-CC tC JBC_ CJKrc <■ 
 
 «xc<r esse . 
 
 C<36!-fCM<C_ ^CflC" r <SL 'Or oc 
 
 LigglOKagci: 
 
 c?c<C: 
 
 ;. <8d_gsr «f<-c ■ 
 
 <5f <C<J , 
 
 Cc <CcCC<?«cc 
 :& ^ c CC<iC«e«C^C< CC d«E? <tc €3:>CC CKCC ccc-CCL "C 
 
 CCCc «£> < «C( 
 
 «r< ftS' Co- c< «c<-~ 
 
 ecSLCSCL. <"C OS: C <l . cc CSS 
 
 ' :-:C4C_ cc. c <T-« <C_" 
 
 S <«r c« 
 
 \^<C<c; 
 2£ ccccc cc 
 
 ,<*«c cc 
 
 C'C'S-g c cc 
 MpSKTC CC 
 
 CCCCCCK 
 
 ffcr<rr 
 
 C C CST* C C«. ^_«32*§CSL C<c C « 
 
 . «l «3CC <ccccl c ccsmccccccctcc «a c c 
 
 *z <cc *l «c.cic'«^:.,cc: «§r<*«r cc cccx: <r «cc<; c t cr _c 
 
 ccccrcc- ccr cc«GOc€^<gfcccc< ; ^c --ccc cc 
 
 :c «~cc«~ «s- <?>:<? < cipher <c*r:ec ccocr <c c cc? c < 5 c c <c:^ jc ; c <c 
 « c « JjCsSBg cc«L , rogR^c^fe^v-cofc^fc''.^ «c.c _C- .' c c \^«3f ^ c Sb. 
 
 X««« C -c . 
 
 ^cCcfc 
 
 ac«rcc c cc 
 
 grccrc. 
 
 ^B CCT-c 
 CCcCCf 
 arc ccr \ 
 
 r«KCCTC« 
 :5G«ssccccc«c: 
 
 ccrccccctr 'i 
 
 ^Cjcrccccccc*:; < 
 EUs c»Q2 « cc «l. ^ 
 ^rc c < <S3 cecarcc > 
 
 :cc^«i:-<tc<ivi3 
 :icc^feacxs.cae 
 
 ^^[ OC<i3G 
 
 C<flC ^Kjc^cv — 
 
 K^CC«i«IOCC<CS. 
 <l< cc «3c «^ts, <:c c«< 
 
 ■ G&X3CS3Z ««sCC^LCv -«cc 
 
 : c ',cc«c t< ..«s. cc ccc r 
 
 c^lcCT <<CCctf W " 
 
 ■S^^i < <T" C«-CC' CC' c?C 
 
 ^ < 5?iST^ 'CC<C&CC' C<C 1 
 «s^:~«c Vcco cr, «c o 
 
 -''c^. ■ . : ::c.«. c(CC 
 
 cc2c«c: c<g^cc\ccci 
 
 Leer, c ^_ c C<£. c ■• < C«I 
 ,^c^o^_ r CJCS c. CCOKC 
 
 .ccasKccdL^ 
 
 _«« CT c«s.«' «.< 
 
 L'C c<CC"n >. ■: c < 
 <<S <Z_(C'c < ■ r , 
 
 .Cf<C C<L 'Cic 
 
 cCL ■ <a «i : 
 
 
 ■"Cere ccr ^ <«^c<i 
 
 ~~ C>. C«L CC' 'vg. . <^<C'-CC" 
 
 -cc<c <:.<*< -«r fljgicc'A'. 
 " cc <%: c c< ■ c «^cj,<c«r, 
 
 ca^C c«,"c c^" 
 
 <cojrc<m ccf ^ 
 
 r«.C.c< <I C «Gc- cc^ 
 
 «« cc «c: < jc*«" ^>jS ' 
 — < t6 CCC 
 
 c ^ccccccc^-^' cr<cv- 9? 
 
 cc<c «r tec. <c <:< «Sjm1 * >■' ■ . 
 
 ccccccc <cc c C:'c: . c&, c 
 
 -XCCCCC Ccc <CC Cj.C< C«-'« 
 
 .CCCC ^^CMTC'Cn <C <2"C'C C S 
 
 ?» ? «^:ctci^c ccc< 
 
 *c «: tec _3per«r<rc cr c« «. c rcc 
 
 "ccc^rc^ccdO 
 
 «rc <C<r 
 
 c< cr <<;■ c 
 
 <!' C-C C 
 
 C «c\C' 
 
 C- Cc CC?< 
 = ^. cc, cc«< 
 
 '<:~<i< CC.tC ■ ■ 
 
 cere cZCctccc ■«" 
 
 cc-CC Cu <«c c c c 
 
 <c ,r<" <d- ^c< <.c c 
 
 ric <S' .cicCCC ■ <_ 4KTC CCC 
 
 ^cemx 
 
 3C <cc ««p ^sci^f^c c C 
 
 rc<£ «TC' cac^raRC_C"«f 
 ^ cc «•• «rc <s«:"«&cc<::x <■< 
 
 " c c~'.c/ ac c«si. c 
 
 cfcw-'cc^^^rc ' - c-fc;:cK c^r^ «« 
 
 ^ <*c ' c c V^c «rc' c cc-^r*&L c> c fl corxc --c?^-' 
 
 ! Cr C< < r * 
 
 sccccccs 
 
 C«OCcc«.; 
 
 E3»a& c.cc r 
 
 t v^c-c f rv<ct'c" «c3c' cc<rf-cc <m^^:^<< <S 
 
 :cccc'cr.€S^'.':fC^«^<C<i^' ■ 
 " <a < c Si" ■• met <«? c<c<<:' c". 
 iX <€<&£• S4C4E?L '-'^CCi 4 
 
 — r c?ccr «s 
 
 E^cf CCC-C^'^I. 
 
 cr.<cccrcr<G 
 
- r "^^ <K'(? <:«: ' C«C^ C ,c <C' <VC C 
 
 . <&£C«c acre <c«S6C«il^ 
 
 
 WrtEf 
 
 £%< CCCC 
 
 «cc «:<?<sr <r (.<<;.(" 
 
 c <CC cc<sr c -c f 
 
 ~r<«:<< <r* w .'<r c« : .,o 
 ' c r c <CC' «-■■ Cc c c« 
 
 :<.""< CC Cc . 
 
 <<:• <3KC&jr cc, c 
 
 ■_ «gcc<r:c <r cr-,. 
 CcTC cr- <T 
 
 T>«<< CQ-C 
 
 J^^fCC cc, c 
 
 Et ccl e- ^ -S3W0CCBB3 
 
 c<ctc<<§cf 
 
 _-.c -'-}■ ceo ,< «c: . 
 
 ^C€c^c<oi 
 
 _^ ccc CCC c«C* cc 
 
 ^. c 4 : ore <r - 
 <T <S re ccc'c" <"4 
 
 C r< c C cCfc; 
 
 - 9^5 -^ccc< o> 
 
 ccc: c 
 
 tecc<.c 
 
 „cc «(o CCT 
 
 ^C*GBS 
 
 M <C£&E 
 *CCc <£* *s?i 
 
 :<^c% 
 
 .s c «cc «rccr c *^ 
 
 tqccccto/* 
 
 _CCCC ^r(? 
 - fflCK c <:<, <> 
 
 .- <" f ' 'V:. ^< ",C - fflO <-"; CC f 
 
 ^ Cc < .fitc:< <j£TjjC <C « 
 ^. CC;' (CC> flfiTT* -'C--' 
 
 _ c <.<■< «cc r ocr ^cjc cc_ < 
 
 - CC>rr <Qt? «ZC5e«3C C 
 
 c . c , c «rc - «c <f^, :cc ■<: 
 
 1 c-v < ectt 
 ^ _:c<ccr cTa«,"«3Cc«<: 
 
 ^Tc<x;<«rcs cc «:c<r< 
 
 ^ cc: ccc>«^ c«. oca «coc:< 
 
 ccc «" ^^ " :^ccs>cv!»^ v»js i .«-v^' 
 
 g/< <XTca,:cC . CCccxcc €^<.€L 
 
 
 ^Tcm^&M[oc 
 
 ^<«7- C CCC 
 
 SS22CC ccc 
 
 cjCCc ■ :< -0 
 
 . i=;^<X<-"' cc 
 .,<c : c«tc:cv,.< 
 
 icccgc case. 
 
 -c f ««f ee< 
 
 '< SS_T CCKCG <gcc : 
 
 t^_cce-cf_<gE3l ; < 
 
 ^SE'«EC " 
 
 G?^ac ffc 
 
 ^^S^^ <c_ms c c 
 
 ^:€^clc' 
 «, '«cc<r <m 
 
 <~- <^ <sc:< < cc 
 
 ^ c»fr <CC( f c CCXCCf 
 
 >c "<■ ? 'P^J^' x< - c «<rc 
 
 ^Cff/?c®¥ 
 
 «xc-c:5f^ 
 
 CCC«.7vcrc 
 
 S«c' c ^< 
 
 ,^-r' J?5>- *~»V' ^_ v. _ 
 & <«K'rc c > « 
 
 ^^^JtS: «<!cc ^ 
 
 /■C«. CCC ;,.., 
 
 ^<^CgtC; «ftr 
 
 ■<•«. t<-' c<cc« :,, 
 
 r^^^f Cc 
 
 c<rc i ^-<c'c:' «c 
 
 C« c<. «: ,^J 
 
 ^cal^cC'Cf 
 
 ccccc 
 esc cc_<s 
 
 .< 'C -yg 
 
 c ,•■«; .. 
 c ««-<«:«: 
 
REPORT 
 
 WILLIAM E CABMALT, M.D., 
 
 Commissioner of the New York State Agricultural Society, 
 
 FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF 
 
 ABORTION IN COWS. 
 
 Read Before the Society February 11, 1869. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 
 
 ALBANY: 
 
 PRINTING HOUSE OF CHAS. VAN BENTHTJYSEN & SONS. 
 1869. 
 
<$ 
 
 
 
ABORTION IN COWS. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Society: 
 
 Immediately that notice was received, that this investigation 
 was to be continued, the necessary steps were taken to prosecute 
 the inquiry, in the manner demonstrated the most advisable by 
 the experience gained last year; i. e., by the appointment of pro- 
 perly qualified persons to inspect the farms or dairies considered 
 desirable, and to obtain full reports thereof from the owners or 
 occupants. 
 
 As it appeared, from the examination then made, that farms were 
 affected indiscriminately, as regards location, and that no rule with 
 reference to contiguity could be established; that one largely- 
 affected dairy might be surrounded, on all sides, by those perfectly 
 healthy, or an unaffected daily might lie in immediate proximity 
 to several having the disease, in other respects, all apparently sub- 
 ject to the same influences; it was considered desirable that as 
 many reports as possible, of the two classes of affected and non- 
 affected farms, should be obtained; and in order to secure this with 
 the least possible expense, as well as that the inspection should in 
 all cases be complete for the district examined, it was determined 
 to have every farm reported. 
 
 As it was further apparent from that report, as well as from 
 information received from other sources, that Herkimer county was 
 affected to a marked degree, and yet include a large number of 
 farms reported as having escaped the disease entirely, it was 
 considered a favorable district, in which to institute a series of 
 comparisons, between farms; and as it was further desirable to 
 compare districts as well as farms, the towns of Hardwick and 
 Barre, in Worcester county, Massachusetts, which had been par- 
 tially inspected last year, were also included in the plan of opera- 
 tions. 
 
 The following gentlemen were appointed to make these inspec- 
 tions and reports, viz: Dr. K. F. Halsted, Inspector; and Drs. N. 
 
4 
 
 A. Lindley, Benjamin R. Swan and Daniel W. Kissam, Assistant 
 Inspectors. The Inspector, to receive a salary of one hundred and 
 fifty (150) dollars per month; the Assistant Inspectors, one hundred 
 (100) dollars per month, and both, to have their necessary travel- 
 ing expenses paid. 
 
 They were furnished with the accompanying blank form of 
 Report, marked "A," to be filled up with the replies furnished by 
 each farmer. They received instructions, as to the manner in which 
 their inspections should be conducted, in all essential respects, 
 similar to the circular letter of instructions issued last year (which 
 will be found in the Report of that year), and from time to time 
 further directions were given to them, as circumstances seemed to 
 render necessary. 
 
 All the farms in that part of Herkimer county lying south of the 
 towns of Russia, Norway and Salisbury were inspected, and thus 
 reported upon, and also the towns of Hardwick and Barre, in 
 Massachusetts, as before mentioned. 
 
 In addition to the above general report of each farm, a botanical 
 inspection of the town of Danube, in Herkimer county, was insti- 
 tuted, for the purpose of determining whether the introduction 
 of a deleterious substance into the food of the cows, could be the 
 cause of the trouble. 
 
 Mr. Coe F. Austin was appointed Botanical Inspector, and 
 received a salary of one hundred and fifty (150) dollars per month, 
 and his necessary traveling expenses were also paid. He received 
 instructions as follows: 
 
 New York, July 3d, 1868. 
 Mr. C. F. Austin, Inspector,' fyc. : 
 
 Sir — You are hereby appointed an Inspector, for the New York State Agricul- 
 tural Society, in the Commission to investigate the subject of abortion in cows. 
 
 As soon as possible after the receipt of this, you will please proceed to the town 
 of Danube, in Herkimer county, in this State, and make a thorough botanical 
 inspection of the farms therein, from a list furnished you by Inspector Halsted, 
 who is instructed to render you this, and such other assistance as you may, 
 together, deem advisable for the interests of this investigation. 
 
 In your inspection, you will collect and preserve specimens of all plants found in 
 the meadows, pastures, and among the grain of those farms ; — which specimens 
 shall be the property of the Agricultural Society. You will record, at the time, 
 the habitat, and the percentage of frequency, for each plant in pasture, meadow 
 and grain field, for each farm. 
 
 You will examine for any disease of the plants, whether due to the presence of 
 a parasitical growth of any kind, or other cause ; and when found, you will record 
 the part of the plant affected ; — the habitat of the diseased as compared with the 
 
healthy plant ; the percentage of disease ; and, so far as you can learn from obser- 
 vation on the ground, the course and natural history of the disease. You are 
 especially desired to make as careful observations and collections as possible, of 
 all fungi upon plants — among which, Ergot, holds in connection with this investi- 
 gation, a peculiar importance. 
 
 Forward specimens of every diseased plant you obtain, to the Commissioner, at 
 as early a date after collection as practicable. 
 
 As soon as possible after making your collections, you will make out a proper 
 classification of the specimens secured, with an account of their natural history 
 and habits ; making a complete botanical history of each farm separately. 
 
 No necessary expense is to be spared, in making your inspection as thorough as 
 possible, so far as it may relate to the subject undergoing investigation. At the 
 same time, you are relied upon to exercise a judicious economy in husbanding the 
 resources of the Society, and to assist in this way the successful accomplishment 
 of its work. 
 
 At the termination of each month of service, you will furnish to the Commis- 
 sioner a report of your operations for that month, together with an account of 
 your expenses during the same period. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 W. H. CARMALT, M. D., 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
 Mr. Austin began his examination on July 8th, and, with the 
 exception of a few clays, continued in the field until September 
 18th, when he reported in person, to the Commissioner, to make 
 up his reports. These consist of: 
 
 1st. A report, marked " B," of four hundred and forty-nine (449) 
 plants, growing spontaneously in the town, giving, for each, its 
 proper botanical classification and common name; its habitat, 
 whether growing in meadows, pastures, grain-fields or woods; the 
 estimated frequency of its occurrence; and the farms upon which 
 each was actually found. Specimens of three hundred and sixty- 
 six (366) of these were preserved, and afterwards carefully mounted 
 and labelled, and, together with the reports "D" and "G," here- 
 after referred to, are placed in the Rooms of the Agricultural 
 Society for reference, and in the hope that this collection may 
 serve as a nucleus for an Herbarium of all the plants growing spon- 
 taneously in the State, should it at any time hereafter, be consid- 
 ered desirable for the Society to possess such an one.* 
 
 2nd. A report, marked " D," of cultivated grain raised on each 
 farm. 
 
 * Two points of more especial interest, however, to a botanist, are the presence, in this 
 collection, of a specimen of Cynosurus cristatus, or crested dog's-tail, heretofore undis- 
 covered in this country ; and of a new species of Danthonia, viz : Danthonia coinpressa, 
 Austin, never before described. 
 
6 
 
 3rd. A report, marked "E," of the grasses affected by Ergot, 
 (Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne), giving the name of each farmer; the 
 percentage of abortion on his farm, as reported by Inspector 
 Halsted; the estimated percentage of frequency of the grass in the 
 meadows; and the estimated percentage of frequency of disease on 
 the plant. The latter, has reference to the number of heads of 
 grass affected, not to the total amount of ergot; for, while in one 
 plant but one or two seeds may be ergotized, in another nearly all 
 may be affected, so that a closer estimate than the above is, obvi- 
 ously, impossible; together with a report, of the grasses unaffected 
 by Ergot, giving their estimated frequency of occurrence in the 
 meadows, for each farm. 
 
 4th. A report, marked " G," on Rust, as affecting the grasses 
 growing spontaneously, giving the estimated percentage of the 
 grass in the meadows, with the estimated percentage of frequency 
 of diseased plants, to each farm. 
 
 In addition to the above, a 5th report marked "H," has been 
 furnished, by Mr. Jno. L. Russell, of Salem, Massachusetts, of the 
 proper classification of a collection, *by Mr. Austin, of several 
 species of the more common parasitical growths on the plants 
 found. 
 
 If the cause of this trouble is to be found in the food of the 
 animals affected, the offending substance would, in all probability, 
 it is considered, be found in some of the above reports, and would 
 also be noted as occurring only, or in greater frequency, on those 
 farms reported to have been to a considerable degree troubled by 
 the disease. 
 
 In examining the report "B," of those plants collected or noted 
 as growing spontaneously in the town, with regard to the reputed 
 influence that any may have, upon the animal system, quite a large 
 number may be noted as having some reported medicinal quali- 
 ties, but a very few can be said, to be liable to produce abortions; 
 and none of these, without associated symptoms, to be remarked 
 by the farmers; nor are these noted as occurring exclusively, or 
 even in greater frequency, on the affected farms; but are recorded 
 either indefinitely " on all farms," or on a few farms of both classes, 
 noted together. 
 
 The number of noxious plants that may be cut and gathered in, 
 with the hay, is of course very much smaller in number, and are 
 probably nearly all the same varieties that would be found in the 
 pastures; and yet, in the year 1867, out of the whole number of 
 
1758 abortions, in which the month of the year was noted, 1571, 
 or 89 per cent, occurred during the months of November, Decem- 
 ber, January, February and March, being those months during 
 which the cows are stabled and fed principally on hay. 
 
 The report of 1867 shows, that the rule with regard to abortions 
 is, that there are no marked symptoms on the part of the cow 
 before the abortion occurs. There is no constitutional disturbance, 
 other than should properly be referred to the fact of an approach- 
 ing natural labor. There are no evidences of poisoning, either by 
 substances irritating the alimentary canal, from which- the uterus, 
 by its proximity, may be stimulated to contraction; nor from any dis- 
 turbance of the general system producing an abortion secondarily. 
 The instances in which the cow is sick, before abortion (other than 
 above noted), are too rare to be taken into consideration, in trying 
 to find a cause for so extensive a malady; and all symptoms occur- 
 ring after, are properly to be referred to the fact of the abortion, 
 and not to anything beyond that. 
 
 Your Commissioner is unable to find, in the lists presented, any 
 plant in itself healthy, which there is a reasonable 'probability has 
 been the cause of this disease, affecting, as it does, so large a number 
 of farms. 
 
 The possibility that some plants may be diseased, or subject to 
 parasitical growths, and in this condition be eaten by the cows, and 
 cause abortion, engaged the attention of the Commission; and the 
 subject, it will be remembered, was embraced in the instructions 
 issued to the Botanical Inspector. So far as practicable, specimens 
 of plants so affected were collected, and were afterwards placed in 
 the hands of Mr. Charles James Sprague, of Boston, for exami- 
 nation, who conferred with Mr. John L. Russell, of Salem, upon 
 their proper classification. These gentlemen are the most compe- 
 tent authorities in the Northern United States, on this subject; and 
 where desirable, extracts are taken from Mr. Sprague's reports and 
 letters to the Commissioner. 
 
 It was impossible for the collector to have made a complete col- 
 lection of all the different fungi affecting the plants, and at the 
 same time to have made a complete botanical examination of the 
 district assigned him, in any one season; for, to quote Mr. Sprague: 
 "There is scarcely a phanerogamous plant which is not more or 
 less infested. * * * The genera Uredo, ^Ecidium, Puccinium, 
 and others, are found everywhere upon almost everything. * * * 
 Cows could not graze where these fungi do not abound. I presume 
 
8 
 
 * * * that there are at least two thousand distinct parasitic 
 fungi on New England vegetation. The peculiar species which 
 attack grasses are limited; but if the animals should have access to 
 woods, glades, undergrowths, &c, they would be exposed to the 
 effects * * * of eating hundreds of different so-called species 
 of fungi. Many of these * * * are minute microscopic species. 
 
 * * * It would be almost impossible to trace the effect of these 
 parasites on animals eating them, because an immense quantity 
 would be requisite to cause any effect, and the cattle would eat 
 scores of species with every mouthful picked up." 
 
 Of the fungi affecting grasses, the one of most evident primary 
 practical value in this investigation is Ergot (Claviceps purpurea, 
 Tul.); first, by reason of its known influence upon the pregnant 
 uterus; and secondly, because it is probably eaten in largest quan- 
 tity with the hay, at the time when abortions prevail with greatest 
 frequency; i. e., during the winter. 
 
 By reference to the report on Ergot, marked " E," it is seen that 
 this fungus was found on ten (10) different plants, of which six 
 (6) are among the more frequent meadow or pasture grasses, and 
 it also shows the estimated percentage of frequency, for each farm, 
 of each grass, and the estimated percentage therein of diseased 
 plants. By adding the grasses contained in this table, with those 
 unaffected by ergot (in the same table), a tolerably fair estimate 
 may be formed of the amount and proportion of this substance in 
 the hay fed to the cows; and noting the percentage of abortion, 
 on each farm, will show if those farms having the greatest amount 
 of ergot are also those affected by abortions; or if those having no 
 abortions, are also comparatively free from ergot. 
 
