersville, where the tired soldiers obtained a little rest. On the evening of the 9th they encamped at the foot of Gauley Mountain, about eight- een miles from Floyd's position. Becoming informed of the location of the enemy, Rosecrans put his army in motion at daylight on the 10th, reaching the vicinity of Floyd's position toward night, and at once attacked with Benham's brigade, which was in advance. But it be- came dark belore the other troops could get up, and after a severe conflict Benham withdrew at the order of his chief, who now made dispositions for an attack with his whole force on the following morning ; but Floyd was an adept at shpping out of his jacket, and during the night he "* skipped by the light of the moon." Rose- crans had accomplished his object, however; he had driven the enemy back into the mountains. September the 12th, General Robert E. Lee, in com- !?n>t. lo, i:? mand of about 9,000 men, attacked General Reynolds. Moum.iin, who was posted with about 2,000 men at Cheat Mountain. ' Lee was repulsed, and retired to'^untersville. He soon afterward moved to Sewell's Mountain, where he assumed command of the troops under Floyd and Wise, which, with his own, made an army of 20,000 men ; but before any movement of consequence could be made, Lee was 4 U HOSEGJi'AXS. ISO t. oitlevod to South Carolina, and Wise to Riclimond, a por- tion of his troops going to join Stonewall Jackson. sopt. as. On September '25. at Chapniansville. near the Ka- .iiio. nawlia, a iHHieral regiment routed a regiment ot Lees troops, causing it a loss of 35 men. When Lee moved to join Fkiyd, he left a brigade at llulValo Hill to guard the passes through the mountains 1!'"'.; ;'■ into Eastern Viriiinia. On October 4, Gent?ral Reynolds "ill- attacked this force, whose position was naturally very strong, and after a severe engagement he was repulsed and withdrew, returning to Cheat Mountain, ooi. oc. On the 2Gth of October, General Kellev. who, with a brigade of infantry and a regiment of caAalry, was guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Ixailroad on the upper Potoinac, moved against a- brigade of the enemy that had rearhed Eouiney, threatening the line of railroad. The FedtM'als attacked vigorously, and after a. severe engage- ment the enemy was routed with heavy loss, retreating toward Winchester. After Lee and Wise left Floyd, he still felt strong enough to attack Eosecrans, who was now encamped near the Cauley River. Floyd left Sewelfs Mountain on Oct. SO, and attempted to obstruct Rosecrans' com- Nov. 10. muuications at Oauley Rridge ; but the Federals soon u.uiioy forced him to withdraw. Rosecrans took his turn next, l>riiigo. and moving out with his whole force on the 11th of >iov., attacked Floyd on the 12th at Laurel Creek. The enemy made feeble resistance, retreating through Fayette- ville back to ihe mountains. I'he soldiers had little lighting, but the inarch was long and tedious. On the 20th of (Mober, Ceneral Stone, who was in commaml of a Federal force at Foolesville, Md., directed Colonel Dcvens. 15th Massachusetts, posted on ITar- risou's Island, to cross tlie Potomac and make a rccon- iKtiiisaiur ixhoui Leesburg; this was in co-operation with Jiostv /:axs- oJx' I) -isii 11:0)8. 415 a general nioveineiit in reconnaissance ordered by Me- is 01. Clellan. Colonel Devons landed at Ball's Blnff, with ~~ about 600 men, at dayliiilit on the 21st. Advaneing- ^]'';, ~^- ' * O <^ Ball's about one mile in the direetion of Leesburg, Devens was Bi"ff. attacked bj' a largely superior force of the enemy, when he retired toward Ball's Bluff. Stone sent him word to stand, and hastened Colonel Baker with about 1.200 men to his aid-. When Baker arrived in the afternoon, he found Devens heuimed in on three sides, his only retreat over the Blulf. But it was too late to retreat. The enemy, numbering about 3.200 under General Evans, was well covered by woods, while the Federals were in an open field. Evans attacked savagely about 2 r. M., and the battle at once became furious. General Stone had miscalculated the force of the enemy. The Federals defended their ground with great bravery until about 5 r. m. Colonel Baker had been killed about 4 ^"""^^ f Colonel r. M., while encouraging his troops. The Federals were Baker, of finally driven from their position, and pushed over the veteran ..r Blurt'^ with great loss, scarcely 800 escaping. Of the '''" ^'"- o 7 J 10 icau war. 1,0.00 lost, 225 w^ere killed and 250 wounded; the balance Avere made prisoners, including about 100 of the wounded. The loss of the enemy was about 350. On December 13, 1861, General Milroy, who had succeeded Reynolds at Cheat Mountain, attacked the enemy at Bulfalo Mountain. The engagement was quite severe, resulting in the repulse of the Federals, who returned again to Cheat Mountain. On the 20 th of December, a brio:ade under General ^''^- ^^• *- Pranes- Ord defeated a brigade of the enemy under General vine. Stuart at Dranesville, each force numbering about 2,500. Both were on a foraging expedition — Ord got the forage. On the 11th of March, 1862, Stonewall Jackson, is6-,\ who was in command of the enemy's forces in the 416 EOSJ^GEA NS—OEJJ— SHIELDS. 18 a 2. Shenandoah Valley since Lee had been called to another field, evacuated Winchester in consequence of the prox- imity of Banks's troops at Harper's Ferry, and the retreat of Johnston from Manassas, before McClellan. General Shields, of Banks's corps, followed Jackson as far as Strasburg, when Williams's division having been drawn from the valley to Manassas, Shields was com- pelled to return to Winchester. Jackson, thinking to crush Shields before lie could get assistance, turned March 23. upou him, Overtaking him near Winchester, March 23. tor. Shields feigned modesty for a time, retiring slowly until he had secured a good position, when Jackson's advance was checked, and after a hard-fought battle of about three hours the enemy was routed with a loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners of about 1,000 ; the Federal loss was 560. Each side had three brigades of infantry engaged. General Shields, who had been a Brigadier- General in the Mexican war, and had been twice wounded, was severely wounded on the evening of the 22d, while posting his troops to resist Jackson's advance. Notwithstanding his wounds, he directed the movements of the battle of the 23d. Previous to this, and during January and February, there had been several small engagements for the posses- sion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad between Han- cock and Harper's Ferry. Jackson had made a long and tedious march in a snow-storm from Winchester to Bath, a town near the Potomac, driving a Federal regiment across the river. Destroying the railroad at that point, he marched to Bomney, which place the Federal General Kelley evacuated on his approach. Jackson then returned to Winchester. A small force of the enemy being yet at Blooming Gap, McClellan directed General Lander to drive it back and protect the road. On Feb. 13, Lander attacked with great determi- nation, defeating the enemy, who retired to Winchester. MO DO WELL— BANKS— FREMONT. 417 Soon after McClellan had departed for Yorktown, is a 2. McDowell's corps, in three divisions, under Ord, McCall, and King, was sent to the vicinity of the Rappahannock. Shields's division was taken from Banks and placed under McDowell, to replace Franklin's division, Avliich had been given McClellan. Geary, with a small division, Avas at Manassas ; Banks, with about 6,000 men, was looking after Stonewall Jackson ; while Fremont, who had been transferred from the Department of Missouri, had an army of about 13,000 men, and was operating in West Virginia. Stonewall Jackson, at Staunton, was reinforced in May by E well's division and the brigade of General Ed- ward Johnson from the mountains, giving him a force of about 20,000 men. With the intention of defeating Fremont and Banks in detail, he sent Ewell with a division to hold Banks's attention, while he moved against Fremont with about 10,000 men. The latter was at Franklin. He had posted Mih-oy's brigade at the village of McDowell, situated at the foot of the western slope of Bull Pasture Mountain, where on May 7 Jackson attacked him. General Schenck, with a '^^^^' ^'' ^• •^ ... McDowell, brigade sent by Fremont, soon afterward joined Milroy, or buii and assumed command ; but this combined force, num- Mountains, bering less than 4,000 men, was not sufficient to resist ^'^' Jackson, and on the night of the 8th, after a severe engagement, Schenck retreated to Franklin. The Federal loss in this encounter was 246 ; the loss of the enemy was 461. Jackson returned swiftly to join Ewell, and on the 20th left New Market with 20,000 men. Marching rapidly, he surprised the Federal garrison of 850 men at Front Royal on the 23d, and after a desperate struggle May ai nearly all the Federals who had not been killed were ^'^°'^j taken prisoners. The same day a brigade under General 27 418 FREMONT— BANKS— SHIELDS. is6^. Heth, detached from Jackson's command, attacked a Federal brigade under Colonel Crook, of Fremont's Lewisburg. conimand, at Lewisburg. Crook handsomely defeated Heth, taking 400 prisoners. Immediately after Jackson's success at Front Royal, he started to get in the rear of Banks, who was at Strasburg. He had reached a point nearer to Winches- ter than Banks, when, during the night of the 23d, the latter learned of the Front Royal disaster. At 2 a. m. of the 24th, Banks started his little army on a race for Winchester, where he arrived at midnight. Jackson May 25. was close upon him, and on the morning of the 25th the ^^inc es- j^g(jg|.^jg ^ere compelled to fight four times their num- ber. A severe battle followed. Banks succeeded in breaking the grapple of his antagonist, with a loss of 38 killed, 155 wounded, and 711 prisoners, losing but 55 out of 500 wagons, and saving all his artillery. He reached Williamsport that evening, and crossed the Po- tomac — and the people of Washington were scared. Efforts were now made by the Federal authorities to entrap Jackson, who, after leaving Banks, threatened Harper's Ferry. Fremont was started for Strasburg, McDowell put Shields's division in motion for Front Royal, while Banks was to follow Jackson as he retired. The race began May 30, Jackson having learned of the movement to cut off his retreat. He reached Harrison- June C. Harrison- burg ou tho 5th of Juuc, where on the 6th, being closely ^"^' pressed by Fremont, he left his cavalry to attack and delay the Federal advance, while he hastened on with his infantry. His cavalry commander. General Ashby, Ashby^ '^^^s killed in a fight with Bayard's cavalry on the 7th, killed. while endeavoring to check the pursuing column. Leav- ing Ewell with his division to detain Fremont, he pushed forward, reaching the west bank of the Shenandoah opposite Port Republic on the 7th. Colonel Carroll, FREMONT— B A NKS— SHIELDS. 419 with a brigade of Shields's division, had reached that is an. town, and was posted to defend the bridge ; but Jackson . attacked with a dash, and securing the bridge he crossed, and took possession of the town. Meantime Fremont had forced Ewell back to Cross Keys, where on the J,""° J ^ •^ ^ Cross Keys. 8th a severe engagement took pkce, but without re- sult, Ewell holding his ground. Carroll had retired a short distance, where he was joined by General Tyler's brigade of Shields's division. The latter taking com- mand, drew up his little army of 3,000 men, determined to resist a foe numbering 15,000, Jackson having called Ewell to his assistance. The latter had left a small bri- gade deployed in heavy skirmish line, which succeeded in deceiving Fremont. On the 9th the enemy assaulted p""^''^;. Tyler's position with one half of his force, and received p^wic a severe repulse, after a sharp battle. Jackson then hastily called the brigade left at Cross Keys, and burned the bridge. The battle was renewed, the enemy as- saulting in heavy force. The Federal soldiers were ob- stinate, fighting with great determination, but were finally forced from their position, when they retreated in good order to Conrad's store, where the remainder of Shields's division w^as stationed. The Federal loss at Port Republic and Cross Keys was about 1,000 ; Jack- son's loss, 1,150. This ended the pursuit. Fremont returned to his mountain department. Banks to Stras- burg, and Shields. to Fredericksburg. Stonewall Jack- son was now called hastily to Richmond, where on June 27 we find him aiding Lee in his attack upon McClellan's army at Gaines's Mill. In West Virginia, on Jan. 3, 1863, a brigade of the i^es. enemy's cavalry under General Jones captured a detach- ^^"oreQ^,,,! ment of sixty Federals at Moorefield. On Feb. 26, Jones came upon two regiments of Federal cavalry near strasburg Strasburg, which he defeated in a brief engagement, ™'''^- 420 KEYMii— FECK— GETTY. 1S63. capturing 200 of their number. Sending a detacliment across the Potomac, a small force of Federals were also March 30. capturod ncar Poolesville, Md. Jones did not fare so Point ^^gji g^^ Point Pleasant, where on March 30 he was se- April 28. verely repulsed ; also at Greenland Gap, in the Allegha- Grtcniand nics, April 28, where he tried in vain to force the defile. Gap. J r ^ ; April 29 '^^^ following day, near Fairmont, he captured about Fairmont. IQO Federals and destroyed a magnificent iron railroad bridge over the Monongahela River. Suffolk, Va., situated on the Nansemond River, was occupied by General Peck with about 9,000 men in September, 1862. This force was a part of the 4th Corps, which corps, under General Keyes, was stationed at Fortress Monroe, Yorktown, Fort Magruder near Williamsburg, Norfolk, and Suffolk. We have seen that in McClellan's campaign, Yorktown and Norfolk then fell into the hands of the Federals. Peck was strongly fortifying at Suffolk when, in January, 1863, a brigade of the enemy under General Pryor approached near enough to become an annoyance. Peck sent the Corcoran Jan 30. brigade against him, which attacked Pryor at Kelly's stored' store, on January 30. After a brief engagement the enemy retired. ' Peck was not again menaced until the April 12 Longstrcet 12th of April. It has been stated that one of the snE'k''°'' causes of Hooker's Chancellorsville movement against Lee was Longstreet's departure with three divisions of Lee's army in the direction of Suffolk, thus weakening May' 4." " Loc's amiy. On April 12, Longstreet approached Suffolk siXik^ with four divisions, under Hood, Anderson, Pickett, and French, the latter being a newly formed division. Peck had been reinforced by a division under General Getty. Peck's outposts were driven in, and on the 13th, at noon, the enemy appeared in force before the Federal position. Longstreet turned his first attention to building batteries for the purpose of driving away the Federal PECK— GETTY. 421 gun-boats, several of these war vessels, which were a isgs. terror to land troops, being present to aid in the Federal defense. Strdhg demonstrations against the fortifications • were made while the enemy's batteries were being erected at Hill's Point. On the 14th an artillery battle took place between these batteries and the Federal vessels, lasting four hours. Lieutenant Gushing, in command of the vessels, succeeded in silencing the batteries ; but the vessels were considerably damaged. Longstreet continued to build batteries, while sharp skirmishing was kept up between the opposing forces. On the evening of the 19th, General Getty, with 300 picked men, accompanied and aided by Lieutenant Lamson, of the navy, embarked on a small steamer with the intention of capturing two of the most troublesome of these batteries, which had become greatly annoying to the passing Federal vessels. The Federal batteries opened fiercely, the fleet also engaging in the cannonade. When Getty arrived near the enemy's batteries, the Federal guns suddenly ceased. Lamson then ran the vessels aground, when the soldiers leaped ashore with Getty in the lead. Within a few minutes both batteries were captured, with 160 prisoners and five pieces of artillery. The Federal loss was only four killed and ten wounded. Longstreet now began a regular siege, bringing heavy guns from Richmond. A division of infantry under General D. H. Hill operating in North Carolina was ordered to join Longstreet, which arrived on May 2 ; but Longstreet was soon called away. Hooker, at Chan- cellors ville, had frightened the enemy's government, and on May 3 Longstreet raised the siege and marched his army to Richmond. Peck sent Getty with about 7,000 men to harass his rear, and they had sharp fighting from noon till dark with Hill's division, which formed the 422 STF.VEiW'^ SMITH. istiH.' rear giiiird. On tliu inoniing oC Uic 4Ui, (Jetty becjuini satisfied tliat tlie enemy were departing for Richmond, and gave up the chase, returning to Sulibllv. Sept. c, 11. On tlie ()th of September, 1803, a, force of tlie enemy vv'.'v.u ' numbering about 1,500 men a,tta,cl< Moorefield, occupied by 250 Federal troops under Mnjor Stevens ; and al- though a determined assault is made, it is repulsed ; but on the night of the 11th the enemy return, and surprise the garrison. After a brief encounter, the Federals are overpowered. Stevens escapes with about one half of his force. l Oct. 18. On the 18th of October, 1803, a superior force of lo'Ivn'r ^l^G enemy surprise the 9th Maryland infantry and a ^^'- ^"- . small cavalry force at Charlestown, near Harper's Ferry. The Federals heroically jesist, but are compelled to re- tire, and soon after, coming upon another force that has succeeded in getting in their rear, they charge, cutting a passage through, and escape to Harper's Ferry, leaving a considerable number of prisoners, however, in the hands of the Confederates. On the 21st of December, Colonel Smith, with four Doc. 23. regiments of Gregg's cavalry, leaving Bealeton, arrives '^';;;''''" at Thornton Ga,p next day, where he puts to flight a i detachment of the enemy stationed there; and on the Doc. 23, 23d, at Luray, he scatters another detachment; then, \ Ti'iS. " crossing the Shenandoah, he reaches Fort Valley, a, mountain pass, where he drives olT the enemy's guard and destroys their stores. Keturning tlirongh Little Washington, he arrives within tlie Union lines on the 25th. In July, 1803, two Federal regiments, the 2d Vir- ginia and the 34th Ohio, both mounted, under Colonel Toland, experience a terrible time in South-western Vir- ■'"i.v n. ginia. This force left Brownstovvn, and pushing soutli- vii'io.""" ward, arrived at Jelfersonville on the ITth, where they TOLAND—A VElllLL 423 captured 35 prisoners. Pushing on tliey reached Wythe- i.v«.-;. ville the following day, A heavy force of the enemy ,,„|y .^ was there rehdy to receive them; they bravely charge ^^-^ ""'""'• through the town, but are nearly surrounded, and driven back with severe loss. Colonel Toland being among the rj",*','',', killed. The Federals retreat to Fayetteville, after hav- '^"'^'^'• ing another hard fight at East Mountain, where they lou^t arrive completely exhausted and nearly starved. For """ '""' four days they have been without provisions, except the little they are enabled to pick up in a deserted country. Many of their horses have died of starvation. The object of the expedition was to cut the Tennessee Rail- road, but it proved a fiiilure, the force being too small. In August an attempt was again made upon the Tennessee Railroad by General Averill, with a brigade Averiirs niids. of cavalry. This officer was at this time serving under General Kelley in West Virginia. General Averill, proceeding southward from Traveler's Repose, arrived at White Sulphur Springs on the 26th, where he met a f^''^- ^e. '•■'■'-' vviutc! Sill- brigade of the enemy's cavalry under General Jones, pi>ii>' tatrongiy posted. The Federals at once attacked, but \ failed to dislodge the enemy. They resumed the attack the following morning, in hopes of receiving aid from an expected Federal force under General Scammon from Lewisburg. Disappointed in this, Averill gradually withdrew, and retired northward to Iluttonsville. In the affair at White Sulphur Springs, each side sulfered a loss of about 150 in killed and wounded. On the 1st of November, 1863, General Averill, with his brigade, accompanied by two regiments of in- fantry, leaves Beverly for a raid southward. On the ^^^_ ^ 6th, four miles south of Hillsboro, he finds the troops of"""'i' Moimt.iiiii. his old antagonist, Jones, awaiting him on Droop Mount- . ain, in a well-selected position. Averill opens at once with his artillery, followed soon after by a brilliant 1:24 A VMRILL. 1863. charge with his whole force. After a short but fierce engagement, the enemy is put to flight and pursued for ten miles, completely routed. Averill now proceeds to destroy several supply depots and saltpetre manufacto- ries, when he returns northward, reaching New Creek on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on the 17th ; but he had not cut the Tennessee Railroad, which was the object of the expedition. Again, on Dec. 8, General Averill starts in another attempt against this railroad. He will be aided this time by three other expeditions, organized and sent out by General Kelley in different directions, to divert the attention of the enemy. Averill reaches Salem on that railroad on the 16th. Plere the enemy have a large supply depot; this is destroyed, and at last the railroad is cut. The Federals tear up the road for twenty miles, also burning several of its bridges ; but now comes the most dif&cult part of the task, and that is to return to friendly territory. Early, who now commands the ene- my's troops in this section, is endeavoring to weave a net from which they will be unable to escape. They march some ten miles northward that evening, when they halt for the night. Early the following morning they push on, arriving on the evening of the 17th at New Castle, and secure food for tired and hungry men and horses. The Federals are now in a critical position ; escape seems almost impossible. But fortune smiles upon them ; they capture a courier bearing a dispatch from Jones to Early, discovering the position and move- ments of the pursuers. Knowing these, Averill now dodges between the concentrating detachments of the enemy, and saves his three regiments and battery ; but the sufferings of the soldiers have been terrible. A cold, freezing rain set in on the 17th, covering everything with ice. Fires could not be built without exposing AYERlLL—iiRiEL. -125 IS 04. their location to the enemy, and they were coinpelled to abandon their train, which they destroyed. Nearly frozen, ftimished with hunger, and exhausted by long- marches and little sleep, their distress became dreadful. They reached home again on January 1, 1864. Averill had lost about 100 men, and had brought back about 125 prisoners. On the 30th of January, 1864, a force of the enemy's ^;^^J^- cavalry under General Rosser, captured in Hardy County, county, W. Va., a Federal train loaded with supplies. The o'uard of 250 men, with 1,000 head of cattle, was also • Feb 3 captured. On February 3, at Patterson Creek station, p,^tievson Rosser also captured a company of Federal soldiers ; but ^^'''^■ he was soon overtaken by General Averill near Romney, and after a short engagement was defeated, with the loss of all the prisoners he had taken, besides many of his own men taken prisoners. On the 15th of May, General Breckenridge defeated •^ ^ • . May 15. General Sigel near New Market, Va. The opposuig New Mar- forces were of equal strength, about 6,000 men each. Sigel's loss was about 600 men. His destination was Lynchburg, having left Winchester on the 1st of May. He had now received a severe check, and fell back to Cedar Creek, near Strasburg. Sigel and Crook had been ordered by Grant to move simultaneously with all the armies on May 1, the former up the Shenandoah Valley, the latter with 10,000 men up the Kanawha. Crook sent Averill with about 2,000 to destroy the lead- works at Wytheville. On May 10, Averill met a superior force of the ^J".^;,^^^^:„^, enemy at that place, and after a brief encounter he re- tired with his object unaccomplished. Crook, pushing forward, destroyed a portion of the Virginia and Tennes- see Railroad near DubUn station. Here he was attacked JJ;^^|'" '*''■ by a strong force of the enemy ; the latter was defeated 426 HUNTER. IS 4. with severe loss. Crook then retired to Meadow Bluft', Mead^ after having destroyed the railroad for several miles and ^'"*^- an important bridge over New River. General Grant was disappointed in Sigel's operations, and on the 21st June 5. General Hunter superseded him. On the 5th of June, orMTnit Hunter, with about 8,500 men, met the enemy, number- crawford. ^^^ about 6,000, uudor Vaughan, at Piedmont. Vaughan was utterly routed, after a hard-fought battle of ten Death of hours' duratlou, with the loss of 1,000 in prisoners. Jones. General W. E. Jones was among the enemy's killed. Having been joined by Crook and Averill on the 8th, Lynchburg. Huntcr pushed forward for Lynchburg, appearing before that place with about 16,000 men on June 18. But Early had arrived from Richmond with 12,000 men ; Breckenridge and Vaughan were also there. Hunter thus finding 25,000 men before him, well intrenched, his own army 250 miles from his source of supplies, and short of ammunition, he determined to retire. During the day the enemy moved out in strong force, and attacked savagely, but were driven back after a severe . fight. At night the Federals quietly withdrew. Early started in pursuit the following morning, but Hunter reached Salem in safety. The enemy followed some farther, but caused little trouble. The Federals contin- ued their retreat, passing New Castle on the 22d, suffer- ing dreadfully for food, and from the hardships of a forced march over rugged mountains. They had, how- ever, inflicted immense damage upon the enemy, by the destruction of his factories, foundries, flouring mills, etc., from Port Republic to Lynchburg. In the latter part of June, Lee, being so closely Early',, huggod by Grant, started Early down the Shenandoah Valley with about 25,000 men, — in fact, the same forces with which he had opposed Hunter, — the intention being to invade Maryland and Pennsylvania, and to threaten HUiVTER. 427 Washington, hoping thereby to dniw off a part, at least, mo^. of Meade's army. Early left Staunton June 28, crossing the Potomac at Shepherdstown July 3, General Sigel with a small force retiring before him from Martinsburg, through Harper's Ferry, to Maryland Heights. Early reached Hasrerstown, Md., July 6. On the 7th a Federal J"iy '^• ° 7 7./ ^ Frederick, force of about 700 men under Colonel Clendennin had a Md. severe fight with a detachment of Early's troops, num- bering 1,000 men, at Frederick, Md. The enemy was defeated, and hastily retired. General Lew Wallace, in command at Baltimore, had hastened to the Monocacy River, gathering all the troops possible for opposing Early, and had sent Colonel Clendennin toward Middle- town on a reconnaissance, when the fight noted above occurred. General Grant had already ordered the 6th Corps, under General Wright, to Washington, and one division was near at hand. Wallace withdrew his troops from Frederick to the Monocacy on the 8th, where he was joined by Ricketts's division of the 6th Corps. He made his position as strong as possible, and awaited the enemy. General E. B. Tyler commanded his right, and. Ricketts his left. This force numbered about 5,500 men. Early advanced against him on the morning of the 9th, beginning the attack about 9 a. m., and the Mwiocucy. battle soon became hot, raging till noon. Two desperate charges in overwhelming numbers were gallantly re- pulsed by the Union troops. The Federals held their ground against 15,000 men until 5 p. m., when, not being reinforced, and not feeling strong enough to resist further assaults, Wallace ordered a retreat, falling back about twelve miles, when, as Early did not pursue, he rested his wearied men. The enemy were in no condi- tion to follow at once ; they had suffered severely, and had exhausted their fury. The Federal loss had been about 100 killed, 600 wounded, and 700 taken prison- ers j the loss of the enemy was about 1.200. 4^8 HUNTER 18 04. On the 10th of July, a force of the enemy's cavahy approached Baltimore, but did nothing more than to de- stroy some railroad track and bridges. A train of cars was stopped, the passengers plundered, and the cars burned. Major-General Franklin, being on the train, was captured, but he soon escaped his sleepy guards. Early slowly approached Washington, and on the July 12. 22th appeared before the northeast fortifications of the Early be- ^ -^ foio the Federal capital. At this time the other two divisions of the United the 6th Corps arrived, also the division-s of Dwight and states. Grover of the 19th Corps, which corps had recently arrived at Fortress Monroe from New Orleans, intended for Meade's army, but turned toward Washington at the request of the President. Early quickly saw that the Federal works were strongly manned, and wisely con- cluded not to attack. During the afternoon the Federals sent out a reconnoitering force, which had a sharp en- . gagement with a portion of Early's troops, resulting in advantage to neither side ; and that night the enemy re- tired, passing through Rockville to Edwards's Ferry, where he crossed the Potomac on the 14th, and moved through Leesburg and Snicker's Gap to the Shenandoah Valley. Hunter had been anxiously looked for by the Federal authorities at Washington for several days, but he had been unable to reach Harper's Ferry until Early had re- treated. General Wright was placed in command of the forces at Washington, and at once gave pursuit to Early. His advance overtook and skirmished sharply with July 18. Early's troops on July 18, at Snicker's Ferry, on the Ferry and Shcuandoah Rivor, and at Ashby's Gap. The Federal Gap^*^^ loss in the two encounters was about 500 men. Wright pursued no farther, and soon afterward returned to Washington, leaving Crook's troops at Harper's Ferry. On the 20th of July, Averill, moving from Martins- IIUXTICR. 420 bui'ii', li.'ul a. sovore ongaj2;ciuent. with a dotaolunont of tstit. (ho tMieniy near Winclioster. The latior was deioated _,„, ~, with a loss of about 500 men ; lAnhM-al hiss, 250. ^^J;'"''^'^ Avorill lluMi retired, hoini;- menai'cMl by Kjarly. Crook, believing that Early had gone to Kii'hiuond, moved from Harper's Ferry to Kernstown, where, on duly 2o, •'""> -' Early appeared before him, altaeking and driving back his advance on the 24th. A severe eonlliet followed, ■'"'> "' W'iiu'lu's eompelling Crook to hastily retreat lo Martinsburg. i,m. Crook had suilered a h)ss of over 1,000 men. Colonel ^,^,_^, Mulligan, of Lexington fame, was among the Federal M"iii?;.'n killed, lie had declined a. commissu)n as Tsrigadier- General, priderring to remain with his reginuMil, the 'J-'hI Illinois. On the 25th, Crook crossed tlu^ Poloinac, after a lively artillery duel. At this time Early sent about o,000 cavalry on ;i raid into Pennsylvania,. They plundered as they went, reachiim- Chambersburg duly -U), where thev demand(>(l •'"'>■ '><'■ a. large sum of money of the citizens ; this being refused, tun-, ivnu. they burned the larger part of the town. (The ])opula- tiou of Chambersburg was at that time between 4.000 and 5,000.) Ceneral Averill was at (^reencastle with nbout 2,500 cavalry, and was soon upon their track, pursuing them to Hancock so closely thai they did but little furtluM- damage. The enemy cirossed the Potomac at. lhinco(dv. Averill continuinl the pursuit, and came upon them at Moor(dield, W. Va,., August 7, wlu>r(> in a ah- v. lively fight he defeated them, capturing their trains, JJ""j''"''''i- guns, and 500 prisoners. Ceneral Grant had ordered the ()tli and V?[\\ (\)rps to join him before Petersburg, sup[)()sing, as reported, that Early had returned toward Ivichmond. These two corps had reached Georgetown when Ceneral Crant learned of Crook's defeat at Kernstown, and he at once ordered them back to Harper's Ferry. Ih^ also siMit 1:30 SHERIDAN. 18 6 4. Phil Sheridan to organize an army that would keep Early in sight. Sheridan assumed command August 7, relieving General Hunter, when the Departments of Washington, Susquehannah, West Virginia, and the Middle Department were merged into the Middle Mil- itary Division, under General Sheridan. While making preparations for a forward move, Sheridan held Early back, shielding Maryland and Pennsylvania. His army, numbering about 22,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry, lay near Berryville. Two divisions of cavalry, under Generals Wilson and Torbert, had joined him from the Army of the Potomac. The enemy's forces were posted in front of Winchester, covering that town. Sheridan had advanced from Hall- town on the 10th of August, reaching Cedar Creek on the 12th, Early retiring before him as far as Fisher's Hill. Lee now reinforced Early by a division under Anderson. Learning this, Sheridan fell back to Berry- ville on the 17th, destroying or carrying off, en route, everything that would afford sustenance to the enemy. Early followed to Winchester, where he became united with Anderson. Early advanced on the 21st, and on the 25th reached Shepherdstown, Sheridan retiring to Hall town. These wary chiefs were watching each other for an opportunity to gain an advantage. Early would again cross the Potomac if he dared, but Sheridan out- generaled him, and on the 26th he returned to Winches- ter, and took position on the west bank of the Opequan, the Federal general moving up to Berryville. Both armies remained as thus posted until Sept. 15, when Lee recalled Anderson to Richmond, in consequence of Grant's movement for possession of the Weldon Rail- road. Anderson started for Richmond on Sept. 3, but coming in collision with Sheridan's troops, he was driven hura SHE RID AN. 4:31 back, which delayed his departure for Richmond. On ism. Sept. 15, Grant visited Sheridan, and being satisfied with his arrangements, told him to " go ahead." On Sept. 19, at 3 a. m., Sheridan put his army in motion, Wilson's cavalry in advance, followed by the 6th Corps ^''^J',,.^^'^^ under General Wright, and the 19th Corps under winches- General Emory. The 8th Corps under General Crook^ coming from Summit Point, joined Sheridan at the Opequan Ford. Owing to unavoidable delays, the Federals did not get into position, before Winchester until about 9 a. m. Early had sent a strong force from his left on a reconnaisscmce to Martin sburg, where its advance had a spirited fight on the 18th with Averill. g^pf jg. Early now hastened its return to aid him in resisting Martins- Sheridan. Averill followed closely. Sheridan formed his line with Wilson's cavalry on the left, Wright joining him, Emory next, with Merritt's and Averill's cavalry on the extreme right, Crook in reserve. At 10 A. M. Rickett's division of the 6th Corps and Grover's division of the 19th Corps were advanced to the attack. They make a gallant charge, driving the enemy from his first line, when in turn they are forced back. Sheridan pusl^es forward his other divisions, and the battle becomes furious. For a time the enemy seem to be gaining the advantage. The Federals soon check this success, however, and force the foe back to his original line. The battle rages fiercely until about 3 p. M., by which time Sheridan has placed Crook, with the 8th Corps, on the extreme right, and now throws it vigorously against Early's left flank, at the same time directing a charge along the whole line, first upon each flank, then upon the center. The enemy's flanks soon crumble before the determined charge of the Federal cavalry, then his center gives way. On press the Federals, and backward go the enemy, "whirling through 432 SHEEIDAK is^4. "VYinchester " toward Strasburg, thoroughly defeated. They lost 2,500 men in prisoners ; in killed and wounded, Generals about 3,500. Geuerals Rodes and A. C. Godwin were Eodes and Godwin among the enemy's killed. The Federal loss was about 560 killed, 3,000 wounded, and 500 missing. General Death of David A. Russell, commanding a division in the 6th Russell. Corps, was among the Federal dead. He was a graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mexican war with distinction. Early retreated to Fisher's Hill, four miles south of Strasburg and twelve miles south of Winchester. D;irk- ness had stopped the Federals at Winchester ; but early on the 20th Sheridan started in pursuit, and that evening approached Early's position, which was a strong one, protected by breastworks. The 21st was consumed in maneuvering. At daylight on the 22d the Federals miJ"^^ opened the battle, and soon after made a determined •assault, driving the enemy at all points. The 8th Corps had been quietly sent to the rear of Early's position, which movement was concealed by deep woods; and when the 6th and 19th Corps had engaged the Confed- erates in front, Crook rushed upon their rear, surprising and throwing their ranks into great confusion. After a brief struggle. Early was again put to flight, with a loss of 16 guns and 1,100 taken prisoners. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was about 750 ; that of the enemy, unknown. The enemy was pursued to Port Republic, where a large train was captured and destroyed. Sheridan sent his cavalry in pursuit as far as Waj^iesboro, destroying a large quantity of the enemy's supplies at Staunton. He then recalled his cavalry, and on the 6th of October moved down the Shenandoah Valley to Cedar Creek, laying waste everything that could comfort the enemy. Early's cavalry under General Rosser followed Sher- SHERIDAN. 438 idan's rear, and on Oct. 9, at Tom's Brook, near Fisher's is a 4. Hill, Sheridan directed General Torbert with his cavalry ^ ~ ' -^ Oct. 9. to " order Rosser back." Torbert charged, and the Tom's enemy obeyed the order, leaving behind 330 prisoners, strasbiirg, most of his artillery, and his wagon train, the Federal gtotk^""*^ cavalry pursuing beyond Mount Jackson. Sheridan now posted his army on the east bank of Cedar Creek, near the North Fork of the Shenandoah, as follows : the 8th Corps (Crook's) on the left and on the left of the turnpike leading to Strasburg; on Crook's right was the 19th Corps, and on the right of the 19th Corps, and nearly at right angles with it, the 6th Corps. The cavalry was posted on each flank. Leaving General Wright in command. General Sher- idan proceeded on Oct. 15 to Washington on official bus- o<^*- ^s, ^ ^ . '^ ^ Sheridan iness, in accordance with a request of the Secretary of goes to War. The 6th Corps had been started on the 10th to ton.^""^" rejoin Meade, but Early becoming bold, Wright was re- called. Early had now been reinforced by about 10,000 men, coming mostly from Richmond, and determined to regain his lost reputation, on the morning of Oct. 19, ^^*- ^^• at dayhght, he quietly stole upon his antagonist, sud- creek. denly attacking with his whole force. It was a complete surprise ; Crook's corps was broken up before it could form line. The 19th Corps fought desperately, but be- fore the 6th Corps, now under Ricketts, could come to its aid, its left was forced back. The 6th Corps was Federals ' _ driven. soon engaged. Ricketts was wounded, when Getty as- sumed command of the corps. General Wright now saw the necessity of order- wrigbt ing a retreat to save his army from rout. The 6th ^^^^^ ^f^^^^^ Corps and the cavalry corps covered the backward move- rout. ment. Wright fell back to a point about four miles from the first position, leaving 18 guns and nearly 1,000 prisoners in the enemy's hands. Sheridan left Washing- 28 434 SHEBIDAK IS 04. Sheridan at Winchester on his re- tn?n from Washing- ton. Shsridan's horse put to its mettle. "Face the other way, boys I" The hero of Shenan- doah again at the head of his troops. Assumes the offen- sive. Sheridan leads his men. The enemy routed. Knighted a Major-Gen- eral in the regular army. - Death of General Ramseur. ton at noon of the 18th, and stopped over night at Win- chester. At 9 A. M. of the 19th he started for his army, still unconscious of its danger. He soon came within hearing of the roar of cannon, when he crowded his horse to its utmost speed. As he neared the scene of the con- flict, he met many of his men with sorrowful faces, still retreating. Swinging his hat he shouted, " Face the other way, boys, face the other way! We are going back to our camps ! " Repeating this as he passed along, the tide turned, the soldiers loudly cheering for Sher- idan. At about 10 A. M. Sheridan reached the front, where the Federals were now holding the enemy in check. Large numbers of Early's troops had stopped to pillage the Federal camp. He at once reformed his lines. Wright returned to his corps, Getty to his divis- ion. At 1 p. M. Early again attacked, and was hand- somely repulsed. At about 3 p. m. Sheridan assumes the offensive, pushing forward his whole line to the at- tack. The conflict soon becomes furious. The enemy is behind rail breastworks and stone fences, and resists with great determination ; but Early's left finally gives way before a gallant charge led by Sheridan himself. The whole Federal line then dashes forward, and Early is again routed, the Federal cavalry pursuing through Strasburg, capturing 24 pieces of artillery and 1,600 prisoners, also retaking the 18 guns lost in the morning. For this victory Sheridan was made a Major-General in the regular army. Sheridan now made his headquarters at Kernstown, and rested his troops. Since the 7th of August, Sheridan had caused the enemy a loss of 25,000 men, 13,000 of whom were pris- oners. His own loss had been about 15,000. Among the enemy's losses at Cedar Creek was General Stephen D. Ramseur. He died of his wound on the 20th of October. SHERIDAN. 435 Extract from a paper prepared by General James H. Kidd, i864. commanding officer of the Michigan cavalry brigade in the battle fougiit at Cedar Creek, Shenandoah Valley, Ya., Oct. cieek. 19, 1864:— General The engagement at Cedar Creek will take its place as one of ^^^."0,^^^^ ^f the decisive battles of history. Like Blenheim and Balaklava, the battle it will be remembered while literature lasts. One of its dramatic °* '^f^^^^ Creek. incidents furnished a theme for the poet's song, and " Sheridan's Eide," like "Hoi-atius," will remain until the human imagination can no longer be thrihed by the recital of heroic deeds. Thus doth poesy erect a monument — one more enduring than bronze or marble — to the memory of the brave. Yet the events of thaj^day have been greatly misunderstood. The popular imagination, inflamed b}^ the heroic verse of Hal- leck, sees only the salient points, — the morning surprise, the rout, the mass of fleeing fugitives, the victors in exultant pur- suit, Sheridan's ride, the magic influence of his arrival on the field in arresting the headlong flight of a mob of panic-stricken fugitives, wresting glorious victory from humiliating defeat. With all due allowance for poetical license, this idea does a cruel injustice to the gallant men who were maimed or killed on that hard-fought field. It is due to the truth that every detail of that famous fight should be told, that no undeserved shadow may rest upon the fame of the men who took part in it. History, so-called, has been misleading. The American Cyclopedia (Vol. XVI.) informs us that Sheridan " met the fugitives a mile and a half from town (Winchester), and with a brigade which had been left in Win- chester moved upon the enemy, who had begun to intrench themselves." The absurdity of such " history " ought to be self- evident. Imagine a " brigade of infantty " folloAving Sheridan on his wild ride of " twenty miles," and then rushing to attack an army, which, if the popular notion were true, had just whipped four army corps. Of course the statement is an absurd one. No brigade came from Winchester. No brigade could have come from Winchester; and had such a thing been possible, it would have constituted a slight factor in the contest. There were in the Federal army on that eventful 19th of October, 1864, seven brigades of infantry (the 6th Corps), seven brigades of cavalry (the cavalry corps), not to mention one division (Grover's) — four brigades — of the 19th Corps, making eighteen 436 SHERIDAN. 18 64. brigades in all, that were neither surprised in their camps nor in — the slightest degree demoralized at any time during the progress Creek. ^^ ^^® battle, and which had forced Early to stop short in his headlong career of victory long before the famous black charger had brought his fiery rider to the field. The 8th Corps, which , was surprised, was a small corps of only five brigades, and although after Kershaw's onset it was practically eliminated, there was a fine army left that needed only the guiding hand of Sheridan to put it in motion and win a victory. It is not the purpose of this paper to give all the details of that great battle, but to narrate what a single actor saw, — some things that do not appear in the official records, that are not a part of the written history of the war ; some incidents that are important only as they throw light on the shadowy images of the past, though possessing a passing interest in themselves ; — to do justice to the splendid coura-ge displayed by the cavalry, especially the Michigan cavalry, on that occasion ; to pay the tribute of my admiration to the gallantry and steadiness of the old 6th Corps ; and, finally, to relate a circumstance known probably to no other person living, and which will be now for the first time committed to the keeping of the types, that reflected the highest credit upon the courage and capacity as a commander of the gallant Colonel Lowell, who was killed. Cedar Creek is a small stream that rises in. the Blue Eidge, runs across the valley, at that point only four miles wide, and pours its waters into the Shenandoah near Strasburg. It is very crooked, fordable, but with steep banks, difficult for artillery or wagons, except where a way had been carved out at the fords. It runs in a south-easterly course, so that its mouth is four miles or more south of a line drawn due east from the point where it deserts the foot-hills on the west side of the valley. The valley itself is shut in between the Blue Mountains on one side, and the Massanutten, a spur of the great North Mountain, on the other. It is traversed north and south by a turnpike road a little to the left of the center, which crosses Cedar Creek between Middle- town and Strasburg. On the night of Oct. 18, 1864, the Federal army was encamped on the left bank of Cedar Creek, Crook's 8th Corps on the left, east of the pike, nearly in front of Middletown ; Emory's 19th Corps to the right and rear of Crook and west of the pike ; and then successively, each farther to the right and rear, the 6th Corps, Devin's and Lowell's brigades of Mei-ritt's SHERIDAN. 437 cavalry division, the Michigan cavalry brigade, and last the in- is 04. compai'able Custer with his 3d cavalry division. All faced — south, though posted en echelon^ so that, though Crook Avas some Q^gek three or four miles south of Middletown, a line due east of Custer's camp crossed the pike a little north of it. For this reason, Early's flanking movement being from the left through and over the camp of Crook, capturing everything in his way, could not stx'ike the flank of the other corps successively without shifting his line of attack to the north, while the 6th Corps and the cav- alry were able to confx-ont his troops after their first partial suc- cess, by simply moving to the left, taking the most direct route to the pike. The position that the Michigan cavalry brigade occupied was somewhat isolated. Although belonging to the 1st division, we were nearer the camp of the 3d. A few days before, an unwonted and unwelcome responsibility had been thrust upon me. Custer, who had been with us from the time he was made a bi-igadier, who had created the brigade, earning for it an enviable i-oputa- tion, was called to the command of the 3d division, and hastily summoning me, went away, taking his staff with him. I was obliged, while yet on the march, to form a staff of officers as inexperienced as myself in such duties. It was a task that might well have appalled far better men, — that of succeeding the prince of cavalry officers. The brigade consisted of four Michigan regiments and Cap- tain Martin's 6th ISTew York independent (horse) battery. The 1st Michigan Avas commanded by Major A. W. Duggan, the 5th by Major S. H, Hastings, the 6th by Major Charles W. Deane, and the 7th by Colonel Geo. Gr. Briggs. Captain Martin and his lieutenants ranked among the best artillery officers in the service. Our duty was to guard a ford of Cedar Creek. One reg- iment was kept constantly on duty near the ford. The line of videttes was thrown out across the creek, and was connected on the left with the infantry picket line, and on the right with Custer's cavalry pickets. The 7th Michigan was on duty that night. The brigade camp was about a mile back from the ford. No intimation of expected danger had been received, no in- junction to be specially on guard ; but somehow there was a vague feeling of uneasiness that would not be shaken off. I be- lieve now that there was in my mind a distinct presentiment of the coming storm. I could not sleep, and at 11 o'clock was still 438 SHERIDAN. 1804. walking about outside the tents. It was a perfect night, bright — and clear. The moon was full, the air crisp and transparent. Creek. ^ more serene and peaceful scene could not be imagined. The spirit of tranquillity seemed to have settled down at last upon the troubled Shenandoah. Far away to the left lay the army, wrapped in slumber. To the right the outlines of the Blue Mountains stood out against the sky, and east dark shadows athwart the valley. Three quarters of a mile away, the white tents of Custer's camp looked like wierd spectres in the moon- light. Scarcely a sound was heard. A solemn stillness reigned, one that was oppressive, ominous, broken only by the slow tread of the single sentry pacing his beat in front of headquar- ters. Inside, the staff and brigade escort were sleeping. Fi- nally, a little before midnight, I turned in, telling the guard to awaken me at once should a single shot be fired in our front, and to so instruct the relief. I cannot now give the exact time, it may be I did not know it at the time, but it was long before daylight, that the sentinel awoke me. Not having undressed, I was out in an instant, and listening, heard scattering shots. They were not many at first, but enough to impel me to a quick resolve. Bousing the nearest staff officer. Lieutenant William Hull, I bade him have the command ready to move at a moment's notice. In an incredibly short space of time the order was executed, the tents were struck, the artillery horses attached to the gun cai*riages and caissons, and the cavalry horses saddled. No bugle call was sounded. The firing now grew heavier, and from the hill where Custer was, rang out on the air the shrill notes of Fought's bugle sounding " To horse," and I knew that our old commander had taken the alarm, and that I liad been right. Eosser had attacked the pickets at the fords, and was driv- ing them in. In a moment a staff officer dashed up with an or- der from General Merritt to take the entire brigade to the sup- port of the regiment on the picket line. Moving out rapidly, we were soon on the ground. The 7th Michigan, under Col- onel Briggs, had made a gallant stand alone ; and when the brigade arrived on the line, the enemy did not see fit to press the attack, but contented himself with throwing a few shells from the opposite bank, which annoyed us so little that Martin did not unlimber his guns. A heavy fog had now settled down upon the valley. The first streaks of dawn began to appear, and it soon became ev- SHERIDAN. 439 ident that the attack on the right was a feint, and that the real i864. danger was in another quarter. Far away to the left, for some — time volleys of musketry had been heard. The roll of musketry c„gg^_ was intermingled at intei'vals with the boom of cannon, telling to the practiced ear the story of a general engagement. The sounds increased in volume and in violence, and it was no diffi- cult matter to see that the Union forces were falling back ; for farther and farther to the left and rear came the ominous sounds. Colonel Charles E. Lowell now arrived on the ground with the brigade of regulars (reserve brigade). Colonel Lowell was a young man, apparently not much past his majority, and looked like a boy. He Avas a relative of James Russell Lowell, and had distinguished himself as Colonel of the 2d Massachusetts cavalry, and had succeeded to the command of Meri'itt's old brigade. He had a frank, open face, a manly, soldierly bearing, and a courage that was never called in question. He was a graduate of West Point. Eiding up at the head of his brigade, he said, " I iiave been ordered out here by General Merritt to the support of the Michigan men." But no help was needed in that quarter, I told him so. The enemy had been easily cheeked, and had become so quiet as to give rise to the suspicion that he had with- drawn from our front. A great battle was raging to the left and rear, and in response to the suggestion that troops were needed in that direction, he responded quickly, " I think so too. I shall go toward the sound of heavy firing, and will take the re- sponsibility to order you there also;'' whereat the two brigades took up their line of march to the pike, some three miles distant. Poor Lowell ! How little either of us realized that he was marching to his death! It was into the thickest of the fight that Lowell led the way, Michigan willingly following. A startling sight presented itself as the long cavahy column debouched into the open country ovei-looking the battle-ground. Guided by the sound, a direction had been taken that would bring us to the pike as directly as possible, and at the same time approach the Union line from the rear. This brought us out on a commanding ridge north of Middletown. This, as it appears to a participant looking at it from memory twenty-one years after, runs to and across the pike. The ground descends to the south a half mile or more, then gradually rises again to another ridge about on a line with Middletown. The rebel forces were on the last-named ridge, along which, west of the pike, their batteries were planted, and their lines of infantry could be dis- 4iO SHERIDAN. 18G4L. tinctl}^ seen. Memory may haveloat something of the details of the picture ; but its outlines remain vivid now as then. The Cedar n i Creek. valiey between was uneven, with s^^ots of timber here and there, and broken into patches by fences, some of stone. The full scope of the calamity that had befallen our arms burst suddenly into view. The whole battle-field was in sight. The valley and intervening sloj^es, the fields and woods. Were alive with a mass of infantry moving singly and in squads. Entire regiments, with their officers leading, were hurrying to the rear ; while the rebel artillery was raining shell and spherical case among them to accelerate their speed. Some of the batteries were the very ones they had just captured. It did not look like a frightened or panic-stricken army, but like a disorganized mass that had lost the power of cohesion. A line of cavalry skirmishers, formed across the country, was making fruitless efforts to arrest the stream of fugitives. They had stolidly and stubbornly set their faces to the rear, and would not stop. Dazed by the surprise in their camps, they acted like nien who had forfeited self-respect> They were chagrined, mortified, mad at their officers and them- selves — demoralized. It was a sight I wish never to see again. They were more to be pitied than blamed. But are all these thousands, hurrying away from the field, the entire army ? — No! it is the 8tb Corps only. Thei-e, between us and the enemy, between the fugitives and the enem}', see that long line of blue facing to the front with unbroken ranks, bravely battling to stem the tide of defeat. How grandly they stand to their work ! Neither shot nor shell nor volleys of mus- ketry can break them. It is the old 6th Corps. Slowly, in perfect order, the veterans of the Potomac arm}'' are falling back, contesting every inch of the way. One position is sur- rendered only to take up another. There is no wavering, no falling out, except of those who are shot down. Such bravery, such heroism, such steadiness, have rai'.ely been equaled on a battle-field. The next morning early, one passing over the ground where John Sedgwick's heroes fought, could see where they had successively stood and breasted the storm, by the dead men who lay in line where they had been stricken down. There were three lines of these dead skirmishers. The official record shows that this corps on that day lost 255 men killed and 1,600 wounded. But now the long column of cavalry led by Lowell turned its head toward the left Of the 6th Corps, and formed on the other SHERIDAN. 441 side of the pfke, moving aci'oss, parallel with the line of battle, iso-t. The horsemen were exposed to a murderous fire of artillery. — Not a man left the ranks. One shell took an entire set of fours qj.^[^ out of the 6th Michigan ; the next set closed up the gap. Custer was already there. Crossing the pike, we passed in front of his division, formed in line of brigades, each brigade in column of ' regiments, mounted. It is needless to say they were faced toward the enemy. Custer himself was riding along in front of his command, chafing like a caged lion, eager for the fray. The Michigan brigade took position in front of Custer, Martin's bat- tery next the pike. Lowell formed to our left and front. The 6th Corps made its final stand on the prolongation of the cavalry alignment, and from that moment the attacks of the enemy were feeble and ineffective, the battle resolving itself, for the time, into an artillery duel in which Martin's batter}^ took a prominent part. It must have been not later than 9 o'clock a. m. when the cavalry arrived. Its coming was opportune. Who can tell how much it had to do with stopping the further progress of Early's army? It is now known that Early dreaded a flanking move- ment by the body of horse that he saw massing against his right. To Lowell, and to Lowell alone, is ci'edit due for the movement of the two brigades toward the sound of battle. Doing this voluntarily, without orders, he assumed a grave re- sponsibility ; but he was right, as the sequal showed. He thus exhibited the true military instinct, the qualities of the highest leadership. He bravely did his duty, and a few hours later laid down his life for the cause he so valiantly served. He was killed by a bullet from a rebel sharpshooter in Middletown. He did not survive to make an official report, and this is the first time the story has been told of how he marched without orders from right to left at Cedar Creek. In the meantime, Custer was moved to the right flank, arriv- ing in time to thwart a threatened flanking movement by Gor- don and Kershaw. It is evident that every strategic attempt of the enemy, save the morning surprise, was checkmated by the Union cavalry. It was a formidable body of horse. The 1st division having reunited. General Merritt took com. mand in person. He made no immediate changes, except to throw out a heavy skirmish line. A part of Lowell's brigade was dismounted and posted well to the front behind a stone fence. The Michilied the Major, and through and over the fence rode the brave cavalrymen. The 1st Michigan made a dash for the battery. But this time it was not ours, for glancing to the right, the gallant old 6th Corps was seen to waver and retire. The cavalry also fell back, but stopped in the nearest ravine, and whirling instantly into line without orders, was ready for the last supreme effort. In a moment all was ready again. The charge was sounded. The infantry responded with a shout. Up the slope swept the cavalry. The enemy did not stand to meet the determined onset, but gave way in disorder. On, past the battery, charged the cavalry, not pausing even to claim the captured guns which we had fairly won. They were left where they were abandoned by the enemy. Into the woods went the lines. Then it was each regiment for itself The 1st Michigan, under Major Duggan, charged on toward the pike, but Devin, being nearer, reached the bridge first. The 7th, under Colonel Briggs, charging through a field, captured more j)risoners than it had men. The 6th, under Major Deane, who knew the country well, did not pause till it reached Buckton's Ford on the Shenandoah, returning late at night with many prisoners and a battle flag. The 5th, under Major Hastings, charged down the Front Eoyal road, capturing prisonei's. One battalion under Major Philip Mothersill, went so far as to be unable to return until the next day. Thus ended the battle of Cedar Creek. Darkness alone saved the bulk of Early's army from capture. As it was, most of his artillery and wagons were taken. It is needless to tell how Sheridan broke the rebel left by an assault with the 19th Corps and Custer's cavalry, at the same moment of the last successful charge on his right ; and how Custer, swooping far around, struck the pike beyond Strasburg, gathering in all in his way. It was a " famous victory," though not a bloodless one. Of the gallant men who went into the fight that morning on the Union side, 588 never came out alive, and 3,516 were wounded. SHERIDAN. 445 Early lost 4,200 in killed and wounded, but his prestige was 1864. gone, his army destroyed, and from that day there was no more — hope for the Confederacy. Nov. 28, Sheridan sent General Merritt on a raid through Ashby's Gap to Fairfax Court House and Cen- treville. He returned by way of Snicker's Gap and Berryville, arriving at his camp Dec. 3. On the 19th of December he started Torbert on a raid, who moved through Front Royal, Chester Gap, Sperryville, and Madison Court House to Gordonsville, returning by way of Culpepper Court House and Warrenton, reaching Winchester on the 28th. On the 27th of February, 1865, Sheridan left Win- ^^es. •^ ^_ ' _ Sheridan's Chester in accordance with instructions from General cavahy Grant, with a cavalry force numbering about 10,000 men, under Merritt, Custer, and Devin, for a raid to the northwest and north of Richmond, for the purpose of destroying the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal. The 6th Corps had been returned to Meade about the 1st of December. Sheridan proceeded to Staunton, havmg a slight engagement with 400 of the enemy's cavalry at Mount Crawford on the 1st of March. Ma.