Class LAg Cojjyiight]^" \ 1 \ CflKlCRIGHT DEPOSnv ALLEM S' GREE.YOUGH'S LATIJf SERIES ^/^ Selections from Ovid CHIEFLY THE METAMORPHOSES J^^jZ^ EDITED BY "^ JpH; and W.^^R^ ALLEN and J.-R^GREENOUGH REVISED BY HAROLD N:^ FOWLER WITH A SPECIAL VOCABULARY PREPARED BY JAMES B., GREENOUGH I, U.S.A. GINN & COMPANY 1890 ^^ > ,\\ ^^ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by J. H. AND W. F. Allen and J. B. Greenough, in the Of?ice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All Rights Reserved. Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. NOTE. This selection follows generally the text of Merkel (1866) though the readings of other editors are preferred in one or two instances. We have endeavored to exhibit as far as possible within our limits, the variety of Ovid's style and genius, and especially to preserve the more interesting biographical hints of the Amores and the Tris- tia. The greater portion of the book is, however, made up, neces- sarily, from the Metamorphoses^ of which we have taken about a third. By help of the Argument, which is given in full, we aim not merely to show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the transitions, — necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole, — but to put before the reader something like a complete picture of the Greek mythology ; at least of those narratives which have held their permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more or less into every modern literature. ^ The first ZZ lines of Book I. have been omitted in this edition in the belief that they offer too many difficulties and too little interest to the student. For similar reasons xiii, 1-398, and xv, 1-487, which were included in the old edition, are omitted, their place being supplied by a number of shorter selections. The grammatical references are to Allen and Greenough's (§), Gildersleeve's (G.), and Harkness's (H.) Latin Grammars. Exeter, N.H., June 13, 1890. THE LIFE OF OVID. PuBLius OviDius Naso was a fashionable poet at Rome in the reign of the Emperor Augustus, perhaps the most fashion- able after the death of Virgil (b.c. 19) and Horace (b.c. 8). All that is worth knowing about his life is told by himself in a pleasing poem (Trist. iv. 10), which is given as the last but one in the present collection. Like most of the hterary men of Rome, he was not a native of that city,^ being born at Sulmo, in the country of the Pehgni, about 90 miles from Rome. The year of his birth, b.c. 43, was that of Cicero's death. His father, a man of respectable fortune, removed to Rome to give his two boys a city education. Here the young poet was trained in the usual course of rhetoric and oratory, which he practised with fair success, going so far as to hold some subor- dinate political offices. His father was quite earnest to check his desire for a hterary career. But the death of his elder brother left him with fortune enough for independence, and following his own strong bent Ovid became soon one of the favorite court poets of the brilliant era of Augustus. He was married three times, but was soon divorced from his first and second wives. The third, Fabia, remained faithful to him to the end. He had one daughter, who inherited something of his literary abihty. After a career of great prosperity, he was 1 Virgil was a native of Mantua, Horace of Venusia, Catullus of Verona, Prop- ertius of Umbria, Ovid of Sulmo, Cicero of Arpinum, Sallust of Amiternum, Livy of Patavium. Of eminent writers of this age, only Caesar, Lucretius, and TibuUus were born in Rome. But then Rome, socially as well as politically, comprised the whole of Italy. V vi Tlie Life of Ovid. suddenly, at the age of 51, banished to Tomi, a town on the western shore of the Black Sea, in the present Bulgaria. The cause of his banishment can only be guessed from his allusions to the anger of the Emperor at some weakness, folly or fault, which he says he is not free to tell. Some have thought he was indiscreet enough to make love to Julia, the bright, witty, and erratic daughter of the Emperor, wife of the grave Agrippa ; others that he unfortunately knew too much of some court scandal, probably connected with Julia or her ill-famed and ill-fated daughter ; others that Augustus, as public patron of morals, took offence at the somewhat cynical indecorum of certain of his poems. At any rate, the