 Your Commissioner is unable to trace any such definite relation 
 as there recorded, though, as the record of abortions is for the 
 year ending April 1st, 1868, and the botanical inspection was made 
 during the summer of 1868, the record of abortions does not cover 
 the ergot reported. It will be necessary to know the history of 
 the disease next year, before a positive conclusion can be arrived 
 at on this point, though the quantity of ergot reported on any farm 
 this year, is so small that it is highly improbable that it should 
 exert any such very general influence, as the history of this disease 
 shows it must do, if it is to be considered the principal cause of 
 the trouble; and more so, in view of the established rule, that 
 the ruminata require a proportionately greater quantity of almost 
 every substance, if introduced into their stomachs, than the mono- 
 
9 
 
 gastric, before a similar effect is produced on the rest of the system. 
 Well authenticated observation shows, further, that the continued 
 administration of ergot, in considerable quantity, is not infre- 
 quently followed by gangrene and paralysis of the extremities, or 
 other evidences of serious poisoning. It would seem not improb- 
 able, that as usually no material change is made in the food of 
 the cows during the winter, but that the ergot, if administered at 
 all, is continued to be taken to the same extent until the cows 
 are turned out to pasture, that if enough was taken to produce 
 any considerable number of the abortions reported, that out of the 
 75,000 cows, and reported 4,350 abortions, passing under the notice 
 of the Inspectors of the Society during the last two years, some 
 one instance of this kind of trouble would have occurred, and if 
 occurred, surely reported; but the records of the Commission are 
 without an instance. 
 
 But a small amount of grain is raised in Danube, proportionately 
 to the dairy products. One (1) farm reported raising rye; three 
 (3) raised buckwheat; three (3), corn; seven (7), wheat; fifty-four 
 (54), oats, and thirteen (13), barley, though this list must not be 
 understood to be complete. Partly the limited time at the disposal 
 of the Inspector in which to make an examination of the whole 
 town, and to a certain extent an inability on his part to understand 
 his instructions on this point, whether verbal or written, pre- 
 vented so full a report on this subject as was designed; but so far 
 as reported, and compared with the general report of the town, 
 by Dr. R F. Halsted, it is as follows, viz : 
 
 The point of importance being still the food of the caws; — of 
 one hundred and four (104) farms inspected in the town, forty (40) 
 raised the grain from which the ground feed given to the cows was 
 made; and sixty-four (64) did not raise it; — of the 64, on 8 the 
 ground feed was purchased, either from mills or stores in the 
 neighborhood, beyond which it could not be definitely traced, and 
 of these, 5, or 62 per cent had abortions upon them; and on the 
 other 56 no ground feed or grain at all was given, and 9, or 16 
 per cent had abortions upon them. Of the remaining 40, 14, or 36 
 per cent had abortions upon them, and of the 14, 5 were reported 
 not to raise oats, and 11 were reported not to raise barley. The 
 nine raising oats had "smut" {Ustilago segetum) to a very limited 
 amount, a "trace" on all, and "rust" (Puccinia graminis) invaria- 
 ble proportion, from 50 per cent to " a trace " on all; while of the 
 26 on which no abortions occurred, 14 were reported not to raise 
 
10 
 
 oats, and 22 were reported not to raise barley, leaving 12 raising 
 oats and 4 raising barley to feed the cows, out of which 10 were 
 affected by both rust and smut. "While it is, therefore, apparent 
 that abortions prevail to a greater extent, upon those farms where 
 ground feed is given than upon those where it is not, the number 
 upon which it is given is too small to base an opinion upon, were 
 .not the occurrence of these parasites so nearly uniform on both 
 classes of affected and non-affected farms, as to justify the expres- 
 sion that they cannot be a probable cause of this disease there. 
 
 It would seem, then, that the substances used for food by the 
 cattle, in this town, have been sufficiently well examined to have 
 found anything therein that could be considered to cause so general 
 a trouble. The pastures, woods and cultivated fields, after the 
 grain had been cut, and the meadows, after the hay was harvested, 
 have been gone over without finding sufficient therein to account 
 for the trouble during the summer months, while the cows were 
 grazing; and the standing hay and grain have been examined to 
 determine if the offending substance could be found there, to 
 account for the great amount of disease during the winter, but each 
 equally without success. 
 
 The principal phenomena of this disease are sufficiently distinct, 
 to warrant the exclusion of a substance that would cause the 
 disease secondarily, and the only one having a direct action on the 
 pregnant uterus, i e., Ergot (though as yet its want of influence 
 must be considered not absolutely settled), was found in too small 
 quantity to be considered a probable cause of so wide spread an 
 affection; and we are forced to a negative conclusion in endeavoring 
 to account for the disease by reason of the introduction of a delete- 
 rious substance in the food. 
 
 The general inspection closed December 4th, 1868; — the follow- 
 ing is a summary of the towns inspected, the whole number of 
 farms in each, the number of affected farms in each, and the per- 
 centage of affected farms; — showing that Fairfield has the largest 
 percentage of affected farms, viz: 72; and Barre the lowest, 
 viz: 7; or in Herkimer county alone, Warren has the lowest, 
 viz: 13. 
 
11 
 
 IN HERKIMER COUNTY, NEW YORK. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Whoie num- 
 ber of farms 
 inspected. 
 
 Number of 
 
 affected 
 
 farms . 
 
 Per cent of 
 affected 
 farms. 
 
 
 105 
 
 97 
 120 
 103 
 
 89 
 102 
 131 
 
 84 
 107 
 104 
 
 91 
 
 89 
 119 
 128 
 
 1469 
 
 Y, MASSAC] 
 
 105 
 119 
 
 1693 
 
 63 
 70 
 26 
 33 
 38 
 20 
 41 
 26 
 33 
 28 
 32 
 17 
 16 
 21 
 
 464 
 
 lUSETTS. 
 24 
 8 
 496 
 
 60 
 72 
 22 
 32 
 43 
 20 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 27 
 35 
 19 
 13 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 
 
 Little Falls 
 
 
 
 Winfield 
 
 
 
 
 Stark 
 
 
 
 IN WORCESTER COUN1 
 
 
 1 
 
12 
 
 These towns report cows in calf, and abortions, respectively, as 
 follows: 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Newport .... 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 German Flats 
 Herkimer .... 
 Little Falls . . 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Litchfield. ... 
 
 Winfield 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Danube 
 
 Manheim .... 
 
 Stark 
 
 "Warren 
 
 Columbia .... 
 
 Hardwick .... 
 Barre 
 
 Total 
 
 Total number of 
 cows in calf. 
 
 2,895 
 3,397 
 1,790 
 2,582 
 2,703 
 1,299 
 2,384 
 1,756 
 2,236 
 2,363 
 3,347 
 1,711 
 2,032 
 1,861 
 
 32,356 
 1,240 
 1,323 
 
 35,919 
 
 Number of 
 abortions. 
 
 361 
 
 324 
 
 133 
 
 166 
 
 164 
 
 71 
 
 113 
 
 84 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 132 
 
 68 
 
 78 
 
 45 
 
 1,941 
 
 105 
 
 11 
 
 2,057 
 
 Per cent of 
 abortions. 
 
 .124 
 
 .095 
 
 .074 
 
 .064 
 
 .06 
 
 .054 
 
 .047 
 
 .047 
 
 .044 
 
 .043 
 
 .039 
 
 .039 
 
 .038 
 
 .024 
 
 .06 
 .084 
 .0083 
 
 .057 
 
 The results of the above table are further shown in the Map at 
 the end of this Report, marked " X," in which those towns, having 
 less than 4 per cent of abortions, are in White; those having from 
 4 to 6 per cent (both inclusive), are in Gray; and those having over 
 6 per cent (being the average for the county), are in Black. 
 
 Comparing the actual frequency of abortions, with the number 
 of affected farms in the different towns, it is seen that the relation 
 is not positive: 
 
13 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Per cent of 
 abortions. 
 
 Per cent of 
 affected 
 farms. 
 
 
 .124 
 
 .095 
 
 .074 
 
 .064 
 
 .06 
 
 .054 
 
 .047 
 
 .047 
 
 .044 
 
 .043 
 
 .039 
 
 .039 
 
 .038 
 
 .024 
 
 .06 
 
 .084 
 .0083 
 
 .60 
 .72 
 .22 
 .32 
 .43 
 .20 
 .31 
 .31 
 .31 
 .27 
 .35 
 .19 
 .13 
 .16 
 
 .32 
 
 .23 
 
 .07 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 
 
 Little Falls .• 
 
 
 
 Winfield 
 
 
 
 
 Stark 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The irregularity which may be said to be one of the most marked 
 characteristics of this disease, and which has so often interfered 
 with the determination of its probable cause, is well shown in the 
 above table, for while the highest and lowest hold about the same 
 relation to each other, in both columns, in no other part can any 
 constant rule be established; as, for instance, Frankfort, which is 
 sixth in the order of abortions, is eleventh as regards frequency 
 of affected farms; and Manheim, which is eleventh in the order of 
 abortions, is fourth in the order of affected farms; while Warren, 
 having but one-tenth of one per cent less abortions than Manheim, 
 is fourteenth or lowest in the order of affected farms. So that, a 
 high percentage in a town may be brought about either by a few 
 farms being largely affected, or by a large number of farms, each 
 having comparatively a slight loss. Thus Fairfield, having but 
 two per cent more abortions than German Flats, has a little more 
 than three times the percentage of affected farms, the loss in the 
 latter town being brought up by farms having suffered heavily, viz: 
 94 per cent, 82 per cent, and 61 per cent for each of three farms; 
 94 per cent being, proportionately, the heaviest loss reported in 
 the county occurring in a dairy of 19 cows. 
 
14 
 
 The disease affects farms lying near each other, very irregularly, 
 also, as regards their comparative percentage of abortions, though a 
 tendency may be said to exist towards a concentration of affected 
 farms to a vicinity. This is further shown, in the diagram at the 
 end of this Eeport, marked " Z," of all the farms inspected in 
 Herkimer county with the percentage of abortions of each, repre- 
 sented as follows: those having 5 per cent or less being in Green; 
 those between 5 and 10 per cent in Ked; those from 10 to 25 per 
 cent in Yellow, and those over 25 per cent in Blue; the non-affected 
 being in White. 
 
 Of the 464 farms affected by the disease, 120 had 5 per cent 
 or less of the disease upon them; 126 had from 5 to 10 per cent; 
 134 had from 10 to 25 per cent, and 84 had over 25 per cent; — 
 about one-half having less than 10 per cent. 
 
 To determine the relation between the size of the herd, and the 
 liability to be affected by the disease, the following table is pre- 
 sented, showing the percentage of abortions, the average size of 
 all the herds, and the average size of the affected herds, and the 
 average size of the non-affected herds for each town: 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Per cent of 
 abortion. 
 
 Average 
 number in 
 each herd. 
 
 Average 
 
 number in 
 
 affected 
 
 herds. 
 
 Average 
 number 
 in non- 
 affected 
 herds. 
 
 
 .124 
 
 .095 
 
 .074 
 
 .064 
 
 .06 
 
 .054 
 
 .047 
 
 .047 
 
 .044' 
 
 .043 
 
 .039 
 
 .039 
 
 .038 
 
 .024 
 
 .06 
 
 .084 
 .0083 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22.7 
 
 37 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 22.5 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 22.7 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 Little Falls 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
 This table shows, then, that the size of the herd has no constant 
 relation to the percentage of abortions for the towns, for Manheim, 
 which averages the highest number of cows per herd, stands 
 eleventh in order of frequency of abortions; and Frankfort, 
 whose dairies average 13 cows, being the lowest average in Her- 
 kimer county, is the fifth in the order of abortions. Fairfield 
 holds the same position with regard to number of cows and fre- 
 quency of abortions, being in each instance the second, while 
 Newport, whose rate of abortion ranks highest, stands fourth in 
 the order of number of cows per farm. 
 
 But it shows further, that the average number of cows on 
 affected farms in a town, is always larger than on those non-affected 
 (with the single exception of the town of Danube, where the non- 
 affected herds average one-fifth of a cow more than those affected); 
 so that, while the size of the herds has no relation to the percentage 
 of abortions in the towns, the tendency of the disease is to affect 
 the larger dairies in a given district. 
 
 The number of farms inspected in 1867, in these towns of Her- 
 kimer county, was 597, of which 200, or about 33 per cent, were 
 then affected. This year, of the 1,469 farms reported, 464, or 31| 
 per cent, were affected. This slight difference in favor of 1868, 
 may be accounted for by recalling the fact that last year the inspec- 
 tions were confined to those farms containing 15 or more cows, 
 with the addition of all others containing less than 15 upon which 
 abortions had occurred that year. This year every farm having 
 cows upon it has been reported, and it may be considered to show, 
 the actual amount of disease in whatever district is referred to, and 
 will account for the greater percentage of affected farms in 1867. 
 
 Comparing the reports of 1867 with the records here given, the 
 percentages of the towns for the two years is as follows, viz: 
 
 Towns. 
 
 1868. 
 
 18S7. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 1868. 
 
 1867. 
 
 
 .124 
 
 .095 
 
 .074 
 
 .064 
 
 .06 
 
 .054 
 
 .047 
 
 .09 
 .11 
 
 .047 
 .048 
 .078 
 not rep. 
 .06 
 
 Winfield 
 
 .047 
 .044 
 .043 
 .039 
 .039 
 .038 
 .024 
 
 .06 
 
 .024 
 
 not rep. 
 .054 
 .056 
 .025 
 .019 
 .018 
 
 .055 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stark 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Total for Herki 
 
 mer couni 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16 
 
 Comparing this table with the statement just presented, of the 
 total percentage of affected farms during the last two years, it will 
 be seen that while the percentage of affected farms was greater 
 last year, that this year the total percentage of actual abortions is 
 the greater, showing that the disease has actually increased in 
 frequency. 
 
 Attention is further directed to the circumstance, that while the 
 total percentage for the county does not vary materially as between 
 the two years, still, with the exceptions of the extremes of two 
 highest and two lowest, considerable differences exist in the towns 
 with regard to their percentages in the different years. Thus 
 German Flats, which is in 1868 the third in rate of actual disease, 
 was in 1867 the eighth; and Manheim, which was then the fifth, is 
 now the ninth, not counting the two towns of Frankfort and 
 Schuyler, not reported in 1867. And reference to the Map "Y," 
 hereto appended, of the results of the inspection in 1867, will 
 show, at a glance, in what towns these differences occurred. 
 
 This uncertainty as to the recurrence of the disease may be 
 further illustrated as regards farms by comparing the results of 
 the inspection of 1867 of 71 farms in the town of Little Falls, and 
 of the inspection of the same farms in 1868. Of these 71 farms, 
 31 escaped the disease in both years; 23 had the disease both years; 
 8 had the disease in 1867 and escaped in 1868, and 9 which were 
 unaffected in 1867 had the disease in 1868. The comparison shows 
 further, that the percentage of disease in one year bears no posi- 
 tive relation to the percentage the following year; for the 8 which 
 had the disease in 1867, and escaped in 1868, were affected vari- 
 ously, from 2 per cent to 25 per cent; and the 9 which had no dis- 
 ease in 1867, were, in 1868, affected in different amounts, ranging 
 between 3 per cent and 41 per cent. 
 
 This uncertain feature is, however, as regards either towns or 
 farms within certain limits, and the proportion of instances in which 
 the disease returns, may be determined with tolerable exactness, 
 as follows: of the 383 farms reporting abortions in 1867, 280, or 
 73 per cent, had abortions on them again in 1868; of the 899 
 farms reporting no abortions in 1867, 180, or 20 per cent, had abor- 
 tions on them in 1868; or the disease is about 3| times as likely to 
 recur upon an affected farm as it is to appear upon a previously non- 
 affected farm. 
 
 With regard to the period of pregnancy, at which abortions 
 occur, it is reported as follows: 
 
17 
 
 In the 1st month 
 
 do 2d do 1 
 
 do 3d do 10 
 
 do 4th do 66 
 
 do 5th do 106 
 
 do 6th do 198 
 
 In the 7th month 341 
 
 do 8th do 360 
 
 do 9th do 238 
 
 Total 1320 
 
 This report agrees with the report of 1867, except that a larger 
 proportion were then reported occurring during the sixth month, 
 and a smaller proportion towards the ninth month than seems to 
 be the case this year. They agree, however, in the important point, 
 that as pregnancy advances the abortions occur with greater fre- 
 quency, up to the time when much uncertainty must prevail, as 
 whether the full term of pregnancy has expired or not. 
 
 The month of the year, during which abortions occur, can be 
 determined with tolerable precision, as follows: 
 
 In the month of April 86 
 
 do May 27 
 
 do June 2 
 
 do July 2 
 
 do August 1 
 
 do September ... 18 
 
 do October 40 
 
 In the month of November . 
 
 . 115 
 
 do 
 
 December... 
 
 . 215 
 
 do 
 
 January . . . 
 
 . 354 
 
 do 
 
 February . . . 
 
 . 426 
 
 do 
 
 
 . 358 
 
 
 
 
 Of these 1,644 cases, it will be noticed that 1,468, or 89 per 
 cent, occurred during the five winter months of November, Decem- 
 ber, January, February and March, during which the cows are 
 kept up, precisely the same percentage as a similar comparison 
 showed to be the case last year. The marked decrease of abor- 
 tions during April, while a large number are still stabled, is prob- 
 ably owing to the circumstance, that by that time, a large number 
 of the cows have arrived at their full period of gestation, and have 
 calved at term. 
 
 The question of the influence exerted by the age of the bulls 
 'used for service, engaged the attention of the Commission last 
 year, but it seemed desirable to include it in the reports for this 
 year, and the following results were obtained: 
 
 [Ab.] 
 
18 
 
 Number of Cows impregnated bt 
 
 Bull aged 
 1 year. 
 
 Bull aged 
 
 2 years. 
 
 Bull aged 3 
 yrs or over. 
 
 
 9,740 
 522 
 
 19,530 
 1,340 
 
 1,482 
 74 
 
 
 
 10,262 
 
 20,870 
 
 1,566 
 
 .05 
 
 .064 
 
 .047 
 
 
 Showing a slight influence in favor of the use of aged bulls 
 over both the younger classes, but also an influence in favor of 
 yearling bulls over those two years old; so that it cannot be 
 claimed from this, that it is the age alone, which exerts the favor- 
 able influence for the aged bulls. 
 
 This same question of the age of the bulls, was also referred to 
 the classes of affected and non-affected farms, with the view of the 
 bearing upon the nutrition of the foetus, from excessive use of the 
 bull, and aa many bulls are allowed to serve other cows than those 
 on the farms on which they are kept, care was taken to ascertain 
 the full number of cows served: 
 
 On the Affected Fabms 
 
 On the Non-Affected Fabms 
 
 One year old bulls served 23 cows each. 
 Two do do 35 do 
 Three do do 37 do 
 
 One year old bulls served 20 cows each. 
 Two do do 31 do 
 Three do do 41 do 
 
 It may be seen from this list, that while there does not appear to 
 be any excessive strain upon the generative powers of the bulls, at 
 the different ages, yet in the case of the yearlings, and two years 
 old bulls, more cows are, on the average, served on the affected 
 than on the non-affected farms, while in the case of the three 
 years old bulls, the contrary average exists. That this is owing to 
 the habit of using the older bulls for service outside the farms upon 
 which they are kept, is shown if the cows upon the same farms 
 only are taken into the calculation; in both instances of affected- 
 and non-affected farms, the average number served by aged bulls is 
 but eighteen. 
 
 This question of the age of the bull may be considered further; 
 and although the reports at the service of the Commission, do not 
 show any very marked influence in favor of the aged bulls, so far 
 
19 
 
 as directly affecting the immediate subject under investigation goes, 
 yet a secondary influence is not unlikely to be exerted that must be 
 of interest, and the attention of the Society is directed to the very 
 limited number of aged bulls used, for out of 1,213 bulls used this 
 year, in that part of Herkimer county inspected, but 32 were over 
 two years old, while in Barre, where the percentage of abortions 
 is but four-fifths of one per cent, of 86 bulls used, 28 were over that 
 age. The habit of breeding from immature bulls cannot be too 
 strongly objected to, if we may be allowed to be governed by the 
 experience of those who breed to improve the general constitution 
 of their stock, or by the rule which exists among wild animals, 
 among which the young males are kept from service by the older 
 ones, until they arrive at sufficient maturity and vigor to assert their 
 equality and consequent right to perpetuate their kind; and, while 
 we cannot say that the foetus gotten by a young bull will not live 
 to be delivered, still, the delicate constitution thus liable to be 
 produced, will, if a heifer, and permitted to live and breed, be 
 likely to fail when called upon to go through with the drain, here- 
 after to be further referred to, in breeding at two years old, and 
 in immediately afterwards being compelled to give an excessive 
 amount of milk. 
 
 The principal idea of the farmers, from whom the Commission 
 has this year received reports, with regard to the use of their cows, 
 is to get as much milk as possible therefrom with as little outlay 
 as can be got along with, and therefore a bull is rather a necessary 
 evil than otherwise; and as the smaller the animal is the less it will 
 cost to keep, so, if a bull will but get a cow with calf, his destiny 
 is accomplished, and the calf is killed as soon after birth as the 
 stomach will do for rennet; — that must be saved; — for the records 
 of last year show, that 14,000 out of 17.000 calves born alive at 
 full term, were killed within a few days after birth. 
 
 The milking qualities of the dam was intended to be considered, 
 but owing to a typographical error in the blanks, the distinction 
 between good and ordinary milkers was not in all cases obtained; 
 so far, however, as reported, it appears that of 6,464 good milkers in 
 calf, 390, or .06 per cent, aborted; that of 4,954 ordinary milkers 
 in calf, 248, or .05 per cent, aborted; but as the total percentage of 
 abortions among cows, as distinguished from heifers, is reported 
 hereafter at .059 per cent, neither of these classes differs sufficiently 
 from the latter to suggest a probability even that the milking 
 qualities, per se, have any marked influence. 
 
20 
 
 The Commission would have been pleased to have given more 
 information on this point, but the full report of 1867, and the 
 partial one of this year, substantially agree, neither showing any 
 marked difference in disease between the two classes of milkers. 
 