-cii i. Easily pushing these aside, he moved on beyond Staun- Crawford. ton. At Waynesboro, on March 2, Custer, in advance, struck Early, who had about 3,000 men strongly in-waynes- trenched. Custer did not wait for the other division to ^°'^°" come up, but, Custer-like, charged the enemy, soon routing him, and capturing over 1,600 prisoners, dis- persing the rest, and taking a large train of supplies and 11 guns. This ended Early's war record. Sheridan pushed on, reaching Charlottesville in the afternoon of March 3. Here he rested his men, and waited two days for ammunition and ponton trains, then moved forward in two columns, one up the James from Scottsville to New Market, destroying the canal; the 446 SHJUMIDAN. 1S6 4. other toward Lynchburg, destroying the railroad to Ani- herst Court House. The forces then rejoined at New Market, Sheridan moving thence to the northeast, where he destroyed fifteen miles of the Virginia Central Rail- road between Tolersville and Beaver Dam station. Af- ter thoroughly destroying railroads, bridges, and army supplies in Lee's rear, he crossed the North Anna, and arrived at White House March 19, where Grant had ordered supplies to meet him, and otherwise extended the right hand of the Army of the James to welcome the hero and his veterans. Sheridan reached Meade's army March 26. qj^ ^j^g 26th of March, having accomplished a successful Sheridan ? o i reaches the raid, dcstroyiug several million dollars' worth of the the Poto- enemy's property, and so frightening Jefferson Davis as '^^^' to cause his horse to be saddled for flight. CHAPTER XXV. WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. LYOK 1861. UNDER this head will be included the operations in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Indian Ter- ritory. Those in New Mexico will be given in the list of battles only. The operations in this Department were mostly in Missouri, The following brief description of the face of that State is taken from Lippincott's valuable " Geograph- ical Dictionary and Gazetteer of the World " : — " Face of the Country. — North of the Missouri physical River the surface is a very level or more frequently ^^g '^^^l^ l^ rolling region, diversified with timber and open prairie. J^J^so'^"- South of that river there are three well-characterized regions : the open and comparatively treeless plains of the West, continuous with those of Kansas ; the central Ozark Mountains, a rough but not greatly elevated country, well timbered, and continuous southward with the mountains of Arkansas ; and the south-eastern marshy tract of exceedingly fertile and well-timbered country, which sank to its present level during the earthquakes of 1811-12. From Cape Girardeau southward the Mis- sissippi front is diked, or leveed. This region is said to embrace 3,000 square miles of swamp." About one third of the State of Missouri lies north of the Missouri River, which crosses it from west to east. This greatest affluent of the Mississippi rises in the Rocky Mountains, and is about 3,000 miles long. (447) i48 LYON. 186 1. It forms about 200 miles of the western boundary of the State, which it enters at Kansas City. At that point the Kansas River empties into it. The last-named river, through its branches, the Smoky Hill Fork and Solomon rivers, rises in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, and flows eastward through Kansas. The Missouri enters the Mississippi about eighteen miles above St. Louis. Other important rivers in this Department are as follows : — The Osage rises in Kansas, and runs eastward through Missouri, entering the Missouri River about ten miles below Jefferson City. In Kansas it is sometimes called Marais des Cygnes. The Arkansas rises in the Rocky Mountains. It crosses the eastern boundary of Colorado, then flows south-eastward through Kansas and Indian Territory, re- ceiving the waters of the Neosho in Indian Territory. It then continues to flow south-eastward, dividing Ar- kansas into nearly equal portions, and enters the Mis- sissippi at Napoleon. Its whole length is over 2,100 miles. St. Francis River rises in St. Francois County, Mo., runs southward to the northeast corner of Arkansas, forming a part of the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas, and enters the Mississippi near Helena. White River rises in the Ozark Hills in Arkansas, runs north-eastward into Missouri, and after traversing two counties, returns to Arkansas, tlien runs south-east- ward to Jacksonport, where it receives the waters of Black River. It then flows southward to the Missis- sippi, which it enters a few miles above the mouth of the Arkansas. The Ozark Mountains are a series of irregular, steep ridges of Southern Missouri, extending into Arkansas and Indian Territory. LYON. 449 A State Convention assembled in Missouri Feb. 28 1861. 1861, to consider the question of secession. The Con- ^eb. 28. Missouri vention decided against the movement, but the Governor convention refused to fill the President's requisition for troops, and against at once began organizing a military force in aid of the recession. rebellion, at the same time taking possession of the United States arsenal at Liberty. He also established a recruiting and drilling camp near St. Louis, intending to seize the United States arsenal there ; but Captain Nathaniel Lyon, then in command of the Federal garrison of regular troops at that point, numbering about 500 men, transferred the arms, stores, etc., to Springfield, 111. At this time, Francis P. Blair, having received authority, began recruiting, and succeeded in raising several regiments of volunteers for the United States service. The burden imposed upon the Federal soldiers in the territory included within this department of our narrative was severe in the extreme, requiring many long and tedious marches, often on short rations, far from their source of supplies ; and their task was the more difficult and dangerous because their numbers were nearly always largely inferior to those of the enemy. Their chief duty was to protect the principal strategic points on the great rivers, and the most important roads, and to pre- vent the Confederates east of the Mississippi from obtaining supplies from this vast territory. May 10, 1861, Captain Lyon, with about 5,000 men, ^^^11^ surrounded the enemy's camp near St. Louis, taking ^on, mo. them by surprise, and capturing a large body of recruits with several pieces of artillery and a large quantity of arms and ammunition, a part of which had been stolen from the United States arsenal at Baton Rouge, La. The camp was broken up. A mob attacked Lyon's volunteers as they were returning with their prisoners, 29 June 17. Boonville 450 HARNEY— LYON—SIGEL. isGi. but was driven off with a loss of several killed and wounded. Soon after this, General Harney came to command the Federal forces in Missouri ; but having entered into an agreement with the Governor that he would make no military movements, provided the Governor preserved order, he was removed. Captain Lyon, having been commissioned a Brigadier-General, was placed in com- mand. The Governor now became more active, concen- trating his forces at Jefferson City, Boonville, and other places. General Lyon, with 2,000 men, at once moved against Governor Jackson's troops at Jefferson City, proceeding up the Missouri on steamers. On his ap- proach, Jackson withdrew to Boonville, where Lyon arrived and attacked on .the 17th of June, routing the enemy after a half hour's sharp engagement. Simultaneously with this movement. Colonel Sigel moved from Bolla with about 1,500 men in search of the enemy under Price, in the south-western corner of Mis- souri. Going through Springfield, he reached Neosho in the last days of June. Finding that Price had moved away, Sigel turned back to attack a force of the enemy July 5. under Parsons and Rains at Carthage. On the 5th of July he came upon the enemy, numbering 4,500, on Dry Creek, near Carthage. A brief engagement followed, when Sigel, discovering the numbers of his antagonist, by good management extricated himself, and moved rapidly through Sarcoxie to Springfield. He had left a company at Neosho, which was soon afterward sur- rounded and captured. General Lyon had marched to the southwest from Boonville, reaching Osceola, on the Osage River, on the 9th of July, having been joined on the way by a small brigade under Major Sturgis. Here Lyon learned of Sigel's engagement and retreat. He at once marched to Carthage. LYON. 451 the southeast, reacliing Springfield on the loth, where tsei. he joined Sigel. This had been a long and fatiguing march for the Federals. The Department of the West was at this time placed under the command of General John C. Fremont, who arrived in St. Louis from New York on July 26. General Lyon was now too far from his base of sup- plies, but before he could attempt a retreat he must dis- perse the gathering bands of the enemy. McCuUoch would soon join Price and Rains with his Arkansas troops, and overwhelm him. Lyon moved out from Springfield on the 1st of Auo;ust. On the 2d his advance ^"s- -• ^ ^ ^ . Dug met the advance of the enemy, under Rains, near Dug springs. Springs. Rains was defeated after a sharp engagement, retreating to Cassville, where Price and McCulloch had concentrated. Lyon, having learned that the enemy's forces had united, quickly withdrew to Springfield, the enemy following slowly to Wilson's Creek, where they went into camp, intending to attack Springfield as soon as preparations could be made. General Lyon felt that his position was becoming critical ; he had but little more than 5,000 men, while the enemy numbered over 12,000, and was fast gaining strength, having a largely superior force of cavalry, which rendered retreat impossible. He resolved to attack, as the best way out of his difficulty. Moving ^^^„ ^^ out on the night of the 9th, he sent Sigel with a brigade wiison's • 1 • 1 Creek, around to attack the enemy in the rear simultaneously springfleia, with his attack in front. The assault was well made. nm. ' Sigel met with success at first, capturing a portion of the enemy's camp, and destroying one half of their wagon train; but the larger part of the Federal troops were three months' men, whose term of service had expired, and they declined to fight longer. The enemy now recovered from their confusion, Sigel had only about 452 LYON. IS6 1. 300 men left to resist the fierce charge of superior num- bers, and was soon routed, with a loss of five pieces of artillery and a number of his men taken prisoners. He retreated to Springfield with his shattered brigade. General Lyon had completely surprised the enemy, routing his advance line and capturing its camp. The enemy was soon rallied, however, and the battle became fierce and determined. With Sigel gone, the Federals now numbered only about 4,000 men. Lyon led his men, who fought with great heroism. His horse had been killed under him, and he had been twice wounded. Li his last charge he called upon the 2d Kansas, whose colonel had been wounded, to follow him, saying, " Come Gcmnii on, I will lead you." In this charge the hero was killed. uiikHi. He was a graduate of West Point, and had served with distinction in the Mexican war. The Federal troops still held their ground, repulsing a new charge of the enemy, who now withdrew a short distance, when the combatants rested. The battle had lasted from daylight until 11 A. M., and had been stubbornly contested. Since the death of General Lyon, the command of the Federal army had devolved upon Major Sturgis, who, after consultation with the other superior officers, deter- mined upon retreat. The Federals withdrew in good order and unmolested, the enemy having been too se- verely punished to follow. Sturgis found Sigel with his remnant of a brigade at Springfield, where they rested that night, continuing the retreat next day toAvard RoUa. The losses had been heavy on both sides. The Federal loss was 220 killed, 725 wounded, and 300 prisoners ; of the latter, 265 were taken from Sigel. The loss of the enemy had been more severe, owing to the superior- ity of the Federal artillery ; their loss as reported, Jill told, was 1,750. The many marches and small skirmishes that took FREMONT. 453 place in this department cannot be narrated here in de- isai. tail. The whole country between the Missouri and Ar- kansas rivers was traversed again and again by the opposing forces. At this time Fremont had about 55,000 men ; there were about 7,000 at St. Louis and 9,000 at JefTerson City, the balance operating in de- tachments. There was a small aflfair on the 19th of Auo;ust at ^""- '" " Clinrli'Hioii, Charleston, Mo., not far from Cairo, where a detachment mo. of Federal cavalry, sent from Cape Girardeau, put to flight a like number of Jefferson Thompson's troops. On the 2d of September, Federal General Lane, with ^''i"^- ^• Kansas troops, was attacked by Price at Drywood creck. Creek, and driven back into Kansas. On the 20th of September occurred the Federal dis- sopt. 12-20. aster at Lexington, Mo. Early in September, General Lerhigton. Fremont had ordered Colonel Mulligan, with his Irish brigade and some other troops at St. Louis, to move up the Missouri and occupy Lexington, which post was im- portant to the Federals. Mulligan arrived on the 9th, and at once began intrenching. But Price did not allow him much time to fortify ; immediately after driv- ing Lane out of Missouri he turned upon Lexington, his advance appearing there on the 12th. His troops, with reinforcements, continued to arrive for several days^ until he had completely invested Mulligan's position with more than 20,000 men, who were in three divis- ions under Rains, Parsons, and Slack, supported by two brigades under McBride and Harris. Colonel Mulligan was without other orders than to defend Lexington, and was anxiously looking for rein- uuuio of forcements. Fremont had been advised of his danger, ^''^"'*'''""- and he had every reason to believe that assistance would be sent. It was too late to retreat. On the 18th, Price fiercely assaults the Federal position on all sides, and is 454 FREMONT. 1861. severely repulsed. The attack is renewed on the 19th, "^ and fighting is continued without intermission until dark ; but this heroic Irish brigade, following the example of their brave leader, who is twice wounded, repel every assault. The defense is continued on the 20th, in the vain hope that Fremont will send reinforcements. A small force did arrive on the opposite side of the river on the 19th, but without means of crossing, and were in too small force. Finally, on the 20th, being over- whelmed, and seeing that further resistance is useless, Mulligan surrenders with 2,700 men. Oct. 21. On October 21, a Federal force, equaling about town!'^' two brigades in strength, under command of Colonels Carlin and Plummer and Major Schofield, attacked a detachment of the enemy near Fredericktown, Mo., numbering about 2,000 men, commanded by " Swamp Fox" Thompson, who was threatening the railroad at Pilot Knob, about sixty-five miles south of St. Louis. Colonel Plummer's brigade had been sent from Cape Girardeau by General Grant to Carlin's assistance. Thompson had withdrawn a short distance outside of the town, on Federal approach. Plummer opens the attack, and is soon joined by Carlin and Schofield. The enemy resist vigorously for a time, but are finally completely routed and dispersed, the Federals pursuing until dark, taking nearly 100 prisoners. Carlin again takes post at Pilot Knob, Plummer returning to Cape Girardeau. After the battle and surrender of Lexington, Fre- mont determined to move against Price with sufficient force to drive him from Missouri. He left St. Louis on the 27th of September with 20,000 men, arriving and rendezvousing for some days on the railroad between Tipton and Sedalia, the latter place being about fifty miles directly west of Jefferson City. It required some FREMONT. 455 time for Fremont to get his transportation trains ready, istn. bnt he soon put his army in motion southward, Price re- treating before him. The Federals arrived at Springfield on the 27th of October, a march of more than one hundred miles. Finding that the wary Price had retreated to the borders of Indian Territory, the Federals went into camp and rested. On the 25th, Major Zao;onyi, an old Hungarian offi- oct. 25. ' *^ O J ? O _ Springfield. cer, with about 150 of Fremont's body-guard, having been sent in advance on a reconnaissance^ dashed into Springfield in the face of 2,000 of the enemy drawn up to receive him. The attack was so audacious that the enemy was deceived as to his numbers, and were thrown into confusion. Zagonyi released a number of Union prisoners there, and escaped with a loss of 50 men in killed and wounded, causing a loss to the enemy of 100 in killed and wounded, and 30 taken prisoners. The reader will recollect Grant's affair at Belmont, ordered by Fremont on the 2d of November to prevent reinforcements from being sent to Price at this time. On the 3d of November, General Hunter succeeded Fremont to the temporary command of this department, and soon after fell back to Rolla. On the 18th, Gen- eral Halleck relieved Hunter, who was assigned to the Department of Kansas. Among the general officers serving in this Department at this time were Generals Pope, Sigel, Sturgis, Asboth, McKinstry, Lane, and Prentiss. On the 19th of December, General Pope, moving Dec. 19. from Sedalia by order of Halleck, succeeded in surround- Kiver, mo. ing a detachment of the enemy near the mouth of Clear Creek, on the Black River, not far from Warrensburg, and after a brief engagement captured the whole force, numbering about 1,300 men. They were intended re- inforcements for Price. 456 FREMONT. 1861. Matters now remained comparatively quiet until ~ Feb. 11, 1862, when General Curtis, with about 11,000 men, left RoUa, moving toward Springfield, where Price was posted with a force numbering about 10,000. The latter retired before Curtis, moving through Arkansas into Indian Territory at Boston Mountains, where he was joined by the brigades under McCuUoch and Mcin- tosh. General Van Dorn, now in command of the whole, numbering about 20,000 men, turned upon Curtis, who had followed as far as Fayetteville, Ark. The Federal commander having learned of the heavy reinforcement Pea Kidge, to Price, foU back to Sugar Creek, placing one division ^''^' under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis on Pea Ridge, Sigel with two divisions under Colonels Osterhaus and Asboth a few miles to the southwest, and one division under Colonel Carr a few miles -to the south, at Cross Hollow. Van Dorn moved out from Boston Mountains on March 4, to attack Curtis. On the 6th, in seeking the Federal rear, one of his columns came upon the forces of Gen- eral Sigel, who was now hastening to join Davis at Pea Ridge. A sharp fight followed, when the enemy was beaten off, Sigel completing his movement without fur- ther difficulty. Carr's division was also brought up, as Van Dorn had now moved around threatening Pea Ridge from the north. Sigel was placed on the left, Davis in the center, and Carr upon the right. Van Dorn left Mc- CuUoch and Mcintosh to attack Sigel, while he moved on farther to his left, so as to confront Carr with about one half of his force, under Price. Both wings of the enemy began to attack about noon. The battle at once . became furious, but the Federals held their ground for a time, resisting the desperate charges of double their numbers. Osterhaus was at last forced back, when Davis came to his aid. A fearful encounter followed, ending in the repulse of the enemy's right. McCul- loch and Mcintosh both fell mortally wounded. CURTIS— POPE. 45 '7 Meantime Carr was having a terrible fight with Price, isoi. and at last began to give way. The enemy's right had pea'^idge. now been repulsed, and Sigel was enabled to send A§- both to Carr's assistance. The conflict raged till night; Price was checked, and darkness ended the battle for the day. Van Dorn now concentrated upon his left, Curtis upon his right. At daylight upon the 8th, Curtis moved upon Van Dorn with determination. He was in a critical position ; the enemy was upon his line of retreat, and his supplies were giving out. His troops understood this, and attacked with such vigor that the enemy, although resisting desperately, were driven from the start, and within two hours Van Dorn was routed and in full retreat. The Federal loss was about 1,350 ; that of the enemy was estimated at about 2,000, as he left 1,000 in killed and wounded upon the battle field. General Price was among the enemy's wounded. Cur- tis not having force enough to follow Van Dorn, " let him run," and returned to Rolla. Ben McCuUoch and James Mcintosh, killed in this battle, had both served Death of in the United States army. McCuUoch did valiant serv- and mciu- ice at the head of a company of Texan Rangers in the *°®^' Mexican war. Mcintosh was a graduate of West Point, and joined the enemy at the beginning of the war. Both were Brigadier-Generals. General Geo. W. Y. Slack ^^ath of General was also among the enemy s dead, being wounded on siack. the 6th. He died the following day. In the latter part of February, 1862, General Pope i^es. left St. Louis with a division of infantry, appearing be- fore New Madrid, Mo., on the Mississippi River, March March z-n 3. This place was garrisoned by about 9,000 men ridrMo* under General McCown. Pope at once began a siege of the place, bringing heavy siege-guns from Cairo. Artil- lery fighting was continued until the night of the 13th, when the enemy evacuated, retiring to Island Number 468 FOPE. 18 '4. Ten, where Beauregard was in command, having recently come from Virginia with 15,000 men, Polk joined him here with his forces from Columbus, Ky., having evacu- ated that stronghold on the 3d. Bragg also came with a considerable force from Mobile. But Beauregard did not remain here long ; after the loss of New Madrid he moved with Polk and Bragg to Corinth, leaving General McCown with about 6,500 men for the defense of Island Number Ten. McCown was relieved by General Mack- Ap.-i?r*'all on April 5. On the 15th of March, Commodore Island Foote, with eight gun-boats and ten mortar-boats, ap- Number 5 o o 7 r Ten, Tenn. pearcd before Island Number Ten, and at once began a bombardment. Pope, wishing transports to cross over to the Tennessee side, so as to move his troops to the rear of the enemy's works on the island, cut a canal across a point between Island Number Eight and New Madrid. The canal was twelve miles long, and was made within twenty days ; it was a success. Pope secured the transports, bringing them through the canal, and crossed his troops over on the 7th of April, landing on the Tennessee bank and capturing the enemy's bat- teries there. He was aided by two gun-boats that had run by the batteries of Island Number Ten. The enemy were now without hope, and evacuated the island, going to the Tennessee shore. Here they were surrounded and driven back to the swamps, where on the 8th General Mackall surrendered with about 6,000 prisoners and 100 guns, together with 13 steamers and a large amount of military stores. The capture of New Madrid and Island Number Ten was accomplished with shght loss. After his defeat at Pea Ridge, Van Dorn retired to the neighborhood of Little Bock, and shortly after to the Mississippi. Crossing at Helena, he moved to Corinth, joining Beauregard a few days after the battle CURTIS— WASHBUliNE. 459 of Shiloh. General Curtis, sending a part of his force isaa. back to St. Louis by order of Plalleck, started in the same direction Van Dorn had taken, with about 7,00,0 men, reaching Batesville, Ark., on White River, on May 6, 1862. He remained here some time, awaiting the issue of the siege of Corinth. Learning that a Federal fleet had ascended White River, capturing the enemy's batteries at St. Charles, Curtis started his force, June 25, for Jacksonport, hoping to form a junction with the fleet for a movement against Little Rock. He reached Jacksonport that day, where he was joined by General Washburne with a brigade of cavalry from Springfield, Mo. Ascertaining that the fleet would come up not far above Clarendon, on account of low water, he crossed the Big Black River and moved down the left bank of White River. At Bayou Cache, July 7, he was attacked July 7. Bayou by a brigade of Texas cavalry, but after a sharp engage- cache. ment the enemy was driven off. Meantime a brigade of Indiana troops accompanying the fleet had landed, and moving in the direction of Little Rock, encountered a hostile force at Grand Prairie July 6, having a slight J>iiy e. Grand engagement. But this force did not know of the ap- prame. proach of Curtis, and not feeling strong enough to pro- ceed farther, returned to their boats. The waters con- stantly falling, the commander of the fleet decided to return to the Mississippi. Curtis reached Clarendon on July 9, to find that the fleet had gone the day before — a cruel disappointment. His troops had performed a long, tedious march, through swamps, marshes, and a barren country, and were short of food and ammunition. He could not retrace his steps, and the only course left was to gain the waters of the Mississippi as quickly as possible, notwithstanding his tired soldiers were so much in need of rest. Washburne's cavalry taking the ad- vance, he reached Helena on the 13th, and there found the provisions that his soldiers so much needed. 460 SiJHOFIELD. 18 6H. In the beginning of 1862, General John M. Schofield, General ^ graduate of West Point, was intrusted with the re- M?ss!uri '"^ claiming of Missouri, and was authorized to organize an army from enlistments within the State, which proved a difficult task. In the month of June he had an army of 17,000 men, but they were greatly scattered, and were used principally in the maintenance of public order. In July, 5,000 men had been gathered by the enemy under Joe Porter and Poindexter, and were operating in Northern Missouri. Colonel Lewis Merrill, formerly a Captain in the 2d United States cavalry, and a graduate of West Point, had, under authority granted by Fre- mont, begun the organization of a cavalry regiment in August, 1861, at St. Louis, designated the 2d Missouri cavalry, or " M&rrill Horse." This regiment performed many long and wearisome marches in dispersing armed bands of guerrillas, and otherwise protecting Federal interests. In January, 1862, the regiment was ordered to the north of the Missouri River, and was stationed in detachments at Columbia, Glasgow, Sturgeon, and Hunts- ville. On the 12th of July, Colonel Merrill proceeded northward to look after Porter and Poindexter. On Memphis, J^ly 18, Porter was defeated in a sharp engagement at ^"- Memphis. The Federals pursuing, the enemy was driven southward into Boone County. Porter made a stand on the 28th, but was again driven from his position. He now turned northward, Merrill's cavalry chasing him into Adair County. He was brought to bay at Kirksville, August 6. Colonel McNeil, now in command of the pursuing force, attacked him with great determination. Porter had about 2,800 men; McNiel, about 1,000. A severe battle followed, resulting at the end of two hours in the complete overthrow of the enemy. Porter's force was broken up and utterly dis- Aug. 6. Kirksville. SCJIOFIELD. 461 persed. Merrill had sent a detachment under Major ihg'^. Hunt after Poindexter, who was to the westward with about 1,000 men, endeavoring to join Porter. Hunt met and routed him, dispersing the guerrillas to the four winds. Merrill then concentrated his regiment at Stur- geon, Mo., for recruitment and drill. The enemy's forces in this section did not deserve the name of reg- ular troops ; they were mostly made up of bands of ma- rauders suddenly thrown together, without discipline or organization. On the 28th of July, three regiments of p'^|j[ q:^_ mounted men under Colonel Phillips attacked an equal ^°°' ^^- ^ -^ dian Ter. number of the enemy under Colonel Taylor, near Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, and after a fierce engagement routed and dispersed them. Colonel Taylor was killed in the action. These troops on both sides were mostly Indians. August 11, one Husrhes, with a force of 1,000 men, . , Aug. 11. captured Independence, Mo., driving out the small Fed. indepen- eral garrison there. Colonel Coffey, coming from Ar- ^"'^''' kansas with 1,500 horse, was proceeding to join Hughes. Schofield endeavored to prevent this junction, but failed. August 15, one of the detachments sent against Hughes, numbering 800 horse under Colonel Foster, who had moved from Lexington, came upon the now united forces of the enemy at a cross roads called Lone Jack. On the Aug. ic. 16th, after a severe fight, Foster was driven back with j^q"^ heavy loss. But the Federals were hastening from all directions, and the enemy, discovering that he would soon be surrounded, retreated into Arkansas. The forces of the enemy in Arkansas at this time were commanded by General Hindman, who was once a member of the United States Congress. Hindman in- vaded Missouri about the middle of September with 6,000 infantry under Rains and 7,000 horse under Cooper. General Schofield was at this time placed in Sept. 30. Newtonia, 462 SGHOFIELB— BLUNT— HERUON. 186'^, command of the frontier forces in this section, including those in Kansas. General Curtis, leaving General Steele in command at Helena, came to assume command of the territory of Missouri. Schofield at once put his forces in motion to oppose Hindman. Rains was near Pea Ridge, and Cooper at Newtonia. On Sept. 30, a Federal brigade under General A. Salomon, approaching Newtonia, was attacked bj Cooper, ^°- whose superior numbers drove the Federals back upon Sarcoxie. A division under Colonel Totten, joined by the troops under General Blunt from Kansas, was then sent to entertain Cooper, who, being unable to form junction with Rains, retired toward Bentonville and escaped. Schofield then m'oved with the troops under Herron and Totten after Rains as far as Huntsville, but was unable to overtake the enemy, when he returned to the vicinity of Pea Ridge. General Blunt, with two brigades, had gone at the same time in search of Cooper, who was moving toward Maysville. Blunt had about 4,000 men. By forced marches he reached Maysville Oct. 22. at daylight, Oct. 22, having marched all night. He Wayne, or uow leamcd that Cooper's force was encamped near by, S.''""'' at Old Fort Wayne. Without taking time for much- needed rest, Blunt deployed his men, and suddenly, with a dash, charged upon the unwary foe. Taken by surprise, the enemy was thrown into disorder, and routed, his cannon captured, when the whole crowd scattered to the woods. Two of Blunt's regiments were Indians. Indians were enlisted in this war by both sides, but more numerously in this section than else- where. On the 28th of October, General Herron, with about 1,000 cavalry, attacked a much larger force of Hindman's cavalry on White River, about ten miles southeast of Fayetteville, and routed them effectually, when he proudly returned to Pea Ridge. BLUNT— HEREON. 463 Learnmg that about 7,000 men under General isq'4. Marmaduke had arrived at Cane Hill, Ark., and fearing that he would form junction with . Hindman, Blunt moved rapidly against him with 5,000 men, attacking him on the morninaf of Nov. 28. After a hard fight, the "^^^^- ^.^ O o ^ Cane Hill, enemy was driven to the rids:e of Boston Mountains, Boston '^_-, Mountains. having sustained severe loss ; General Alexander \Si. Steen, who had served with distinction in the Mexican Death of TT- 1 n • General war, was among his killed. Here the conflict was steen. renewed. The battle lasted all day, and night found Marmaduke pushed back upon Cane Creek. During the night the enemy fell back to Van Buren, Blunt returning next day to Cane Hill. On the 1st of December Hindman joined Marmaduke with about 11,000 men, increasing the force opposed to Blunt to 18,000. Hindman resolved to move against the Federals at once. Blunt, at Cane Hill, called for Herron, who quickly responded by forced marches, reachino; Prairie Grove on the mornino; of the 7th. ^ec. 7. " . . ° Prairie There was sharp skirmishing on Blunt's front on the 5th Grove or and 6th. But Hindman stole a march upon Blunt : ^i^feV Ark. leaving about 3,000 men to engage his attention, he moved rapidly, with about 15,000 men, to attack Herron, who had but 6,000, hoping to defeat him before he could be reinforced by Blunt. About 8 a. m., Hindman's ad- vance attacked Herron, who at once boldly charged, when it fell back to where the main body of the enemy was drawn up. The Federals fearlessly attacked this vastly superior force, and the battle raged with great violence until 2 p. M. Twice the Federals have charged, driving the enemy from their positions, and twice they have been compelled to retire. Hindman was now pre- paring for an overwhelming onslaught ; Herron felt that he should be crushed. He had engaged every man, and was anxiously listening for Blunt's guns. At last, just 464 BLUNT— BROWK 18 on. as the enemy had renewed the assault, Blunt arrived, and vigorously attacked the enemy in flank. Thus cheered, Herron's men go in with a will, and Hindman is terribly repulsed. The fighting lasts until dark. The enemy still has the advantage in numbers, but is unable to make headway, when night closes this terrible battle. Hindman muffled his cannon wheels, and departed dur- ing the night. The Federal loss was about 1,000 in killed, wounded, and missing ; the loss of the enemy is not known. December 28, General Blunt proceeded with a small force to Van Buren, where he destroyed the enemy's depots and several steamers, soon after returning to the main body. Blunt's forces now rested quietly for a time in the Ozark Mountains, going into winter quarters. 1863. Hindman retired to Little Rock. January 26, 1863, a detachment of 100 men belonging to General Blunt's Van Buren. force capturod a steamer with 300 prisoners at Yan Buren. Early in January, 1863, Hindman directs Marmaduke to proceed with two brigades of cavalry, and endeavor to destroy Blunt's communication with RoUa and Spring- field. Marmaduke starts from Clarksville, Ark., passing Forsyth, Mo., and reaches Ozark on January 7, the Federal outposts at the latter place falling back on his approach. On the 8th he moves against Springfield, which is fortified and garrisoned by about 1,500 Feder- als, under General E. B. Brown, who, learning of the approach of the enemy, prepares for his reception. Marmaduke's force numbers about 3,000 men, with four pieces of artillery. The enemy appears about noon, and skirmishing begins at once, increasing to a general engagement by 1 o'clock. The assailants meet with success at first, driving the Union men from a portion of their works after a severe struggle ; but here they are Jan. 8. Springfield. BLUNT— BRO WN. 4(^>5 checked, the Federals successfully resisting all their ina-.i. efforts for farther advance. At 4 p. m. Marmaduke makes a determined charge, but is again repulsed. The Federals now charge in turn, driving the enemy back. Greneral Brown is wounded in this charge. The conflict now ends with darkness. The following morning the enemy withdraw in the direction of Houston. The loss on each side has been about 150 in killed and wounded. Learning of the attack on Springfield, General Curtis telegraphed General F. H. Warren, in command at Houston, to reinforce Brown. Warren at once sent Colonel Lewis Merrill with about 700 men and a section of artillery toward Springfield. Merrill reached Hart- ville on the morning of the 9th, where he was reinforced by 150 men. Moving forward, he rested that night near AVood's Creek, not far from where Marmaduke was encamped. The latter knew of Merrill's proximity, but not of his strength. Deciding not to attack, the enemy moved off early the next morning, reaching Hartville Haitviiie. about 10 A. M. on the 10th. Merrill at once started in pursuit, arriving near Hartville at 11 a. m. Marmaduke now moves to attack him. Selecting a strong position, Merrill fearlessly awaits the foe, whose fierce assaults are repulsed again and again. The Federal soldiers cannot be moved, and at 4 p. m. Marmaduke retires to- ward Arkansas, recrossing White Biver Feb. 4, without doing farther damage. The Federal cavalry follow as far as this point, when pursuit ceases. General Cabell, with 2,000 men, leaving his winter quarters in Boston Mountains, appears on April 18, ^p"' ^^• 1863, before Fayetteville, Ark., which is garrisoned by vnie, Ark. two Federal regiments, about 1,000 men, under Colonel Harrison. Cabell attacks with vigor, but is so severely repulsed in his first assault that he retreats in the direc- tion whence he came. 30 466 STUART— MCNEIL. 18 3. Marmaduke, with a large division of cavalry, coming from Arkansas, again invades Missouri, ascending the April 20. right bank of the Black River. On the 20th of ^1^ erson, ^pj.']^ ^ detachmcnt crossed the river, driving a Federal force of 400 men under Colonel Stuart from Patterson. After a sharp fight at Big Creek, Stuart crossed that stream and moved north toward Pilot Knob. Meantime Marmaduke is pushing forward, reaching Fredericktown on the 21st. General Vandever, w^ho commands the Federal forces in this district, orders General McNeil with his brigade, numbering about 1,200 men, from Bloomfield, to occupy Fredericktown in advance of the enemy. McNeil starts on the morning of the 21st. On reaching Dallas the next day, he learns that Marma- duke already has possession. McNeil now correctly guesses the enemy's intentions, and hastening by forced marches, he arrives in person at Cape Girardeau on the evening of the 23d, his troops reaching there the follow- ing morning. Two of Marmaduke's brigades appear before the works, now defended by the gallant McNeil April 25, 26. with 1,700 men, on the morning of the 25th, and at raideau, oucc bcglu tho attack ; and although the assault is ^°' vigorously made, the enemy is repulsed, and withdraws at 2 p. M. Marmaduke arrives toward evening with his other two brigades, and on the following morning renews the assault with his whole force. Again the enemy is driven back. He now^ retires out of reach of Federal fire, and about 1 p. m. suddenly decamps southward. McNeil, who had been reinforced on the afternoon of the 25th, now starts in pursuit, but is unable to overtake April 30, the Confederates until the 30th, near the border of the Francis Statc, whcu tho Fcdcrals, charging several times, re- jiiver, Mo. pgrj|^g,]iy drive the enemy's rear guard upon the main body, but do not detain it,. Marmaduke finally escaping into Arkansas on the 2d of May. PHILLIFS— WILLI A MS— FOKMAN— BLUNT. 46Y Fort Blunt, Indian Territory, was threatened on ises. May 20, 1863, by about 3,000 Confederates under jj^jy"^ Colonel Coffey. The fort was garrisoned by 800 whites ^^°[^ ^^;;^"^' and a regiment of Creek Indians, all under Colonel Wm. « A. Phillips. Coffey found Phillips too strongly fortified, and seizing some cattle belonging to the garrison, with- drew. Phillips gave chase, defeated the enemy, and re- covered a part of his cattle. On the 1st of July, a train of 300 wagons, containing •^ ' & J & July 1^ 2_ supplies for Fort Blunt, was attacked by 700 Texans at cabin the crossing of Cabin Creek, Indian Territory. The tIh ' enemy was severely repulsed by the escort, composed of 800 colored cavalry under Colonel J. M. Williams, and 500 Indians, commanded by Major Forman. Gen- eral Blunt arrived at the fort July 16, having made a forced march from Fort Scott on receiving the informa- tion that about 6,000 of the enemy under General Cooper were approaching the fort. Cooper was resting at Honey Springs, twenty-five miles south of the fort, awaiting a body of Texans under Cabell. Learning this. Blunt moved upon Cooper, striking him suddenly at about 10 a. m. of the 17th, and routing him after a j^^y ^^ two hours' conflict. Cabell arrived after the battle was ^°^]''^ Springs, over, but concluded to withdraw. Blunt returned to Kan. the fort with 100 prisoners. He had caused the enemy a loss of 150 killed, and an estimated loss in wounded of 400. His own loss was less than 100. August 21, a band of desperadoes, numbering about -^"s- ai- " ^ '- ■^ '-' Lawrence, 300, under a fiend called Quantrell, coming from Mis- Kan., souri, suddenly pounced upon the town of Lawrence, Kansas. They entered the town before daylight, and awakened the unsuspecting inhabitants with yells and screeching. Nearly 150 unarmed citizens were mur- dered, and the town pillaged and burned. General Lane, then a member of the United States Senate, i68 STEELE— C LA YTOK 1863. escaped them, and organized a pursuing party, which succeeded in killing or capturing about 100 of the murderers. » General Frederick Steele collected about 12,000 men at Helena, for the purpose of moving against Little Rock. He began the march August 10, 1863, meeting Marmaduke's forces at Brownsville, who fell back, skir- ^ljoi~'' mishing. At Bayou Metoe the enemy made a slight Metoe, Ark. g^^g^^^j^ but was drivcu across the stream, and fled to Sept. 10. Little Rock. On Sept. 10, at Bayou Fourche, within Aik."^ "'^ ' five miles of Little Rock, Steele's advance again met Marmaduke. General Price was in command at Little Rock, and was preparing to evacuate. Marmaduke maintained his ground in a two hours' fight in order to give Price time to get away, when he retired, at first slowly, but his movements were soon accelerated by a vigorous charge of the Federals, who were in possession of Little Rock by 7 p. m. ?,^^' ^l\ „ October the 25th, Marmaduke attacked Pine Bluff, Pme Blufl:, " ' Ark. Ark., with 2,000 men. General Powell Clayton, with 600 men, garrisoned the place. After a severe struggle of five hours' duration, the enemy was repulsed, with a loss of about 200 in killed and wounded. The Federal loss was about 70. On the 18th of December, the fiend Quantrell, with Dec. 28. Port Gib- his red and white marauders, was severely punished in ^on^, ind. ^ ^^^^, hours' fight with a Federal outpost near Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, and driven across the Arkansas River. 1884. March 23, 1864, General Steele left Little Rock with 8,000 men, called the 7th army corps, and was afterward joined b}^ General Thayer with 5,000 men from Fort Smith, Another force under General Clayton was to come from Pine Bluff, all to be commanded by Steele, who was to co-operate with Banks against Shreve- STEJ^Lli-C ARE— BROOKS. 409 port, La. Steele skirmished with the enemy's cavahy is a 4. all the way to Prairie d'Anne, not far from Washington, arriving there on April 10. He was now opposed by April 10-33 Price. Sharp fighting occurred here until the 13th, Anne^Aik. when Price retired to Washington. Steele then pushed on to Camden, which place was reached on the 15th. Apiii 15. An attack that day upon Thayer's troops, who covered Ark. ' the rear, was repulsed. Steele now learned of Banks's misfortune at Sabine cross roads, and of his retreat, and determined to return to Little Rock. The enemy were gathering fast around him. Banks's retreat had left Kirby Smith at liberty to move in that direction. Steele had lost two large wagon trains, and 500 men who were guarding or escorting them, captured by the enemy at Mark's Mill, on the 25th. On the 26th of ^^^^.jj ^g April he set out on his return march by way of Jenkins m=»i^'s Ferry, on the Sabine River. Here he was savagely attacked by a largely superior force under Kirby Smith on April 30. A part of the Federal troops had already ^p,.,, g^, crossed the river, but they were quickly returned. The J™i^'"* 7 J k J Fen-y, Ark. battle was a fierce and determined affair, and raged for several hours, ending with the repulse of the enemy, whose loss had been very heavy, probably three times that of the Federals, which was 700 in killed and wounded. Steele was now enabled to cross Sabine River unmolested, and pushing on reached Little Rock on the 2d of May. In the latter part of June, 1863, a force of the ene- Jnne, m>z. my's cavalry crossed the Arkansas River, and marched Rivei^ov st. to White River. When near the town of St. Charles, it ^'^'^'■'''^• was met by General Carr with four regiments of Fed- eral troops. A severe fight ensued, resulting in the defeat of the enemy with the loss of 200 taken prisoners. Each side lost a like number in killed and wounded. Jniysc, gj. ^ ^ Near He- July 26, 1864, Colonel W. S. Brooks, with 400 colored lena, Ark. 4T0 £AX)uKS--JiOS£:Cl'AXS~A. J. SMITH. 1 s a 4 . troops, was attacked a few miles from Helena by a. largel}^ superior force of the enemy under General Dob- bins. Major Carmichael, with 150 of the 15th Illinois cavalry, came to the aid of Brooks, he having heard the firing from the Mississippi. After a severe engagement, the Federals drove back their assailants, when they retired to Helena, followed at a respectful distance by Colonel w. D^bbius. Coloucl Brooks was amono- tbe killed. S. r! rooks "^ uiiuti. On the 27th of July, a Federal outpost of Fort ,iuiy 27. Smitli inimberinii; about 200 men, of the 5th Kansas, l«'ovt Smith, . . . Ark. under Captain Meiford, (the fort is on the Arkansas lliver, at the border of Indian Territory,) was attacked by a force of the enemy 1,000 strong. Meftbrd resisted bravely until he had lost 25 men, and seeing further resistance useless, surrendered. He had caused the enemy a loss of 40 in killed and wounded. Aug. 23. August 23, the 54th Illinois infantry, posted ;it 54tii 111. {\^y^Q separate stations on the railroad between Du- lapturod. valfs Blutf aud Little Rock, were all captured by a force of the eneni}^ numbering about 2,000, under IShelby. General Uosecrans arrived at St. Louis, Mo., January 28, 1864, and assumed command of the Department of Missouri. Becoming alarmed at the secret organizations — the " Kniahts of the Golden Circle " and other socio- ties of the same nature — by the secession element, Rosecrans cnlled upon the Government for more troops. None could be spared, however, until the following- September, when General A. J. Smith was ordered there from Memphis with about 5,000 men. A force of the enemy, numbering about 18,000 men. entered INIissouri from Arkansas in the latter part of September, under command of Generals Price and Shelb3\ Price moved directly on Pilot Knob, where the Federals had slight fortifications garrisoned by a A. J. sMlTH-rLEASOSTOS^CURTIS. 4Y1 1 S04. Pilot Knob, bvionde numbering about 1.200 men under Oenen, _ H S. Bwin.. On Sept. 27 this snuxll body of detevmur d ^ „,en repolfed two fierce assaults of the enemy, who ,„. numbered about 10.000, causing them heavy loss he fidUing lasted until dark, when Pr.ce deferred fmth. attack until morning. But dnnng the n.ght, EMUg vlated, and hastened toward RoUa. Shelby overtook hm on the 30th, at Harrison, and attacke . Ewng s g..^^ ». soldiers held their ground for a whole day, when Colon 1 Beveridge, with the 17th Illinois cavalry, came from KoUa to his relief These united forces gave Shelby a severe repulse, after which the Federals marclied quietly *"" "^otfte 7th of October, Price appeai-ed before Jeffer- oc,. j._^ ,on City Mo., which was well fortified, and garnsoned e„,, .,». by about 7,000 men, under General Brown Pr-ce enveloped the Federal position, but decided not to attack .,ud n>oved hastily away in the direction of BoonviUe. S Iby moved onl Glasgow, in Howard County, J^re o«... he captured a small force under Colonel Harding rftei a sharp enoagement. By this time Rosem-ans had suc- eeded in organizing a force to send after Price^ General Pleasonton was now in this Depart.neiit in chief coininand of the cavalrv. Pleasonton and A. J. Smith, ^^ho had been sent from Tennessee to aid Rosecraus, ^vere now in hot pursuit after Price and Shelby, who were mak- ing all haste to get back into Arkansas. Price had ^^^ ^^ dilN-en a small Federal force out of Lexington on the 19th At Little Blue River, Price came upon General » ■ Blunfs Kansas troops, under General Curtis After a sharp conflict. Curtis, largely outnumbered, fell back to BirBliie River. At this time, Oct. 21, Pleasonton o.;..,,^ arrived at the Little Blue Creek, where he found the„,„,.»io, bridge destroyed and the rear guard of the enemy upon the other sid^, which now resisted his attempt to cro.s , 4:72 A. J. SMITH— PLEASONTON— CURTIS. i8 •/ / «/ Fort Wag- works ou the southern end of Morris Island. His bat- isi'and,*s.c! teries upon Folly Island, aided by Dahlgren's monitors, bombarded these works, as well as Fort Wagner, a pow- erful work, heavily armed and strongly garrisoned. After two hours of cannonading, the Federal guns were turned on Wagner, while General Geo. C. Strong, who had landed with about 2,000 men during the previous night, charged the first-named works. After a brief struggle the enemy fled to Wagner, at the north end of the island, leaving Strong in possession, who captured eleven guns and the camp equipage. July 11. On the 11th, at 5 a. m., General Strong led his w"'n'.r."'' troops to the assault of Fort Wagner itself, in the face GILL MORE— TERRY. 491 of a terrible fire. The gallant soldiers reached the i)ar- j««j, apet, but the fire was too hot, and they were compelled to retire, with a loss of about 150. On July the 8th, Gillmore had sent General A. H. Terry with about 4,000 men against the enemy on James Island, for the purpose of drawing attention from Wagner during Strong's attack. Terry remained on James Island until the 16th, when he withdrew. On that morning the ^"'^ ^'*- ' ° James enemy attacked him, but was easily repulsed with the island. aid of the navy. Gillmore now erected five batteries on the southern end of Morris Island, for the purpose of reducing Wag- ner. These batteries, together with the monitors, again bombarded Fort Wagner from noon till night on the '^"'0,,^^' 18th of July, when their fire ceased, and the infantry "ssauit. again made an assault. Strong's brigade took the lead, and was supported by a brigade under Colonel Putnam. The charge was nobly made, the parapet reached, and some of the soldiers scaled the works ; but the assault finally ended in defeat with fearful loss. Colonel Put- nam followed the leading brigade right up to the works, and charged them with his troops. The Federal loss was about 1,500, including many officers. Colonel Put- Death of nam and Colonel Shaw were amons; the killed. General coionos O Putnam Strong Avas severely wounded. an• . . , twelve batteries m all by the middle of August. On the morning of August 17 the batteries and the entire navy present opened upon Forts Sumter and Wagner, and also upon Battery Gregg, which lay be- tween the two. The bombardment was continued for seven days, at the end of which time Fort Sumter was a shapeless mass. The "Swamp Angel" sent thirty- five shots into Charleston City, but burst on the thirty- sixth discharge. Gillmore now paid particular attention to Wagner. At night, powerful calcium lights were turned on this work, exposing and blinding the enemy. On September 6, increased vigor was given to the bom- bardment, and preparations made for-an assault for the following morning by 3,000 men under General Terry. Sept 7. j^Yl was in readiness at 2 a. m. on the 7th, when it was Night at- " t^ack on discovered that the enemy had fled. Battery Gregg had also been abandoned. The Federals at once took pos- session and repaired Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg. -On the night of September 8, an unsuccessful at- tempt was made by a detachment of men from the squadron in row boats to storm Fort Sumter. After a loss of about a hundred men, the party retired. The land force was to aid in this movement ; but owing to some unforeseen difficulty, it failed to co-operate. For some time after this, no further decisive events occurred at this point. General Gillmore started a force of about 5,000 men Feb. 6. . ^ . . Expedition froui Hiltou Head Februar}^ 6, 1864, on an expedition to Florida, on transports, under command of General Truman Seymour. Gillmore accompanied the expedition as far as Baldwin, Fla. Seymour arrived at Jacksonville about 5 p. M. on the 7th, landing with but little opposi- GILL MO RE— FOSTER. 493 tioii.- On the 8th the Federals moved toward the iso4. interior, reaching Baldwin the next day, having encoun- tered a small body of the enemy, which they easily pushed before them. The Federal cavalry pressed for- ward, having a sharp skirmish at St. Mary's River, and l^\]^^: .^ reached the vicinity of Lake City at 2 p. m. the 10th, R'vei-, fim. where they rested ; but they soon afterward retired to St. Mary's River. On the 17th of February, Seymour *put his forces in motion toward the Suwanee River. On the 20th, at^f^v^'^- ■ Olustee, about 2 p. M., the Federals ran into an ambush of a f^i heavy force of the enemy, under General Finnegan, near Olustee Station. This proved a terrible disaster; for although the Federals recovered from the surprise quickly, and fought heroically for two hours, they were fearfully cut up, and were finally compelled to retreat. The colored troops, of w4iich there were three regiments, fought magnificently. The Federal loss was about 250 killed and 1,200 wounded ; the loss of the enemy, about 150 killed and 750 ^vounded. The Federals continued the retreat to Jacksonville in good order ; the enemy did not pursue. The expedition soon afterward returned to Hilton Head. Early in May, General Gillmore, wnth the 10th Corps, was called from this Department, and joined the Army of the James, which was under the command of General Butler. In the beginning of July, Colonel Silliman, with the 26th United States colored infantry, was directed to storm a battery near Legareville, on John's Island. July 5-r. Five brave and determined charges were made, with a and," s. c. loss of about 100 iri killed and wounded ; but it ended with the repulse of the Federals. General Foster, who was in command of the coast of South Carolina when Sherman was nearing Savannah, 494 FOSTER— HATCH— POTTER. 1864. made a demonstration in Sherman's favor, landing at ~ Boyd's Neck, Nov. 30, 1864, with about 5,000 men. He Honey Hill Sent General Hatch with a strong force to seize the hamviiie I'^ilroad at Honey Hill or Grahamville ; and the follow- ing day, near that place. Hatch came upon the enemy strongly intrenched. He attacked at once, but after a severe conflict was repulsed, with the loss of over 700 men. Foster then moved his force to Devaux Neck, where he fortified, remaining there until Hardee fled from Charleston, when he took possession of Pocotaligo. On the 24th of December, while General Sherman's forces were in front of Savannah, General Hardee, in command of the enemy's troops there, evacuated, march- ing his troops out quietly during- the night, and hastily moved to Charleston. When Sherman again put his army in motion northward,' Hardee supposed Charleston to be his objective point, and concentrated his troops for defense. General Gillmore, again in command on the coast, made feints in the direction of Charleston to encoura2:e Hardee in this belief, one body of Federal 1865. ^ , y J Feb. 10. troops landing upon James Island on Feb. 10, 1865, James isi- ^^hcre a sharp engagement was had. The enemy's rifle-pits were carried, with a loss to the Federals of about 80 men. Co-operative movements w^ere made at the same time by Generals Hatch and Potter, the former toward South Ed is to River, the latter from Bull's Bay Feb 17 northward. Hardee remained at Charleston until Feb. Charleston 17, whcu, learning that Sherman had reached Columbia, evacuated by the he made haste to evacuate, moving by the only road left open to join Beauregard and Johnston in North Carolina. Before leaving Charleston, a guard detailed for the pur- pose set fire to every building or warehouse which was stored with cotton. A terrible conflagration followed. An explosion of powder took place at the Northeastern Jlailroad depot, causing the loss of many lives. The enemy. GILLMORE— ANDERSON. 495 destruction of property was immense before the flames isos. could be subdued. On the 18th the Union soldiers entered Charleston, and assisted in extinguishing the flames. After four long years of suspense and sorrow, the United States flag was again flung to the breeze over Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the surrounding forts. Over 450 cannon were found in the defenses. It was on the fourth anniversary of the evacuation of Anderson Sumter by Major Anderson (April 14, 1861), that this ^^ '^^ same officer, now General Anderson, with his own hand oid flag over Sum- raised the flag that he then hauled down. ter. CHAPTER XXVIII. DEPARTMENT OF THE GUEF. FHELFS— FARRAGUT. isGi. r J :HE first movement made by the United States J- Government in the direction of the Gulf of Mexico, December, was in Decembor, 1861, when General John W. Phelps, pheip'^!' "^^^^ ^^^ served in the Mexican and Florida wars, landed lands on ^yith a Small forco on Ship Island, Miss., not far from Ship isl- J- ' " and, Miss, the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Department of the Gulf extended from Key West to the Pio Grande, comprising the States of Louisiana, Texas, the lower half of Mississippi and Alabama, and the western coast of Florida. The principal land operations in this Department were in Louisiana. The following partial description of the face of the country in that State is extracted from Lippincott's magnificent " Gazetteer of the World ":■ — ■ " Face or the Country. — It is stated that no part of Louisiana has any point elevated more than 240 feet above sea-level. In the central and northern sections of the State, there are extensive tracts of undulating or even hilly ground. Farther southward the counti-y is more level, with extensive forests and swamps. In the southwest there are wide, grassy prairies ; and near the coast and the streams these plains in some cases assume the remarkable character of prairies tremMantes, or ' trembling prairies,' which quake beneath the traveler's feet, and are believed to float upon the surface of sub- terranean waters or upon gulfs of thin mud. The great (496) FARRAGUT— BUTLER. 497 delta of the Mississippi is largely made up of swamp- ism. lands, slightly elevated above the sea-level, and subject to occasional overflow ; and even the habitable and cultivable lands would be to a great extent over- whelmed by the freshets of the Mississippi, were it not that a system of dikes, or levees, has been constructed at a great expense for the restraint of the river within its banks; but these levees are liable to burst at high water, and then destructive floods pour through the crevasse, and sometimes deluge large areas." The southern portion of the State of Louisiana was overflowed on account of broken levees during the whole war which, with the marshes and cypress swamps, made it a very unhealthy country for the Northern soldiers until acclimated. The death list from disease was very large, one regiment, the 6th Michigan infantry, losing nearly 500 men from that cause ; and scarcely a soldier who served two years in this Department, and who lived to be mustered out, has ever recovered from the evil effects of the malaria of those swamps. January 10, 1862, the Federal war steamer Hatteras took possession of Cedar Keys, on the western coast of cedavKeys, Florida. Fifteen prisoners were taken, and several ^^^' small vessels captured. Daring this same month, an expedition was organized Expedition to proceed against New Orleans and the enemy's works JfeT^or- on the Mississippi River. The naval fleet, consisting of ^®^'^*- forty-six vessels, was under Captain David G. Farragut, who wks then sixty years of age, and had been in the United States naval service since his tenth year. The land forces, numbering about 13,000 men, were under General Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts. Farragut left Hampton Roads on the 2d of February, himself on board the sloop of war Hartford. Butler started from Newport News in the latter part of Febru- 1862. 498 FARRAGUT— BUTLER. is6». ary with 10,000 Eastern troops, on board transports; three Western regiments, the 4th Wisconsin, 21st Indi- ana, and the 6th Michigan, followed from the same ren- dezvous on March 5. These last three regiments all went aboard one ship, the steamer Constitution, and arrived at Ship Island March 13, where they landed and found their Eastern comrades already encamped. On the 8th of April, Farragut succeeded, after a great deal of difficulty, in getting his fleet over the bar at Southwest Pass and into the Mississippi River. Forts Jackson and St. Philip, now in the hands of the enemy, protected the lower course of the river, and blocked the way to New Orleans. It is about 35 miles from Southwest Pass to the forts, and 112 miles to New Orleans. Farragut began the bombardment of these forts on April 18. After -an exhaustive shelling of the forts he became impatient at this slow process, and de- cided to force a passage. At 4 a. m. on the 24th, his fleet of seventeen war steamers was under way. Within one hour he had passed the forts, and at the end of two hours the enemy's fleet above the forts had been de- stroyed or dispersed, and the way was open for the Federal fleet to pass to the city of New Orleans. (See su'renSr Navy.) Thc forts surrendered on the 28th to Com- of Forts mander D. D. Porter, who had command of the twenty Jackson *' and St. mortar-boats that had been shelling them for the last Philip. . , ten days. Meantime Farragut had appeared to the people of New Orleans, having arrived opposite the city on the 25th. The enemy had a force of 3,000 troops in the city, under General Lovell, but they hastily retired northward upon the approach of the Federal fleet, when the helpless city surrendered. General Butler had embarked his troops at Ship Island on the 14th, reaching Southwest Pass on the FARRAGUT— BUTLER. 