Emperor was hardened against all his flatteries and prayers, and after an exile of about ten years he died at Tomi, a.d. 18. Besides the poems represented in this volume, Ovid was the author of the Ars Amatoria and the Rcmediiim Affioris (to which reference has just been made), and of numerous Ele- gies. As a poet, his fame is far below that of Virgil and Horace, — deservedly, since his loose and easy verse bears no comparison with the elaborate finish of theirs. For fancy and fine poetic feeling, however, many of the Elegies — both in the Tristia and Ainores — show a vein of as good quality as either of his rivals ; while in absolute ease of handUng the artificial structure of Latin verse it may be doubted whether he has ever had an equal. His chief merit, however, is as an excellent story-teller, — smooth, facile, fluent ; sometimes, it must be confessed, inordinately diffuse. As the most celebrated existing collection of the most famous fables of the ancient world, the Metamorphoses, in particular, makes the best of introductions to the nobler and more difficult verse of Virgil. lV7'iti7igs of Ovid. vii WRITINGS OF OVID. 1. Heroides: a collection of twenty-one elegies,^ being letters chiefly from leading '' heroines '' of the Homeric age. 2. Amores : forty-nine elegies, in three books ; miscellaneous, but chiefly amatory or personal in their topics. 3. Ars Amatoria: three books, on the means of winning and retaining the affections of a mistress ; and 4. Remedium Amoris : a poem prescribing the means by which a foolish passion may be subdued. These two poems contain the passages supposed to have excited the anger of Augustus. 5. Metamorpiioseon Libri xv. The MetatJioj'phoses was still unfinished when Ovid went into exile, and he committed it to the flames, apparently, with his own hand (Trist. i. 7. 11, seq.) ; but copies had been preserved by his friends. 6. Fastorum Libri vi. : a poetic Calendar of the Roman months, from January to June, designed to be continued to the end of the year ; a storehouse of Roman custom and Italian legend. 7. Tristium Libri v. ; and 8. Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri iv. : elegies wTitten in exile. Many of the letters implore the intercession of friends at Rome, to obtain favor from Augustus. 9. Ibis, a poem of 646 verses written in exile : a bitter invective against some personal enemy. 10. Halieuticon Liber: 132 hexameter verses, fragmentary natural history of Fishes. 11. Medicamina Faciei: a fragment of 100 elegiac verses, on the use of Cosmetics. The following are included in some collections of Ovid's poems, but are probably not genuine : — CoNSOLATio ad Liviam Augustam : an elegy of 474 verses addressed to the Emperor^s wdfe on the death of her son Drusus. Nux ('*the Nut-Tree"): lamentation of a Walnut-tree by the roadside, at the cruelties inflicted by wayfarers, and the vices of the age in general. 1 The word Elegies, in this connection, describes not the topic or style of treat- ment, but only the versification, — hexameter verse alternafing with pentameter making the " elegiac stanza." INDEX OF SELECTIONS. METAMORPHOSES. PAGE 1. The Four Ages and the Flood (I. 89-415) i 2. Apollo and Daphne (I. 452-567) 12 3. The Adventure of Phae then (II. 1-400) 16 4. The House of Envy (II. 760-796) 29 5. The Rape of Europa (II. 833-875) 31 6. The Search of Cadmus (III. 1-137) 33 7. Actaeon (III. 138-252) 38 8. Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 55-166) 42 9. Ino and Melicerta (IV. 432-542) .47 10. Perseus and Andromeda (IV. 615-803) 51 11. The Wandering of Ceres (V. 341-661) 58 12. The Punishment of Arachne (VI. 1-145) 70 13. The Pride and Grief of Niobe (VI. 165-312) .... 75 14. The Enchantments of Medea (VII. 1-293) 80 15. The Murder of Pelias (VII. 294-353) 90 16. The Myrmidons (VII. 614-657) 93 17. The Flight of Daedalus (VIII. 152-259) 95 18. The Calydonian Hunt (VIII. 260-546) 99 19. Philemon and Baucis (VIII. 620-724) 109 20. The Death of Hercules (IX. 134-272) 113 21. Orpheus and Eurydice (X. 1-77) 118 V/^ 22. The Song of Orpheus (X. 86-219) 122 23. Atalanta (X. 560-680) 126 24. The Death of Orpheus (XI. 1-84) .130 ix X Index of Selections. PAGE 25. The Story of Midas (XI. 85-193) 133 26. Ceyx and Alcyone (XL 583-748) 137 27. The Chiefs at Troy (XII. 1-145) 143 28. The Tale of Galatea (XIII. 750-897) * . . 148 29. The Deification of Romulus (XIV. 772-828) .... 