 The point of interest in this classification, however, being that 
 of over-taxing or exciting irritability in the generative organs of 
 the dam, in hereafter bringing to the attention of the Society the 
 question of the total product of the cow, the most essential point 
 in this connection is not lost; for it is not to be assumed that 
 because one cow naturally gives a larger quantity of milk than 
 another, that she will be the one to abort when exceeding an arbi- 
 trary standard, and so far as collected, the reports do not point to 
 any difference. An ordinary milker, who is milked during the later 
 months of pregnancy to make her pay as much for her care as a 
 good milker, is likely to suffer more from the drain, and experience 
 more irritation in her generative organs (of which the mammary 
 gland is an important part) than a cow which, naturally, gives a 
 larger quantity. 
 
 Are first pregnancies more or less liable to abortion ? 
 
 Number of cows in calf (excluding first pregnancies) 30, #71 
 
 do do that aborted 1,840 
 
 Per cent 059 
 
 Number of first pregnancies 3,175 
 
 do do that aborted 182 
 
 Per cent 056 
 
 This difference is too slight to lead to any other conclusion, than 
 that the same liability to abortion pertains in a first pregnancy, that 
 exists in later ones. 
 
 Are cows which have aborted, more likely to abort the year fol- 
 lowing, than those which have carried their calves to full term ? 
 
 Of 29,649 cows which carried calf to full term in 1867, 1,698, or 
 .058 per cent, aborted in 1868; of 987 which aborted in 1867, 121, 
 or .12 per cent, aborted in 1868, showing that a cow which has 
 aborted is twice as liable to abort, the following year, as one which 
 has previously carried her calf to full term. 
 
 It has been suggested that subjecting cows to changes, from farm 
 to farm, might have a prejudicial effect against carrying calf to 
 full term. With a view of determining this, the following table 
 is presented: 
 
21 
 
 Op the Cows 
 
 That car- 
 ried calf to 
 full term. 
 
 That abor- 
 ted. 
 
 Per cent 
 of abor- 
 tions. 
 
 Raised on the farm, including those brought 
 
 11,730 
 19,961 
 
 551 
 1,380 
 
 .046 
 .07 
 
 Brought on at any time during or since their 
 
 
 Showing a decided influence in favor of raising the cows rather 
 than buying them, as is so frequently done, indiscriminately about 
 the country, or from droves. 
 
 For a further illustration of this point, the actual condition, 
 whether pregnant or not pregnant, at the time of removal, was 
 made the subject of inquiry, with the following result: 
 
 Of all the Cows brought on during the 
 past tear 
 
 That car- 
 ried calf to 
 full term. 
 
 That abor- 
 ted. 
 
 Per cent 
 of abor- 
 tions. 
 
 Number not pregnant at time of removal .... 
 
 2,322 
 1,031 
 
 203 
 
 24 
 
 .087 
 .02 
 
 Showing a very decided objection to subjecting cows to removal 
 during pregnancy, whether compared with all removals, or even 
 with those removals taking place during the non-pregnant condi- 
 tion only. That this would be expected, owing to the greater 
 liability to accident, and from fighting with other cows, is very 
 evident; but it must be taken into consideration, when providing 
 means to prevent the occurrence of the disease, and shows the advan- 
 tage of raising cows on the farm, or subjecting them to change only 
 during the non-pregnant condition. 
 
 It has been shown that cows are not more liable to abort during 
 first pregnancies; but whether the effect of early breeding is pre- 
 judical to carrying calf to full term in subsequent pregnancies, is 
 yet to be considered. For the investigation of this point the 
 Inspectors were desired to get the age at which the cows raised 
 upon the farms (or brought on as unimpregnated heifers) first 
 calved; being those only, which the farmer could state had been under 
 his own observation and care since before their first impregnation. 
 The reports are contained in the following table: 
 
22 
 
 Of all the Cows raised on the Farms 
 
 That car- 
 ried calf to 
 full term. 
 
 That abor- 
 ted. 
 
 Per cent 
 of abor- 
 tions. 
 
 No. that first calved at under 3 ye'ars of age . . 
 No. that first calved at 3 years of age or over . . 
 
 9,129 
 1,902 
 
 -462 
 66 
 
 .05 
 .03 
 
 Showing a greater tendency towards abortion, among cows which 
 began breeding at under three years of age, and giving confirma- 
 tion to what has been said, when referring to the influence of using 
 immature bulls, viz : that immature stock should not be used for 
 breeding purposes. 
 
 In the further consideration, of whether this practice is more 
 prevalent on affected or on non-affected farms, the reports of Her- 
 kimer county show as follows, viz: 
 
 COTVS. 
 
 Affected 
 farms. 
 
 Non-affected 
 farms. 
 
 
 3,372 
 2,869 
 
 7,047 
 5,865 
 
 
 .85 
 
 .83 
 
 
 While, therefore, the reports on this point do not show any 
 marked difference, to account for the prevalence of the disease on 
 the affected farms, they do show a very uniformly general practice 
 in Herkimer county, of breeding at a very early age, and if the 
 comparison is extended to the town of Barre, in Massachusetts, 
 where the abortions are but four-fifths of one per cent, it is seen, 
 that the percentage of cows first calving at under three years, is 
 but 77 per cent on the affected farms, and 72 per cent on the non- 
 affected farms. 
 
 Leaving this point for the present, and taking the question of 
 the total product of the cows, which bears a very close connection 
 to this, the first consideration is; how much milk do the cows give ? 
 and second; does the amount influence gestation ? 
 
 For the examination of this, the Inspectors were requested to 
 report, for each farm, the average number of pounds of butter and 
 cheese made, and the number of gallons of milk sold. These 
 were reduced to pounds of milk, by multiplying the number of 
 pounds of cheese by ten (10), the pounds of butter by twenty-five 
 
23 
 
 (25), and the gallons of milk by eight (8). These figures may not 
 represent exactly the actual quantity of milk produced, but as in 
 all the calculations hereafter made, these same factors are used, 
 they will be reliable for purposes of comparison. 
 
 The census tables for the State of New York, taken in 1865, 
 report the average yield of milk, per cow, for the whole State, to 
 be 2,571 pounds. The following list, taken from the same source, 
 shows the average number of pounds of milk, per cow, from the 
 returns of 133 cheese factories, for 18 counties, being all those 
 reported: 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Number of 
 factories 
 reported. 
 
 Number of 
 cows. 
 
 Average lbs. 
 
 of milk per 
 
 cow. 
 
 *Cattaraugus 
 
 Chautauqua.. 
 
 Chenango 
 
 Cortland 
 
 Erie 
 
 *Essex 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Madison , 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Oneida 
 
 *Onondaga 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Otsego 
 
 *St. Lawrence 
 
 *Tompkins 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Summary of 18 counties . 
 * Five counties represented by 
 
 1 
 4 
 10 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 133 
 
 670 
 1,853 
 4,520 
 3,250 
 1,385 
 1,100 
 2,383 
 7,413 
 8,877 
 6,700 
 1,615 
 17,358 
 
 400 
 4,550 
 2,180 
 
 375 
 
 900 
 1,855 
 
 65,384 
 
 1,780 
 2,643 
 2,743 
 2,808 
 2,586 
 2,408 
 3,408 
 2,545 
 2,795 
 3,091 
 2,940 
 2,890 
 3,329 
 2,421 
 2,956 
 2,953 
 3,190 
 2,361 
 
 2,802 
 
 1 each 
 
 3,445 
 
 2,662 
 
 The reports to this Commission, represent the total average quan- 
 tity of milk obtained from the non-affected farms in Herkimer 
 county, reporting 11,908 cows, at 4,386 pounds per cow. 
 
24 
 
 The table for the cheese factories sho^s, it is understood, only 
 the actual quantity brought to the factories, while the instructions 
 to the Inspectors, as also to the Enumerators of the census, were in 
 all cases to get the whole yield. The importance of as near an 
 approach to perfect accuracy as possible, was insisted upon to the 
 officers of the Commission, and additional certainty secured by 
 reference, whenever desirable, to the records of cheese factories, to 
 which the milk was taken. It is decidedly the opinion of your 
 Commissioner, from a careful examination of the separate reports, 
 that the amounts given by the Inspectors are a very near approxi- 
 mation to the actual yield, and yet they demonstrate an average 
 excess of 1,815 pounds more milk, per cow, than the statistics of the 
 whole State determine should be the yield. Additional evidence, 
 to the effect that the farmers of Herkimer county are demanding 
 a greater than the usual yield, is shown by reference to the above 
 table of cheese factory products, which indicates an excess of 600 
 pounds of milk more, per cow, from Herkimer county than the 
 average of the other counties, in the same table. It would hardly 
 seem necessary to state, that a drain upon an animal of this amount, 
 and nature, must exert an injurious influence upon the reproduc- 
 tive apparatus, of which the mammary gland is an important part, 
 were it not that the habit is of such general frequency that it demands 
 further reference, to be given hereafter. 
 
 The effect of abortions upon the supply of milk, may be seen as 
 follows, viz: of 1,651 cows who had borne calf previously, and 
 whose yield would therefore be known, 276 failed to give any milk 
 after aborting; 278 were reported as unaffected in their yield; 
 and of the remaining 1,097, in which a diminution in quantity was 
 reported, 676 averaged a loss of 50 per cent, which may safely be 
 assumed as the loss of the remaining 421, and the whole to be equal 
 to the total loss of the yield of 822 cows. The difference in yield 
 of milk on affected and non-affected farms is as follows (for Herki- 
 mer county): The former reporting an average yield of 3,994 
 pounds per cow, the latter 4,386 pounds per cow; and if it is con- 
 sidered that the latter might be the yield were it not for the abor- 
 tions, the loss experienced may be stated at 822 times 4,386, which 
 is equal to 3,565,292 pounds of milk, or 356,529 pounds of cheese 
 in this part of Herkimer county, excluding the loss from heifers 
 not counted. The difference in yield of milk between affected and 
 non-affected farms that has been shown in Herkimer county, exists 
 also in Hardwick, where the average yield on the affected farms is 
 
25 
 
 4,260 pounds per cow, and on the non-affected farms it is 4,602 
 pounds per cow; but in Barre the percentage of abortions being but 
 four-fifths of one per cent, the difference is the other way, for the 
 yield on the affected farms is 5,336 pounds per cow for 163 cows, 
 and on the non-affected it is 4,643 pounds per cow for 953 cows. 
 Now, in Barre, the number of aborting cows is but 11 on 10 farms, 
 which would be too slight a loss to affect the average per cow; 
 and it is worthy of especial note that the first appearance of the 
 disease here, should be upon farms, where the yield reported is so 
 unusually large, and affords additional evidence to the opinion 
 before expressed, that an excessive drain upon the milking capacity 
 of a pregnant cow is injurious to the healthful performance of the 
 reproductive process. 
 
 To determine the changes that take place in the internal organs 
 of a cow, at the time of aborting, Inspector R. F. Halsted, M. D., 
 was instructed to procure and make a careful post mortem examina- 
 tion of one within twenty-four hours after abortion had occurred. 
 He was directed to select an uncomplicated case, so far as could be 
 determined, but to observe carefully for any evidence of disease in 
 any organs, especially the uterus and its appendages, and to forward 
 specimens of the muscular coat of the uterus, of the cotyledons, 
 (both foetal and maternal,) of the kidneys, liver, voluntary muscles, 
 and of the blood, bile and urine, to the Commissioner without 
 delay. Dr. Halsted made such an autopsy, on a cow belonging 
 to Mr. James Blood, of Herkimer, and forwarded the following 
 
 report: 
 
 Herkimer, N. Y., November 28th, 1868. 
 Dr. W. H. Carmalt, Commissioner, Sec. : 
 Doctor : — 
 
 I have the honor to report, that I have this day made a post mortem exa- 
 mination of a cow that had aborted about twenty-four hours previously. So 
 far as I could learn or judge, the case was without complication. I found no trace 
 of disease, or even temporary disturbance in any part except in the uterus, and 
 there nothing except the disorganization of the cotyledons, of which the specimens 
 sent you will give you a fair idea. This case differs from the one I examined last 
 winter, only in this disorganization having reached a more advanced stage. The 
 placenta was expelled only a short time before the cow was killed. Of the calf I 
 know very little. It had been thrown with the manure into the barnyard, and 
 was not in fit condition to form any judgment upon. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obd't serv't, 
 
 R. F. HALSTED, M. D., 
 Inspector N. Y. S. Agricultural Society. 
 
 Dr. Halsted authorizes the further statement, that the foetus was 
 about four and a half months of age. 
 
26 
 
 The specimens forwarded were received in good order on the 
 day following the autopsy, forty-eight hours after the abortion 
 occurred, and were immediately placed in the hands of Prof. Jno. 
 C. Dalton, for microscopical examination, who furnished the fol- 
 lowing report: 
 
 New York, November 29th, 1868. 
 Dr. Wm. H. Carmalt : 
 
 Dear Sir : — 
 
 I received from you, to-day, for microscopic examination, specimens of the 
 the blood, bile and urine of a cow killed after abortion, together with portions 
 of the liver, kidney, muscular tissue, mucous membrane of the uterus, and mater- 
 nal and foetal portions of the cotyledons. I have accordingly made the examina- 
 tion, with the following results : 
 
 The blood globules were natural in size, form, and other physical qualities. The 
 blood contained no abnormal ingredients visible by the microscope. 
 
 The bile was perfectly clear, showing no microscopic forms whatever. 
 
 The urine was very nearly clear. Its scanty deposit contained only a few shreds 
 of epithelium and mucus from the urinary bladder. 
 
 In the liver the glandular cells were of natural size, well denned, granular, and 
 without any unnatural deposit of fat. 
 
 The kidney was examined both in its cortical and medullary portions. The 
 uriniferous tubules, blood vessels, and Malpighian bodies were natural in appearance. 
 
 The mucous membrane of' the uterus exhibited upon its surface columnar epithe- 
 lium cells, and many detached nuclei. There was nothing abnormal seen in its 
 structure. 
 
 The foetal portion of the cotyledons was well injected with blood in its deeper 
 parts, but pallid, very soft, and of a light opaque yellowish color on the surface. 
 The cells of the foetal tufts were Very granular, and showed an abundant deposit 
 of minute fat-globules. 
 
 The maternal portion of the cotyledons was more uniformly filled with blood, 
 and in one spot very strongly injected; but its tissue, nevertheless, showed dis- 
 tinct evidence of fatty degeneration, similar to that of the foetal portion, and even 
 more abundant. Otherwise the cotyledons were natural. 
 
 In every instance, I examined thoroughly for any appearance of cryptogamous 
 spores, or other form of microscopic vegetation, but without discovering them in 
 either of the specimens. Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 J. 0. DALTON. 
 
 There is, then, no evidence of any active disease in operation on 
 the part of the dam, as shown by the careful post mortem and 
 microscopical examination of every organ in the body having a 
 probable influence to produce this disease. 
 
 What is the evidence of disease on the part of the foetus ? Of 
 4,163 abortions reported in 1867 and 1868, in 3,597, or 86 per 
 cent, the foetus was reported dead, or diseased looking. 
 
 There have been but few opportunities offered to the Inspectors, 
 in which to make actual examinations of the foetus as expelled, but 
 
.27 
 
 their limited investigations, and the general observations of farmers, 
 unite in describing nothing inflammatory, or otherwise abnormal in 
 the external appearance of the foetus; — but it is usually dead. 
 
 The microscopical report by Dr. Dalton states that there was 
 evidence of an abundant fatty degeneration of both foetal and 
 maternal cotyledons, but that they were otherwise natural. As a 
 fatty degeneration is the natural change occurring in the placenta, 
 after cessation of the circulation, the inference is plain that circu- 
 lation had stopped before the abortion took place; — for the changes 
 noted could not have occurred in the twenty-four hours between 
 the abortion and the time the autopsy was made, but they had 
 probably been going on for some days previously. 
 
 If the fact be established, that the uterus and its appendages, and 
 the foetus and its products, are both healthy, the natural changes 
 incident to a stoppage of circulation being all that occurs, an 
 important point is arrived at. And aside from the absence of any 
 traces of preexisting disease, to be detected by the microscope, 
 symptoms are wanting on the part of the cow to point to anything 
 other than an approaching labor, the evidences of which are, per- 
 haps, unusually marked. 
 
 The introduction of a deleterious substance into the food, to 
 affect so large a number of cows, with such uniformity of action, 
 over a large extent of country, besides being in the first place 
 improbable, in the second place has been investigated sufficiently 
 to show that no article, or even variety of articles, occur having 
 properties that would produce these extensive effects. 
 
 The existence of microscopic vegetations, or animalculae, in the 
 tissues of the cow, has been disproved by the microscopical exami- 
 nation by Dr. Dalton of almost every solid organ, and of all the 
 important fluids. 
 
 It is very difficult, and in this investigation unnecessary, to draw 
 an absolute line between forces operating upon bodies so intimately 
 applied, as the foetus and its dam; or to say that in one case the 
 foetus is primarily affected, and in the other it is the dam. In 
 either case, after the death of the foetus occurred, the changes 
 referred to in the microscopical examination would follow, and by, 
 the amount of fatty degeneration, an estimate may be formed, as to 
 whether the foetus has been dead for some time or not. 
 
 The microscopical examinations in the cases examined each year, 
 indicate that this fatty degeneration had progressed sufficiently, to 
 warrant the belief that the foetus had been dead some days. 
 
28 
 
 To what source, then, must we look for the causes to produce 
 the death of the fcetus-in-utero, after excluding those already 
 referred to ? It plainly cannot be external violence in all the cases 
 over so wide an extent of country. 
 
 Is it mal-nutrition? the blood of the dam or sire being impure: — 
 The evidence is all to the contrary ; the cows are well nourished, 
 so far as can be judged from external appearances by persons 
 accustomed to this method of examination, and those skilled in 
 pathological investigation agree that there are no preexisting abnor- 
 mal appearances in the internal organs. The bulls are healthy, 
 with the exception of a few instances in which the trouble is 
 entirely local ; and as has already been said, the descriptions 
 received from farmers almost uniformly state that there is no 
 appearance of disease in the external aspect of the foetus. 
 
 If, then, there is no fault in the quality of the nutritive materials 
 furnished to the foetus, does it receive a sufficient supply during 
 the whole period of utero-gestation? 
 
 It has already been pointed out that the average yield of milk 
 of all the cows in the State is 2,571 pounds per cow, while the 
 average yield of cows on the non-affected farms examined in Herki- 
 mer county this year, is 4,386 pounds per cow, an excess of 70 
 per cent more milk than the average natural yield of cows, sub- 
 jected to the same circumstances in other respects, than those 
 herein referred to. That this excess is supplied at the expense of 
 the foetus, is respectfully submitted; but in order to show how, the 
 more important particulars of the reproductive process should be 
 fully understood, and a brief description is therefore introduced. 
 
 The essential features in the generative function are, in all cases, 
 the formation of a germ, which, living for a certain period at the 
 expense of the parent, is afterwards detached therefrom, and takes 
 on a separate existence. The forms under which this series of 
 phenomena occur, are as various as there are species of animals 
 and plants; but it is absolutely necessary, for its proper perform- 
 ance, that each step of the process should be performed, arid in 
 itself complete, before the next takes place. 
 
 That the performance of this function makes great demands upon 
 the nutrition of the parent, is of such common knowledge that it 
 is only necessary, here, to refer to the length of time expended in 
 the preparation of the body of the parent, for its own maturity, 
 before the function is called into action; in other words, until it 
 shall be capable of bearing young. 
 
29 
 
 When the germ is not formed from the parent stock, the condi- 
 tion is that of barrenness or sterility. 
 
 If the parent is unable, from any cause, to furnish the proper 
 materials for the maintenance of the germ, after fecundation, during 
 the second of the reproductive processes, or that of development; or 
 if, for any reason, either external or internal, the process of fur- 
 nishing the supply is interfered with, this development is arrested. 
 This arrest may be complete or partial; if complete, the germ dies, 
 it is cast off as a foreign substance, and an abortion is said to 
 occur; if the arrest is partial, a so-called deformity of some part is 
 the usual consequence. 
 
 The methods by which the germ is nourished after conception, 
 and before its birth, differ widely in different species of animals. 
 The oviparous animals casting off the germ with its supply of nour- 
 ishment, together, as an egg, to depend, perhaps, upon other exter- 
 nal sources to furnish the conditions necessary to its development; 
 the so-called parent not necessarily supplying any of the nutritive 
 material. The viviparous animals retain the germ, attached to the 
 parent, during the second period of its development, and until it is 
 able to take on an independent existence. This connection in the 
 truly viviparous animals is most intimate, the foetus depending 
 entirely upon the parent for its nutritive supply; and, as it increases 
 in size and multiplicity of parts, making continuously greater 
 demands for the materials necessary to its growth; which in all 
 cases are furnished more or less directly from the blood of the dam. 
 
 Further differences exist even among viviparous animals in the 
 arrangement of the parts concerned in the reproductive apparatus; 
 and one very large class, the mammalia, is characterized by the 
 presence of an organ — the udder or mammary gland — whose pri- 
 mary and natural function, is to secrete a fluid for the nourishment 
 of the young, immediately, and for a future variable period, after 
 birth; which fluid is also derived from the blood of the parent. 
 
 The uterus and mammary gland bear a certain inverse relation- 
 ship to each other, with regard to their activity in function; the 
 one, in the natural condition, being comparatively quiescent when 
 the other is active. In this condition, during the development of 
 the embryo — in other words, the pregnancy of the dam — the 
 uterine organs are in a state of extreme activity, all other parts of 
 the animal economy tending to the proper performance of this 
 function; and the mammary gland, though showing evidences of 
 being influenced by this process, is, in the earlier stages, inactive. 
 
30 
 
 But as pregnancy advances to its natural termination, and prepara- 
 tions are being made for the change that is about to occur, the 
 most marked of these, is the increase in the activity of the mammary 
 gland, which either just before or very soon after delivery secretes 
 the milk designed to be the food of the young animal, whenever 
 the more intimate placental connection is severed. The young 
 animal, after birth, at first depends upon the milk entirely for it& 
 nourishment, and the supply of blood, before furnished to the pla 
 centa, is now directed to the mammary gland. But as the growth 
 of the young animal enables it to look elsewhere for food, it makes 
 less demand upon the dam; the supply of milk diminishes in quan- 
 tity, and the uterine organs, having had opportunity to return to 
 their previous condition, are again stimulated to the performance 
 of their natural function; and when pregnancy again occurs, the 
 blood is redirected to the uterus, and the mammary glands diminish 
 in activity, soon become quiescent, and the same series of pheno- 
 mena are again repeated. 
 