499 16th. During the bombardment of the forts, Butler 1862. proceeded to Black Bay, in the rear of Fort St. Philip, and landed a portion of his troops there in the marshes, for the purpose of storming that fort ; but before any action could be taken, word came that the forts had sur- rendered. After giving three cheers for the brave Far- ragut and his men, the soldiers again embarked, when Butler proceeded to the mouth of the Mississippi, and to New Orleans, arriving there on the 1st of May. On the following day the troops landed, and took possession of ^i«y 2. the city. Farragut being thus relieved, proceeded up leans. the river, reaching Baton Bouge on the 9th and Natchez on the 12th, meeting with no opposition at either place. May. He arrived at Vicksburg on the 18th, accompanied by J^^on^tT'^' the 6th Michigan and the 4th Wisconsin, under General Vicksburg. Thomas Williams, on transports, and found the enemy in strong force, and disputing his farther advance with powerful batteries. It is 130 miles from New Orleans to Baton Rouge, and 400 miles to Vicksburg. Becom- ing satisfied that he must have in co-operation a strong land force, he returned to New Orleans about the 1st of June. Accompanied by about 3,000 troops under General Williams, he returned to Vicksburg about the middle of June with a strong fleet. By the 25th his fleet had assembled below the town. Artillery firing was in- dulged in till the 28th, when Farragut, with a part of his fleet, ran by the enemy's batteries with but little damage to his shipping, losing 15 men killed and 42 wounded. Being convinced that Vicksburg could not be taken without an army, and there being no troops to spare for this purpose at this time, he repassed the enemy's batteries on the night of July 15, suffering a loss of 5 killed and 16 wounded. General Williams and his soldiers had endeavored to cut a new channel 500 B UTLER - WILLI A MS. 186 a. .Tune 15. Poncha- toiila, liii. Aug. 5. Baton Rouge. across a point of land infolded by the waters of the great river opposite the town, which, if successful, would ren- der the enemy's positi^on valueless. This project failed, however, and the Federals gave up the attempt upon Vicksburg for the present. Williams soon afterward occupied Baton Rouge, Farragut proceeding to New Orleans, where he arrived July 29. Two gun-boats were left at Vicksburg, and two at Baton Rouge. On the 14th of June, a small force of Federals, numbering about 250 men, going by boat to Manehac Pass, made a raid up the Jackson Railroad, after destroying the railroad bridge at that point. Reaching Ponchatoula the follow- ing day, they put to flight a strong force of the enemy, and destroyed a large quantity of army stores, returning to Manehac Pass and New Orleans the following day. When Farragut and Williams retired from Vicksburg, General Van Dorn, who was then in command of the enemy's forces there, resolved to obtain possebsion of Baton Rouge if possible, desiring to gain a foot-hold at a point south of the mouth of Red River. ' General Breckenridge, with a force about 6,000 strong, was at once put in motion. He reached Camp Moore, just south of the Louisiana line, on July 28, and taking a lit- tle time to get his troops in fighting order, resumed his march on the 30th. General Williams, in command at Baton Rouge, on learning of the approach of the enemy, hastily posted his troops as advantageously as possible, his front not being protected by breastworks or fortifications of any kind. At daylight on the 5th of August, the enemy suddenly attack with great ferocity. The Federals, numbering scarcely 2,000 men in line, meet the foe in the open field, bravely resisting this overwhelming force with obstinacy. For a moment they are somewhat thrown into disorder, but soon recover, and although Bl/TIUM— WILLIAMS. 601 they are forced back a short distance, they now check isoi. the exultant enemy, then drive him, causing fearful loss in his ranks, Nim's Massachusetts Battery doins; terrible . . General execution. In the height of the conflict General Will- Thomas iams was killed, while gallantly leading the 21st Indiana kmed"^ to the charge, the field officers of that regiment having fallen. He was a graduate of West Point, and had served on General Scott's staff in the Mexican war. A brigade of the enemy under Colonel Clark, of Missis- sippi, was sent to attack the Federal right for the pur- pose of flanking Williams's batteries. It reached a point guarded by three companies — A, B, and F — of the 6th Michigan infantry, under command of Captain John Corden. After delivering a terrible fire, the enemy charge. The Michigan men heroically resist the onset, falling back a short distance, but pouring an incessant fire into the advancing foe. Captain Cordon sits astride of his horse, smoking his pipe, as cool as if witnessing a parade. The enemy are checked, their lines broken, (heir commander mortally wounded, and they are finally driven back to the woods. Meantime the battle has raged furiously on the Fed- eral left and center, but by 10 a. m. Breckenridge retires northward, thoroughly repulsed and defeated, having lost about 600 men in this fruitless encounter. The Federal loss was 82 killed and about 255 wounded. Breckenridge marched his men to Port Hudson, 30 miles above Baton Rouge, taking possession there and erecting heavy batteries, from which strong position the enemy was not dislodged until July, 1863. A few days after the battle. General Butler ordered the troops at Baton Rouge to New Orleans, thus leaving the ground for which the Federal soldiers had so nobly fought, in quiet posses- sion of the enemy. In the latter part of October, 1862, General Wcitzel, 502 BUTLER— BANKS. 186 a. with a brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry, landed at Donaldsonville, La., about 80 miles above New Orleans, on the west bank of the Mississippi. On the 26th of that month he began to descend Bayou La Fourche. The day following he came upon a small Labadie- body of the enemy, under Colonel McPheeters, near Geo%ia Labadieville. Weitzel at once attacks, and after a spir- Landing, j|-g^| engagement, puts the enemy to flight, taking nearly Death of ^00 prisoucrs. Colonel McPheeters was among the Colonel Mc-i^illg(j_ ^ho Federal loss was about 90 in killed and Pheeters. wounded. Weitzel then proceeded to Brashear City, which place he found abandoned, but feeling sufficiently strong to hold it with his present force, he took an advantageous position at Thibodeaux. In the month of November, 1862, General N. P. Banks sailed from New' York with a force of about 18,000 men for New Orleans, relieving General Butler . on Dec. 16. With the arrival of the troops brought by General Banks, the force in this Department now num- bered about 36,000 men, in four divisions, under Gener- als C. C. Augur, T. W. Sherman, W. H. Emory, and C. Grover, designated the 19th army corps. The Federal Government hoped to gain possession of the Mississippi River by pushing Banks up that stream, while General Grant should move down. Grover's division arrived at, and took possession of. Baton Rouge on the 17th. 1863. General Weitzel left Thibodeaux Jan. 11, 1863, and joining a naval division at Brashear City, embarked on transports. On the loth the flotilla appeared before Patterson ville on the Bayou Teche. The enemy's works at this place were garrisoned by about 1,500 men, who were aided in the defense of this point by the Jan. 14. gun-boat Cotton. On the morning of the 14th, the Teche, La. sokUers having been landed, the Federals began the attack. The gun-boats under Captain Buchanan (a BANKS— BUTLER. 503 brother of the officer who commanded the Merrmac or isgs. V^irginia) opened the battle. The land forces soon afterward attacked in rear, and after a severe engage- ment the rebels were put to flight. The Cotton was de- stroyed. The loss on each side was about 200. Captain Death of -r, ^ . 1 . Captain Buchanan fell mortally wounded, while gallantly pushing Buchanan. his vessel against the enemy's works. The flotilla soon afterward returned to Thibodeaux. On the 24th of December, '62, three companies of the 42d Massachusetts infantry, numbering 240 men, being the advance of an expedition for the occupation of Galveston, Tex., arrived at that place. They were to be protected by the gun-boats there under command of Captain Renshaw. Galveston stands on an island twenty-eight miles in length and from one and one half to three and one half miles wide, connected with the main land by a long bridge. The city had surrendered to Renshaw on the 9th of October, 1862. At midnight, Dec. 31, General Magruder, now in command of the enemy's forces in Texas, attacked this ^^"^^ i- '' Galveston, little band with about 1,500 men. The Massachusetts Tex. men defended themselves with great heroism. They had made a sort of breastworks with planks from the wharf, and being aided for a time by the gun-boats, they were enabled to repel Magruder's first assaults. Magruder was about despairing of success when, at daylight, the enemy brought out two gun-boats, the Bayou City and the Neptune, attacking the Harriet Lane. The Neptune was soon disabled and sunk ; but the Bayou City, striking the Lane, became fastened by the nose. The enemy quickly boarded the Lane, and greatly outnumbering the Federal crew, soon captured her. Captain Wainwright, commanding the Lane, was Death of killed. The Federal gun-boat West field, in endeavoring ^am- to come to the aid of the Lane, ran aground, and being ^"s"- 504 BANKS— FARUAGUT. IS 63. unable to release her, K-enshaw, who was on board, ordered her to be abandoned and destroyed. The magazine prematurely exploded, and Renshaw and Death of fifteen men in a yawl, not yet havino; left the side of Captain ^ ^ ^ n Renshaw. the doomod vessel, were drowned. Magruder now re- newed the attack, when the Federal troops, seeing resistance useless, surrendered, after causing a loss to the enemy of 26 killed and 117 wounded. Galveston was again in the hands of the foe, who now supposed that they had raised the blockade ; but Farragut soon undeceived them. The remainder of Banks's expedition for the occupation of Galveston arrived on the 2d of January. It did not attempt a landing, however, and soon afterward returned to New Orleans. In the latter part of January, Banks organized an expedition against the enemy's works at Bute La Hose, on the Atchafalaya; but owing to impassable bayous, the project was abandoned after they had reached Bayou Teche. Weitzel's command was left in this vicinity while Emory's division was taken to Baton Rouge with all the other troops that could be spared March 13. fi'om Now Orlcaus. On the 13th of March, Banks, with about 12,000 men, moved in co-operation with Farragut against Port Hudson, Grover's division in advance, followed b}^ Emory and Augur. On the morn- ing of the 15th, Banks learned that Farragut had passed the enemj^'s batteries the night before ; and also learning that the garrison of Port Hudson numbered about 16,000 men, he decided to delay the attack upon that place until he should receive reinforcements. Returning at once to Baton Rouge, General Banks ordered Emory and Grover, with their divisions, to Brashear City, where they joined Weitzel on the 10th of April. Augur's division was left at Baton Rouge. General Banks had returned to New Orleans to look Port Hiul son. BANHS. 505 after matters there, and arrange for a new campaign. i««.v. He collected about 15,000 men at Brashear City, where several war vessels came to join him. The enemy at March 28. once assembled all the troops possible to oppose his ^JJff '^°°' advance, under command of General Richard Taylor, numbering about one half of Banks's force. Taylor had with him the gun-boat Queen of the West, captured from crntrevuie. the Federals in Bed River ; and on March 29 he had added to his naval force the Federal gun-boat Diana, wliich, having gone too far up Bayou Teche, was cap- tured by his troops. He had taken a strong position behind breastworks between Pattersonville and Centre- ville, on Bayou Teche. On April 11, the Federal army moved in three ^f j,\""^'^' divisions, under Emory, Weitzel, and Grover, the first Teche, or two going up the right bank of the Teche, from Berwick City. The latter embarking on transports and gun- boats proceeded up the Atchafalaya into Lake Cheti- maches, and landed on the 12th north of the enemy's position at Irish Bend, so as to cut off his escape. Learning of this, Taylor at once determined to check the movement, if possible, until he could effect a retreat. He took a part of his force and moved against Grover, leaving the remainder to oppose Emory and Weitzel. The former had approached his works on the 12th, but engaged only in an artillery battle. The 13th was spent by Emory and Weitzel in skir- mishing and preparing for an assault. ' Meantime Taylor met Grover on the loth. A severe conflict followed, which was not ended until night stopped the battle. During the night Taylor, with all his forces, retreated up the right bank of the Teche, after burning the Diana and several transports, together with a partly con- structed iron-clad. The Qticen of the West was soon afterward destroyed by the Federal gun-boats. 506 BANKS. 1S63. Banks at once pushed forward in pursuit, reaching . ~r. New Iberia on the 16th, where Taylor was compelled April 10. 7 ,/ 1 Ncwiboiia. to destroy five transports laden with stores, so close had been the pursuit. The Federals destroyed the salt- works and cannon foundries at this point. The pursuit was continued, the Federals reaching Opelousas on the 20th, Grover's division having had a successful engage- ment with a strong detachment of the enemy at Bayou April 17. Yermillion on the 17th. Taylor continued his retreat Bayou Ver- ^ million, through Alexandria, on Red River, at which place Banks ,, , arrived on the 6th of May, where he found a fleet of May 6. *' ' Banivs at Federal gun-boats under Admiral Porter, who had arrived a little before him. Taylor retreated to Shreve- port, pursued by Weitzel as far as Grand Ecore. Banks's campaign had been successful; he had captured and burned, or caused the destruction of, all the enemy's gun-boats and transports in his path, and had taken about 2,000 prisoners and 20 pieces of artillery. General Banks now determined to invest Port Hud- son, as his army had been increased in numbers, and the garrison of that place reduced one half, several thousand having been sent to Jackson, Miss., to reinforce Johnston, who was collecting all forces possible to op- pose General Grant. Banks began his march from May 14. Alexandria on May 14, part of his army going by water Pt!irts\i8 and part by land, arriving at Bayou Sara, about fifteen poTiiud ^^^^ above Port Hudson, on the 23d, and appearing son- before Port Hudson on the 24th. At the same time General Augur arrived from Baton Rouge with his di- vision, together with a part of a new division under General T. W. Sherman. General Frank Gardner, who commanded the garri- son of Port liudson, had sent a force to check the advance of Augur's troops ; but after a brief engage- ment at Plain's store, the enemy retired in haste to his BANKS. sot 1803. fortifications, Avliich were very strong, and armed with heavy guns. The garrison numbered about 7,000. The water front defenses were about three miles in length ; the land fortifications about nine miles. The works of Port Hudson were strong by nature as well as by art; numerous ravines, filled with fallen timber, made the approach difficult. On the 25th the investment was completed. The ^f«y ^i *« Federals numbered about 15,000 in divisions from right su-e of to left as follows : Weitzel, Grover, Dwight (who was ^H] in command of Emory's division, that officer being absent, sick). Augur, and Sherman. Farragut was there with the Monongahela, Richmond, Essex, Genessce, and a number of mortar-boats below, and the Hartford and Alhafross above. The last two had forced a passage by the enemy's batteries on March 14, with Farragut on board the Hartford. Farragut had since been operating between this place and Vicksburg, and on lied River. Banks determined upon a general assault at once, and gave orders for the 27th. At daybreak the Federal guns opened upon the enemy's works, Farragut joining in the bombardment. The assault, which should have been simultaneous at May 27. ' _ General all points, was not so. The right attacked in the morn- assault. ing, but by some mistake the center did not begin its move until the right had suffered a repulse, and the left began its attack about the time the center had expended its force in vain. The assault was a failure. The fight- ing continued until night, when the Federals drew off. The charge of the Union soldiers had been gallant and determined. There were numerous instances of detach- ments' reaching the enemy's works and mounting the parapet, but being unsupported, they were driven back. The 6th Michigan and a New York Zouave regiment, of Sherman's division, planted their colors upon the v/orks. 508 BANKS. 1S03. General Sherman lost a leg m this battle. The Federal loss in the assault was about 300 killed and 1,500 wounded. Two colored regiments fought under Weit- zel, the first trial given colored men in a charge. They behaved like good warriors, displaying great courage, and keeping even pace with their white brothers. On the 28th an armistice was agreed upon, when both sides buried their dead and carried away the wounded. The Federals now settled down to a regular siege, the Union soldiers working day after day in the hot June sun with the spade as well as the rifle. Far- ragut's great guns joined Banks's artillery in a continu- ous bombardment, which created great havoc in the enemy's fortifications and armament, and incessantly annoyed the garrison by day and by night, giving the Southern soldiers but little opportunity to sleep, compel- ling them to seek repose in the shelter of deep ravines. Toward the middle of June, General Banks decided to make one more general assault. He felt that he must act quickly if at all. Dick Taylor was gathering his forces in his rear, and Johnston might pass to the rear of Grant, and fall upon him at any moment. Orders were given for the movement for the 14th. The Federal right had a severe battle on the 11th of June in endeav- oring to work up a little nearer to the enemy's fortifica- tions, preparatory to the intended charge of the 14th; but little ground was gained, however. June 14. At dawn of the 14 th the assault began, both on the right and left. The Union soldiers moved forward with great determination, but the ground was most difficult; fallen timber and tangled ravines blocked the way, and every step was made in the face of a terrible fire from artillery and small arms. On the right the Federal troops reached the ditch, but were unable to go over the works, which were heavily manned, and they were at Second assault BANKS. 509 last forced to retire. The Federal left did not get so ises. near the enemy, for the reason that the repulse on the right was known before the assault on the left was made, and the soldiers lost all Mth in the movement. At 11 - A. M. all was over. The repulse was complete, and the Federals returned to their breastworks. Some ground had been gained, however, both on the right and left, where the Federals built -heavy batteries nearer the enemy's works. On the 29th of June, General D wight ordered the 6th Michigan and the New York Zouave regiment to take the " citadel," a strong work nearly 100 feet above the river on the enemy's extreme right. Both regi- ments, all told for duty, numbered less than 300 men. The enemy had at least 700 men in the citadel. The slaughter was useless, and the assault seemingly ordered without judgment. The Union soldiers moved bravely forward, but were driven back by a sheet of flame and a storm of bullets. Several attempts were made by the Federal left to capture Port Hudson, but none so ridiculous as the one ordered during the assault of June 14. We will not un- dertake to say who was responsible. The 6th Michigan was directed to take the citadel. Captain John Cordon, with two hundred men of that regiment, w^as to storm the citadel, capture it, throw its guns into the river, and shovel down the parapet; while Captain Henry Stark, of the same regiment, was to pass on with fifty picked men, and go directly to the headquarters of the general commanding the garrison, capture him, shoot oif a sky rocket announcing the fact, and then fetch him out ! Lieutenant-Colonel Ed Bacon, then in command of the regiment, was to assume the general direction of the movement, and assist with the balance of the regiment. The folly of the project was too apparent to the officers 510 BASKS. la^. of Ihat noble reginient. The movement was by them purposely delayed until the whole of Banks's army had been repulsed, when the regiment was hurriedly sent for, to act as sharpshooters to prevent the enemy from mak- ing a sortie upon some unsupported batteries, where they did excellent work. Port iiud- '^^^^ siege continued until July 9, when General son sur- Grarduer, having learned that Grant had taken Vicks- burg, surrendered with b,40b officers and men. The Southern soldiers were in a famished condition, and had positively lived on mule meat and rats for several days, which proved their great devotion to their cause. The Federal loss during the siege was about 3.000 ; that of the enemy about 1,000. When General Banks departed from Alexandria for Port Hudson, the enemy -that he had recently driven to Shreveport returned to Alexandria. Taylor soon col- lected about 7,000 men, and proceeded to recapture the ground over which Banks had driven him in April. On June 10 he reached Plaquemine, where he captured a small Federal detachment and destroyed three small ^';;;; ~^- transports. On the 20th he passed through Thibodeaux, Bouno. La. moviug upou Tcrrc Bonne. Colonel Stickney, in com- mand of a small Federal force at Brashear City, pro- ceeded with about 400 men, of tbe -ITth Massachusetts, to the defense of Terre Bonne. Taylor's advance attacked him there on the 21st, but was reprised. Tavlor's main bodv moved around Stickney, and proceeded to attack the Federal post at Brashear City. This post was defended by a small detachment left by Stickney. and could not long resist Taylor's numbers. irwh-5^"" "^^^^ enemy attacked on the 23d, and after a brief engage- city."'' ment the post surrendered. Over $1,000,000 worth of Federal stores fell into the enemy's hands. Stickney meantime escaped to New Orleans. Taylor's captures BAIfKS. 51 i in this brief campaign numbered 1,500 Federal soldiers, ises. most of whom were sick or convalescent, — all that Banks conhl spare from the siege of Port Hudson to defend this territory. The enemy now proceeded to attack the Federal fort at Donaklsonville, garrisoned by 250 men under Major J. D. Bullen, of the 2Sth Maine. The attack was made on the niiiht of the 28th by about 1,500 men, who J""^' ~*^- ^ '' ^ ^ ^ Donaldson- rushed furiously upon the fort; but with the aid of the vine. gun-boats Wmona, Kineo, and Princess Roi/al, the assail- ants were driven olf, with the loss of over 300 men. Taylor now occupied his force in endeavoring to blockade the Mississippi below Port Hudson, and thus annoy Banks, who brought his supplies from below. The hitter was but little disturbed, however, by this inter- ruption. After the fall of Port Hudson, Banks at once sent Grover and Weitzel after Taylor. They landed at Donaldsonville soon afterward, the advance meeting Taylor's force near that place on July 13. The enemy attacked the Federal advance with a rush, capturing some 300 ; but reinforcements came up rapidly, and Taylor hastily retired. On the 22d of July, the enemy evacuated Brashear City, and retreated to Alexandria. On the 8th of September, General Banks sent Gen- ^<^pt- ^■ ^ ' Sabine era! Franklin, with 4,000 men on transports, accompan- pass. ied by four gun-boats, to capture Sabine Pass, Mdiich lies sixty-six miles northeast of Galveston, on the coast of Texas. The gnu-boats opened the attack, but in a short time two of them received shots through their boilers, and the scalding steam compelled their crews to surren- der. Franklin, supposing the 200 men in the fort to be a much larger force, at once retired, and the expedition returned to New Orleans. Sopt. --'O. Near INIorganzia, September 29, a Federal post was jMoigan/.in. 512 BANKS. 186 3. surprised in the night by General Green, of Taylor's command, and after a brief fight. Colonel Lane and Nov. 3. about 400 men were taken prisoners. On the 3d of tea^u^ayou Novomber, at Grand Coteau, about ten miles south of Bordeaux, Qpelousas, a Federal force under General C. C. Wash- er Carrion x ^ Crow burn was attacked by Taylor, The attack was a sur- prise. The Federals were not properly on their guard, and at first suffered disaster; but they soon rallied, and drove the enemy in haste to the cover of the woods. A brigade under General McGinnis, together with Nim's battery, saved the day. The Federal loss was about 700, of whom nearly 500 were taken prisoners. The loss of the enemy was about 500, of whom about 300 were prisoners. General Banks sailed from New Orleans for the Rio Oct 26. Grande on the 26th of October with about 6,000 men Banks sails for the Rio Qu trausports, accompanied by some war vessels. On the 2d of November the troops debarked at Brazos Santiago, driving out a small force of the enemy. Banks entered Brownsville on the 6th of November, where he made his headquarters. Operations continued in this vicinity, the Federals taking possession, with little opposition, of Point Isabel, Aransas Pass, Corpus Christi, and Pass Cavallo. The enemy had a strong fort called Esperanza at the latter place, at the entrance of Matagorda Bay. Nov. 30. rpijjg f^YJ^ ^g^g strono;ly garrisoned. A sharp fight was Fort Espe- n J o r o ranza, Tex. had hcro ou Nov. 30, when the enemy fled. Early in the 3^ear 1864, General Banks began prep- arations to move against the enemy on Bed Biver, and to take possession of Shreveport, La., prepar- atory to contemplated operations in Texas. On March Banks's 13, General Franklin started with the 19th Corps and a Red Kiver ^t of the 13th Corps, in all numbering about 15,000 expedition, i J- -^ o ; men, from the Teche country, overland, for Alexandria, reaching that place on the 26th. Admiral Porter was BANKS— PORTER— SMITH. 513 to co-operate with Banks with a strong fleet of war ves- sels, also some 10,000 men from Sherman's army, — the 1st and 3d divisions of the 16th army corps, and the 1st and 4th divisions of the 17th army corps, — all under command of General A. J. Smith. It seems proper to state at this point that this ex- pedition was ordered from Washington before General Grant was promoted to command all the armies. Grant had reluctantly reinforced Banks with the troops under Smith, and says in his ^' Memoirs " that both he and Banks opposed the expedition. But when General Grant did take command, Banks was so far on the way that he thought best not to stop it, expecting, however, that the expedition would be ended and Smith returned to Sherman before the general move in May. Banks by the same orders was to be back to New Orleans, to be ready for a move on Mobile at the same time. Grant also says in his " Memoirs," " Banks did not get back in time to take part in the program as laid down ; nor was Smith returned until long after the movements of May, 1864, had been begun. The services of forty thousand veteran troops, over and above the number required to hold all that was necessary in the Department of the Gulf, were thus paralyzed." Porter arrived at the mouth of Bed River on the 7th of March with fifteen iron-clads, and was joined on the 11th by General Smith, who had come up with his troops on transports, accompanied by a marine brigade of 3,000 men under General Alfred Ellet. Fort de Russy guarded Red River, and barred the way to Alex- andria. Porter moved forward to remove obstructions in the river, while Smith's force turned into the Atch- afalaya, and landing at Simsport, marched some thirty miles, pushing the enemy's cavalry back easily. There was a force of about 5,000 at the fort, but all hastily 1804. 514 BANKS— PORTER— SMITH. 1S64. retreated up the river, except about 500 men left as a garrison. The fort was attacked by the land and naval forces March 14, Qu the 14th. After engaging the enemy with artillery Riissy, La. for a sliort time, the Federals charged the works, carry- ing them after a short struggle, and capturing about 200 prisoners. Smith now re-embarked his troops, and the expedition proceeded up to Alexandria, taking possession of that place on the 16th. March 21. Qu the 21st of March, four brigades of Smith's son's Hill, troops, under General Mower, marched to Henderson's Rapids°La. Hill, twenty-five miles west of Alexandria, having a brief engagement with a small force of the enemy at that place, capturing about 250 prisoners, when they re- turned to Alexandria. On the 27th, Smith's force left Alexandria, going ap the river. Banks's troops followed the next day, arriving at Natchitoches on April 3. Slight skirmishing was had with the enemy most of the way. Porter succeeded after a week's hard work in get- ting a part of his fleet above the rapids near Alexandria. At this time the marine brigade was called back to Yicksburg, and Banks, having to leave 3,000 men to guard his supplies and the transportation of them, found his force for the field reduced to about 20,000 men. The Federal army was now put in motion for Shreve- port. The cavalry, under General A. L. Lee, in ad- vance, had a slight skirmish with the enemy at Crump's April 3. Hill on the 2d. On the 7th the Federal cavalry had a Crump's ^^^ hours' fight with the enemy's cavalry near Pleasant Hill, Lee driving the foe to St. Patrick's Bayou. On April 8. the 8th, Colo'nel Landrum's brigade of the 13th Corps cioss reached Lee's position, and together they forced the Roads. enemy beyond Sabine Cross Roads. Here the Confed- erates were found in strong force. About 20,000 men were coijcentrated here under Taylor and Kirby Smith. BANKS— PORTER—SMITH. 615 About noon General Ransom's brigade of tlie 13th iso4. Corps joined Landrum and Lee. The enemy now attacked in heavy force. Banks had arrived at the front, and seeing the alarming situa- tion, hurried messengers for assistance from his columns in the rear. Heavy skirmishing continued till about 4 p. M., when the battle became a general engagement, the enemy charging with great determination. General Cameron arrived with his brigade of the 13th Corps about 5 o'clock, but the Federals were still greatly out- numbered. The battle raged fiercely until about 5 : 30, the Union soldiers stubbornly resisting ; but they were finally compelled to fall back some three miles to Pleas- ant Grove, with the loss of thirteen pieces of artillery, including three pieces of the famous Nim's battery, and about 1,000 men taken prisoners. Lee also lost his wagon train — about 150 wagons loaded with supplies. General Emory, with his fine division, had arrived at Pleasant Grove just in the nick of time. Banks hast- ily formed it in an excellent position. It was hardly in battle order when attacked by the flushed enemy. Lee and the 13th Corps rallied upon Emory, whose three brigades, under Dwight, McMillan, and Colonel Benedict, presented a strong front to the enemy. Again the bat- tle raged, lasting from 6 r. m. until dark. The enemy was repulsed with great slaughter at all points. Gen- erals A. Mouton and M. M. Parsons were amona: his Death of killed. Thus two battles had been fought in one day. Mouionand Sabine Cross Roads was a terrible disaster; Pleasant Grove a splendid victory. General Smith with his troops was yet some distance ^f" ^; ■•- -^ Pleasant behind, and Banks concluded to retire to Pleasant Hill, Hm. some fifteen miles to the rear, which he did during the night of the 8th, arriving there about 9 a. m. the next morning, where he found General Smith with a part of his command. 516 BANKS— SMITH. 1804. Banks formed his lines in good positions and awaited the enemy, who appeared about noon, but did not attack until about 4 p. m. The Federals were well prepared for the enemy at this time. Banks had about 15,000 men ; the enemy numbered about 25,000. From 4 to 5 p. M. there was heavy skirmishing and artillery firing, when the enemy charged furiously in heavy columns. The fighting became fierce and bloody, with victory trembling in the balance, until nearly night, when Smith's veterans, led by General Mower, make a gal- lant charge. The reserves are ordered up, and the tide of battle changes. The enemy is routed, and pursued until dark. Banks now gave up the expedition to Shreveport, and began his march back to Grand Ecore, ordering the flotilla, which had reached Springfield Landing, to return. The water was very low, and the gun-boats in conse- quence, had a serious time in getting back. They were also constantly annoyed by the enemy's sharpshooters on the banks. A brigade of infantry under General T. Kilby Smith remained with the flotilla as guard. On the evening of the 12th, about 2,000 of the enemy made rpojn a determined attack upon the boats, but were driven ofi" hea^^ with great slaughter. Their leader. General Tom blown off. Green, had his head blown off by a shell. ■When General Banks reached Grand Ecore, he re- ceived a letter from General Grant directing the return of General Smith with his troops to Sherman's army, and advising that the Red River expedition be aban- doned for operations against Mobile. This determined Banks to return at once to Alexandria, which place he reached on the 27th, after having a severe engagement April 23. '^^^^^ the enemy at Cane River on the 23d, in which the Cane River, XJniou troops wcro victorious. Porter reached Alex- f^ndria with all his gun-boats save one, the JSastport, BANKS— CANBY—FARRAGITT. 617 which, having been injured by a torpedo, was destroyed. 1804. General Banks had lost in this campaign about 5,000 men in killed, wounded, and missing. At Alexandria, Banks and Smith were obliged to wait for the fleet to get over the rapids, which had now become a serious matter in consequence of low water ; finally, Colonel Bailey, who was formerly a major in the 4th Wisconsin infantry, now chief-engineer of the 19th Corps, saved the fleet by his wonderful dam, which the navies would have no faith in until after its success. He began the dam on the 1st of May, and on the 8th a part of the fleet passed through, and all were safe below by the 12th. Porter now returned to the Mississippi. On May 13, Banks left Alexandria, reaching Sims- port on the 16th, having had a slight engagement with the enemy that day at Mansura. On the 19th, Smith's May 19. command, which covered the rear, had a sharp fight ^f '°^ with the enemy at Yellow Bayou. After severe loss the enemy retired. Banks crossed the Atchafalaya on the 20th, when General E. R. S. Canby, who had just arrived, assumed command of the troops, and Banks re- turned to New Orleans. Smith with his troops returned to Memphis. Banks was to have been joined, or rather have had in co-operation, a body of troops under General Steele, from Little Rock, Ark. Steele had about 15,000 men, but he had severe fighting with the enemy under Price in Arkansas, and was unable to render Banks any as- sistance. (See page 468.) Farragut attacked Forts Morgan and Gaines, at the ^^^^ g entrance of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. General Canby ^"'"'^ •^ ' ^ ' *' Gaines and had sent there 5,000 troops under General Gordon Morgan. Granger, who had landed on Dauphin Island. Farragut's fleet numbered eighteen vessels, of which four were iron- clads — the Manhattan, the Winnebago, the Chickasaw, 518 FAREAGUT. 1 SG4. and the Tecumseh. The wooden vessels were the flag- ship Hartford, the Brooklyn, the Oneida, the Ossipee, the Richmond, the Lackawanna, the Monongaliela, the Odo- r«r«, the Metacomet, the Por^ Royal, the Itasca, the Galena, the Kennebec, and the Seminole. At 7 A. M. Farragut advanced upon the forts, himself lashed to the mast in the main-top of the Hartford, hav- ing a speaking-tube running below. A terrible battle between the forts and vessels followed, but Farragut succeeded in passing them. The Tesumseh was sunk by a torpedo during the engagement, 113 officers and men going down with her. The enemy had four gun-boats inside, — the ram Tennessee, and gun-boats Selma, Morgan, and Gaines. The ram and Morgan were driven off; the Selma was captured by the Metacomet after a severe struggle, with about 100 .prisoners 5 and the Gaines was burned by the enemy to prevent her falling into Federal hands. Farragut w^as now inside, and had possession of the harbor. About 9 A. M. the ram Tennessee, with Buchanan in command, again came at the Hartford. The Federal vessels at once closed around the rascal. The Monon- galiela first struck the monster a severe blow, then the Lancaster followed at full speed ; both vessels broke their noses. Then the Hartford, by Farragut's direction, rammed her, and now all were upon her. Her smoke- stack was gone, also her steering chains, and several of her port shutters so jammed that they could not be opened. Her crew were unable to keep their feet in consequence of the terrible ramming. The unfortunate Buchanan was so emphatically " hustled " that he hauled down his flag at about 10 a. m., surrendering with about 190 men. Meantime General Granger had laid siege to Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island. On the 6th, Farragut sent CA XB Y — FAKE A GUT. 519 the CMcJcasaw to aid him. About 10 o'clock on the ^««^- morning of the 7th, the fort was surrendered to Granger, ^„g g^ ^ with about 600 men. Another fort, called Fort Powell, ^°!'' at Grant's Pass, was at this time abandoned by the enemy. On the 9th, Granger's troops were transferred to the rear of Fort Morgan, and at once laid siege. On the 22d all was ready, and the bombardment was begun by land and naval forces. The fort was surrendered on ^"«; ^^^• •/ Fort Mor- the morning of the 23d, with about 800 men. After gan. the loss of these forts the enemy strengthened their fortifications around Mobile, and garrisoned them with 15,000 men. Early in January, 1865, General Canby was ordered ises. to move against Mobile. General A. J. Smith was sent jJ^^Jie"* to him with the 16th army corps. General Granger assembled about 10,000 men from New Orleans and other points at Fort Barrancas, in Pensacola Bay, and organized them as the 13th army corps. The 16th Corps arrived at Dauphin Island on March 7. Soon afterward the two corps were rendezvoused at Danley's, on Fish River, preparatory to a movement against the enemy's works on the east side. Spanish Spanish Fort, about seven miles east of Mobile, received the first attention. This the Federals invested on the 27th. Skirmishing and artillery firing continued until April 8, when toward evening, all being ready, a general bom- bardment was begun. Colonel Bell with his regiment, the 8th Iowa, of Carr's division, 16th CorjDs, made a brilliant charge upon a portion of the enemy's works, and after a brave struggle, hand to hand in the dark, he captured the works with about 300 prisoners. At mid- night the enemy evacuated the fort. The Federals rushing in, captured about 500 more prisoners. The fort had been garrisoned by about 3,000 men. After the capture of Spanish Fort the Federals 520 GANBY. 1S6 5, moved against Fort Blakely, on the east bank of the Tensas. General Steele, with a division of colored troops and a brigade of cavalry, had come from Pensa- cola about the middle of March, having had a severe engagement with the enemy's cavalry, about 800 strong, March 25. at Pinc Barrcu Creek on March 25. The Federal cav- ren Creek, airy chaTgcd, routiug the enemy and taking about 200 ^^^' prisoners, causing them a further loss of 200 in killed and wounded. Steele then proceeded to assist the investment of Fort Blakely. On the 9th of April, with Steele's troops on the right, two divisions of the 13th Corps under Generals Veatch and Andrews in the center, and one division of the 16th Corps under General Garrard on the left, the Federals Fort prepared to assault Fort Blakely. At about 5 p. m. the Blakely. j^ggg^^i^ began. A bloody battle followed. The works were powerful, and heavily armed and manned. It required the most brave and determined spirit to make headway in the face of the murderous fire of shot and shell poured out by the defenders ; but the Federals moved steadily forward into the sheet of fire. The Fed- eral commanding officers cheered their men, and were in the front of the fight. By 7 p. m. the works were car- ried, and the fort captured. The whole garrison of 3,400 men were taken prisoners, including three general officers. In order to mention those officers and soldiers who exhibited great valor, each one, both white and black, would have to be named. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was about 500 ; that of the Fed- erals about 700. Forts Huger and Tracy, at the mouth of the Tensas, were now attacked. They held out until the night of the 11th, when they were evacuated. April 11. On the 11th, General Maury, who was in command Mobile , ' . evacuated, of thc cuomy s troops at Mobile, numbering about 9,000, evacuated, moving northward. On the 12th the civil CANBT, 521 authorities surrendered Mobile, and on the 13th of isg5. April, 1865, the Federals took possession. On the 4th ^~ of May, General Dick Taylor surrendered to General cick Tay Canby at Citronelle, Ala., all the enemy s forces east ot ders. the Mississippi that had not already been captured, numbering 12,723 men. The enemy's navy, under Commander Farrand, on the Tombigbee, surrendered to Commodore Thatcher. General Sam Jones surrendered 2,113 men at Tallahasse, Fla., May 10, 1865, and Gen- eral Jefferson Thompson surrendered 5,048 men at Chalk Bluff, Ark., May 11, 1865. The battle of Palmetto Ranche, in Texas, was the last battle of the war. It was fougU on May 12 and 13, ^^^^ ^o 13, 1865. The Federal forces were composed of Colonel p^J^";^^^^" T. H. Barrett's 62d United States colored infantry, and Tex. detachments of the 2d Texas cavalry and 34th Indiana infantry. The Federals drove the enemy, and in turn were driven. The fighting ended in a drawn battle. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was 115. Kirby Smith surrendered all the enemy's forces west May 26. of the Mississippi to General Canby May 26, 1865. smith sur- The number paroled was 10,167. " The Union Forever ! " CHAPTER XXIX. CONCLUSION. ises. QUNDAY, April 2, 1865, Jefferson Davis, with his wJ) military staff and his cabinet, prepared to leave their Flight of capital. While at church that morning, a messenger Da*['ir°" brought him a dispatch from General Lee which warned him that there was safety only in immediate flight. Davis hurriedly left the church, and gave orders for the removal of his " government " to Danville, together with the coin from the banks, and everything else valuable. At 10 p. M. Davis was ready to start. With his political and military families and a guard of 200 men he departed on board a train of cars for Danville. The bad news soon spread about the city ; and from the first stir of government officers about noon, the noise and bustle gradually increased until at night it was a frightful roar. The better class of people were making tremendous efforts to escape from the wrath to come, packing up their valuables, and hurrying away to save them from the ruthless hands of the dreadful Yankees. Vehicles of every description were brought into service at high prices. The rougher classes, gathering in the streets, became by midnight a violent mob. The wild- est confusion prevailed throughout the city. The City Council, in endeavoring to avert an evil, made matters worse by ordering that all liquors should be emptied into the gutters. When brought out, the mob seized large quantities, and the large quantities that were spilled were eagerly drank from the gutters by the disordered (522) CONCLUSION. 523 7Tiultitiule. Windows were smashed, doors broken open, is a 5. and buildings set on fire. The contents of stores were carried off in a twinkling. Toward morning the flames burst forth from several tobacco warehouses. Flouring- mills were fired, as well as arsenals filled with shells and munitions of war, the flames spreading from building to building and from street to street until nearly the whole of the business portion of Richmond was destroyed. Toward morning General Ewell, whose corps was the last to leave Richmond, withdrew his troops to the south side of the James, and burned the bridges. By 7 A. M., April 3, the enemy had departed from ^^^J^^^ Richmond. At about 8 a. m. General Godfrey Weitzel evac.iaied. and staff rode into the city at the head of a brigade of colored troops of the 24th Corps, and again the United States flag floated over the capitol of Virginia. More than 500 heavy guns were found in the works defending the enemy's capital. General Shepley, who had been military governor of New Orleans in General Butler's time, was placed in command of the city, and at once set to work restoring order, the Union soldiers going to work with a will to assist in extinguishing the flames. Orders were issued forbidding soldiers to enter private dwellings, and in- structing them to respect persons and property ; at the same time requiring respect from the citizens toward the soldiers and the United States flag. The 5,000 sick and wounded Southern soldiers found in Richmond were at once provided for, and large quantities of provisions were distributed to the people. Jefferson Davis did not altogether despair. He hoped Lee and Johnston would unite ; together they would have 100,000 men with which to establish a new capital. His train reached Danville on the morning of the 3d, and he at once made preparations to re-estab- 524: GOI^CLUSIOF. 186 5. lish his government. On the 5th he issued a proclama- Aprir~5. ^ion in which his people were told that they had now Davis at entered upon a new phase of the struggle. (What dull people not to have already known it ! ) But his stay here was of short duration. On the 10th he learned of Lee's surrender. Again there was safety in flight, and the enemy's government reached Greensboro on the 11th. Here Davis met Johnston, and in desperation whispered hoarsely in that general's ear, " Attack Sherman ! " Johnston shook his head, and replied, " No use." Here Davis began to understand that the dear people were forsaking him. Hospitalities were not offered. The " government " remained for three days in a railroad car, then removed to Charlotte. He now became satisfied that all was lost. Nearly all the members of his cabinet abandoned him when he fled southward. A reward of $100,000 had been offered for his capture, and the Fed- May 11. eral cavalry were after him. As he pushed along, his Michigan escort droppod off here and there, until he had but few turr^hr^ fi'iends left with him. On May 11 the 4th Michigan rebel chief, g^valry, Licutenant-Colonel Benjamin D. Pritchard com- manding, captured the $100,000 fugitive near Irwinville, Ga. He was sent to Fortress Monroe a prisoner ; but not long afterward he was bailed out. He never was brought to trial, and to-day lives a free man, enjoying the blessings of a free country. But our beloved Lincoln was murdered when his Assassina- • i i • tion of our troublcs wcrc nearly over, when the war was just closing, Lincoln, whcn hc had only for a moment witnessed the glorious end of the terrible four years' struggle for the life of the nation, — a struggle in which he had been the chief actor, and in which his firmness and noble determination to maintain the Constitution and the laws of the land, had preserved the Union. Overjoyed at the conclu- sion of the war, he was ready to forgive anybody, and conclusion: 525 was just entering into the enjoyment of the great oc- is 05. casion, had just caught a glimpse of the beautiful horizon, the dawn of peace, when on April 14, at 10 p. m., while sitting in a private box at Ford's Theater in Washington, his wife beside him, the spirit of the Devil in the body of one John Wilkes Booth, stealthily crept behind this noble man, and placing a pistol to the back of his head, fired. The ball entered the brain, and the President instantly became unconscious, remaining so till his death, which occurred at 7 : 22 o'clock the following morning. He had been removed to the house of Mr. Peterson, op- posite the theater. The assassin stabbed Major Rath- bone, who attempted to seize him, then rushing to the front of the box brandishing his dagger, he exclaimed, " Sic Semper Tyrannis ! " (So may it be always with tyrants) — the motto of the seal of Virginia, — and then leaped upon the stage. He had on spurs ; his horse awaited him at the back door. One of his spurs caught in the national flag which hung there, and he fell, badly injuring one of his legs. Recovering, he stood erect, and again flourishing his dagger he cried out, " The Escape of South is avenged ! " then rushing through the back part ^J^ '"'"*'"" of the theater, he mounted his horse and escaped. At nearly the same moment a confederate of Booth, one Lewis Payne Powell, a son of Florida, attempted to Attempt' murder Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State. Mr. s°e^ra^d." Seward's son was severely wounded in endeavoring to sa¥e his father, who was confined to his bed from an injury received by being thrown from a carriage. The assassin stabbed Mr. Seward in three places, and then escaped, after a severe struggle with an invalid Union soldier named Robinson, who was in attendance on Mr. Seward. Other members of this devilish conspiracy, who were to murder other members of the cabinet and also General Grant, failed to accomplish their terrible 526 CONCLUSION. 1805. purpose. It had been announced that General Grant would accompany the President to the theater, but the General was called away to New York. Booth was overtaken in Virginia, near Port R,oyal, concealed in a barn with one of his confederates, named Harold. The latter soon came out and surrendered, but Booth, refus- Booth ing to surrender, was shot by one of his pursuers, and expired soon afterward. Harold, Atzerodt, Powell, and Mrs. Surratt, who had been engaged in this fiendish conspiracy, were hanged. Three others O'Laughlin, Mudd, and Arnold, — were condemned to imprisonment for life, and one — named Spangler — for six years. The death of Lincoln caused sincere mourning throughout the whole country, except, perhaps, that portion lately in rebellion, and even there it was greatly deplored by the best« citizens. Funeral services were held in the East Room of the Executive Mansion on the 19th, when the body was taken to his old home at Springfield, HI. His funeral procession extended from Washington to the place of interment. Blaine on The Houorable James G. Blaine, in his most valuable book entitled " Twenty Years of Congress," pp. 546, 547, says : — "Six days after the sni-T-ender of Lee, the Nation was thrown into the deepest grief by the assassination of the Pres- ident. The gloom which enshrouded the country was as thick as darkness. The people had come through many alternations of fear and hope to repose the most absohite trust in Mr. TTin- coln. They realized that he had seen clearly where they were blind ; that he had known fully where they were ignorant. He had been patient, faithful, and far-seeing. Religious people regarded him as one divinely appointed, like the prophets of old, to a great work, and they found comfort in the pai-allel which the}^ saw in his deatli with that of the leader of Israel. He, too, had reached the mountain's top, and had seen the land redeometl unto the utmost sea, and had then died." ********** Lincoln. CONCLUSION. 527 "Mr. Lincoln united fiimncss and gentleness in a singular is as. degree. He rarely spoke a harsh word. Ready to hear argu- ment and always open to conviction, he adhered tenaciously to the conclusions which he had finally reached. Altogether modest, he had confidence in himself, trusted to the reasoning of his own mind, believed in the correctness of his own judg- ment. Many of the popular conceptions concerning him are erroneous. No man was farther than he from the easy, famil- iar, jocose characters in which he is often painted. While he paid little attention to form or ceremony, he was not a man with whom liberties could be taken. There was but one per- son in Illinois, outside of his own household, who ventured to address him by his first name. There was no one in Washing- ton who ever attempted it.. Appreciating wit and humor, he relished a good story, especially if it illustrated a truth or strengthened an argument, and he had a vast fund of illustra- tive anecdote which he used with the happiest effect. But the long list of vulgar, salacious stories attributed to him, were re- tailed only by those who never enjoyed the privilege of exchang- ing a word with him. His life was altogether a serious one, inspired by the noblest spirit, devoted to the highest aims. Humor was but an incident with him, a partial relief to the melancholy wliich tinged all his years." The war was over. The enormous task of disband- Disbanding' ing the 1,034,064 men then in service, began May 1, troops. 1865; and by January 1, 1866, 918,722 men had been mustered out. The remainder were mustered out as they could be spared, the whole not being completed until November, 1866. During the war, the Ordnance Department had furnished 7,892 cannon, 11,787 artil- lery carriages, over 4,000,000 small arms, and more than 1,000,000,000 cartridges. The defenses of Washington, as finally completed, ^^^'^""'''"^ ~ ' ./ 1 ^ Washing- consisted of 68 forts and batteries, mounting 800 guns ton. and 100 mortars, the circuit of which was about thirty- three miles. There were about twenty miles of infantry trenches. The garrison varied in numbers, as exigei)' r>28 CONCLUSION. tsas. cies seemed to require, from 10,000 to 50,000 men. General J. G. Barnard, of the United States army, was the chief engineer in the construction of these defenses. j„]y 13^ In the spring of 1863, the most uncertain period of New Yoi ^^^^ ^^^' ^^^ peace-party at the North, and the armies of riot- the enemy at the South reached their fullest strength. The leaders of the opposition to the Government became bolder as the summer approached, so that by the 4th of July, and especially on that day, many speeches were made openly and at public meetings denouncing the war for the Union, at which time the ignorant and evil disposed were ripe for a resistance of the draft. But now, like a flash of light, there came over the country the news of vic- tory at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, and the retreat of Bragg before Rosecrans. The tide turned, and the North undoubtedly was saved from a general " fire- in-the-rear " revolt, except in New York City. The lower classes there had been so wrought upon by fiery speeches and certain newspapers, that mob violence occurred in spite of the national victories. The draft in New York City, which had been post- poned several times, began on Saturday, July 11. A large crowd collected, but all passed off quietly for that day. On Monday, July 13, the drafting was resumed, when the riot began at the corner of 3d Avenue and 46th Street. Paving stones were hurled through the windows of the building where draCting was going on, the doors were broken open, and the crowd rushed in, demolishing everything connected with the office, the officers barely escaping with their lives. The place was set on fire, and the building entirely consumed ; iilso at Broadway and 29th Street, where the officers were drafting, the building was fired, and the entire block was soon burned to the ground. There were few troops in the city, the State troops being absent in Pennsylvania to iiid in CONCLUSION. 529 repelling Lee, who had been encouraged by this mob isos. element to invade the North. A detachment of the Nev^ork Invalid corps and the police attempted to suppress the '^°*- riotj but could accomplish nothing; for they were few and the mob thousands. They were soon overpowered, and compelled to retreat. Spreading about the city, the mob raised the cry against the " niggers " and the " abolition war." The inoffensive negroes were cruelly hunted, and beaten without mercy, and their houses sacked and burned. Several were killed. The Colored Orphan Asylum, at the corner of 5th Avenue and 46th Street, was burned to the ground, while the two hundred helpless children were with difficulty taken away by the rear doors. The armory at the corner of 2d Avenue and 29th Street, and miany other buildings were also burned. The Tribune building was attacked, but the mob was driven off by the police. The police, aided by a small force of marines and of the Invalid corps, did their duty bravely, and succeeded in repelling the mob at many points ; but they were too few in numbers to subdue it. The riot continued for four days ; all business was at a stand-still. But on the 16th several regiments of the State troops returned from Pennsylvania, and the mob dispersed. The loss of life on the part of the rioters had been about 400, and about 600 others had been wounded. On the side of the Gov- ernment the loss had been about 50 altogether. Over $2,000,000 worth of property had been destroyed. The drafting soon afterward proceeded without further resist- ance. But we will now bring the history of the land forces to a close, and then endeavor to tell briefly the story of the navy. The integrity of the United States Govern- ment had been maintained, the war brought to a success- ful end. It had been a terrible struggle. At the begin- 34 530 CONCLUSION. 1865. ning of hostilities the population of the United States New^ork i^^^T^bered about 32,000,000. The population of the liot. seceding States numbered about 11,000,000, including the disloyal portions (estimated at about 1,000,000) of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland. One third of the strength of the Union had turned against its own Gov- ernment. But this was not all ; the war began with the vilest of treachery. Officers of the army and navy, members of the Cabinet, the Senate, and the House of Representa- tives, who had sworn to defend and obey the laws of the land, used their positions to plan the destruction of the Union. Many retained their offices until the war was well begun, acting as spies, giving the enemy information of the plans of the already distracted Governments, and finally joining the ranks' of the foe, where they received appointments to high positions as a reward for their deliberate and shameful treachery, after having dis- mantled the Northern forts and arsenals of ordnance, ammunition, and equipments, transferring them to the South, and scattering the navy to foreign stations. The army, all told, numbered but 16,000 men, and was so distributed in small detachments that it could not be readily available. Nearly all the Southern forts and arsenals had been seized by the enemy, and there was scarcely anything for the United States Government to begin with but determined hands and faithful hearts. On the 12th of April, 1861, the war began by the attack of the enemy upon Fort Sumter. The fort sur- rendered on the 14th, and on the 15th President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. Over 90,000 patriots promptly responded. The legislatures of the loyal States voted large sums of money to be loaned the Gov- ernment. The Northern banks threw open their vaults, and there was a great uprising of the Northern people conclusion: 631 » to sustain the Government, All hope of reconciliation isgb. had departed with the attack upon Sumter. Four years of terrible war have passed, and the ter- ritor}^ that then withdrew from the protection of the United States flag, is blighted with fire and sword. But the stars and stripes again wave " o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave." Indeed, all have been brave, the conquered as well as the conquering. All are Americans. Each side has lost in killed and wounded 'i'otaMty of r\nrv • killed aud man for man, 100,000 being killed in battle or dying of wounded wounds on each side. 200,000 died of disease in each ""^^J^ army. Thus 600,000 Americans have given up their lives in consequence of the sins of their ancestors in permitting human slavery to exist in a country they had made free by throwing off the yoke of England. But that is not more than one half the loss to the country ; probably 600,000 more were made cripples, or were permanently disabled by disease. The United States currency value of gold followed currency the successes and reverses of the Union armies. In ^^|"!^ "'^ gold, January, 1862, gold was 102 ; in July, 115 ; in January, 1863, 145; in July, 130; in January, 1864, 155; in July, 285 ; in January, 1866, 216 ; in July, 142, From the last-named date to 1870 it stood between 130 and 140; and up to 1877, between 108 and 115, when it rapidly fell to par, specie payment being resumed Jan- uary 1, 1879. The currency of the enemy was at par but a short time, December, 1861, it was 120, December, 1862, 300, and rapidly increased to March, 1865, when it re- quired $60 in currency to buy a gold dollar. The whole number of men called into service during the war in the army and navy was 2,656,553, Of these, 1,500,000 were in actual service, 70 per cent of whom were native Americans. Reduced to a three-years' standard, there were furnished by States as follows : — ^ 532 CONCLUSION-. 1 S 6 5 . ^^^^^^^ 1,611 Mississippi 545 * Arkansas .'. 7,836 Missouri 86,530 California 15,725 Nebraslia Territory 2,175 Colorado Territory 3,697 Nevada 1,080 Connecticut 50,623 New Hampshire 30,849 Dakota Territory 206 New Jersey 57,908 Delaware 10,322 New Mexico Territory 4,433 District of Columbia 11,506 New York 392,270 Florida 1,290 North Carolina 3,156 Illinois 21 4,133 Ohio 240,514 Indian Nation 3,530 Oregon 1,773 Indiana 153,576 Pennsylvania .