155 30. The Worship of yEsculapius (XV. 622-744) 158 31. The Apotheosis of Caesar (XV. 745-879) 163 SHORTER POEMS, I. The Fasti. 1. The Festival of Pales (IV. 721-808) 170 2. The Founding of Rome (IV. 809-862) 172 3. Ritual to avert Blight (IV. 901-942) 174 II. Heroides : Penelope to Ulysses 176 III. Amores. 1. The Poet of Idleness (I. 15) 180 2. Elegy on a Parrot (II. 6) 181 3. Farewell to the Loves (III. 15) 183 IV. Tristia. 1. Banished from Rome (L 3) 185 2. The Exile's Sick Chamber (III. 3) 188 3. To Perilla (III. 7) 191 4. Winter Scenes in Thrace (III. 10) 193 5. The Poefs Autobiography (IV. 10) 195 V. Ex PONTO. To His Wife (I. 4) .... 200 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS REFERRED TO. Arch. Zeit. — Archaeologische Zeitung. i Millin. — A. L. Millin, Gallerie mytholo Berlin. Baum. — Baumeister, Denkmaler des Klassischen Alterthums. Munich, H. &r> P. — Herculanum et Pompei, par H. Roux Aine. Paris, 1840. gique. Paris, 181 1. Milller. — Denkmaler der Alten Kiinst, C. O. Miiller. Gottingen, 1832. Roscher. — Roscher's Ausfiihrliches Lex- icon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie. Leipsic. Fig. 1. Jupiter. [Wall painting.] H. qt^ P. 2. Jupiter destroying the Giants. [Gem.] Batun. 3. A Faun with grafting implements. [Gem.] . . . Pine's Virgil. 4. Neptune. [Relief.] MUller. 5. Nereid on a sea-monster. [Wall painting.] Afiillcr. 6. Prometheus. [Relief.] Arch. Zeit. 7. Apollo and Daphne. [Wall painting.] Roscher. 8. Lucifer, Aurora, and the Sun rising from the ocean. [Vase.] Gerhard, Akadeiiiische Abhandluiigeii. 9. Atlas. [Statue.] Muller. 10. Europa on the Bull. [Vase.] Baum. 11. Cadmus. slaying the Dragon. [Vase.] Millin. 12. Diana. [Statue.] Baum. 13. Actseon torn by his hounds. [Relief.] Bauvi. 14. A Fury. [Vase.] Roscher. 15. Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus. [Relief.] Pietro Sante Bartoli, Gli Antichi Sepolcri. 16. Medusa. [Relief.] Miiller. 17. Ammon. [Coin.] Millin. 18. Perseus and Andromeda. [Relief.] Millin. 19. iSIercury. [Wall painting.] . Baum. 20. Perseus with the Gorgon's Head. [Vase.] Gerhard^ Herakles der Satyr und Dreifussrduber. xi xii List of Ilhcstrations, Fig. 21. Minerva. [Statue.] Muller. 22. Ceres. [Wall painting.] II. ^ P, 23. Cupid. [Statue.] Muller. 24. The rape of Proserpina by Pluto. [Relief.] Baum. 25. Syracuse Frotn a Photograph. 26. Sirens. [Engraved relief.] Mittheiliuigen des K. detitscheit arcJidologischen Institiits, Athens. 27. Return of Proserpina. [Vase.] Baiini. 28. Head of Arethusa. [Coin.] Baian. 29. Departure of Triptolemus. [Vase.] Bantu. 30. Woman spinning. [Relief.] .... Stnith, Diet, of Antiquities. 31. Penelope at her loom. [Vase.] Baum. 32. Minerva's strife with Neptune. [Vase.] Baum. 2,^,. Pygmies fighting with Cranes. [Gem.] O. yahn, Arehaologisehe Beitrage. 34. Niobe. [Statue.] Miiller. 35. Scylla. [Coin.] Miiller. 36. Hecate. [Statue.] Miiller. 37. Jason at Colchis. [Relief.] Baum. 38. Bacchanal. [Marble Vase.] Waelcken. 39. Medea making the Ram young. [Vase.] Baum. 40. Theseus and the dead Minotaur. [Wall painting.] . . . H. ^ P. 41. Bacchus finding Ariadne asleep. [Wall painting.] . . . .Miiller. 42. Fistula and Flut?. [Relief.] Baum. 43. Daedalus making wings, while Icarus helps him. [Relief.] Roscher. 44. Icarus lying dead on the shore. [Wall painting.] . . . H. ^ P. 45. The Calydonian Hunt. [Relief.] Baum. 46. Hercules and Cerberus. [Vase.] Miiller. 47. The Apotheosis of Hercules. [Vase.] Baum. 48. Mercury conducting a soul to Charon. [Terra-cotta relief.] Arch. Zeit. 49. Ganymede. [Statue.] Millin. 50. Genius with Thyrsus and basket Thompson' s Horace. 51. Bacchic procession. [Vase.] . Arch. Zeity 52. Large crater, over which two youthful Satyrs are picking grapes. [Rehef.] Millin. 53. Silenus. [Statue.] Miiller. 54. God of Sleep. [Relief.] Baum. 55. Sacrifice of Iphigenia. [Wall painting.] Baum. 56. Galatea and Polyphemus, with two Nereids and a God of Love. [Wall painting.] Roscher. List of Illustrations, xiii Fig. 57. Young River-god. [Bronze head.] Baiwi. 58. ^-Esculapius. [Statue.] Miiller, 59. Woman decorating a Hermes with a fillet. [Relief.] Ltiizow, JMiinchener Antikcn. 60. The Serpent ^^sculapius landing on the Island. [Coin.] . . Miiller. 