 In this hasty sketch of the main points in the history of the 
 reproductive process, as it occurs naturally, uninterfered with by 
 habits of domestication, your attention is called to the inverse 
 relationship between the activity of the uterine organs and the 
 mammary glands. By means of the first of these, the young 
 animal is nourished during the period of its development, and by 
 the second, during the period of its early growth. 
 
 The animal economy does not, as a rule, allow both of these 
 processes to go on for a length of time together — it cannot support 
 both at the same time. The instances in nature in which the dam 
 at once suckles one offspring and carries another, are rare. The 
 reproductive process is a great demand upon the parent. Nature 
 requires a long period for its preparation, has made certain laws 
 for its government while it is going on, and after a certain period 
 has been devoted to its performance, regulates its cessation. A 
 constant violation of any of its more important laws, must bring 
 about a failure somewhere in its proper performance. 
 
 The size and functional activity of the mammary gland differs 
 much in different species of animals, and may be very decidedly 
 influenced, even in the same species, by a difference in circumstances 
 and treatment; and it is further possible, by a long continued 
 system of breeding, car ef idly regulated by laws that have been 
 found to perpetuate differences in breeds, to increase permanently 
 the capacity to produce more than the previous natural quantity 
 
31 
 
 of milk; and it is by recognizing and acting upon these laws, that 
 the different breeds of the domestic cow have been established, and 
 her present milk-producing capacity reached. But it is necessary 
 that the process should be a gradual one, brought about by the 
 continued repetition for generations, of the union of two animals 
 of opposite sexes, having the same tendency as regards this func- 
 tion; — the bull, as shown by his descent, from a line of good milkers, 
 the cow, by her own capacity and similar descent. If, however, 
 instead of following these rules, the attempt is made to get a large 
 increase at once, first, by forcing the uterine reproductive apparatus 
 into activity before the animal has arrived at full maturity, and 
 afterwards by continuing the drain upon the mammary secretion at 
 the same time that a second foetus is demanding its supply by the 
 placenta — by the first practice the uterine reproductive apparatus is 
 weakened, and a liability to abortion established; and by the second, 
 the natural supply of blood, which should go during pregnancy to 
 the uterus to nourish the foetus, is continued to be drawn in the other 
 direction towards the mammary gland, arrest of development from 
 inanition is endangered, and when it occurs, the foetus is expelled as 
 a foreign body. 
 
 Now, it is respectfully submitted, that the reports to this Com- 
 mission from the dairy districts of New York, and to a more lim- 
 ited extent those of Massachutetts, during the last two years, show 
 an habitual violation of both the laws governing the time at which 
 the reproductive process should begin, and those regulating the 
 nourishment of the foetus-in-utero. 
 
 In the first place, in the year 1867, from the reports of 1,453 
 farms, it appears that on 1,047, or 72 per cent of farms, the habit 
 is to impregnate the heifers at from one to one and a half years of 
 age. The reports of this year state that out of 11,549 cows raised 
 by the farmers reporting them, 9,591, or 83 per cent of cows, first 
 calved at under three years of age. 
 
 If an animal be allowed to bear young much before it has arrived 
 at maturity, the process of reproduction, being essentially antago- 
 nistic to that of nutrition, must interfere to a greater or less degree 
 with its full growth, which of course depends upon its nutrition. 
 An animal cannot be said to have arrived at maturity, simply 
 because it is able to be fecundated; the phenomenon of ovulation, 
 or heat, is but a part of the reproductive process; for the successful 
 carrying out of the whole, the rest of the animal system should 
 have acquired strength of constitution and vigor, sufficient to bear 
 
32 
 
 the tax of having a part of its nutritive materials taken by the 
 foetus, and this requires that nearly the full growth of its organs 
 should be attained. 
 
 Now, a heifer at two years is not fully grown, and yet it is shown 
 that 83 per cent of those raised, in the districts where abortions 
 prevail, have been, for from the six to nine months preceding this 
 age, subjected to a process in opposition to that of growth. And 
 although it cannot be said that any one heifer, impregnated with a 
 view to have her calve at two years old, will not carry to term, 
 there is danger that the effect may, by reason of the strain upon 
 the constitution thus produced, be felt in the subsequent pregnan- 
 cies; and a table previously given shows, that while five per cent 
 of those which first calved under three years of age aborted, in 
 some of the subsequent pregnancies, the abortions among those 
 which first calved at three years old or over, was but three per 
 cent. 
 
 In the second place, the amount of milk demanded per cow, in 
 the districts examined this year, as has been shown, is 70 per cent 
 greater than the amount determined, by the yield of 1,195,000 
 cows, to be the natural yield. It is respectfully submitted, that 
 this constitutes a violation of the rule that an animal but very 
 seldom naturally suckles one offspring at the same time she is preg- 
 nant with another; in other words, that the milk-secreting organs 
 shall be in a condition of comparative quiescence during the period 
 of gestation. 
 
 Now, the excessive yield here indicated, is brought about, by 
 first getting all the milk possible during the height of the sea- 
 son, and secondly, by continuing the process as long as possible — 
 as long as the mammary gland can, by any means, be stimulated to 
 activity — and yet, during the latter part of this time, the cow is 
 pregnant; the foetus is demanding an unusual supply of blood to 
 the placenta for its nourishment, and the farmer is demanding a 
 supply to the mammary gland for milk, forgetful entirely, appa- 
 rently, that the original design of the whole reproductive apparatus 
 is to perpetuate the species; — not to get milk simply. Under the 
 circumstances of this drain, either the cow must refuse to give the 
 milk, and be dried off, or the development of the foetus, which is 
 now the lowest in order of vitality, is checked from lack of nour- 
 ishment. In a certain number of cases the latter occurs, and an 
 abortion is the result. 
 
 In further confirmation of this view, of the arrest of development 
 
33 
 
 from lack of nourishment, attention is called to the table indicating 
 the period of pregnancy at which abortions most frequently occur, 
 and it will be seen that of 1,320 abortions, 939, or 71 per cent, 
 occur during the last three months of utero-gestation, at the time 
 the foetus must be considered as making the greatest demand upon 
 the dam for its nutrition; and yet, the reports of 1867 indicate a 
 habit of milking the cows to as late a period of pregnancy as they 
 will give milk. The expressions not infrequently occurred in reply 
 to the question: What month of pregnancy are the cows dried off 
 from milking? "As long as it will pay." "I milk for a pint." 
 "As long as possible." And in but few instances, were farmers 
 able to give reliable answers as to the exact period of pregnancy 
 at which any individual cows were dried off. Further evidence on 
 this point would be desirable, but the report of every Inspector, 
 derived from the general statements of farmers, has been, that the 
 habit almost universally exists of milking the cows to the last 
 paying drop. 
 
 Besides the arrest of development from inanition, thus brought 
 about, the persistent dragging at the mammary gland for milk, 
 during the later months of pregnancy, is a source of irritation to 
 the uterus, by reason of the intimate physiological connection 
 between these organs, and tends very materially to excite contrac- 
 tions in the uterus. 
 
 That irritation of this kind to the mammary gland in the preg- 
 nant human female will occasion contractions in the uterus, and 
 abortion, is well known to and practiced by physicians when that 
 object is to be attained. And if, in the domestic cow, a liability 
 to abortion by too early breeding is established, and a tendency to 
 the arrest of fcetal development endangered by inanition, it is not 
 improbable that so constant an irritation as this will account for 
 many cases of abortion. 
 
 The rule in the human female is very positive against the two 
 processes of lactation and pregnancy going on, for a length of time, 
 together, and its continued violation is there followed by directly 
 the consequences here complained of in the domestic cow. If, 
 during lactation, pregnancy occurs, the former process must be 
 stopped, or the mother is liable to a miscarriage; or, vice versa, if 
 lactation is stopped, the phenomenon of ovulation, theretofore in 
 abeyance, now begins again. And although it cannot be stated that 
 in the cow, as also among other of the domestic animals, that these 
 processes cannot go on safely for a limited period together, still, 
 [Ab.] 3 
 
34 
 
 natural historians and physiologists, when speaking of the periods 
 at which wild animals reproduce their young, assume the rule in 
 general terms. For, they say, " the duration of lactation being, in 
 general, equal in duration to that of gestation,"* therefore, such or 
 such an animal produces young once in so often, making the time, 
 at least, double that of the known length of -pregnancy. They also, 
 however, state as a law, that habits of domestication tend to 
 increase the power of reproduction within certain limits, both as 
 regards frequency of occurrence, and the number produced at a 
 birth, and so far, indirectly, acknowledge that a yield of milk in 
 excess of that required by the animal, may be brought about by 
 following correct principles in breeding. But we may also be 
 allowed to reason, that a sudden demand of 70 per cent more milk 
 from one set of cows, over others of the same breeds, subjected in 
 all other respects to the same care and treatment, is too great a 
 variation from the natural law, to be permitted without a check 
 somewhere; — and it is seen that where this excess is demanded 
 abortions occur. 
 
 The affirmative results obtained by the Commission, this year, 
 may therefore be briefly stated as follows, viz: 
 
 1st. That cows, which have first calved at under three years of 
 age, are more liable to abort during their subsequent pregnancies, 
 than those who first calved at three years of age or over, in the 
 proportion of five to three; and that 83 per cent of the cows raised 
 on the farms reporting them, do first calve at under three years 
 of age. 
 
 2d. That cows, subjected to removals at any time, are liable to 
 abort, over those raised on the farms, in the proportion of 7 to 4|; 
 and that 63 per cent are thus removed. 
 
 3d. That cows, subjected to removals during pregnancy, are 
 liable to abort, over those moved while not pregnant, in the pro- 
 portion of nine to two; and that 70 per cent of those moved yearly 
 are pregnant, and 17 per cent are moved yearly. 
 
 4th. That arrest of development is the condition immediately 
 preceding the abortion; that an excessive drain upon the secretion 
 of milk, during pregnancy, has a tendency to produce arrest of 
 development in the foetus, from inanition; and that an excess of 70 
 per cent of milk is demanded from the cows in this district where 
 abortions prevail. 
 
 * Flourens; Physiologie compare. Paris, 1856; pa. 32. 
 
35 
 
 In submitting these views for the consideration of the Society, 
 it must be understood that no claim is made that these are all the 
 causes that produce the abortions complained of, or that any one 
 of them has by itself given rise to this trouble. The points desired 
 to be shown are, that the practices of breeding from stock at the 
 very early age indicated, and the exacting from the clam the 
 excessive amount of milk shown to be drawn, have each injurious 
 influences upon the reproductive process, tending to produce abor- 
 tions; and that, acting together, they in many cases do produce this 
 result. And if it be allowed that these practices are markedly 
 prejudicial, then various extraneous circumstances, impracticable to 
 enumerate, which, under other conditions, would have little or no 
 effect, now exert an active influence to bring about the disease. 
 
 To so general an extent do these practices prevail, that it has 
 been found practically impossible, to separate the farms in which 
 they exist from those that do not; for some farmers breed one part 
 of their heifers at two years old, and another part at three years 
 old, and the farm must thus be included in both classes. And the 
 irregularities heretofore referred to, with regard to the appearance 
 or disappearance of the disease in towns, or farms, or cows, may 
 be accounted for, in part, by the changes made in the herds between 
 different farms. 
 
 The Commission endeavored to obtain information with regard 
 to the first appearance of the disease on each farm, with a view to 
 determine, if possible, the primary, influences affecting the cows 
 first aborting; but in Herkimer county the disease has been of so 
 long standing; changes among the cows are so constantly made, as 
 also to less extent among the occupants of farms, that it was found 
 impossible to derive much information upon this point there. In 
 the town of Hardwick, Massachusetts, however, more definite 
 answers could be obtained. The disease has existed there but a 
 short time; the dairies are smaller; so many changes among the 
 stock have not occurred, and the disease was therefore more easily 
 traced. The replies are tabulated as follows: 
 
 Of all the farms reporting abortions upon them in this or previous 
 
 years : 
 
 1st. Number in which the first appearance could be traced directly 
 to the introduction of animals (bulls, cows, or heifers in 
 calf) from an aborting dairy 14 
 
 2d. Occurred in cows introduced that year from a non-aborting 
 
 dairy 1 
 
36 
 
 3d. Occurred in cows which had been on the farm one year or more, 
 and had not, so far as known, been brought in contact with 
 an aborting dairy 11 
 
 4th. Occurred in cows whose previous history was unknown 5 
 
 Total 31 
 
 The largest proportion of farms, it will be noticed above, is of 
 those which report the access of the disease, as coincident with the 
 introduction of animals from an infected dairy; but the next largest 
 is the one in which the cows had been on the farm for one year or 
 more, and were not brought in contact with an aborting dairy; and 
 the difference between these two, directly antagonistic, classes is, in 
 this town, too slight to consider, that the disease is any more liable 
 to be first introduced from a source foreign to the farm, than it is 
 to occur thereon spontaneously. 
 
 With regard to whether a so-called sympathetic influence could 
 have an effect upon the disease, the only manner in which an 
 inquiry could be brought to bear was, to get evidence as to 
 whether the sight, smell or other knowledge of an aborted foetus 
 or its products exerted any influence upon an apparently healthy 
 pregnant cow; but as no farmer, among those reporting abortions 
 in this or previous years, acknowledged having taken any especial 
 care to remove the foetal products, except in a very few instances 
 " to throw it over the fence, out of the barnyard;" and as the 
 aborting cows were not even then separated from the rest of the 
 herd, no decision could be arrived at on this point. 
 
 The expenses of the Commission have been as follows: 
 
 Salaries of Inspectors $1,210 00 
 
 Current expenses of Inspectors 920 15 
 
 Salaries of Assistant Inspectors 600 00 
 
 Current expenses of Assistant Inspectors 630 93 
 
 Salary of acting Assis't Inspector, 23 days, at $100 per mo.. 77 00 
 
 Cow for autopsy 14 28 
 
 Mounting plants, &c. 30 82 
 
 Stationery 6 97 
 
 Printing 48 00 
 
 Maps, &c 20 61 
 
 Express and postage 14 30 
 
 Traveling expenses of Commissioner 37 52 
 
 Salary of Commissioner 1,000 00 
 
 Total $4,610 58 
 
37 
 
 The Commission is under especial obligation to Inspector E. 
 F. Halsted, M. D., for the unusual care always taken to obtain 
 accurate information, as well as for the interest displayed in the 
 investigation throughout. Both he, and the Assistant Inspectors, 
 Drs. Benjamin R. Swan, Daniel W. Kissam and N. A. Lindley, 
 worked assiduously while on duty, and their labors were in many 
 respects fatiguing. 
 
 Acknowledgments for the microscopical examination and report 
 are also due to Prof. John C. Dalton; and also to Messrs. Charles 
 J. Sprague and John L. Russell, of Massachusetts, for the classi- 
 fication and report on fungi. 
 
 Respectfully submitted; 
 
 W. H. CARMALT, M. D., 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
( A..) 
 
 REPORT OF THE 
 
 Farm cultivated by Mr 
 
 In the Town of County of 
 
 State of 
 
 Number of Calves born alive at full term, from April 1, 1867, 
 to April 1, 1868 
 
 Number of Abortions occurring from April 1, 1867, to April 
 1, 1868 
 
 Total number of Cows in calf from April 1, '67, to April 1, '68 
 
 Number of Abortions occurring in the — 
 
 1st Month of Pregnancy , 
 
 2d Month of Pregnancy 
 
 3d Month of Pregnancy 
 
 4th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 5th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 6th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 7th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 8th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 9th Month of Pregnancy 
 
 Total 
 
 Number of Abortions occurring in the Month of- 
 
 April 
 
 May , 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August . . , 
 September. 
 October . . . 
 
 November 
 December 
 January. . 
 February . 
 March . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 Number of aborted Calves born dead or diseased-looking 
 
 Number of aborted Calves born alive and healthy-looking, 
 according to age 
 
 Total 
 
40 
 
 NUMBER OF COWS IMPREGNATED BY 
 
 
 Bull Aged 
 1 Year. 
 
 • 
 Bull Aged 
 2 Years. 
 
 Bull Aged 3 
 Yrs.orover. 
 
 Total. 
 
 That carried Calf to full term 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 How many Cows in all were served during the year 1867-8, by 
 Bull aged 1 year ? 
 
 How many Cows in all were served during the year 1867-8, by 
 Bull aged 2 years ? 
 
 How many Cows in all were served during the year 1867-8, by 
 Bull aged 3 years or over ? 
 
 
 NUMBER OF COWS THAT WERE 
 
 Good Milkers. 
 
 Averaging more 
 
 than 7 quarts 
 
 per day. 
 
 Ordinary Milk's. 
 
 Averaging less 
 
 than 7 quarts per 
 
 day. 
 
 First 
 Pregnancy. 
 
 Total. 
 
 That carried Calf to full term 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 Op those Cows that 
 Aborted, 
 In how many did the yield 
 
 of milk entirely fail ? . . . . 
 *In how many did the yield 
 
 of milk diminish in quan- 
 
 
 
 
 
 In how many was the yield 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 * In what proportion to their 
 usual yield ? 
 
 Number that were sick immediately before, during, or after 
 abortion 
 
 Number that were not sick immediately before, during, or after 
 abortion 
 
 Total 
 
 What symptoms does the Cow exhibit when sick, before, during or after 
 abortion; as to appetite, emaciation, stupor or restlessness, unnatural 
 discharges, or other particulars ? 
 
41 
 
 OF ALL THE COWS ON THIS FARM IN THE YEAR 1867-8 
 
 
 That carried Calf 
 to Full Term. 
 
 That Aborted. 
 
 1 
 Total. 
 
 Number of eases of first preg- 
 
 
 
 
 Number that had borne calf at 
 
 full term the previous year . . 
 
 Number that had aborted the 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number raised on this farm . . 
 Number brought on as unim- 
 
 
 
 
 Number brought on pregnant 
 
 Number brought on not preg- 
 nant during the past year. . . 
 Number that have been on this 
 
 
 
 
 OF ALL THOSK RAISED ON THIS FARM 
 FROM HEIFERS. 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 How many first calved under 
 
 How many first calved at 3 years 
 
 
 
 
 
 What was the average quantity of milk sold from this farm, per cow, in 
 the year 1867-8 ? gallons. 
 
 What was the average amount of butter made on this farm, per cow, in 
 the year 1867-8 ? pounds. 
 
 What was the average amount of cheese made on this farm, per cow, in 
 the year 1867-8 ? pounds. 
 
 Upon what kinds of hay are the cows fed ? 
 
 Was the hay well cured and sweet ? 
 
 What root crops are given, and how much to each cow ? Turnips 
 carrots beets parsnips potatoes. 
 
 What ground feed, and how much to each cow ? Oats rye 
 
 buckwheat barley wheat-bran. 
 
 Is the grain used for ground feed raised on the farm or purchased ? If 
 so, where ? 
 
42 
 
 Investigate and report upon the following points : 
 
 1st. The manner of the first appearance of the disease on this farm. 
 
 2d. What evidence there may be that the sight, smell or other know- 
 ledge of an aborted foetus, or its products, will cause an apparently healthy 
 pregnant cow to abort. 
 
 3d. Any other actual facts that go towards accounting for the occurrence 
 and spread of this disease upon this farm. 
 
43 
 
 pq 
 
 PQ 
 
 <1 
 ft 
 
 w s 
 
 o ^ 
 
 <f a 
 
 H g 
 
 £; £ 
 
 O m 
 
 CUi 
 
 I * 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 <! 
 
 Pm 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 Ph 
 
 P4 
 
 w 
 
 su 
 
 O 
 
 
 CD pi 
 02 rO 
 
 M a ® m ° 
 
 c . to • 
 
 ^Ph J •* * 
 
 a jo* 
 
 o 
 
 • Pm, 
 
 3 CO 
 
 <l a 
 
 
 
 « o » 
 do* 3 
 
 ^IOijOOh 
 
 a a 
 
 C3 0"c3 
 
 ^« 
 
 
 
 ^.2 
 
 o a 
 
 
 fi*i> 
 
 c3 
 
 pq'a 
 
 aZi • : : : : 5 a a 
 
 a 
 
 a &o 
 
 © c ©^ © o © © © a> © © 
 
 fl £ * o £ »3 
 
 © c3 a> j- ro c3 
 
 rf cs rt cb 
 
 P3PhPhC5 
 
 <£) CO 
 
 13 fe 
 
 ■ i. 
 
 § <* ° 2d c3 
 
 
 * £ 
 
 «cpoo"a> o.-tf»» 
 
 P S-^ I— I 
 O ^.W fe o 
 
 «>> o g a . 
 
 S o a h f< a 
 
 ri <B,2 03 S ® 
 
 H Pt 02 P3 Ph § 
 
 »* fe £ o 
 
 g O <=c2 
 
 o o O P 
 
 3 s'Sa 
 tcoPqH 
 
 Spq 
 m © 
 
 ps£ 
 
 O CD 
 
 S co 
 
 1°. 
 