■ . .. 265,517 Iowa 68,630 Rhode Island 17,866 Kansas 18,706 Tennessee 26,394 Kentuclcy 70,832 Texas 1,633 Louisiana 4,654 Vermont 39,068 Maine 56,776 Washington Territory 964 Maryland 41,275 West Virginia 37,714 Massachusetts 124,104 Wisconsin 79,260 Michigan 80,111 Minnesota ] 9,693 Aggregate, 3,228,483 Calls for April 15, 1861, the President called for 75,000 three troops months' men, under which call the States furnished 91,816. May 3, 1861, 500,000 three years' men were called for. The States furnished 657,868. At the same time 42,812 men enlisted for shorter terms. In May and June, 1861, 15,007 men were enlisted for three months. Under the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 three years' men, 421,465 men were furnished. The call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 nine months' militia, produced but 87,588. The President's proclamation of June 15, 1863, called out 16,361 six months' men. Under the call of Oct. 17, 1863, which embraced men raised by draft in 1863, and the call of Feb. 1, 1864, both calls being combined, and for 500,000 men for three years, 317,092 men were raised. 52,288 men paid commutation, making a total of 369,380. For the call of March 14, 1864, for 200,000 three years' men, there were furnished 259,515; paid commu- tation, 32,678 ; total, 292,193. CONCLUSION. 633 Between April 23 and July 18, 1864, 113,000 mill- isns. tia were mustered into the United States service for one hundred days. July 18, 1864, a call was made for 500,000 men for one, two, three, and four years' service. On this call there were furnished 223,044 men for one year, 8,430 for two years, 153,049 for three years, and 730 for four years. 1,300 men paid commutation, making a total of 386,461. Dec. 19, 1864, a call for 300,000 men for one, two? three, and four years, brought into service 151,263 for one year, 5,108 for two years, 54,967 for three years, and 314 for four years. 460 paid commutation. Total, 212,212. There were furnished by States and Territories not called upon, 182,257 men ; of these, 166,848 were for three years. Actual strength " present " of all the armies on — January 1, 1861, 16,435 January 1, 1864, 611,250 strength July 1, 1861, 183,588 January 1, 1365, 620,924 "„.,,,,:;',(, un January 1, 1862, 527,204 April 1, 1865, 660,000 '^^j'.. January 1, 1863, 698,802 May 1, 1865, 787,000 During the war, the total number of colored troops Colored enlisted was about 185,000, one half of whom came from ^"""'^i'*- the States in rebellion. There were 225,000 soldiers discharged for disability during the war. The number captured by the enemy was about 213,000, of which there were about 125,000 sent to Southern prisons, the balance being paroled. The Federals captured 476,000 of the enemy, of which number 225,000 were sent to Northern prisons. Of these, 26,775 died while prisoners; 29,730 Union sol- diers died in Southern prisons. The war cost, at its close, $6,500,000,000 ; but the expenditure is not yet over. A large sum will be added 534 CONCLUSION. 18 65. each year by a grateful nation, until the penvsion pay- ments and expense of soldiers' homes shall cease. The end. ^^^ ^^^ glorious achievements of our army and navy, the deeds of valor, the patient long-suffering, the skill, courage, determination, and final triumph of our soldiers and sailors, be ever held in grateful remembrance by our nation. Give successful leaders due credit, but do not forget the rank and file. Of the vicissitudes of war, lit- tle is known by the people outside of the army. They hear of the battles, which are of short duration; but the weeks and months of preparation for the battle are little known. The long, toilsome marches in mud and rain, the digging of trenches, throwing up of breast- works, the suffering from wounds and disease, from short rations, and the many other deprivations of the soldier's life, they cannot know or feel. The army accomplished prodigious results. The successes of the navy were the wonder of the world, and astonished the great powers of Europe, — 1,000,000 soldiers moving forward shoulder to shoulder, 1,000 ves- sels plowing the seas and rivers. The w^ar developed the inherent strength of the nation, advancing from an army of 16,000 men to 1,000,000, from a navy of 42 vessels to 1,000, from wooden war ships to the wonder- ful monitors and iron-clads. All these, and the im- provements in the implements and arts of war, were productions of the American mind. American Ou Scpt. 22, 1862, thc President issued a proclama- abolished, tion declaring, "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free." And on January 1, 1863, the President issued a proclamation declnring all slaves free in States still in rebellion. CONCLUSION. 635 The President, when inaugurated, said, " I have no intention to interfere with slavery ; " and in August, 1862, he said, in a letter to Horace Greeley, " My para- mount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery." As a war measure, the President was finally com- pelled to do the act, giving the South, however, one hundred days to return to their allegiance. This was a just measure, — a great blessing to this country from the Almighty Father. The following are the dates of the secession and re- several seceding 186 5. admission into the States : — Union of the South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860. Mississippi Jan. 9, 1861. Alabama Jan. 11, 1861. Florida Jan. 10, 186 L. Georgia Jan. 19, 1861. Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861. Texas Feb. 1, 1861. Virginia April 17, 1861. Arkansas May 6, 1861. North Carolina May 21, 1861. Tennessee June 8, 1861. June 25, 1868. Secession Feb. 23, 1870. and re-ad- June H, 1868. mission of June 25, 1863. the seced- July 15, 1870. ing Stales. June 25, 1 868. Mar. 30, 1870. Jan. 25, 1870. June 22, 1868. June 25, 1S68. July 24, 1866. NATIONAL CEMETERIES. In the subjoined list are given the names and loca- tions of the National Cemeteries for the Federal dead, with the number therein buried, known and unknown. NAME OF OEMETERT. Annapolis, Md. Alexandria, La. Alexandria, Va. KNOWN. 2,285 534 3,403 UNKNOWN. 204 772 120 TOTAL. Our 2,48« National ^1°^^ Cemeteries 3,522 Andersonville, Ga. 12,793 921 13,714 Antietam, Md. 2,853 1,818 4,671 Arlington, Va. 11,915 4,-349 16,264 BaU's Bluff, Va. 1 24 25 Barrancas, Fla. 798 657 1,455 Baton Rouge, La. 2,469 495 2,964 Battle Ground, D. C. 43 — 43 Beaufort, S. C. 4,748 4,493 9,241 Beverly, N. J. 145 7 152 538 COlfOLUSIOJf. National ^.ave HiU, Ky. 3344 ' '"^^ Cemeteries Chamette, La. 6 837 5,674 12'^n Cold Harbor, Va. ^'^S J'St ?'JS Corinth, Miss. 1,?89 ^'^^^J J'^SJ Crown HiU,Ind. "'esi ^'^|I ^'!J5 Culpepper, Va. 456 o^; .' J^ Cypress Hills, N.Y. 3,7lS Je s'Jse Danville. Ky. '335 ^« 3,. SO Danville, Va. 1 ,73 ^° ^43 FayetteviUe, Ark. '431 Jgl J'o?I Finn's Point, N. J. _ " „ ^^i ^'f^f 3^1°^-ence, 8.'C. 119 Kqq ?'qq« Fort Donelson, Tenn. I58 'sn 'fi«Q Fort Gibson, I. T. S g ^J^^ 3^69 Fort Harrison, Va. 239 '575 'SI Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 835 028 1 ^aq Fort Smith, Ark. ' 7II ^^l }'^63 Fort Scott, Kan. 390 'm ^i^ Fredericksburg, Va. 2,487 13 770 f? 2^7 Gettysburg, Pa. 1967 I'eJg g'Sg Glendale,Va. '334 ^%f ^,575 Grafton, W.Va. 684 esJ 1:254 Hampton, Va. 4,930 494 ^ g* Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 8,584 2,906 11490 Jefferson City, Mo. . 349 '4^3 ^^'*^" Keokuk, Iowa 612 33 645 Knoxville, Tenn. 3 090 1 046 3 1 Sfi Lamel, Md. '333 ^'"*« 3,136 Lebanon, Ky. 59I 3^^ ^^° Lexington, Ky. 805 108 913 Little Kock, Ark. 3,265 2 337 5 602 Logan's Cross Roads, Ky. '345 366 '??? Loudon Park, Md. 1,637 . I66 1803 Marietta, Ga. 7 18« 9 qro -,^,"f Memphis, Tenn. • gjle ''7 3' 7 Mobile, Ala. '756 '113 'geJ Mound City, ni. 3,505 2 721 5 226 NashviUe, Tenn. 11825 Hoi le'Se Natchez, Miss. '308 g'^gj ^g'^s New Albany, Ind. 2,139 'c76 2ZI New Berne, N.C. 3 i77 1 077 s'fS Philadelphia, Pa. llssi ''"^J J'^^* Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. 1,229 2 361 ^Kcin Poplar Grove, Va. 2 198 4001 Kg? Port Hudson, La. '596 J233 3's?? Richmond, Va. 842 5 700 fi'^49 Rock Island, lU. 277 '19 ' ^'oS Salisbury, N. C. 94 .o 0S2 10 fo« San Antonio, Texas 32i '"'Jg ■ ^''loi Seven Pines, Va. I50 1 gQg 1358 Soldiers' Home, D.C. 5,314 ''388 S Staunton, Va. 333 53^ ^'^"^ Stone River Tenn. 3,821 2,324 6 145 Vicksburg, Miss. 3,896 12 704 16 600 CONCLUSION. 537 Wilmiugton, N. C. Winchester, Va. Yorktown, Va. Custer Battle Field, M. T. Fort McPhersoD, Ntb. Woodlawn, Elmira, N. T. Total, 710 1,398 2,09i 2,305 758 1,424 262 — 152 291 3,074 16 170,180 140,095 2,108 4,459 2,182 262 443 3,090 316,275 BOUNTIES. The following is a statement, in amount, of bounties paid from 1861 to 1865 by States : — Connecticut % 6,887,554 Maine 7,837,644 Massachusetts 22,965,550 New Hampshire 9,036,313 Rhode Island 820,769 Vermont 4,528,775 New Jersey 23,868,967 New York 86,629,228 Pennsylvania 43,154,987 Dlinois 17,296,205 Indiana 9,182,354 Iowa ■ 1,615,171 Kansas 57,407 Michigan 9,664,855 Minnesota , 2,000,464 Ohio 23,557,373 Wisconsin 5,855,356 Delaware 1,136,599 District of Cohinil.ia 134,010 Kentucky 692,577 Maryland 6,271,992 Missouri 1,282,149 . West Virginia 864,737 Total, $285,941,036 The above does not show all bounties paid, the Provost Marshall-General, from whose report the above figures are taken, not receiving full reports from some of the States. 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CO----IN----Ttl .-* . . -T-l . OCT CT 1-1 Til CD lO lO t- T-lCnO-*OOOCC5tD'a>H £ 0) (D (U • a V c c s • C 3 : : : : : o o o • o o :aj ; :c'?''^*^-'-''i-''2!2 : : : : ■ a • • o c c £ c a; (U . . . . 9 ■ 2 o o £ %, '.'.mm'.:: : .2 : ■ 'E c c c « o o ; : J, ,x ssissippi non-prisoners. . . . ssouri non-prisoners " prisoners braska non -prisoners. .. . )risoners soners e non-prisoner prisoner n-prisoners. .. prisoners . . n-prisoners . . nrisoiiera prisoners non-prisoners prisoners iiers lon-prisoners. prisoners. on-prisoners. . jirisoners. . nrisoners .... . • .2 q3 c risoners risoners risoners risoners non-prisoners. prisoners -nrisoners. . . . prisoners. . . . rritory non-pr non-prisoners prisoners ^e Corps non-p nteers (H. C.) neers & S. S. itry non-priso ff Officers, &c., roops non-pris " prig Qon-prisoners. prisoners. non-prisoner prisoner a. C C 'E P C o u o C 0) 1 bJ) <1 vada non-pr w Hampsliir w Jersey no w Mexico no w York non- rth Carolina io non-priso ' priso egon non-pri nnsylvania r ode Island n nnessee non xas non-pris ' pris rmont non-p rgmia non-p " P 3st Virginia sconsin non ishington Te lian Nations teran Reser-\ S. Vet. Volu S. Vol. Bngi S. Vol. Infai n. and G. Sta S. Colored T scellaneous cgular Army c a o o EhE^ C C5 ISS !^ ^•^ t?; iz;^ IZl C 'o^ « Eh Eh > > ^ ^ ^a !>i=t' t323 t^ % ^ !> O . Div. Powell; Fitzhugh Lee's division. Brown's Gap, Sept. 26. Division Merritt; Fitzhugh Lee's division, with Ker- shaw's infantry division. Waynesboro, Sept. 28. Div. Torbert, brigade Lowell; rebel cavalry and mf. Mt Crawford, Oct. 2. Torbert commanding. Divisions Merritt, Custer; rebel cavah-y divisions of Fitzhugh Lee and Rosser with Pegram's inf. division. Tom's Run, Oct. 9. Torbert commanding. Divisions Merritt, Custer; divisions Fitzhugh Lee, Rosser, and Lomax. Cedar Creek, Oct. 19. Between Sheridan and Early. Milford, Oct. 26. Division Powell ; L. L. Lomax's rebel division. Middletown, Nov. 12. Sheridan com'd'g. 1st and 3d cavalry div's ; Early's army. Nineveh, Nov. 12. Division PoweU; Lomax's rebel division. Lacey Springs, Dec. 21. Division Custer; Rosser's rebel cavaky division. Liberty Mills, Dec. 22. Torbert commanding, let and 2d cav. div.; div. Lomax. Gordonsville, Dec. 23. Torbert commanding. 1st and 2d cavalry divisions; Lomax's division with Pegram's division of rebel infantry. ise5- Waynesboro, March 2. Division Custer and Early with Wharton's rebel infant;ry division ; Lilley's brigade and part of Rosser's cavaliy brigade. North Anna Bridges, or Ashland, March 14, 15. Sheridan commanding: Mer- ritt's divisions, Custer, Dcvin; Longstreet commanding: Fitzhugh Lee's division and Pickett and Bushrod Johnson's rebel infantry divisions. Dinwiddle C. IL, March 31. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's two diviswns, Custer, Devin, with Crook's division; Pickett's and Bushrod Johnson's rebel infantry divisions, with Fitzhugh and W. H. F. Lee's cavalry divisions. Five Forks, April 1. Sheridan commanding: divisions Custer, Dcvin, under Merritt, aided by divisions Crook and McKenzie and 5th army corps; Anderson commanding rebels : infantry divisions, Pickett, Johnson, cav- ah-y divisions, Fitzhugh Lee, W. H. F. Lee, Lomax, Rosser. Scott's Corners, April 2. Merritt commanding. Divisions, Custer, Devin, McKen- zie; rebel rear under Longstreet and the divisions of the two Lees. Sweethouse Creek, April 3. Division Custer; division W. H. F. Lee, with six rebel infantry brigades. Winticomack Creek, April 3. Brigade Col. Wm. Wells; rebel cav. brigades. Ameha C. H., April 4, 5. Div. McKenzie; advance of rebel army. Tabernacle Church, April 4. Merritt commanding. Divisions Custer, Devin; TCBtC guard of rebel army under Gordon. Amelia Springs, April 5. Division Crook; Fitzhugh Lee's div. with rebel inf. Sailor's Creek, April 6. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, Devin, Crook, with 6th army corps , and the retreating rebel army. Farmville, April 7. Div. Crook; div. Rosser with rear guard rebel army. Appomattox Station, April 8. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, Devin; main advance of rob(,'l army. Appomattox C. H., April 9. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, Dcvin, with divisions Crook, McKenzie, with the 5th and 24th army corps; Lee's rebel army. 6i2 CONCLUSION. 1 s « J. ^~~ si3:E:i^iiD^?L.:bT's j^iide. BY THOMAS BUCHANAN KKAD. „, ., , "TI'* from the south at break of day, faiiioua bringing' to Winchester fresh dismay, ride. The affrighted air with a shudder bore, Like a herald in haste, to the chieftain's door, The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, Telling the battle was on once more, And Shei'idan twenty miles away. "But there is a road fi-om Winchester town, A good broad highway leading down; And there, through the flush of the morning light, A steed as black as the steeds of night Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight. As if he knew the teri-ible need. He stretched away with his utmost speed ; Hills rose and fell; but hie heart was gay. With Sheridan fifteen miles away. "Still sprung from tliose swift hoofs thundering south, The dust, like smoke from tJie cannon's mouth; Or the trail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster. Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster. The heart of the steed and the heart of the master Wore beating like prisoners assaulting their walls, Impatient to be where the battle-field calls; Every nerve of the charger was strained to full play; With Sheridan only ten miles away. "Under his simrning feet the road Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed. And the landscape sped away behind Like an ocean flying before the wind. And the steed, like a bark fed with furnace ire, Swept on, with his wild eye full of fire. But lo! he is nearing his heart's desire; He is snuffing the smoke of the roa,ring fray. With Sheri(l;in only five miles away. "He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzas, And the wave of rel.i'eat cliecked its course Miere, liccause The sight of the master compelled it to pause." ''cu PART SKCOND. ti3:e UNITe:d STilTE:S NAVY. leei-iasB. THE UNITED STATES NAVY. Secretary of the United States Navy during the war, GIDEON WELLES, appointed from Connecticut March 7, 186L Assistant Secretary during the war, GUSTAVUS V, FOX, ap- pointed from Massachusetts May 9, 1861. Admiral DAVID G. FARRAGUT, appointed from Tennessee, in service since Dec. 17, 1810 ; Rear-Admiral July 16, 1862 ; Vice- Admiral Dec. 21, 1864. The rank of admiral was created for him July 25, 1866. Died in 1870. REA.R - ADIVIIRA-IvS. LOUIS M. GOLDSBOROUGH, appointed from the District of Columbia, June 18, 1812 ; appointed Rear- Admiral July 16, 1852. SAMUEL F. DUPONT, appointed from Delaware, Dec. 19, 1815 ; appointed Rear-Admiral July 17, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, June 23, 1865. ANDREW H. FOOTE, appointed from Connecticut Dec. 4, 1822 ; appointed Rear-Admiral July 16, 1862, Died at New York, June 26, 1863. CHARLES H. DAVIS, appointed from Massachusetts Aug. 12, 1823 ; appointed Rear-Admiral Feb. 7, 1863. JOHN A. DAHLGREN, appointed from Pennsylvania Feb. 1, 1826 ; appointed Rear-Admiral Feb. 7, 1863. DAVID D. PORTER, appointed from Pennsylvania Feb. 2, 1829; appointed Rear-Admiral July 4, 1863. (544) THE l^^V^ 7^ CHAPTER XXX. OPERATIONS DURING 1861-63. THE navy is supplied with its officers from the is^u pupils of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. This Academy was established in 1845. Before that clateNa-i^^^ the midshipmen were instructed on board ship on regu- lar cruises. The Academy was removed to Newport, R. I., during the war, after which it was returned to Annapolis. ^At the outbreak of the rebellion, more than three hundred officers left the navy, the greater por- tion of them joining the enemy. The Federal navy was small at the commencement of the war ; fifty years of peace had reduced its propor- tions. There were in all forty-one vessels, as follows : the screw-frigates Wahash, Minnesota, Roanoke, and Col- orado, of 3,000 tons each; the screw-sloops Niagara, Richmond, BrooMyn, San Jacinto, Hartford, Pensacola, and Lancaster, of 2,000 tons each, except the Niagara, which was of 4,500 tons' burden, and the Pawnee, Iro- quois, Wyoming, Mohican, and Dakota, of 1,000 tons each, and the Narragansett and Seminole, of 850 tons each; the side-wheel sloops Susquehanna and Poivhatan, of 2,400 tons ; the Mississippi, of 1,700 tons ; the Saranac, of 1,400 tons ; and the 3Iichigan, Saginaw, and Water- witch, of 475 tons each. There were also the steamers Crusader, Mohawk, Wyandotte, Pocahontas, Mystic, Sum- 35 ^^ 546 THE NAYY : 1S61. fer, and Pii/aski; the sailing-frj gates Saline and Con- gress ; and the sloops St. Lotiis, Macedonia, Cumberland, ConsfcUation, Portsmouth, John Adams, and Saratoga. Of these vessels, three were at New York, one at Washington, fonr at Pensacola, four at Vera Cruz, three Location of . ° / ' ' war vessels in the Mediterranean, and the rest scattered all over the gim^ng^'^of globe. Eleven war vessels, valued at |2,000,000, had tiiewar. ^^^^^ dcstrojed at the Norfolk navy-yard on the night of April 20, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. They were the Merrimac, Pennsylvania, Coluwbus, Delaware, Neiv Fork, Raritan, Cohmhia, United States, PhjmoutJi, Germantoum, and Dotj}hin. The Fed- erals destroyed, or left in the hands of the enemy at the navy-yard, more than $10,000,000 worth of property, including 2,000 cannon. . The enemy raised the hull of the Merriinac, and rebuilt her into a powerful iron-clad ram, and named her the Virginia. The enemy fitted out numerous privateers, mostly vessels caught by them in theii" ports when they seceded. Among these were six United States revenue cutters. Every eflbrt was made by them to construct a navy, but they did not succeed in accomplishing anything farther than producing smuggling vessels and a few iron-clads. The former caused the Federals a great deal the most trouble. Some foreign vessels, such as the Alabama, Sumter, etc., sailing as privateers with commissions from Jefferson Davis, caused great destruction to Amer- ican commerce, although not really belonging to the Southern navy. The United States navy rapidly increased by new vessels and remodeled merchant vessels, so that by July 1. 1861, there were nearly 100 war vessels, and by Jan. 1, 1862, nearly 300. It will not be attempted in this volume to give a complete history of the movements of tl:^e Feder<'\l navv, OF Ji: RAT TONS liY 1861— '62. 547 It would be impossible to enumerate all tlie expeditious /.s«/. of single gun-boats and small boats entering the numer- ous bayous, creeks, bays, sounds, etc., on the extensive American coast, stretching from Virginia to Texas, and, web-like, spreading over the lower half of the Soiithorn States, without making this work too cumbersome. The same plan will ho followed as with the army, — that of giving a brief narrative of its battles and smaller en- gagements. On April 7, 1861, General Beauregard notified Major aphi t. ^ ' • *=* •' Fort Anderson that intercourse between Fort Sumter and sumtov. Charleston would no longer be permitted. On the 11th he demanded the surrender of the fort; but Anderson refused. On the It^th of April the war began, the en- emy opening fire on Siimtcr at 4 : 80 a. m. The Fort was surrendered after it had become untenable, Ander- son departing with the " honors of war," his colors flying and the band playing, setting sail for New York. (See opening chapter for a fuller account of the loss of this fort.) On April 18, 1861, the United States steamer SfavMn-^^ i8. of tlis West was captured by the enemy at Indianola, weu cup- tm-wl. Texas. On the same day. United States Secretary of the Treasury ordered that no clearances should be granted to vessels bound to ports south of Maiyland. April 19, President Lincoln, by proclamation, declared a blockade tiic of the ports of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Flor- ida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. On the 20th oc- curred the great disaster at the Norfolk navy-yard, as al- ready mentioned. On the 27th President Lincoln ex- tended the blockade to Virginia and North Carolina. On May 11 the blockade of Charleston was established, and the Mississippi lliver blockaded at Cairo on the 13th, and at New Orleans on the 26th. JNTobile was blockaded on the 27th, and Savannah on the 28th, 1.1. u'k ndo. 548 _ THE NAVY . 1 Sii 1. destroyed. The navy dislodged the enemy's batteries at Sewell's MayTs. Point, Va., on May 18 — the first offensive operation polnf va ^y *^^ United States Government. On May 31 the Federal gun-boats silenced the enemy's batteries at May 31. AcQuia Creek, Va., after an action of two hours. This Acquia ^ 77 Creek. creck is about ten miles long, and enters the Potomac about eighteen miles by rail from Fredericksburg. On June 3 the privateer Savannah^ off Charleston, Privateers being deccivcd, attempted to take the United States brig of war Perry. Discovering her mistake too late, she was cleverly captured. The Peti'el escaped from Charleston on the 28th of July, and on August 1 she thought to capture the United States frigate St. Lawrence., which had sent all men below and taken in rigging so as to have the appear- ance of a merchant vessel. On came the Petrel., sure of an easy prey. When near enough, the frigate threw open her port-holes, and with three shots sunk the little rebel, taking her crew prisoners. The brig Jefferson Davis, fitted out by the enemy in the Gulf of Mexico, put to sea in the month of August, 1861. After capturing several prizes, she ran aground in endeavoring to enter the port of St. Augustine, Fla., to escape Federal cruisers, and was lost. The Nashville, a side-wheeled steamer, left Charles- ton Oct. 28, 1861, succeeded in escaping the blockade, burnt one merchant vessel, went into an English port for repairs, and returned to American waters, where she was soon afterward destroyed by a Federal cruiser. On November 12, 1861, the United States cruising vessel Anderson captured the schooner Beauregard, an armed privateer, on the coast of Florida. October 11, 1861, the iron-clad ram Mana-'^Has left New Orleans to break up the Federal blockade at the niouth of the Mississippi River. Seven small armed OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 549 steamers accompanied her. The attack was made be- isei. fore daj^light on the morning of the 12th upon the sloop of war Bichinond and the war steamers Preble and Vin- cennes. The ram stole up, striking the Richmond a hard blow, but doing little damage. The Manassas then pre- pared for another effort, when the Richmond gave her a broadside. The enemy then retired up the river. It was not known whether she was hurt or frightened. At all events, the enemy's gun-boats thereafter kept at a safe distance from the Richmond. November 7, 1861, two launches from the frigate Santee attacked and after a determined fight destroyed the enemy's privateer Roi/al Yacht, in Galveston harbor. Thirteen prisoners were taken, and several were killed and wounded on each side. August 26, 1861, the first important fleet of the war Aug. so. left Hampton Roads under Commodore Stringham and ^ Haueras General Butler. There were seven war ships : the ^''^*'*" Minnesota, Wahash, Monticello., SusqueJianna., Paionee^ Ha/rriet Lane, and Cumherland, altogether carrying 158 guns. The land force on transports numbered about 1,000 men. The object of the squadron was the capture of Forts liatteras and Clark, situated on Hatteras Island, and commanding the main inlet to the sounds. The fleet arrived safely off Cape Hatteras about 5 p. m. the 27th. On the 28th an attempt was made to land the troops 'through a heavy rolling surf. It proved a very difficult and dangerous task, and was abandoned after 300 men had been landed, part of whom had been capsized, and all were well soaked before reaching the beach. The water now becoming rougher, the fleet was compelled to draw off, thus leaving the 300 men on shore to take care of themselves for the night. They were without pro- visions and with wet powder, but fortunately were not attacked. 660 THE NAVY: 1 so J. While the attempt was being made to land the troops, an attack was made upon Fort Clark by the Wabash, Cumherland, Minnesota, and Susquehanna. The bombard- Aug. 29. ment lasted about two hours, when about noon the fort Korts Hat- teras and was sllenced, and was soon afterward abandoned by the Clark. enemy. At 8 a. m. the following morning the whole fleet opened fire upon Fort Hatteras. After a bombai'd- ment of three hours, the fort being badly damaged, the enemy surrendered with about 600 prisoners. This was an important achievement, and was accomplished without the loss of a man. Nov. 8. On the 8th of November, 1861, the Federal sloop of Mason and War San Jacinto, commanded b}^ Captain Wilkes, lay at shdeii. ^j^g Bahama Channel, about 250 miles from Havana and near the Paredon del Grande light-house, awaiting the English ship Trent, which had on board the rebel com- missioners to Europe, J. M. Mason of Virginia, and John Slidell of Louisiana. The Trent made its appearance on that day, and declined to heave to at the call of a blank cartridge, when Captain Wilkes sent a shell across her bow. This had the desired effect. Mason and Slidell were brought on board the San Jacinto, when the Trent proceeded on her way. The prisoners were taken to Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. They had been com- missioned as ministers by the enemy's government— Ma- son to England, and Slidell to France. England be- came enraged, and actually started troops for Canada ; but wiser counsels prevailed. Mason and Slidell were delivered up, and war with England averted. May 29 and June 1, 1861, the Federal navy on the Potomac engaged the enemy's batteries at Acquia Creek. On each occasion the bombardment lasted several hours, but without material result. June 5 the Harriet Lane left Newport News, and steaming across to Pig's Point, engaged the enemy's OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 551 batteries there. After an engagement of about an hour, ^ * **' ^ • the Lane withdrew. June 27 a gun-boat expedition under Commander June sr J. H. Ward was repulsed at Matthias Point with severe point. loss. Captain Ward was killed during the engagement. Death of Again on Aug. 16, in reconnoitering this point, the Fed- ward.' eral gun-boats lost three killed and one wounded. October 11 a small expedition in row boats, under Lieutenant Harrill, left the Potomac at 2 a. m., and under cover of darkness proceeded up Quantico Creek a short distance, where it succeeded in burning a large schooner belonging to the enemy, and narrowly escaped under a heavy fire. The Potomac flotilla had continued severe and laborious work with the enemy's batteries on the Potomac until March, 1862, when the enemy abandoned their works on that river. September 13 a small boat expedition from the fri- pe^jg^^^^ia gate Colorado, numbering 100 men, entered Pensacola har- ^^artor. bor, and after a desperate fight, in which several men were killed and wounded, destroyed a large armed schooner. November 22 and 23 the Federal war ships Niagara j.^,, ^..^ 03 and Richmond, aided by the fire of Fort Pickens, attacked ^""^'^ ^'*''' ■' '^ J raiicas and Forts Barrancas and McRae and several adjoining bat- McRae, teries. The forts were partially silenced and somewhat damaged, but the fleet was too small to reduce them. January 10, 1862, the Federal war steamer HaUeras ^^^■ took possession of Cedar Keys, a group of islands on the cedarKeys West coast of Florida, capturing a few cannon, several small vessels, and fifteen prisoners. January 20 the Federals captured the brig Wilder near Mobile, Ala. April 4, a Federal launch captured the Florida, a fine steamer, while she was engaged in blockade running on the Florida coast. April 5, a Federal launch destroyed the enemy's schooner Columbia in the San Luis Pass, coast of Texas. 552 THE NAVY. Merrimac, or Virginia. Monitor. Lieutenant Wordeu. March 8. Merrimac destroys the Con- gress and Cumber- land. The steam-frigate Merrimac, of the United States navy, was partially burned and sunk when the Federals left Norfolk. The enemy raised the hull, made an iron- clad of it, and named it the Virginia. She carried twelve guns, and was armed at the bow with a steel beak. She was commanded by Captain Buchanan, for- merly an officer of the United States navy. The Monitor was invented by John Ericsson, a Swede, but a naturalized citizen of the United States, and built under his supervision at a cost of $275,000. It was a vessel of 900 tons' burden, carried two eleven-inch Dahlgren guns, and was commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden. Both the Monitor and the Virginia were finished and their armament completed on the same day, March 5, one at New York and the other at Norfolk. On the 8th of March, about 1 p. m., the Virginia, accompanied by five smaller vessels, was discovered com- ing toward Newport News, where lay the old sailtng'- frigate Congress (50 guns) and the sailing sloop of war Cumberland (24 guns), quietly at anchor. The steam- frigates RoanoJce (50 guns) and Minnesota (50 guns), and the sailing-frigate St. Lawrence (12 guns) were sev- eral miles away, near Fortress Monroe. These vessels were armed mainly with 8 and 9 inch guns. A dead calm prevailed at this time, and as there was no tug or steam vessel near, nothing was left for the two first- named vessels to do but clear for action. Both opened fire at once. The Virginia gave the Congress two shots, and passed on to the Cumherland. The fire of both seemed to produce no effect upon the Virginia, which moved straight on, firing as she approached, and striking the Cumberland a hard blow with her beak, opened a large gash in the side of the fated ship. The crew of the Cumberland bravely worked her guns until she sank. 120 men, mostly killed or wounded, went down with her, OPERATIONS m 1861— '62. 553 the top of her mainmast alone remaining above the ise-^. water, with the United States flag still flying. The Virginia had broken her beak and injured her machinery by the concussion. Buchanan now turned his attention to the Congress, which, on seeing the destruction of the Cumberland, had by the aid of a tug moved nearer the shore, and was utterly helpless, her shot having no effect upon the iron sides of the enemy, while the shots of the latter produced havoc upon the Congress and her crew. The Virginia could not approach within a considerable distance of the Congress on account of shallow water. The field artillery and the infantry on shore took part in the fight, the artillery aA^ailing nothing; but the sharp- shooters did some injury by firing at the port-holes ot the Virginia. One shot disabled Captain Buchanan, wounding him in the thigh. The Congress continued to fight for two hours, when she was set on fire by the enemy's shot. Her crew were compelled to abandon her, having suffered a loss of over 100 in killed and wounded. The Virginia now turned upon the Minnesota, which. The mm- with the St. Lawrence and Roanoke, had attempted to ^H^^^^ ''*" come to the aid of their sisters. But all three ran aground three miles away. The RoanoJce got off when too late to be of service, returning toward Fortress Mon- roe. The other two were in too shallow water for the near approach of the enemy ; the Virginia could scarcely come within cannon shot. Two of the gun-boats which accompanied her, being of light draught, attempted to approach the 3Iinnesota ; but the Federal guns were to much for them. It was now dark, and the enemy drew off to the vicinity of Norfolk for the night. The following morning, soon after daylight, the Vir- ginia with her attendants again came out to complete the work of destruction. Buchanan having been wounded, 554 THE NAVY: lit on. lie was succeeded by Captain Jones. The Minnesota ~ was still hard aorround. The Virginia passed the Min- Battle be- nesota out of range, went down toward Fortress Monroe ; Monitor and when near the Rip Raps, turned into the channel ■J"*^ *^^^, in which lay the Minnesota, thus avoidino- the bar that Virginia. -^ ; o separated them the night before. Jones was about to open fire upon the Minnesota when suddenly there came out from behind her what the enemy's gunners called " a cheese box on a raft." It floated around the stern of the Minnesota, and out, placing itself between the two vessels. Lieutenant Worden had been ordered from New York to Fortress Monroe in haste, as it had been ascertained that the Virginia would soon attack the fleet, and had arrived in the waters of the Chesapeake about 9 P. M. on the 8th. As he approached the entrance to the James, he learned of the Federal disaster, and immedi- ately prepared to defend the threatened vessels. The Monitor was concealed from the foe by the hull of the Minnesota until the moment of surprise. Jones at once gave the Monitor two heavy shots, and was again sur- prised to see them glance off and fall harmless into the water. The battle of the giants began at 8 a. m., and lasted four hours, ending with defeat to the Virginia. A shot from the Monitor striking her below the water line, had opened a bad leak. The Virginia with- drew to friendly waters, never again to appear in battle. Just at the close of the engagement a splinter injured Lieutenant Worden in the eyes, from which he afterward suffered greatly. During the engagement the Minnesota was hit several times, and badly cut up. She gave the Virginia broadside after broadside without apparent effect. The Virginia lay at Norfolk after her battle with the Monitor until May 9, when she came out, intending to move toward Richmond in consequence of the evacuation 11. The Vir ginia OPERATIONS IN 18Ul~-'62. 555 of Yorktown. But failing to get over the sand l)ars, istm. her commander dismantled and burned her on the 11th. ^^y On May 15 the Monitor, accompanied by three other vessels, moved up the James River, and attacked the bnmeii. enemy's works at Drury's Bluff (Fort Darling); but the bluffs were too high, and after a three hours' bombard- ment at long range the Federal fleet retired. January 12, 18G2, a strong fleet, consisting of about 30 war vessels under Commodore Goldsboro, and about 15,000 men on transports under General Burnside, left Hampton Roads for the conquest of Roanoke Island, N. C. A terrible storm was encountered near the en- trance to the sound, causing considerable loss to the fleet in damaged shipping. Most of the fleet entered Pamlico Sound through Hatteras Inlet on the 24th, but owing; to continued bad weather the attack on Roanoke Feb. 7, 8. Island did not begin until Feb. 7. About II a. m. of Roanoke that day the Federal navy opened upon the enemy's bat- teries defending the island, which were named Forts Bartow, Blanchard, and Huger, and Red Stone batteries. The enemy also had a fleet of eight gun-boats near at hand. The bombardment continued until dark, the en- emy at first briskly replying ; but toward night liis bat- teries were badly damaged and his replies feeble. Two of his gun-boats had been comjDletely disabled, and the balance driven out of sight. During the afternoon and evening, Burnside landed his troops upon the island under cover of the fire of the Federal gun-boats. On the morning of the- 8th the land force moved forward to the attack, the navy meantime renewing the bombardment. The Federal infantry make a gallant charge through thickets of underbrush and overflowed marshes, in water waist deep, and the works are soon in possession of the Federals. The enemy fly to the other end of the island, but are closely pursued, and 556 THE NAVY: isGti. over 2,200 are taken prisoners. The island is now in ~ possession of the Federals. The loss to the navy had been 6 killed and 17 wounded. The enemy's gun-boats not yet destroyed took refuge behind two strong batteries in Pasquotank River, near Elizabeth City, and on Feb. 9 the Federal fleet Avent in Feb. 10. search of them. On the 10th, at 8 a. m., they were dis- Elizabeth ' ^ "^ City, N. c. covered. By previous arrangement the Federal fleet moved forward without returning the enemy's fire until within short range, w^hen the signal was given, and all pushed forward, firing rapidly, and were soon in the midst of the enemy's vessels, which were quickly demor- alized. Some of them ran ashore, and were set on fire, and some were captured, with all on board. The enemy's fleet was destroyed in less than thirty minutes, and their land batteries deserted.' The fleet then moved up to Elizabeth City. March i3„ Qu tho 12th of March, 1862, the Federal fleet 14. I^GW Berne, movcd forward against the enemy's works defending ^' ^' New Berne, situated at the junction of the Neuse and Trent rivers. The batteries were Fort Dixie, Fort Thompson, Fort Ellis, Fort Lane, and Union Point. The naval fleet entered the Neuse on the evening of the 12th, and on the 13th the bombardment of Dixie began, Burnside at the same time landing his troops. Dixie was soon silenced. The following morning the land force moved upon Fort Thompson ; Dixie had been evacuated during the night. The navy now advanced, and opened upon the remaining forts. One after an- other the Confederates deserted their batteries under the terrible fire of the Federal navy, and by noon New Berne was in the hands of the Federals, the enemy re- treating to Goldsboro. Piles, sunken vessels, torpedoes, and other obstacles obstructed the river, but the Fed- erals fortunately escaped them all with very little damage. OPERATIONS IN 1S61--62. 55Y Beaufort, N. C, was occupied by the Federals on iso^^. March 25 ; but Fort Macon, commanding the Beaufort Inlets, was yet to be captured. This was accomplished Apni .5. on April 25 by a portion of Burnside's troops, materially Macon. aided by the navy. During the month of May, four gun-boats, com- manded by Lieutenant Flusser, scoured Albemarle Sound, destroying the enemy's stores. On July 9, Flusser with three gun-boats proceeded up the Roanoke ^^^^^ ^ River to Hamilton on a reconnaissance. The fire of the Hamilton, Confederates, who were hidden along the high banks for^- ^• some distance from Hamilton, caused the Federals a loss of eleven in killed and wounded. The Federals cap- tured the steamer Wilson at Hamilton, and soon after- ward returned unmolested. On the 3d of October, Lieutenant Flusser, with three oct.^^^.^^^ gun-boats, proceeded through Chowan River into the luvcr, n. c Blackwater, experiencing a terrible time in the latter river near Franklin, which place was occupied by a force of the enemy under General Pettigrew. The object of the expedition was to reach Franldin. The river was so narrow and crooked that many bends had to be turned with the aid of hawsers. The concealed foe fired from. the woods and blufi^, and at the same time parties of the enemy's forces were felling trees before and behind them. The boats gallantly fought their way to within three quarters of a mile of Franklin, when, expected land forces not co-operating, a retreat was ordered, the vessels, under a full head of steam, forcing aside the fal- len timbers. The return was made under a gaUing fire of the enemy's sharpshooters. The expedition had started about 6 a. m., and returned out of range of the enemy's fire about noon, thus having a continuous battle of about six hours. The loss in killed and wounded on the gun-boats was heavy. 558 THE NAVY: 18G2. On November 23, Lieutenant Wm. R. Gushing en- Nov. 23. tered New River with the steamer Ellis^ captured a ves- cSn^''* sel loaded with cotton and turpentine, destroyed it, and New River, tlicu movod ou to JacksouviUe, where he captured two N. C. , ' ^ schooners, and destroyed some salt-works. At 2 : 30 p. M, he started back, but was detained at the mouth of the river by darkness and low water until the next morn- ing. During the night the enemy had brought. up a bat tery of artillery, which opened upon him at dayligbt. This was soon silenced by the Federal gunners. Soon after this the pilots, mistaking the channel, ran the Ellis hard aground. The whole of the 24th was spent in pulling and tugging to get her off, but all efforts proved unavailing. At dark. Gushing placed everything move- able, except one gun and some small arms, upon one of the captured schooners, and calling for six volunteers, • who quickly stepped forward, he sent the rest of the crew with the schooner out of danger. On the morning Nov. 25. ^|- ^^^ 25th, as expected, the enemy had in position a steamer hcavy battery. The Ellis was soon badly damaged. burned. ihe seven brave men fought with the one gun left until further resistance was useless, when they set fire to the Ellis and escaped to the schooner in a small boat, and soon after reached Beaufort. The Ellis went to pieces from the explosion of her magazine. August 30, 1861, Gommodore A. H. Foote was placed in command of the Western flotilla, which at that time consisted of three wooden vessels, — the Ti/lcr, Lex- ington, and Conestoga. These had been altered from merchant steamers at Gincinnati, under the supervision of Gommander John Rodgers, and were now at St. Louis. The first fighting by gun-boats on the Mississippi took place at Lucas Bend early in September, between the Conestoga and the Lexington, and some field batteries oTtbe enemy. After a short engagement, the batteries OPERATIONS IN 1861—62. 5:>9 withdrew toward Columbus. The enemy's gun-boat issa. Yankee joined in the action, but was soon driven back badly damaged. The 7}//^r and the Lexington also mate- rially aided General Grant in his attack on Belmont. February 6, 1862, occurred the bombardment and F.b. e. capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee. This was a jj^'^'j. victory gained principally by the navy, co-operating with the land forces under General Grant. Foote now had four iron-clads added to his fleet, — the Essex, the St. Louis, the Cincinnati, and the Carondelet. Tne whole fleet was engaged. The fort surrendered after a bombardment of one hour. The only serious damage to the fleet was received by the Essex, a shot through a port entering her boiler. The explosion and steam caused a loss of twenty men in killed or badly scalded. A part of the fleet proceeded the same day up the Ten- nessee, and succeeded in destroying two of the enemy's steamers loaded with military stores ; and on the 7th, at Cerro Gordo, Tenn., a large, half-finished, iron-plated gun-boat was captured. The fleet proceeded as far as Florence, Florence, Ala., capturing two more steamers with valu- able cargoes, and destroying three others. Soon after this the T^ler and the Lexington had a suc- cessful engagement with a land force of the enemy which was endeavoring to establish a post at Pittsburg, near Savannah, Tenn. After a sharp engagement with their batteries, the enemy retired to Corinth, abandoning the- attempt to erect batteries upon the river. The Confed- erates lost in the fight about 100 men in killed and wounded ; Federal loss, 12. There were many minor engagements between the Union gun-boats and the enemy's boats and batteries on the Mississippi and Tennessee in this vicinity during January and February, previous to the fall of Donelson, ^pd the victory was universally with the Federals, 560 THE NAVY: 186^. On January 11, Captain W. D. Porter with the Us- se:v, accompanied by Lieutenant Paulding with the St. Louis, attacked three gun-boats of the enemy at Lucas Bend. After half an hour's engagement the latter re- treated to the friendly batteries of Columbus. FortDond- ^^ ^^^ assault upou Fort Donelson, the navy began ^°°- the attack on the 13th of February, and on the 14th had a severe battle. The enemy's batteries were upon high bluffs, which gave them the advantage of a plunging fire, and it was difficult for the Federals to elevate their guns sufficiently ; still they attacked with determination, and did not retire until three of their gun-boats Avere badly damaged. The navy continued to take part in the at- tack until the surrender of the fort, suffering a loss of 11 killed and 43 wounded. Commodore Foote was commo- amono; the wounded, on account of which he was soon dorc Foote ^ • i i p wounded, aftcrward compelled to withdraw from active service. On March 2, Commodore Foote approached Columbus, but found that General Polk, who commanded the gar- rison, had evacuated. On the 14th of March, Foote, with six iron-clads and ten mortar-boats, left Cairo for Island Number Ten, arriv- March 15 to • |^ ^-^q vicinitv of the island on the mornino- of the 15th. Apnl 8. O ./ '-> ^ Island gix more mortar-boats were added to the fleet in a short Ten. time. General Pope, in command of about 20,000 men, had just captured New Madrid, a short distance below. The bombardment of the enemy's works on the island began on the 17th. General Pope was at New Madrid without transports, and he must cross the river to the Tennessee shore to attack the island from that side. A canal was dug across the neck of land formed by the bend in the river, from the point where the fleet lay to New Madrid ; but it was a severe task. For nineteen days the soldiers and sailors labored fjxithfully in swamps and mire. A channel twelve miles long and fifty feet OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 561 wide was made, and the needed transports and tugs isg-^. reached General Pope. But he still needed the aid of " gun-boats, and on the night of April 4 the Cm^ondelet^ under Captain IL Walke, ran the enemy's batteries, reaching Pope at New Madrid without damage. The Pittshiirg followed on the night of the 6th. The passage of these two boats had been rendered less difficult in consequence of a brave deed performed by Colonel Geo. W. Roberts, of the 42d Illinois infantry, with 50 men of«^"^'"fy ' -^ ' of Colonel Company A, of that regiment, and 50 men from the gun- Roberts boats. This detachment, under cover of darkness, on p.„iy a. the night of April 1, proceeded in five row-boats down ^''^ ii'^""'*- to the head of the island, where the enemy had his most powerful battery, consisting of eleven guns. The guards were taken completely by surprise, every gun was spiked, and Colonel Ptojj'erts and his men returned to their boats and escaped to the fleet without the loss of a man. That battery remained silent thereafter during the siege. The two iron-clads cleared the way for the transports to cross over, and Pope began crossing on the 7th. The enemy now saw themselves surrounded, and that further resistance was useless, and they surrendered the follow- ing day. Eleven earthw^orks, holding seventy heavy cannon and large quantities of ammunition and provis- ions, and also six steamers, were captured. At Pittsburg Landing, April 6, the gun-boats Ti/ler pJ[f^,„;J" and Lexington did valiant service, materially aiding Landing. General Grant's artillery in checking the victorious en- emy. The gun-boats joined in the battle at 3 p. m., keeping up a continuous fire until the Confederates were repulsed in their last charge, at 6 : 30 p. m. During the niglit the boats threw shells into the enemy's camps at intervals of ten minutes, the Ti/ler firing until midnight, when the Lexington relieved her, continuing the fire i]6 562 THE NAVY: 18ii'4. until General Grant moved against Beauregard at 5 a. m. next morning. After the capture of Island Number Ten, a part of the fleet proceeded toward Fort Pillow. In the latter part of April, Commodore Foote was obliged to retire from active service, in consequence of his wound, and Commodore Davis was placed in command. May 10. On May 10, the enemj^'s gun-boats — eight iron-clads — Pillow. moved up the river from Fort Pillow toward Davis's vessels, seven in number, which were tied to the banks. Lines were cast off, and the Federal boats steamed di- rectly upon the approaching foe. The battle at once began, and raged with great fierceness for an hour, the fighting often being with pistol and cutlass, the oppos- ing boats were so close together. But the Federal vessels proved the stronger, disabling four of the enemy's boats, which floated helplessly aw^ay. The other four sought a safe retreat under the guns of Fort Pillow. This fort was soon afterward abandoned by the Confederates, whose fleet retreated to Memphis, where June 9, ^i^g damaged gun-boats were repaired. On June 9, at Memphis. . . . . . daylight, Davis approached Memphis with a fleet of nine gun-boats, four of which were rams, under Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr. The enemy drew his eight gun-boats proudly up, and defiantly awaited the onset. The Fed- eral Commodore accepted the challenge promptly, and at once moved forward under a strong head of steam. Ellet's rams sunk two of the enemy's rams at the first encounter, and within an hour the whole Confederate fleet was annihilated, sunk or burned, except one, — the Van Dorn, — which, being speedy, escaped down the river. The Mississippi River was now open except at T. .1, * Vicksburg. Farrasrut was at New Orleans. Death of O o Colonel In this naval engagement at Memphis, Colonel Ellet Ellet, Jr. received a wound of which he died at Cairo, 111., on the OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 563 21st of the same month. He was an American engi- isea. neer, eminent in his profession. He was born Jan. 1, 1810, at Penn's Manor, Bucks Co., Penn. He designed and built the first suspension bridge in the United States, across the Schujdkill at Fairmount, Philadel- phia ; also the first Niagara suspension bridge, and one at Wheeling, Va. His name is identified with many other important works in this country. His son, Colonel Charles R. Ellet, who commanded one of the Federal rams in this engac:ement, died at Bunker Hill, BL, Oct. Death of 29, 1863, of disease contracted while in charge of the charies k. Mississippi marine brigade, to which command he had succeeded his uncle. General Alfred W. Ellet, the latter having been transferred to the land forces. CHAPTER XXXI. OPERATIONS DURINO 186'2-'63. isoi. A POWERFUL fleet sailed from Ilauipton Roads J~\- for Port Royal, S. C, on the morning of Oct. 29, commo- 1861, for the purpose of capturing the forts at Hilton dore Da- pj :j | ^j^^, occupatiou of Port Koval harbor. The pout. J- whole, including war vessels and transports, numbered ^^''^' f^: seventv-five vessels, with Commodore Dnpont in com- to Port maud of the naval force, and General Thomas W. Sher- man in command of the land forces, the latter numbering about 15,000 men. The fleet encountered a severe storm soon after setting out, which increased to a terri- ble tornado as they neared Cape llatteras. The fleet was so scattered that many vessels lost sight of their comrades, and great loss was expected ; but nearly all weathered the storm, though through terrible hardships. The storm raged until Nov. 3. On the 1st, the transport Oorcrnor, which had lost sight of every other 00?™* vessel, sprung a leak, and was being terribly pounded wrockod. .^j^^:] ^yi-^^uehed by the massive waves. It had on board the marine battalion. All day and all that night every one on board labored almost against hope. Besides keeping the pumps continually working, every means at hand was in use for bailing. Carpenters were kept busy mending one break after another. The smoke stack blew overboard, steam pipes burst, the engines became deranged, and scarcely had power to keep the boat's head to the sea. None but tliose who have ex- perienced like perils can know the terrors and hardships of that dark night. (504) OrBRATIONS IX 1S6'^—'6S. 505 At daylight all hearts were gladdened by the a[)pear- ' *'' '• ance of the steamer Isaac P. Smith. This steamer made several attempts at rescue, as did also the pro- peller Young Jiorcr, which now came up ; but the vio- lence of the wind bailled all their efforts. The frigate Sabine, under Captain Ringgold, was discovered in (he distance. Young Rover hastened toward her, making signals of distress, and soon returned, followed by the Sabine. It was now about 3 r. u. Every effort was made to rescue the crew, and by dark about seventy persons had been landed on board the Sabine ; but the sea still running high, it was deemed best to wait fur- ther operations until morning, in the belief that the ' Governor could be kept afloat until that time. At day- light of the 3d the waves were still too violent for the near approach of the small boats wdiich lay olf, and the men jumped into the sea one by one and were hauled into the small boats. All but seven were saved. Most of the small arms, accoutrements, and ammunition were also saved. The Governor soon afterward went down. Another transport w^as also lost, but her men and crew were saved. The Commodore, with the flag-ship Wabash and ^''''- ■*• about one half of the fleet, came to anchor olV Port nncuorod Royal harbor on the morning of Nov. 4, Avhere he was u.ni.oV. soon afterward joined by the rest of the fleet. The following day the fleet passed over the bar, and anchored inside the sound. The entrance to the harbor was guarded by Fort Walker on the south, on Hilton Head, and Fort Beauregard on the north, on Bay Point. Both were strong works. High winds delayed the attack until the mornino; of the 7th, when at about 9 o'clock Nov. 7. Dupont moved to the assault. About 9:30 the first waikor ami shot was tired, coming from Fort Walker. The fleet c.,pt"mCi. moved steadily forward, and was soon engaged, paying 566 THE ^AVY: i ^^ • attention more particularly to Fort Walker. The ves- sels moved in a circle, and made three rounds, each time drawing nearer the fort. The terrible broadsides from the Federal ships, making a continued shower of shot and shell, drove the enemy's gunners from their posts, so that the fire of the fort began to slacken from the begin- ning of the battle. At 2 p. m. the fort was in a badly damaged condition, and nearly untenable. The garrison were unable to work their guns, on account of the ter- rible fire from the Federal broadsides, and finally the enemy abandoned the fort, running to the woods for shelter. Fort Beauregard also was soon afterward found to be abandoned. About fifty cannon were captured in these forts. General Sherman at once landed his troops, and took possession of the forts, also of Beaufort. Port Royal now became a Federal base of operations. Nov. 25. On the 25th of November, an expedition of four gun- St. Helena -, , ^ r\ soimd. boats under Commander Drayton left Port Royal and entered St. Helena Sound. On Otter Island was discov- ered a strong earthwork, but it had been abandoned. Proceeding up the Goosaw ten miles, another deserted fortification was found. The fleet also visited Ashepoo River and Hunting Island, but the enemy had gone. Several other small expeditions were made up rivers and creeks in that vicinity during the month of December, but nothing but desolation appeared on every hand ; the enemy had fled, leaving smoking ruins and burned cotton behind them. 1862. Early in February, 1862, operations for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, situated on Cockspur Island, Ga., at the laski, Ga. niouth of Savauuah River, were begun by the land foi'ces, under the direction of General Gillmore, the navy rendei'- ing efficient aid. On the morning of April 10 the Fed- eral batteries on Tybee Island opened fire. The bom- bardment was continuous and effective, badly shattering April 10, 11 Fort Pu OPERATIONS IX 1862— 6 S. 56^ tlio fort. A breach near the magazine rendered the isg^. fort untenable, and it surrendered at 2 p. m., April 11. Febi'iiary 8, an expedition consisting of nineteen war Feb. s. ip-r»-r»i/" Expedition vessels under Commodore Dupont, leit Port lioyal for to Florida the Florida coast, and entered Cumberland Sound on *^°'''''' March 2. Here it was learned that the enemy had abandoned Fort Clinch and several strong batteries that had been built for the defense of Fernandina. This was pleasing to the marines, who had expected a hard fight. The enemy had been frightened away ; the recent suc- cesses of the Federal navy had taught them to fear and respect that strong arm of the United States Govern- ment. Fort Clinch and Fernandina were immediately taken possession of, and Brunswick, Ga., was occuioied on March 8 with but little opposition ; Jacksonville on the 11th, and St. Augustine and St. Mary's soon after- ward. The Federal gun-boats were kept busy during the month among the islands, sounds, and inlets on the coast of Georgia. No action of importance occurred, but a great deal of difficult service was performed. On February 2, 1862, Commodore Farragut sailed Feb. 2. Farragut from Hampton Roads for the mouth of the Mississippi sails for River with a naval squadron consisting of the following- o/thrMis- named vessels : frigate Colorado, 48 guns ; sloop of war sissippi- BrooMyn, 24 guns ; sloop of war Iroquois, 9 guns ; the ships Hartford, 24 guns ; Richmond, 26 guns ; Pen- sacola, 24 guns; Mississippi, 12 guns; and Oneida, 9 guns ; the sailing sloop of war Portsmouth, 17 guns ; and the ten gun-boats Varuna, 12 guns ; Cayuga, 6 guns ; Winona, Katahdln, Itasca, Kineo, WissahicJcon, Pinola, Kennebec, and Sciota, each 4 guns ; also twenty mortar- boats. Each mortar weighed eight and one half tons, and threw thirteen-inch shells. These boats, each car- rying one mortar, were under Commander David D. Porter. There were several steamers attached to the 568 TH:E NAVY: isoii. mortar fleet, which, with those named, made the number of vessels in Farragut's fleet forty-six. The fleet arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, or rather the " Passes," in March. A great deal of dith- culty was experienced in getting the larger vessels over the bar ; some of them had to be dragged through a foot or more of mud. April 18. . Qq J^-qyH Ig Portcr's mortar-boats, having ffot into Porter ... . opens upon posltlou at a distauco of about two miles, opened upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip. St. Philip, on the left bank, was first built by the Spaniards ; Fort Jackson, on the right bank, received its name in honor of General Jackson. The mortar-boats were stationed behind a thick wood, which concealed them from the enemy within the forts. The masts that reached above the trees were trimmed with- tree tops, so as to have the ap- pearance of the forest. The officers of the coast survey made a survey of the river, and succeeded in giving the naval officers very accurately the distance from the boats to the forts. It was a dangerous task, the surveyors being in constant peril. After the capture of the forts it was found that the shells had struck Fort Jackson with great precis- ion ; they had set fire to and burned all the buildings in and around the fort. The walls were cracked and broken, the ground torn up in every direction, casements crushed, and many guns dismounted. Fort St. Philip received but little damage. Porter continued to bom- bard incessantly day and night until the 24th. Meantime the enemy sent down upon the swift cur- rent several fire-rafts, made of flat boats filled with pine knots, resin, turpentine, and other combustible materials, but they did no damage to the fleet, as the Yankee sail- ors cleverly caught them with grappling-hooks, and towed them ashore, where they burned harmlessly. OPERATIONS IN 1862— '63. 