61. Boreas. [Relief.] Millin. INTRODUCTION THE '^ METAMORPHOSES" OF OVID. The Mythology of the Greeks, adopted by the Romans, con- sists mainly of two distinct parts. The first is what is techni- cally called Theogony, ^^the generation of the gods," and w^as put in the shape best know^n to us by Hesiod, some time about 800 B.C. It began, there is no reason to doubt, with rude personifications of the objects and forces of nature, such as would be natural to a people of active intelligence, lively imagi- nation, and childlike ignorance on all matters of science. The Sun, the Dawn, the Winds, the Floods, are easily conceived «as superhuman persons. Some of the earlier fables are hardly any thing more than metaphors, or poetic images, put in the form of narrative. That the Sun is figured as a shepherd, and the fleecy clouds his fiock, which are scattered by the wind and gathered again by his beams, — a very old bit of Eastern poetry, — easily gives rise to the stories of Apollo as the shep- herd of Admetus, and that which tells the stealing of his cattle by the rogue Hermes. That the n>aiden Artemis gazes w^th love on the sleeping prince Endymion, is hardly more than a poetical way of describing the beautiful spectacle of a full moon rising opposite the sun that is going down. But few fables can be explained in this simple way. By a very natural process, a group of divine or ideal Persons was conceived, whose family history or personal adventures became the subject of tales sometimes absolutely devoid of any sym- xvi Introduction, bolical meaning. In the system found in the Greek and Roman poets, nature is full of mythological beings, grouped — as subjects in a monarchy — about the one celestial or royal family, which has its abode on Mount Olympus. The King of Heaven, Zeus {Jupiter), with his sister queen Here {Juno), is the child of Kronos {Saturn) or Time, who again is the son of OUR-4NOS and Gaia* (Heaven and Earth), beyond which imagination did not seek to go. His brothers are Poseidon {Neptune) and Hades {Pluto), kings of the Waters and of the Lower World. His sisters are Deisieter {Cej-es) and Hestia (Fd'j'A?), queens of the Harvest and of the Home. His sons are Apollo, god of the Sun, Ares {Mars) of War, and Hermes {Merciwy) the Herald. His daughters are Athene {Minerva), goddess of Wisdom, Household Arts, and War, Aphrodite {Venus) goddess of Love and Beauty, and Artemis {Diana), goddess of the Moon and of the Chase. These are the twelve great divinities {dii majo7'es).'\ And about them, in nearer or remoter kindred, are grouped the inferior deities, the heroes or demigods, their children by half-mortal parentage, and the innumerable progeny of fabulous beings inhabiting the king- doms of sky, water or earth. J The other department of mythology is that with which this poem chiefly deals. It consists of the miracles and adventures ascribed to these superhuman persons, — a vast field, in which * Ouranos was dethroned by his son Kronos, who was in turn overthrown by his son Zeus. Kronos belonged to the race of Titans, among whom were Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and the brothers Prometheus and Epi- metheus. Kronos and the Titans (with the exception of Prometheus) , strug- gled against the power of Zeus, but in vain. t The ancients were not altogether consistent on this point. The list given above is, perhaps, the most usual, but Ares or Hermes is sometimes omitted, and Hephaistos ( Vulcan, god of Manual Arts) inserted. So, too, Amphi- TRITE (a sea-goddess regarded as the wife of Poseidon) sometimes finds a place among the twelve great deities. X The Greeks, even more than the Romans, regarded the world as full of divine beings; every spring had its nymph, every river its god, every grove its protecting genius, and all the occupations of men had their patron deities. Tfitjvdnction. xvii ancient fancy rioted as freely as the modern fancy in novels and fairy tales. Some of them may possibly be explained as a picturesque way of recounting natural phenomena, or as exag- gerated tales of real events. But in general they seem purely fictions of the imagination. In a very large proportion they take the form of metamorphoses^ that is, transformations of men or other creatures into various shapes : and this feature gives the subject and the title of the present poem, the purpose and scope of which is expressed in the opening lines (Book i, 1-4) : In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas corpora : di coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. The poet proposes to tell in a continuous narrative, beginning with the beginning of the world and continuing to his own time, those stories which have in them this element of the marvellous, — the transformations, particularly, of men into plants or animals. But as nearly all myths introduce some such feature first or last, he manages to include most of the important ones with more or less fulness. They are told in a rambling, discursive way, one story leading to another by the slightest possible link of associ- ation, — sometimes by what seems merely the poet's artifice, aiming to make a coherent tale out of the vast miscellany at his command.* With the primitive (fetichistic) notion of a separate life in every object, and the human soul differing in no essential regard from the life that dwells in things, it is easy to imagine the spirit of man, beast or plant as passing from one dwelling to another, for a longer or shorter stay. Such a transmigration was, in fact, taught as a creed by the school of Pythagoras (see Met. XV. 1-487). But, as against the Hindoo doctrine of * The connecting links between the several narr^atives contained in the present Selection are given, bracketed, in the headings, thus presenting the entire argument of the " Metamorphoses " as a connected whole. xviii Introduction. transmigration into the very life of other animals, the Greeks held to the identity and continuity of the human soul, which after death had its abode assigned in the Lower World. The metamorphosis^ therefore, is only an occasional miracle, not a real metempsychosis ;^ it did not alter essentially the ordinary course of human life, but only marked the intimate connection between that and the life of external nature ; or, in a certain wild, pictorial way, showed the workings of human fancy, to account for the first creation of plants and animals, or other striking phenomena of the natural world, — a clear water-spring in a little island {Arethusa) , a mountain ridge of pecuHar shape {Atlas), a bird of plaintive note {Philofnehi), or a rock weep- ing with perpetual springs (^Niobe). To give something like system, order, and development to this world of fable seems to have been a favorite aim of poetical composition with the ancients. This aim is partly religious and partly scientific, — if that can be called scientific which only fills with fancies a void that no science yet exists to fill. Thus the " Theogony " of Hesiod groups together the myths relating to the birth of gods and heroes — making a sort of pagan ''Genesis " — in a form partly chronological, partly picturesque and poetical. This is apparently the first attempt of human thought to deal systematically with the phenomena of nature — so as, in a manner, to account for things — before men were sufficiently free from superstition to reject the early fables. The titles of several Greek works of the same kind are known ; and Virgil, in the Sixth Eclogue, puts a similar song into the mouth of Silenus. * Thus the princess lo is changed into a heifer (Met. i. 6ii). She retains her human consciousness, deplores the change, and writes her own name on the sand, to inform her father of it. This is metamorphosis, or change of form. According to the oriental doctrine taught by Pythagoras (Met. xv. 459), the heifer in your stall was doubtless once a human being, perhaps your own mother or sister ; it would be wicked to kill her, and impious to eat her flesh. But she has only a brute consciousness ; and simply shares the universal life of man and brute. This is metempsychosis, or change of soul. IntrodiLction. xix Any thing like a real belief in these fables had passed away long before the time of Ovid. He was the popular poet of a sensual and artificial age, who found in these creations of ancient fancy a group of subjects suited to his graceful, ornate, and marvellously facile style of narrative, and who did not hesi- tate to alter or dress them up to suit his purpose. The " Metamorphoses " — Libri xv. Metamorphoseon (a Greek genitive) — is the most abundant and rich collection of these fables that exists. They are told in a diffuse, sentimental, often debased way, which contrasts strongly with the serious mean- ing that originally belonged to these myths ; but are wonder- fully fluent, easy, and melodious in their