 •a i I 
 
 a a 
 
 i .&*£ 
 
 
 I s 
 
 *s> a '-s .2 ft o 
 
 !>ph c3 a a a 
 
 <» to c3 a u s 
 
 a a o ^ -g s-i 
 
 alu^^-s 
 
 CN CC -^i urs to 
 
 ;^ b 
 
 »Kl SH 
 
 a a 2 2 
 c8 c3 d a 
 
 P<5Ph-< <l 
 
 "B o 
 
 «L) O 
 
 GO S 
 
 ?.& 11 
 
 €g 
 
44 
 
 o . 
 ftl"9 
 
 o- S"g g 
 
 . d *» t* 
 
 Ph =8^ » 
 
 o o , 
 CSCS 
 
 WW. 
 
 a d a S3 
 
 I* t> 
 
 M M-2.2 
 • • Ph p2 
 
 t-si-ii 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 £ CO 
 
 ■« fe 
 
 § g 
 
 <i £ 
 
 1 J5 OQ 
 
 ,Sb fla 
 
 ' CO CO CO © 
 
 C3 CO pO CQ 0Q 
 
 ,2 O S I) O O _q 
 
 o 5 
 
 PhOs 
 
 d 9 
 
 g a =3 a 
 
 28a § 
 
 C5 OPh 
 
 05 Ph 
 
 tSPnCS 
 
 H3 
 
 •S 
 
 a 
 o 
 O 
 
 pq 
 
 £ a 
 
 <B (O ^ £ J» 
 H V, S o "O __ 
 
 : a 
 
 a 
 
 
 . ® 
 
 a> 
 
 
 .T3 
 
 tS 
 
 
 . u 
 
 K 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 . CO 
 
 
 . SDa 
 
 60 
 
 
 :-o5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 • a « 
 
 a 
 
 
 . CO =C 
 
 GO 
 
 
 tj "IS T3 T3 f 
 
 tScS N^ £ S £££ 
 
 •\ Si 
 
 ,2 a< 
 
 ft 
 < 
 
 Oh .3 
 
 
 *- .2 
 
 
 ■S * 
 
 1° 
 
 Ca g 
 
 
 W So 
 
 .S-^ 4 ' 
 
 §l a a| 
 a© so-s-is 
 
 I ** o « .2 
 
 
 cs to 
 
 2 a 
 
 o O 
 
 l-H O 
 
 pS >T » 
 
 P-ioA 
 
 . "8 
 
 Bq 
 
 .^ 
 
 q g«i 
 
 I 1^ 
 
 .3 e co s> : 
 
 .d 
 ft 
 O 
 
 "3 
 
 cs 
 O 
 
 g, § a 
 
 § 0h .3 
 
 ^o 
 
 Sa 
 « a 
 
 m b CO co 
 
 ca "S — * 
 
 ft-a o m 
 
 a ^^ e 
 
 gflof« 
 
 t« a m .2 
 
 S-§^= c3 
 ■g £ eS^ 
 
 3 «» "2 53 
 £* * M 
 
 
 SPh S 
 
 •Bra 
 
 a ft.s 
 .s.s-a 
 
 * * CQ 
 
 co ^a 
 
 « ea | u 
 
 8i< O 
 l^co 5 ! 
 
 & a > 
 
 ft o> 
 
 a 43 
 
 eB co 
 
 t>> 
 
 IT 
 
 ^ _ 
 
 1.1 
 
 CO « 
 
 ^t>!> 
 
 ^jt ITS «D i~ CO OS 
 
45 
 
 £±•00 
 
 ° d r* 
 
 9 9 a 
 
 h <a a 
 
 03 13 n 
 
 ^- ^ — /^ Z3 
 
 ,_, ^- 3 
 
 
 (Zi 
 
 . 
 
 
 ,a 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 a 
 
 a° 
 
 t> 
 
 tH CD 
 
 CD 
 
 tM TO 
 
 GO 
 
 -« eS 
 
 PS 
 
 as 
 
 f& 
 
 d ® 
 
 S- 5 
 
 ra c3 
 
 •-5 cfl 
 
 ® ca TO 
 o 
 
 „ ~«5 
 
 ea 
 
 d fl 
 
 a W 
 
 C013 
 
 § « • *- » a • » 
 
 p^co -Pn -e 1 ©^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 • . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tS 
 
 
 
 
 
 es • - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 • • ■ ■ 
 
 
 TO • , 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 : a 
 
 "H. 
 
 c 
 
 i : e 
 
 s ; 
 
 amnion 
 eral but 
 carce . 
 sommon 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 F 
 
 . o 
 
 1 : a 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 > • c 
 
 : e 
 
 2 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 ! • a 
 
 ) • o 
 
 C3 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 1 : £ 
 > • c 
 
 : 1 
 » : S : 
 
 
 
 cp 
 
 c 
 
 
 (-1 
 
 
 
 w a ■" 
 
 •3 
 03 
 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 
 ) .T3 
 
 1 • c3 
 
 t> 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 ( . 1 
 
 i • a 
 
 i : -a 
 
 i : S : 
 
 13 <o* , 3 
 
 a tog « 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 "3 
 
 c 
 
 ! : i 
 
 
 
 
 1 '■! 
 
 i : 1 : 
 
 c3 pO ^ C"3 
 
 Pi a* 
 
 Cb Ph 
 
 j- d l- 
 e3 a> «3 
 PhC5Pm 
 
 ® «>jS 2 2 
 n c"3 p d 
 
 ce cu C a) » 
 
 C3 fl3 
 
 ) ^ u 
 
 * -. 
 O 13 
 
 cp 
 
 §. s 
 
 Pm C5 
 
 PmS o 
 
 S S3 
 
 TO (D TO 
 
 13 >3 13 
 
 o cs o .y 
 
 S£££e= 
 
 „£ 
 
 
 .2 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 .2 1 
 
 Bi 
 
 ZZV 
 
 2 
 
 Bpq bD 
 
 
 • s 
 
 13 S< 
 
 6 ^j 
 
 a o s- fe !- 
 
 O O S r o 
 
 -8 5 
 
 c s 
 •^Ph 
 
 £ a 
 
 s a 
 
 o 
 
 S = S g 
 
 1*8 
 
 pq 
 
 *i O 
 
 2 a 
 
 <i 
 
 o i _ t 
 
 ? a 
 
 •§ 2 s -a i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 1 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 1^8 8^ 
 
 ^*m 
 
 f*"**? 
 
 
 H 
 
 Sn c3 
 
 V.«5 
 
 >, 
 
 rfi d 
 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 ^2 
 
 J3&, 
 
 o 
 
 be 
 
 ^a 
 
 a 
 
 e o 
 
 Oh d 
 
 o 
 
 o d 
 d > 
 
 S<1 
 
 « a 
 
 e.S 
 8 S 
 
 ha ^' 
 
 ~ a 
 
 O "P3 a 
 
 
 
 S Ph a a 
 
 4 a3 ja 
 
 "43 c3 3 
 
 ~ o 2 Ho3 
 
 <S ® ShO 
 
 T M * * 
 
 ca a 
 
 tSi 
 
46 
 
 mot*, 
 
 a > 3 
 
 'S ess 
 
 
 
 (SgS 
 
 <5o5* 
 
 1-3 . 
 
 S w 5 M 
 
 £ I as sS 
 
 . . H cc g 
 
 P3 S* tj • . • 
 
 •ri © o 
 
 & a n 
 
 aj o r5 
 
 M^ . 
 
 .JZ3 
 
 PR „w 
 
 5 ^a 
 
 ' h* h 
 £ -fc 
 
 
 o „© o t> 
 
 «4-l <H t.-, IB 
 
 fl S3 Sh 
 MM M« 
 
 2 ° 
 
 1 1 a 
 
 a I a 
 
 1 § § 
 
 
 a o s 
 
 Sag, 
 
 O O M 
 
 ts jg t>» 
 
 S3 "E c3 
 
 ■a i * 
 
 as :? 
 
 "» =^CS (D 
 
 d cj w 
 
 ■s i ■- ft 
 
 § S-* s 
 
 > ce d o • 
 
 ^ w h QU 
 
 % o o *-> u 
 
 3g£3-<? 
 <5. 
 
 PH 
 
 n3 
 
 o 
 Q 
 
 W 
 
 £ £ £ 
 
 ££££ M 
 
 •o 2 
 
 CD ? 
 
 "I 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 r3 
 
 Sa-S 
 
 ^ s «l 
 
 1 M a 
 
 5 a'o 
 
 COOQM 
 
 ? a 
 
 
 oo.Cs 
 
 6 " oqSoqP 
 
 -P7^-S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a a" 
 
 'o *"* 
 
 60 
 
 8 o 
 
 "li 
 
 bo c3 
 
 a 
 
 O 0) 0) <D 
 << O O O 
 * <1<I <1 
 
 M 
 
47 
 
 ^ O © 
 
 tn *„b 
 S 2 Sisfc 
 
 © ^. 
 
 cd _ © 
 
 to =s a • 
 
 o o ,a 
 . t-.H © 
 
 
 • So 
 
 a v 
 
 ± B W)1„ 
 CD o B s<3 
 
 *4 <! 
 
 ' ,© e3 <! >h 
 
 ~cb o « oTtJ 
 
 . pL( B © EA 
 ' * B fl 
 
 ! .« pq ^ g 
 
 fl ^ J J 
 © a> 
 
 © "T*. 
 
 ft n 
 
 (DC 
 
 O >d 
 
 • M O 
 
 HO o 
 .A 
 
 jS «S 
 
 © o a 
 
 , B Ph j3 . 
 
 
 O g 
 
 ^ cd .2 : 
 . . & . 
 
 CO 
 
 © l"5 
 O . 
 
 <! 
 
 © .B <a -T 
 
 S~ B^ftto g -- 3 S -§"&^~ 1 9 
 ft i-s-3 <JH 
 
 '02 . ft CtH 
 
 3-2 9 a 
 
 ft W. 
 
 B n 
 
 B° -ft 
 
 •fe- "JSfe- fl 
 
 S*- 2^ CD- 
 
 CD 
 
 ft£ 
 
 ift 
 
 ft ft" 
 
 2 a 
 ft 
 
 ft ftCD 
 
 ftft 
 
 a a 
 
 © © 
 
 © © 
 
 O m © 
 
 © © © 
 
 B B 
 
 fl 53 
 
 B n B 
 
 B fl u 
 
 © © 
 
 © c3 
 
 © 3 © 
 
 
 CD CD 
 
 cbtf 
 
 CDftCD 
 
 CDCDft 
 
 £ a 
 
 B O-S 
 
 ci © 
 
 m ^«B 
 
 £ & B 
 
 © a bO 
 
 ft£ 
 
 03 B 
 
 Sft 
 
 & fc £ v 
 
 no. 
 
 T3ns 
 
 £ £ © 
 
 ■ O ~ w o « 
 
 ^ ~* O -a -a -ts 
 
 ftft 
 
 5 © ° 
 
 ft££ 
 
 © qj 2 
 
 SSft 
 
 >H £ 2 
 
 go 
 Oh © 
 
 bS 
 
 B 
 o 
 
 2 a 
 
 fe- -B 
 
 To 
 
 ©2 
 
 o — 
 
 
 o 
 
 © © 
 
 BhJ3 
 t-02 
 
 
 o t>» 
 w © 
 
 a^ 
 
 O02 
 
 1^ 
 
 o o .© 
 
 S 3 -a 
 
 © © © 
 
 S S 3 
 
 I 9 
 
 a a.fc 
 
 a a* 
 
 © © .2 
 
 ft fit> 
 
 o.2 
 
 © ^3 
 
 ^a 
 
 I 
 
 ei 
 o 
 
 8*5 
 
 f5 
 
 U 
 
 .* • 
 
 'fl =3 
 
 •a.2 
 
 .Ho 
 
 « S 
 s fl 
 
 Si S 
 
 ft~ M 
 
 §•-1 
 
 ft a 
 
 O c3 
 
 .§ a 
 
 S- S 
 6D © 
 <ICD 
 
 I ^ ^3 
 
 • I 03 
 
 a I;* 
 
 .2 "3 a 
 
 S l>.H 
 
 "m 'ii -S 
 
 = b -3 
 
 © © "* 
 CD ' 
 
 I Is 
 
 E S © 
 o « to 
 
 "S B "S 
 
 B a> B 
 © -» © 
 
 CD^ ft * ft 
 
48 
 
 a < 
 
 *% 
 
 g Pjc3 
 
 —i =S — i 
 
 M Wo 
 
 t> a a 
 
 © © j, 
 
 EC h «2 
 
 P3 -3 
 P o 
 
 5 «~ 
 
 g a 
 
 ££ cS«2t»^ c2^ £ lip* 
 
 i* 
 
 
 
 5 J! ° fl te 
 
 I 1 
 
 u 
 
 a a 
 
 * *• 
 
 c =3 E2 !=! ffl 5 =2 
 
 S B 
 
 A3' 
 
 •"• "nil 
 MM WOO 
 
 © © 
 
 >- a 
 
 «■©- 
 
 cSPhm 
 
 a a 
 
 13 TS 
 
 a a 
 
 c3 c3 a> 
 
 a) © © © >> 
 a »- a a s- 
 © « © © © 
 
 M-tf 
 
 9 a 
 a a 
 
 o © OP © o 
 
 a a «- a a 
 
 © © C3 © © 
 
 C5 03PhC5O" 
 
 
 o 
 
 •^ r^ n3 t'TS'd 
 
 fc £ 15 ts £ £ 
 
 * 
 
 © © © °-> -a ti ti jr 
 
 & is 
 
 © © 
 
 -S T3 
 
 a a 
 
 o3 e3 
 
 t5 £ 
 w w ® o o 
 
 O o •2 © © 
 
 © >a &JD 
 
 1-s 
 
 s a 
 
 © © 
 
 &.* 
 
 © 
 
 ° 2m 
 
 p5 M o 
 
 »« § h^ s 
 
 u * a s ffl ^ 
 -« © s © » t; © 
 
 3 S D^ 3 j s 
 
 §o2a 
 ?22-a 
 
 
 8»l> 
 
 •5 a © 
 
 fa, o i 
 
 0^=2 
 
 e © 
 
 El § 
 
 5 c3 S 
 
 SlsSzi' 
 
 o 
 
 ."S .5 ^ IT rS a a *. 
 
 
 a a o '3 
 
 a .spssE 
 
 -a a 
 
 ca a 
 fiPn 
 
 is '3:3 
 
 p VI 3 
 
 s-2 a 
 
 * M * 
 
 o o o 
 
 so u -** 
 
 g SOW) 
 
 u a a 
 
 Ml 
 
 "* a? 
 
 © ta 
 
 i • a 
 
 • £< 
 
 .5 o a 
 
 =3 ta a 
 
 -5^3 
 
 
 Q © M 
 
 1 IS 
 
 s 3 fes 
 
 Ph O © 
 
 a -s a? 
 
 rt o o rtrtSS' 
 
 COOSO H W COtH 
 
 o o i* £- i>* -t* ■*>• 
 
 s-< 
 
 a * ce & ° .S 
 
 > 
 
 e 43 a a o ^2 
 
 
 10 -ta a, . d 
 
 
 a 
 
 a Lu 
 a Al 
 
 bium 
 ther 
 
 a 
 
 8, 8 o o o 
 © o a S a 
 
 Bj 
 
 J; >- p, P-Q 
 
 M 
 
 OO H W * 
 
 CD 
 
 j>1 co as d 
 
49 
 
 t2 K-2 
 
 *2 ® fe 
 3-* 5 
 
 02 © 1-3 
 
 fe pq 
 
 '►5 
 
 o 
 
 
 s a 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 5=1 
 
 
 rr? 
 
 VJ 
 
 C2 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 © 
 
 
 O 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 ni 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 fi 
 
 
 C5 
 
 Pn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ->) 
 
 -a 
 
 Szi 
 
 • c3 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 rn 
 
 - 
 
 w 
 
 
 qq 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 OT /A 
 
 
 Fh 
 
 l-S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 02 
 
 .0 
 
 fl 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 fe 
 
 15 c3 
 T3 
 
 
 O 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 
 -1 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 3 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 fe 
 
 09 
 
 M 
 
 ►4 
 
 p 
 
 c3 
 CI 
 M 
 
 T3 "* "S 
 
 fe fe fe 
 
 p=i 2 " J 
 
 . © 
 
 •?« 
 
 © © 
 
 
 o 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 02 
 
 co 
 
 o 
 a> 
 
 IS 
 
 © 
 3 
 
 p 
 
 © 
 © 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 Wh5 
 
 
 W 
 
 £fe 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 i-5 P^ 
 
 
 Sc5 © t 
 fe feo 
 
 gco 
 
 a a 
 
 Ph PhCSPh Ci5 
 
 rttfPw 
 
 PhPh 
 
 C3 © 
 
 Pnrt C5 
 
 a n 
 
 -t=. o o 
 © o o 
 
 fefefe- 
 
 ©WO wo 
 
 §fefe fefe 
 
 feo.S 
 
 C ,3 
 
 SH 
 
 ft jj 
 
 fe^ fen fe 
 
 _- 'TO 
 
 0, fe 
 
 4J © © 
 
 g c3 e3 
 fe P P 
 
 w 
 
 o fc 
 a fe ™ 
 
 o © h> 
 
 .2 p •- 
 
 O O 03 
 
 PhWW 
 
 X t- Si 
 •S 03 S3 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • § 
 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 JS 
 
 
 
 
 : b, 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 : >« • 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 2 >> 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 s "- 
 
 - 
 
 B 
 
 © 
 
 G5 _ 
 
 © 
 
 <3 S 
 
 
 fe.-2 
 1 p 
 
 " 3 O .-h 
 
 MOW 
 
 £_ 
 
 
 
 • Ph -a 
 
 • © o 
 
 • © o 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 ; ja fe 
 :oq i 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 £ 
 
 s 
 
 1 a b 
 
 
 © 
 
 p ^ 
 in 4 
 
 2s <ri 
 
 
 %£ 
 
 ~j S © 
 
 i* 
 
 
 &> .5 
 
 ■^rr 
 
 rP C 
 
 © (»j i 
 
 
 
 ^3 ^ fc. © 
 
 
 IP 
 
 
 - Er 
 
 K 
 
 C 
 
 P?02 S 
 
 s 
 
 Is 
 
 03 • J3 
 
 o * a 
 111 
 
 WOQ GO 
 
 Ph 
 
 «•! 
 
 i'3 g 
 
 s b 
 
 : i>>a 
 
 > J- m 
 
 
 ,fj 03 n3 
 
 f3 "3 "3 
 fc> fci K 
 
 8 g 
 
 <.: 
 
 r^^ 
 
 ft02 
 
 S a 
 p hq 
 
 a -2 
 
 02> 
 
 1^ I 
 
50 
 
 °a3 
 8.11: 
 
 P-P 
 
 0Qh3<I 
 
 ^Mt-s 
 
 
 rn 
 
 fl 
 
 > 
 
 
 o> 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 <J1 
 
 
 < 
 
 P3 
 
 P « 0) 
 
 . 13 a { 
 < g P 
 
 a 
 
 S£ 
 
 h3 .-. 
 
 2 tfi.f 
 
 
 — 02 =" 
 
 ££ 
 
 £5 
 
 ,02 02 £ 
 Iff M 
 
 -SMS 
 
 o o ^ • 
 s> & a 
 o 02 x 2 
 
 • e> R a 
 
 o »i i-s • 2 
 
 fe'E fl a ' 
 
 ^^ ~&^<« 
 
 c3 
 to* *" 
 
 Cd (J 
 ■D - s* 
 
 -*° - D r-k 
 
 ; ."ho 
 IMS 
 
 ;erW- 
 
 « s § 
 
 •w j a. 
 
 B Moo 
 
 P -t-= o br >3 a> • • 
 _ & > ^ _ »- Mi; !-s 
 
 OmH 
 
 ™ . P 0Q >-s 
 
 tf P5 P^CSPh 
 
 ph as 
 
 5 « 9 
 
 O o o 
 
 a a a 
 
 a a a 
 
 o o o 
 
 © © o 
 
 ts ts 'C 
 
 a a a 
 
 03 ci 03 
 
 « o n> 
 
 fl fl a 
 
 <X> © O 
 
 a 
 
 s§ 
 
 h d a 
 
 »o o 
 
 fio a 
 
 a> ^ w 
 Ct>P-t 
 
 H3 
 
 g 
 
 • i— i 
 
 P 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 PP 
 
 Stfffff iff Iff 
 
 a-S 3 
 
 ££< 
 
 ifffff 
 
 2S .S j <o 
 
 oo o r fc-H 
 
 1 M « 
 
 a ° 
 »2P3 
 
 ^p 
 
 -3 S^S 
 
 
 h" h 
 
 1^ 
 
 o a 
 
 n-S 
 
 O © 
 
 M^ o 
 
 *3 _ra 
 
 o 5 
 
 § '. a 
 
 a a a 
 
 «5 
 ■S3 
 
 agg 
 
 C50 
 
 ci c5 c5 
 
 
 •4*4 
 I. I. 
 
 He ; 
 _cS 'o I 
 
 o S «a 
 
 a a^ 
 
 .2.2 o 
 
 9 g o3 
 
 rH IM CO 
 
 r-l T— I I— I 
 
 HHri 
 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 s s 
 o a 
 
 
51 
 
 >-< o 
 
 piec- 
 
 es <! 
 
 !J rf 
 
 a a 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 sg a . 
 
 HM 
 
 
 
 t- t, o a 
 
 
 
 
 
 if »* 
 
 — 03 
 
 "3 
 p 
 
 1-1 
 
 Deck 
 eteri 
 Deck 
 R. S 
 all fa 
 
 <l~ 
 
 CO 
 
 pq 
 
 
 I^CO^ 
 
 <ai-3 ' 
 
 o» a j» 
 
 •* a - 
 ! a © » 
 
 ! 5< * . 
 !fi a»-9 
 
 
 a£ 
 3£ 
 
 s«, 
 
 
 fe b 
 
 Si 
 
 J! a 
 
 
 - S3 >m 
 
 f o co r 
 o . 
 
 i co ^ o a Pi ^ 
 ' • • • a • a 
 
 O 03 
 
 ° fc ■ 
 ft(J 
 
 | "3 3 1 
 
 : co <u _ 
 
 > ; a,a 
 
 » a 
 
 - b3 
 
 lt£h-l dPKjHs? 
 
 •- bl 1 1 a 
 
 aa h 
 
 pa g a 
 
 sa 
 
 03 r> 03 
 
 s- o a 
 
 © © 
 
 p5 rtP^d? OPh 
 
 n O !P « « O 
 ^ ~ - - ~ :,' 
 PL, p4 Qh C±5 Ph (25 
 
 ID 03 03 C3 03 
 
 h a s- '- a 
 
 d <l) cj d q 
 PhOPhPhCS 
 
 • -a 
 
 • a 
 
 TO C3 
 
 O to 
 
 O 03 
 
 * 3. 
 