569 On llie 20th, Farragut became satisfied that he must isoj. attack, and force a passage by the forts, and at once be- gan preparations for that event ; and at about 3 a. m, of the 24th, all beino; ready, the sional was ajiven. The ^p"' 24. war vessels moved forward in two divisions, one to at- great battle tack Fort Jackson, the other St. Philip. ^rts. The brave Farragut in the Hartford led the way. There had been a strong barrier placed across the river by the enemy a short distance below the forts, consisting of an immense iron chain supported by hulks of schooners ; but this had been cut away by some of the daring men of Farragut's fleet on the night of the 20th. As the advance reached this point, it was discovered, and fire at once opened by both forts. Instantly both shores were lighted by fires, and fire-rafts were started down stream by the enemy. Porter's mortars increased their fire, and the armed steamers attached to his flotilla moved up and attacked the water batteries of Jackson. It Avas yet quite dark, and the fog and smoke from the guns rendered it difficult to see a ship's length ahead. The enemy's fire was returned with vigor as the fleet pressed forward. The explosion of powder and shell soon became terrific, and by 4 a. m. the battle became an incessant and awful roar. The darkness was so dense that one boat could not see another, being guided only by the flash of each other's guns and the guns of the forts. The enemy were continually sending down fire-rafts, altogether making the scene at once magnifi- cent and terrible. The gun-boat Cayuga passed the forts first. The enemy had a fleet of thirteen armed vessels above, besides a floating battery and the iron- clad ram Manassas. These had already engaged in the battle, firing at long range. The Caj/uga being far in advance, was fiercely at- tacked b}^ three gun-boats. She settled one of them 570 TILE NAVY: isn2. forever with her eleven-inch Dahlgren, sent another away badly disabled with her Parrot gun, and held the third at a respectful distance until the Varuna and Oneida came up. The enemy's gun-ljo;its now swarmed about these three, and a bloody engagement followed. With a full head of steam the Oneida struck one of the enemy's boats a hard blow, sending it to the bottom. The Varuna destroyed two of the enemy's vessels, but meantime she had received a terrible ramming, and was compelled to run ashore, where she sank. Her crew were saved by small boats from the other vessels. The ram Manassas boldly entered the fight with the faith that she was invulnerable. She first struck the Mississippi, injuring her but little ; then rammed the Brooldyn. doing no material damage, after which she got behind a fire-raft, and 'pushed it against the Hartford. Farragnt's In trying to avoid the raft, the Hartford ran upon a escape. shoal, and for a moment Farragut seemed lost. The flames, leaping and waving, covered one side of the ves- sel, driving the gunners on that side for a moment from their posts. But the brave commander and his men re- tained their presence of mind ; the Hartford was backed off, and eluding the raft, the flames were extinguished, and with a broadside the ram was driven away. An- other of the enemy's steamers, attempting to board the Hartford, was blown out of existence. After passing Fort St. Philip, the Mississippi was attacked savagely by a gun-boat, which she dispatched in short order. The Brooldyn also, while undergoing a severe trial with Fort Jackson, was fiercely attacked by a large steamer. One broadside sent the wrathy foe drifting helplessly away, a total wreck, riie Pod- The forts were passed. Farragut and his men had above tiie made a name forever to be remembered in histoiy. The forts. enemy's fleet of fifteen armed vessels, rams, and floating OPIHRA TIONH IN 18G2—'G3. 5ll batteries, had nearly all boon sunk, burned, or othei'wise isgh. destroyed, the Mississippi closing the terrible scene by driving the Manassas ashore and destroying her. The forts must soon surrender. New Orleans was at the mercy of the United States navy. The vessels of Far- ragut's fleet not specially named above, and too numerous to individualize here, were all engaged in this terrible bat- tle. Every vessel was in the midst of shot and flame, each performing her part. The Hartford had been hit fourteen times, the Cayuga forty-two times, the Richmond eighteen times, the Brooldyn sixteen times, and all the others brought honorable scars forth from the battle. Farragut's loss in men was 37 killed and 147 wounded. The battle in its utmost fierceness lasted about one hour ; some of the vessels were under fire about t^^ o hours. Proceeding up the river, the fleet encountered the Chalmette batteries, mounting twenty guns. These were soon silenced, and Farragut appeared before New Farragiit Orleans about noon of the 25th. As he approached the orl^^L^'"' city, the river and docks seemed a sheet of flame ; the enemy had set fire to shipping, to immense quantities of cotton on ship and shore, and to everything else that would burn. Several half-finished iron-clads were thus destroyed. One, a formidable iron-clad named the Mississippi, was nearly completed. It was to have been a sea-going vessel of great speed, heavily armored and heavily armed. The enemy had cherished great ex- pectations for this vessel ; she was to drive the whole Federal navy from the river, and break up the blockade. But alas for human calculations ! she now floated down the stream a harmless, burning wreck. David Glasgow Farragut was born near Knoxville, Tenn., in 1801. He entered the navy at the age of nine years, and had since continued in the naval service. 572 THE NAVY: i8J^. 585 with six 32-poiin(lors, one lOO-pounder Blakcly gun, is 03. and one 8-inch howitzer, and was manned by 120 men and 24 officers, many of whom had been recruited from the artillerists of the British training-ship Excellent. In April, 1862, when Semmes found that he could not get the fSumter out of Gibraltar, he dismantled and de- ie!I!irs"the serted her. Semmes went to Nassau and to Liverpool, f^'^J,'^^'"'^ thence via Portugal to the Azores, where he arrived on command August 20 in the English screw-steamer Bahama, and at bama. once took charore of the " 290.'' He named her the Ala- lama, and hoisted the insurgent flag August 24. From Terceira, Semmes crossed to the West Indies, taking in more coal, and thence proceeded to the Gulf of Mexico. His course was marked by the destruction of vessels of the merchant marine of the United States. We have now " caught up to our story." Semmes has appeared again. He expected to find Federal transports loaded with soldiers for the invasion of Texas at this point; but Bell was there, with a strong naval squadron, and Semmes sailed away to Jamaica after having the satis- faction of sinking the Hatteras. The Hatteras, under Lieutenant-Commander Blake, had resolutely fought the Alabama, although before the battle began, Blake recog- nized the fact that he had a powerful ship to contend w^ith. Blake's heaviest gun w^as but a o2-pounder, and the Hatteras was a converted side-wheel merchant ves- sel. He fought until his vessel sank, when all on board Heroism of escaped from the sinking ship in small boats, most of gj^^^^T^^'jJJ them surrendering to the enemy. '"'' '''■''"• On January 20, the enemy came out of the port at jan. 20. Sabine Pass, which is about sixty miles east of Galves- ton, w^ith two river steamers fitted up as gun-boats, and succeeded in capturing two Federal sailing-vessels which Avere stationed there to blockade that port; but the cap- tured vessels drew too much Avater to be taken into port, and Avere burned. Sabiue Pass. 586 THE NAVY: isGs. On the 7th of April, the Federal armed steamer April 7. Barralaria, while reconnoitering in Lake Maiirepas, at Lake Mau- ^]^q mouth of Amite River, ran aa-ronnd, and beinsf at- repas. 7 o 7 o tacked by a strong land force, rendering it impossible to get her off, the crew set the vessel on fire, and then es- caped in small boats, under cover of darkness. The steamer burned to the water's edge. April 27, the gun- boat Prehle, stationed at Pensacola, accidentally caught fire, and was completely destroyed. On the 2d of February, 1863, Colonel Charles R. Ellet, with the Queen of the West, passed the Vicksburg batteries with very little damage, attacking a war vessel in passing, — the Vicksburg, — which was being fitted out under the enemy's guns. This vessel was set on fire by shots from the West, but was not destroyed. After getting below, Colonel Ellet succeeded in destroying large quantities of the enemy's provisions, and capturing three steamers, one on the Mississippi near Red River, and two on the last-named river, heavily loaded with provisions. On the 13th of February, Porter sent down the Indianola, which also passed the guns of Vicksburg safely, but found that Ellet had gone away up Red River. February 14, Ellet captured the steamer Era No. 5, after which, not knowing the channel of the Red River, and the pilot of the West being sick, Ellet was compelled to intrust his boat to a new pilot, who proved to be a traitor. The rascal soon ran the West hard aground near a battery of the enemy at Gordon's Landing, where were also several of the enemy's armed steamboats. She could not be got off, and after being badly cut up, Ellet was obliged to hastily abandon her to escape capture, himself and nearly all of his crew floating down the river on cotton bales until they reached the De Soto, which had been left a short dis- OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 681 tance below with a captured vessel. Soon afterward iso3. the De Soto lost her rudder, and became unnianage- able. Reaching the Era, he took possession of that boat, destroying the De Soto and the other vessel, and escaped to the Mississippi. The enemy repaired the Queen of the West, and with the ram Wm. H. Wehh and two other armed steamers, moved boldly down Red River to the Mississippi. The Indianola was moving up toward Vicksburg to communicate with Admiral Porter, but her progress was slow in consequence of having a loaded coal barge each side. When between Grand Gulf and Warrenton, about 9 p. M., Feb. 24, her commander, Lieutenant George Feb. 24. Brown, discovered the enemy from Red River m guw. chase. The Indianola turned about and prepared for action, at the same time steaming right at the foe. The West struck her. An instant afterward she struck the Wehl). The battle became fierce, and lasted an hour and a half. The Indianola was rammed seven severe blows, the sixth and seventh so badly damaging her that she became unmanageable, and was in a sinking condition. With her bow on shore and her stern under water, she surrendered. The enemy's boats were also badly damaged. The Indianola lost one killed and one wounded. The loss of the enemy was heavy, over 30 being killed, the number wounded being unknown. This loss of another gun-boat gave the enemy for a time the control of the Mississippi between Vicksburg and Port Hudson. March 11, 1863, when Grant was endeavoring to March 11- get into position around Vicksburg, two gun-boats, the pemberton. Chillicothe and the De Kalb, accompanying a land force on transports, attacked Fort Pemberton, a rebel fort on the Tallahatchie, having arrived at that point via Yazoo Pass, Moon Lake, and Cold Water River. The first- 58S THE NAVY: 1S03. named boat was badly damnged by the enemy's shot in the first day's engagement. On the lotli the Dc Kalh resumed the attack, but accomplished nothing. The land about the fort was overflowed, so that the troops could not land, and the expedition returned to the Mis- sissijopi about the first of April. Porter, with a strong division of war vessels, endeav- ored to reach the Sunflower River via Steele's Bayou, Deer Creek, and Rolling Fork, for the purpose of gaining the Yazoo above the Yazoo forts. Starting March from Stcclc's Bayou March 14, he nearly reached Steele's Rolling Fork, where success seemed almost assured, Bayou. -^^hen he found that the enemy had so strongly obstructed the way that he could not proceed far- ther. Giving up the attempt, the backward move be- gan ; but now it was discovered that the enemy had been busy in the rear, felling trees across the river. Then began hard work, removing the trees and fighting the enemy, who were concealed in the woods, and thus had a great advantage. The marines suffered severely in this conflict. On the 20th, Porter felt for a time that he must lose his whole fleet. But General Sherman was not far away. Porter had sent him word of the situation on the 19th, and he made all haste, arriving in the nick of time, and the fleet was saved. General Sherman brought two brigades with him, and soon cleared the way, and the fleet arrived safe in the Mis- sissippi River on the 27th. Porter played a rich ioke upon the enemy in the Porter's ^ -^ .> r j joke. early part of March. He rigged an old boat so as to have the appearance of a monitor, and let it loose to follow the current. The Yicksburg batteries opened fiercely upon this poor old disguised scow, but the inno- cent passed unharmed. The enemy then telegraphed below to destroy the Indianola as the Federal mon- OPERATIONS IN 1863— GJf. 5S9 itors were coming; and while that boat was still burn- is a 3. ing, the dummy ran into the mud near by, and the trick was discovered, but it was too late to save the Indianola. Early in March, 1863, Farragut collected a fleet below Port Hudson for the purpose of forcing a passage and obtaining control of the Mississippi above that point, and at the same time of aiding General Banks in his operations against that place with his fleets above and below. At about 10 p. m. on the 14th, Farragut gave March n the signal. The fleet which was to make the attempt ru^ng'^fi",. was composed of the sloops of war Hartford, Richmond, ^^l^^^'^' and Mo)iongaliela, the side-wheel steamer Mississippi, teries. and the gun-boats Albatross, Genesee, and Kineo. The three gun-boats were lashed to the three sloops, in the order named, on the port side, to increase the speed of the larger vessels. Only the Hartford, with Farragut on board, and the AWatross succeeded in passing. The others, owing to injury to their machin- ery, were obliged to put back. The Mississippi ran aground. Every effort was made to release her, but loss of the she remained immovable. After being riddled by the ^j^^t" enemy's guns, and all hope of saving her was lost, she was set on fire and abandoned. This was a severe loss. She had answered the enemy with 265 shot during the action. During the engagement the roar of cannon was deaf- ening. The Federal vessels replied vigorously to the enemy's batteries, the mortar fleet, which Farragut had collected below, taking part in the action. The loss to the fleet was about 100 in killed and wounded, the Mis- sissippi losing heavily, while trying to get off the shoals. On the 19th, Farragut passed the Grand Gulf bat- March ]9. teries safely, and came to anchor below Vicksburg. Guif. General EUet, commanding a gun-boat fleet above Vicks- burg, started two of his vessels, the Switzerland and the Lancaster, down the river on the morning of the 25th 590 THE NAVY. 186 3. for operations in the river below. The Lancaster was March 25. gunk bv the enemy's batteries, but the Switzerland Loss of the "^ -^ ' Lancaster, reached Farragut only a little damaged. Farragut soon afterward blockaded Red River, as this was the main source of the enemy's supplies for Port Hudson. Early in April, Greneral Grant having decided to .march his army below Vicksburg, a portion of the naval force under Porter began preparations to run the bat- teries of Vicksburg. All was ready by the 16th, and at 9 o'clock that evening the boats started, with the Benton leading and the others following in order : Lafayette, General Price, Louisville, Mound City, Pittsburg, Caron- delet, and Tuscumhia, a tug and three transports bringing up the rear. All passed safely through a tremendous cannonade except the transport Henry Clay which was set on fire by. the enemy's shot, and burned. The fleet had passed by and out of range of the Vicks- burg guns by midnight, not losing a man killed and but few wounded, and at 2 a. m. on the 17th it came to anchor twelve miles above New Carthage. A small fleet of gun-boats accumulated at Brashear City, La., in April, 1863, to aid General Banks in a campaign on Bayou Teche. The enemy had brought the Queen of the West to the waters in this vicinity, and S^'tlT*'"" on March 29 they also captured the steamer Diana in Queen of Rayou Tcchc. Both of these vessels were destroyed in the West. ..it-,, April as Banks advanced, the West by the Federal gun-boats, and the Diana by the enemy. The Federal gun-boats also captured Bute la Rose, a fortification which commanded the entrance to the Atchafalaya; after which, the way being now clear, the gun-boats A?isona and Estella moved up that river, and joined Farragut in the Mississippi on May 2. April 29. Porter attacked the Grand Gulf batteries on the 29th Qu^f. of April, which, being on bluffs, were difficult to reach OPERATIONS TN 1863~'6i. 591 General Grant desired to effect a landing at that point, ises. The lower batteries were silenced ; but after a battle of SIX hours it was decided that it would be impossible to oiandGuif. reduce the upper batteries with the navy alone. Many of the vessels engaged had been considerably damaged, The Benton was struck fortj^-seven times. Porter's loss was 18 men killed and 56 wounded. The fleet now retired down the river a few miles, to where General Grant had concluded to cross, and aided in that opera- tion. Since Farragut passed the Port Hudson batteries on March 14, he had been operating between that place and Vicksburg and on Red River. Moving in co-oper- ation with General Banks up Red River, he reached Alexandria on May 6. Farragut returned from Alex- Fmragut andria with Banks, and aided in the investment of Port arpo^t"'"' Hudson, with the Hartford and Albatross above, and Hudson. the MonongaJiela, Richmond, Essex, and Genesee, together with the mortar fleet below. On the 27th of May and the 16th and 29th of June, this fleet engaged in a gen- eral bombardment, together with Banks's artillery. Farragut's heaviest guns and the mortar-boats kept up a continuous fire upon the doomed enemy day and night, which kept them in an increasing state of alarm, until the place surrendered, July 7. Porter's fleet aided Grant in the reduction of Vicks- Porter aid= burg, both above and below. Porter being below with the viSbilrg. iron-clads Benton, Mound City, Carondelet, and Tuscumbia. The enemy's batteries were continally engaged day and night. During the seige the mortars fired about 7,000 shells, and the gun-boats and naval guns on shore 10,000 shot and shell. On May 27, during a general ^faysr. The engagement, the gun-boat Cincinnati, of the upper s^Jnk."""'* fleet, was sunk by the enemy's shot, losing about 35 ,men in killed, wounded, and drowned. On the invest- 593 THE NAVY: 1863. ment of Vicksburg, the DeKalh, Choctaw, Linden Petrel, and Forest Rose, under Lieutenant-Commander John G. Walker, were sent into the Yazoo. On Grant's approach to the rear of Vicksburg, Haynes Bluff was evacuated by the enemy as Sherman's troops were getting between it and the town. Lieuten- ant-Commander Walker took possession of Haynes Bluff on May 20, but was at once relieved by the arrival of Sherman's troops, when he proceeded up to Yazoo City, arriving there on the 21st. The enemy had begun the construction of three large iron-clads at this point, one to be a steamer of large dimensions, 310 feet long and 70 feet beam, to be plated with 42-inch iron. These the enemy burned, together with other public property valued at $2,000,000. During the siege of Vicksburg, the navy was con- stantly at work by day and by night, and rendered val- uable assistance to General Grant in the reduction of that stronghold, suffering many hardships, and losing many men in killed and wounded. Soon after the surrender of Vicksburg, it was learned that the enemy was fortifying at Yazoo City. The iron-clad DeKalh and three gun-boats, accompanied by a strong land force, were sent against them. A com- bined attack by these forces was made, resulting in the capture of the batteries with 300 prisoners. Soon after Loss of the f j^e action was over, the DeKalh ran upon a torpedo, which exploded and injured her so that she sank in a few minutes. Her guns, stores, and iron-plating were saved. The enemy burned many vessels on the approach of the Federals, a number being steamboats of the largest and best pattern. June 28. About 1 A. M., Juuc 28, the enemy, numbering about Donaldson- 3 ooQ meu undor General Taylor, attacked a Federal ville, La. ' ./ ^ fortification at Ponaldsonville, La., which was garrisoned OPERATIONS IN 1S63—04. 593 by about 250 men. The attack was savage and deter- iso:j. mined, but was repulsed with the aid of the gun-boats Princess Roi/al, Kineo, and Winona. In July, 1863, the gun-boats on the Ohio performed valuable service in preventing the escape across that river of John Morgan and his bold raiders at Buffing- ton Island and other places. Morgan rode hard, but the gun-boats kept pace with him. It was a novel chase, of more than 500 miles. He could not cross into Ken- tucky, for the gun-boats were continually in his way ; and he was finally captured by the pursuing land force. On the 4th of July, the gun-boat T^Ier rendered J|,']^.J' important assistance to General Prentiss in repelling an ahc attack upon Helena, Ark., by a largely superior force from Genei'al Price's command, under General Holmes. On the coast of the Carolinas, July 4, Admiral Dahl- gren relieved Admiral Dupont, in command of the South Atlantic squadron, and at the same time General Gill- more relieved General Hunter of the command of the land forces. The navy was continually busy about Charleston harbor, having daily encounters with the enemy's bat- teries. During Gillmore's assaults upon the enemy's works on Morris Island, and especially upon Fort Wag- ner, the naval force did their part fully. In the engage- ment of July 18, the enemy's guns were completely jniy is. silenced by the monitors. Day and night the navy ij.,4ot.^ °" kept up a continual fire, and materially aided Gillmore's siege guns in rendering Fort Wagner untenable. December 6, the monitor Weelumlcen, which had done so much good service, suddenly went down while lying quietly at anchor. The cause was wholly un- known. Four officers and twenty-seven men went down with her. February 17, 1864, about 9 p. m., the screw-sloop isei 38 594 THE NAVY: 180 4. Lieutenant Plusser killed. May 5. Albemarle Sound. Oct. 27. The Albe- marle blown up by Lieu- tenant Gushing and thir- teen men. Hoiisatonic, carrying 13 guns, was sunk by a torpedo boat — a severe loss. The officers and crew were saved. April 19, the enemy's ram Albemarle, which had just been completed at Edward's Ferry on Roanoke River, attacked four Federal gun-boats at Plymouth, N. C, sinking one, the Southfield, and disabling the Miami, which, with the other two, retreated to Albemarle Sound. Lieutenant-Commander C. W. Flusser, in com- mand of the squadron, on board the Miami, was among the killed. May 5, about 4 : 30 p. m., the Albemarle came down to the sound where eight wooden gun-boats awaited her. As soon as the ram appeared, the Federal boats bravely attacked, but their 100-pounder rifle shot seemed to have no effect against her iron sides. The Sassacus struck her a hard blow during the fight. Soon after- ward a shot from the Albemarle pierced the boiler of the Sassacus, disabling her so that she drew out of the fight. The battle continued until dark, when the Albemarle withdrew, returning to Plymouth but little injured. The Federal fleet had been considerably damaged, and had lost about 25 men in killed and wounded. Each boat had gallantly and unflinchingly closed with the powerful antagonist; and although they surrounded and gave her numerous and heavy broadsides at close quar- ters, the iron monster moved away at night seemingly unhurt. For some reason, the Albemarle did not again come out of the river. In October, Lieutenant W. B. Gushing and 13 men volunteered to attempt her destruc- tion with a torpedo as she lay at the wharf at Plymouth. It was eight miles from the mouth of the Roanoke to where the dreaded monster lay, and the approach was well guarded. A raft of logs surrounded the ram, to prevent surprises of this kind. The project was con- OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 595 sidered rash in the oxireme, but the end sought over- is 64, ruled all objections, and Gushing was given a steam- launch armed with a howitzer. Preparations were com- pleted, and on the night of October 27 the expedition proceeded up the river quietly, passing the enemy's pickets undiscovered. They had nearly reached the Albemarle when they Avere espied by her sentinels. Alarm was given, and musket balls soon came thick and close. Gushing headed his boat directly at the side of the ram, running the bow upon and pressing the logs in far enough to enable him to operate the torpedo. At this instant Gushing fired the howitzer, which had been loaded Avith canister, and then sent the torpedo upon its errand. The explosion was terrific. The Albemarle was ruined, and immediately went to the bottom. Either one of her guns or the torpedo shattered the launch, throwing Gushing and his crew into the water, all of whom were killed or captured except Gushing and one other, who narrowly escaped by expert swimming. CHAPTER XXXIII. OPERATIONS DURINO 1864-'65. 1S04. TN the Department of the Gulf, in Marchj 1864, Gen- „ JL eral Banks made preparations to move against the Porter goes '■ '■ '-' to the Red enemy on Red River, and take possession of Shreveport, La., preparatory to contemplated operations in Texas. Admiral Porter was to co-operate with some fifteen iron- clads. He arrived at the mouth of Red River March 7, where he was joined by about 10,000 troops on trans- ports. These troops were from the 16th and 17th Corps, Sherman's army, and were commanded by General A. J. Smith. General Banks marched his troops overland, while Porter and Smith proceeded in company up Red River. Formidable obstructions were found in the river Marcti 14. Fort De bclow Fort De Russy, consisting of piles, rafts, trees, '^^^^^' etc., which the iron-clads tugged and rammed at for about twenty-four hours, when an opening was made. The fort was captured after a short engagement on the 14th, with about 200 prisoners and ten guns. The fleet soon afterward reached Alexandria in advance of Gen- eral Banks. Great difficulty was met here in getting the gun- boats over the rapids near Alexandria; but after a week's hard work, Porter succeeded in getting a part of his fleet above, which were the C/iillicothe, the Crichet, the Pittsburg, the Carondeht, the Eastport, the 3foimd City, the Osage, the Ozark, the Neosho, the Lexington, the Louisville, and the Hindman. On the 7th of April, with six of these boats, Porter (596) Ol^A'MATfOiVS rS 1SG4—65. 507 proceeded up the river, reaching Springfield Landing on is a 4, the 10th. While endeavoring to clear the obstructions ^priTio. from the river, that he miolit proceed farther, news came spiingficid ' 01 : Landing. of disaster to Banks's army. This left Porter in a try- ing and dangerous position. He was now without the support of the land forces, and must return by a narrow, crooked river, filled with snags, logs, and sand bars, and with a victorious enemy on both banks, whose sharpshooters swarmed about the fleet. But the gun- boats soon taught them to observe a respectful distance, and to keep well sheltered. On the 12th the Osage got aground. The Lex- ington lay near by, while a transport was endeavoring to pull off the Osage. At this time a force of the en- emy numbering about 2,000, with artillery, came up and attacked savagely, as if to capture the iron-clads. Both boats replied with grape and canister, w^hich swept their assailants off with dreadful slaughter, their leader. General Tom Green, havino- his head blown off. Mad- ^^"'^''"^ " a Tom dened by repulse, they again rush to the banks with oieen's yells, and fire their rifles at the iron sides of the boats ; off. but they are again driven back with heavy loss. A force of infantry soon came to Porter's aid, and the fleet reached Alexandria with but little further annoyance from the enemy. They met with one serious loss, how- ever : the East'port was sunk by a torpedo between The East- Grand Ecore and Alexandria. At Alexandria for a time the whole fleet seemed lost in consequence of low water over the rapids. The *^"y ^"^~- -*■ _ '- Colonel engineer of the 19th Corps, Colonel Bailey, however, Baiky had the ingenuity necessary to the requirements of the fleet. occasion ; and in spite of general ridicule on the part of brother engineers and others. Banks and Porter author- ized him to build his proposed dam. Bailey began it on the 1st of May with some 3,000 men and a large 698 THE NAVY 1 SG4L. number of wagons. The dam was built principally o stone, brick, trees, and lumber, the latter being obtained by tearing down steam-mills and other buildings in the neighborhood. On May 8, a part of the fleet safely passed through, and by the 12th all were over the rapids and the fleet was saved. Colonel Bailey was soon afterward very properly promoted to Brigadier-General. In January, 1864, Admiral Farragut made a recon- naissance of the defenses of Mobile Bay, and became satisfied that he must have strong iron-clads to attempt their capture, especially as the enemy had a powerful iron-clad ram and three iron-clad gun-boats within the harbor. But the Government had none to spare at that A"g- 5- time : the attack was therefore delayed until August 6, Farragut ' . , -^^ . braves the whcu, having re<3eived , the long wished for iron-clad MobiieBay. Hionitors, hc movod to the attack upon Forts Gaines and Morgan at the entrance to Mobile Bay. He had four monitors, the Manhattan, the Winnebago, the ChicJcasaiv, and the Tecumseh ; also fourteen other war vessels lashed together in pairs, as follows : Brooklyn and Octarora, Hartford (flag-ship) and Metacomet, Richmond and Port Royal, Lackawanna and Seminole, Monongahela and Kennehec, Ossipee and Itasca, Oneida and Galena. At 6 A. M. the fleet was all under way, the Brooklyn leading the wooden vessels and the Tecumseh the monitors. Farragut himself was lashed to the mast in the main-top of the Hartford, having a speaking-tube running below. At about 7 a. m. the battle began by a shot from the Tecumseh, and soon the conflict became general between the whole fleet and the forts. It was not the intention of the Admiral to reduce the forts at this time, but to pass them as he did the forts below New Orleans. The enemy had driven piles across from Fort Gaines to the ship channel, which was close under m of OPERATIONS IX 1864— '65. 599 the guns of Fort Morgan. The fleet must therefore iso4. have the severest trial with the latter fort. The com- mander of the Brooklyn., seeing what he supposed to be a nest of torpedoes, checked his vessel. The Hartford was close upon him. Farragut with quick determina- tion ordered the Hartford to put on all steam, and dashed ahead. Fortunately, the torpedoes had been a long time in the water, and did not explode. The Hartford now received a terrible fire from the fort. A moment after, the Brooldyn dashed up, coming nearest the fort, suffering great loss in killed and wounded. But the broadsides of the leading vessels had killed or driven many of the enemy's gunners from their posts; conse- quently those following suffered much less. At the beginning of the battle, a terrible calamity befell the monitor Tecumseh : it exploded a torpedo, and ^°^« °^ ^^^ '■ Tecumseh almost instantly sank, 113 officei's and men going down with us with her, including her commander, T. A. M. Craven. As each vessel passed, it poured into the fort a ter- rible fire, partially silencing the enemy's guns. The fleet received but little damage, with the exception of the loss of the Tecumseh. The Hartford had arrived inside by 8 a. m., the whole fleet closely following. But the fight was not ended. The enemy's ram Ten- nessee and the iron-clads Morgan, Gaines, and Selma had yet to be conquered. These boats at once opened upon battle with the Hartford, causing her severe loss in killed and Tennessee. wounded. The Metacomet was cast off, and started for the Selma, which was soon captured. The Gaines was run ashore and burned by her crew. The Tennessee and Morgan retired under the friendly guns of Fort Morgan. The Federal fleet came to anchor, but only for a short time; the battle was to be renewed. At about 9 A. M. the Tennessee was seen coming directly at the fleet. Farragut at once ordered a general 000 THE NAYT: ISO 4. attack, and both the wooden and iron boats were directed to ram the Tennessee. The Monongahela at fnll speed, struck her a fair blow, then fired her eleven-inch gun. The LaeJcaicanna then struck her a terrible blow. Both boats broke their beaks, but seemingly did not injure the Tennessee. Buchanan, the commander of the Ten- nessee, bravely fought the Federal host with his guns, but was unable t5 ram, being so closely surrounded. The Harfford struck her, and turning gave a broadside, at the same time receiving a shell from the enemy which killed and wounded several men. By this time the monitors were well at work, the Winnehago and the Cliiclcasaw firing eleven-inch shot, the Manhafiim fifteen-inch. The armor of the Tennessee was six inches thick, and had not yet been pierced. But the shot from the fifteen-inch guns of the JIanliaitan went through her six-inch plating when the combatants ^, ^ were but a few feet apart. The Tennessee became dis- Tlie Ten- i nessee sur- ablcd about 10 A. M., after one of the fiercest naval bat- renders, ii'ii Trv\H^ ties known, and surrendered witli about 190 oliicers and men. The Federal loss in this battle with the forts and iron-clads of the enemy, was as follows : the Hartford, 25 killed, 28 wounded; the Brookli/n, 11 killed, 43 wounded ; the LacTitiwanna, 4 killed, 35 wounded ; the Oneida, % killed, 30 wounded; the balance of the fleet lost 4 killed and 34 wounded. The three monitors did not lose a man. Total killed, 52; wounded. 170. The sad loss of the Tecumseh added 113 to the number of the dead. General Granger, with a land force, had already laid siege to Fort Gaines, on Dauphin Island. On the Orh of August, Farragut sent the Chklcasav: to aid him. At Aug. 7. 10 A. M. on the 7th the fort surrendered to Granger with Fort Gaines ^ /-n •> *" sunonaii?. GOO uieu. Fort Powell, at Grant's Pass, was abandoned at the same time by the enemy. On the 9th, Granger s OPAA'ATIOSS IX l$64—'0o. OOl troops were transferred to the rear of Fort i\ [organ, at is 04. once laying siege. On the 22d the bombard ment of Fort Moriiau bv the naval and land forces beuan. On Aug. 23. the morning of the 23d tlie fort snrrendered with about gan sur- bUU men. Mobile was now shnt np. The navy, with the in- trepid Farragut at its head, had done its work thoroughly. We last saw the Alalxviia steering away toward Ja- maica, after having sunk the Haifcras oif ^^alveston, j^^'^^l^^'^d.'' Semmes arrived at Jamaica on January 18, I8G0. where «>«'»« /^^^»- he refitted, and was furnished with supplies contrary to the promises of the English Government. Three British men of war were in the harbor at the time; but instead of detaining the Alabama, they assisted her. On Jan- uary 25, Semmes sailed for the coast of Brazil, and thence to the Cape of Good Hope, and soon afterward into the Indian Ocean, returning to Cape Town March 20. IStU, having coaled at Singapore Dec. 23, 1863. On the 25th of March, 1861, the AJahama sailed away from Cape Town refreshed with new supplies, amid the cheers and waving of handkerchiefs by the Eng- lish people there. Semmes arrived at Cherbourg on the 11th 0^ June. His cowardly career of burning and sinking unarmed merchant vessels was at an end. On June 11, Captain John A. Winslow, with the United States screw war steamer Kearsarge, caught the rascal in this French port. Tiie Kearsarge, of 1,030 tons' bur- den, was armed with two 11-inch Dahlgrens, one 28- pounder rifled, and four 32-poanders. Her crew num- bered 162 officers and men. Semmes had long been a free rover. He had escaped everything sent after him, and had been suc- cessful in destroying unarmed vessels. Both himself and his foreign friends felt that the Alabama was in- vincible. On June 19 (Sunday), Semmes came boldly 602 THE NAVY: out to demolish the Kearsarge or to take her in as a prize before dinner. Captain Winslow was a resolute ofiicer, and had seen much hard service. The officers and men under him were of the best mettle. They knew their duty, and resolved to conquer or sink, being June 19. Captain Winslow witli the Kearsarge ends the career of the Al- abama. fully That aware that the Alabama was a superior vessel. was just what they were there for. At about 10 A. M. Captain Winslow discovered the Alabama coming out, and at once cleared for action. The Kearsarge was turned seaward to avoid any dispute about French waters. Semmes followed. When about seven miles out, Winslow turned and steered directly at the enemy. When within about one mile, the Alabama sheered, and slowinsr her ensjines, fired a broadside, but it did no damage. The Kearsarge kept on her course without replying. Semmes gave two more broadsides, but these also did no damage to the ship. Three men were wounded, one of whom afterward died. At a distance of 700 yards the Kearsarge opened fire. Both vessels were now under a full head of steam, moving in a circle, and about five miles off shore. The battle lasted about an hour. The Kearsarge was but little damaged, while the Alabama was badly torn and sinking. Semmes ran up the white flag, and surren- dered. Boats were at once lowered, but before they could leave the ship's side, the Alabama threw her nose in the air and went down stern first. In an instant her crew were struggling in the water. The boats hastened to their aid, picking up many of them. A small Englisli steamer had come out to witness the destruction of the Kearsarge, and now hastened to the assistance of her friends in the water. Winslow allowed this for the sake of humanity, but supposed the Englishman would give him the prisoners. The Englishman picked up Semmes and several of his officers and men, and then ran in shore OPERATIONS W 186 J/.— '65. 603 and delivered them to the English Yaclit Deerhoimd, isg4. which carried them to Southampton ; and England did not Mush, nor was she ashamed. The Alabama lost 9 killed and 21 wounded; the Kearsarge but the three men before mentioned. The Kearsarge had fired 173 shots, and had been hit 28 times, 13 shots striking her hull, but doing very little damage. Captain Winslow was soon afterward promoted to the rank of Commodore. Fort Fisher, at Wilmington, N. C.,— for an account of the operations of the navy against this fort, resulting Fort rishcr in the capture of that powerful fortification, see opera- tions of the land forces in North Carolina, Dec, 1864, __ ' " 7 1865. and January, 1865. The part taken by the navy is so interlaced with that of the army that it would be but a repetition to insert it here. K I N A L K. At the commencement of the war the small navy Retrospect. then at the command of the Government, found the south side of the Potomac in possession of the enemy from Alexandria to its mouth, and defended by many strong batteries; and virtually the whole coast from Fortress Monroe to Texas, except Key West and Fort Pickens, also the Mississippi from Columbus, Ky., to the Gulf, and the Tennessee, Cumberland, and all other important Southern inland rivers, were in the hands of the enemy, and defended by many strong batteries and fortifications. Only four vessels were near at hand, carrying but twenty-five guns. Eight vessels were in the Gulf of Mexico between Pensacola and Vera Cruz, three in the Mediterranean, seven on the coast of Africa, two on the coast of Brazil, three in the East Indies, and eight in the Pacific. But few of these were fitted for I',04 Tlli: NAVT: isr.r,. the stern work they were now called upon to perform. The navy had grown rusty in the long-eontinned peace. One of the first acts of the navy was the relief of Fort Pickens. On the night of April 12, 1861, a de- tachnieut of troops landed from the BrookI//ii, and made the fort secure. The BrooM//n had left Fortress Mon- roe early in January for this purpose, but had been held olV the fort awaiting the decision of President Buchanan and his Cabinet, who were hesitating whether to surren- der the fort to the enemy or to reinforce it. The new administration hastened a messenger to the BrooMf/n at the earliest moment, with an order to land the troops. At the close of the war the Government had a pow- eri^ll navy, — nearly 700 war vessels, carrying about 4,000 guns, and manned by 50,000 men. 70 of these vessels were iron-clads, a number of which were double- enders, moving backward as well as forward, so con- structed for operations in the narrow and winding rivers, and having a speed of fourteen knots an hour. The speed of vessels had been greatly increased during the war. An important development was also made in naval architecture by the reduction of the exposed surface of a vessel, diminishing the number of guns, and increasing the size of those used. The eleven and fifteen inch shell made havoc wherever they were sent. The several blockading squadrons had captured about 1,500 vessels durinii' the war, including' about GOO steam- ers, the most of which were engaged in contraband trade. somoof the The mcrchaut vessels of the ITnited States captured by English- 1^1^^ enemy's cruisers or ln•i^'ateers numbered about 250. made pn- •' ^ vateers. \x\ tlio foUowiog wiU bc fouud a brief history of some of the Southern English-made privateers : — The .vrsft- '^^^^ A'^c/s/^r///^', a large paddlc-whcel steauier, fomierly v'M'-. engaged on the New York and Charleston line, armed witli two guns, and commanded by a former otlicer of 1 OP li RATIONS IN 1804— '65. 605 the United States navy, ran out of Charleston on the isas. night of Oct. 26, 1861, and arrived at the British port of St. George, Bermuda, Oct. 30, where she coaled. Leaving there Nov. 5, she came to anchor in Southamp- ton waters on Nov. 21, having destroyed the merchant ship Harvey Birch on the passage. At Southampton she was allowed to go into dock for repairs and coaling. Feb. 4, 1862, she left Southampton, arriving at Bermuda . on the 20 Lh, where she was supplied with coal. Re- turning to American waters, she was soon destroyed by a Federal cruiser. The Florida, originally known as the Oreto^ was an The. iron screw gun-boat of about 700 tons' burden, bark- rigged, with two smoke-stacks and three masts. The contract for her construction was made by a Southern Mgent, Captain Bullock, with Fawcett, Preston & Co., of Liverpool, in the summer of 1861. She was com- pleted by Februar}^, 1862, and left the Mersey well provisioned, on March 22, arriving at Nassau on April 28. She was detained here until August, when the British Government released her, and she soon afterward received her armament and ammunition. She carried eight guns. This vessel sneaked up to the harbor of Mobile under British colors. The Federal blockading fleet, seeing the British flag, hesitated, when the Oreto ran into the harbor. Here her name was changed to the Florida. In January, 1863, she succeeded in escaping the blockade, and went to Nassau, where she again coaled. She then began the business of destruction of unarmed merchant vessels, capturing some fifteen with,iii three months, pillaging and burning all but two, which she armed, manned, and started out as pirates, at least it seems they should be so called, for they pillaged and burned as they went. They did not attack armed ves- 606 THE NAVY: IS a 5. sels. The Floiida, after cruising among the West Indiii Islands until August, steamed across the Atlantic, en- tering the French harbor of Brest on Sept. 4, 1863. She soon afterward recrossed the Atlantic, cruising along the South American coast for months, but taking few prizes, as there \vere but few to take. On July 16, 1863, the Florida entered the port of Bermuda, Avhere she remained nine days for repairs and supplies. Again in June, 1864, she entered the port of Bermuda, where she re(5eived repairs, supplies, etc., remaining nine days in that English harbor. She left Bermuda on the 27th of June. On July 1 she destroyed the Harriet Stevens ; on the 8th, the Golconda ; on the 9th, the Margaret Y. Davis ; on the 10th, the Electric Spark ; and on Sept. 26, the Mondamin, — all commercial vessels of the United States. In October, 1864, the Florida entered the Bra- zilian port of Bahia. Here she was discovered by Com- mander Collins with the Federal war steamer WacJmseit. Collins was one of that sort of men who are all lizness. He dashed right into the Brazilian port, hitched on to the Florida and drew her off, and then steamed homeward. On coming into Hampton Roads, a third vessel acci- dentally ran into the Florida, sinking her. The matter w\as settled with the Brazilian Government without diffi- culty, "■"^e The steam-propeller Uncle Ben, built at Buffalo, N. Uncle Ben , ^ ^ ' . (American Y., lu 1856, was scut to thc southern coast of the United States about the time of the attack on Fort Sumter. Entering Cape Fear River in stress of weather, she was seized by the enemy. She was converted into a priva- teer, named the Retribution, and cruised about the Ba- hama Islands. December 19, 1862, she captured, near the island of San Domingo, the United States schooner Hanover, and sold the cargo at Fortune Island. On Feb. 19, 1863, when oif Castle Island, one of the Baha- OPERATIONS IN lSd4—'65. CO 7 mas, she captured the American brig Emihj Fisher, isos. freighted with sugar and molasses. A part of this prize also was sold in the Bahama Islands, and a part was de- stroyed. The Retrihuiion then went to Nassau, where she was sold. The Georgia was built at Glasgow, and first named 'J]^^,,^^^ the Japan. She was launched Jan. 10, 1863, and on March 27 left for Greenock, where she shipped her crew and a stock of provisions. On April 3 she passed be- tween Ireland and Scotland to the coast of France, where on April 8 she met a ship coming from England with her arms, ammunition, etc. These were transferred by the 10th, when the insurgent flag was hoisted. She then went to the Western Islands, thence to the Bra- zilian port of Bahia, and then to the Cape of Good Hope. Leaving Simon's Bay Aug 29, she proceeded to Cher- bourg, where she arrived Oct. 28, and shortly afterward started on another cruise ; but she soon returned to Cherbourg, proceeding thence to Liverpool, where she arrived May 1, 1864. During her absence she had been busy destroying American commerce, burning and bonding many vessels that had escaped the Florida and the Alabama. Not long after this she set out for Lisbon, but was herself captured within twenty miles of that port by the United States war vessel Niagara, under Commodore T. T. Craven. The Georgia was a clipper- built screw-steamer of about 500 tons, carrying nine guns. The Tallahassee was a British steamer fitted out Th« Tal- lahassee. from London. She arrived at Bermuda from England April 18, 1864. She made two trips between there and Wilmington, N. C, as a blockade-runner, and then went on a cruise as a Confederate privateer. She arrived at Halifax on the 19th of August, 1864, after destroying several vessels near Cape Sable, At Halifax she was 008 THE NAVY. ISO 5. unable to obtain coal enough for another cruise, but only enough to run her back to WilmingtoUj whither she went, remaining there a long time. On January 13, 1865, she arrived in Bermuda again, leaving there on the 19th with a cargo for Liverpool, so that when the war closed, the Tallahassee (also sometimes called the Olustee, the Atlanta, and the Chameleon) was home again in an English port. She was a screw-steamer of 600 tons' burden, and had a crew of about 100 men. The shen- Tho Shcnancloah was converted from a British mer- chant vessel called the Sea King. She was of 790 tons' register, and was capable of steaming ten knots an hour; she had excellent speed, also, as a sailing vessel. She was built at Glasgow in 1863. In Sept., 1864, she was purchased by enemies of the United Stafes, and on Oct. 8 cleared from London for Bombay, after taking in sup- plies for a year's cruise. The steamer Laurel left Lon- don at the same time with eight heavy guns, small arms, ammunition, etc., and met the Shenandoah at the Island of Madeira, where her armament was taken on board. It was now announced to the crew for the first time what was the nature of the ship's business. Out of eighty men only twenty-three consented to remain on board. The Shenandoah at once began operations, and during the next ninety days destroyed several merchant vessels of the United States marine. She arrived at Melbourne January 25, 1865, where her ojB&cers re- cruited the crew from the streets of Melbourne without hindrance. They also put the ship in dock for repairs, and before leaving she was plentifully supplied with coal and provisions. Departing from Melbourne on Feb. 18, she went through the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Raid on the seas vla Behring Strait, with instructions to destroy whalers. ^^ Uultcd Statcs whalc ships. The whaling season in that locality was entirely broken up, the Shenandoah ^ OrMIRATIONS IN lS6^—'65. 609 burning or bonding some thirty whalers. The last ves- isgs. sels destroyed were burned some four months after the close of the war. The Shenandoah then returned to England. There were many other vessels engaged in destroy- ing the unarmed merchant vessels sailing under the flag of the United States, but these were the principal offenders. The United States made claims aarainst the T^^^ ^"'*®'^ o states English Government for the losses sustained from the makes cliiiiiis depredations of these British built, British armed, and against the British manned vessels. This claim was finally settled ^^^f^. by a special tribunal of arbitration. "^^^*- In the spring of 1871, five commissioners on the part of Great Britain, and five commissioners on the part of the United States of America, met at Washing- ton in a body, which, when organized, was known as the Joint High Commission, in order to discuss and, if possible, to arrange for, among other things, the adjust- ment of the differences crowina; out of the acts commit- ted by the several vessels named above, and some three or four others of less importance. The claims were known as the " Alabama Claims." The Joint High citJi;!''™" Commission, in conference April 13, agreed to refer all claims growing out of the acts committed by the afore- said vessels to a tribunal of arbitration, to be com- posed of five arbitrators, one to be named by the Pres- ident of the United States, one by the Queen of Eng- land, one by the King of Italy, one by the President of the Swiss Confederation, and one by the Emperor of Brazil; each party to the Joint High Commission to name a person to present its side of the case to the Tribunal. The Tribunal met at Geneva, in Switzer- ^^^ ^^^^ land, December 17, 1871, and the claim for indirect ^rai award, damages to American commerce having been allowed to drop, gave its final award Sept. 15, 1872, decreeing that 89 clency of our anvv. CIO I'UK SAYY. i««j. (^reat Britain shoiiUl pav the I^iitoil States the sum of ~ $15,500,000. rht> em- During the war tlie navv luul pertonned iinmeuso seiviee. It liad established and maintained a bloekade extending aKmg 3,500 mih\^ of eoasi, besides patvolTrng the numerous rivers, bavous, and other inhmd waters. Its battles with Southern torts and batteries were many, and at all times sueeessful. In the Mississippi, Cum- berland, Tennessee, Ked, and many other rivers, both large and small, the navy was eompelled to be contin- ually tu'tive, having daily eneonnters with bands of \\w eiieiny's sharpshooters and bushwhackers, and often Avith batteries suddenly thrown up in some natural stronghold on a high bank. This duty required cease- less vigilance and incessant fatigue by day and by night. In aiding the land forces the navy rendered invalua- ble assistance, and its presence became necessary in nearly all important nu^vements. ^Vhenevev a gun-boat appeared, the enemy observed a respectful distance. The navy was called upon to pertorm work both ditlicult and dangerous, a detailed account o[' which would re- quire hundreds of pages. Hundreds of heroic deeds Onr naval hewes \Yere pertonned, and hundreds of brave nuM\ lost their should not ... bo forgot- lives in this perilous duty ; and while a grateful nation ten by the ... . . * , ' i i i American 1* ocstowiug cucouiums upou tlic ariuv, tlic uavv should »^"^^^^^- not be forgotten. During the war the navy was diviiled into six ditfev- ent squadrons, r/.?, Korth Atlantic, South Atlantic, East Gulf, West Gulf, Potomac, and Mississippi. GIUND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 1 8 8.[){), jind since 1871 the total iuiionnt disbursed OliuntuiH of " -' ' iiiou. A. u. is fl,173,688.60 ; and it must be remembered that nine tenths of tlieso old soldiers are men in moderate cir- (;iirnsl;ui(;es. Th(!r(! w(U"(!, March 31, 1886, as reported by dolm Ciuneron, Adjutant-Ceneral, Headquarters G. A. II., 5,705 Posts in the United States, with an aggre- g.'ito ni(>iiib(!isiii|) of 295,337. There is one iliing that the National Connn;indcr, fiidod by S(a,te Department- Commanders might do that would be of great benefit to the comrades or their heirs, and that is the collection and publicalion in i)aiii[)hhd, forni, of the iianu^s and a.ddicsses, inchiding company and regiment, of all soldiers yet liv- ing. It is hoped this will be done at an early date, so that each Post may have a copy. The cost would be quickly volunteered by Posts, if called ui)on, OI3JKOTS OK THE) OKDER. "To pr(!S('rv(! and stroni^thcn those kind and frateinal feel- ings ■which bind togcl.licr the soldiers, sailoi-s, and marines who united to suppress Hk; l;it(i rebellion, and to perpetuate the UKiUiory and liistoiy of the dead. To assist such former coiin-ades in arms as need help and protection, and to extend needful aid to the widows and or- phans of those wdio have falh^u. " 'Vo maintain true allegiance to the Unit(Ml Stat(« oi Amer- icji, based u})()n a ])araniount respect for and rnhility to the national Constitution and laws ; to discountenance whatever t(!nds to W((ak(^n loyalty, incites to insurrection, tn^ason, or re- bcillioii, or in any manner impairs the etlieiency and permanency of oui' free institutions ; and to encourage t1ies])read of univ(M'- sal lib(u-ty, equal rights, and justicp to all men." Th(^ fidlowing is furnished at the author's request l)y our large-hea-rl(Ml and most woi'thy (M)mra(le, (;a|)ta,in \i. A sliort Hlcclc.h of tlicO. A. 1! I,. .1. Aiini. J. Allen, wlio served in Uci'dan's UnilcHJ Stales Sliarp- ORAXJ) .(AM/)' OF THIC inCIHTliLW. (WW shooters, ;mu1 wlio li;i,s suiroi-cd untold ngony (Voiii luaiiy tssa. wounds since the close of the war: — You ask me to outline for the myriad readers of your work, tliat wontleii'id organization born of a s^Tc^at ni'cd, and perform- ing- its mission in a manner to exciti^ wonder and admiration in tlic human soul. "TifK (Irani) Aumy ok tiik ItKriiUhic;" is an order on khatku- whose massive foundation stones arc; graven those thnu^ articles '^'''"'■' of faith, " Fraternity," "Charity," " Loyalty." What veti>ran ' "'^'""• '' ' •' ■' . liOYAl.'I'Y. of that mighty war which convulsed the Rei)ul)lic and moved the wt)i-ld, has failed to appreciate, when meeting conn-ades whose elbow touch he felt in the shock of battle, the sentiment of fraternity? and that never before did he realize how strong are the ties of conn-adesliip? Welded in the tire of battle, these ties have become like links of steel about the fibers of the lieart. What frater of those whom the war spared has ever yet failed to respond with ready hand and purse to the call for "charity" coming from those; brave maimed conn'ad(;s of ours, S(!arre"llli^«- Craig's Meeting House, Va. 345 Fort Hindman, Ark. 212 Cramptoii's Gap, Aid. 80 Fort Macon, N. C. 475 Cross Keys, Va. 419 Fort McAUister, Ga. 318 Culpepper, Va. 162, , 104 Fort Morgan, Ala. 517 Gulp's House, Ga. 298 Fort Pemberton, Miss. 223 Cumberland Gup, Tenn. 255 Fort Pillow, Tenn. 274 Cyntbiana, Ky. 194, , 277 Fort Pulaski, Ga. 487 Dabncy's Mills, Va. 378 Fort Sanders, Tenn. 271 Dallas, Ga. 296 Fort Smith, Ark. 470 Dalton, Ga. 294 Fort Stedrnan, Va. 1 379 Dandridge, Tcnn. 277 Fort Sumter, S. C. 38, 492 Danville, Ky. 247 Fort Wagner, S. C 490 Davis's Cross Rdads, Ga. 256 FrankUn, Tenn. 213, 246, 251, Davis's Mills, Miss. 210 282, 286 Day's Gap, Ala. 249 Frederick, Md. 427 Deatonsville, Va. 390 Fredericksburg, Va. 88, 104 Decatur, Ala. / 279 Frederickto-wn, Mo. 454 Decatur, Ga. 302 Freeman's Ford, Va. 68 Deep Bottom, Va. 370, 373 Front Royal, Va. 417 Deer Creek, Miss. 224 Gadsden, Ala. 250 Dinwiddle C. H., A'a. 385 Gainesville, Va. 70 Doualdsonville, La. 511 Gaines's MiU, Va. 55 Drancsville, Va. 415 Gallatin, Tenn. 196 Droop Mountain, Va. 423 Galveston, Tex. 503 Dublin Station, Va. 425 Gauley's Bridge, W. Va 414 Dug Gap, Ga. 256 Germania Ford, Va. 97 Dug Springs, Mo. 451 Gettysburg, Pa. 119 Duvall's Bluff (near), Ark. 470 Glendale, Va. 60 Eagle^^lle, Tenn. 243 Gloucester Point, Va. 95 Ebenczer Cburcb, Ala. 289 Goldlug's Farm, Va. 59 Egypt Station, MibS. 288 Goldsboro, N. C. 477 Elizabetb City, N. C. 475 GrahamviUe, S. C. 494 Elizabethtown, Ky. 214 Grand Coteau, La. 512 Evacuation of Atlanta, Ga. 310 Grand Gulf, Miss. 227 Fairfax C. H., Va. 95 Grant's Creek, N. C. 288 Fairfield, Pa. 158 Gravelly Run, Va. 384 Fairmont, W. Va. 420 Green Hill, Tenn. 246 Fair Oaks, Va. 50 Greenville, Tenn. 277 Falling Waters, Jld. 100, 411 Grierson's raid to Baton Rouge, La. 225 Fame's Cross Roads, Va. 300 Griswoldville, Ga. 316 Farniington, Miss. 191 GrovetOD, Va. ' 71 Farmviile, Va. 391 Gun town, Miss. 275 Fayetteville, Ark. 463, 465, 472 Guy's Gap, Tcnn. 255 Fisher's Hill, Va. 432 Hagerstown, Md. 158 Five Forks, Va. 385 Hanover, Pa. 116 Flint River, Ga. 309 Hanover C. H., Va, 50, 53, 359 Florence, Ala. 251 Harper's Ferry, Va. 2c ), 80 Fort Anderson, Ky. 274 Harrison, Mo. 471 Fort Anderson, N. C. 478, 484 Harrisonburg, Va, 418 Fort Blakcly, Ala. 520 Hartsville, Tenn. 213 Fort Blunt, I. T. 467 Hartville, Mo. 465 Fort Clark, N. C. 473 Hatcher's Run, Va. 376, 378 Fort Darling, Va. 364 Hawe's Sho]), Va. 358 t)18 INDEX TO UIFOETAKT BATTLEH. liulox to the most important battles. lli'lena. Ark. .■);^~ 470 Macou, Ga. 291, 807 llondorsoi.'s Hill, La. 514 Mavern Hill. Va. 02 High Driiluv, \a. ;^;u> Manassas Gap, Va. 80, 101 Hollow Troo Ciap, Touii. - 2S(> Manassas ,1 unction, Va. 68 Holly Spring-!?, Aliss. 209 Manchcstir, Tenn. 195 ITolston Kivor, IVnu. 270 Marais des Cygues, Kan. 472 Houoyllill, S. 0. 4'.I4 Marion, Va. 387 lloiioy Spring.*, Kan. 407 I^lark-s Mill, Ark. 469 Iloovor'^5t^ap, Tonu. 2:.5 Jlartiiisburii', W. Va. 431 Huff's Ferry, Tonu. 270 Maryland llcights, Va. 80 Huutorstowu, Va. i;?o Mayre's Tleigtits, Va. 104 Huutsvillo, Ala. 19-3 Jlavsville, Ark. 463 ludopeudonoo, A[o. 401. Mci^owcll, Va. 417 Irish Bond, La. 505 Mc^Unnville. Tenn. 195 , 247, 201 Island Nunihor Ton, Tenu. 45S Jleadow Rridgo, Va. 358 luka, Miss. 208 Mechanicsville, Va. 54 Jackson, Miss. •280, 239 Medoi\ Station, Tenn. 303 Jiunos City, ^'a. 108 ^[eniphis. Mo. 460 Janios Island, S. C. 489, 494 ^[eniphis, Tenn. 376 Jonkons Forry, Ark. 409 Meriilian, ^liss. 273 JotTorson City, ;Mo. 471 Midillebnrg, Va. 115 Jericho Ford, ^■a. 850 Middle Creek, Kj'. 181 Jetcrsville, \'a. 390 Middlcton, Tenu. 251 Johu's Island, S. C. 498 Milliken's Ucnd. La. 387 Johustou's Surrender, N. C. 82S Mills Spring's, Ky. 181 Jonesboro, tia. o07. 809 ^Milton. Tenn. 243 Kelly's Ford, Va. 95, 117 !Mine Kun. ^'a. 168 Keuesaw Jlountain, tia. 297 .Mobile, Ala. 519 Kernstown, Va, 430 ^Mouocacy, ]\rd. 437 Kettle Run, Va. 09 Monterey Ciap. Md. 157 Kingsport, Teun. 287 :SIontcva"llo, Ala. 389 Kiuston, N. G. 477, 485 MonticcUo, Ky. 24S, 252 Kirksville, Mo. 400 ilooretield, ^V. ^■a. 422, 429 Kuoxville. Tenu. 270 Morg-an's raid, Ind. and Oh io, . 252 Labadieville. La. 502 ^forgan/.ie, La. 511 Lauivl Hill, W. Va. 412 Morristown, Tenu. 278 La Vergue, Tenu. 313, 214 :Mossy Creek, Teun. 377 Lawreuee, Kau. 407 Mount Crawford, Viv. 426 Lawreneehurg, Tenn. 281 :Monnt Sterling, Ky. 247, 277 Lebanon, Ky. 194, 258 Munfordsvilk\ Ky. 197 Lebauou, Teuu. 243 M urf reesboro, Tenu. 198, 284 Lcedstown, Va. 95 Naniozine Church, Va. • 390 Lee's Mills, Va. 46 Nashville. Tenn. 214, 284 Lenoirs, Tenn. 370 New Berne, N. C. 475, 478 Lett's Tan-Yard, Ga. 250 New Bridge. Va. 49 Lew is burg, Va. 418 New Hope Church, Ga. 296 Lexington. Ky. 214 New LislKui. Ohio, 254 Lexington, Mo. 453 New l^ladrid. Mo. 457 Liberty, Tenn. 243 New Market, Va. 435 Liberty liap, Tenn. 355 New Market Heights, Va. 875 Little Hlue Kiver, Mo. 471 Newnau Station, t>a. 806 Little Osa!;e Uivor, Kau. 472 Newtonia, Mo. 402, 472 Little Kock, Ark. 408 Nolansvillc, 'IVnu. 215 Log:\n's Cross Koads, Ky. 181 Norfolk, Va. 49 Loue Jack, Mo. 401 North Anna River. Va. 850 Long Creek, Ala. 249 Nottoway C. H., Va. 368 Loudon Crivk, Tenu. 270 Oak tJivve, Va, 53 Louisa C. H.. Va. 107 Okoloua, Miss. 373 Lovejoy's Station, Ga. 807 Old Fort Wavue. Ark. 463 Lynchburg, Va. 420 Old Towu Creek, N. C. 484 INDKX TO IMPORT AST BATTLES. Oil) Olustoo, Fla. 493 Sabine Cross Roads, La. r,14 /.V« /-•«.'>. Opelousas, \.'\. 500 Sabine Bass, La. 511 Opi'quan. Va. 431 Sailor's Creek, Va. 890 Orangoburii-, S. 0. 333 Salem, Ind. 3[;» Index to ^"^ tho most ^~i important 4«'i ^"''"^"^■ OvoraU's Cn-ik, Tonu. 384 Salem Heights. Va. Ox Hill, Va, 75 Salkehatehie, S. C. Paducah, Ky. 374 Saltville, Va. Paliiiotta KatK'ho, Tex. 531 Santa Rosa, Fla. Parker's Cross Koads, Tcun. 310 Savage's Station. Va. 59 Patterson, INIo. 4(U) Savannah, (\:\. 818 Patterson Creek, Va. 435 Secession ville, S. 0. 488 Pattersonville. La. 505 Selma, Ala. 289 Peael) Tree Creek, Oa. 399 Sevierville, Tenn. 277 Pea Kiilue, Ark. 45(5 Seven Pines, Va. 50 Perryville, Ky. 199 Sharpsburg, Md. 81 Petersburu-, \ a. 365 Slielbyville, Teim. 255 Philadeli^iiia, Tenu. 309 Sliepherdstown Ford, Va. 84 Pliilippi, W. Va. 409 Sheplierdstown, \'a. 101 Piedmont, Va. 42(> Sherid.nn's raids, Va. Stil, 445 Pilot Knob, i\lo. 471 Shiloh, Teini. 187 Pine Barren Creelv, Ala. 520 Six Mile Creek, Ala. 389 Pine Bluir, Ark. 408 Slaughter Jlountain, Va. 60 Pittsburg- Landing-, Tenn. 187 Sniithsburg, Md. 157 Plain's Store, La. 500 Snake Creek Gap, Ga. 295 Pleasant Grove, La. 515 Snicker's Gap, Va. 85 Pleasant Hills, La. 515 Snicker's Ferry, Va. 428 Pleasant Ridge. Ala. 291 Snow Hill, Teini. 246 Plymonth, N. C. 475, 479 Somerset, Ky. 247 Poueliatoula, La. 500 South ^lountain, Md. 78 Poeotflb'":o, S. C. 489 Spanish Fort, Ala. 519 Port Gibson, Miss. 227 Spottsylvania, Va. 850 Port Hndson, La. 504, 507 Springtield, Mo. 455, 404 Port Republic', \'a. 419 Spring Hill, Tenn. 343, 281 Port Roval, S. C. 486 Steven's Gap, Ga. 356 Port AValtbal, Va. 364 St. Francois River, Mo. 466 Prairie d'Anne, Ark. 409 St. i\Iary"s Church, Va. 303 Prairie Grove, Ark. 463 St. JNlary's liivcr, Fla. 493 Prestonburg, Ky. 181 Stockade, Stone River, Tenn. 201 Proetor's Creek,' Va. 305 Stoneman's raid, Va. 97, 100 Pulaski, Tenn. 379 Stone ]\iver, Tenu. 310 Raid, AVistar's, Va. 170 Stony Creek, Va. 869 Raid, Kilpatriek's, Va. 170 Strasl)urg, Va. 419 Rapidan, Va. 103 Strawberry Plains, Tenn. 378 Rappahannoek Bridge, Va. 107 Streight's raid, Ala. and Ga. 349 Raymond, INliss. 