language, and show a skill of versification which seems never to weary or halt. The poem begins with the origin of things from chaos, the four ages of gold, silver, brass, and iron, the deluge, followed by the graceful and picturesque version of the tales of gods and heroes, through a long narrative, — about 12,000 verses in all, — end- ing with the apotheosis of Caesar, as a sequel to the tale of Troy. The series purports to be chronological ; but the order is often arbitrary and the connection forced or affected, as would naturally be the case with an author res diversissimas in speciem unitis corporis colligentem (Quint, iv. i, 77). The poems of Ovid are addressed to the cultivated society of his time, and he takes it for granted that his readers are already familiar with the most important fables. Some knowl- edge of Greek mythology is therefore necessary to an under- standing of the poet's allusions. The reader should at least be acquainted with the story of Hercules and that of the Trojan War. Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmene, though he is sometimes spoken of as the son of x^mphitryon, Alcmene's hus- band. Both Alcmene and Amphitryon were descendants of Perseus. Hercules was pursued throughout his Hfe by the jealous hatred of Juno, who sent two serpents to kill him in his cradle. These serpents the infant hero strangled, thereby XX Introditctio7i, betraying his divine origin. In his youth he performed many good deeds, killing the lion of Cithaeron and freeing the The- bans from paying tribute to Orchomenus.* He then became, by command of Jupiter, the servant of King Eurystheus of Tiryns, who imposed upon him twelve great labors : i ) to kill the Nemean Lio?i ; 2) to kill the Lerncean Hydra, a monster with nine heads of such terrible nature that when one head was cut off two more sprang forth to take its place ; 3) to bring alive to Eurystheus the huge Erymanthian Boar ; 4) to bring alive the Cerynitia7i Deer, an animal with golden horns ; 5) to drive away from lake Stymphalos the Styrnphalian Birds, whose claws, wings, and beaks were of brass, and whose feathers could be shot like arrows ; 6) to bring the Girdle of Hippolyte, Queen of the warHke Amazons ; 7) to cleanse in one day the Stable of King Atigeas of Elis, which he did by turning the rivers Peneus and Alpheus through it; 8) to bring alive the Cretan Bull, which had been sent by Neptune to ravage Crete ; 9) to bring the Mares of Dio7nedes, King of the Bistones in Thrace, animals which were fed on human flesh ; 10) to bring the cattle of the three-bodied Geryones, which were kept in the extreme West under the care of the giant Eurytion, and the two-headed dog Orthros ; 11) to bring up from the realms of the dead the three-headed watch dog of Hades, Cerbe?'tis ; 12) to bring the golden Apples of the Hesperides, which were under the charge of the giant Atlas, who held the vault of heaven on his shoul- ders, and were guarded by the dragon Ladon. All these labors he performed, being constantly assisted by Minerva. Besides these labors Hercules took Troy and performed many other deeds, the last of which was the capture of QEchaUa in Euboea. He was married first to Megara, and afterwards to Dejaneira. At his death he was received among the number of the gods (see Met. ix. 134-272). * He was at one time sold as a slave to Omphale, a Lydian queen, by whom he was made to sit spinning among her handmaidens. Introd?icti07i. xxi Jupiter wished to join in marriage with Thetis, daughter of the sea-god Nereus. But it was prophesied that she should bear a son mightier than his father, so that Jupiter determined to wed her to a mortal, Peleus, son of ^acus. All the deities were invited to the wedding except Eris, goddess of discord. To avenge this slight Eris threw into the assembly a golden apple, upon which was inscribed ^' for the fairest." Juno, Min- erva, and Venus claimed the apple, and decided to submit their claims to the judgment of Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. Paris was then a shepherd of the royal flocks on Mt. Ida, having been cast into the wilderness at his birth because his mother had dreamed that she gave birth to a fire brand. Paris awarded the prize of beauty to Venus, who promised him the most beautiful woman in the world for his w4fe. This was Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, daughter