 1 o ^ A 
 
 g-3 g s 
 gj^g 
 
 £ £ 
 
 T3 T3 _£ 
 O O k 
 
 O O cS 
 
 a a a 
 
 c3 cS o3 
 
 § § ® 
 PhP-iS 
 
 a'S 
 
 ££ 
 
 » a a,§ a a 
 H > « * -g -g 
 
 coPhP-i^PhPh 
 
 
 3 ts 
 
 "xo-a-.S 
 
 IH a ^ ^ 
 
 S ffl to H 
 « ^ fe c3 
 
 
 d mi d « O d tS 
 
 O M C « C3 g« 
 p3 tf§M[iH§ 
 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 E 
 
 S 
 o 
 
 -3 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 >> c3 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 '- 
 
 CO 
 
 '3 
 
 Wp^Pi 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 O 03 ^3 
 
 ^ .a 
 cs 03 g 
 
 a w 
 
 ^ fe 
 
 I 
 Lift! 
 
 s2 I 
 
 r^ i 
 
 ^.2 
 I 53 S-3 
 
 d u^ 
 
 it 
 
 S a .3 
 
 '<< <j 
 
 fe; a a a a to 
 
 o <d 
 
 HHH H * 
 
 "tf O 03 .^P 9 "£ 
 
 ,5 -§ a 5b^ g 
 
 o ° o o o "g 
 tD O SB 60 60m 
 03 60 cs c3 cS 1*1 
 
 ^ C3 ^ r^- r^ 
 .„ rj-J .^ .S ._ _« 
 
 .S3 a a 1 " 
 
 .a 03 e3 c3 
 
 a t3 
 
 «3 a 
 
 ^a 3 
 
 wag 
 
52 
 
 w "5 a> o 
 
 03 SS* 
 
 •^ -a -C a & 
 
 rz rt ** © o 
 
 r" S ° > o 
 
 WS5 
 ■"3" «* 
 
 1.2 g 
 
 ! .P 
 
 tH .—I 
 
 ^ i-s a) 
 
 £ to" 
 
 s a 
 
 ri -3 s 
 
 S S a vi » 
 
 S ^ -2 - P 
 
 O PhO< 
 
 !C5<1 
 
 1 a a M ^ 
 I § §.gps 
 
 1 15 2 . 
 
 >O0Q 
 
 id? 
 
 •~H • 
 
 S ft 
 
 
 Mill 
 on 
 
 er, 
 
 ~H 
 
 . 6 M 
 
 a m 
 
 <!.fl .2 si 
 
 03—03 
 
 ss S'? 
 
 r* 
 
 i^. CC d 
 
 1»^ >5 
 
 a .fift^^PSs 
 «i<!o ^o 
 
 S^ 3 
 
 o _T 03 s 
 
 cso s .g ps a 
 
 eg a u u s- 
 
 o O 03 03 03 
 
 O a « a « 
 
 jj H U, 03 03 
 
 Ph * (2 C5 
 
 2 o-S- 12 s 
 
 aa 
 a a - 
 
 0-° 
 03 O C3 
 
 13 IS ^ 
 
 el a fl 
 
 i — i — 
 
 c3 U) 
 
 fl ° 
 « g, 
 
 3 ^ fl 
 
 <Jbo 
 
 3 d - 
 
 3 £ ° 
 
 3Ph 
 
 U t- fl S- fl 
 
 C3 TO 03 CO 03 
 
 PSPSO PSO 
 
 OPS 
 
 PS PS 
 
 .s 
 
 "4-3 
 
 PI 
 
 o 
 
 PP 
 
 ^ to £ 
 
 £ 
 
 G> <D CD <D 0> 
 
 
 
 F- U S- ^H S-l 
 
 13 
 
 c3 
 
 SSS3S 
 
 §<rt 03 
 
 03 
 
 
 PS 3 
 
 fe^ 
 
 Ph P-i Ph Ph Ph 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c5 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s-< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 fl 
 
 c3 w 
 
 
 
 
 j e 
 
 TO" 
 
 * flV * 
 
 
 
 fl fl-5 
 
 PhPhS 
 
 H3^S CO g A 
 
 O o M» 3 
 
 S~ t-H 03 CO 
 
 ^^ 
 
 " <D (H TO 
 
 TO tiD 03 © 03 
 H fl fe >*? 
 
 a "-g I w .3 
 
 a ^ o ^ * 
 ag*SS. 
 
 O > O 03 rt 
 
 ySJtMPi 
 
 03 03 
 
 
 03 ,fl 
 
 03 O fl 
 
 ^1 
 03 £ fl 
 
 EHH 
 
 fl ^ 
 
 a'S @ 
 
 M 
 
 fc cS 
 
 a s 
 
 PmPPO 020 OPS 
 
 fl 1? 
 
 PSP* 
 
 ■p^§ 
 
 « T I 
 
 
 
 <J 
 
 a, 
 
 ^fl 
 
 .2 
 
 1-1 
 
 g 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 03 
 
 
 Cj 
 
 
 ^a 
 
 
 
 ■73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P4 
 
 <J 
 
 » f " 3 ou 
 
 S" 3 a-g. 
 
 a to c3 *j ->f 
 S fl fl fl a 
 HC50<!<I 
 
 OS 
 
 JJJkJ 
 
 a a'o 
 tn « £ 
 
 rfl fl 9 
 
 
 1 OQ 
 
 5 I 
 
 fea 
 
 a.s 
 
 Ph 03 
 
 3S 
 
 a j 
 a a 
 
 o.S 
 
 a a 
 
 03 rt 
 
 > ft 
 
 a a 
 
 fl s 
 
 WW 
 
53 
 
 oq ■ . ■ .2 • .3 
 
 w o a is "3 a s a s 
 
 •^ e c a .* .^ 
 
 M ^= g 
 a m =3 
 
 pq o 
 
 a •=" 
 
 
 3 * 
 
 03 +» O ° 
 
 ^ ^£ 
 
 "2 03 3 • 
 
 03 " -3 rk 
 
 
 u to 
 
 ta ii 
 
 "71 « 
 
 3 -*> 
 
 CO o 
 . CD 
 
 ^ 11 
 hJ <° 
 
 c a 
 
 Is 
 
 CO £ 
 
 t> n 5 
 
 fi g.-j 
 «i -55 
 
 <ScoF g 
 
 OF- 
 
 §£ 
 
 5 a 
 
 as 
 
 <J> 0} 0> <D 
 
 05 Gj 
 
 03 Oh 
 
 OOh 
 
54 
 
 H3 
 
 o 
 
 pq 
 
 ■73 
 
 
 a • 
 
 ■si 
 
 <4 
 
 w 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 U 
 
 5 
 
 
 5^ 
 CD 
 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 CD 
 r2 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 4= 
 
 F-l 
 
 03 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 R* 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 ft 
 a 
 
 c5 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 CD 
 
 H-1 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 ■73 
 a 
 
 a 
 =2 
 ? 
 
 cd 
 ,a 
 
 
 ,a 
 
 A .2 
 •73 
 
 g | 
 
 t> 02 
 
 cd 
 
 02 lJ 
 
 . w 
 
 . — 
 
 s-c 02 
 PR 
 
 £ o 
 
 la 
 
 02 02 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 I-S 
 
 P^ 
 02 
 
 & 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 ft 
 
 02 
 
 d 
 o£ 
 
 n 5 
 
 CD H 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 ft 
 
 a 
 
 o 3 
 
 P=U 
 
 . ^ 
 
 H 02 
 
 3125 
 
 a - 
 
 ce o 
 
 W^ 
 
 . a 
 
 ,a g«»« 
 02 ^OQiX 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 PC 
 
 ^j cd a „ 
 
 dl 1-23.8 
 a °2 „ M © 
 
 CD ' !h _ • • Ph 
 
 m 5 s-l a • d 
 
 pi rf ; a^ s 
 
 2 
 
 i-s 
 
 e 
 o 
 ft 
 
 02 
 
 ^H S-] 
 
 5! CD 
 
 . a 
 
 5^ a 
 
 CD ^ 
 Hi C3 
 MC5 fl 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 • l-j 
 
 73-02 
 
 Wtf 
 
 W^ 
 
 +a 
 
 
 
 M . 
 
 
 
 .•W<JCQ 
 
 S 
 
 02 
 
 <£< 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Pt 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 o< • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 t 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p-i 
 
 j- 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 oc 
 
 •" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 -c 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 >» 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 rC 
 
 p£ 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 o3 
 
 
 !-( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 o3 >-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 SH 
 
 
 o3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fh 
 
 (- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 £ 
 
 E 
 
 - -2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 -+i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SDD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 pq 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 oS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 r= 
 
 2 =3 
 
 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e3 
 
 oc 
 
 cc 
 
 S Si 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-i 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 s-c 
 
 -a 
 
 o 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 j= a. 
 
 c 
 
 ^ CD Ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 e3 
 
 tH 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 S 0! 
 
 £ 
 
 
 r- cj 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 d? 
 
 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 PhP= 
 
 P- 
 
 p 
 
 a? 
 
 
 
 
 
 CtS 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■73 
 
 
 
 
 rf 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <p 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 P< 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 H P 
 
 >h 
 
 
 
 
 'O 
 
 
 
 
 
 •73 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 o3 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 O^ 
 
 ^A 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 £ 
 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 w 
 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 s = 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 •73 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 M 
 
 
 •73 
 c3 
 
 F* 
 
 o 
 11 
 
 
 p 
 
 c3 
 ft 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 c3 
 
 55 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 o3 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 CD 
 
 
 
 t>» 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 "tT: c 
 
 ■^ s >- 
 
 
 
 !h 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 13 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 n^ 
 
 P s 
 
 £5 - 
 
 ■c 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 ft 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 Pq 
 
 
 03 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 £"£■£ 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 v — a 
 
 2 
 
 ^"o3 o 
 
 PhP- 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 is 
 
 03 ' 
 
 Pm 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CE 
 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i2 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 
 • s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 £ 
 
 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 •"8 
 
 o3 
 
 a CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S - 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S-. 
 
 *< a cs so 
 *i - j3 q5 so 
 
 o g «« 
 
 SO * S3 
 
 vT 03 S 
 - O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 <: 
 c 
 s- 
 pc 
 
 f- 
 a 
 
 £ a 
 
 T3 r^ 
 
 5 a 
 
 6 c 
 02a 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 , i 
 
 .t 
 
 1> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■73 
 
 •CD 
 
 > 
 
 03 • 
 
 cd a 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o E 
 
 a- 
 a? 
 
 c» e: 
 
 M6 
 
 5> £ 
 
 fc» CD 
 
 • 2 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 'ol 
 
 ^^ 
 ■3 CD 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <I 
 
 ! op 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : S 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 i— i 
 
 © 
 
 a 
 .2 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r~ 
 
 
 s 
 k. 
 
 ^ 
 
 i , 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 C 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 ] 
 i 
 > • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h. 
 
 ' 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 cj 
 
 1 
 
 (I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 , o 
 
 3 . 
 
 ° 
 
 " 
 
 : 8i«q 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 <1 
 O 
 M 
 
 Pq 
 
 M 
 02 
 
 1 
 "C 
 
 o3 
 
 O 
 
 -73 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 i ! 
 
 1 "2 
 
 1 eo e 
 
 
 > o 
 
 ! | o3 
 
 
 
 
 
 .* 
 
 l 
 
 *3 
 
 "3 
 > 
 
 _c3 
 's-t 
 o3 
 
 .2 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 i a 
 
 ■s « 
 
 < o f 
 
 3 a o 
 
 » CD <; 
 
 i a'c 
 
 I £ 
 
 I 
 
 ! || 
 
 
 
 
 
 *CD 
 
 +3 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 ■a 
 a< 
 o 
 
 
 °Fh 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ■ -a 
 
 i 8 
 
 \ i 
 
 IJ 
 
 a 
 
 3 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 e3 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 a 
 
 F- 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; c 
 
 > o c 
 
 > .; 
 
 
 ! - 
 
 
 
 
 
 rC 
 
 
 rfi 
 
 
 .a 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ! £ 
 
 « n f- 
 
 < t: 
 
 k2 
 
 i *< 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 CD 
 
 02 
 
 eo 
 
 CO 
 
 r-1 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! « 
 
 ) cd a 
 ' » 
 
 > CO C£ 
 
 K i-H r- 
 
 > a 
 
 • P 
 
 ) o 
 
 < r- 
 
 » ^ 
 
 ) * 
 
 i-l 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 f> 
 
55 
 
 5^ 
 
 gtZ2^ 
 
 Jo^f a 
 
 pi . § . ~ 
 £ o 
 
 ;^Ph 
 
 ^w »:.2^M 
 
 =2 P3 
 
 P o ^ 
 a) o ^ 
 (> a. on 
 
 ® ^ O 
 
 |m sT J a 
 
 
 
 52 ca a 
 
 S 9 _■ •"» | 
 
 t-5 p< 
 
 a » ta a 
 
 o i&^£ 
 
 cs a 
 
 jr 2 n? r/i q ^ ; 
 Pi =3 ri 
 
 
 
 ► g a a 
 
 
 •g s a 
 
 " IN 
 
 &CG 
 
 g£ § 
 
 HH . 
 
 £ £ C 
 
 ! . y< 
 
 &5 „?«■ 
 
 ►-, CO oj ^ 
 
 
 a « 
 
 C3 ri ^ OJ o 
 
 P5 p?i^C50 
 
 ga 
 
 « * 
 
 gft-S 
 
 jj <D 
 
 ' n3 T3 T3 TS *0 
 
 : ^s O O O O 
 
 O O O O 
 
 isj £j£^!*£3£ 
 
 t3 '-d 
 
 is £ 
 
 . ■ CO CO « QJ 
 
 £ 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 O o 
 «2 [>, 
 
 -a a a 
 
 03 CL> <» 
 O 0-1 "*^ 
 
 £3«*J3 
 
 Ph<hOoWS 
 
 as 
 
 o o 
 
 a a 
 
 Mh5 
 
 "a a .2 a m 
 
 O O -^ O <» 
 
 O OtcOW 
 
 cS ^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 a) 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 58 
 
 a 
 
 
 >% 
 
 
 e^ | 
 
 a S 
 
 a ii 
 
 Kia. 
 
 a\o 
 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 soil 
 
 j B g ci e iS Ij 
 
 i a 5 c3 © S " 
 IS* 9 &a "S 
 
 00 OOHNM 
 t- t- CO CO O0 30 
 
 I I 
 
 ii i. 
 
 « a, c3 
 
 « i-5 '3 (H 
 
 a I oS 
 3 a a a 
 
 ■53 « a 
 h5HOO 
 
 aj\5" 
 
56 
 
 i-5 a 
 
 P33 
 
 -! ~i <M 
 
 s « 
 
 rf M ' 
 
 S£ 
 
 fl.2 
 
 ft 
 
 
 <<S 
 
 
 
 
 <i 
 
 t£ *\ "• 
 
 ■?«i 
 
 
 
 
 ^ . 
 
 gofl 
 o 3 
 
 t* &a 
 
 W. R. Steven 
 Ed. Simms, 
 & R. Jones. 
 
 m u 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 W. R. Ste 
 
 S. G. S 
 Edw'd Si 
 
 a a> 
 
 a 
 
 "3 
 a 
 o 
 
 » a- 
 
 .1-4 H 
 
 * P3 
 
 sag 
 
 P4 P3 
 
 CStf 
 
 P3 3 
 
 | 
 
 "43 
 a 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 pq 
 
 O .3 tn 
 
 ca t. o 
 
 <» tiO o 
 
 
 OC5 
 
 "SI 
 
 3 f 
 
 O t3 
 
 1^ «!, 
 
 II 
 
 "?3 A) 
 
 IS 
 
 « 9 
 
 
 .spa 
 Si 
 
 
 £ 3 
 
 J3 o a 
 
 
 &. 
 
 3a 
 
 3 
 
 - v . 
 
 
 "S, 
 
 i-l 
 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 CS 
 
 IS 
 
 s 
 
 bo 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 O'S) 
 
 ^a 
 
 8*3 
 
 8 3 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 e & 
 
 s 
 
 -2 a 
 
 -Q 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 •-§ Ja 
 
 IS 
 
 §^ 
 
 -5^ ,-, 
 
 <j <d 
 
 o << 
 
57 
 
 a c a 
 
 t< S l - 
 cf2 -^ <2 
 
 vi m U in m m 
 
 a ^ a y, a a a 
 
 h » >• r I" h h 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 a " 5 « 
 .3 «3 c3 cS 
 
 13 Pi cd H fi '3 M 'd « Is 
 a • a a • a • a a a 
 
 o<!o o<!oi3ooo 
 
 C50 
 
 is* 
 
 <!o 
 
 W.-S-9 
 
 " Q "-i ."S 
 
 a *^ w s 
 
 ea 
 
 <2« g~:.a£ 
 
 £ £ 
 
 ffi> p^ 
 
 <£0 
 
 ■§ J 
 
 a m 
 
 o oj 
 
 .ft 5 
 £* £ 
 
 "id - 
 
 o © ^ 
 
 <j> c3 a> 
 
 OPhO 
 
 © © fl) © OJ © © 
 
 a s- a >3 a a a 
 
 a> ro a) c3 a> © a> 
 
 CPhOPhOOO 
 
 P3c5 
 
 a • 
 
 P3 « 
 
 c3 c3 cS 
 
 ft — ft 
 
 -a ^ ^3 
 a a a 
 
 ™ £ £ fc 
 
 ^a*£-§£ 
 
 - » * s d 
 
 V 0> 
 
 
 a 
 
 ID 
 
 a 
 
 <B 
 
 r3 .m 
 
 <B o 2 S » S S ® s> a> ° 
 
 ££ft tS^^H^gS £ 
 
 
 S^ 
 
 O o 
 
 0Q 
 ft 
 
 ■*.* 2 
 o §cc 
 
 n3 n ° 
 
 s ft 
 
 •■Sa 
 
 fe, © S 
 
 " a=s 
 
 ! © © 
 
 1^2 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 *? 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 
 ° .9 "3 •- 
 >>.£ "5 -S 
 
 a a a a 
 
 a a s « 
 
 -ss 
 
 S3 <3 , 
 
 s I 8 | a 
 
 £1 ^ 
 
 igg-SJJ 
 
 a a a o o •< 
 a a a a a a a 
 
 oooo oop«MH 
 
 i 5 ^^^ ft^i^ a a a 
 
 oo'o'o oooaaa 
 ftftftpiH ft ft ft tf tf p^ 
 
 Tf iOON OOfflOHNM 
 OOOiO O O i— I i— I i— I i— I 
 
 •J il 
 
 ?-a 
 
 W a ®^a 
 
 > ts 
 
 «3|1 k>: 
 
 W W«5 
 
 <! ^ 
 
 II I 
 
 » § « 
 
 a ' — ' 
 
 ?° 'a 
 
 s^s 
 
 -S ft 
 
 O o <S 
 *J3 ft ® 
 
 h «.h 
 t>HlPM 
 
 =3 7= S g 
 
58 
 
 *-> • 
 
 ft s 
 
 > e S 
 
 „ a „ . 
 
 S -S » -' 
 
 S? S ffl 
 
 £ a > 
 
 Sill 
 
 a a 
 
 
 ■ - - ■ < rt 
 
 fc fe 
 
 o o o 
 
 Pi rt 3 O S 
 
 05 03 03 Ph 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 eq 
 
 £ £ 
 
 S o 
 
 r& .—I H5 <n 
 
 cS « O O 
 
 «flo o 
 
 s £ e= 
 
 a a 
 
 a? a? © a? S^ 
 
 p* aj n_« airv 
 
 £ ftO ftjD ftO ft " 
 
 ""<< "^ <i <1 Ph 
 
 £.s 
 
 5" 
 
 a 
 
 OO 
 
 
 5 o 
 
 13 
 
 ^ tf «i 
 
 a w 
 I is 
 
 ft . ° Sh 
 
 a * a^ 
 
 
 g£ 
 
 fe.§ 
 
 o 
 h5 
 
 = £ ^ 
 
 S "« 
 
 S • ^ 
 
 cc H 
 
 S 
 
 a, a 
 0-3 
 
 "m a 
 
 £5 ^ .3 
 
 60 £ 
 
 O" a? Eh 
 
 H>-3 
 
 8£ 
 
 22 a 
 
 2 S 
 
 
 02 02 02 
 
59 
 
 ==« 
 
 W2H 
 
 . Pa o 
 
 -Wp^ 
 
 i£ £ 
 
 00 ad 
 
 . C3 02 02 
 
 "3 fe* 
 
 »-5 g IS 
 
 oqW^- 
 
 pi 3 1 
 
 c3 d 
 
 
 03 
 
 „, be 
 
 0) a> a 
 •M d -J 
 
 » i-s a> 
 
 Pi .W 
 
 Ph 
 
 bo a) 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 <Jcofl 
 
 £ 
 
 
 jRI 
 
 £ » 
 
 £ a ° 
 
 W 
 
 H) <* ffl 
 
 I* oq h -*a 
 
 o o o a 
 
 flC5 firg 
 
 > • > g 
 
 o-E 
 
 P3 
 
 a a) (_ "=< *" 
 
 P- ** ^ 0> 
 
 <u . a .^n-^ 
 
 w 
 
 o5 « O^ 
 § "X. • ^ .a 
 
 g** §,§ a 
 
 ^ bC^cS^ 
 
 . w«2 . En 
 <1 W 
 
 bjo s> 
 
 'Sfi 
 
 d 23 
 
 o o 
 
 WW 
 
 &£, 
 
 
 ■s a 
 
 g 8 
 
 
 a .T5 r2 
 
 cc g 
 
 |T| £ 
 
 ^d -a 
 
 
 o <* 
 
 -a! 5 - 1 
 s d 
 
 £a 
 
 W<1 
 
 S 3 
 
 a 
 
 m .^2 i ^ 
 "3 ~ d 
 
 a o3 '. e3 
 
 JdJ^ 
 
 g2g* 
 ^ s § > 
 
 dog? 
 2 -Sj 3 
 
 ^Q a m 
 
 ■< -d c3 
 
 O rH 
 CO CO 
 
 ^ a 
 
 s>-a 
 
 tf P5 
 
 tn J-i Jh (H 
 
 c3 ^ c3 c3 
 
 >a -a 
 
 PA 
 
 
 rs e 
 
 £ - 3 
 
 <3 CCS 
 
 ho 
 *!> d 
 Q 2 
 
 11 
 
 8^ 
 
 6=2 
 
 • *> H c3 
 ^S_cS 
 
 13 '3 
 
 a^ 
 
 8 <B 
 
 s ° «- <° . 
 q^= » -a J 
 
 2 .2 .S ■" 
 
 'sH *t- 's-. (-3 
 
 c3 c3 C3 a 
 
 d d d 3 
 a o a> ^ 
 ^2-a^= e3 
 
 WWW* 
 
60 
 
 fi-s 
 
 ■sS-3 .1° 
 
 ° S.5 s»2.2 
 rt a 1 « « 
 
 
 gcO 
 & 
 CO _ 
 
 
 ?w og 
 
 © c3 a 
 
 03 £ 
 
 c«W 
 
 C3 
 
 & O 
 
 . Ct5 £ 
 
 2 > o "* 
 
 '1-3 CO g. 
 