329 Sutrolk, Va. 430 Ream's Station, Va. 308, 374 Taylor's Ridge, Ga. 268 Resaca, Ga. 29r,, 312 Tazewell, Tenn. 196 Riehmond, Ky. 194 Tebb's Bend, Ky. 252 Richmond, Va. 108, 377 Terre Bonne, La. 510 Richmond Evacuated, Va. 388 Tliomiison's Ford, Va. 164 Rich Mountain, W. Va. 412 Thompstin's Station, Tenu. 343, 245 Ringgold, Ga. 308 Thornton Ga]), Va. 433 Ripley, ]\Iiss. 376 Tidopotomy, Va. 359 Roanoke Island, N. C. 474 Tom's Brook, Va. 433 Rockville, Md. 116 Town Creek, Ala. 248 Rocky Face Ridge, Ga. 373, 294 Trcvilian Station, Va. 361 Rogcrsville, Ky. 194 Triune, Tenn. 353 Rogersville, Tenn. 2()9, 270 Tullahoma, Tenn. 355 Romney, W. Va. 410, , 414 Tunnel Hill, (Ja. 273, 395 Rural Hills, Tenn. 214 Tunstall's Station, Va. 108 Russell's House, Miss. 191 Tupelo, Miss. 376 (iin) IM PORTA NT i\M VAL It! NO A a K MR NTS. Index to the most, iiiiportiiiit battles. Tnrlu'v 'ruwii, Ahi. TunuT's (Jail, Md. 'rtisoaUxisa, Ala. Tutii'iinibia, Ala. l'iii(>u \'ill!tiii', Va. Ihiion C'ity, 'l\iiu. Unioiivillo, Tomi. I'piu'rvillo, Va. I) toy Orcc-k, (.Ja. Vaii^lit's Hill, Touu. Vci'iuui, Iiul. Vicksbiirg, Miss. M'lutrai'o, 'l\'iiu. \Vasliinc.-toii, N. C. WuiiliaU'hic, Tonn. Waytn'sbori), Ga. "\Vayi\t>sb(>r(>, Va. ^("Idoii Railroad, Va. Wost Point, (J a. West Voiut, Va. 86, 470, 350 78 291 348 85 374 344 115 807 245 25;5 2:55 2(!1 478 3()3 817 445 873 25)0 48 AVliito llouso, Va. White House Lamliiijr, White Oak Utiail, Va. White Oak Swamp, Va. White Kiver, Ark. White Sulphur Springs, Wild Cat, Ky. Wilderness, Va. Wileox's Brldj-e, N. C. Wllliauisburg, Va. Williainsport, Va. Wilson's Creek, Mo. Wilson's raid, Va. Wilson's Wharf, Va. Wlnelioster, Va. 111,41 Woodbury, Teun. Wytiieville, Va. Yellow Tavern, Va. Yorktown, Va. Va. Va. 0,41 287, 8(V.l ;i()2 385 00 4(U) 423 179 343 484 47 158 451 308 305 8,429,431 242, 340 423, 425 358 40 389, DEX TO THE MOST IMPOI^TANT NjlVAL ENGjlGEMEHTS NAKK.-XTEO IN THIS VOLUrvlE. tsui 'or; Important naval en- gancmonts. Tndianola, Texas, I'AC.I!, 547 llaynes HlulT, Miss. page, 575, 592 Sewell's I'oint, Va. 548 Corpus Christi, Texas, 570 Aequia Creek, Va. 548, 550 Sabine Pass, Texas, 570, 585 Mississippi Uiver, ntouth of, La. 548 Calveston, Texas, 570 INlatthias Point, Va. 551 Bayou Teehe, La. 577 (.Juantieo Creek, Va. 551 Donaldsonville, La. 577, 592 I'ensaeola, Fla. 551 Washington, N. C. 577 Cedar Keys, Fla. 551 White House, Va. 578 San Lids Pass, Texas, 551 Masonboro Inlet, N. C. 578 Hampton Roads, Ratlle between SutVolk, Va. 578 Jlcrrimac and J/oiiilor, Va. 552 Ogeeehee (Nashville des troyed). Drury's Wutl, Va. 555 S. C. 579 Roanoke Island, N. C. 555 Charleston Harbor, S. C. 580 Elizabeth City, N. C. 550 Fort Sumter, attaek upon. S. C. 581 Ni'w Berne, N. C. 550 Lake Maurepas, La. 580 Hamilton, N. C. 557 Gordon's Landing, La. 580 Blaekwater River, N. C. 557 Steele's Bayou and Deer Creek, New River, N. C. 558 Miss. 588 l^ueas Rend, Ky. 558, , 500 Porter's Joke, Miss. 588 Belmont, Mo. 559 Grand Gulf, Miss. 589, , 590 Cerro (Jordo, Tenn. 559 Qmrn of t/ie ]\\vt destroye d. La. 590 Florenee, Ala. 559 Port Hudson, I^a. 589, 591 Fittsburii; Landing, Tenn. 559, , 501 Siege of Vieksburg, Miss. 591 Island Number Ten, Tenn. 5()0 Yazoo City, Aliss. 592 Fort Pillow (near), Tenn. 502 Bullington Island, Ohio, 593 Memjihis, Tenn. 502 Helena, Ark. 593 lirunswiek, (5 a. 507 Albemarle Sound, N. C. 594 tlaeksonville, Fla. 507 riynionth {Albemarle des ;troycd), St. Charles, Ark. 572 N. C. 594 Baton Rouge, La. 573 , 574 Springtleld Landing, La. 597 Vieksburg, Miss. 57 3, 574, , 590 Red Uiver, La. * 597 liMnniTANT NA VAL KM! All IC M IC\T.^. AlcXiindrln, l,;i. Molilli! Jiiiy, Ala. Captiiro of tlic iSaPdniKifi, S. C. Caiituro of tlic r,:trd, 8. 0. Capturo of l.hr llr(iiir<(/((r({, Fla. Cai)tiiiT()f tlic /ii>!/(il Ye(lltiori lOxpedltloli N. (;. Fxpednion F;Xpedilloii H. (!. lOxpeditlon lOxjieclitlon La. FXIIIMlltloll rickctt, N. (!. ('olumliid, N. (!. Monitor at Hea, Jmac r* Smith, H. C. Keokuk, H. (J. /ftUleras, Texas, llarri()LU8, 111, 158. McVlCAR, LlEUT.-COL. DUNOAX, OS. Mea-de, G. G., 55, 74, 78, 87, 93, 118, 124, 163, 16G, 330, 383. Meade, Lieut. R. K., 19. Meagher, T. F., 52, 58, S3. Mefford, Capt., 470. Memmingee, Mr. CHAiiLEs G.,* 25. Meredith, S. A., 121. Merrill, Col. Lewis, 460, 465. Mereitt, Wesley, 131, 384, 431, 445. Miles, Col. Dixon S., 36, 81. Miles, N. A., 374. Miller, 153. Mileot, 284. MiLEOT, R, H., 65, 111, 415, 417. MiNTT, Col. R. H. G., 241, 244, 256, 289. Mitchell, Col., 259. Mitchell, R. B., 198, 246, 259. Mitchell, O. M., 192, 489. MooEE, Colonel, 213. Mooee, Col. J. B., 284. MooEB, Col. O. H., 252. Morgan, Geo. W., 210, 212. Morgan, James D., 307, 311, 313. Morgan, John H.,* 194, 196, 213, 214, 245, 252, 277. Morrell, G. W., 49, 78. Morrison, Col.,* 248. Mosebt, John S.,* 95. Mothersill, Major Philip, 444. MouTON, Alfred,* 515. MoTT, Gbrsham, 346, 355. Mower, J. A., 274, 313, 514. Mulligan, Col. James A., 429, 453. MUNFORD, T. T.,* 114. MuRPHT, Col. R. C, 203, 209. Murray, Col. Eli H., 314. Naglee, H. M., 60. Negley, J. S., 214, 215, 257. Nelson, William, ISO, 189, 195, 198, NiMS, Capt. Ormantj F., 501, 512. Newton, John, 87, 93, 124, 161, 293. Oglesby, R. J., 206. Oliver, Col. John M., 205. Opdycke, Emerson, 282, 283. O'Neai., E. a.,* 122. Oed, E. 0. C, 49, 203, 204, 207, 238, 370, 376, 378, 415, 417, O'Rourke, Col. F. H., 127. OsTERiiAUS, P. J., 231, 264, 293, 311, 313, 456. Paine, C. J., 338, 480. Paine, E. A., 190. Palmer, Col., 286, ^ _ ^ Palmer, John M., 134, 214, 215, 243, 251, 257, 265, 373, 293, 807. Palmer, Innis N., 485. Parsons, M. M.,* 450, 515. Parkhurst, Col. J. G., 194. Parke, J. G., 237, 373, 3S0, 474. Patten,* 310. Patterson, Robert, 35, 40S, 411. Paul, G. R., 132. Paulding, Lieut., 560. Paxton, Edward F.,* 100. Peck, J. J., 48, 420, 476. Pbgram, John,* 247, 378, 393, 413. Pemberton, John C.,* 308, 313, 338, 388. Pender, William D.,* lOs', 133. Pennington, Lieut. A. C. M., 138, 150. Pennypacker, G., 483. Perrin, Abner,* 353. Peters, Dr., 346. Peterson, Mr., 535. Pettigeew, J. J.,* 100, 478. Pettus, J. J.,* 399. Phelps, J. W., 496. Phillips, Col. Wm. A., 461, 467. Pickett, Geo. E.,* 108, 131, 366, 430, 479. Pierce, Ebenezer W., 410. Pillow, Gideon J.,* ISO, 183. Pleasonton, Alfred, 78, 85, 87, 93, 101, 109, 133, 144, 162, 342, 471. Plummee, J. B., 190, 454. POINDEXTEE,* 460. Polk, Leonidas,* 178, ISO, 185, 193, 197, 316, 373, 395, 297, 458. Pope, John, 64, 77, 190, 203, 333, 455, 457. Porter, Andrew, 36. Porter, Fitz-John, 43, 49, 55, 67, 77. Porter, Joe,* 460. Porter, Rear-Admieal D. D., 480, 498, 567, 588, 596. Pokter, Com, W. D., 560, 575, GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. G29 POKTERFIELD, COLONEL,* 409. PosET, Conrad,* 157. Potter, R. B., 337, 3i2. Potter, E. E., 478, 494. Pkextiss, B. M., 177, 187, 188, 337, 455. PjtESTOx, William,* 357. Price, Sterling,* 178, 190, 193, 203, 450. Prince, Henry, 67, 168. Pritchard, Col. Benj. D., 398, 524. Prtor, Roger A.,* 420. Putnam, Col. H. S., 491. quantrell,* 467. QuARLES, W. A.,* 383. QuiMBT, Isaac P., 340. Rains, James E.,* 331, 450, 461. Ramseur, Stephen D.,* 434. Randol, 155. Ransom, T. E. G., 308, 311, 313, Ransom, Watt (or Matt),* 365. Rathbone, Major, 535. Rawlins, J. A., 333. Reagan, Mr. John H.,* 26. Reillt, J. W., 484. Reno, J. L., 64, 77, 79, 474. Read, Col. Theo., 390. Renshaw, Capt. Wm. B., 503, 576. Reynolds, J. F., 55, 68, 85, 87, 93, 119, 131, 161. Reynolds, J. J., 342, 246, 257, 413. Richardson, Israel B., 36, 43, 49, 78, 82, 83. RiCKETTS, J. B., 65, 78, 343, 437, 431. Rice, E. W., 328. Rice, J. C, 353. Ringgold, Capt. C, 565. RrpLEY, Ros-wtell S.,* 83. Roberts, Col. G. W., 331, 561. Robertson, John, 5. Robertson,* 145. RoBixVSON, J. C, 93, 131, 161, 343, 349. Robinson, Private, 535. RODDEY, P. D.,* 345, 348, 389. RoDES, Robert E.,* 98, 108, 166, 844, 433. RODGERS, Com'd'r John, 558, 583. RoDiLVN, Isaac P., 78, 83. Volume. Rogers, 153. RosECRANS, W. S,, 301, 203, 304, 208, a general 313, 341, 254, 333, 413, 470. index of Ross, L. F., 323. the names RossER, Thomas L.,* 435, 433. mentioned Rousseau, L. H., ISO, 198, 315, 279, . , ,, . ' ' ' ' ' 'III tnis 984, 313. Rowley, T. A., 131, 161. RoYALL, Capt. W. B., 53. RuPFiN, Mr. Edmund,* 38. RuGER, Thomas H., 138, 161, 281, 338, 484. RuNYON, Theodore, 36. Russell, D. A., 109, 167, 433. Salomon, Frederick, 463. Sanders, Colonel, 353. Sanders, W. P., 270. Saunders, J. C.,* 393. Scammon, E. p., 413. ScHENCK, R. C, 36, 65, 74, 417. Schoepf, A., 179, 198. Schaeffer, J. W., 221. SCHOFIELD, J. M., 373, 380, 394, 311, 313, 336, 333, 454, 460, 484. Scott,* 383. Scott, Winfield, 36, 43, 330. ScHUBZ, Carl, 65, 93, 161. Sedgwick, John, 43, 49, 78, 93, 161, 166, 343, 350. Seddon, Mr. Jajies A.,* 25. ■ Seibert, Major James J., 193. Semmes, Paul J.,* 157. Semmes, Raphael,* 584. Seward, Mr. Wm. H., 27, 535. Seymour, Trujian, 19, 55, 74, 348, 493. Shackelford, J. M., 25'3. Shaler, a., 348. Shaw, Col. Robert G., 491. Shelby, Joseph 0.,* 470. Sheridan, P. H., 198, 313, 315, 319, 344, 357, 365, 343, 357, 361, 373, 377, 383, 430, 434, 445, 540. Shepley, Geo. F., 533. SHERJLiN, Wm. TECxmsBH, 36, 179, 185, 187, 190, 193, 303, 308, 210, 334, 338, 338, 363, 364, 269, 271, 373, 280, 292, 311, 313. 330, 337, 338, 333, 383. Sherman, T. W., 486, 503, 508. Shields, James, 43, 49, 416, 417. 630 GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. Sickles, Daniel E., 52, 87, 93, 161. A general SiGEL, Franz, 64, 77, 86, 93, 333, 343, Index of 425, 450, 456. the names Sill, J. W., 198, 218. mentioned SiLLTMAN, CoL., 493. i„ ti,i3 Slack, G. W. Y.,* 453, 457. Volume. Slade, Colonel, 279. Slemmer, Lt. Adam J., 30. Slidell, Mr. John,* 550. Sloodm, H. W., 49, 57, 78, 85, 93, 124, 161, 263, 293, 303, 313. Slocum, Col. J. S., 41. SMAI.L, Mr. Robert, 578. SjvnxH, Mr. Charles H., 8. Smith, Mr. Caleb B., 27. Smith, A. J., 210, 212, 229, 374, 376, 283, 313, 470, 513, 519. Smith, C. F., 178, 183, 185, 186. Smith, Gustavus,* 476. Smith, Giles A., 224, 399, 313. Smith, G. W.,* 50. Smith, E. Kirhy,"''- 40, 193, 194, 213, 469, 514, 521. Smith, M. L., 309, 2J0, 211, 364, 293, 301. Smith, J. A.,* 284. Smith, T. B.,* 284. Smith, J. E., 340, 264, 293, 313. SiiiTH, Preston,* 260. Smith, T. Kilbt, 374, 516. Smith, W. F., 43, 49, 78, 87, 360, 364, 370. Smith, W. S., 198, 337, 373. Smith, Col., 433. Snyder, Lt, G. W., 19. Spalding, Col. Geo., 386. Sprague, Col., 303. Spencer, Col. Geo. E., 334. Stafford, Lerot A.,* 348. Stagg, Col. Peter, 391. Stabel, J. H., 114, 116, 146. Stanley, D. S., 190, 203, 213, 315, 243, 246, 251, 380, 383, 393, 303, 311, 313. Stannard, G. J., 376. Stanton, Mr. Edwin M., 31, 27, 44, 363. Stark, Wm, E.,* 71, 84. Stark, Capt. Henry, 509. Steedman, J. B., 244, 259, 379, 283, 313. Steele, Frederick, 311, 289, 833, 463, 468, 517. Steen, Alex. E.,* 463. Stephens, Mr. Alex. H.,* 30. Stevens, Major, 423. Stevens, Geo. M.,* 299. Stevens, Isaac I., 64, 76, 487. Stevenson, C. L.,* 284. Stevenson, T. G., 343, 353. Stewart, Alexander P.,* 257, 281, 302, 311. Stewart, Geo. H.,* 854. Stickneit, Col., 510. Stone, C. P., 122, 414. Stoneman, Geo., 47, 85, 87, 93, 107, 109, 387, 294, 306. Stoughton, Col., 95. Strail, 0. F.,* 283. Streight, Col. A. D., 348, 251. v Stringham, Com. S. H., 473, 549. Strong, 153. Strong, Geo. C, 490. Stuaut, J. E. B.,* 53, 84, 97, 108, 133, 143, 158, 163, 347, 358, 415. Stuart, David, 187, 213. Stuart, Col., 466. Sturgis, S. D., 78, 87, 275, 452. Sullivan, J. C, 203, 210. Sumner, Senator Cil-irles, 17. Sumner, E. V., 43, 49, 75, 77, 87, 93. Sumner, Colonel, 381. SwASEY, Lieut. Charles H., 577. Sweeney, T. W., 293, 308. Sykes, George, 49, 78, 87, 93, 118, 161. Talbot, Lieut. Theodore, 19. Taliaferro, William B.,* 70. Taylor, Richard,* 286, 505, 514, 521. Taylor, Col.,* 461. Terrell, W. R., 200. Terry, 169. Terry, A. H., 326, 482, 491. Terry, Wm. R.,* 380. Thatcher, Com. H. K., 531. Thayer, J. M., 468. THO^Us, G, H., 180, 181, 190, 198, 315, 354, 359, 363, 380, 311, 333. Thomas, Mr. Philip F., 31. Thompson, Mr. Jacob, 31. Thompson, Jeff.,* 453, 531. TiLGHMAN, Lloyd,* 182, 233. GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 631 ToLAND, Col., 423. Toombs, Robert,* 35, 59. ToRBERT, A. T. A., 343, 361, 430, 483, 445. Tower, 74. tourtelotte, col., 311. ToTTEN, James, 463. Town, Col. Charles H,, 137, 153. Tract, Edward D.,* 328. Treichel, 153. Trenholm, Mr. James L.,* 25. Trowbridge, Luther S., 6, 135, 141, 143, 153, 278. Turner, J. W., 372. Tuttlb, J. M., 340, 372, Twiggs, David E.,* 34. Tyler, Charles H.,* 391. Tyler, Robert 0., 355. Tyler, Daniel, 36. Tyler, E, B., 419, 437. Upton, E., 167, 289, 352. Usher, Mr. John P., 27, Vance, Robert B.,* 377. Nks Cleve, H. p., 215, 257. VanDorn, Earl,* 186, 190, 193, 204, 208, 243, 346, 456, 500. Van Pelt, Lieut. G. W., 258, Vaughan,* 287, 426. Vandever, William, 466. Veatch, J. C, 293, 520. Villepigue, John B., 381. Vincent, 126. Von Steinwehr, ADOLpn,"93, 161. Wadsworth, J. S., 93, 120, 161, 343, 347. Wagner, G. D., 320, 281, 310. Wainwrxght, Capt. J. M., 503, 577. Walke, Capt. H., 561. Walker, Lieut. Com'd'r J. G., 593. Walker,* 67. Walker, William,* 303. Walker, W. H. T.,* 357. Walker, Mr. Leroy P.,* 25, Walcott, C. C, 328, Wallace, Lewis, 183, 189, 190, 195, 333, 410, 427, Wallace, W. H. L., 187, 188. Walthall, E. C.,* 284. Volume. Ward, J. H. H., 161, 166, Ward, W. T., 299, 314. a general Ward, Com. J. H., 551. index of Warren, G. K., 50, 126, 165,342, 886. t^e names Warren, F.H., 465. ^^^^.^^^^ Washburnb, C. C, 459, 513. , ,, , ' ' ' in this Washburne, Mr. E. B., 330. Washington, Capt. E. C, 236. Watts, Thomas H.,* 36. Weaver, Col., 812. Webb, A. S., 132. Webb, Capt. W. A.,* 583. Weber, Major Peter A., 135, 100. Webster, Mr. Daniel, 15. Webster, Col. Geo., 200. Weed, S. H., 137. Weitzel, Godfrey, 376, 378, 381, 389, 480, 501, 533. Welch, Thomas, 237, Welles, Gideon, 27, 544. Wessells, H. W., 476, 479. Wharton, John A.,* 318, 341, 442. Wheeler, Joseph,* 213, 341, 261, 367, 373, 300, 333. Wheeler, Lt. W. H., 139. Wheaton, Frank, 161. Whipple, A. W., 85, 87, 93, 104. White, Julius, 370, Whiting, W. H. C.,* 48, 483. Whittaker, W. C, 359. Wilcox,* 37. Wild, E. A., 365. Willcox, 0. B., 36, 41, 78, 85, 87, 342. Wilkes, Capt. Charles, 550. WiLLARD, Col., 128. Wilder, Col. John T., 197, 247, 356. Williams, A. S., 43, 65, 78, 83, 93, 135, 161, 393, 303, 314, 416. Williams, Col. J. M., 467. Williams, Thomas, 499, 501. Wlllich, a., 331. Wilson, J. H., 381, 389, 313, 343, 368, 398, 430. Winder, Charles S.,* 65, 67. WiNSLOw, Capt. John A., 601. WiNTHROP, Major Tiieo., 411. Wise, Henry A.,* 61, 413. WiSTAR, Isaac, 170. WiTCHER,* 151. Withers, Jones M.,* 216. 632 GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. A general Index of the names mentioned in this Volume. WoLFOED, Col., 269. Wood, T. J., 190, 198, 315, 200, 265, 281, 283, 293. WooDEUiT, Lieut., 138. Woods, Chakles R., 802, 313. WoRDEN, Capt. Joirsr L., 552, 579. Weight, H. G., 161, 247, 342, 350, 370, 427, 431, 433, 488. Weight, Geo., 333. WxwDHAM, Col. Percy, 110. Zagonti, Major, 455. ZoLLicoFPER, Felts K.,* 179, 182. ZooK, S. K., 128. PART THIRD. General Officers, OFFICERS UNITED STATES ARMY3 186( List of Battles During the War. GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE REGULAR ARMY. isei — isQS. Those to whose names the asterisk (*) is affixed, were not graduates of the Military Academy. Name. Date of Commission. Original Appointed entry into '^^^^^ Service. Disposition. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. Ulysses S. Grant, Mar. 3, '64. July 1, '43. lU. Scott, Winfibld,* McClelian, Geo. B. Fremont, John C* Halleck, Henkt W. Wool, John E.* Grant, Ulysses S. Sherman, Wm, T. MAJOR-GENERALS. June 3.5, '41. May 3, '08. Va. May 14, '61. July 1, '46. Ohio. May 14, '61. July 7, '38. S. C. Aug. 19, '61. July 1, '39. N. T. May 16, '63. Apr. 14, '13. N. T. July 4, '63. July 1, '43. HI. Aug. 13, '64. July 1, '40, Ohio. Meade, Geo. G. Aug. 18, '64. July 1, '35. D. C. Sheridan, Philip H. Nov. 8, '64. July 1, '53. Ohio. Thomas, Geo. H. Dec. 15, '64. July 1, '40. Va. BRIGADIER-GENERALS. Wool, John E.* June 35, '41. Apr.l4, '13. N. T. Harney, Wm. S.* June 14, '58. Feb. 13, '18. La. Sdmner, EWIN v.* Mar. 16, '61. Mar. 3, '19. N. T. MAiJSFiELD, Jos. K. F. May 14, '61. July 1, '33. Conn. GeneralJuly 35, '66. Prcd- de7it, Mar. 4, '69, to Mar. 4, '77. Died at Mt. McGregor, N. T., July 23, '85. Ret'dNov. 1, '61. Died West Point, N. T., May 39, '66. Resis;ned Nov. 8, '64. Died Oct."39, '85. Resigned June 4, '64. Died Jan. 9, 1873. Retired Aug. 1, '63. Died Nov. 10, '69. Promoted Lieut.-General. Lieut.-General July 25, '66. General March 4, '69. Re- tired Feb. 8, '84. Died Nov. 6, '73. - Lieut.-General Mar. 4, '69. Died Mar. 28, '70. McDowell, Irvin, May 14, '61. Anderson, Robert, May 15, '61. July 1, '38. Ohio. .July 1, '35. Ky. Rosecrans, Wm. S. May 16, '61. July 1, '43. Ohio. Cooke, Philip St. G. Nov. 13, '61. July 1, '37. Va. Promoted Maj.-Gen. Retired Aug. 1, '68. Died at Syracuse, N. T., March 31, '63. Died Sept. 18, '62, of wounds received at Antietam, Md. Died May 4, 1885. Retired Oct. 27, '63. Died Oct. 36, '71. Resigned March 38, '67. Retired Oct. 29, '73. (635) ()3() GENERAL OFEICEItS OF THE REGULAR ARMY. Name. Date of Commission. e^T^^to Appelated Service. "°^- Disposition. Pope, Jojin', Hooker, Joski-u, July 14, '63. Sept. 20, '63. Meade, Geo. (r. July 3, '63. Sherman, War. T. July 4, '63. McPhersok, James B. Aug. 1, '63. Thomas, Geo. H. Oct. 27, '68. Hancock, Winfield S. Aug. 13, 64. July 1, '42. 111. July 1, '37. Cal. July 1, '35. D. C. July 1, '40. Ohio. July 1, '53. Ohio. July 1, '40. Va. July 1, '44. Pa. Schopield, John M. Nov. 30, '64. July 1, '53. lU. HowAKD, Oliver 0. Dec. 31 , '64. Terry, Alfred H.* Jan. 15, '65. Kawlins, John A.* Mar, 3, '65. Thomas, Lorenzo, Aug. 3, '61. Meigs, Montgomery C. May 15, '61. Ripley, James W. Aug. 3, '61. July 1, '54. Me. Apr. 35, '63. Conn. Aug. 30, '61. lU. July 1, '33. Del. July 1, '36. Pa. June 1, '14. Conn. Taylor, Joseph P.* Feb. 9, '63. May 20, '13. Ky. Hammond, Wm. A.* Apr. 35, '63. ToTTEN, Joseph G. Mar. 3, '63. Ramsay, Geo. D. Sept. 15, '63. Fry, James B. Apr. 31, '64. Holt, Joseph,* June 22, '64. Eaton, Amos B. June 29, '64. Barnes, Joseph K.* Aug. 22, '64. Delafield, Richard, Apr. 33, '64. Apr. 35, '49. Md. July 1, '05. Conn. July 1, '30. D. C. July 1, '47. lU. Sept. 3, '63. D. C. July 1, '36. N. T. June 15, '40. Pa. July 34, '18. N. Y. Dyer, Alex. B. Sept. 13, '64. July 1, '37. Mo. Now in service. Retired as Maj.-Gen. Oct. 15, '68. Died Oct. 31, '79. Promoted Major-General. Promoted Major-General. Killed in battle at Atlanta, Ga., July 33, '64. Pr( moted Major-General. Major-General July 26, '66. Died Feb. 9, '86. Major-General March 4, '69. Now in service. Now in service. Now in service. Resigned March 13, '69. Adjutant-General. Retired Feb. 22, '69. Died March 3, 1875. Quartermaster-General. Re- tired Feb. 3, '83. Ordnance Department. Re- tired Sept. 15, '63. Died March 15, '70. Subsistence Department. Died at Washington, D. C, June 39, '64. Surgeon-General. Left the service Aug. 18, '64. Engineer Corps. Died at Washington, D. C, April 22, '64. Ordnance Department. Re- tired Sept. 13, '64. Died May 23, '82. Provost-Marshal General. Commission as Provost Mar- shal-General expired Aug. 37, '66. Judge Advocate General. Retired Dec. 1, '75. Subsistence Department. Retired May 1, '74. Died Feb. 31, '77. Surgeon-General. Died Apr. 5, '83. Engineer Corps. Retired Aug. 8, '66. Died Nov. 5, 1873. Ordnance Department. Died May 30, '74. GENERAL OFFKJEUIS IX VOLUNTEER HERYWE. Oot MAJOR-GENERALS IX VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 1861-1865. Name. Adgur, Christophek C. Banks, Nathaxiel P.* Barlow, Fraxcis C* Berry, IIiuam G.* BniNEY, David B.* Blair, Frank P.* Blunt, James G.* Brooks, \J. T. H. BuELL, Dox Carlos, BuFoRD, John, Botinside, Ambrose E. Butler, Benjamin F.* Butterfield, Daniel,* Cadwalader, Geo.* Canby, Edward R. S. Casey, Silas. Clay, Cassius M.* Couch, Darius xM. Cox, Jacob D.* Crittenden, Thomas L.* Crook, Geo. Curtis, Samuel R. Custer, George A. Dana, Napoleon J. T. Davis, Henry E.* Dix, John A.* Dodge, Grenville M.* DOUBLEDAY, AbNER, Emory, Wm. H.* Fessenden, Francis,* Foster, John G. Frankjlin, Wm. B. French, Wm. EI. Garfield, James A.* Gibbon, John, GiLLEM, Alva x C, Dite of Coiri?i>ission. Appointed from. Disposition. Aug. 9, '62. Mich. May 16, '61. Ma.s3. May 25, '65. N. IT. Nov. 20, '62. Me. May 20, '63. Pa. Nov. 20, '63. Mo. Nov. 29, '63. Kau. June 10, '63. Ohio. MarcU 21, '63. lud. July 1, '63. 111. March 18, '62. R. I. May 16, '61. Mass. Nov. 29, '63. N. Y. April 35, '63. Pa. May 7, '64. Ind. May 31, '63. R. I. April 11, '63. Ky- July 4, '63. Mass. Dec. 7, '64. Ohio. July 17, '63. Ky. Oct. 31, '64. Ohio. March 31, '63. Iowa. April 15, '65. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. Mina. May 4, '65. N. r. May 16, '6L. N. Y. June 7, '64. Iowa. Nov. 39,' '63. N. Y. Sept. 35, '65. Md. Nov. 9, '65. Me. April 36, '62. N. H. July 4, '63. Pa. Nov. 39, '63. D. C. Sept. 19, '63. Ohio. June 7, '64. N. C. Nov. 3, '65, Teau, Mustered out Sept. 1, '66. Mustered out Aug. 34, '65. Resigned Nov. 16, '65. Killed in action at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863. Died at Phil., Pa., Oct. 18, '64. Resigned Nov. 1, 1S65. Mustered out July 29, 1865. Appointment revoked April 18, '61 (See Brig.-Gen.) Mustered out May 33, 1864. Died Dec. 16, '63, at Washington. Resigned April 15, 1865. Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. Mustered out August 34, 1865. Resigned July 5, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, '66. Murdered by Modoc Indians in Or. Apr. 11, '73. Mustered out Aug 24, '65. Died Jan. 23, 1883. Resigned March 11, 1863. Resigned May 35, 1865. Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. Resigned Dec. 13, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Mustered out Feb. 1, '66. Killed by Indians in M. T. June 35, 1876. Resigned May 37, 1865. Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. Resigned May 30, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865, Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Sept. 3, 1874. Resigned Nov. 10, 1865. Mustered out May 6, '64. May 30, 1881. Resigned Dec. 5, 1863. Presidmt U. S. Died Sept. 19, 1881. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died Died 638 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. ■Name. Date of Appointed Commission. from. Disposition. GlLLMOKE, QUIXCY A. Granger, Gordon', Grant, Ulysses S. Griersox, Bexjamin H.* Griffix, Charles, Hamilton, Charles S. Hamilton, Schuyler, Hancock, Winfield S. Hartsuff, Geo. L, Hazen, Wm. B. Heixtzelmax, Samuel P. Herrox, Francis J.* Hitchcock, Ethan A. Hooker, Joseph, Howard, Oliver 0. Humphreys, Axdrevv A. Hunter, David, Hurlbut, Stephen A.* Kearny, Philip,* Keyes, Erasmus D. Kilpatrick, Judsox, Logan, John A.* Leggett, Mortimer D.* McCleknand, John A.* McCooK, Alex. McD. McDowell, Irvix, McPherson, James B. Meade, George G. Merritt, Wesley, Mii-Es, Nelson A.* Milroy, Robert H.* Mitchell, Ormsby M. Morell, George W. Morgan, Edwin D.* Mott, Gersham,* Mower, Joseph A.* Negley, James S.* Nelson, Wm."^" Newton, John, Oglesby, Richard J.* Ord, Edward 0. C. July 10, '63. Ohio. Sept. 17, '62. N. Y. Feb. 16, '63. 111. May 27, '65. 111. April 2, '65. Ohio. Sept. 19, '6i. Wis. Sept. 7, '63. N. Y. Nov. 29, '63. Pa. Nov. 29, '63. ]\nch. Dec. 13, '64, Ohio. July 4, '63. Pa. Nov. 39, '62. Iowa. Feb. 10, '63. Mo. July 4, '62. Cal. Nov. 29, '63. Me. July 8, '6.3. Pa. Aug. 13, '61. 111. Sept. 17, '62. ill. ITuly 4, '63. N. J. July 4, '62. Me. June IS, '65. N. J. Nov. 39, '63. 111. Aug. 26, '65. Ohio. March 21, '63. lU. July 17, '63. Ohio. March 14, '63. Ohio. Oct 8, '63. Ohio. Nov. 29, '63. D. C. April 1, '65. lU. Oct. 31, '65. Mass. Nov. 29, '63. lad. April 11, '62. N. y. July 4, '63. N. Y. Sept. 38, '61. N. Y. N.J. Aug. 12, '64. COUQ. Nov. 39, '63. Pa. July 17, '63. Ky. March 30, '63. Va. Nov. 29, '63. 111. May 3, '62. D. C. Resigned Dec. 5, 1865. M. O. Jan. 15, '66. Died -Jan. 10, '76. Promoted Maj.-Gen. U. S. Army. Mustered out April 30, 1866. M. 0. Jan. 15, '66. Died Sept. 1.5, '67. Resigned April 13, 1863. Resigned Feb. 37, 1863. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Died May 16, 1874. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. M. 0. Aug. 24, '65. Died May 1, '80. Resigned June 7, 1865. Mustered out Oct. 1, 1867. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 1, 1869. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died Dec. 37, 1883. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out June 20, 1865. Killed in action at Chantilly, Va., Sept. 1, 1862. Resigned May 6, 1864. Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. Resigned Aug. 17, 1865. Resigned Sept. 38, 1865. Resigned Nov. 30, 1864. Resigned Oct. 21, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. KiUed in action at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Promoted Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Resigned July 26, 1865. Died at Beaufort, S. C, Oct. 30, '62- Appointment expired March 4, '63. (See Brig.-Gen.) Resigned Jan. 1, 1863. Resigned Feb. 20, 1866. M. 0. Feb. 1, '66. Died Jan. 6, '70. Resigned Jan. 19, 1865. Died at LouisviUe, Ky., Sept. 39, '62. Appointment revoked April 18, '64. Resigned May 26, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died July 33, 1883. GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 63 !J Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. OsTERHAUS, Peter J.* July 23, '64. Mo. Palmer, John M.* Nov. 29, '63. 111. Parke, John G. April 26, '62. Pa. Peck, John J. Jiily 4, '63. N. Y. Pleasonton, Alfred, Juae 32, '63. D. C. Pope, John, Marcti 21, '62. 111. Porter, Fitz-John, July 4, '63. D. C. Potter, Robert B.* Sept. 29, '65. N. Y. Prentiss, Benj. M.* Nov. 29, '62. 111. Reno, Jesse L. April 26, '63. Pa. Reynolds, John F. Reynolds, Joseph J. Richardson, Israel B. ROSECRANS, Wm. S. Rousseau, Lovell H.* Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Nov. 29, '63. Ind. July 4, '63. Mich. March 31, '62. Ohio. Oct. 8, '62. Ky. Schenck, Robert C* Aug. 30, '63. Ohio. ScHOFiELD, John M. Nov. 29, '63. 111. ScHURZ, Carl,* March 14, '63. Wis. Sedgwick, John, July 4, '63. Conn, Sheridan, Philip H. Dec. 31, '62. Ohio. Sherman, Wm. T. May 1, '63. Ohio. Sickles, Daniel E.* Nov. 29, '62. N. Y. Sigel, Franz,* March 21, '62. Mo. Slocum, Henry W. July 4, '62. N. Y. Smith, Andrew J. May 13, '64. Pa. Smith, Charles F. March 31, '63. S^^TH, Giles A.* Nov. 24, '65. 111. Smith, Wm. F. Mai-ch 9, '64. Vt. Stahel, Julius H.* March 14, '63. N. Y. Stanley, David S. Nov, 29, '63. Ohio. Steedman, James B.* April 20, '64. Ohio. Steele, Frederick, Nov. 29, '63. N. Y. Stevens, Isaac I. July 18, '63. W. T. Stonemaj^, Geo. Nov. 39, '62. N. Y. Strong, Geo. C. July 18, '63. Mass. Sumner, Edwin V,* July 4, '63. N. Y. SwAYNE, Wager,* June 20, '65. Ohio. Sykes, Geo, Nov. 29, '63. Md. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 186(;. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Left the service Jan. 31, 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Oct. 28, 1863. Killed in action at South Mountain, Md., Sept. 14, 1862. Killed in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 1863. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died Nov. 3, '62, of wounds received at Antietam, Md. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. Died Jan. 7, 1869. Resigned Dec. 5, 1863. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Resigned May 6, 1865. Killed in action at Spottsylvania, Va., May 9, 1864. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army Sept. 20, '64. Maj.-Gen. U. S. Army. Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. Mustered out Jan. 1, 1868. Resigned May 4, 1865. Resigned Sept. 28, 1865. I^Eustered out Jan. 15, 1865. Died at Savannah, Tenn., April 25, 1862. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Resigned Nov. 4, 1865. Resigned Feb. 8, 1865. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Resigned Aug. IS, 1866. Mustered out March 1, 1867. Died Jan. 12, 1868. Killed in action at ChantiUy, Va., Sept. 1, 1862. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died July 30, '63, of wounds re- ceived at Ft. Wagner, S. C. Brig.-Gen. U. S. 'Army. Mustered out Aug. 22, 1867. Mustered out June 15, 1866. Died Feb. 8, 1880. (Uo GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE!. N;ime. Date of Commission. Appointed, from. Disposition. Tekuy, Alfred H.* Thomas, Geo. H. Wallace, Lewis,* WaREEN, GOUVER>iELIR K. Washbuene, C. C* Weitzel, Godfket, Whipple, Amiel W. "Wilson, James II. Wood, Thomas J. WRiciHT, Horatio G. BRIGADIER-GENERALS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 1861-1865. Jan. 15, '65. Conn. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. April 25, '63. Va. Brig. -Gen. U. S. Army. March 21, '62. Ind. Resigned Nov. SO, 1865. May 3, '63. N. Y. Resigned May 37, 1865. Died Aug. 8, 1882. Nov. 29, '63. Wis. Resigned May 25, 1865. Nov. 17, '64. Ohio. Mustered out March 1, 1866. May 3, '63. Mass. Died May 7, 1863, of wounds re- ceived at Chancellorsville, Va. May 6, '65. 111. Mustered out Jan. 8, 1S66. Jan. 2T, '65. Ky. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. May 13, '64. Conn. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Abercrombie, John J. Aug. 31, '61. Tenn. Died Allen, Robert, AivoRD, Benjamin, Ames, Adelbert, Ammen, Jacob, May 23, '63. April 15, '63. May 33, '63. July 16, '63. Andrews, Christopher C* Jan. 5, '64. Andrews, George L. Nov. 10, '62. Arnold, Lewis G. Jan. 24, '62. Arnold, Richard, Nov. 29, '62. Ind. Vt. Me. Ohio. Minn. Mass. N.J. R.I. AsBOTH, Alexander,* March 21, '62. Augur, Christopher C. Nov. 12, '61. Mich. Averell, Wm. W. Sept. 36, '63. N. T. Atres, Rometn B. Nov. 29, '63. N. Y. Bailt, Joseph C* Nov. 10, '64. Wis. Baird, Absalom, April 38, '63. Pa. Baker, Lafayette C* April 26, '65. D. C. Barlow, Francis C* Sept. 19, '62. N. Y. Barnaed, John G. Sept. 23, '61. Mass. Barnes, James, Nov. 29, '62. Mass. Barnum, Henry A.* May 31, '65. N. Y. Barry, Wm. F. Aug. 30, '61. N. Y. Bartlett, Joseph J.* Bartlett, Wm. T.* Baxter, Henry,* Bayard, Geo. D. March 30, '63. , N. Y. June 20, '64. Mass. March 12, '63. Mich. April 38, '68, N. J, Mustered out June 24, 1864. Jan. 3, 1877. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Resigned Aug. 8, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned Jan. 4, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Com. cancelled, he having been re- tired as Lt.-Col. U. S. A. Feb. 8, '64. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died Nov. 8, 1882. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned May 18, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned July 7, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. May 14, 1883. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Jan. 9, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. July 18, 1879. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out July 18, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died Dec. 14, 1863, of wounds at Fredericksburg, Va. Died Died GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 641 Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Beal, George L.* Nov. 30, '64. Me. Beattt, John,* Nov. 39, '62. Ohio. Beatty, Samuel,* Nov. 29, '63. Ohio. Belkxap, Wm. W.* July 30, '64. Iowa. Benham, Henry W. Aug. 13, '61. Conn. Benton, Wm. P.* April 38, '63. Ind. Berry, Hiram G.* March 17, '63. Me. Biddle, Charles J.* Aug. 31, '61. Pa. Bidwell, Daniel D.* Aug. 11, '64. N. Y. BiRGE, Henry W.* Sept. 19, '63. Conn. BiRNEY, David D.* Feb. 3, '62. Pa. BiRNEY, Wm.* May 22, '68. N. J. Blair, Frank P.* Aug. 7, '63. Mo. Blenker, Louis,* Aug. 9, '61. N. Y. Blunt, James G.* April 8, '62. Kan. Bohlen, Henry',* April 28, '61. Pa. BoWEN, James,* Oct. 11, '63. N. Y. Boyle, Jeremiah T.* Nov. 9, '61. Ky. Bradley, Luther P.* July 30, '64. 111. Bragg, Edward S.* June 35, '64. Wis. Brannan, John M. Sept. 28, '61. Ind. Brayman, Mason,* Sept. 24, '62. 111. Briggs, Henry S.* July 17, '62. Mass. Brisbin, Jajies S.* May 1, '65. U. S. A. Brooke, John R.* May 12, '64. Pa. Brooks, Wm. T. H. Sept. 28, '61. Ohio. Brown, Egbert B.* Nov. 29, '62. Mo. Buckingham, C. P. July 16, '63. Ohio. Buckland, Bat.ph p.* Nov. 29, '63. Ohio. Buell, Don Carlos, May 17, '61. Ind. BuroRD, John, July 27, '63. 111. BuEORD, Napoleon B. April 15, '63. lU. Burbridge, Stephen G.* June 9, '63. Ky. BuRNHAM, Hiram,* April 36, '64. Me. Burns, Wm. W. Sept. 28, '61. Ohio. Burnside, Ambrose E. Aug. 6, '61. R. L BussEY, Cyrus,* Jan. 5, '64. Iowa. BUTTERFIELD, DANIEL,* Sept. 7, '61. N. Y. Caldwell, John C* AprU 38, '63. Me. Cameron, Robert A.* Aug. 11, '68. Ind. Cajnipbell, Charles T.* March 13, '63. Pa. Campbell, Wm. B.* June 30, '63. Tenn. Canby, Edward R. S. March 31, '63. Ind. Carlin, Wm. p. Nov. 29, '63. Ill, Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Jan. 38, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned July 34, 1865. Promoted to Major-Geaeral. Declined. Killed in action Oct. 19, 1864, at Cedar Creek, Va. Resigned Oct. 18, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, '65. Major-General Volunteers. Discharged March 31, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. KiUed in action at Freeman's Ford, Va., Aug. 32, 1863. Resigned July 37, 1864. Resigned Jan. 26, 1864. Resigned June 30, 1865. Mustered out Oct. 9, 1865. Mustered out May 31, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Dec. 4, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Feb. 1, 1866. Resigned July 14, 1864. Resigned Nov. 10, 1865. Resigned Feb. 11, 1863. Resigned Jan. 6, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Dec. 1, 1865. KiUed in action Sept. 30, 18(U, at Chapin's BlufE, Va. Resigned March 20, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned June 22, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Jan. 26, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, 41 642 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Carlton, Jajies II.* Carr, Eugene A. Carr, Joseph B.- Carrington, Henry B.* Carroll, Samuel S. Carter, Samuel P.* Casey, Silas, Catterson, Robert F.* Chamberlain, Joshua L.* Chambers, Alexander,* Champlin, Stephen G.* Nov. 29, '62. Mich. Chapman, George H.* Chetlain, Augustus L.* Chrysler, Morgan H.* Clayton, Powell,* Clark, Wm. T.* Cluseret, Gustave p.* Cochran, John,* Connor, Patrick E.* Connor, Selden,* Cook, John,* Cooper, James,* Cooper, Joseph A.* CoPELAND, Joseph T.* Corcoran, Michael,* Corse, John M.* Couch, Darius N. Cox, Jacob D.* Craig, James,* Cra-rtord, Samuel W.* Crittenden, Thomas T.* Crittenden, Thomas L.* Crocker, Maecellus M.* Crook, George, ^ Croxton, John T.* Cruet, Charles,* CuLLUM, Geo. W. Curtis, N. Martin,* Curtis, Samuel R. Custer, Geo. A. Cutler, Lysander,* Dana, Napoleon J. T. Davidson, John W. April 28, '6-2. Me. Mustered out April 30, 1866. March 7, 'C2. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Sept. 7, '62. N. Y. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. May 12, '64. D. C. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. May 1, '62. Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Aug. 31, '61. R. I. Major-General Volunteers. May 31, '65. Ind. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. June 18, '64. Me. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Aug. 11, '63. N. Y. Commission expired April 6, 1864. Not confirmed. Died at Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 26, 1864. July 21, '64. Ind. Mustered" out Jan. 7, 1866. Dec. 18, '63. 111. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Nov. 11, '65. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Aug. 1, '64, Kan. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. May 31, '65. Iowa. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Oct. 14, '62. Prance. Resigned March 2, 1863. July 17, '62. N. Y. Resigned Feb. 25, 1863. March 30, '63. Cal. Mustered out April 30, 1866. June 11, '64. Me. Mustered out April 7, 1866. March 21, '62. 111. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. May 17, '61. Md. Died at Columbus, O., March 28, '63. July 30, '64. Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Nov. 29, '62. Mich. Resigned Nov. 8, 1865. July 21, '61. N. Y. Died at Fairfax C. H., Va., Dec. 22, 1863. Aug. 11, '63. Iowa. Mustered out April 30, 1866. May 17, '61. Mass. Major-General Volunteers. May 17, '61. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. March 21, '62. Mo. Resigned May 5, 1863. April 25, '62. Pa. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. April 28, '62. Ind. Resigned May 5, 1868. Sept. 27, '61. Ky. Major-General Volunteers. Nov. 29, '62. Iowa. Died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 26, 1865. Sept. 7, '62. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. July 30, '64. Ky. Resigned Dec. 26, 1865. July 16, '62. Ind. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Nov. 1, '61. Pa. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Jan. 15, '65. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. May 17, '61. Iowa. Major-General Volunteers. June 29, '68. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. Nov. 29, '62. Wis. Resigned June 30, 1865. Feb. 3, '62. Minn. Major-General Volunteers. Feb. 3, '62. Va. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1806. GENERAL OFFICERS IX VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 643 Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Davies, Henry E.* Davies, Thomas A. Davis, Edmund J.* D.vvis, Jeffeuson C* Deitzlek, Geo. W.* Dennis, Elias S.* Dent, Frederfck T. Denver, James W.* De Russy, Gustavus A.* De Trobriand, Philip R.* Devens, Charles,* Devin, Thojias C* Dewey, Joel A.* Dodge, Charles C* Dodge, Grenville M.* DooLiTTLE, Charles C* Doubleday', Absek, Dow, Neal,* DuFFiE, Alfred N.* DUMONT, EbENEZER,* DURYEA,' ABRAM,* Duv.AL, Isaac H.* DWIGHT, Wm.* Edwards, John,* Edwards, Oliver,* Egan, Thomas W.* Ellet, Alfred W.- Elliott, Washington L.* Emory, Wm. H. EsTE, Geo. P.* EusTis, Henry L. EwiNG, Hugh,* Ewing, Charles,* EwiNG, Thomas, Jr.* Fairchild, Lucius,* Farnsworth, John F.* Ferrero, Edward,* Ferry, Orris S.* Fessenden, Francis,* Fessenden, James D.* FiSK, Clinton B.* Force, Manning F.* Forsyth, Jabies W. Foster, Robert S.* Foster, John G. Franklin, Wm. B. Sept. 16, '63. N. y. Marcla 7, '62. N. Y. Nov. 10, '6-t. Texas. Dec. IS, '61. lad. Nov. 29, '62. Kan. Nov. 29, '62. 111. April 5, '65. U. S. A. Aug. 14, '61. Cal. May 23, '63. Va. Jan. .5, '64. N. Y. AprillS, '62. Mass. Oct. 19, '64. N. Y. Dec. 13, '65. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. N. Y. March 31, '62. Iowa. Jan. 27, '65. Mich. Feb. 8, '62. N. Y. April 28, '62. Me. June 23, '63. R. I. Sept. 3, '61. Ind. iVug. 31, '61. N. Y. Sept. 24, '64. W. Ya. Nov. 20, '62. N. Y. Sept. 26, '64. loAva. May 19, '65. Mass. Sept. 3, '64. N. Y. Nov. 1, '62. 111. June 11, '62. Pa. March 17, '62. Md. June 26, '65. Ohio. Sept. 12, '63. Mass. Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. March S, '65. U. S. A. March 13, '63. Kan. Oct. 19, '63. Wis. Nov. 29, '62. 111. May 6, '63. N. Y. March 17, '62. Conn. May 10, '64. Me. Aug. S, '64. Me. Nov. 24, '62. Mo. Aug. 11, '63. Ohio. May 19, '65. U. S. A. June 1 2, '63. Ind. Oct. 23, '61. N. IT. May 17, '61. Pa. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Nov. 30, 1879. Resigned Aug. 27, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned March 5^ 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mu-stered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 31, 1866. Resigned June 12, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Nov. 30, 1865. Major-General Volunteer.^. Resigned Nov. 30, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1S65. Resigned Feb. 28, 1863. Resigned Jan. 5, 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 18()6. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Dec. 31, 1864. Mustered out March 1, 1366. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Dec. 4, 1865. Resigned June 27, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Dec. 1, 1865. Resigned Feb. 23, 1865. Resigned Nov. 2, 1863. Resigned March 4, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned June 15, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Sept. 25, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Died 644 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. French, Wm. H, Fry, Speed S.* Fuller, JoH]sr W.* Gamble, Wm.* Garfield, James A.* Garrard, Kenner, Garrard, Theophilus T.* Geart, John W.* Getty, Geo. W. • Gibbon, John, GiBBS, Alfred, Gilbert, James I.* GiLLEM, Alvan C. GiLLMORE, QUINCY A. Gordon, Geo. H. Gorman, Willis A.* Graham, Charles K.* Graham, Lawrence P.* Granger, Gordon, Granger, Robert S. Grant, Lewis A.* Grant, Ulysses S. Greene, Geo. S. Gregg, David McM. Gresham, Walter Q.* Grierson, Benjamin IL* Griffin, Charles, Griffin, Simon G.* Grose, Wm.* Grover, Cltvieb, Hackelman, Pleasant A.* April 38, '62. Ind. Sept. 28, '61. D. C. March 21, '62. Ky. Jan. 5, '64. Ohio. Sept. 25, '65. 111. Jan. 11, '62. Ohio. July 23, '63. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. Ky. April 25, '62. Pa. Sept. 25, '62. D. C. May 2, '62. N. C. Oct. 19, '64. N. T. Feb. 9, '65. Iowa. Aug. 17, '63. Tenn. April 28, '62. Ohio. June 9, '61. Mass. Sept. 7, '61. Minn. Nov. 39, '62. N. Y. Aug. 31, '61. Va, March 26, '62. N. Y. Oct. 20, '63. Ohio. April 27, '64. Vt. May 17, '61. 111. April 38, '62. N. Y. Nov. 29, '63. Pa. Aug. 11, '63. Ind. June 3, '63. IH. June 9, '62. Ohio. May 12, '64. N. H. July 30. '64. Ind. April 14, '62. Me. Hamblin, Joseph E.* Hamilton, Andrew J.* Hamilton, Charles S. Hamilton, Schuyler, Hamlin, Cyrus,* Hancock, Winfield S. Hardin, Martin D. Harding, Abner C* Harker, Charles G. Harland, Edward,* Harris, Thomas M.* Harrow, Wm.* May 19, '65. N. Y. Sept. 18, '63. Texas. May 17, '61. Wis. Nov. 12, '61. N. Y. Dec. 3, '64. ]Me. Sept. 33, '61. Pa. July 3, '64. lU. March 13, '63. HI. Sept. 20, '63. N.J. Nov. 29, '62. Conn. March 39, '65. W. Va. Nov. 39, '63. Ind. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Aug. 15, 1865. Mustered out March 13, 1S66. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out April 4, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Oct. 9, 1866. Major-General Volunteei-s. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Died Dec. 26, 1868. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out May 4, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 186S. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned Feb. 3, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Dec. 31, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Died a Colonel of the Regular Armj-, June 6, 1885. Killed in action at Corinth, Miss., Oct. 3, 1862. Mustered out June 15, 1866. Resigned June 19, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned June 3, 1863. Died June 27, 1864, of wounds re- ceived at Marietta, Ga. Resigned June 22, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned April 30, 1865. GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. tU5 Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Haktranpt, John F.* Hartsuff, Geo. L. Hascall, Mii>o S. Haskin, Joseph A. Hatch, Edward,* Hatch, John P. Hautt, Hermann, Hawkins, John P. Hawlet, Joseph R.* Hates, Joseph,* Hates, Rutherford B.* Hats, Alexander, Hats, Wm. Hazen, Wm. B. Heckman, Charles A.* Heistzelman, Samuel P. Herron, Francis J.* HiNKS, Edward W.* HoBSON, Edward H.* Hooker, Joseph, Hovet, Alyin p.* Howard, Oliver 0. Howe, Albion P. Howell, Joshua B.* Humphrets, Andrew A. Hunt, Henrt J. Hunt, Lewis C. Hunter, David, ^ Hurlbut, Stephen A.* Ingalls, Rufus, Jackson, Conrad F.* Jackson, James S.* Jackson, Nathaniel J.* Jackson, Richard H.* jAivnsoN, Charles D.* Johnson, Andrew,* Johnson, Richard W. Jones, Patrick H.* Judah, Henrt M. Kane, Thomas L.* KIautz, August V. Kearnt, Philip,* Keim, Wm. H.* Kelley, Benjashn F.* May 12, '64. Pa. April 15, '62. Mich. April 25, '63. Ind. Aug. 5, '64. N. T. April 27, '64. Iowa. Sept. 28, '62. N. Y. Sept. 5, '62. Pa. April 13, '63. Ind. Sept. 18, '64. Conn. May 12, '64. Mass. Oct. 19, '64. Ohio. Sept. 26, '62. Pa. Nov. 29, '62. Tenn. Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. N.J. May 17, '61. Pa. July 16, '62. Iowa. Nov. 29, '62. Mass. Nov. 29, '62. Ky. May 17, '61. Cal. April 28, '62. Ind. Sept. 3, '61. Me. June 11, '62. Me. April 28, '62. D. C. Sept. 15, '62. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. Mo. May 17, '61. lU. May 17, '61. 111. May 23, '63. Me. July 17, '62. Pa. • July 16, '62. Ky- Sept. 24, '63. lie. May 19, '65. U. S. 1 Sept. 3, '61. Me. Mar. 4, '62. Tenn. Oct. 11, '61. Ky- Dec. 6, '64. N. Y. March 21, '62. N. Y. Sept. 7, '62. Pa. May 7, '64. Ohio. May 17, '61. N.J. Dec. 30, '61. Penn. May 17, '61. Va. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Oct. 27, 1864. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. DecUned. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned June 8, 1865. Killed in action at Wilderness, Va., May 5, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned May 25, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned June 30, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Oct. 7, 1865. Major-General Volunteers: Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Died Sept. 14, 1864, near Peters- burg, Va. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. KiUed Dec. 13, 1862, at Fredericks- burg, Va. Killed Oct. 8, '62, at Perryville, Ky. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. . Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Died at Old Town, Me., Nov. 6, '62. Resigned March 3, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned June 17, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Resigned Nov. 7, 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Died May 18, 1862. Resigned June 1, 1865. 646 GENERAL OFFICERS IK VOLUNTEER SERVTCE. Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Dispositiotfi* Kenlt, John R.* Aug. 22, '62. Md. Ketcham, John H.* April 1, '65. N. Y. Ketchum, Wm. S. Feb. 3, '62. Conn. Ketes, Erasmus D. May 17, '61. Me. KiERNAN, James L.* Aug. 1, '63. N. T. KiLPATRICK, JUDSON, June 13, '63. N.J. Kimball, Nathan,* April 15, '62. Ind. King, John H.* Nov. 29, '62. Mich. King, Eufus, May 17, '61. Wis. KiRBT, Edmund, May 23, '63. U.S. A Kirk, Edward N.* Nov. 29, '62. m. Knipe, Joseph F.* Nov. 29, '62. . Pa. Lander, Frederick W.* May 17, '61. Mass. Lauman, Jacob G.* March 21, '62. Iowa. Lawler, Michael K.* Nov. 29, '62. III. Ledlie, James H.* Oct. 27, '68. N. T. Lee, Albert L.* Nov. 29, '62. Kan. Leggett, Mortimer D.* Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. LiGHTBURN, J. A. J.* March 14, '63. Va. LocKwooD, Henry H. Aug. 8, '61. Del. Logan, John A.* March 21, '62. 111. Long, Eli,* Aug. 18, '64. Ky. Lowell, Charles R.* Oct. 19, '64. Mass. Lucas, Thomas J.* Nov. 10, '64. Ind. Lyon, Nathaniel, May 17, '61. U. S. A Lytle, Wm. H."- Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Mackenzie, Ranald S. Oct. 19, '64. Maltbt, Jasper A.* Aug. 4, '63. lU. Manson, Mahlon D.* March 24, '62. Ind. Marston, Gilman,* Nov. 29, '62. N. H. MaRTINDALE, JOHN H. Aug. 9, '61. N. T. Mason, John S. Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Matthies, Charles L.* Nov. 29, '62. Iowa. Mc Arthur, John,* March 21, '62. 111. McCall, Geo. A. INlay 17, '61. ^a. McClernand, John A.* May 17, '61. 111. McCooK, Alexander McD Sept. 3, '61. Ohio. McCooK, Edward M.* April 27, '64. Ind. McCooK, Robert L.* March 21, '62. Ohio. McGiNNis, Geo. F.* Nov. 29, '62. Ind. McIntosh, John B.* July 21, '64. McKean, Thomas J. Nov. 21, '61. Iowa. McLean, Nathaniel C* Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Dec. 2, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Feb. 3, 1864. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Oct. 20, 1863. Died of wounds. May 28, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. Died at Chicago, 111., July 29, '63. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died at Camp Chase, Va., Mar. 2, '62. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Jan. 23, 1865. Resigned May 4, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned June 22, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Died Oct. 20, 1864, of wounds re- ceived at Middletown, Va. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Killed in action Aug. 10, 1861. Died of wounds Sept. 20, 18G3, at Chiekamauga. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. MustereA out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Dec. 21, 1864. Resigned April 20, 1865. Resigned Sept. 13, 1864. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned May 16, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned March 31, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Died Aug. 6, 1862, of wounds re- ceived from Guerillas in Tenu. Mustered out Aug. 24, 18G5. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned April 20, 1865. GENERAL OFFWETl,'^ TiV VOLUNTEER SEUYKJE. i'A\ Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. McMillan, James W.* Nov. 29, '62. Ind. McNeil, John,* Nov. 29, '62. Mo. McPhersox, James B. May 15, '62. Ohio. Meade, Geo. G. Aug. 31, '61. D. C. Meagher, Thomas F.* Feb. 3, '62. N. T. Meredith, Solomon,* Oct. 6, '62. Ind. Meredith, Sullivan A."" Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Mbrritt, Wesley, June 29, '63. lU. Miles, Nelson A.* May 12, '64. Mass. Miller, John F.* Jan. 5, '64. Ind. Miller, Stephen,* Oct. 26, '63. Minn. MiLROY, Robert H.* Sept. 3, '61. Ind. Mitchel, Ormsby M. Aug. 9, '61. N. Y. Mitchell, John G.* Jan. 12, '6.5. Ohio. Mitchell, Robert B.* April 8, '62. Kan. Montgomery, Wm. R. May 17, '61. N. J. Morell, Geo. W. Aug. 9, '61. N. Y. Morgan, Charles H. March 21, '65. U. S. A. Morgan, Geo. W.* Nov. 12, '61. Ohio. Morgan, James D.* July 17, '62. lU. Morris, Wm H.* Nov. 29, '62. N. Y. Morton, James St. C. Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Mott, Gersham,* Sept. 7, '62. N. J. Mower, Joseph A.* Nov. 29, '62. Conn. Nagle, James,* March 13, '63. Pa. Naglee, Henry M. Feb. 4, '62. Pa. Nagley, James S.* Oct. 1, '61. Pa. Neill, Thoivl\.s H. Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Nelson, William,* Sept. 16, '61. U. S. N. Newton, John, Sept. 23, '61. Va. NicKERSON, Frank S.* Nov. 29, '62. Me. Oab^s, James, May 17, '61. Pa. Oglesby, Richard J.* March 21, '62. lU. Oliver, John M.* Jan. 12, '65. Mich. Opdyke, Emerson,* July 26, '65. Ohio. Ord, E. 0. C. Sept 14, '61. D. C. Orime, Wm. W.* Nov, 29, '62. 111. OsBORN, Thomas 0.* May 1, '65. lU. Osterhaus, Peter J.* June 9, '62. Mo. Owens, Joshua T.* Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Paine, Charles J.* July 4, '64. Mass. Paine, Eleazer A. Sept. 3, '61. 111. Paine, Halbert E.* March 13, '63. AVis. Palmer, Innis N. Sept. 23, '61. N. Y. Palmer, John M.* Dec. 20, '61. lU. Pakke, John Q, Nov. 23, '61. Pa. Resigned May 15, 1865. Resigned April 12, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned May 15, 1865. Mustered out May 22, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Sept. 35, 1865. Resigned Jan. 18, 1864. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned July 3, 1865. Mustered out .Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned April 4, 1 864. Mustered out Dec. 15, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned June 8, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Nov. 7, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. jMajor-General Volunteors. Resigned May 9, 1863. Mustered out April 4, 1864. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 31, 1866. Resigned May 13, 1865. Declined. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Jan 1, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned April 26, 1864. Resigned Sept. 28, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out July IS, 1864. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned April 5, 1865. Resigned May 15, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1860. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. 648 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Name. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Paesons, Lewis B.* May 11, '65. Mo. Patrick, Marsena K. March 17, '63. x\. T. Patteeson, Francis E.* April 11, '63. Pa. Paul, Gabriel E. April 18, '63. Mo. Peck, John J. Aug. 9, ' 61. N. T. Penntpacker, Galusha,* Feb. 18, '65. Penn. Penrose, Wm. H.* June 27, '65. U. S. A. Phelps, John W. May 17, '61. Vt. Piatt, Abraham S.* April 28, '62. Ohio. Pierce, Btkon R.* June 7, ' 64. Mich. Pile, Wm. A.* Dec. 26, '63. Mo. Pitcher, Thomas G. Nov. 29, '62. Ind. Pleasonton, Alfred, July 16, '62. D. C. Plcmmee, Joseph B. Oct. 22, '61. Mass. Pope, John, May 17, '61, lU. Porter, Andrew,* May 17, '61. Pa. Porter, Fitz-John, May 17, '61. D. C. Potter, Edward E.* Nov. 29, '62. N. T. Potter, Joseph H. May 1, '( 55. N. H. Potter, Robert B.* March 13, '63. N. Y. Potts, Ben.tamin P.* Jan. 12, '65. Ohio. PowBLL, Wm. H.* Oct. 19, '64. Ohio. Pratt, Calvin E.* Sept. 13, '63. N. Y. Prentiss, Benjamin M.* May 17, '61. 111. Prince, Henry, April 28, , '63. Me. QuiNBT, Isaac F. March 17, '61. N. Y. Ransom, T. E. G.* Nov. 29, '63. HI. Raum, Green B.* Feh. 15, '65. 111. Rawlins, John A.* Aug. 11, '63. lU. Reid, Hugh T.* March 13, '68. Iowa. Reilly, James W.* July 30, '64. Ohio. Reno, Jesse L. Nov. 12, '61. Pa. Revere, Joseph W.* Oct. 25, '63. N.J. Reynolds, John F. Aug. 20, '61. Pa. Reynolds, Joseph J. May 17, '61. Ind. Rice, Americus V.* May 31, '65. Ohio. Rice, Elliott W.* June 20, '64. Iowa. Rice, Jajvies C* Aug. 17, '63. N. Y. Rice, Samuel A.* Aug. 4, ■ •63. Iowa. Richardson, Israel B. May 17, '61. Mich. RiCKETTS, James B. July 21, '61. N. Y. Roberts, Benjamin S. July 16, '63. Iowa. Robinson, James S.* Jan. 12, '65. Ohio. Robinson, John C* April 28, '63. N. Y. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned June 13, 1865. Died Nov. 33, 1S63. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned April 30, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Aug. 21, 1862. Resigned Feb. 17, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Died at Corinth, Miss., Aug. 9, '62. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out April 4, 1864. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned July 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Mustei-ed out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Jan. 5, 1865. Resigned April 25, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned Dec. 31, 1863. Died at Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. Resigned May 6, 1865. Brig. -Gen. U. S. Army. Resigned April 4, 1864. Resigned April 30, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Aug. 10, ^803. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Jan. 33, 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Killed in action at Spottyslvania, Va., May 10, 1864. Died July 6, 1864, of wounds re- ceived at Jeulvins Ferry, Ark. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 31, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Gi'J Name. Date of Commission. Appoiiiled from. Disposition. Rodman, Isaac P.* Ross, Leonard F.* Rousseau, Lovell, H.* Rowley, Thomas A.* RucKEK, Daniel H.* RuGER, Thomas H. Russell, David A. Salomon, Frederick,* Sanborn, John B.* Sanders, Wm. P. Saxton, Rufus, SCAMMON, ElIAKIM P. SCHEMMELFINNIG, ALEX.* ScHENCK, Robert C* SCHOEPF, AlBIN,* Schofield, John M. ScHURZ, Carl,* Scott, Robert K.* Sedgwick, John, Seward, Wm. H., Jr.* Seymour, Truman, Shackleforb, James M.* Shaler, Alexander,* Shepard, Isaac F.* Sheplet, Geo. F.* Sheridan, Philip H. Sherman, Francis T.* Sherman, Thomas W, Sherman, Wii. T. Shields, James,* Sibley, Henry II." Sickles, Daniel E.* SiGEL, Franz," Sill, Joshua W. Slack, James R.* Slemmek, Adam J. Slocum, Henry" W. Slough, John P.* Smith, Andrew J. April 28, '62. R.I. April 25, '62. 111. Oct. 1, '61. Ky. Nov. 29, '62. Pa. May 23, '63. Mich. Nov. 29, '62. Wis. Nov. 29, '62. N. Y. July 16, '62. Wis. Aug. 4, '63. Minn. Oct. 18, '63. U. S. A, April 15, '62. Muss. Oct. 15, '62. Ohio. Nov. 29, '62. Pa. May 17, '61. Ohio. Sept. 30, '61. Md. Nov. 21, '61. 111. April 15, , '62. Wis. Jan. 12, '65. Ohio. Aug. 13, '61. Conn. Sept. 13, '64. N. T. April 28, , '62. Vt. Jan. 2, ' 63. Ky. May 26, '63. N. Y. Oct. 27, '63. Mass. July IS, '62. Me. July 1, '62. Ohio. July 21, '65. lU. May 17, '61. R. I. May 17, '61. Ohio. Aug. 19, '61. Cal. Sept. 29, '62. Minn. Sept. 3, ■ '61. N. Y. May 17, '61. Mo. July 16, '62. Ohio. Nov. 10, '64. Ind. Nov. 29, '62. Pa. Aug. 9, '61. N. Y. Aug. 25, '62. C. T. March 17, '62. Pa. Di"d Sept., 1863, of wounds, Autie- tam, Md. Resigned July 22, 1863. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Dec. 29, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Killed in action, Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Died Nov. 19, 1863, of wounds re- ceived at Knoxville, Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died at Weraersville, Pa., Sept. 7, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned July 6, 1868. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned June 1, 1865. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Jan. 18, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Commission expired July 4, 1864. Not confirmed. Resigned July 1, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out April 30, '66. Maj.- Gen. U. S. A. DiedMarch 16, 1S79. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned March 28, 1863. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. KUled Dec. 81, 1862, at Stone River, Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died Oct. 7, 1868. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. 650 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Kiime. Date of Appointed Comuiission. from. Dispositiou. Smith, Charles F. Aug. 31, '61. Pa. Smith, Giles A.* Aug. 4, '63. 111. Smith, Green Clay,* June 11, '62. Ky. Smith, Johx E.* Nov. 29, '62. 111. Smith, Morgan L.* July 16, '62. Mo. Smith, Thomas C. H."' Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Smith, Thomas K.* Aug. 11, '63. Ohio. Smith, Wm. F. Aug. 13, '61. Vt. Smith, Wm. S. April 15, '63. Ohio. Smyth, Thomas A.* Oct. 1, '64. Del. SPE.4.RS, J AMES G.* March 5, '63. Tenn. Spinola, Francis B.* Oct. 1, '63. N. Y. Sprague, John W.* July 30, '64. Ohio. Spragdb, Wm.* May 17, '61. R I. Staiiel, Julius H.* Nov. 12, '61. N. Y. Stanley, David S. Sept. 28, '61. Ohio. Stannard, Geo. J.* March 11, '63. Vt. Starkweather, John C* July 17, '63. Wis. Steedman, James B.* July 17, '63. Ohio. Steele, Frederick, Jan. 29, '63. N. Y. Stevens, Isaac I. Sept. 38, '61. W. T. Stevenson, John D.* Nov. 29, '63. Mo. Stevenson, Thomas G.* Mar. 14, '63. Mass. Stokes, J-uies H. July 20, '65. 111. Stolbrand, Carlos J.* Feb. IS, '65. lU. Stone, Charles P. May 17, '61. D. C. Stoneman, George, Aug. 13, '61. N. Y. Strong, Geo. C. Nov. 39, '62. Mass. Strong, Wm. K.* Sept. 38, '61. N. Y. Sturgis, Samuel D. Aug. 10, '61. Pa. Sullivan, Jeremiah C* April 38, '63. Sully, Alfred, Sept. 36, '63. Pa. Sweeny, Thomas W.* Nov. 39, '63. N. Y. Sykes, George, Sept. 38, '61, Md. Taylor, Geo. W.* May 9, '63. N.J. Taylor, Wilson,* Sept. 7, '63. N. Y. Terrell, Wm. R. Sept. 9, '63. U. S. A, Terry, Alfred H.* April 25, '63. Conn. Terry, Henry D.* July 17, '63. Mich. Thayer, John M.* March 13, '63. Neb. Thomas, Geo. II. Aug. 17, '61. Va. 'J'lioMAS, Henry G.* Nov. 30, '64. Me. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Dec. 1, '63. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Resigned July 13, '65. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned July 15, 1864. Died April 9, 1865, of wounds re- ceived in action, Farmville, Va. Left the service Aug. 30, 1864. Resigned June S, '65. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Declined. Major-General Volunteers. Majoi'-General Volunteers. Resigned June 38, 1866. Resigned May 11, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Jan. 15, 1866. Killed in action, Spottsylvania, Va., May 10, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jau. 15, 1866. Mustered out April 4, 1864. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Oct. 30, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned May 11, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Died April 37, 1879. Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Major-Geueral Voluuteers. Died Aug. 31, 1863, of wounds. Cub Run, Va. Resigned Jan. 19, 1863. Killed Oct. 8, '63, at Perryville, Ky. Major-General Volunteers. Resigned Feb. 7, 1865. Resigned July 19, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 051 Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disposition. Thomas, Stephen,* Thruston, Charles M. TiBBITTS, Wm. B.* TiLLSON, Davis,* TORBERT, AXFRED T. A. To^\'ER, Zealous B. TuRCHiN, John B.* Turner, John W. TuTTLE, James M.* Tyler, Daniel, Tyler, Erastus B.* Ttler, Robert 0. Tyndale, Hector,* Ullman, Daniel,* Underwood, Adin B.* Upton, Emory, Feb. 1, '65. Sept. 7, '61. Oct. 18, '65. Nov. 29, '62. Nov. 29, '62. Nov. 23, '61. July 17, '62. Sept. 7, '63. June 9, '62. March 13, '62. May 14, '62. Nov. 29, '62. Nov. 29, '62. Jan. 13, '63. Nov. 6, '63. May 12, '64. Van Alen, James H.* Van CLEVii, Horatio P. Van Derveeu, Ferdinand,* Vandever, Wm,* Van Vliet, Stewart, Van Wyck, Charles H.* Veatch, James C* Viele, Egbert L. Vinton, Francis L. Vogdes Israel, Von Steinwehr, Adolpu,* Wade, Melancthon S.* Wadsworth, James S.* Wagner, George D.* Walcutt, Charles C* Wallace, W. H. L.* Wallace, Lewis,* Ward, John H. H.* Ward, Wm. T.* Warner, James M. Warren, Fitz-Henry,* Warren, Gouverneur K. Wasuburne, C. C* Watkins, Louis D.* Webb, Alexander S. April 15, '62. March 21, '62. Oct. 4, '64. Nov. 29, '62. March 13, '65. Sept. 27, '65. April 28, '62. Aug. 17, '61. March 13, '63. Nov. 29, '62. Oct 12, '61. Oct. 1, '61. Aug. 9, '61. Vt. Md. N. Y. Me. Del. Mass. lU. 111. Iowa. Conn. Ohio. Conn. Pa. N. Y. Mass. N. Y. N. Y. Minn. Ohio. Iowa. N. Y. N. Y. Ind. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. Ohio. N. Y. Nov. 29, '62. Ind, .July 30, '64. Ohio. March 21, '62. 111. Sept. 3, '61. Oct. 4, '62. Sept. 18, '61. May 8, '65. July 16, '62. Sept. 26, '62. July 16, '62. Sept. 25, '65. Ind. N. Y. Ky. Vt. Iowa. N. Y. Wis. D. C. Jan. 23, '63. N. Y. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned April 17, 1862. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 17, 1867. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Oct. 4, 1864. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Resigned June 14, 1864. Resigned April 6, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned Aug. 26, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1865. Mustered out April 30, 1806. Died March 15, 1881. Resigned July 14, 1863. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned June 15, 1865. Mustered out Aug 24, 1865. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Resigned Oct. 20, 1863. . Resigned May 5, 1863. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Resigned June 15, 1865. Resigned March 18, 1862. KiUed in action. Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Died April 10, 1862, of wounds re- ceived at Shiloh, Tenn Major-General Volunteers. Mustered out July 18, 1864. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Major-General Volunteers. Major-General Voluuteers. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died March 29, ISGS. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 052 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 'Saiwa. Date of Commission. Appointed from. Disporsitiou. Weber, Max,* April 28, '62. N. Y. Resigned May 13, 1865. Webster, Joseph D.* Nov. 29, '62. lU. Resigned Nov. 6, 1865. Weitzel, Godprev, Aug. 29, '62. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. Welch, Thomas,* March 13, '63. Pa. Died at Cincinnati, 0., Aug. 14, '63 Wells, Wm.* May 19, '65. Vt. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Wessels, Henry W. April 25, '62. Conn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. West, Joseph R.* Oct. 25, '62. Cal. Mustered out Jan. 4, 1866. Wheaton, Frank,* Nov. 29, '62. R. I. Mustered out April 30, 1866. Whipple, Amiel W. April 14, '61. Mass. Major-General Volunteers. Whipple, Wm. D. July 17, '63. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. White, Julius,* Juue 9, ' 62. 111. Resigned Nov. 19, 1864. Whittaker, Walter C* June 25, '63. Ky. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Wild, Edward A.* April 24, 1863. , Mass. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. WiLLCOx, Orlando B. July 21, '61. Mich. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Williamson James A.* Jan. 13, '65. Iowa. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Williams, Alpheus S.* May 17, '61. Mich. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Williams, Seth, Sept. 23, , '61. Me. Died March 23, 1866. Williams, Thomas, Sept. 28, '61. Mich. Killed in action at Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 1862. WiLLiGH, August,* July 17, '62. Ind. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. Wilson, James H. Oct. 30, '63. 111. Major-General Volunteers. Wistar, Isaac,* Nov. 29, '02. Pa. Mustered out Sept. 15, 1864. Wood, Thomas J. Oct. 11, '61. Ky. Major-General Volunteers. Woodbury, Daniel P. March 19, '62. N. H. Died at Key West, Fla., Aug. 15, '64: Woods, Charles R. Aug. 4, • '63. Ohio. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Woods, Wm. B* May 31, '65. Ohio. Mustered out Feb. 17, 1866. Wright, Geo. Sept. 28, '61. Vt. Lost at sea July 30, 1865. Wright, Horatio G. Sept. 14, '61. Conn. Major-General Volunteers. ZooK, Samuel K.* Nov. 29, '62. N. Y. Killed in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Note. — The names of those whose commissions were vacated, expired by limitation, declined, canceled, etc., and of those who received brevet commissions, have not been given for want of space. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, As Appears from the Official Army Hegister for the Tear 1860. ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. Those names marked with a star (*) loft the United States Army in 1861, most of whom joined the enemy. Kank. Original entry Appointed into Service. from. Abadie, Eugexe H. Abbot, Henry L. Abbot, Robekt O. Abeel, James S. Aberchombie, John J. Abert, James W. Abekt, John J. Abert, Wm. S. Adams, John,* Alexander, Barton S. Alexander, Charles T. Alexander, Edmund B. Alexander, Edward P.* Alexander, James B. S.* Alexander, Richard H. Alexander, Thomas L. Allen, Harvey A. Allen, Robert, Alley, John W. Alvord, Benjamin, Amory, Thomas J. C. Andersen, Allen L. Anderson, Charles 1).* Anderson, George B.* Anderson, Richard H.* Anderson, Robert, Anderson, Robert H.* Anderson, Samuel S.* Anderson, Wm. W. Andrews, George, Andrews, Georgj P. Andrews, Timothy P. Archer, James J.* Archer, Samuel, Armistead, Frank S.* Armistead, Lewis A.* Armstrong, Francis C* Arnold, Abraham K. Arnold, Lewis G. Arnold, Richard, Augur, Christopher C. AUSTINE, AVm. Averell, Wm. W. Major-Surgeon. 1st Lieut. Capt., Assist.-Surg. Brevet 2d Lieut. Lt. Col. Captain. Colonel. 1st Lieut. Captain. Captain. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. Colonel. 2d Lieut. 2d Lieut. Capt., Assist.-Surg. Major. Captain. Captain. 1st Lieut. Major, Paymaster. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. Captain. Major. 2d Lieut. Captain. Capt., Assist.-Surg. Lt. Col. Captain. Lt.Col.,Dep.P.M.Gcn, Captain. 1 st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. Brevet 2d Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. Captain. Caijtain. 3d Lieut. M. D. Topo. Eng. M. D. M. S. K. 3d Inf. Topo. Eug. Topo. Eug. 4th Artillery. 1st Drag. Eug. Corps. M. D. 10th Inf. Eng. Corps. 9th Inf. M. D. 8 th Inf. 2d Artillery. A. Q. M. 3d Inf. Pay Dep't. 7th Inf. 5th Inf. 4th Artillery. 2d Drag. 2d Drag. 1st Artillery. 9th Inf. 2d Artillery. M. D. 6th Inf. 3d Artillery. Pay Dep't. 9th Inf. 5th Inf. 10th Inf. 6th Inf. 2d Drag. 2d Cavali'y. 2d Artillery. 3d Artillery. 4th Inf. 3d Artillery. M't'd Riflemen. July 4, 1836. Penn. July 1, 1854. Mass. Nov. 23, 1S49. Penn. May 3, 1813. N. Y. July 1, 1822. Tenu. July 1, 1842. D. C. Nov. 22, 1814. D. C. June 18, 1855. D. C. July 1, 1846. Tenn. July 1, 1842. Ky. Oct. 1, 1856. Ark. July 1, 1823. Ky. July 1, 1857. Ga. July 1, 1856. Va. Dec. 2, 1853. Ky. July 1, 1830. Ky. July 1, 1841. N. C. July 1, 1836. Ind. July 1, 1850. Me. July 1, 1833. Vt. July 1, 185 L Mass. July 1, 1859. Ohio. June 27, 1856. Texas. July 1 , 1 852. N. C. July 1, 1842. S. C. July 1, 1825. Ky. July 1, 1857. Ga. July 1, 1841. Va. June 29, 1849. S. C. .July 1, 1823. D. C. July 1, 1845. N. C. May 22, 1822. D. C. April 9, 1847. Md. June 28, 1848. Army. July 1, 1856. Va. July 10, 1839. Va. June 7, 1855. Texas. July 1, 1859. Pa. July 1, 1837. N. J. July 1, 1856. R. I. July 1, 1843. Mich. July 1, 1838. Conn. July 1, 1855. N. T. (653) Oott OFFICERS OF THE UXITED STATES ARMY. >'"aine. Eank. Serving in. Oriiinfll enrrv Appointed ir:o Sorvice. from. Atieks, Eometx B. 1st Lieut. 3d ArtiUerv. Julv 1, 1S47, N. T. Babbitt, Edwis B. Captain. A. Q. M. Julv 1, 1S26. Ind. Bachz, Hartmax, Major. Topo. Eng. Julv 24, ISIS. Pa- Backus, Elzctts, Lieut. CoL 3d Inf. Julv 1, 1S24. N. T. Baglet, Edwai:d F. 1st. Lieut. 4tli ArtiDerv. Sept. 25, 1S4T. Ala. Bailet, Golfokd D. 2d Lieut. 2d ArtiUerv. Julvl, 1S56, X. T. Bmtft, Joseph H. Capt., Assist.-Srj-g. M. D. Nov, 28, 1S34. N. T. Batlt, Eusha J. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Feb. 16, 1547, Pa. Batlt, Joseph C. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Oct. 27, 1S57, Pa. Baxn-betdge. Edmotd C. 1st Lieut. 4tli Artillery. Julv 1, 1S56. N. Y. BaIRD, ABSAL05I. 1st Lieut. 1st ArtiUerv. Julv 1, 1849. Pa. BaKFE, EUGE>-E 31. Brevet 2J Lieut. 2d Drag. Julv 1, 1S59. N. T. Bmtfr, Laurexce S.* •2d Lieut. M'fdRiflemen . July 1, 1S51. X. C, Baxch, George T. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. Julv 1, 1S51. Ohio. Baldtvts^, Briscoe G., Jr. M. S. K. Oct. 3, 1851. Ala. Ba>. K H H AT). HE>Tty C. 1st Lieut. 5th Inf. Julv 1, 1850. Ya. Barxakd, Joh^t G. Major, Ens, Corps. July 1, 1833. Mass. Barxes, Joseph K. Major and Surg. M.^D. June 15, 1S40. Pa. Barriger. Jonx W. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery. Julv 1, 1856, Kv. Barry, Wm. F. Captain. 2d ArtiUerv. July 1, 1S38, N. r. Bartholott, Koberts, 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. June 4, 1S57. Md. Bartox, Seth >[.* Captain. 1st Inf. July 1, 1849. Va. Bascom, George X. 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. Julv 1, 1S58. Ky. Bates, Fr.k^xcis H. 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1850. Mass. Batakd, George D. 2a Lieut. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 18-56. X.J. Bati-or, Thomas G. Brevet 2d Lieut. Ord. Dep." Julv 1, 1857. Va, Beach, Fi^axlis, 2d Lieut. 4th ArtiUery. Jtdy 1, 1857, Conn. Beall, Bexjamix' L. Lieut. Col. 1st Drag. •June 8, 1836. D, C. Beaix, Lloyt>, 1st Lieut. 2d LieuL March 29, 1848 , Mo. Beaix, Lloyd J.* ilajor. Pavuuister. P. D. Julv 1, 1830. Md. Beall, Wm. N. R.* Captaiu. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 1848. Ark, Beauregard. Peter G. T. * Captain. Eng. Corp,^. July 1, 1838. La. Beckham, Robert F.* Brevet 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. Julv 1, 18.59. Va. Beckwith, Amos, 1st Lieut. 1st ArtiUery. Julv 1, 1850. vt. Beckwtth, Edward G. Captain. 3d ArtiUerv. Julvl, 1842, X. T. Bee. Barxard E.* Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1845, X. C, Belger, James, Captain. A. Q. M. Oct", 15, 1S3S. Army. Bell, David, 1st Lieut. 1st Cavalry. •Julv 1, 1851. Iowa. Bell, George, 1st Lieut. 1st ArtiUery. Julv 1, 1853. Md. Bell, \Vm. H. Major. Ord. Dep. ' July 1, 1820. X. C. Bell, Wm. H. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1858. Pa. Beltox, Fraxcis S. Colonel 4th Artillery. March 27, 1812. , Md. Bextit, Stephex \'. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. .lulv 1, 1849, Fla Bex-ham. Hexry W, Captain. Eug. Corps. July 1, 1837. Conn. Bexxett, Clarexcl- F. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1855. X, Y. Bexsox, Hexrt, 1st Lieut. 2d ArtiUerj-. June 28, 1848. Armv. Bextox, James G. Captain. Ord. Dep, Julv 1, 1842. X. H. Berrt, Thomas J. 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. Julv 1, 1S57. Ga. Best, ClermoxtL. 1st Lieut. 4th ArtiUerv-. July 1, 1847. X. T. Biggs, IIermax, 2d Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1856. X. T. BlXGHAM, JCDSON D. 1st Lieut. 2d ArtiUerv, Jul"v 1, 1854. Ind. BiSSELL, LyMAX, 1st Lieut. 9th Inf. April 9, 1847. Conn. Black, Hexky M, Captain. 9th Inf. July 1, 1S47. Pa, Blair, AVm. B.* Captain. Com"s"vof Sub 1. Julv 1, 1S3S. Va. Blake, Edward D.* 1 st Lieut. Sth Inf. Julv 1, 1847. S. C. Blake. George A. H. Major. 1st Drag. Julv 11. 1S36. Pa. Bliss. Zenas R. 2d Lieut, Sth Inf." July 1, 1854. K. I. Bluxt, Charles E. 1st Lieut. Eug. Corps. July 1, 1846. X. Y. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 055 Name. Rank. Serving in. Oriixiiial entry Apvoiutod into Scvvico. from. Bluxt, Matthew M. BOGGS, Wm. R.* BOMFORD, J.VMES V. BOX15, Adolphus F. BoxsE.vr, Richard V. Bonneville, Benj. L. E. bonnycastle, john c. Bootes, Levi C. Bowman, Alexanx^er H. Bowman, Andrew W. Brackett, Albert G. Bradford, James A. J. Bradfute, Wm. R." Bhannan, John M. Breck, Samuel, Jr. Brewer, Charles,* Brewer, Richard II.* Brewerton, Henry, Brice, Bex-iamin W. Bristol, Henry B. Bkodie, Robert L. Brooks, Edward J. Brooks, Horace, Brooks, Wm. T. H. Brotherton, David H. Brown. Harvey, Brown, John A.* Brown, Joseph B. Brown, Nathan W. Bryan, Francis T. Bryant, Montgomery, Buchanan, Robert C. BuELL, Don Carlos, BuFORD, John, Jr. Burbank, Sidney, Burke, Martin, Burnet, Wm. E. Burns, Wm. W. Burton, Henry S. Bush, Edward Ct. Butler, John B. Butler, Wm. Byrne, Bernard M. Cabell, Wm. L.* Cady, Albemarle, Caldwell, James N. Callender, Franklin Camp, Elisha E. Campbell, John, Campbell, Reuben P. Canby, Edward R. S. Carey, Asa B. Carleton, James H. Carlin, Wm. p. CIarling, Elias B. Carlisle, Josiah H. Carlton, Caleb H. Carpenter, Stephen 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Colonel. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. jMajov. Captain. Captain. Captain. Captain. Captain. 2d Lieut. 1st Lt., Assist. -Surg 2d Lieut. Major. Major, Paymaster. 2d Lieut. Capt., Assist.-Surg. 2d Lieut. Captain. Captain. 1 st Lieut. Major. Captaiu. Capt. and Assist.-Surg, Major and Paymaster. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Major. Captaiu. Captain. Major. Major. 2d Lieut. Captain. Captain. 2d Lieut. 2d Lieut. Major and Surgeon. Captain. Major. Captaiu. D. Captain. 2d Lieut. Capt. and Assist.-Surg Captain. Major. 2d Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. Brevet 2d Lt. Captain. Brevet 2d Lt. D. Captain. 2d Artillery. Ord. Dep. 8th Inf. 2d Inf. 3d Inf. 3d Inf. 4th Inf. 6th Inf. Eng. Corps. Sdluf. 2d Cavah-y. Ord. Dep. 2d Cavah-y. 1st Artillery. 1st Artillery. M. D. 1st Drag. Eng. Corps. P. b. 5th Inf. M. D. Sth Inf. 2d Artillery. 3d Inf. .5th Inf. 2d Artillery. 4th Artillery M. D. P. D. Topo. Eng. 6th Inf. 4th Inf. As't.Adj.-Gen. 2d Drag. 1st Inf. 2d Artillery. 1st Inf. Com's'y of Sub 3d Artillery. 10th Inf. M. S. K. 2d Artillery. M. D. A. Q. M. 6th Inf. 1st Inf. Ord. Dep. 9th Inf. M. D. 2d Drag. 10th Inf. 7th Inf. 1st Drag. 6th Inf. 2d Artillery. 2d Artillery. 7th Inf. 1st Inf. July 1, 1853. Julv 1, 1858. July 1, 1833. July 1, 1851. July 1, 1852. Dec. 11, 1815. June 27, 1848. June 28, 1848. July 1, 1835. July 1, 1841. March 3, 1855. July 1, 1827. March 3, 1855. July 1, 1841. July 1, 1855. Aug. 29, 1856. July 1, 1858. July 1, 1819. July 1, 1829. May 15, 1857. Mnv 15, 1854. Juiie 30, 1855. July 1, 1835. July 1, 1841. July 1, 1854. July 14, 1818. July 1, 1846. June 29, 1849. Sept. 5, 1849. July 1,1846. Feb. 21, 1857. July 1, 1830. July 1,1841. July 1, 1848. July 1, 1829. Jan. 28, 1820. Feb. 21, 1857. .July 1, 1847. July 1, 1839. July 1, 1859. June 25, 1846. June 7, 1855. May 20, 1836. July 1, 1850. July 1, 1829. July 1, 1840. July 1, 1839. Aug. 28, 1847 Dec. 13, 1847 July 1, 1840. July 1, 1839. Jul'y 1, 1858. Oct. IS, 1839 July 1, 1850. July 1, 1859. July 1, 1845. Julv 1, 1859. July 1, 1840. N. Y. Ga. D. C. Ohio. Ala. N. V. Va. Arinv. Pa. ' Pa. Ind. Ky. Tenn. Ind. Mass. Md. Md. N. Y. Ohio. Mich. S. C. jNIich. Mass. Obio Pa. N.J. Md. Mich. N. Y. N. C. Mo. D. C. Ind. 111. Mass. D. C. Texas. Ohio. Vt. 111. Pa. Kaus. Md. Va. N. H. Ohio. N. Y. 111. N. Y. N. C. Ind. Conn. Me. HI. Md. Me. Ohio. Me. 05G OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Caer, Eugene A. Captain. 1st Cav. July 1, 1850. N. T. Carr, George W.* 1st Lieut. 9th Lnf. April 9, 1847. Va. Carr, Milton T. 1st Lieut. 1st Dj-ag. July 1, 1854. Va. Carroll, Samuel S. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1856. D. C. Carswell, Wm. a. 1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg, . M. D. Nov. 29, 1859. S. c. Casey, Silas, Lieut. Col. 9th Inf. July 1, 1826. R. L Casey, Thomas L. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1852. R. L Chalfin, Samuel F. 1st Lieut. 1st ArtiUery. July 1, 1847. 111. Chambers, Alexander, 1 st Lieut. 5th Inf. July 1, 1853. N. T. Chambliss, Wm. P. 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. March 3, 1855. Tenn. Chandler, Daniel T. Captain. 3d Inf. Aug. 1, 1838. La. Chandler, John G. ] st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1853. Mass. Chapin, Gurden, 1 st Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1851. Va. Chapman, Alfred B. ] st Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1854. Ala. Chapman, Wm. Captain. 5th Inf. July 1, 1831. Md. Chase, Daniel, M. S. K. April 16, 1856. Cal. Childs, Frederick L. 2(1 Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1855. N. C. Chilton, Robeist H.* Major and Paj-master. P. D. July 1, 1837. Va. Church, John R. 2d Lieut. 1st Cav. July 1, 1855. Ga. Churchill, Chas. C. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. March 3, 1848. Pa. Churchill, Sylvester, Colonel. Inspector Gee I. March 12, 1812 . Vt. Claflin, Ira W. 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1857. Iowa. Claiborne, Thomas, Jk. * Captain. M't'dRiflemei I.May 27, 1846. Tenn. Clark, Darius D. 1st Lieut. . 6th Inf. July 1, 1849. N. T. Clark, Michael M. Major. Q. M. July 1, 1826. Va. Clarke, Francis N. Captain. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1840. N. T. CLA.RKE, Henry F. Captain. Com's'y of Sub. July 1, 1843. Pa. Clarke, Joseph C, Jr. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1848. N.J. Clarke, Newman S. Colonel. 6th Inf. March 12, 1812, . Vt. Clary, Robert E. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1828. Mass. Clements, Bennett A. 1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. M. D. Nov. 4, 1856. N. Y. Clinton, William, 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. Pa. Clitz, Henry B. Captain. 3d Inf. July 1, 1845. Mich. Closson, Henry W. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1854. Vt. CoGSAVELL, Milton, 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. .luly 1, 1849. Ind. CoLBUiiN, Albert V. 2d Lieut. 1st Cav. July 1, 1855. Vt. Cole, Robert G.* 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1850. Fla. Collins, Charles R.- Brevet 2d Lt. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1859. Pa. Collins, Joseph B. 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. March 29, 184S. D. C. CoMSTocK, Cyrus B. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1855. Mass. ttoNE, AURELIUS F. 2d LiQut. 1st. Inf. July 1, 1857. Ga. Conner, Edward J. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1857. N. H. Conrad, Joseph S. 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1857. N. Y. Cooke, John R.* 2d Lieut. 8th Inf. June 30, 1855. Mo. Cooke, Philip St. G. Colonel. 2d Drag. July 1, 1827. Va. CooLiDGE, Richard H. Captain, Assist. -Surg. M. D. Aug. 16, 1841. N. Y. Cooper, George E. Captain, Assist. -Surg. M. D. Aug. 28, 1847. Pa. Cooper, Samuel,* Colonel. Adj.-Gen. Dec. 11, 1815. N. Y. Cooper, Samuel M. * 2d Lieut. ' ' 1st Artillery. Feb. 21, 1857. D. C. CoRLEY, James L.* 1st Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1850. s. c. Cosby, George B.* 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. July 1, 1852. Ky- Covey, Edward N. 1st Lieut., As't.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 29, 1856. Md. Craig, Henry K. Colonel. Ord. Dep. March 17, 1812. Pa. Craig, Presley 0. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery. May 14, 1857. Pa. Craig, Robert 0. 1st Lieut., Assist.-Surg . M. D. Aug. 29, 1856. N. Y. Craig, Wm. 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1853. Md. Craig hill, Wm. P. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. Julv 1, 1853. Va. Cram, Thomas J. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1826. N. H. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 65^ Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Crane, Charles H. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Feb. 2, 1848. Mass. Crawford, Sa.mlel W. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. March 10, 1851. Pa. Ckessey, Edward P. Brevet 2d Lt. M't'd Riflemen . July 1, 1858. N. Y. Crilly, Francis J. 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1859. Pa. Crispin, Silas, 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1850. Pa. Crittenden, Eugene W. 1st Lieut. 1st Cav. March 3, 1855. Ky. Crittenden, Geo. B.* Lieut. -Col. M't'd Riflemen .July 1, 1832. K.V. Crook, George, 1st Lieut. 4fli Inf. Julyl, 1852. Ohio. Crosman, George H. Lieut.-Col. Dep.Q.M.Gen .July ], 1823. Mass. Cross, Osborne, Major. Q. M. July 1, 1825. Md. Crowell, Nathaniel S. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Nov. 8, 1854. S. C. CuLLUM, George W. Captaiu. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1833. Pa. Gumming, Alfred,* Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1849. Ga. Cunningham, Arthur S. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. Jan. 1, 1857. D. C. Cunningham, Francis A. Major and Paymaster . P. D. Dec. 30, 1847. Ohio. Cunningham, George A. 2d Lieut. 2d Cav. July 1, 1S57. Ala. CuYLER, John M. Major and Surg. M. D. April 1, 1834. Ga. Dana, James J. Ist Lieut. 4th Artillery. June 18, 1855. N. y. Dandy, George F. B. 2d Lieut. 3d Artiller}'"! Feb. 21, 1857. Array. Davidson, Delozier, Captaiu. 2d Inf. July 31, 183S. D. C. Davidso'x, Henry B.* 1st Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1853. Teuu. Davidson, John W. Captain. 1st Drag. July 1, 1845. Va. Davis, Benjamin F. 2d Lieut. 1st Drug. July 1, 1854. Miss. Davis, Jeffersox C. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. June 17, 1848. Ind. Davis, Matthew L., Jr. 1st Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1852. N. C. Davis, Nelson H. Captain. 2d Inf. July 1, 1846. Mass. Dawson, Samuel K. Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1839. Pa. Day, Edward H. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. Julyl, 1851. Teiin. Day, Hannibal, 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1823. Vt. Dearing, St. Clair, 2d Lieut. Artillery. June 7, 1855. Ga. Deas, George,* Major. As't Adj't-Geu .Aug. 1, 1838. Pa. De Camp, Samuel G. I. Maj. and Surg. M. D. Oct. 10, 1823. N.J. De Hart, Henry V. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1856. N.J. Delafield, Richard, Major. Eng. Corps. July 24, 1818. N. Y. De Leon, David C* Maj. and Surg. M. D. Aug. 21, 1838. S. C. Dent, Frederick T. Captain. 9th Inf. July 1, 1843. Mo. Derby, George H. 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1846. Mass. De Russy, Gustavus A. Captain. 4th Artillery. March 8, 1847. Va. De Russy, RENe E. Lieut.-Col. Eug. Corps. June 10, 1812. N. Y. De Saussure, Wm. D.* Captaiu. 1st. Cav. March 3, 1854. S. C. Deshler, James,* 1st. Lieut. 10th Inf, July 1, 1854. Ala. DicKERSON, John H. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1847. Ind. Dickinson, Wm. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. Conn. Dillon, Edward, 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. June 30, 1857. Neb. DiMicK, Justin, Lieut.-Col. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1819. Vt. Dixon, Joseph, Brevet 2d Lieut Topo. Eng. July 1, 1858. Tenu. D'Lagxel, Julius A.* 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. March 8, 1847. Va. Dodge, Richard I. 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1848. N. C. Donaldson, James L. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1836. Md. DOUBLEDAY, AbXER, Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1842. N. Y. Douglass, Henry, 1st Lieut. 9 th Inf. July 1, 1852. N. Y. Drake, Alexander E. 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. Ky. Drum, Richard C. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. April 9, 1847. Pa. Dryer, Hiram, 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. June 28, 1848. Army. Drysdale, John, 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. June 30, 1855. Fla. DuAXE, James C. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1848. N. Y. Du Barry, Beekman, 42 1st Lieut. Sd^Artillery. July 1, 1849, D. C. 658 OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. Nam 5. Kank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Du Bois, JOHX V. D. Dudley, Nathan A. M. Duncan, Thomas, DcN'ovANT, John, Dum'EA, RlCHAKD 0. D y E, Wj lli AM McE . Dyer, Alexandek B. Eagle, Robert N. Eastman, Seth, Eastox, Langdon C. Eaton, Amos B. Eaton, Joseph, Echols, Wm. H.* EcKERSON, Theodore J. Eddt, As HER R. Edelin, Thomas B. Edgar, Wm. F. Edson, John H. Edwards, John, Jr. Edwards, Lewis A. Elliot, George H. Elliott, Washington L. Elwood, John, Elzey Arnold,* Emory', Wm. H. English, Thomas C. Enos, Herbert M. Erving, John, Evans, Andrew W. Evans, Nathan G* Ewell, Richard S.* Farrand, Charles E. Fatherly, Richard, Fauntleroy, Thomas T.* Ferguson, Saml'el W.* Field, Charles W.* Fink, Theodore, Finley, Clement A. Fish, Oliver H. Fitzgerald, Edward H. Fleming, Hugh B. Fletcher, Crawford, Flint, Franklin F. Floyd-Jones, Delancy, Foard, Andrew J. FoLLETT, Frederick M. FooTE, Rensselaer W. Forney, John H.* Forsyth, James W. FoRSYTHE, Benjamin D. Foster, John G. Frank, Royal T. Franklin, Wm. B. Frazer, John W.* Freedlet, Henry W. Freman, Edmund, FiiBNCH, Wm. H. Fry, Gary H. 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen I.July 1, 1S53. N. Y. 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. Mass. Captain. M't'd Riflemen I.May 27, 1846. 111. Captain. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. S. C. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1S53. N. Y. 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1853. Ohio. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1837. Mo. 1st Lieut. 2d Cavalry. March 3, 1855. Texas. Major. 5th Inf. July 1, 1829. Me. Captain. A. Q. M. Julv 1, 1838. Mo. Captain. Com's'yofSub . July 1, 1826. N. Y. Captain, Assist.-Surg. M. D. April 14, 1813. Mass. Brevet 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1858. Ala. M. S. K. Sept. 16, 1853. W. T. 1st Lieut. 1 st Artillery. July 1, 1844. R. L 2a Lieut. 7th Inf. June 7, 1855. Md. Captain, Assist.-Surg. M. D. March 2, 1S49. Mo. 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen L. July 1, 1853. Mass. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1851. Me. Captain, Assist.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 27, 1846. D. C. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1855. Mass. Captain. M't'd Riflemen I.May 27, 1846. Pa. 2d Lieut. 5th Inf. May 14, 1857. Ky. Captain. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1837. Md. Major. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 1831. Md. Captain. 9th Inf. Julyl, 1849. Pa. 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen 1 July 1, 1856. N. Y. Colonel. 1st Artillery. Jan. 9, 1809. Mass. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1852. Md. Captain. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1848. S. C. Captain. 1st Drag. July 1, 1840. Va. 2d Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1857, N. Y. M. S. K. Aug. 9, 1858. Ark. Colonel. 1st Drag. June 8, 1836. Va. 3d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1857. S. C. 1st Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1849. Ky. 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. June 28, 1848. Army. Major and Surgeon. M. D. Aug. 10, 1818. Ohio. 2d Lieut. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 1857. Ky. Captain. 1st Drag. Oct. 26, 1839. Va. 1st Lieut. 9th Inf! July 1, 1852. Pa. Captain. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Ark. Captain. 6th Inf. July 1, 1841. Mass. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1846. N. Y. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. May 11, 1853. Ga. 1st Lieut. 4 th Artillery. July 1, 1850. N. Y. Captain. 6t.h Inf. Nov. 1, 1838. N. Y. 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1 852. Ala. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1856. Ohio. 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1848. lU. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1846. N. H. 2d Lieut. Sth Inf. July 1, 1858. Me. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1843. Pa. Captain. 91h Int July 1, 1849. Miss. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1855. Pa. 2d Lieut. Sth Inf. June 7, 1855. Mass. Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1S37. D. C. Major and P.nyma.sfcr, F. D. July 1, 1834. Ky. OFFICERS OF THE UNVrED ;STATEii ARMY. (sm Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Fry, James B. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1847. HI. Gaexsi.en, Joiix J. 1st Lieut., As.s't-Surg. M. D. May 16, 1856. Va. G-AiNEs, Augustus W. Major and Paymaster. P. D. July 20, 1846. Ky. Galt, John M. M. S. K. Dec. 28, 1842. Va. Gakdinek, John W. T. Captaiu. Ist Drag. July 1, 1840. Me. Gakdxer, Fkaxklix,* Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1843. Iowa- Gardner, John L. Lieut. -(.'ol. 1st Artillery. May 20, 1813. Mass. Gardner, Wm. M.* Captain. 2d Inf. July 1, 1846. Ga. Garesche, Julius P. Captain. As't Adj. -Gen . July 1, 1841. Del. Garland, John, Colonel. 8th Inf. March 31, 1813. , Va. Garland, John S. Captain. 4th Artillery. March 8, 1847. Mich. Garland, Robert R. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. Dec. 30, 1847. Mo. GARNETT, RlCHAIiD B.* Captain. 6th Inf. July 1, 1841. Va. Garnett, Rohekt S.* Major. 9th Inf. July 1, 1841. Va. Garrard, Kennek, 1st Lieut. 2d Cav July 1, 18.51. Ohio. Gates, Wm. Colonel. 3d Artillery. March 0, 1 806. Mass. Gatlin, Richard C* Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1S32. N. C. Gay, Ebenezer, 2d Lieut. 2d Dra.i;-. July 1, 1855. N. II. Gentry, Wm. T. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1856. Ind. Getty, Geo. W. Captain. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1840. D. C. Getty, Thomas M. Capt. and Ass't-Surg. M. D. Nov. 23, 1840. Va. Ghiselin, James T. 1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. M. D. June 1, 1855. Md. Gibbon, John, Captain. 4th Artillery. July 1, 184T. N. C. Gibes, Alfkei>, 1st Lieut. M't'dRilleineu . July 1, 1846. N. Y, (iiBsoN, Augustus A. Captain. 2d Artillery. July 1, 183'i. Me. Gibson, George, Colonel. Com.-Gen.'Sub.May 3, 1808. Pa. Gibson, Geo., Jr. M. S. K. AprU 9, 1853. Pa. Gibson, Horatio G. Ist Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1847. Pa. Gibson, Wm. R. M. S. K. March 14, 1857. . Or. Gilbert, Charles C. Captain. Ist Inf. July 1, 1846. Ohio. Gill, Wm. G.* 1st Lieut. 4th Artillei-y. July 1, 1848. Pa. Gill, Wm. II. M. S. K. June 12, 18.58. Ohio. GiLLEM, Alvan C. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1851. Tenn. Gillmore, Quinct a. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1849. Ohio. GiLMAN, Jeremiah H. 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1856. Me. GiLMEK, Jeremy F.* Captain. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1839. N. C. Glisan, Rodney, Capt. and Ass't-Surg. M. D. May 2, 1850. Md. Goode, John T. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. June 18, 1855. Va. Gooding, Oliver V. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1858. Ind. Gordon, George A. 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1854. N. Y. Gordon, Wm. H. Captain. 3d Inf. July 31, 183S. D. C. Gorgas, Josiah,* Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1841. N. Y. Gove, Jesse A. Captain. 10th Inf. April 9, 1847. N. H. Graham, Campbell, Major. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1822. Va. Graham, James D. Major. Topo. Eng. July 17, 1817. Va. Graham, Laavrence P. Major. 2d Drag. Oct. 13, 1837. Va. Graham, Wm. M. 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. June 7, 1855. D. C. Granger, Gordon, 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1845. N. Y. Granger, Robert S. Captain. 1st Inf. July 1, 1338. Ohio. Grayson, John B.* Major. Com's'y Sub. July 1, 1826. Kv. Greble, John T. 1st Lieut. 2d ArtiUery. July 1, 1854. Pa. Greene, James B. 1st Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1851. N. Y. Greene, Oliver D. 2d Lieut. 2d ArtiUery. July 1, 1854. N. Y. Green, John, 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. June 18, 1855. Army. Gregg, David McM. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1855. Pa. ' Grey, Thomas, 2d Lieut. 2d ArtiUery. Dec. 30, 1847. Army. Gkier, Wm. N. Captain. 1 St Drag. July 1, 1835. Pa. Griffin, Charles, 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1847. Obi... 66U OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Grover, Cuvier, Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1850. Me. GuENTHER, Francis L. Brevet 2d Lie ut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1859. N. Y. Guild, Lafayette,* Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Mareh 2, 1849. Ala. GwTNNE, Thomas P. Major. 5th Inf. Dec 1, 1820. Va. IIaden, John M.* Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Dec. 18, 1847. Miss. Hagner, Peter V. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1836. D. C. Haines, Thomas J. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1849. N. H. Haller, Granville 0. Captain. 4th Inf. Nov. 17, 1839. Pa. Hall, Jonathan N. Brevet 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1859. Mich. Hallonquist, James H.* 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1S5S. S. C. Hamilton, John, 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1847. Ind. Hammond, George, 1st Lt. Assist ..-Surg. M. D. June 28, 1856. Md. Hammond, John F. Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Feb. 16, 1847. S. C. Hammond, Wm. A. Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. June 29, 1849. Pa. Hancock, David P. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. June 1, 1854. Pa. Hancock, Winfield S. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1844. Pa. Hanham, Jasies R. M. S. K. Jan. 17, 1805. Md. Hardcastle, Aaron B. 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. June 7, 1855. Md. Hardee, Wm. J.* Major. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1838. Ga. Hardib, James A. Captaiu. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1843. N. Y. Hardin, Martin D. Brevet 2d Lieut. 3d ArtiUery. July 1, 1859. 111. PIarker, Charles G. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1858. N. J. Harney, Wm. S. Brig.-Geueral, Gen. Oiticer. Feb. 13, 1818. La. Harrison, James E. 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. June 27, 1856. D. C. Hartsuff, George L. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1852. Mich. Hartz, Edward L. 2d Lieut. 8 th Inf. July 1, 1855. Pa. Harvie, Edwin J. 1st Lieut. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Va. Hascall, Herbert A. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. Julyl, 1856. N. Y. Haskell, Alexander M.* 2d Lieut. 1st Inf. June 27, 1856. Ind. Haskin, Joseph A. Captain. 1st ArtiUery. July 1, 1839. N. Y. Hasson, Alexander B. Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. June 29, 1849. M. D. Hastings, David H. 1st Lieut. 1st Drag. June 28, 1848. Arinv. H.ATCH, John P. 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1845. N. Y. Hawes, James M. Captain. 2d Drag. July 1, 1845. Ky. Hawkins, Edgar S. Major. 2d Inf. July 1, 1820. N. Y. Hawkins, John P. 1st Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1852. Ind. Hayden, Julil'.s, Captain. 2d Inf. Jan. 16, 1839. Fla. Hayman, Samuel B. Captaiu. 7th Inf. July 1, 1842. Pa. Hays, William, Captain. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1840. Tenu. Hazex, Wm. B. 2d Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1855. Ohio. Hazzard, George W. Captaiu. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1847. Ind. Head, John F. Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Aug. 6, 1846. Mass. Heger, Anthony. 1st Lt., Assis t.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 29, 1856. Pa. Heintzelman, Samuel P. ^Tajor. 1st Inf. July 1, 1826. Pa. Hendershott, Henry B. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillei-y. July 1, 1847. Ohio. Hendren, Cornelius D. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. Miss. flEXDRICKSON, TlIOMAS, Captaiu. Bth Inf. July 31, 1838. Army. Herndon, James C. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Feb. 22, 1856. Va. Hetii, Henry,* Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1847. Va. HiGGiNS, Silas P. Ist Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1853. Ala. Hight, Thomas, 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1853. Ind. Hildt, John McL. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. July ], 1856. D. C. Hill, Ambrose P.* 1st Lieut. ) St Artillery. July 1. 1847. Yn. Hill, Bennett H. Captain. 1 St Artillery. July 1, 183;'. D. C. Hill, Gabriel H. 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. Feb. 21, 1857. N. C. Hill, Henry,* Major and Pa jmastcr. P. D. Nov. 6, 1847. Va. Hill, Jamf.v H.* 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 185.5. N. Y. Hill, Piobert C* 2d Lieut. 5th Inf. July ], 1855. N. C OFFICERS OF THE UiVf. TED STATES ARMY. (i()L Name. Rank. Serving In. Original (Mitry into Sovvico. Appoiulftl I'loin. liODGES, HeNKY C. 1st. Lieut. 4tb Inf. July 1, 1851. Vt. Hoffman, William, Major. 6th Inf. July 1, 1829. N. Y. HOLABIRD, SaMI^EL B. IstLieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1849. Conn. HoLDEN, Levi H. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. June 1.5, 1840. R.I. HOLLEXBUSH, CaLVIN G. 1st Lt, Assii?t.-Surg. M. D. June 4, 1857. Pa. HoLLiDAY, Jonas P. 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1850. N. Y. HoLLOwAY, Edmunds B.* Captain, 8th Inf. July 1, 1843. Ky. Holm AX, James H. 2d Lieut. 1st Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. Tenn. Holmes, Theophilus H.- Major. 8th Inf. July 1, 1829. N. C. Holt, Geokge W. 3d Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1S57. Ala. Hood, John B.* 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. July 1, 1853. Ky. Houston, David C. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1856. N. Y. Howard, James, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. Feb. 21, 18.57. Md. Howard, John C. 1st Lieut. 9th Inf. April 9, 1847. Texas. Howard, Oliver 0. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1854. Me. Howard, Kor.EitT V. W. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. June 28, 1848. Arinv. Howe, Albiox P. Captain. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1841. Me. ' Howe, Marshall S. Lieut. -Col. 2d Drag. June 11, 1836. Me. Howlaxd, George W. 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen I. July 1, 1848. R. I. Hudson, Edward McK. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1849. Conn. lIi'GER, Benjamin,* Major. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1825. S. C. Hughes, Wm. B. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1856. Tenn. Humphreys, Andrew A. Captain. Topo. Eng. Julyl, 1831. D. C. Humphreys, Frederick C. M. S. K. Jan. 30, 1855. Fla. Hunt, Ed"\vard B. Captain. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1845. N. Y. Hunt, Franklin E. Major and Pa)'master. P. b. July 1, 1829. N. J. Hunt, Henrv J. Captain. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1839. Ohio. Hunt, Lewis G. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1847. Mo. Hunter, David, Major and Paymaster. P. D. July 1, 1822. 111. Hunter, Robert F. 3d Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1858. Ohio. Hush, Caleb,* 1st Lieut. 1 st Artillery. July 1, 1851. IMass. Huston, Daniel, Ju. Captain. 1st. Inf. July 1, 1848. N. Y. HuTTER, George C. Major and Paymaster. P. D. Jan. 28, 1820. Va. Ingalls, Rufus, Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1843. Me. Ingersoll, Edward, M. S. K. May 24, 1841. Mass. Ingraham, Charles H. 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1858. Mass. Ixgraiiam, Edward, 2d Lieut. 1st Cav. June 27, 1856. Miss. Irwjn, Bernard J. D. 1st Lieut., Assist.-Surg . M. D. Aug. 28, 1856. N. Y. Iverson, Alfred, Jr.* 1st Lieut. 1st Cav. May 3, 1855. Ga. Ives, Joseph C* 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1852. Conn. Jackson, Andrew,* 1st Lieut. Bd Inf. Dec. 31, 1847. Va. Jackson, Andrew, Jr.* 2d Lieut. 1st Cav. July 1, 1858. Tenn. Jackson, George, 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1856. Va. Jackson, Thomas K. 1st Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1848. S. C. Jackson, Wm. H.* 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1856. Tenn. James, George S.* 1st Lieut. 4th Artilk-ry. June 27, 1856. S. C. Jarvis, Nathan S. Maj. and Surgeon. M. D. March 2, 1833. N. Y. Jenifer, Walter H. 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. April 9, 1847. Md. Jenkins, Walworth, 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1853. N. Y. Jesup, Charles E. 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1858. D. C. Jesup, Thomas S. Brig.-Gen. Q. M. G. May 3, 1808. Ohio. Johns, Edward W. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. June 29, 1849. Md. Johns, Wm. B. Captain. 3d Inf. July 1, 1840. D. C. Johnson, Edward,* Captain. 6th Inf. July 1, 1838. Ky- Johnson, Richard W. Captain. 2d Cav. July 1, 1849. Ky. Johnston, Albert S.* Colonel. 2d Cav. July 1, 1826. Texas. JoHXSTox, Joseph E.* Lieut-Col. 1st Cav. July 1, 1829. Va. Johnston, Robert, 1st Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1850. Va. (m OF JUICERS OP THE UNITED STATES ARMf. Name. Eauk. Servina; in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Jones, David R.* Captain. Ass't.-Adj-Gen.July 1, 1846. Ga. JoxES, Edmund C. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1853. Ind. Jones, Jon\ M.* Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1841. Va. Jones, Joseph P. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 27, 1856. N. C. Jones, Llewellyn, Captain. M't'd Riflemen. May 27, 1846. N. Y. Jones, Rogeb, 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1851. D. C. Jones, Samuel,* Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1841. Va. Jones, Thomas M.* 1st Lieut. 8th Tnf. July 1, 1853. Va. Jones, Walter,* 3st Lieut. 1st Inf. June 30, 1855. Va. Jordan, Charles D. Captain. 8th Inf. July 1, 1842. Mass. Jordan, Thomas,* Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1840. Va. JuDAH, Henry M. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1843. N. Y. JuDD, Henry B. Captain. 3d ArtiUery. July 1, 1839. Conn. Kautz, August V. 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1852. Ohio. Kearney, James, Lieut.-Col. Topo. Eng. Aprilll, 1813. D. C. Kearny,. Wm. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. Mo. • Keeney, Charles C. Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. July 12, 1842. Mich. Kellogg, John, 1st Lieut. 3d ArtiUery. July 1, 1849. Mass. Kellogg, Lyman ^\. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1852. Ohio. Kelly, Henry B. 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. April 9, 1847. La. Kelton, John C. 1st Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1851. Pa. Kensel, George A. 2a Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1857. Ky. Ketchum, Wm. S. Captain. 6th Inf. July 1, 1834. Conn. Keyes, Erasmus D. Major. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1832. Me. Kilbtjrn, Ch.arles L. Captain. Com's'y of Sub. July 1, 1842. Pa. Kimmel, Manning M. 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1857. Mo. King, Benjamin, Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Oct. 14, 1818. Md. King, John H. Captain. 1st Inf. Dec. 2, 1837. Mich. King, Wm. S. Major and Surgeon. M. D. July 29, 1837. Pa. Kingsbury, Charles P. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1840. N.C. Kip, Lawrence, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillerv. June 30, 1857. Cal. KiRKHAM, Ralph W. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1842. Mass. Knowlton, Miner, Captain. 1st Artillery. Julyl, 1829. Conn. Kurtz, John D. Captain. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1S42. D. C. Laidley, Theodore T. S 1. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1842. Va. Landrum, John H. Captain. 3d Artihery. March 8, 1847. Md. Lane, Wm. B. 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. June 28, 1848. Armv. Langdon, Loomts L. 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1854. N. Y. Langwortity, Elisha p. Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. May 16, 1850. N. Y. Lansing, S.4.nders, M. K. S. July 19, 1834. N. Y. Larned, Ben.jamix F. Col., Paymaster Gen. P. D. Oct. 1, 1813. Mass. Larned, Fr.ank n. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. April 9, 1847. Mich. Latimer, Alfred E. 1 st Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1853. D. C. ]jAUB, Charles II. Majtjr and Surgeon. M. D. Nov. 30, 1836. D. C. Lawson, Thomas, Col. and Surgeon. M. D. Feb. 8. 1811. Va. Lay, George W.* Captain. 6th InL July 1, 1842. A'a. Lay, Richard G. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. June 20, 1859. D. C. Lazelle, Henry M. 2d Lieut. Sth Inf. July 1, 1855. Masi=. Lee, Arthur T. Captain. Sth Inf. Oct. 8, 1838. Pa. Lee, Fitzhugh,* 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1856. Va. Lee, George "W. C." 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1854. Va. Lee, John F. j Captain. \ Brevet Major. Ord. Dep. J. Adv. -Gen. I July 1, 1834. Va. Lee, Richard B. Major. Com's'y of Sub. July 17, 1817. Va, Lee, Robert E.* Lieut.-Col. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1829. Va. Lee, Stephen D.* ist Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1854. S. C. Lee, Wm. F.* 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. June 30, 1855. Va. L'Engle, 'Wm. J. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 28, 1856. s. c. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 663 Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointod from. Leonard, HiRAJt, Major and Paymaster. P. D. Nov. 24, 1846. N. Y. Leonard, Ll-ther, M. S. K. Dec. 12, 1808. 111. Leslie, Thomas J. Major and Paymaster. P. D. March 4, 1815. Pa. Letterman, Jonathan, Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. June 29, 1849. Pa. Lewis, Theodore, M. S. K. Aug. 31, 1852. La. Lewis, W'm. IL 1st Lieut. 5tli Inf. July 1, 1849. N. Y. Lindsay, Andrew J. Captain. M't'd Riflemen ..May 27, 1846. Miss. Little, Henry,* Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1839. Md. Livingstone, Henry B. 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. June IS, 1855. N. Y. Livingstone, La Rhett L 1. 1st Lieut. 3d ArtiUery. July 1, 1853. N. Y. LocKETT, Samuel H.* Brevet 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1859. Ala. IjOdor, Richard, 2d Lieut. 4th Ai-tillery. July 1, 1856. N. J. LOMAX, Lunsford L.* 2d Lieut. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 1856. D. C. Long, Armistead L.* 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1850. Va. Long, Eli, 2d Lieut. 1st Cavalry. June 27, 1856. Ky. Long, John 0.* 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1854. N. Y. Long, Stephen H. Major. Topo. Eng. Dec. 12, 1814. N. H. Longstreet, James,* Major and Paymaster. P. D. July I, 1842. Ala. Loomis, Gustavus, Colonel. 5th Inf. March 1, ISll. Vt. Lorain, Lorenzo, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1856. Pa. Lord, Richard S. C. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1856. Ohio. LORING, Wm. W.* Colonel. M't'd Riflemen . May 27, 1846. Fla. Loturop, Warren L. 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. Feb. 21, 1857. Army. LovELL, Charles S. Captain. 6th Inf. Oct. 13, 1837. Army. LovELL, Christopher S. Captain. 2d InL July 31, 1S3S. S. C. Lowe, Wm. W. 1st. Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1853. Iowa. Lugenbeel, Pinkney, Captain. 9 th Inf. July 1, 1840. Ohio. Lynde, Isaac, Major. 7th Inf. July 1, 1827. Vt. Lyndb, Richard D. 1st Lieut, Ass't-Surg. M. D. Aug. 29, 1856. Md. Lyon, Hylan B. 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1856. Ky. Lyon, Nathaniel, Captain. 2d Inf. July 1, 1841. Conn. Macfeely, Robert, 1st Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1850. Pa. Mack, Oscar A. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1850. N. H. MaCKALL, WiM. W.* Major. Ass'tAdj.-Geri I.July 1, 1837. i\Id. Maclin, Sackfield,* Major and Paymaster. P. D. July 2, 1846. Ark. Maclay, Robert P. Captain. 8th Inf. July 1, 1840. Pa. Macomb, John N. Captain. Topo. Eug. July 1, 1832. N. Y. Macrae, Nathaniel C. Major. 3d Inf. July 1, 1826. Va. Madison, Thomas C. Major and Surgeon. M. D. Feb. 27, 1840. Fla. Magruder, David L. Capt. and Ass't-Surg. M. D. Feb. 1, 1850. Va. Ma CRUDER, John B.* Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1830. Va. Magruder, Wm. T. 1st Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1850. Md. Major, Jajies P.* 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1856. Mo. Maloney, Maurice, Captain. 4th Inf. Nov. 27, 1846. Army. Mallory, Francis, 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. June 27, 1856. Va. Mansfield, Joseph K. F. Colonel. Inspector- Gen . July 1, 1822. Conn. Marcy, Randolph B. Major and Paymaster. P. D. July 1, 1832. Mass. Marmaduke, John S.* 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1857. Mo. Marshall, Elisha G. 1st Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1850. N. Y. Marshall, Louis H. 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1849. Md. Martin, James G.* Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1840. N. C. Mason, John S. 1st Lieut. 3d Aitillery. July 1, 1847. Ohio. Maury, Dabney H.* 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen I.July 1, 1846. Va. May, Charles A. Major. 2d Drag. June 8, 1836. D. C. May, Julien, 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen I.May 27, 1846. D. C. Maynadier, Henry E. 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. July 1, 1851. D. C. Maynadier, Wm. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1827. D. C. McAlester, Miles D. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1856. :\Iieh. 064 OPFIGEUS OF THE (IiVlTED STATES ARMY. Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. McAllister, Julien, 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1847. Ga. McArthur, Joseph H. 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. July 1, 1849. Mo. McCall, James K. 3d Lieut. 4th Inf. June 27, 1856. Tenn. McCartt, James C. M. S. K. June 14, 1858. Tenu. McCleary, John, 2d Lieut. 6tli Inf. July 1, 1854. Ohio. McCltjre, Daniel, Major and Paj-master. P. D. July 1, 1849. lud. McCooK, Alexander McD . 1st Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1853. Ohio. McCormick, Charles, Major and Surgeon. M. D. Aug. 30, 1S3G. D. C. McCowN, John P.* Captain. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1840. Tenu. McDouGALL, Charles, Major and Surgeon. M. D. July 13, 1832. Ind. McDowell, Irvin, Major. Ass't Adj. -Gen. July 1, 1838. Ohio. McFerran, John C. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1843. Ky. McIntosh, James,* Captain. 1st Cav. July 1, 1849. Ela. McIntyre, James B. 1st Lieut. 1st Cav. July 1, 1853. Texas. ]\[cKee, J. Cooper, Ist Lieut., Ass't-Surg. M. D. Oct. 3, 1858. Pa. McKee, Samuel, 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1S5S. Utah. McKeever, Chauncet, 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1849. Md. McKiBBiN, David B. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Pa. McKlNSTRY, JCSTUS, Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1838. Mich. McLane, George, Captain. M't'd Riflemen. May 37, 1S46. Md. McLaren, Adam N. Major and Surgeon. M. D. March 2, 1833. S. C. McLaws, Lafayette,* Captain. 7th Inf. S\x]f 1, 1842. Ga. McLean, Eugene E.* Captain. A. Q. M. Julv 1, 1843. Md. McLean, Nathaniel H. 1st Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1S4S. Ohio. McLemore, Owen K. 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1856. Ala. McMillan, James, 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. Julv 1, 1 856. N. Y. McNab, John, 1st Lieut. 10th Inf. Auo-. 3, 1847. Vt. McNally, Christopher H . 2d Lieut. M'fd Riflemen. May 23, 1855. Army. McNeill, Henry C* 2d Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1857. Texas. McNutt, John, Captain. Ord. Dep. Julv 1, 1840. Ohio. McParlin, Thomas A. Capt. and Ass't-Surg. M. D. March 2, 1849. Md. McPherson, James B. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. Julv 1, 1853. Ohio. McRae, Alexander, 1st Lieut. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1851. N. C. Meade, George G. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1835. D. C. Meade, Richard K., Jr.* 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1857. Va. Meigs, Montgomery C. Captain. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1S36. Pa. Mendell, George H. 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1852. Pa. Mendenhall, John, 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1851. Ind. Mercer, John T.* 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1854. Ga. Merchant, Anderson,* 1st Lieut. 2d ArtiUery. .March 8, 1847. N. Y. Merchant, Charles S. Lieut. -Col. 3d Artillery. IMarch 11, 1814 . N. Y. Merrill, Lewis, 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. Julv 1, 1855. Pa. Merrill, Wm. E. Brevet 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1S59. Va. Michler, Nathaniel, 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. Julv 1, 1848. Pa. Miles, Dixon S. ColoneL 2d Inf. Julv 1, 1S24. Md. Milhau, John J. Capt. and Assist.-Surg . M. D. April 30, 1S51. N. Y. Miller, Marcus P. 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. Julv 1, 1853. Mass. Miller, Morris S. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1834. N. Y. Miller, Thomas E. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery. Julv 1, 1856. Ky. Mills, Madison, Maj. and Surg. M. D. April 1, 1834. N. Y. Mjnter, Joseph F.* 2d Lieut. 2d Cav. March 3, 1855. W. T. Mizner, John K. 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1856. Mich. MoLiNARD, Albert J. S. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1S5L N. Y. Montgomery, Alexander , Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1334. Pa. Montgomery, Alex. B.* 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. June 22, 1857. Ga. Montgomery, Samuel H. M. S. K. Jan. 4, 1S47. Ark. Moore, Isaiah N. l&t Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1851. Pa. Moore, John, Capt. and Assist. -Suvg . M. D. June 22, 1S53. Ind. OFFICERS OF THE UN FT EL) STATES Ah'.ur. OtJa Xiune. HMik. Serving in. Uri'^iuul entry into Service. Apiiointc'd from. MooKE, Orlando II. 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. June 27, 185G. Mich. Moore, Samuel P.* Maj. and Surg. M. D. March 14, 1835 . S. C. Moore, Tredwell, Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1847. Ohio. MoRDECAi, Alfred, Major. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1823. N. C. Morgan, Charles H. 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1857. N. Y. Morgan, Michael R. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1854. La. Morris, Gouverneur, Lieut.-Col. 1st Inf. May 24, 1824. N. Y. Morris, Lewis 0. l8t Lieut. 1st Aitillery. March 8, 1847. N. Y. Morris, Robert M. Cajrtain. M't'dlUflemen.May 27, 1S46. D. C. Morris, Thompson, Lieut.-Col. 4th Inf. Julv 1, 1822. Ohio. Morris, Wm. W. jMajor. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1820. N. Y. Morrison, Pitcairn, Lieut.-Col. 7th Inf. Oct. 27, 1820. N. Y. Morton, James St. C. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1851. Pa. Mower,- Joseph A. 1st Lieut. Ist'lnf. June IS, 1855. Conn. Mullan, John, Jr. 1st Lieut. 2d Ai-tillery. July 1, 1852. Md. Mullins, John,* 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1854. Miss. MirNROE, John, Lieut.-Col. 4th Artillery. March 11, 1814. N. Y. MuRPHr, Dennis, M. S. K. April 7, 1858. Va. Murray, Robert, Capt. and Ass't.-Surg. M. D. June 29, 1846. Md. MuRRV, Alexander, 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. Pa. Mter, Albert J. Capt. and Ass't.-Surg. 1\I. D. Se].t. 18, 1854. N. Y. Myers, Abraham C.*"" Captain. A. Q. M. Julvl, 1833. S. C. Myers, Frederick, Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1846. Conn. Myers, Wm. l.st Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1852. Pa. Napier, Leroy, Jr. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1858. Ga. Nauman, George, Major. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1823. Pa. Neill, Thomas II. Captain. 5th Inf. Julv 1, 1847. Pa. Nelson, Anderson D. Captain. 10th Inf. July 1, 1841. Ohio. Newby, Edward W. B. Captain. 1st Cav. March 3, 1855. 111. Newton, John, Captain. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1842. Ya. Newton, Washington I. Captain. 3d Drag. Aug. 1, 1838. Va. Nichols, Wji. A. Captain. As't.Adj.-Gen . July 1, 1838. Pa. N I COD emus, Wm. J. L. 2d Lieut. 5th Inf. Julv 1, 1858. Md. Norris, Basil, Capt. and Assist.-Surg . M. D. Oct. 11, 1852. Md. NoRRis, Charles E. 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1851. Ind. Northrop, Lucius B.* Captain. 1st Drag. July 1, 1831. S. C. Oakes, James, Captain. 2d Cav. Julv 1, 1846. Pa. O'Bannon, Lawrence AY. * 1st Lieut, 3d Inf. March 3, 1848. S. C. O'CoNNELL, John D. 1st Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1852. Pa. Offley, Robert H. 2d Lieut. 1st. Inf. May 14, 1857. N. Y. Ogle, Charles H. 1st Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1S4S. Pa. Ord, Edward 0. C. Captain. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1839. D. C. Otis, Elmer, 1st Lieut. 1st Cavahy. July 1, 1853. Ohio. Owen, Philip A. 1st Lieut. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Ala. Owens, Wesley, 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalrv. July 1, 1856. Ohio. Page, Charles, Capt., Assist. -Sui'g. M. D. Dec. 2, 1851. Va. Page, Erancis N. Captain. As't. Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1S41. Va. Paine, Wm. C. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corjis. July 1, 1858. Mass. Palfrey, John C. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. Julv 1, 1857. Mass. Palmer, Innis N. Captain. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1846. N. Y. Palmer, Wm. R. Captain. Topo. Eng. Julv 7, 1S3S. N. J. P.ARKE, John G. 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. Julv 1, 1849. Pa. Patten, George W. Captain. 2d Inf. Julv 1, 1830. R. L Paul, Gabriel R. Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1834. Mo. Payne, Matthew M. Colonel. 2d Artillery. March 12, 1812 . Ya. Pease, Wm. R. 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1855. N. Y. Peck, Lafayette, 2d Lieut. 8th Inf. July 1, 1857. Tenn. Pegram, John,* 1st Lieut. 2d Dragoons. Julv 1, 1854. Va. 666 OFFICERS OF TUB UNITED STATUS ARMt. Name. Eank. Serving in. Original entry Appointed into Service. from. Pelouze, Lewis H. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1S53. Pa. Pemberton, John C* Captain. j- 4tli Artillery. July 1, 1837. Pa. Pender, Wji. D.* 1st Lieut. Ist Dragoons. . July 1, 1854. N. C. Perin, Glover, Capt., Assist. -Surg. M. D. Dec. 4, 1847. Ohio. Perkixs, Delavan D. 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1849. N. Y. Perry, Alexander J. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1851. Conn. PiiiFEu, Charles W. 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. March 3, 1855. Miss. Phillips, Edwjn D. 1st Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1852. Mich. Pickett, GEOiiGE E.* Captain. 9th Inf. July 1, 1846. 111. Piper, Alexaxrer, 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1851. Pa. Pitcher, Thomas G. Captain. Sth Inf. July 1, 1845. Ind. Platt, Edward R. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1849. Vt. Pleasonton, Alfred, Captain. 2d Dragoons. July 1, 1844. D. C. Plummer, Augustus H. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1853. Pa. Plummer, Josepjh B. Captain. 1st Inf. July 1, 1841. Mass. Plimpton, Joseph, Colonel. 1st Inf. Jan. 3, 1812. Mass. Plympton, Peter W. L. 1st Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1847. N. T. PoE, Orlando M. 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1856. Ohio. Pope, John, Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1842. HI. Pouter, Andrew, Captain. M't'dRiflemec u May 27, 1846. Pa. Porter, A. Parker, 2d Lieut. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1856. Pa. Porter, Fitz-John, Captain. As't. Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1845. D. C. Porter, Giles, Major. . 4th Artillery. July 24, 1818. N. Y. Porter, John B. Major aud Surgeon. M. D. Dec. 1, 1833. Conn. Potter, Joseph H. Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1843. N. H. Potter, Reuben M. M. S. K. March 23, 1848 . Texas. Potts, Richard, Capt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Sept. 16, 1853. Md. Powell, James E. 1st Lieut. 1st Inf. June 7, 1855. Me. Pratt, Henry G. Captain. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1837. Mass. Prime, Frederick E. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1850. N. Y. Prince, Henry, Major and Paymaster. . P. D. Sept. 18, 1835. Me. Prince, Wm. E. Captain. 1st Inf. Aug. 1, 1838. Mass. Putnam, Haldimand S. Brevet 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1857. N. H. Quattlebaum, Paul J. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1857. S. C. Quinan, Pascal A. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 15, 1855. Md. Ragan, Abraham B. Major and Paymaster, P. D. March 29, 1848. , Ga. Rains, Gabriel J.* ]\rajor. 4th Inf. July 1, 1827. N. G. Ramsay, Douglas, 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. June 7, 1855. D. C. Ramsay, George D. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1820. D. C. Randal, Horace, 2d Lieut. 1st Dragoons. July 1, 1854. Texas'. Randall, Burton, IMajor aud Surgeon. M. D. Oct. 24, 1832. Md. Randolph, John F. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Dec. 24, 1855. La. Ransom, Dunbar R. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. June 7 1855. Vt. Ransom, Hy'att C. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1851. N. Y. Ransom, Robert, Jr.* 1st Lieut. 1st Cavalry. July 1, 1850. N. C. Raynolds, Wm. F. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1843. Ohio. Read, Edwin W. H. 2d Lieut. 8th Inf. June 27, 1856. Ind. Reese, Chauncey B. Brevet 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1859. N. Y. Reeve, Is.\ac V. D. Captain. 8th Inf. July 1, 1835. N. Y. Reno, Jesse L. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1846. Pa. Reno, Marcus A. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. ■ July 1, 1857 lU. Reynolds, Alex. W.* Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1S3S. Va. Reynolds, Charles A. 2d Lieut. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Md. Reynolds, John F. Captain. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1841. Pa. Reynolds, Robert B. Major and Paymaster. P. D. March 3, 1S47. Tenn. Reynolds, Samuel H.* 1st Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1849. Va. Rhett, Thomas G-* Major and Paymaster. P. D. July 1, 1845. S. C. Rich, Lucius L.* 1st Lieut. 5th Inf. July 1, 1853. Mo. OFFICER S OF THE UNITED STATES AEMT. 667 Name. Rank. Serving in. Original entry Aiipointcd into St'i-vice. from. RrcKETTs, James B. Captain. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1839. N. Y. RiDDICK, RiCHAKD H. 2d Lieut. 1st Cav. March 27, 1855 . N. C. RiDGELT, AQUILA T. Capt. autl Ass't-Snrg. M. D. June 30, 1851. Md. Ringgold, George H. Major and Paymaster, . P. D. July 1, 1833. D. C. Ripley, Jajies W. Lieiit.-Col. Ord. Dep. June 1, IS 14. Conu. RiTTER, Joiix F. 2d Lieut. 5th Inf. July 1, 1856. Pa. Robert, Henry M. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1857. Ohio. Roberts, Benjajiin S. Captain. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1835. Iowa. Roberts, Joseph, Captain. 4th ArtiUery. July 1, 1835. DeL Robertson, Beverly I-L* 1st Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1849. Va. Robertson, James M. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. June 28, 1848. Army. Robinson, Augustus G. 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1857. ile. Robinson, James W. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1852. aio. Robinson, Joun C. Captain. 