of Tyndarus (or Jupiter) and Leda. Paris came to Sparta as a guest and carried Helen away to Troy. At the summons of Menelaus, and his brother Agamemnon, King of Mycenae, the Grecian chiefs assembled at Aulis to sail against Troy for the recovery of Helen. At Aulis they were detained by the winds until Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to appease the anger of Diana (Met. xii. 1-34). The siege of Troy lasted ten years, and ended with the destruction of the city. The commander-in-chief of the Grecian force was Agamemnon. The chief heroes were : — Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, King of the Myrmidons in Phthia ; Ajax, son of Telamon, the brother of Peleus, King of Salamis ; Ulysses, son of Laertes, King of Ithaca ; and Diomedes, King of Argos, though many others played prominent parts in the siege, among them Philoctetes, who bore the arrows of Hercules. The foremost warrior of the Trojans was Hector, the greatest son of King Priam, j^neas, son of Venus and Anchises, was, perhaps, after Hector, the greatest of the Trojan chiefs. Cygnus, son of Neptune, Sarpedon, son of Jupiter, and Memnon, son of Aurora, were prominent allies of the Trojans. In returning from Troy many of the Greek chiefs met with various adventures. xxii Introduction, Ulysses, whose adventures are narrated in the Odyssey, was driven for ten years about the Mediterranean Sea before he reached Ithaca. The mythology of Ovid and the other Roman poets was Greek mythology dressed up in Roman names. It is not nec- essary to remind the reader that the stories here told related to Zeus, x\thene, Artemis, and the other members of the Greek Olympus, and could never have been attributed to the sober abstractions of the Roman Pantheon. Nevertheless, in com- menting upon Ovid, it is impossible to avoid making use of the names in the same sense that he did, — the names long familiar in modern literature, which took them from the Romans and not the Greeks. METAMORPHOSES. I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Book I. — 89-415.] [Proem ( 1-4). Description of Chaos (5-20) . The Creator assigns the elements to their places, and divides the land from the waters : the zones and climates (26-58). The heavens are clear, and living things come forth upon the earth : lastly man, fashioned by Prome- - theus in the image of the immortals (69-88).] The Four Ages : description of the Golden Age (89-112). The Age of Silver, Brass, and Iron : Astr^a quits the earth ; the Giants, and men of violence that sprang from their blood ( 1 1 3- 1 62) . Jupiter recounts the crimes of Lycaon, and his transformation to a Wolf (163-243). He resolves to drown the world with a Flood rather than destroy it by Fire : description of the Deluge (244-312). The righteous Deucalion with his wife Pyrrha : when the waters are abated, they behold the earth desolate, and beseech aid at the shrine of Themis (313-380). Instructed by the oracle, they cast stones above their heads, which are miraculously converted into human beings, and thus repeople the earth (381-415). AuREA prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nuUo, sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti. nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant. 2 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae : non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. loo ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus : contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis, arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant, cornaque et induris haerentia mora rubetis, 105 et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore glandes. ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores. mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis : no flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant, flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso sub Jove mundus erat, subiit argentea proles, auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 Juppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris, perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum, tum primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 120 tum primum subiere domus : domus antra fuerunt et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. Tertia post illas successit amea proles, 125 saevior ingeniis, et