 • 3 £ 
 
 o 5 • 
 
 
 M "W CO ® m 
 cPCB^CO^jg^H J . 
 
 "co^ g^" 2 S 
 
 CO . • Ph CO .CO . •'SCOW .Phco^I . 
 
 2 co . •Men . cr 
 
 © c3 d 
 OPhPh 
 
 O PhPh 
 
 © © CD _0 
 
 fih ho 
 c3 c3 03 %i 
 PhPhPhOh 
 
 #Ph 
 
 o 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 CD ' 
 
 
 • • . - * • 
 
 
 o o o o 
 
 fc pit& £ ^^^^ 
 
 Si-3 
 
 
 ,M 
 
 fit, g 
 
 is 
 
 fc,o 
 
 hS 
 
 
 =0 T3 
 u © 
 
 rSS 
 
 t*> 
 
 Cq o 
 
 H 5 
 
 £» 
 
 
 « M 
 
 o g 
 
 a © 
 
 
 ££ 
 
 I S.S 
 
 • CD ^-i 
 
 co co o 
 
 £ p "^ 
 
 « 2 1 
 
 <D hi-*- 5 
 
 "5 ° 2 
 
 O o .£! 
 
 O * co 
 
 31 J> i a 
 
 s s o g 
 
 si 5| 
 
 eift 2 
 
 6DS>» 
 
 Ph * 
 
 8 I 
 
 £•£ 
 
 i 2 s 
 
 ^.la^ 
 
 bCp- 
 
 a^ 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ml 
 
 CD 
 
 ■',-, 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 ci 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 c5 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 a. 
 
 bfl c3 
 
 
 o> 
 
 
 
 > £ o a 
 
 PcOfLl CO 
 
 c5 
 
 CO ^H 
 
 in 
 
 iO 
 
 »o 
 
 
 'O 
 
 CNCNUNM 
 
 .2 I 
 
 a a 
 
 .2 .2 
 33 
 
61 
 
 2| 
 
 
 ft« 
 
 <J <j 
 
 a a a 
 
 a >■ 
 
 a u 
 
 o U > 
 
 Zh & £ 
 
 'W /VJ .^ __| 
 
 H W 5 Ph 
 
 ids 
 
 01 . ." ■ 
 
 
 C5 g 
 
 
 £ --2 m ?ai, 
 
 .ft 
 
 M fto-<o!zi 
 
 "3 rt tf ft tf • ^ w • tf 13 
 
 "a«2 a . 
 
 o ™ • O 
 
 
 a a a 
 
 O o 
 
 1 a 
 a a 
 
 CS PhOPh C5 
 
 a &o 
 
 "3 2 
 
 <D o> o> i> r> <- 
 
 d o) tS o jj H " ■■ 
 
 e3 c2 
 
 0> 03 <D 
 
 c3o3c3l>i-iQ3a}53c3;-i 
 Ph^PhOPh C+SOPhPhPh 
 
 rt tfO" P5 Ph C5P5 
 
 53 fe 
 
 T3 ^ © 
 
 ■§ T3 5 
 c3 c3 w 
 O O c3 
 PIPhPh 
 
 ft 
 
 S £ £ I *| »- 
 
 t. to w ™ > ™ te 
 s3 c3 =3 ,2 " ,2 
 
 c3 c3 e3 w 
 
 p %. % £ J 
 O O O O "S, 
 T3 ^ T3 "o l—l 
 
 ri ^ w d "^ 
 
 03 Q> CP 03 <W 
 
 £ £ £ £ & 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 *a *a ^ "T3S ^ 
 
 c3 o3 53 53 53 
 
 03 03 03 <S 03 
 
 r-3^ r-^ g^ 
 
 c« § O eg £ eg 
 cp n O £ W cd 
 
 P fe <u 
 
 <B CD (3 
 
 
 §^ 
 
 w m s 
 
 1. 
 
 
 c« T3 g a 
 
 a g m-= 
 
 
 
 3 3 ° 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^a i3 X3 •« 
 
 ft m tO .H 
 
 03 03 ,£?- 
 
 
 
 » 3 K li 
 
 a i- a r) 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 h 0) ho 
 
 03 O O 
 
 
 
 O ft o g 
 
 a a a 
 
 
 
 
 ft >>ftS 
 
 a a a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 •-» 1-3 »-3 
 
 i-a 
 
 
 O * OH 
 
 <=> — ' <M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 tH iO!D 
 
 fp rp <"p 
 
 to 
 
 
 ?o CO to 
 
 CTINN 
 
 cq 
 
 
 <M (M cq 
 
 ■■§1 
 
 I l^ Is 
 
 a a • a 3 
 
 -*e .** +J _rt .iS 
 ? > * ft h 
 
 !> o o> .Jh ■" 
 
 
 
 K3 rl 
 
 .00 ^; 
 
 S a d rt 
 
 ft m^ g 
 
 a g o o 
 
 > ft O h 
 
 c3 e3 53 p3 c3 
 
 ga 
 
 IS 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 00 
 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 IS 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 GQ 0Q GQ 02 U OOOUO 
 
 (M (N (M (M <M 
 
 o oo oo oo 
 
62 
 
 42 05 
 
 o « 
 
 3 
 
 ■s< & 
 
 1-5 . £<^ 
 
 ^ fl r^ 42 
 
 § £ § S S 
 
 <u sh r <u o 
 
 C5 £ » a 
 
 
 ^« 
 
 p: ctToQ CO 
 
 JgftO 
 
 so 
 
 £, M - oi 
 
 fio a 
 
 
 ^p3 rt 
 
 • :^ © . p- fe 2 • 
 . . •(-) . en h^co 
 
 ft a 
 
 ' _ CD CD 
 
 I c3 t^O 
 
 k!(-3 
 
 
 Jzi 
 
 . • s . 
 
 to 
 
 ro CO CD m .to 
 
 
 P . CD S O 9 
 
 s_s 
 
 
 eg <2 «2 <£j O ^ 
 
 s ,2 
 
 "3 "c3 " "e3 ^ "3 
 
 fi w 
 
 oolsoSo 
 
 -3H 
 
 a g 
 
 60 w> 
 
 Ph FhPh 
 
 c3 42 • r£2 • cS . 
 U o3 fi c3 H Sh 
 
 » n O n O O t) « 
 
 aoSoaas-*- 
 csg fl j: fl oc«c3 
 
 ft OPhPh 
 
 S 
 
 : n 
 
 • 2 
 
 ; o3 
 
 • c 
 
 ; eS 
 
 : "3 
 
 CD 
 O 
 
 cS 
 o 
 
 42 
 c3 
 
 
 5 a 
 
 £>ft 
 
 a oi; c ><a 
 
 O 
 
 CD erj ~ 
 
 CD CD c« CD C3 CD 
 
 CS PhP= 
 
 C6G3PnOrtO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD CD • CD CD CD 
 
 
 
 CD u . U Sh Sh 
 
 «3 S • B 3 S 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 ft co ; CO m to 
 
 43 c3 :, cS cS c3 
 
 TJ/A 
 
 
 CD ft . ft ft ft 
 
 
 ^ 13 ; t3 ^3 "S 
 
 C3 g 
 
 
 nj a . a a a 
 
 
 
 pj d • c3 ca c3 
 
 fe &co </ 
 
 g « fti= 
 
 es a 
 side 
 
 OWS 
 
 ows 
 ows 
 
 ■2 te a e 
 
 43 TS rQ Ti rtj *& 
 
 
 CD ^^ f 
 
 tx 
 
 .t: qj n co o o 
 
 o 
 
 PQ 
 
 P o 
 
 c3 £ 
 
 SpS ££ £ j^^ S 
 
 ■3 5 
 
 O g 
 
 P=Ph 
 
 k;-s 
 
 g M 
 
 e ' 
 
 " ® a 
 » a 
 
 tf EH 
 
 D .2 «3 
 PhPrW 
 
 a a 
 
 60 g, &0 
 
 
 a -a 2 
 
 ft rt 
 
 It 
 
 e3 c3 o 
 
 Coo 
 
 .Sa°? 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 g i 
 ^ i I 
 
 ^3 c3 
 
 a a 
 
 CD c3 
 
 "g 
 
 
 S« C« s -Ed 
 t; ^ M> c3 g S 
 
 o oo oo o uoo 
 
 r— i S-< 
 
 =3 9 >* •£ S -2 c3 
 
 CD CD 
 
 n <d^ S 2 2 a 
 
 cS c3 
 
 CD 43 t> M SO 60 3 
 
 kI ft 5T <l <! <! b 
 
 oo 
 
 1>- CO QO 
 
 CO CO COOJ o^ 
 
 i— I Cq CO "Tf 
 
 Oi «0 H(NCOt)i 
 QO O O O CD 
 
 NCO CQ CO CO CO 
 
G3 
 
 & <D 
 
 > 0)50 K O 
 
 CO, 
 
 a a c a a 
 
 S^ffi^^tfl^.2 
 
 %< 
 
 fl -w -^ -» 5 ^ 
 "tXi«2CQ<S # . 
 
 :rtpdj 
 
 s« 
 
 £ 
 
 W md- 
 
 M 
 
 
 to 
 
 a 
 
 feS s 
 
 K> 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 .1-3 
 
 
 a 1 g . 
 
 Iff a 
 
 g fl A 6 C B p 
 m > 3 •.- > > 
 
 =2 a g . 
 ° S a a 
 
 • a 
 
 a > 
 
 
 «2cQ M 2,CQtS 
 
 
 £,vi 
 
 W. R. 
 J. Wa 
 W. R 
 On all 
 
 f^ P5 §gP5f4 
 
 firtpi,^ 
 
 ■aw 
 
 
 «fl££o 
 
 ££ 
 
 ffl © O © C CO 
 
 a a s- a a 
 
 a a 
 
 O CD CD to CD CD 
 f- U U tn P p 
 
 e3 c3 c3 c3 CD 
 
 ^ ^ t, a 
 
 c3 c3 c5 3 
 
 O cS pS, pi, p? Ph c5 c5 PhPhPhO PhPh PhPh p^p^p50 OPh 
 
 S'STltJ = 
 
 CD CD 
 
 a! c3 cS g 
 ftft i^^ 
 
 «5 g: & S IS 
 
 --, o O £ O 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■73 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * : 
 
 
 
 
 *-< . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to * 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 * . 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 ft : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a I 
 
 CO 
 
 p-2 ; 
 
 
 
 
 cS . 
 
 T3 
 
 CD • 
 
 
 m " 
 
 1—1 tn ^^a • 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ^ • a 
 
 * 
 
 S 
 
 * a • 
 
 ^ooo^o © a! a> j a> o © ® ° ed el "^ ° 
 p^^^ftp: ^ § g ft g g g ^ P* Ph Ph S ^ 
 
 a c-o-s c3 ^ -a 
 
 -w *2 c3 c3 >- O a 
 
 S g CD CD &C O o 
 
 T3 T3 -73 3 73 P 
 
 :£ ££gft O^ 
 
 m a 
 
 1 s 
 
 !pH 
 
 bo 
 
 60 ft 
 3^ S 
 
 ftb fevpH 
 
 ^. CD 
 
 MS 
 
 CD j_, 
 
 2 § &= 
 
 o r •*" a ^ 
 *-hP Ph 
 
 M 
 
 a cs 
 
 <0 t n 
 
 oci g 
 O Ph 
 
 SJja CD -rH 
 
 O Q.P 3 
 
 ft K^^ 
 
 m-3-3 
 
 bC-Q 
 
 a 
 
 9 « 
 
 
 I iS 
 
 T3 s- <" 
 
 s ;: g 
 
 &o a as a g 
 
 s- a to a o a 
 
 J 3 eg -^ t^ CD -^ 
 
 * P^OOfiW 
 
 iot-o-ao 
 <=><=> o o — 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 .2 2-2 a 3 
 
 J? tH >H P O 
 
 £ o o cj o 
 f^^!^ c3 c3 
 
 ■—^-,--0 
 
 cSoOPiPs 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 I III \ '- « 
 
 'S .2 2 fl a *= J 
 
 a ^ CD > > r-2 3 
 
 ^ .2 bo o o o a 
 
 g .£ « S d S d 
 
 5? ^- 3 CD O O o 
 
 ft -^ ft 3 3 3 3 
 
 c3 c3 c3 m m "S "S 
 
 O O O ct> CD CD CD 
 
 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Pr pq 
 
 l4 COffiOHINCC 
 
 I— I i-H r-t C<1 CNl CM CN> 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 H 
 
 .2 s a s 
 
 CO C3 0) ft 
 
 gaa-s 
 
 a o o ."s 
 
 t>> !- h U 
 
 OPhPPH 
 
 ^iOCON 
 INI CM CM CM 
 
 CO O^ CO CO 
 
 .2c^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 ft^=s 
 
 a-§ 
 
 55 
 a a 
 
 00 oi 
 
 ^ « a 
 
 ~> a M 
 
 = -i 
 
 ftTi 1 
 
 a '. & 
 
 o if ^ 
 »"£ a 
 
 II a 
 
 O 3 
 
 ■►» a cd 
 a cd w 
 
 c3 > "S 
 
 " I o| 
 
 & c *° 
 
 0:1 e3 fl 
 
 8 « § 
 
 o o g 
 
 =35-5 
 
 •5 a d 
 
 a a 
 
 a a 
 
 o o 
 
 'a a 
 
 PhPh 
 
64 
 
 J& 6 
 
 M 
 
 S 
 
 yj 
 
 
 =3 
 
 ft 
 
 03 
 
 « 
 
 es 
 
 ci 
 
 W 
 
 
 £ 
 
 a a 
 
 OO 
 
 a a> 
 
 
 
 
 FS-* 
 
 
 
 
 c3 » 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 Wft 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 3< 
 
 o „ 
 o m 
 
 ft a 
 
 pq 
 
 Ci3 
 
 E5 
 
 c3 
 
 O «3 
 
 s-T 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 CQCO^S 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,3* 
 
 A 
 
 q5^ 
 
 ft 
 
 
 HJfH 
 
 ft «a a 
 
 w 
 
 S" 13 
 
 £& 
 
 c3 • £ a fe- 3 
 
 ■< s 
 
 ^ a 
 
 O c3 • 
 
 - cj 
 
 
 ^ ft .2 
 
 H.2 
 
 03 i-q 
 
 :pm"=i 
 
 >• 2 m 
 
 rK 
 
 _5^ O* hH CO <-h r ^ Q 
 
 a S ^sa « « „r 
 
 i" « v >ri .a /"f.'io^ «>9 wt ) 
 _o.a »UUo ~£^ £ .gtfffl.gg.~fe 
 
 ^ . £ . £ p4 . «5 m . £ od ffl J3 . m 6 . 
 
 3 a 
 
 T3 'TS 
 
 a a 
 
 cS c3 
 
 fe a a 
 
 03 Qj 03 
 
 PhCscS 
 
 03 03 
 
 a a 
 
 ci50 ffl 
 
 o 
 
 ffl 
 
 •2 7j . 6C 
 
 £ o3 fe a Q 
 
 © m O .rt t! 
 
 ^ftfe: ^g £ 
 
 O c3 
 
 Si 
 
 S-s-S 
 
 » 03 J3 
 
 So 
 
 si ai§ 
 
 Ifl 
 
 o3 a 
 
 5^ 
 
 ^O^ 
 
 a a s § | 
 
 &q a 
 
 t>* a ^ 
 
 a a 
 
 
 HH» 
 
 -,5 = 
 
 •« T3 (3 
 
 ^ftl 
 
 a g, 
 
 o.S 
 
 c3 u 
 ■£ 03 
 
 <3Ph 
 
 •3 
 
 Oi O r-l <M 
 
 CO -* "*H tH 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO 
 
65 
 
 £ 5 
 ^2 
 
 w w §« 
 
 a 
 
 poor, 
 
 ooor, 
 A. D 
 
 w. 
 
 > 
 m 
 
 w n^ c 
 
 
 . tS a> 
 
 HH 
 
 © * g-g 
 
 
 
 S£ 
 
 „ «P3 . 
 
 
 .2 . •« ^ft M 
 
 
 gfcgf. § 
 
 CO £ 
 
 ^ a 1- ' £ g» 
 
 tf ^ 
 
 • W • W ^» OQ 
 
 
 
 ^ft 
 
 ft ft 
 
 S d5 ds, 
 
 
 ^ M 
 
 
 JK 
 
 02 H 
 
 ft 2 
 
 0, a> 
 
 ofis 
 
 gaij 
 
 ■ H 
 
 >fd 
 
 •£_£ 
 
 
 aco 
 
 la 
 
 w ffi .aggjwl^ 
 
 h ft £ 
 
 «2Q g 
 
 • i^ ■ 
 
 ftH . 
 
 jcB * 
 
 
 ftH 
 
 *P3 
 
 Sft fcl -2?Hn'- l( u» 
 
 ft <i,s3 
 
 0> " [_ i-H 
 
 o g M a 
 
 ft titi 
 
 <B CO X> JS. 
 
 0) . OH 
 
 t! ~> ° . 
 
 o5 M ci 
 
 o © m 
 
 l> t> ™ 
 
 EC CO .2 
 . . ft 
 
 cS 
 
 PS « 
 
 ft 
 
 c3 cS 
 
 Is a 
 -§1 
 
 Si M 
 
 ft 
 
 a 
 
 © © c^ o c) 
 o3 c3 ^ -~ ( " c3 
 
 PhPhPh 
 
 £ £ £ 
 
 ££ 
 
 •§ » ft 
 
 $ fe a 
 
 & & n. 
 
 c3 c3 c3 2 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 a a 
 
 «i -*j 
 
 €« 
 
 05 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 ra 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 ■73 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 e3 
 t(-i 
 
 * - H, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 !i 
 
 
 fl 
 
 la 
 
 o 
 
 r^= 
 
 CS 
 
 ,2 
 
 aa 
 
 a 
 
 
 s s 
 
 =s 
 
 
 
 
 
 TS "3 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ft ft 
 
 ft 
 
 ™ 
 
 <l<1 
 
 <J 
 
 O 
 
 ift «D 
 
 t-^ 
 
 on 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 eij 
 
 co 
 
 rC Ct5 
 
 ^°? 
 
 ^11 I 
 
 I * 2 
 
 la?'!" 
 
 SSI* 
 
66 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 Q 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 P-i 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 ©- 
 P3 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 ft 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 <J 
 
 •HHITHOaO 
 
 naHmysoHiHy 
 
 •SSBIQ JO !}U90 J9<J 
 
 
 * '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Yssaaamoo voj 
 
 •SST3J*) JO !}U90 J9<J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -vnbv viaaoiif) 
 
 •SS-BiJC) JO IJU90 J9,J 
 
 
 
 
 
 * '. 
 
 * ? * 
 
 
 •V1YHHH 
 -01D SITtAiOTd 
 
 •SSUJQ JO ^U90 I9J 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •vaa 
 -yas susoasy 
 
 •SSUIQ JO IJU90 J9J 
 
 
 : j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -as wanoaiax 
 
 •SS'BJf) JO !}II90 J9<J 
 
 iO <M (M • 
 
 coo • 
 
 «>0 100. 
 OMnH* 
 
 •asKai 
 -vaa unnoaiaj, 
 
 •SSBI*) JO !}tI90 J9<I 
 
 o o o un ioioo 
 
 CO ON -* *# O O i— 
 
 i—i o 
 
 
 3 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 ft 
 1= 
 
 1 
 
 •4 
 
 m 
 
 K 
 
 p 
 
 Ph 
 
 K 
 fca 
 
 t» 
 
 P4 
 
 H 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 W 
 
 M 
 ft 
 
 125 
 © 
 
 •vivo 
 
 -IdS VlilOHlMVd 
 
 •pgZI'JoSa^ !)U90 J9<J 
 
 
 
 
 
 * ! 
 
 
 ; . 
 
 
 •SSBIf) JO ^U90 I9,J 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 •swaa 
 -aa Knoinax 
 
 •pgziijoSjg; !>U90 J9<j 
 
 m m j. o io o cs o o 
 
 •SS'Baf) JO ^U90 J9,J 
 
 iO io ^ 
 
 O O O O O G 
 
 * o -<* 
 
 
 •SflN 
 
 -nyoas snHoag; 
 
 •pOZI^oSjg !)U90 J9J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SS^Jf) JO !)U90 J9J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •sisuax 
 -vaa: 'jvo, <aoix 
 -via Yoaisaj 
 
 •pszi^ogjg; ^ago i9<j 
 
 # * 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 •SSBJ*) JO ^U90 I9<J 
 
 * * 
 
 
 * '. 
 