5 th Inf. Oct. 27, 1839. N. Y. Robinson, Wm. G. 3d Lieut. 2d luf. July 1, 1«5S. N. C. Rodman, Thomas J. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1841. lud. RossELL, Nathan B. Captain. 5th Inf. Aug. 1, 1838. N.J. RossELL, Wm. H. 2d Lieut. 10th Inf. March 3, 1855. N.J. Roy, James P. 1st Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1849. Va. Royall, Wm. B. 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. March 3, 1855. Mo. RucKER, Daniel H. Captain. A. Q. M. Oct. 13, 1837. Mich. Ruff, Charles F. Major. M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1838. Mo. Ruggles, Daniel,* Captain. 5th Inf. July 1, 1833. Mass. RuGGLES, Geo. D. 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. July 1, 1855. N. Y. RuNDELL, Charles H. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1852. N. Y. Russell, David A. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1845. N. Y. Ryan, George, 2d Lieut. 7th Inf. July 1, 1857. Conn. Ryland, Kirtley, 1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. , M. D. April 28, 1859. Mo. Sacket, Delos B. Captain. 1st Cav. July 1, 1845. N. Y. Sanders, Wm. P. 2d Lieut. 2d Drag. July 1, 1856. Miss. Satterlee, Richard 8. Major aiid Surg. M. D. Feb. 25, 1823. Mich. Saunders, John S.* Brevet 2d Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1858. Va. Saunders, Thomas M. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillery. June 27, 1856. Va. Sawtelle, Charles G. 2d Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1854. ]\Ie. Saxton, Rufus, 1st Lieut. 4th Artillery. July 1, 1849. Mass. ScHOFiELD, John M. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1853. m. SCHROEDEK, HeNRY B. Captain. 3d Inf. July 1, 1844. Md. Scott, Henry L. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1833. N. C. Scott, John B. Major. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1821. Conn. Scott, Robert N. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. Cal. Scott, Winfield, Maj.-Gen., B'tLt.-G. C'd'r-in-Chief . May 3, ISOS. Va. SE.VWELL, Washington, Lieut.-Col. 8th Inf. July 1, 1825. Va. Sedgwick, John, Major. 1st Cav. July 1, 1837. Conn. Selden, Henry R, Captain. 5th Inf. July 1, 1 843. Vt. Selden, Joseph, Captain. Sth Inf. July 7, 1S3S. Va. Seward, Augustus H. Captain. 5th Inf. July 1, 1847. N. Y. Seymour, Truman, 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1846. ^'|. Shaaff, Arthur, 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. June 30, 1855. (Ja.. Shaaff, John T. 1st Lieut. 2d Cav. July 1, 1851. D. V. Shepherd, Oliver L. Captain, 3d Inf. July 1, 1840. N. Y. Sherburne, John P. 2d Lieut. 1st Inf. June 27, 1856. N. H. Sheridan, Philip H. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. July 1, 1853. Ohio. Sherman, Thomas W. Captain. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1836. K. I. Shinn, John B. 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1856. Ohio. Shipley, Alexander N. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. June 1, 1857. Army. Shiras, Alexander E. Captain. Com's'y Sub. July 1, 1833. N.J." ShoemaivEr, Wm. R. M. S. K. Aug. 3, 1841. 111. Shoup, Framcis a. 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1855. Ind. (J(J8 Ot'FICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AEMf. Name. Rank. Scrying in. Original entry Appointed into Service. from. Shunk, Francis J. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1853. Pa. Sibley, Caleb C. ]\[ajor. 3d Inf. July 1, 1829. Mass. Sibley, Ebexezer S. j\rnjor. Q. M. July 1, 1827. Mich. Sibley, Hexhy H.* Captain. 2d Drag. July 1, 1838. La. Sill, Joshua W. 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1853. Ohio. SiLVEY, Wm. 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1849. Ohio. Simmons, Seneca G. Captain. 7tli Inf. July 1, 1834. Vt. Simons, James, Maj. and Surgeon. M. D. July 11, 1S39. s. c. SiMONSON, John S. Major. M't'd Riflemen. May 27, 1846. Ind. Simpson, James II. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1832. N.J. Simpson, Josiah, Maj. and Surg. M. D. July 11, 1837. Pa. Simpson, Marcus D. L. Captain. Com's'y Sub. July 1, 1846. N. Y. Simpson, PiIcharb F. Capt. and Assist.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 1, 1840. Va. Sinclair, William, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1857. Ohio. Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1832. Pa. Slaughter, Jaimes E.* 1st Lieut. 1st Artillery. April 9, 1847. Va. Slemmer, Adam J. 1st Lieut. 1 st Artillery. July 1, 1850. Pa. Sloan, Wm. J. Maj. and Surgeon. M. D. July 12, 1837. Pa. Small, Michael P. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1855. Pa. Smalley, Henry A. 2d Lieut. 2d ArtiUery. July 1, 1854. Vt. Smead, Abnkr, 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1854. Ga. Smead, John K. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1854. Pa. Smith, Albert J. Major and Paymaster. P. D. June 1, 1849. Va. Smith, Andrew J. Captain. 'ist Drag. Julv 1, 1838. Pa. Smith, Andrew K. Capt. and Assist.-Surg •. M. D. July 26, 1853. Conn. Smith, Benjamin F. 1st Lieut. 6th Inf. July 1, 1853. N.J. Smith, Caleb, 1st Lieut. 2d Inf. June 21, 1848. Va. Smith, Charles F. Lieut. -Col. 10th Inf. July 1, 1825. Pa. Smith, Charles H. Capt. and Assist.-Surg. M. D. Dec. 13, 1847. Va. Smith, Edmund K.* Captain. 2d Cav. July 1, 1845. Fla. S.MITEI, James A. 2d Lieut. Cth Inf. July 1, 1853. Miss. Smith, J. L. Kirby, 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1857. N. Y. S.mith, Joseph R. Capt. and Assist.-Surg ;. M. D. Dec. 15, 1854. N. Y. Smith, Joseph R. Major. 7th Inf. July 1, 1823. N. Y. S.mith, Larkin,* Captain. 8th Inf. July 1, 1835. Va. Smith, Martin L.* Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1842. N. Y. Smith, Wm. D.* Captain. 2d Drag. " July 1, 1846. Ga. Smith, Wm. F. Captain. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1845. Vt. Smith, Wm. P. Brev. 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1857. Va. Snyder, CIeorge W. 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1856. N. Y. Spencer, Wm. C. 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. June 18, 1855. Md. Sprague, John T. Captain. 8th Inf. Oct. 17, 1834. Mass. Stanley, David S. 1st Lieut. 1st Cav. July 1, 1852. Ohio. Stansbury, Howard, Captain. Topo. Eng. July 7, 1838. N. Y. Starr, Samuel H. Captain. 2d Drag. June 28, 1848. Army. Steele, Frederick. Captain. 2d Inf. July 1, 1843. N. Y. Steele, William,* Captain. 2d Drag. Julv 1, 1840. N. Y. Steen, Alexander E.* 1st Lieut, 3d Inf. April 9, 1847. Mo. Steen, Enoch, Major. l.st Drag. July 16, 1832. Mo. Steptoe, Edward J. Major. 9 th Inf. July 1, 1837. Va. Steuart, George H.* Captain. 1st Cav. July 1, 1848. Md. Stevens, Walter H. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1848. N. Y. Stevenson, Carter L.* Captain. 5th Inf. July 1, 1838. Va. Stevenson, Matthew R. Captain. 7th Inf. July 1, 1846. N. Y. Stewart, Charles S. 1st Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1846. N. J. Stewart, Joseph, Captain. 3d Artillery. July 1, 1842. Ky. Stith, Donald C* 1st Lieu|^ 5th Inf. July 1, 1850. Md. Stivers, Charles B. 2d Lieut. 7th luf. July 1, 1856. Ky. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AllMY. (jOO Name. Rmik. Sening in. OriLniiJil pntry Appointed into Service. Ironi. Stockton, Philip, Stone, Lyman H. Stone, Roderic, Stoneman, George, Stoughton, Edwin H. Strong, George C. Stuart, James E. B.* Sturgis, Samuel D. Sullivan, Thomas C. Sully, Alfred, Summers, John E. Sumner, Edwin V. Sutherland, Charles, SwAiNE, Peter T. Sweeny, Thomas W. SwEiTZEK, Nelson B. Swift, Ebenezer, Swords, Thomas, Sykes, George, Symington, John, Symmes, John C. Symonds, Henry C. Talbot, Theodore, Taliaferro, Lawrence, Tallmadge, Grier, Tannatt, Thomas R. Taylor. George, Tay'lor, John G.* Taylor, John McL. Taylor, Joseph H. Taylor, Joseph P. T.vtlor, Lewis, Ten Broech, Peter G. S Terrill, Wm.R. Thayer, Sylvanus, Thom, George, Thomas, Bryan M. Thomas, Charles, Thomas, Charles W. Thomas, George 11. Thomas, Lorenzo, Thompson, James, Thompson, John A. Thornton, Wm. A. TiDBALL, John C. TiDBALL, Joseph L. TiLFORD, John G. TiLLINGHAST, OTIS H. Tipton, John, Todd, John W. Tompkins, Danlel D. Tokbert, Alfred T. A. Totten, Ja>ies, Totten, Joseph G. Tower, Zealous B. TowNSEND, Edward D. Tracy, Albert, Ti;i;aiy, Edw.uu), 1st Lieut. Capt. and Assist.-Surg 2(1 Lieut. Captain. 2(1 Lieut. 2(1 Lieut. 1st Li(*ut. Captain. 2d Lieut. Captain. Capt., Assist.-Surg. Colonel. Capt., Assist.-Surg. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. Capt., Assist.-Surg. Lleut.-Col. Captain. Major. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Cav. M. D. 5th Inf. 2(1 Cav. 6th Inf. Ord. Dep. 1st Cav. 1st Cav. 1st Artillery. 2d Inf. M. D. 1st Cavalry. M. D. 10th Inf. 2d Inf. 1st Drasioons- M. D. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 2d Lieut. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Lieut.-Col. 1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. Capt., Assist.-Surg. 1st Lieut. Lieut.-Col. Captain. 2d Lieut. Colonel. 2d Lieut. ;Ma.ior. Lieut.-Col. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. Colonel. 3d Lieut. Captain. Colonel. Captain. Major. Captain. 2d Lieut. July 1, 1852. Dec. 13, 1847. July 1, 1859. July 1, 1846. July 1, 1859. July 1, 1857. July 1, 1854. July 1, 1846. July 1, 1856. July 1, 1841. Dec. 13. 1847. March 3, 1819. Aug. 5, 1852. July 1, 1853. March 3, 1848. July 1, 1853. Aug. 30, 1847. D. Q. M. Gen. July 1, 1829. 3d Inf. Ord. Dep. Ord. Dep. 2d Artillery. 1st Artillery. M. S. K. 4th Artillery. 4th Artillery. M. D. Sth Inf. 2d Artillery. 1st Cavalry. Ass't C.-G. S. M. D. M. D. 4th Artillery. Eng. Corps. Topo. Eng. Sth Inf. July 1, 1842 March 2, 1815. July 1. 1847. July 1, 1853. May 22, 1847. Julv 2, 1813. Julv 1, 1848. Julv 1, 1858. April 1, 1856. June 7, 1855. March 3, 1848. July 1, 1856. Mav 20, 1813. March 3, 1857, Dec. 13,1847. ,Iuly 1, 1853. Feb. 23, 1808. July 1, 1839. July 1, 1858. A. Q. M. Gen. Aug. 13, 1819 1st Inf. July 1, 1855. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1840. Ass't Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1823. 2d Artillery. July 1, 1851 1st Cavalry Ord. Dep. 2d Artillery 10th Inf. June 25, 1855 July 1, 1825. July 1, 1848. July 1, 1849 M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1851. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1847. 3d Artillery Ord. Dep. A. Q. M. Gen 5th Inf. 2d Artillery. Eng. Corps. Eng. Corps July 1, 1856. July 1, 1852. July 1, 1820. July 1, 1855. .July 1, 1841. ,Tuly 1, 1805. July 1, 1841. Ass't Adj.-Gen. July 1, 1837 10th InL April 9, 1847 M'fd Riflemen. :May 23, 1855 N.J. Vt. Minn. N. Y. Vt. Mass. Va. Pa. Ohio. Pa. Va. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Ohio. N. Y. Md. Md. Ohio. Mass. Ky. Pa. N. Y. Mass. Md. Ky. Ky. Md. Ky. Pa. N. Y. Va. Mass. N. II. Ga. , Pa. D. C. Va. Del. N. Y. Va. N. Y. Ohio. Ohio. Ky. N. Y. Ind. Ky. N. Y. Del. Va. Conn. Mass. Mass. Me. Army. 070 OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AEMY Name. Rank. Scrvins: in. Original entry into Service. Appointed from. Treadwell, Thomas .J. 2d Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1. 18.54. N. H. TrEVITT, JOHX, Captain. Sd Inf. July 1, 1844. Ohio. Tkipler, Charles S. Alajor andSiirgeoo. M. D. Oct. 30, 1830. N. Y. TURNBULL, CuARI.ES N. 1 St Lieut. Topo. Bug-. July 1, 1854. D. C. Tl'KXER, JOHX W. 2d Lieut. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1855. III. Turner, Thomas E. 2d Lieut. 4th Inf. Mav 20, 1857. Cal. TURNLET, PaRMENAS T. Captain. A. Q. M. Julv 1, 1846. Teun. TwiCxGS, David E * Brig.-Geueral. General Oftiee: i-.Mareh 12, 1812. Ga. Tyler, Charles H.* 1st Lieut. 2d Dragoons. Julv 1, 1848. Va. Tyler, Robert 0. 1st Lieut. 3d Artillerv. Julv 1, 18.53. Conn. UXDERWOOD, ED^t^-XD, Captain. 4th Inf. March 3, 1848. Pa. Updegraff, Joseph, 1st Lieut. .5th Inf. June 38, 1848. Arniv. UPHAjr, JOHX J. Brevet 3d Lieut. 9 th Inf. July 1, 1859. AVis. Vax Bokkelex, Wm. K. Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1843. N. Y. Van Dorx, Eai:l,* Captain-. 2d Cavalry. July 1, 1842. Miss. Van Horn, James J. 2d Lieut. Sth Inf. July 1, 1858. Ohio. Van Ness, Eugene, Lt.-CoL, Dcp. P. AI. G . P. D. Dec. 18, 1839. N. Y. V^\.N Vliet, Ste\vart, Captain. A. Q. M, July 1, 1840. N. Y. Van Voast, James. 1st Lieut. 9th Inf. July 1, 1852. N. Y. Villipigue. John B.* 1st Lieut. 2d Dragoons. July 1, 1854. S. C. Vincent, Thomas M. 1st Lieut. 2d Artillery. Julv 1, 1853. Ohio. Vinton, David H. Major. Q. M. July 1, 1822. R. I. Vogdes, Israel, Captain. ] st Artillerv. July 1, 1837. Pa. VoLLLTM, Ed-ward P. Capt., Assist.-Sui-o;. •M. D. May 31, 1853. N. Y. AVaddy-, John R.* 2d Lieut. 4 th Artillery. Feb. 21, 1827. A^a. Waggaman, Georgk G. Captain. Com's'y of Sub i.Julv 1, 1835. D. C. Wagner, Orlando G. Brevet 2d Lieut. Topo. Eng. Julv 1, 1859. Pa. AVainavright, Robert A. Captain. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1835. INiass. Waite, Carlos A. Lieut.-Col. Sth Inf. Jaii. 38, 1820. N. Y. W.ALKER, Charles J. 2d Lieut. 3d Dragoons. July 1, 1857. Ky. AV^ALKER, Henry H.* 1st Lieut. f)th Int July 1, 1853. Va. AValicer, John G. Captain. M't'd Riflemen .May 27, 1846. JMo. AValker, Thomas ^V. 2d Lieut. 3d Inf. July 1, 1856. Ind. AValker, AA^m. H. T. Major. 10th luf. July 1. 1837. Ga. AValker, AV:m. S. Captain. 1st Cavalrv. April 9, 1847. D. C. AVallace, (J gorge AV. Captain. 1st Inf. July 1, 1839. Pa. AVall, Asa, IstLt., Assist.-Surg. M. D. Aug. 29, 1856. Va. AVallen, Henry D. Captain. 4th Inf. July 1, 1840. Fla. AVakneu, Edward R. 2d Lieut. Sd Artillery. July 1, 1857. Pa. Warren, Gouverneir K. 1st Lieut. Topo. Eng. July 1, 1850. N. Y. Washington, T. A.- 1st Lieut. 1st Inf. July 1, 1849. Va. Watson, Charles B. 2d Lieut. 2d Inf. Feb. 21, 1857. lud. AVayne, Henry C* Captain. A. Q. M. July 1, 1838. Ga. AVebb, Alexander S. 2d Lieut. 2d Artillerv. July 1, 1855. N. Y. AVebb, AVm. a. 1st Lieut. 5th Inf. July 1, 1853. Me. AA'ebber, Charles H. 3d Lieut. 1st Artillery. May 29, 1855. Mass. Weed, Stephen H. 1st Lieu*- 4th Artillery. July 1, 1854. N.Y. AA^EEKS, George H. 2d Lieut, 4th Artillery. July 1, 1857. Me. AA'eitzel, Godfrey, 2d Lieut. Eng. Corps. July 1, 1855. Ohio. AA'elcker, Wm. T.* 1st Lieut. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1851. Teun. Wessells, Henry AV. Captain. 2d Inf. July 1, 1833. Conn. AA'iiARTON, Hexky AV. Captain. 6th Inf. Oct. 31, 1837. Ala. Wheaton, Frank, 1st Lieut. 1st Car. March 3, 1855. R. I. Wheaton, AValteu V. Major and Surg. M. D. March 28, 1813. . R.I. AA'heeler, J.vmes, Jr. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1855. N.Y. AA^heeler, Joseph, Jr. 2d Lieut. 1st Drag. July 1, 1859. N.Y. AVheeler, Junius B. 2d Lieut. Topo. En--. ■Inlv 1, ISo.'s. N. C. AVinrrLE, Amiel AV. Captain. Tojio. Eng. July 1, 1841. Mass. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AllMY. <;n Name. Rank. Serving in. Ori^'iiial entry into Service. A|)l)(iiiit('(l llulll. Whipple, Wm. D. WiiisTLEK, Joseph N. G. WiiisTi-Eu, Wm. WiuTALL, John A. White, James L. White, Moses J.* White, ^VM. J. H. Whitelev, Robekt II. K. Whiting, Ciiahi.es J. Whitinc, Daniel P. WiiiTiNr,, Wm. H. C* VVniTTl-ESEY, JCSEl'II IT. Wicici.ii'i'-E, Nathaniel, WiLCo.K, Cadmus M.* WlLUltlCK, Abkam C. WiLKiNS, John D. WlLLAUD, GeOKGE L. Willi A.MS, Geouge A. Williams, Lawrence A. Williams Roiucht, Williams, Seth, Williams, Solomon,* Williams, Thomas, Williams, Thomas G.* Williams, Thomas H. Williamson, Uoi'.icki" S. Wilson, IIicnry, Wilson, Thomas, WiNDEK, Charles S.* Winder, John IL* Winder, Wm. A. WiNGATB, Benjamin, Wiktz, Horvce R. WiTHERELL, JaMES B. Withers, John,* WooDHURY, Daniel P. Wood, (Jeorge K. Wood, Henry C. Wood, Robeht C. Wood, Thomas J. Wood, Wm. H. WooDiiUFF, Dickinson, WOODUITFF, IsitAEL, C. Woods, Charles R. Woods, Samuel, Wool, John E. Worth, Henry A. F. Wright, George, WlilGIlT, IIORATIO G. Wright, Joseimi J. B. Wright, Moses IT. Wyman, Powell T. Wyse, Francis O. 1st Lit'Ut. 1st Lieut. Colonel. Captain. 1st Lieut. Brevet 2(1 Lieut. Capt. and A.s.sist.-Surji;. Caiitaiii. Captain. Caiitain. Cai>taiu. Captain. 2(1 Lieut. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. 1st Lieut. Ca])taia. 2d Lieut. Captain. 1st Lieut. Cajjt. and Ass't-Surg. 1st Lieut. Colonel. 1st Lieut. Captain. Captain. 1st Lieut. Capt a i IK Capt. ami Ass't-Sur^. 2d Lieut. Captain. Captain. Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 2d Lieut. Major and Surgeon. Captain. 1st Lieut. Captain. Cajitain. 1st Lieut. Major and P.aymaster. Brig.-GeniTal. Brevet 2.1 Lieut. Colonel. Captain. Captain and Surgeon. Brevet 2d Lieut. 1st Lieut. Captain. 3d Inf. 3d luL 4th InL :-,i\\ Inf. ;fd Artillery. Ord. Dep. M. D. Ord. Dep. 2d Cav. 7th Inf. Eng. Ij'orps. 1st Drao;. Oth Inf. 71h Inf. 3d Artillery. 3d Inf. 8th Inf. 1st Inf. 10th Inf. 1st Drag. July 1, 1851. July 1, 184R. June 8, 1801. Aug. 1, 1838. July 1, 1853. July 1, 185S. March Vi, 1850. July 1, 1830. July 1, 1835. July 1, 1833. July 1, 1845. July 1, 1844. June 30, 1855. July 1, 1840. July 1, 1857. July 1, 1840. June 28, 1848. July 1, 1852. July 1, 1852. July 1, 1851. Ass't Adj. -Gen. July 1, 1842. 2d Dra- July 1, 1858. 4Ui Artillery. 1st Inf. M. D. Topo. Eng. 7lh Inf. 5th Inf. 9th Inf. Ist Artillery. 3d Artillery. .5111 Inf. M. D. 2d Cav. July 1, 1837 July 1, 1849. March 2, 1S49. July 1, 1848. May 17, 1813. July 1, 1853. July 1, 18.50. July 1, 1820. Mai'ch 24, 1848 June 14, 1848. Dec. .5, 1840. March 3, 1S55. Ass't Adj. -Gen.July 1, 1849. Ene. Corps. July 1, 1836. M.D. June 29, 1849. 1st Inf. June 27, 1850. M. D. May 28, 1825. 1st Cav. July 1, 1845. 3a Inf. July 1, 1845. 9th Inf. March 3, 1855. Topo. Ktig. July 1, 1830. 9tli Int. '^ July 1, 1852. P. D. July 1, 1837. Gen. Oflieer. April 14, 1812. 8th Inf. July 1, 1859. 9th Inf. July 1, 1822. Enc:. Corps. July 1, 1841. M.D. Oct. 2.5, 1833. Ord. Dep. July 1, 1859. 1st Artillery. July 1, 1850. 3dArtiUery. July 1, 1837. N. Y. Fla. N. W.T. I), c:. Fla. Mi.ss. D. C. Del. Cal. N. Y. D. C. N. Y. Ky. Tenn. N. J. Pa. Army. N. y. D. C. Va. Me. N. C. Mich. Va. Md. N.J. Pa. D. C. Md. Md. Md. Arinv. Pa. ' Mich. Miss. N. H. N. Y. Me. R. I. Ky. Mass. N.J. N. J. Ohio. Ind. N. Y. Va. Vt. Conn. Pa. Tenn. Mass. Md. Note. It is not claimed that all who regigned in the early paH of ISGI, or that all who did po rc- pig^i and enter the service of the enemy, are marked with a Btar. BATTLES AND SKIRMISHES, AS BEPORTED, BY STATES. ^?5^Xj.iL.:B^^n^/j:.ZL.. 186 2, (13) lluntsville, April 11 Athens, May 29 Tuscumbia River, Oct. 5 Bridgoport, 29 Trinity, July 24 Little Bear Creek, Nov. 38 Elktou Station, May 9 Courtiand Bridge, 35 Little Bear Creek, Dec. 12 Kogersville, 13 Fort McCoolc, Aug. 27 Ounter's Lauding, 15 Steveusou, 31 18 6 3. (31) Tusciimbia, Feb. 23 Sand Mountain, April 30 Maysville, Aug. 28 (i lendale, oo Day's Gap, 30 Stevenson, 31 Cherokee Station, April 17 Long Creek, 30 Maysville, Oct. 13 Lundy's Lane, 17 Blountsville, • May 1 Dickson Station, 20 Bear Creek, 17 Black "Warrior Creek, 1 Cherokee Station, 31 Diekson Station, V.) Turkey Town, 3 Tuscumbia, 34.-27 Dicksou Station, 23 Blount's Farm, 3 Cane Creek, Oct. 26 Tuscunibia, 2 + Gadsden, 2 Bear Creek, 26 Leig-bton, 24 Florence, 27 Cherokee Station, 29 Loudon Laue, 25 Hamburg Landing, 29 Town Creek, 28 Pulaski, July 15 18 6 4. (45) Athens, Jan. 25 Jackson's Ford, July 14 Turkey Ridge, Oct. 26 Sulphur Springs, 35 Coosa, 15 Decatur, 26-29 Floreneo, 26 Stone's Ferry, 15 Ladiga, 30 liebauon. Feb. 3 Decatur, 20 Muscle Shoals, 30 Lebanon, 6 Cheraw, 30 Raccoon Ford, 30 Deeatur, March 7 Courtiand, 25 Shoal Creek, Nov. 9 Claysville, 1-4 Fort Gaines, Mobile, Aberdeen, 17 Clayton, 1-4 Aug. 5-23 New Market, 19, 20 Florence, April 13 Fort Morgan, Mobile, 5-33 Madison Station, 2f? Decatur, 17 Deeatur, " 18 Deeatur, 28 Madison Station, May 17 Athens, Sept. 23, 24 Pine Barren Creek, Decatur, 26, 27 Sulphur Branch, 25 Dec. 17, 19 iMoulton, 2S, 29 Huntsville, Oct. 1 Mobile, 23 Cane Creek, June 10 Athens, 3, 3 Decatur, 37, 28 Pond Spriuii', 28 Florence, 6, 10 Pond Spring, 29 Coosa Kiver, July 13 Cedar Bluff, 23 186 5. (40) Nauvoo, Jan. 2 Boyd's Station, March 18 26 to April 8 Thorn Hill, a Pine Barren Creek, 25 Fort Blakely, Mobile jMud Creek, 5 Bluff Springs, 25 26 to ' April 9 Scottsboro, 8 Mobile, Siege of, iMontevallo, 31 Ked Ilill, 14 March 26 to April 11 Five Mile Creek, 31 Sand Mountain, 27 Spanish Fort, Mobile, Six Mile Creek, 31 («73) LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 6T3 Triana, April 1 1 Solma, April 2 Mobile, April 10 Tuscaloosa, Soottsville, 3 Montf!;oinery, 13, 13 Ebenczer Church, Nortliport, 3 Wliisller's Stutloii, 13 Coosa Creole, Tusoaluosa, 4 Montevallo, 13 Mouut Plcusiint, Bridg'ovillo, 6 Talladega, 23 Centreville, Pleasant Ki Pittman's Ferry, 20 Languelle Ferry, Aug. 3 Jonesboro, 3 Jaeksou, 3 TaberviUe, 11 Helena, 11-14 Clarendon, 13 Clear Creek, 19 La Grange, Sept. 6 Helen ii, 20 La Grange, Oct. 1 1 Trenton, 14 Elkhorn Tavern, Hi Sugar Crook, 17 Ci'oss Hollows, 18 Helena, 18 Maysvillo, 22 1 8 :i . (f''9) Fort Smith, May 15 Helena (near), 2.5 Grand liakc, June 16 Helena, July 4 Big Creole, 10 Brownsville, 3.5 West Point, Aug. 14 Beiitonvillc, 15 I'ocaiiontas, 22 Brownsville, 25, 36 Perryville, 26 Bayou Met(;e, 27 Austin, 31 Fort Smith, 31 Bayou Metoe, Sept. 1 Devil's Backbone, 1 Ashley's Mills, 7 Ferry's Landing, 7 Dardanelle, 8 Dardanelle, 9 Old Fort Wayne, Oct. 32 Fayetteville,' 24,27 Cross Hollows, 28 Oxford Bond, 28 lllica's Mills, Nov. 7 Boonsboro, 7 Marianna, 7 l^a (irange, 7 Carthage, 27' Cane Hill, 2s lioston Mountains, 2S Boonsboro, 28 Helena, Dor. ."> Reed's Mountains, 5 Boston Mountains, 4-1) Illinois Creek, 7 Prairie Grove, 7 Cane Hill, 20 Van Buren, 21, 28 Dripping Spring.s, 28 La Grange, 30 Little Rock, Si'pt. 10 Waldron, n Benton, ( t Brownsville, H, ii; Mollat'6 Station, 2;' Elizabetiitown, Oct. 1 Baxter Springs, Fort Blair, Waldi'on, Pine Bliiir, 25 Clarksville, 28 Ozark, 39 Clarksville, Nov. 8 Rosevillo, 13 Caddo Gap, Dec. 4 Princeton, 8 Devall's Bluff, 12 Jacksonport, 23 Waldron, 30 674 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 18 64. (113) Martin's Creek, Jan. 7 Osceola (near), April 8 Pine Bluff, July 2 Monticello, 16 Prairie D'Anne, 10-18 Searcy, 4 Lewisburg, ' 17 Indian Bay, 13 Petit Jean, 12 Branchville, 19 Moscow, 13 Clarendon, 14 Rolling Prairie, 23 Dutch Mills, 14 Ozark, 14, 15 Baker Springs, 24 Liberty Post OflSce, 15 Wallace's Ferry, Big Cr. 26 Caddo Gap, 26 Camden, 15 Helena (near). 26 Van Buren, 26 King's River, 16 Des Arc, 26 Dallas, 28 ClarksviUe, 18 Big Creek, 26 Waldron, Feb. 1 Poison Springs, 18 Massard Prairie, 27 Rolling Prairie, 4 Cotton Plant, 31 West Point, 28 Hot Springs, 4 Cache River, 22 Fort Smith, 27 ', 29-31 Mountain Foi'k, 4 Swan Lake, 23 Helena, Aug. 2 Spring River, 9 Camden, 24 Osceola, 2,4 Morgan's Mills, 9 Jacksonport, 24 Bull Creek, 6 Lake Village, 10 Mark's Mills, 25 Van Buren, Aug :• 11, 12 Caddo Gap, 12 Little Rock, 26 Devall's Bluff, 21 Scott's Farm, 12 Moro Creek, 26 Fort Smith, 24, 27 Caddo Gap, 12, 16 Princeton, 29 Ashley's Station, 24 Rose Landing, 14 Jenkin's Ferry, 15, 30 Long Prairie, 24 Batesville (near). 19 Pine Bluff, May 1 Brownsville, 25 Flint Creek, March 6 Richland, 3 BuU Bayou, 26 Clarendon, 15 Jenkin's Ferry, 4 Jacksonport, 26 Monticello, 18 Saline River, 4 Augusta, Sept. 2 Rockport, 25 Dardanelle, 10 Searcy, 6 Long View, 26,30 Fayetteville, 19 DevaU's Bluff, 6 Danville, 28 Stony Point, 20 ClarksviUe, 27 Arkadelphia, 28 Little Rock, 28 Carter Station, 27 Mount Elba, 30 Columbia, June 2 ClarksviUe, 28 Fitzhugh's Woods, April 1 Searcy, 3 White River, Oct. 22 Augusta, 1 Lake Chicot, 6 Princeton, 23 Antoine, 2 West Point, 16 Hurricane Creek, 23 Spoonville, 2 Pine Bluff, 21 Fayetteville, 28 Okalona, 3 White River, 22 BrownsviUe (near). 30 Elkin's Ford, 4,6 White River, 24 Vera Cruz, Nov. 3 Roseville, 4, 5, 15 Pine Bluff, 27 Arkansas River, Dec. 18 Mark's MOls, 5 Clarendon, 25-29 Fort Smith, 24 Stone's Farm, 5 St. Charles, 1865 25-29 . (7) Joy Ford, Jan. 8 Clear Creek, Feb. 11 Douglas Landing, Feb. 22 Dardandie, 14 Pine Bluff, 22 Clear Lake, March 11 ■ ClarksviUe, 18 Santa Rosa, Oct. 9 Cedar Keys, Jan. 10 Musquito Inlet, March 21 Jacksonville, March 29 18 61. (2) Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Nov. 23 18 6 2. W Tallahatchie, June 18 Appalachicola River, Oct. 15 186 3. (2) St. Augustine, Dec. 30 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 0T5 Poiut Washington (uciir), Feb. 9 St. Mary's River, 9, 10 Lake City, 13 (Jainesvillo, 14 C)cean Pond, 20 Olustee, Feb. 20 Silver Lake, ' 20 Pensacola, April 2 Dunn's Lake, Cedar Keys, Feb. 5 16 18 6 J^. (24) Jacksonville, May 1 Welaka, " 19 Saundera, 19 Jacksonville, 28 Barrancas, July 22 St. Mary's Trestle, 20 Black River, 27 Whiteside, 27 Gainesville, Aug. 17 186 o. (4) Fort Myers, Fort Tyler, Aug. 21 Marianna, Sept. 27 Pierce's Point, Oct. 18 Milton, 26 Ogeechee River, Dec. 7, 9 Mitchell's Creek, 17 Pine Barren Fork, 17, IS Feb. 20 Jacksonville, April 4 O-EOISO-I-iL.. Fort Pulaski, April 10 Fort McAllister, Feb. 1 Foi-t McAllister, March 3 "Walnut Grove Church, June 24 Graysville, Sept. 10 Ringgold, • 11 Dalton (near), Jan. 21 Tunnel Hill, 28 Buzzard Roost, Feb. 24-27 Tunnel Hill, 24-27 Rocky Face Ridge, a3-27 Rocky Face Valley, 25 Rocky Face Ridge, March 5, 9 Nickajack, April 23 Red Claj-, May 3 Rocky Face Ridge, 5-12 Tunnel HiU, 7 Mill Creek, 7 Dug Gap, 7 Buzzard Roost Gap, 8 Snake Creek Gap, 8-10 Dalton, 9 VarneU's Station, 9 Oostanaula, 13-16 Resaca, 13-16 Ley's Ferrj-, 15 Tanner's Bridge, 15 Rome (near), 15 Rome Cross Roads, 16 Adairsville, 17, 18 Rome, 17, 18 Kingston, 18 Cassville, ^ 19-22 Kingston, ' 24 Ne\v Hope Church, 25, 26 Burnt Hickory, 24 to June 4 18 6 2. (2) "\\'hitemarsb, April 16 18 63. (IS) Dug Gap, Sept. 11 Alpine Gap, 11 Davis's Cross Roads, 11 Steven's Gap, 11 Lett's Tan Yard, 13 Reed's Bridge, 18 1864. (134) Dallas, May 25 to June 4 Cassville, 25 Burned Church, Jlay 26 New Hope Chui-ch, June 4 Acworth, 3, 4 Big Shanty, 6 Kenesaw Mt., 9 to July 2 Lost Mountain, Jiuie 9-30 Pine Mountain, 9-14 McAfee's Cross Roads, 12 Golgotha, 16 Nose's Creek, 17 Pine Knob, 19 Lattamore's Mills, 20 Powder Spring, 20 Noonday Creek, 20 Gulp's House, 22 Marietta, July 3, 4 Smyrna, 2-5 Nickajack Creek, 2-5 Burnt Hickory, 4, 5 Chattahoochee River, 6-10 Stone Mountain, 18 Auburn, 18 Dnrrant's MiU, 20 Peach Tree Creek, 19, 20 Bald Hill, 21 Atlanta, Hood's 1st sortie, 22 Beachtown, 22 Decatur, 22 Chickamauga Creek, 18-21 Rossville, 22 Ringgold, 27 Gray.sviUe, 27 Pea Vine Creek, 27 Taylor's Ridge, 27 Flat Rock, July 27 Atlanta, Hood's 2d sortie, 28 Campbelltown, 28 Flat Shoals, 28 Atlanta, siege of, 28-Sept. 2 Ezra Chapel, July 28 Lovejoy Station, 29, 30 Macon, 30 Newnan, 30, 31 Hillsboro, 31 Utoy Creek, Aug. 5, 6 Decatur, 5 Dalton, 14-16 Fairburn, 18 Montgomery, 18 Red Oak, 19 Jonesboro, 19, 20 Lovejoy Station, 20 Red Oak, 28 Rough and Ready, 30 Jonesboro, 31, Sept. 1 Fhnt River, Sept. 1 Atlanta Evacuated, 2 Big Shanty, 2 Lovejoy's Station, 2-6 East Point, 5 Rosswell, 26 Sweetwater Creek, Oct 1 Salt Spring, 1 Nose's Creek, 3 676 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. Big Shanty, Oct. 3 Ship's Gap, Oct. 16 Jones's Plantation, 27, 29 Powder Spring Creek, 3 Atlanta (near), Nov. 9 Waynesboro, 27, 29 Nose's Creek, 3 Lovejoy's Station, 16 Oconee River, 30 Ailatoona, 5 Bear Creek Station, 16 Millen Cove, Dec. 1 Lost Mountain, 5 Clinton, 19 Thomas Station, 3 Van Wert, 10 Macon, 20, 24 Waynesboro, 4 Rome, 12 GriswoldviUe, 22 Brier Creek, 4 Resaca, 12 Clinton, 22 Dry Creek, 4 Kingston, 12 Coosa River, 25 Statesboro, 4 Tilton, 18 MiUedgeviUe, 24 Cypress Swamp, 7 Silver Creek, 13 Oconee River, 24, 25 Ebenezer Church, 7 Dalton, 13 Louisville, 26, 29 Ogeechee River, 7-9 Rome, 13 SandersvilJe, 26 Savannah, siege of. 10-21 Buzzard Roost, 13 Sylvan Grove, 26 Fort McAllister, 13 Snake Creek Gap, 15 186 5 . (6) Cahawba River, April 8 Columbus, April 16 Macon, April 20 West Point, 16 Double Bridges, 18 Irwinville, May 10 Orleans, Blue Island, June 17 19 insriDi.iL.i>T^?^. 18 6 8, (<3) Corydon, Salem, July 9 9 Vernon, VersaiUos, July 12 12 Locust Grove, B.ayou Bernard, Fort Gibson, Port Blunt, Tahlequah, Webber's Falls, Webber's Falls, i:isriDz.j^n^T teiisi^itoik"'^. July 3 Feb. 28 March 27 30 April 11 26 Fort Gibson, May 20, 25 ScuUyviUe, April 16 Smith's Station, May 12 186 2. (5) Fort Gibson, Fort Gibson, July 28 Oct. 15 186 3. (IS) Fort Blunt, Spring Creek, Cabin Creek, Grand Pass, Honey Springs, Webber's FaUs, May 20 June 6 July 1, 2, 5 7 17 Sept. 8 Julesburg, Jan. 7 1 8 6 4. (6) Fort Gibson, Sept. 16, 18 Cabin Cr'k, Sept. 19, Nov. 4 186 5. (3) Mud Springs, Feb. 8 Fort Cobb, Oct. 21 Seneca Sta., Buffalo Creek, 14 Brazil Creek, Webber's Falls, Creek Agency, Fort Gibson, Barren Fork, Fort Lyon, Sand Creek, Rush Creeli, Oct. 11 12 25 Dec. 18, 26 19 Dec. 9 9 Feb. 9 2^.iL.nsrs.i5^s. Fort Scott, Shawneetown, Lawrence, 18 61. (3) Sept. 1 Pupinsville, Sept. 5 1863. (5) June 6 Brooklyn, July 27 Lawrence, Aug. 21 Marais des Cygnes, Aug. 31 81 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 677 Smoky Hill, Denver, Osage Mission, Foi-t Larned, 18 4, (s) Aug. 16 Fort Leavenworth, Oct. 20, 2G Sept. 7 Fort Scott, 22, 28 26 Little Osage River, 25 IS 66. (1) Marais des Cygnes, Oct. 25 Pawnee Forks, Nov. 25 May 22 180 1. (16) Lucas Bend, Sept. 26 Hodgcnsville, Oct. 23 Cypress Bridge, Nov. 17 Buffalo Hill, Oct. 4 Saratoga, 26 Bagdad, Dee. 12 Hillsboro, 8 Woodbury, 29 Rowlett's Station, IT Wild Cat, 21 Morgantown, 29 Munfordville, 17 West Liberty, 23 Piketowu, 1862. Nov. 9 (.54) Sacramento, 2S PaintsviUe, Jan. 7 Madisonville, Aug. 26 Perryville, Oct. 8 Middle Creek, 10 Danville, 26 Lawrenceburg, 9 Preston burg. 10 Richmond, 30 Harrodsburg, 10 MiU Springs, 19-20 Yate's Ford, 31 Stanford. 14 Bowling Green, Feb. 1, 15 Morgansvillc, Sept. 2 Lancaster, 14 Lockbridgc's Mills, , May 5 Slaughterville, 3 Lexington, 17 Dresden, 5 Munfordville, 14-16 Big Hill Pass, 23 Monterey, June 11 Florence, 17 Morgantown, 24 Tompkinsville, July 9 Owensburg, 19, 20 Williamsburg, 28 New Hope, 11 Munfordville, 21 Garrettsburg, Nov. 6 Lebanon, 12 Shepherdsville, 21 Hopkinsvllle, 6 Cynthiana, 17 Augusta, 27 Glasgow, Dec. 24 Mount Sterling, 29 Russellville, 30 Bear Wallow, 25 Russellville, 29 Floyd's Fork, Oct. 1 Green's Chapel, 25 Paris, 30 Mount Washington, 2 Bacon Creek, 26 White Oak Ridge, Aug. 19 Bardstown, 4 Muldraugh's Hill, 28 Crab Orchard, 22 Glasgow, 5 PZlizabethtown, 27 Big Hill, 23 Madisonville, 18 6 3 5 . (36) Elk Fork, 28 Athens, Feb. 23 South Union, May 13 Lawrenceburg, July 9 Paris, March 11 Fishing Creek, 25 Salvisa, 10 Mt. Sterling, 20, 22 Montieello, June 9 Winchester, 25 Danville, 24 Wilson's Creek, 13 Richmond, 28 Dutton's Hill, 30 Triplet's Bridge, 16 Lexington, 28 Somerset (near). 30 Beaver Creek, 27 Paris, 29 Pikevillc, April 15 BurkesviUe, July 2 Lancaster, 30 Celina, 20 Columbia, 3 Irvine, 30 Tompkinsville, 23 Tebb's Bend, 4 Clark's Neck, Aug. 27 Howe's Ford, 28 Lebanon, 5 Glasgow, Oct. 5 Montieello, May 1 Brandenburg, 8 Salyersville, Nov. 30 Horse Shoe Bend, 11 Cummiugs's Ferry, 18 04 9 . (33) Creelsboro, Dec. 7 Truman's Ferry, Jan. 9 Hazel Green, May 10 Cynthiana, June 10 Mayfield, 12 Pond Creek, 16 Kellar's Bridge, Li eking Union City, 24 Pound Gap, 17 River, 10 Paducab, March 25 Mount Sterling, June 9 Cynthiana, 11 Quickpaiid Creek, April 6 Frankfort, 10 Georgetown, 13 PaintsviUe, 13 Lexington, 10 Henderson, July 21 Pound Gap, 19 Princeton, 10 Lebanon, 30 678 LIST OF BATTLES. BY STATES. Canton, Owensboro, Ghent, Henderson, Smithfield. SimpsonyiUe, Aug. 22 Glasgow, Oct. 15 27 Harrodsbmg, :2i 29 Hazel Green, Xot. 9 Sept. 25 Morristown, 13 Jan. o 25 186 5. (5) Fort Jones, Glasgow, Feb. IS March 25 State Creek, Monut Sterling, ElktoE. Hopkinsville. EUzabethtown, TavlorsTiUe, Not, Deo. April IS 18 6 2, (16) Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April 28 New Orleans, capture of, May 2 Vicksburg, '20 Grand Gulf, 27 Barou Teche, Jan. 14 Carthage, 23 Plaquemine Bayou, 27 Lake Providence, Feb. 10 Berwick City, March 13 Gordon's Landing, Red Riyer, 14 Port Hudson. 14 Brash ear City, 18 Ponchatoula, 24 PattersonTiUe, 28 Amite River, 28 Round Away Bayou, 30 Richmond. ' " 30 Bayou Teche, April 11, 13 CentreTllle, 13 Bisland, 12-14 Irish Bend, 13, 14 Tickfaw River, 12 Dunbar's Plantation, 15 Xew Iberia, 16 Bayou Yermillion, 17 Opelousas, 20 Bute La Rose, 20 MadisonviUe, Jan. 7 VidaUa, Feb. 7 Donaldsomille. 8 New River, 9 Water Proof, 14, 15 Grosse Tete Bayou, 19 Harrisonburg, March 2 Berwick City, 18 Fort DeRussej, 14 Bayou Rapids, 21 Henderson Hill, 21 Grosse Tete Bayou, 30 Natchitoches, 31 Ponchatoula, June 15 Algiers (near), 22 Amite River, 27 Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 17 Des Allemand's, Sept. 9 Ponchatoula, 14 18 6 3, (TO) Alexandria, May 6 Civiques FeiTy, 10 Bayou Macon, 10 Ponchatoula, . 13 Camp Moore, 15 Plain's Store, 21 Franklin, 25 Lake Providence, 27 Port Hudson, siege of, 2I to July 9 Clinton. June 4 IMilliken's Bend, 6 Ashland, 6, S Lake Providence, 10 Port Hudson, 11, 14 Richmond, 15 Plaquemine, 19 Jackson Cross Roads. 20 Terre Bonne, 21 La Fom-che, 20, 21 Brashear City, 23 Chacahoula Station, 24 DonaldsonviUe, 28 Lake Providence, 29 18 64. (85) Piney Woods, April 2 Crump's Hill, 2 Grand Ecore, 3 Wilson's Fai-m, 7 Plain's Store, 7 Mansfield, 8 Sabine Cross Roads, 8 Pleasant Grove, 8 Pleasant Hill, 9 Pleasant HiU Landing, 12 Natchitoches, 19 Water Proof, 20 Tunica Bend, Red River, 22 LabadleviUe, Oct. 27 Georgia Landing, 27 Bayou Teche, Nov. 3 Bayou Bontecom, 21 Clinton, Dec. 28 Groodrich Landing, June 30 Bayou Tensas, 30 Springfield Landing. July 2 Port Hudson, surrender, 7 DonaldsonviUe, 13 Jackson, Aug. 3 Bayou Tensas, 10 Atehafalaya River, Sept. 7 Baton Rouge. 8 Sabine Pass. S Atehafalaya. 9-10 Sterling's Plantation. 12 Yidaha", 14 Cross Bayou. 14 Morganzia (near), 29 Newton, Oct. 4 Yermillion Bayou. 10 Opelousas, 2 1 Grand Coteau, Nov. 3 Bayou Bordeau, 3 Bayou Tunica. 9 Carrion Crow Bayou IS Bonfonca, 20 Bayou Boeuf, Dec. 13 Monetis, April 23 Cane River Crossing, 23 Cane River, 24 CloutierviUe, 23, 24 Red River, 26 Alexandria, 26 Hudnofs Plantation, May 1 Ash wood Landing, 1-4 Clinton, 1 Alexandria, 2-S Baton Rouge, 3 Snagtry Point. Pa d River, 3 Natchitoches, 5 LIST OF BATTLERS, nr STATES. 6T9 Dunn's Barou, May 5 Lake Chicot, June 6 Davis's Bend, Sept. 3, 29 Bayou La Mourie, 7 Ditch Bayou, 6 Ciunp Marengo, 14 Bayou Boeuf, 7 Point Pleat ant. 25 Jackson, Oct. 5 Bayou Roberts, 8 Lake Chicot, July 6 Fort Adams, 5 Yellow Bayou, 10 Atchafalaya, 8 Bayou Biddell, 15 Bayou De Mora, 12 Goodrich Landing, 16 Waterloo, 20 Mansura, 14-16 Vidalia, 23 Black River, Nov. 1 Marksvllle, 14-16 Atchafalaya, 28 Clinton, 15 Calhoun Station, 18 Bayou Tensas, 30 Liberty Creek, 15 Morganzia, 18 Donaldsonville, Aug. 5 Ash Bayou, 19 Bayou De Glaize, 18 Concordia Bayou, 5 Bayou La Four( -■he, 19 Yellow Bayou, 19 Plaquemine, 6 Liberty, 21 Old River,' 23 Clinton, 35 Jackson, 21 Morganzia, 30 Conee Creek, 25 Morganzia, 23 Fish Bayou, June 5 Bayou Tensas, 26 1865 . (3) Olive Branch, March 6 Amite River, March 18 3^.i5^I^"^"L.^:LTID. streets of Baltimore, Haynesville, April 19 July 3 Martinsburg, Falling Waters, Point of Rocks, 18 61, .(6) Julyi Pritchard's MiUs, Sept. 15 Aug. 5 Poolesville, Sept. 7 Nolan sville, 9 Sugar Loaf Mountain, 10 l..Lonocacy, 11 Frederick, Turner's Gap, Crampton's Gap, South Mountain, 1862. (11) Sept. 1$ 186 3. (16) Seneca, Rockville, Westminster, Hanover, Monterey Gap, Smithsbury, June 11 38 29 30 July 4 4 Cavetown, Hagerstown, Smith town, Williamsport, Boonsboro, Williamsport, July 5 6 6 6 7-9 10, 12 Boonsboro, Antietam, Williamsport, Hagerstown, Funkstown, Falling Watei's, Rockville, Sept. 13 17 20 Ju 11 12 14 Sept. 23 18 6 4. (10) Point of Rocks, June 9 Point of Rocks, July 4 Hagerstown, 5 Hagar's Mountain, 7 Middlctown, Solomon's Gap, Frederick City, Monocacy, July 7 7 7 9 Clear Springs, July 29 Cumberland, or Flock's Mills, Aug. 1 n^ississi^i^i. Mississippi City, March 8 Pass Christian, April 4 Corinth, April 30 to Mmv 30 Pine Hill, May 2 Farmington, 3, 9, 2(5 Monterey, 3 Glendale, 8 Farmington, 9 1862. (53) Coldwater, j\[ ay 11 Blackland, June 4 Owl Creek, 17 Baldwin, 9 Rufssell's House (Cor- Amite River, 20 inth), 17 Vicksbui-g, 26-29 Booneville, 30 Booneville, July 1 Tu.«cumbia Creek, 30 Coldwater, 24 Corinth, evacuation of, 30 Spangler's MM]s, 26 Booneville, J uue 1 .^(istiii, Aug. 2 680 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. Bolivar, Aug. 25 Kienzi, 26 Marietta, 31 Coldwater, Sept. 10 Bay Spriug-s, 10 Cochran's Crossroads, 10 Rienzi, 9, 18 luka, 19 Chewala, Oct. 1 Baldwin, 2 Brownsville, Jan. 14 Coldwater, Feb. 19 Yazoo Pass, 20 Prairie Station, 21 Deer Creek, 23 Fort Pemberton, March 11 to AprU 5 Davis's Mills, March 14 Port Hudson, 14 Steele's Bayou, 16 Deer Creek, 21 Beaver Dam Lake, 24 Black Bayou, April 5-10 Deer Creek, 8, 12 Pascagoula, 9 Glendale, 14 Barton Station, 16 Holly Springs, 17 Hernando, 18 New Albany, 19 Coldwater, 19 Palo Alto, 21, 22 Birmingham, 24 Union Church, 28 Grand Gulf, 29 Snyder's Bluff, 30 Port Gibson, May 1 Tickfaw River, 1 Bayou Pierre, 2 Haiikiusou's Ferry, 3 Guntown, 4 Tupelo, 6 Fourteen Mile Creek, 12 Hall's Ferry, 13 Baldwin's Ferry, 13 Jackson, 14 Grand Gulf, Jan. 16, 18 Big Black River, Feb. 4 Bolton's Depot, 4 Raymond, 4 Champion Hill, 4 Baker's Creek, 5 Clinton, 5 Wyatts, 5 Morton, 7, 8 Meridian, 9-19 Hillsboro, 1 Corinth, Oct. 3, 4 Big Hatchie River, 5 Tuscumbia Creek, 5 Metamora, 5 Holly Springs, Nov. 7 Hudsonville, S Coldwater, 8, 9 Lamar, 1 2 Holly Springs, 12, 28 HudsonviUe, 14 186 3, (101) Baker's Creek, May 16 Champion Hill, 16 Edward's Station, 16 Big Black River, 3, 17 Vicksburg, Siege of. May 18 to July 4 Austin (near). May 23 Mechanicsville, 24 Senatobia, 25 Hernando, 28 Mechanicsburg, • June 4 Richmond, 14 Bird Song Ferry, IS Bi-ownsville, 18 Tallahatchie River, 20 Hernando, 20 Hill's Plantation, June 23 Cypress Bend, 22 Vicksburg, Fort Hill as- sault, 25, 28 Bolton, Big Black, July 4 Vicfeburg surrendered, 4 Bird Song Bridge, Big Black, 5 Jones's Ford, Big Black, 6 Ripley, 7 Clinton, 8 luka, 7, 9 Jackson, 9-16 Brandon, 13 Yazoo City, 13 Clinton, 16 Brandon, 18 Canton, 18 Panola, 20 Brandon, 20 18 64. (83) Decatur, Feb. 12 Chunkey's Station, 12 Vicksburg (near), 13 Tunnel Hill, 13 Meridian, 14 Marion, 17 Prairie Station, 20 West Point, 21 Union, 21, 22 Okolona, 22 Mount Ivy, 22 SummerviUe, Nov. 26 Waterford, 29 Lumkin's Mill?, 29, 30 Oakland, Dec. 3 Oxford, 3 Coffeeville, 5 Holly Springs, 20 Davis's Mills, 21 Middleburg, 24 Chickasaw Bayou, 27-29 Coldwater, July 2S Big Black River Bridge, Aug. 12 Grenada, 13 Corinth, 16 Coldwater, 21 Vicksburg, 27 Hendricks, Sept. 15 Canton, 28 New Albany, Oct. 5 Como, 7 Salem, 8 Ingraham's, 10 Ingham's Mills, 12 Wyatt's Ford, 13 Big Black River, 13 Canton, 15 Brownsville, 16 Clinton, 17 Barton Station, 20 Bay Springs, 26 Bear Creek, 27 Yazoo City, 31. Bayou Sara, Nov. 9 Natchez, 11 Bayou St. Louis, 17 Fayette, 22 Ripley, Dec. 1 Moscow Station, 4 Natchez, 7, 10 Rodney, 17 Fayette, 22 Rodney, 24 Port Gibson, 26 Canton, Feb. 27 Yaiioo City (near), 28 Rodney, March 4 Yazoo City, 5 Coleman's, 5 Black Bayou, 19 Livingston, 27 Red Bone, April 21 Natchez, 25 Bolivar, May 3 Benton, 7 LIST UF BATTLER'S, 11 r isr ATJ£S. G81 Vaughan, Mav 13 Ripley, July 7 Holly Springs, An g. 27, 28 Muuut Fleasaut, 21 King Creek, 9 I!rownsville, Sept. 28 Holly Springs, 24 Cherry Ci-eek, 10 Port Gibson, Oct. 1 Danville, June (j New Albanj-, 10 Fayette, 3 Ripley, 7 Pontotoc, 11 Woodvillc, 6 Corinth, 10 Tupelo, 13, 14 East Point, 10 GuntowD, 10 Old Town Creek, 15 East port, 10 Ripley, 11 Grand Gulf, 16 Hurricane Creek, 23 Salem, 11 Ellistown, 10-21 Easfport, Nov. 11 Colliersville, 23 Port Gibson, 17 Rolling Fork, 22 Ashwood, 35 Steamer Clara Hell, , Julj- 24 Big Black River Bri dge, 27 Saulsbui-y, July 2 Tallaha1chi(> River, Aug. 7, 9 Yazoo City, Dec. 1 Vicksburg, 4 Abbeville, 13 Franklin Creek, IS Clinton, 4 Oxford, 13 "Verona, 25 Jackson, 5 nunican(^ Creek, 14 Egypt Statit)n, 28 Port Gibson, 7, 15 College Hill, 31, 23 Clinton, 7 Abbeville, 23, 25 Franklin, Jan. 3 18 6 5. (1) nvnissoTJiRi. 18 6 1. (~6) Camp Jackson, May 10 Lookout Station, Aus;-. 20 Big Hurricane Creek, Oct. 10 Boonville, June 17 Jonesltoro. 21 Fredericktown, 17-21 Independence, 17 Ball's isniis. 28, 29 Camp Crittenden, 33 Camp Cole, 18 Lexington, 29 Buffalo Mills, 23 Carthage, July 5 Bennett's Mills, Sept. 1 Springfield, 25 Dry Fo'rki*, 5 Fort Scott, o Platts"burg, 37 Monroe Station, 10 Dallas, o Spring Hill, 37 Mexico, 15 Dry Wood, o Renick, Nov. 1 Millville, 16 Shelbina, 4 Little Santa Fe, 6 Fulton, 17 Black River (neai • Iron- Belmont, 7 Martinsburg, 17 ton). 12 Little Blue, 11 Harrisonville, 18 Boonville, 13 Palmyra, 18 Parkersville, 19 Lexington, 13-20 Lancaster,^ 24 Forsyth, 22 Morristown, 17 Johnstown, 24 Etna, 23 Blue Mills, 17 Independence, 26 Blue Mills, 24 Papinsvillc, 31-23 Black Walnut Cre ck, 39 Lane's Prairie, 26 Eliott's Mills, 33 Grand River, 30 Harrisonville, 26 Shanghai, 37 Salem, Dec. 3 Dug Springs, Aug. 2 Springfield, Oct. 5, 25 Dunksburg, 4 Athens, 5 Cameron, 12 Bertraud, 11 Springfield, 10 Beckwith Farm, 13 Milford, 18 Wilson's Creek, 10 Wet Glaze, 13 Blackwater, 19 Potosi, 10 Big River Bridge, 15 Hudson, 21 Brunswick, 17 Linn Creek, 15 Wadesburg, 24 Bird's Point, 19 Warsaw, 16 Mount Zion, 28 Charleston, 19 Warrensbui'g, 186 18 2. (112) Hannewell, Jan. 3 Sugar Creek, Feb. 17 Mountain Grove, March 9 Calhoun, 4 Independence, IS Lexington, 12 Charleston, 8 Bentonville, 19 Lebanon (near), 13 Silver Creek, 8 KeytesviUe, 26 Island No. 10, 15 to April 8 Columbus, 9 Sykestown, March 1 Leesville, March 19 Knobnoster, 22 Point Pleasant, 9 Independence, 32 Springfield, Feb. 13 New Madrid, 3-13 Carthage, 23 Marshfleld, 14 Fox Creek, 7 Warren sburg, 26, 28 682 LI 'ST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. Huuiansville, Marct i26 Brown's Springs, Julv 27 Shelburne, Sept. 15 Putuam's Ferry, Api ■il2 Moore's Mills, 28 Hickory tii-ove. 19 Wan-ensburg, 8 Bloomfield, 29 Shirley's Fm-d, 20 Jackson, 9 Bollinger's Mills, 29 Cassville, 21 Little Blue Klver, 12 Arrow Rock, 29 Sturgeon, 22 Diamond Grove, 14 Newark, Aug. 1 Cambridge, 26 Walkeisville, 14 Ozark, 2 Newtonia, 30 Moutevallo, 14 Forsyth, 2 Liberty, Oct. 6 Diamond Grove, 24 Clear Creek, 2 Fayette, 7 Neosho, 26 Chariton Bridge, 3 Franldin, 13 Bloomfield, May 12 White River, 4 Marshall, 12, 13 Chalk Bluffs, 15 Montevallo, 6 Hazel Bottom, 14 Butler, 15 Kirksville, 6 Lexington, 17 Florida, 22 Rocky Bluff, 7 Marshfleld, 20 Osceola, 27 Panther Creek, 8 Grand Prairie, 24 Neosho, 31 Chariton River, 9 Clarkton, 28 Warrensburg, June 17 Stockton, 9 Pittman's Ferry, 27 Cherry Grove, 26 Grand River, 10-13 Island Mound, 27, 29 Eaytown, 23 Independence, 11 Osage, 29 Salem, July 6,9 ■ ■ Lone Jack, 15, 16 Harrisonville, Nov. 3 Black River, 8 Union MiUs, 20 Lamar, 5 Clinton, 9 Hickory Grove, 23 Big Beaver Creek, 7 Pleasant Hill, 11 Dallas, 24 Huntsville, 9 Memphis, 18 Lamar, 24 Bastin Mountain, 9 Clinton, 19 Coon Creek, 24 Beaver Creek, 24 Florida, 23 Bloomfield, 25 Ozark, Dec. 2 Cfjlumbus, 23 Roanoke, Sept. 6 Parkersville, 6 Batts Farm, 24 Big Creek, 9 Neosho, 15 Santa Fti, 24 Bloomfield, 11-13 Greenville, 26 Newtonia, 1863 13 . (50) Springfield, Jan. 7, 8 Cape Girardeau, April 25, 26 West Point, Aug. 14 HartviUe, 11 Bloomfield, 29, 30 Waynesville, 35 Carthage, 13 St. Francois River, 30 Bear Skin Lake, Sept. 7 Mingo Swamp, Fc b. 3 St. Francois River, Mav 1 Hornersville, 20 Bear Creek, 5 Bloomfield, 13 Carthage, Oct. 3 Independence, 3, 8 Carthage, 16, 24 Warsaw, 8 S])ring River, 19 Sherwood, 18 Merrill's Crossing, 12 Neosho, March 2 Richfield, 19 Black Water, 13 Blue Springs, 22 Bentonville, 22 Boonville, 12, 13 Sibley's Landing, massa- HartviUe, 23 Lamine Crossing, 13 ere, 30 Bushy Creek, 28 Jonesboro, 13, 14 Sedalia, Api I'll 9 Rocheport, June 1 Syracuse, 14 White River, 17 Westport, 17 Cross Timbers, 16 Patterson, 20 Carthage, 27, 28 Harrisonville, 24 Mill Creek, 24 Marshall, July 28 Neosho, Nov. 5 White Water, 24 New Madrid, Aug. 7 Ripley, Dec. 1 Jackson, 27 Pineville, 1864 13 . ^59) Springfield, 16 Rolling Prairie, Feb. 4 Kingsville, June 12 Diamond Grove, Aug. 21 Cape Girardeau, 5 Lexington, 14 Dayton, 27 Pocahontas, 10 Fayette, July 1 Black River, Sept. 17,-20 Independence, 19 Platte City, 3 Carthage, 23 Lexington, 22 Little Blue, 6 Rockport, 23 Clear Creek, May 16 Wellington, 8 Blackwater, 23 Lane's Prairie, 26 Ozai-k, 14, 15 Fayette, 24 Warrensbnrg, 28 Fredericksburg, 17 Ironton, 26, 27 Pleasant Hill, 28 Rolla, Aug. I Pilot Knob, 2(), 27 Diamond Grove, June 3 Enterpi'ise, 7' Harrison, 37, 30 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. OJJO Ceutralia, Sept. 27 Glasgow, Oct. 15 Carthago, Oct. 26 Newtouia, 27 Sedalia, 1.5 Newtonia, 28, 30 Leesburg, 29 Lexington, 19 Big Blue, 31 Harrison, 30 Dover, 20 Quincy, Kov. 1 Franklin, Oct. 1 Little Blue, 21 Lone Jack, 1 Osage River, • 6 Independence, 23, 26 Hermitage, 2 Jefferson City (near), 7 Westport, Big Blue, 22, 23 Neosho, 10 California, 9 Coldwater Grove, 24 Fayette, IS RusseUville, Oct. 9 Little Osage River 25 Kansas City, 22 BoonviUe, 9, 11 West Point, 26 Macon, Feb. 12 1865. (3) Center Creek, Feb. 20 nsTE^T^ n^EiiKiico. 18 6 1. (5) Fort Fillmore, July 27 Fort Craig, Mesilla, Aug. 3 Fort Craig, Aug. 23 Alimosa Cnear Ft. Craig), Sc^pt. 6 Oct. 4 186 2. (6) Valverde, Feb. 21 Apache Canyon, March 26-28 Fort Fillmore, -Vug. 7 Santa Fe (near), March 26-28 Fort Craig, May 23 Albuquerque, 9 18 63. (5) Fort McRae, June 20 Concha's Springs, July 22 Gila River, Nov. 5 Rio Hondo, July 18 Pueblo Colorado, Aug. 18 1864. (1) Fort Sumner, Jan. 4 1865. (1) Abo Pass, July 3 18 61. (3) Fort Hatteras, Aug. 28, 29 ChickamicoEoico, 18 6 2 Oct. 5 . (37) Roanoke Island, Feb. 8 Clinton, May 19 Rawle's MiUs, Nov. 3 Elizabeth City, 10 New Berne (near) , 22 New Berne, 11 New Berne, March 14 Tranter's Creek, June 5 Bachelor's Creek, U Pollocksville, April 14 Hamilton, July 9 Cove Creek, 18 Camden, 19 Young's Cross Roadi 5, 26 Trenton, Dec. 12 Fort Macon, 25 Plymouth, Sept. 2 South West Creek, 13 Horton's MiUs, 27 Washington, 6 Kinston, 14 New Berne (near), 27 Cape Fear River, Oct. n White Hall, 16 Trenton Bridge. May 14 Monocacy River, 186 3 11 . (ifi) Goldsboro, 17 Pollocksville, Jan. 17 Bachelor's Creek, May 23 Plymouth, Nov. 26 New Berne, Feb. 1, 4, 27 Quaker Bridge, July 6 Warm Springs, 26 New Berne, March 14 Pattacasscy Creek, 26 , Indian Town, Dec. 18 Washington, 30 to April 4 Pasquotank, Aug. 18 Greenville, 30 Blount's Mills, 9 Washington, Nov. 1 ' Gum Swamp, May 22 Greenville, 25 0S4 LIST OF BATTLES. BY STATES. 1 8 4, (^l) Bachelov's Creek, Feb. 1 Qualetown, Feb. .-, Plymouth, (Vt. 31 Newport Barracks 3 New Berne, :2ii Butler's Bridge, Dee. 12 New Berne, 3 Plymouth, April ir-20 Fort Fisher, 25 1865. (30) Fort Fisher, Jan. 13-15 Kinston, March 14 Neuse River, April 10 Federal Point. Feb. 11 Avervsboro, 16 Abbott Creek, 10 Fort Anderson, 18 BentoQTille, 19-31 Grant's Creek, . 12 Town Creek. 20 Goldsboro, 21 Salisbury, 12 Wilmington, 23 Coxe's Bridge, 2-t Statesviile, 10, , 14 Florence, March 8 Yadkin River, 2S Catawba River, 19 Eoekingham, 7 Boone, April 1 Dallas, 19 AVilcox's Bridofc, Wise Raleigh, 3,- IT Suwano Gap, 23 Fork, 8-10 Salem, 3 Johnston's surrender, 20 Monroe's Cross Roads, 10 Deep River Bridge, 4 Fayetteville, 13 Warsaw, 6 T^awrenceburg, Greencastle, McConnellsburg Hanover, Hanover, OECIO. 18 64. (3) July 14 BufSngton Island, Jnly IS, 19 Ne-w Lisbon, 18 63. {') June 20 :-4, 29 30 Mav 29-31 Sporting Hill, near Har- risburg, June 30 Gettysburg, July 1-3 18 6 4, (2) Chambersbure:, Julv 30 Hunterstotm, Fairfield, Julv 2r, Julv SOTJTI3: ci^.'^^ajLjXi Conibabce River, '25 Salkehatcbie, Vvh. :iA) W illiston, iS Soutli Edisto RivtT, SI James Island, 10 Blaekville, 1 1 AiUen, 1 1 Orangeburg, N. Edisto, 12 (iunter's Bridge, Congaree Creek, Columbia, C'barlestt>n, jNIouiit Clio, Lyneli Creek, Catawba River, Chesterfield, 18 0/*. (25) Feb. 14 15 10, 17 IS •2() March 2 Cheraw, Flori'uee, 8umterville, Sumterville, Spring Hill, Boyken's Mills, Swift Creek, Singleton's, March 2, 3 3 23 April 9 15 18 17, 1!» 19 TElSr^TESSEE. 1 s a 1 . (3) Taylor's Ford, AVautauga Chickamauga station, .Morrislown, Dec . 1 River, Nov. 10 N 18 2. ov. 2(j (101) Fort Henry, Feb. Trenton, Aug. r l^a \'ergne, Nov . 7 Fort Douelson, U-16 Salisljury, 11 'I'yree Springs, 7 , 8 Pittsburg Landing, March 2 Williamsport, 11 Rural Hills, 10 Nashville (near). s Kinderhook, 11 Huntsville, 11 Jacksouboro, 10 Gallatin, 12 Lebanon, 11 Paris, 11 Clarksvillc, 19 . La (i range. 11 Pound Gap, 14 Edgetleld Junction, 20 Rural Hills, 18 Black Jack Forest, 16 Courtlaud, 22 Nolansville, 20 Union City, 30 Fort Donelson, 25 Mill Creek, 27 Crump's Landing, April 4 Cumberland Iron Woi •ks, 2(i La Vergne, 27 Adamsville, 4 Readyville, 28 Lebanon, Dec. Shiloh, 0, 7 Mancliester, 29 Ilartsville, 7 Island No. 10, 8 Bolivar, 30 liean Station, 9 Fort Pillow, 14 McMinnville, 30 Dobbin's Ferry, 9 Lick Creek, 24 Medon Station, 31 Brentville 9 Cumberland Mount ain, 28 Britton's Lane, Sept. 1 La ^■ergue, 9 Monterey, 28 Big Creek Gap, 4 Franklin, 13 Pulaski, May 4 New Providence, »i Salem Cemetery, 18 Dresden, .5 Clarksville, 7 Lexington, 18 Lebanon, 5 Co]um])ia, 9 Jackson, 18 Fort Pillow, 10 Durhamville, 17 Humboldt, 20 Monterey, 13 Middleburg, 21 Trenton, Dec. 20 Fort Pillow, June 4 Bolivar, 21 I.,a Vergne, 3() Jaspar, 4 Gallatin, Oct. 1 Nolansvilii', 20 Memphis, 6 La Vergue, 7 Elk Fork, 28 Battle Creek, 21 Medon Station, 10 Stewart's Creek. 29 Gerraantown, 25 Island No. 10, 17 Wautauga Bridgi .', 30 Russellville, July 1, Nashville (near). 20 Carter's Station, 30 Murfreesboro, 13 Anxvois River, 20 Blouutsvilie, 30 Decatur (near). 15 Wood villi'. 21 Parker's Ci'oss R oads. 30 Nashville, 21 Richland, 23 Rod Mounil, 30 Brownsville, 25, 29 Waverly, 23 Jefferson, 30 Sparta, Aug. 4 ShelbyviWe, 33 Stone River, Dec.3l-Jan. 2 Tazewell, 6 Nashville, 1 8o:i. Nov. 5 (1S7) Stewart's Creek, Jan. I Bradyville, Jan. 21 Middleton, Jan . 31 La A^ergne, 1 Fish Springs, 23 Franklin, Feb. 1 Murfreesboro, 3 Woodbury, 34 Milton, 1 Somerville, 3 Germantown, 27 Ft. Donelson (D over). 3 Middleton, 5 Woodbury, 28 Liberty, 3 Ripley, 8 Dyersburg, 30 Lebanon, 8 Harpcth River, 13 Rover, 31 Bone Yard, 10 6SC> LIST OF BATTLED, BY 8TATES. Bolivar, Feb. 13 Liberty Gap, June 24 Island No. 10, Oct. 16 Cainsville, 15 Beech Grove, 25 Philadelphia, 20, 22 Nolansville, 15 Guy's Gap, 27 New Madrid Bend, 28 Moscow, 18 ShelbyviUe, 27 Tullahoma, 28 Milton, 18 Fairfield, 29 Sweet Water, 24 Auburn, 19 Lexington, 29 Collierville, 25 Lebanon, 25 Tullahoma, July 1 Philadelphia, 26 Spring Hill, 29 Elk River, 2 Brown's Ferry, 22, 27 Bradyville, March 1 Jones's Foi-d 2 Wauhatchie, 28 Eagleville, 2 University Place, 4 Leiper's Ferry, 28 Harpeth River, 2, 4 Dechard, 4 Fayetteville, Nov. 1 Petersburg, 2,4 Tullahoma, 5 CenterviUe, 3 Chapel Hill, 2, 4 Pound Gap, 6 Collierville, 3 Unionville, 4,5 Union City, 10 Lawrenceburg, 4 Spring Hill, 4,5 Jackson, 13 Moscow, 4 Bolivar, 9 Elk River, 14 Metley's Ford, 4 Thompson's Station. 8 La Grange, 16 Kincaels, 6 Franklin, 9 Sparta, Aug. 9 RogersviUe, 0, 10 Covington, 10 Warm Springs, 19 Palmyra, 13 Ruthford's Creek, 10 Chattanooga, 21 Huff's Ferry, 14 Duck River, 11 Kingston, Sept. 1 Rockford, 14 Hillsboro, 13 Limestone Station, 5 MarysviUc, 14 Coldwater Station, 17 Conyersville, 5 Loudon Creek, 15 Vaught's Hill, 20 Cumberland Gap, 9 Ledoir, 15 Salem Pike, 21 Brimstone Creek, 10 Holston River, 15 College Grove, 21 Knoxville, 10 Campbell's Station, 16 Brentwood, 25 Paris, 13 Knoxville, 17 to Dec. 4 Franklin, 25 Cleveland, 18 Union City, Nov. 19 Somerville, 29 Como, 19 Chattanooga, 23-25 Germantown, April 1 Bristol, 21 Lookout Mountain, 24 Woodburj', 2 Johnson's Depot, 22 Missionary Ridge, 25 Liberty, 3 Jack's Shop, 22 Kingston, 26 Snow HiU, 3 Carter's Station, 22 Beersheba Springs, 26 Green Hill, 6 Blountsville, 22 Sparta, 26 Waverly, 10 ZoUicoffer, 24 Cleveland, 27 Franklin, 10 Calhoun, 26 Lotiisville, 28 Antioch Station, 10 Athens, 27 Fort Sanders, KnoxviUc, 29 SaUsbury, 16 McMinnviUe, 28 Moscow, Dec. 2, 3 Coldwater, 19 Loudon, 29 Salisbury, 8 McMinnvillc, 20 SwaUow Bluff, 80 Clinch Mountain, 6 Duck River Shoals, 24 Anderson's Gap, Oct. 1 Celina, 7 Carter's Creek, 27 Anderson's Cross Roads, Bean's Station, 10 Franklin, 27 Thompson's Cove, 3 Morristown, 10 Wat;trace, 29 McMinnviUe, 4 Mooresburg, 10 Linden, May 12 Murfreesboro road. 4 Bean's Station, 14 Bradyville, 16 Stockade, Stone River, 5 Blain's Cross Roadi 5, 16 Middleton, 22 Blue Springs, 5 Cleveland, Dec. 22 Hamburg, 30 Wartrace, 5 Dandridge, 24 Franklin, June 4 ShelbyviUe Pike, 7 Bolivar, 24 Triune, 4 Sugar Creek, 9 Mossy Creek Station, 24 ShelbyviUe Pike, 6 Blue Springs, 10 Somerville, 25 Triune, 11, 20 Rheatown, 11 La Fayette, 25 Rover, 23 Henderson's Mills, 11 Collierville, 27, 28 Middleton, 24 Collierville, 11 Charleston, 28 Hoover's Gap, 24 Blountsville, 1864 ] 13 14) Talbot Static Mossy Creek, 29 29 Strawberry Plains, Jan. 10 Sevierville (near), Jan. 14 , 15 Tazewell, Jan. 24 ^ 27 Mossy Creek, 10, 13 Dandridge, 16 , 17 Sevierville (near), Middleton, 14 Tracy City, 20 Scott's MiUs Road, 27 Terrisville, 14 Armstrong's Ferry, 22 Cumberland Gap, 29 LIST OF BATTLES , BY 13 Snicker's Gap, 2 13 Upperville. 3 13 Manassas Gap. 5 20 Barbee's Cross Roads 5 83 Chester Gap. 5 25 New Baltimore, 5 31 Salem. 5 Aug. 3 Thoroughfare Gap. 5 3 Rappahannock Bridge, S idse, 4 Fredericksburg, 9 5 Fayetteville, 15 6 ^A'hite Sulphur Springs, 15 6 Gloucester, 17 9 Frankfort, 26 9 Cold Knob Mountain 26 20 Hartwood Church, 28 21 Charleston, Dec. 1 21-23 Berrv ville, 1 23 Franklin, 3 24 King George C. H. 2 25 Fredericksburg, 13 37 Occoquan, 19 27 Isle of Wight C. H. 23 28 Dumfries. 27 28 Suffolk. 28 Occoquan, 83 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 689 Catlett's Station, Jan. 10 Suffolk (near), 30 Carrsvllle, 30 KeUy's Ford, 30 Williamsburg', Feb. 7 SomerviUe, 9 Gloucester Point, 10 Smithfield, 13 Brentsville, 14 Hartwood Church, 25 Fairfax C. H, March 8 Black Water, 17 Kelly's Ford, 17 Williamsburg, 29 Broad Run, April 1 Suffolk, siege of, 12 to May 4 West Branch, April 14 South Quay, 17 Battery Huger, 18 Chuckatuck, 23 Fitzhugh's Crossing, 29, 30 Spottsylvania C. H. 30 ChanceUorsville, May 1-4 South Quay Bridge, 1 Rapidan Station, 1 Louisa C. H. 1 Mayre's Heights, 3 Warrenton Junction, 3 Nansemond River, 3 Shannon Hill, 4 Tunstall's Station, 4 Warrenton Junction, 14 CarrsviUe, 15 Suffolk, 16 Piedmont Station, 16 Berry's Ferry, 16 FayetteviUe, 17-20 CarrsviUe, 18 Winchester, 19 Greenwich, 30 Rectortown, Jan. 1 Jonesville, 3 Loudon Heights, Bealton, 10 14 Cameron, 27 Smithfield, Feb. 1 Morton's Ford, 6 Barnett's Ford, 7 Brentsville, 14 Dranesville, 22 Kilpatrick's raid on mond. Rich- 28 TaylorsviUe, StanardsviUe, 29 March 1 Burton's Ford, 1 Brook's Turnpike, Atlee's, 1 1 New Kent C. H. 2 1863. (119) Frying Pan, June 4 Franklin's Crossing, 5 BerryviUe, 6 Beverly Ford, 9 Brandy Station, 9 Middletown, 11 BerryviUe, 12 Winchester, 13, 15 Martinsburg, 14 Aldie, 17 Middleburg, 17, 19 Upper ville, 21 Hanover C. H. (near), 26 Baltimore Cross Roads, 26 Fairfax, 27 Baltimore Cross Roads, July 2 Bottom's Bridge, 2 Beverly, 2 Ash by 's Gap, 12 Bolivar Heights (near), 14 HaUtown, 1 5 WytheviUe, 18 Manassas Gap, 21 Chester Gap, 21, 22 Wapping Heights, 22 Rappahannock Station, Aug. 1-3 KeUy's Ford, 1-3 Brandy Station, 1-3 Dutch Gap, 5 Waterford, 7 Coyle Tavern, 24 White Sulphur Springs, 26 Dry Creek, 29 Bottom's Bridge, 29 Barbee's Cross Roads, Sept. 1 Brandy Station, 6 Bath, 8 Culpepper, 13 Blackburn's Ford, 15 18 64. (224) TunstaU's Station, March 3 Suffolk, 9 Cabletown, 10 CarroUton's Store, 13 Little Cacapon, April 10 Smithfield, 14 Cherry Grove, 14 Bristoe Station, 15 Bermuda Hundred, May 4 Wall Bridge, 5 Craig's Meeting House, 5 Wilderness, 5-7 City Point (near), 6 Port WalthaU (near), 6 Chester Station (near), 7 Stony Creek Station, 7 Abb's Valley, 8 Todd's Tavern, 8 Raccoon Ford, Sept. 14 Smithfield, 15 Raccoon Ford, 19 White's Ford, 21 Upperville, 25 Jack's Shop, 26 Rapidan, Oct. 10 James City, 10 Brandy Station, 11, 13 Jeffersonton, 12 Thompson's Ford, 13 Culpepper, 12 White Sulphur Springs, 13 Auburn, 14 Bristoe Station, 14 Salt Lick, 14 McLean's Ford, 15 Liberty MiUs, 15 Hedgesville, 15 Blackburn's Ford, 15 Rapidan, 17 BerryviUe, 18 Buckland MiUs, 19 Hay Market, 19 Beverly Ford, 22 Rappahannock, 22 Bealton, 24 Rappahannock Bridge, 24 Droop Mountain, Nov. 6 Rappahannock Bridge, 7 Kelly's Ford, 7 Stevensburg, 7 Brandy Station, 8 Culpepper (near), 8 Charles City Cross Roads, 16 Mount Jackson, 17 Locust Grove, 26-28 Mine Run, 26-30 Bartlett's MiUs 27 Sangster's Station, Dec. 15 Spottsylvania C. H. May 8-18 JeffersonviUe, 8 Jarratt's Station, 9 Nottoway Creek, 9 Childsburg, 9 Swift Creek, 9, 10 Cone Mountain, 9, 10 Coyd's Mt. 9 Beaver Dam Station, 9 WytheviUe, 10 New River Bridge, 10 Ground Squirrel Church, 10 Drury's Bluff, 10-16, 20 Ashland, 11 TeUow Tavern, 11 Fort DarUng, 12-1 6 Meadow Bridge, 12 Point Lookout, 13 44 690 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES Rood's HiU, May 14 New Mai-ket, 15 Fredericksburg Road, 1 6-30 Bermuda Huudred, 16-30 Belcher's MiUs, 16 Downer's Bridge, 20 Milford Station, 20 North Anna River, 23-27 Wilson's Wharf, 2-t Jericho ]\Iills, 24 Hawe's Shop, 28 Tolopotomv, 29-31 Hanover C. H. 30 Ashland, 30 Old Church, 30 Bethesda Church, 30 Cold Harbor, June 1-12 Bermuda Hundred, 2 Gaines's MiU, 2 Salem Church, 2 Hawe's Shop, 2 Mount Crawford, 5 Piedmont, 5 Petersburg, 10 Old Church, 10,11 Wilson's Landing, 11 TreviUan Statiou^ 11, 12 White Oak Swamp Bridge, 13 ■\ATiite Post, 13 Buchanan, 14 Samaria Chm'ch, 15 ilalvern HiU, 15 Baylor's Farm, 15 Petersburg, siege of, 15 to April 2, 1865 Petersburg, assault, 15-19 Otter Cre^k, 16 Wier Bottom Chm-ch, 16 Walthall. 16 Piersou's Farm, 16 Lvnchbiirg, 17, 18 White House, 20 Liberty, 20 Salem," 21 "UTiite House, 21 Buford's Gap, 21 Ream's Station, 22 Weldon R. R. 22, 23 Nottoway C. H. 23 Jones's Bridge. 23 New Market^Heights, 24 Samaria Church, 24 Staunton Bridge, 24 Roanoke Bridge, 25 St. INIary's Church, 26 Charleston. 27 Stony Creek, 28 Ream's Station, 29 North Mountain, July 3 Leetown, 3 Mount Zion Church, 6 Bohvar Heights, 4-7 Lee's Mills, 12 Snicker's Gap, 17 Snicker's Ferry, 18 Ashby's Gap, 18 Darksville, 19 Winchester, 20 Carter's Farm, 20 Deep Bottom, 21 Kernstown, ,23 Winchester, 24 Deep Bottom, 27, 28 New j\[arket, 27, 28 Malvern HiU, 27, 28 Petersburg, mine explo- sion, " 30 Lee's Mills, 30 Cabin Point, Aug. 5 Explosion of ammunition at City Point, 9 Berrjvilie Pike, 10 Winchester, 1 1 Sulphm- Springs Bridge, 1 1 Snicker's Gap (near), 13 Deep Bottom, 14-19 Gravel HiU, 14 Strawberrv PLiins, 14-1 8 Fisher's HiU, 15 Front Royal, 16 Winchester, 17 Weldon R. R. 18-21 Snicker's Gap Pike, 19 Mai-tinsburg, 19 Summit Point, 21 Dutch Gap, 24 Bermuda Hundred, 24, 25 Hall town, 24 Leetown, 25 Smithfield, 25 Ream's Station, Aug. 25 HaUtown, 2^6, 27 Smithfield, 29 Wormley's Gap, 29 Arthur's Swamp, 29, 30 BerryviUe, Sept. 3, 4 Deep Bottom, 2, 6 Dai-ksvUle, 3 Summit, 4 Dutch Gap, 7 Lock's Ford, 13 Coggin's Point, 16 Sycamore Church, 16 Fairfax Station, 17 Belcher's MiUs, 17 Martinsburg, 18 Opequan, Sept. 19 Winchester, 19 Front Royal Pike, 21 Fisher's HUl, 22 Luray, 24 Brown's Gap, 26 Weyer's Cave, 17 Waynesboro, 28 New INIarket Heights, 28-30 Fort Sedgwick, 28 Fort Gihner, 29 Chapin's Farm, 29, 30 Fort Harrison, 29, 30 Poplai- Springs C. H. 30, Oct. 1 Arthur's Swamp, 30, Oct. 1 Weldon R. R. 1-5 Deep Bottom, 1,31 Waynesboro, 2 Abingdon, 2 SaltvHle, 2 GladesviUe, 2 Pound Gap, 2 Charles City Cross Roads, 7 New Market, 7 Darbytown Road, 7, 13 Tom's Brook, 9 Woodstock, 9 Stony Creek Station. Oct. 11 Cedai- Run C. H. 17 :Middletown, 19 Cedar Creek, 19 Hatcher's Run, 27 Bovdton Road, 27, 28 Fair Oaks, 27, 28 Chapin's Farm, Nov. 4 Fort Sedgwick, 5 Newton, 12 Cedai- Springs, 13 Dutch Gap, 1 r Chester Station, 17 Cedar Run Church, 17 Mverstown, 18 Rood's HiU, 22 Bermuda Hundred. Dec. 1-4 Stony Creek Station, 1 Weldon R. R. 1 BeUefield, 9 Hicksford, 9 Abingdon, 15 ilaiion, 16 Wjthevffle, 16 MUlwood, 17 Marion, IS SaltvUle, 20 Lacev Spring, 20 Madison C. H. 20 Jack's Shop, 23 ^locassin Gap, 24 LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 691 Fort Brady, Jan. 24 Powhattan, 2.5 Dabuey's Mills, Feb. .5-7 Hatcher's Run, 5-7 Ashby Gap, 18 Mount Crawford, March 1 Waynesboro, 2 North Fork, Shenandoah, South Anna River, 1.5 Ashland, 15 Hamilton, 21 180 5, (31) Fort Stedman (Peters- burg), March 25 Gravelly Run, 29, 31 Boydton Road, 31 White Oal< Road, 31 Dinwiddle C. H. 31 Five Forks, April 1 Petersburg, Final assault, 2 Namozine Church, 3 Richmond and Petersburg evacuated, 3 Wytheville, April 3 Fame's Cross Roads, 5 Amelia Springs, 5 Jetersville, 5 Sailor's Creek, 6 High Bridge, Appomattox, 6 Deatonsville, 6 Farmvillc, 7 Appomattox C. H. 8, 9 Lee's surrender, 9 Berryville, 17 18 61. (37) Harper's Ferry, April 18 Carrick's Ford, 14 Cheat Mountain, 12-13 Philippi, June 3 Scarytown, 17 Barboursville, 18 Romney, 11 Grafton, Aug. 13 Hanging Rock, 23 New Creek, 17 Hawk's Nest, 20 Romney, 23 Falling Waters, July 2 Summerville, 26 ChapmanviUe, 25 Middle Creek Ford, 6 Cross Lanes, 26 Greenbrier, Oct. 3 Buckhannon, 6 AVayne C. H. 27 Harper's Ferry, 11 Bealington, 8 Boone C. H. Sept. 1 Romney, 26 Laurel Hill, 8 Worthington, 2 Guyaudotte, Nov. 10 Rich Mountain, 11 Petersburg, 7 Gauley Bridge, 10 Barboursville, 12 Carnifex Ferry, 10 Wirt C. H. 19 Beverly, 12 Elkwater, 1802 11 . (17) Big SeweU, Buffalo Mountain, Dec. 12 13 Dry Forks, Jan. 8 Buckhannon, July 26 Harper's Ferry, Sept. 12-15 Grass Lick, April 28 Beech Creek, Aug. 6 Buffalo, 27 Clarke's Hollow, May 1 Weston, 31 Shepherdstown, Oct. 1 Princeton, 15-18 Fayetteville, Sept. 10 Moorefield, Nov. 9 Charkstown, 28 Cotton Hill, 11 Fayetteville, 16 Harper's Ferry, 28 Charlestown, 12 Moorefield, Jan. 3 Romney, Feb. 16 Hurricane Bridge, March 28 Point Pleasant, 30 Beverly, April 24 Greenland Gap, 25 18 03. (18) Fairmont, April 29 Beverly, July 2 Shady Springs, 14 Shepherdstown, 16 Jeffersonville, 17 East Mountain, 18 4. (17) Wytheville, July 18 Moorefield, Sept. 5, 6, 11 Charlestown, Oct. 8, 18 Mill Point, Nov. 5 Walker's Ford, Dec, 2 Meadow Bluff, 12 Petersburg, Jan. 8 Princeton, May 6 New Creek, Aug. 4 Hardy County, 30 Wytheville, 10 Moorefield, 7 Patterson's Creek, Feb. 3 Panther Gap, June 3 Shepherdstown, 25 Springfield, 3 Buffalo Gap, 6 Beverly, Oct. 29 Moorefield, 4 Lexington, 10,11 New Creek, Nov. 28 Rock House, 12 Charlestown, 180 5, 27 (1) Beverly, Jan. 11 z>