 * * 
 
 
 •sistfaxvaa vo,j 
 
 •pgzT^oSag; ^uoo I9<£ 
 
 ON . 
 
 irs ii5 in o ioho • 
 
 .fc-CNOO ooo • 
 
 
 •SS13J*) JO ^U90 J9,J 
 
 o> lO <c 
 
 rlMr 
 
 s 
 
 irs ur 
 
 T-4 1- 
 
 
 •VNixoaas voj 
 
 •pgzi^oS-tg; ^ugo J9<j 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SSBIf) JO %UB0 J9,J 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 
 * o o • 
 
 
 •vxva 
 -aa*i Tiaaoiif) 
 
 •pgzi^oSig; (jaoo J9,j 
 
 US • 
 
 
 : 
 
 * ' 
 
 
 •SS13I*) JO ^U90 I9<I 
 
 o * 
 
 
 • l« 
 o 
 
 • o • 
 
 
 •SiaT9 
 
 -inA sixsoaoy 
 
 "pezi^oSjg; ^uoo xaj 
 
 * I 
 
 
 ; ; 
 
 :■• • 
 
 
 •SS'BJQ JO !JU90 J9<J 
 
 iflioir 
 
 HHC 
 
 > O i* 
 
 > i-H C- 
 
 > u: 
 
 ) c 
 
 > o * c 
 
 > 
 
 •asNax 
 -vaa KnaiHj 
 
 •pgzt^ogag; ^uoo jg,j 
 
 * * 
 
 : 
 
 
 : i 
 
 
 •SSBX*) JO ^U90 J9<J 
 
 O ^ O O O O tf 
 
 CO CM CO CO ^lOC 
 
 unit 
 
 s 
 1 
 
 •siaxsai 
 -va siavHooaig; 
 
 •pgzi^oSag; fjuoo i9,j 
 
 
 
 
 i * 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SS'BJf) JO ^U90 J9.I 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 < 
 1 
 < 
 
 P 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 • c 
 
 ii 
 
 3 1 
 
 g 1 
 
 !1 
 
 3 c 
 3t- 
 
 3 IS j 
 
 Is 
 
 3 
 
 
 - ! 
 
 h 
 
 • c 
 
 S 1- 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 •tcubj; qD'Ba o^ suotpoqy jo e3'B^n90J9 < j 
 
 per ct. 
 .10 per ct. 
 .11 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 per ct. 
 per ct. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 it 
 
 > 
 
67 
 
 HOTOO 
 O O O O 
 
 O 1 — I O O O r- I <M I— ll— lr- I <M O i— I O j— I 
 
 t—\ ^ f-~l t — 1 ^ ^ . — , , — I v . — , 
 
 lO O US o >« o o 
 
 ifldiO iiOinOOiOOiOOOOOOO 'COO • lO O O tOOOiOOOOCOiOOOOiOOO 
 
 O lO O iO ' 
 
 OOOiOCOOO 
 
 NN, C<l N » * 
 
 
 
 b >■•" s 
 
 so— 
 
 P o 
 3pq. 
 
 M 
 
 5 a 
 
 Jx)l-5!SpU(i51-5l-5|Sl-5fllt-l 
 
 O b 
 
 3 5^ 
 
 . --. i-* Q) ,•-! J™ *-• V l-S r-\ 
 
 n3 ^ 
 c3 a 
 
 
 
 g* 
 
 as c 
 
 
 
 
 i-s o in 
 
 00 (*' 
 
 <9 o o © © 
 
 d h Si h 
 
 o © © o 
 
 ©©©©©©© 
 
 dddddddddd 
 
 © © © © 
 
 J* Sh fci u U 
 
 ©©©©©©©©© 
 
 >— lOsOOO^taOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOtOOOOOOOOOOO^O 
 l-H O O O i— ( ©q CM rH ep r<H . 
 
68 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 <£ 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 I— i 
 
 O 
 
 Pn 
 <! 
 P 
 
 •KaxYaoao 
 
 KaHINTXOHXNy 
 
 •ssi3X*) jo fingo X9<j 
 
 
 
 
 : ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •TSSaSdHOO Y0<J 
 
 •ss'bjjc) jo f}U90 X9,£ 
 
 
 
 
 * '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •yoix 
 
 -VH&Y TiaaOAIQ 
 
 •ssi3X{) jo ^Tieo X9,j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Yxyaait 
 
 -019 SIlAlOYd 
 
 •SSUX*) jo iiuao xaj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Taa 
 
 -yos sixsoaay 
 
 •SS'GJJt) JO %UQO J9,j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •sjstaa 
 -aa HnnoaiHi 
 
 •ss'Bjf) jo ?nao X9<j 
 
 * * OOrH* OOi-H 
 
 lO ■ 
 
 O ' 
 
 rH O O * 
 
 * 
 
 •asNai 
 -yaa Hnnoaiaj, 
 
 •SSBJ*) jo 1U90 X9<J 
 
 usousoousoour 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 Pn 
 P 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 H 
 K 
 
 ft 
 M 
 P 
 ft 
 
 □Q 
 
 ft 
 
 H 
 o 
 
 £ 
 O 
 
 H 
 O 
 03 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 ft 
 & 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 •Y1T0 
 -US YINOHXtfYft 
 
 •pgzrjogxg; }tiao xa,j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SS"BJ£) JO ^U90 J9,J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SKaa 
 -aa Hnoixiajj 
 
 •pazi^oSxg; ^uao xa<j 
 
 *US****COuSUS 
 
 o 
 
 
 us 
 
 
 US o 
 
 'SSUXQ JO !)U90 J9£ 
 
 * * * "£ 
 
 * * g * * 
 
 
 C^ * * * *— 
 
 
 •sns 
 -nyoas snmoag 
 
 •paziioSxg; !inaa xa<j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 us 
 
 o 
 <=> 
 
 
 •SS13X£) JO ^U90 19 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; * 
 
 
 •siSNai 
 -THi • J»« 'aoix 
 -Tia to ax sa^ 
 
 •pgziioSjg; iraao xa<j 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 UT5 iO iO jj, 
 
 o o o * 
 
 O O US 
 r-H r-l O 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ss^if) jo ^noo xa<j 
 
 * * Jg 
 
 ■ c 
 
 
 • .-1 e<) in j, esi 
 
 ■ o o o * o 
 
 
 
 
 •sis*iaxYaa yo<j 
 
 ■pgzi^ogxg; quao xa<j 
 
 : : ! 
 
 ; 
 
 
 • • o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ss'BXf) jo ijnao xaj 
 
 us <= 
 
 O i- 
 
 iO ' r-* O "^ ^ 
 
 <=> O t— ! i— » <= 
 
 ur 
 
 i— 
 
 
 o c<- 
 
 r- 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 . Cf 
 
 ; C 
 
 > 
 
 
 •Yuixoaag yo,j 
 
 •pazr^oSxg; ^uao xa<j 
 
 : 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ssux*) jo %uqo xa^ 
 
 * = 
 
 * * * 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 :• 
 
 
 
 •yxya 
 -aaN YiaaoiiQ 
 
 •pazpoExg; ^nao xa,j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SSBXr) JO ^H90 J9,J 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •siaYa 
 -iax sixsoaay 
 
 •pazi^ogxg; (jaao xaj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ss^jjc) jo inao xa,j | S J£ 
 
 i 
 
 > IC 
 
 1 u 
 
 c 
 
 > o ir 
 
 ■ r 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 ur 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 • c 
 
 u: 
 
 c 
 
 > o c 
 
 > 1— I I- 
 
 J c- 
 ■ <z 
 
 * 
 
 •asKai 
 -Yaa KflaiH^ 
 
 •pazpogxg; ^nao xaj 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 •ssi3X£) jo (lueo xaj 
 
 us o u* 
 
 5 O C 
 5 CO f 
 
 US C 
 
 3 C 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 > u: 
 
 i> 
 
 C3 c 
 
 co cj: 
 
 
 > u- 
 
 a- 
 
 
 •siaxsm 
 -Yd siaYHOoaaa 
 
 •pazi^oSxg; ^nao xa<£ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •SS'BXJt) jo !1U90 X9<J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 a 
 Pi 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 
 c 
 — 
 
 c 
 C 
 
 IS 
 
 11 
 
 < 
 
 '. c 
 
 j c 
 
 7 
 
 c 
 p 
 
 t 
 
 l 
 
 e. 
 « 
 P 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 IS 
 
 ■ n 
 
 o 
 
 .2, 
 
 a 
 CSP 
 
 — 
 
 s. 
 a 
 t 
 
 .; 
 
 "a 
 PC 
 
 P 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 a 
 
 |2 
 |2 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 PC 
 
 P- 
 
 c 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 i 
 
 i I 
 
 s 
 
 •I 
 
 < 
 
 
 •uiibj Tfoua o(j suor}xoqy jo 9§Trjaaox9,i 
 
 per ct. 
 .08 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .04 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .07 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 33£ prct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .05 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
69 
 
 
 : : : 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 : *. 
 
 
 
 ; * * 
 
 . ^ . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; • 
 
 
 
 
 ; * 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ; * ; 
 
 
 • N rH 
 
 • O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. * '. 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. * " 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 I* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. '. * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 • CM * lO O in 
 ; r-i * (N r-i O 
 
 - .mo 
 
 • • *- 
 
 • • o 
 
 
 • CD 
 
 . . CD • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • m co 
 
 • o o 
 
 
 
 
 > CD 
 
 • 7-1 
 
 
 O 
 
 i—l 
 
 • O O C 
 
 3 lO CD CD CD lO 
 ■( CO CO OS -^ CO 
 
 «5 
 
 oq 
 
 • CO -^ 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 • c 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 > • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • o* 
 
 • co m 
 
 
 
 
 . CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD CD CD CD CD lO 
 NN iO*«Cl 
 
 
 
 
 ; * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :* S* * 
 
 . * ITS * 
 
 o 
 cn, 
 
 m 
 
 ■ * * * O * i- 
 • O C 
 
 m 
 
 * H F-l 
 
 = CD CD 
 
 * 
 
 jo* 
 
 
 • e 
 
 • e 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; Jg * * * 
 
 : * °* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 • r-J <N O r-H * 
 
 • O O CM O 
 
 * '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 • 
 
 . it 
 '. * * § 
 
 in 
 
 * • * * g * 
 
 • CI 
 
 • o 
 
 
 
 
 
 . CO • 
 
 • CD • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • o * 
 
 
 
 
 • CM 
 
 • O 
 
 
 • 
 
 i ■ i 
 
 • • - • m '. 
 
 • . • • CD . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 ; * 
 
 
 in 
 
 • o o c: 
 
 T— 1 CD « HIS 
 OH O i-H 
 
 ■a 
 
 o 
 
 * o 
 
 
 ■ CD 
 
 • e: 
 
 > • 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ in A 
 
 
 
 
 • o 
 
 
 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 ; 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; * * * * • * * • 
 
 o 
 
 ; * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • CD • 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ' " " * ■ • * 
 
 * I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I * * • « 
 
 * ; 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s* : 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ,}'.'. '. '. 
 
 • 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ! i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i— i 
 
 o 
 
 cd CD co in in Cn 
 
 V !-H — O O C 
 
 in lO 
 CD CD 
 
 o 
 
 un cd 
 
 
 
 
 • CD • 
 
 • C<) • 
 
 
 
 
 
 m us ' 
 
 1— 1 CD 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 
 
 : • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) a 
 
 
 • :^ 
 
 re 
 
 a 
 
 — 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 o > 
 
 CO • 
 
 CD lO CD 
 
 -^ CO 50 
 
 in in £- CD UD 
 
 ■^Jt CD CO (M 
 
 
 UO us 
 CO CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 DQ . us 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 fl CI 
 
 a'g 
 
 o io .2 .5 .9 So 
 n . n . 'a 'g 'g 'g °» 
 
 
 : s : : : 
 
 
 
 c "S : : 
 
 
 S « • 
 
 
 • o3 ■ • • 
 
 :m : : : 
 
 
 
 • o3 • • 
 
 :m • : 
 
 c3 c3 • 
 
 mm : 
 
 
 O ^ d d O O c3 " "OOO O "^ 
 
 11 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 HH<! 
 
 • . '— 
 . . c3 
 
 a --^ 
 
 <B fe .s 
 
 o • • 
 
 § • • ® • 
 
 > : • s : 
 2 ; «3 I 
 
 § : : £ 
 o : ^ w : 
 
 a - ca g . 
 
 m c a P S> 
 
 •91 WW 
 
 '. 6 
 ■ a 
 
 m o 
 §*» 
 £«< 
 
 - 6 
 
 O-. H 
 
 » o 
 
 §^ 
 d . 
 >o 
 ■a . 
 
 5o 
 
 s- • 
 s> • 
 
 a . 
 
 6D • 
 
 ci • 
 
 ^ : 
 
 . o 
 
 MS 
 
 a 
 
 p. 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 B 
 e3 
 X 
 
 rCl 
 
 "3 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 *-3 
 
 - n • 
 
 O cs S. 
 
 Ph£ . 
 
 • ® —■ 
 
 bhlfl 
 
 a 
 
 ■ p. 
 © 
 
 - a 
 S = 
 
 ■4^ 
 
 .2 
 
 5ph 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 m"5 : 
 
 •S S . 
 m • c3 
 
 i-si-sd 
 
 "3 
 
 1-9 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 ^ : 
 a ^ 
 >^ : 
 
 o -« 
 
 O a) 
 02 
 
 • n 
 
 • c» 
 
 • a 
 
 02 << 
 
 ) 
 
 .14 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .05 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .36 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .24 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .05| pr ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .11 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .04 per ct- 
 
 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 .27 per ct. 
 .14 per ct. 
 
 per ct. 
 per ct. 
 
JC.(1868) 
 
 White indicates Towns having less than 4 percent of 4borttons 
 Gray „ , » beiwe&Tt^arul 6percitl „ 
 
 Blaxk „ ., „ over 6pe?-ceiitof „ 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 054 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Manhevni.^ 
 
 .033 \ 
 
 Litchfield. 
 
 .047 
 
 'G-ermanFtats 
 
 Mrfield. 
 
 .047 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 .as 4 
 
 Warren* 
 
 .038 
 
 Stark. 
 
 .03S 
 
 C?hzrUs VanB&n&uiysen. 3J Sons-Att'Cozs/^Vy 
 
Y (1867) 
 
 White indicates Ibwtvs having less than 4 percent oj "Abortions 
 Or ay „ „ „ between 4 ami 6 percent „ 
 
 Black ', „ „ over 6 percent of 
 
 Columbia. 
 Win/ieU'y. • ow 
 
 Charles MnBeni?vu.y3sn cCSans. Aidcmy, R Y 
 
3Z. fs&e- f$ige lA.) 
 
 UTH.CtH'LtS *'» BIXTUUY30X S.SOXS 
 
^p : 
 
 **jp 
 
 EEPOET 
 
 1 
 
 WILLIAM H. CARMALT, M.D., 
 
 Commissioner of the New York State Agricultural Society, 
 
 FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF 
 
 ABORTION IN COWS. 
 
 Read Before the Society February it, 1869. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 
 
 ft 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 PRINTING HOUSE OF CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS, 
 1869. 
 
 A 
 
 j£3 
 
a 
 
C- «L C C «SC< . <e&BL**£ 
 
 XmLCmSrwKm. 
 
 ge mrc«.,>c 
 
 L <- >( cr<_ *r<?; 
 
 u ccoc ncccc "'d*-f«c<coc-«r>€«'OC' cccasr <2C«in 
 iTCflC c<nc 
 
 _^ C fife ' «£3cK < i «C «& <■*- 
 r «$*x<. < <c <r<- <: 
 •- «• cic • C<?cC 
 
 K «?'««' -r cec «T c<<< ^-.<C? ^->SF5^ 
 
 , ccacc c c ? c: «: cc " «t ccc <:cc : «sk c 
 
 
 7^o,«ar; «LcH ccwcrc 
 
 
 £~g^^:'sm> 
 
 coTC ccrcc 
 
 <K/C '*<3fCC 
 
 ' ■ < 1- 
 «LX<C 
 
 •Chesses «ccc:<^t C"-crc 
 
 <K'^e «£Cc CT <Tcr ac:^^ 
 
 . «CC4 
 
 
 h'CiCMM- cCj^CCOc<aOCJ 
 
 *ccc~c«atccc-«' 
 
 ICccCC C«Rcr^, 
 
 3c cc c 
 
 c G'cc^^^«r«rcifflcsc* 
 
 
 
 ^>-9&- «x ;< «^c\^c «C<;f'c<:c:«sacL c<c<©:< 5 ccc<£<c 
 
 -«« «:.^<:<:'c«:-.c:«o:-«co.«gaEi c-escsto^- 
 c\<ccc . caccrcajj «r?- cc^k<cl <jcsa^cc«ec. ' 
 
 C Cc<L<gC «i_ «c c cc/«c <0:'":'.<QC «33S3^. £*^t<G c ^.C, 
 
 7 <r»^«8^ <<J 
 ^_"<r <cr«r <^t— 
 
 ^ c«r«?3r«C/ CCcCCC -C^^C« 
 
 ' c AC <^^Cl CSPC CCC^s - 
 
 S^S«, etc t « c c^ ccc«c«C-<c'<4.<cc ^^fe- ■'■ ' ^ ^<^-«ci._ 
 
 <t«T ^C C 7 '':< C cc C «3 fC<XS 
 
 cc «STC'- -c <: cc :«: >c-c c<;«scc 
 c?f'<rc cc«"' -^"^ ««n<ircSE 
 
 -'«'«ccc6<l ^.rwtcc^ <-^:c«r«:': 
 : ^ --s^V «^&- f^ co<c «&ctc. c:«rcc«: «s 
 
 CC CC c ccc • 
 
 etc c*c-^- _ _ 
 "ccc c:«:-.<*r '<$. <x 
 CCCCCCc «*Z :0^i 
 
 "c C< <" ccc ^^ 'cc «rc < aaitz cat 
 
 cccc: 
 
 cCcctXcje 
 
 rc" •c<r."'Crc^ 
 
 :cc ; c C<T>'.«CT- O? CC 
 
 «ar ccVcc* 
 
 r C'€:c:<SSZ-C<tJ 
 
 Ccc dig*: 
 
 <c cr «rcc«c 
 
 c cc ccc cC"-" ^Clccc «C cc««c cci-'C'vi c «: <>-5 
 «rc ccc CO' ■ aaC^-'C C Cct33KT: c<--^ f r <r Jp 
 
 cocc <x:«r €C"tcc«rc«3Ki.citr^:t c <<c < 
 
 . <Q ccc. CCCc <Klcrc<EC«S-C!aC cc • < c < <3L 
 : cc rcc cccc «jc"cv"«r ^c <<-«;«■;: c<7 >.< ,- ec_««- 
 
 <t <r crcc «Krcr<c<5cit < -C : cc c^ 
 
 cc ■«- c< -c ' ^C >r-« <:■£" «S«.' «i^^ com cc <ggc 
 
 Cc ccc«r«r- «rr^<rc<cc«"'«j^ccc,cc'cc:: <3?r . 
 
 c<r cc< 
 
 cc ccc: ccc- 
 
 "«c«d 'Jfc: ■& ccc < «r <r <?«txi 
 ae^UKTcCrcc c «ec «e: &<*£- 
 "crcsc c <;c • «£ <L' «C < 
 
 "2<«r c «r<ct • «& ,£ Cjc« 
 
 ^CCc-c^O-'' ^<t 
 
 rcrcc<r<^<a 
 
 rt ' ci c -<-cci«j. 
 
 VccC cccr«S®^_<g 
 
 "CC '(SXjSj&^l^'y <^< C< ^1£~ 
 
 >C<33C&MEOl 
 
 <<SL<XL C 
 
~«?><cc co _c<c «c««r<s: c- 
 rT<r«c«: <- c crc «:- <<x c 
 
 <?.<« tree c«r <r?c<ccc c <: j*?'^SX 2^2r c <r< r<c 
 
 .«lc<cc;c ore cocccc i si«£SS*-V^" 
 
 caccc cog: «rcccccc -CT^g£-£S f ^ 
 
 r *cccc<<c fecccrc <CC|2CCLccc<<i 
 
 — < t cc<r< c^ ■ 
 
 ^ ?-<-<:< c cr cc'fw. «- '■"■ ■ •* 
 
 &SCCC C<V <c" 
 
 i <<cc C(, «<•<- 
 
 l.<cc cc c c 
 
 '"ccccccc «cc c?c <rc<<c< 
 i.*^*r<-c<«: «r«<cc cc.c-c 
 
 crcccxre <■ 
 
 :c cc C c <e 
 
 C><CC c C «3C* C<«^C <• 
 
 < CCJ. «C 
 •< c cc- < 
 
 c cc C 
 «CCC C 
 
 ■ • < Ci « 
 
 .< c 
 
 "ct:t< c< 
 
 r/-< c* C« 
 
 CcC c< C<&<: 
 
 - CCC «. < cc- 
 
 ""rocjt c'«3g 
 tscSLx. < <-< 
 
 < c - . «: ««; cc? 
 
 < <.c<< < «fcr «c« •< < <^ 
 
 <XLC t 
 
 ~ <«£ CC,<CjCf C«1<IC<Cj«OC£ .okjcl: 
 
 'CdCSCCGv 
 «<c:c<-«:cc : 
 
 cccc >«: 
 
 ■ccccc 
 
 f <«C7"<CT<ce<r c<C cc ' r <3To a 
 
 c cc c c_ <sCl< ^CjQjtSC 
 
 :c c cr^- < 
 
 LC'-' C-«E< C 
 
 5S C^S'.C 
 
 ££■ ^%c r c «^ cccxc; <cr<cc 
 
 ?S ^S ^ ccccc:"cr?<c^K3rc"Cc _ <ceH«v_ 
 
 £$ c : ^^2^ ^^c^ ; «r<^ps^c^33?*^.^r<&<i : c^d ; 
 
 
 <vccc c<r 
 
 fece c< 
 
 _C«fC <:«T^ 
 
 ccc<r c <?' «r 
 CCC CCCC 
 
 ■- ccc ..<cr«^:<: «c <r «i c«j- «rc c<c cr 
 
 ccc '«o ..«-«- ore.-*^ <S£C«CCCC-C« «cccc 
 EC, -/ C (>C<c «ccc Ci* 
 
 mccrc^cic: ^sicccC'C 
 
 t^Kl <SS-C,<1"- 
 
 cccc cc cc <r cj-ccij 
 
 (tec <■< <r<r < cccc 
 
 r^c^crcjc^ 
 
 ccC ■ «E<CiC8rC< 
 
 - c5r <L<- << <- c <• <L'«-C« < < WW' " <;«*_<_« «_ «ac< <-t<C > i~ r^- 'Si- _>^> 
 
 ^ C ^''/v^^' ff ^S^^'C^ Cccc c -<-^ 4^ V^cv 
 "~3CC CC< CC<K<<f «E<g:CCCCC4S C«SCC<'(C: «<ro 
 
 ^rcc c c c C45CS 
 
 2g c<L-crc^c -cc-<r 
 
 Cdi' c 
 
 X"Ct ■ cc <r ^r*os 
 
 ct:cfcc.<?7f-— 
 
 CCC'<'< o' 
 
 rccsvc 
 
 : <r ccac/'C'<: 
 
 cCC cccc ^ c ^Er - r <<rc>rc r«g^~": 
 
 : <cr<c;ccc.'C^cr '•■ c-<€TCc^<r" r <i