ad horrida promptior arma, non scelerata tamen. — De duro est ultima ferro, protinus inrupit venae pejoris in aevum omne nefas : fugere pudor verumque fidesque : I. 162.] The Four Ages, 3 in quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130 insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi. vela dabant ventis, — nee adhuc bene noverat illos navita, — quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis, jfluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae. communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et auras, 135 cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae ; quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140 Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum prodierat ; prodit Bellum, quod pugnat utroque, sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. vivitur ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus, non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 145 imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ; filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos. victa jacet pietas ; et virgo caede madentes, ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 150 neve foret terris securior arduus aether, affectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas, altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. Tum pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum fulmine, et excussit subjecto PeUon Ossae. 155 obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent, perf usam multo natorum sanguine Terram inmaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem, et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent, in faciem vertisse hominum ; sed et ilia propago 160 contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis et violenta fuit ; scires e sanguine natos. 4 I. The Four Ages a7id the Flood, [Metam. Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce, ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, 165 ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras, conciliumque vocat ; tenuit mora nulla vocatos. est via sublimis, caelo manifesta sereno : Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso, hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 170 regalemque domum ; dextra laevaque deorum atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis. plebs habitat diversa locis ; a fronte potentes caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates. hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detur, 175 baud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli. Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu, celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. 180 talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit : * Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat inicere anguipedum captivo brachia caelo. nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 185 corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. nunc mihi qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem, perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina juro infera sub terras Stygio labentia luco, cuncta prius temptata ; sed inmedicabile vulnus 190 ense reddendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae, faunique satyrique et monticolae Silvani. quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore, quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 195 I. 228.] The Guilt of Lycaon. 5 an satis, O superi, tutos fore creditis illos, cum mihi, qui fiilmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, struxerit insidias notus fcritate Lycaon ? * Contremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit 200 sanguine Cacsareo Romanum exstinguere nomen, attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae humanum genus est totusquc perhorruit orbis. nee tibi grata minus pietas, Augusta, tuorum est, quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 205 murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti. substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis, Juppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit : * Ille quidem poenas (curam banc dimittite) solvit : quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 210 contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures : quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras. longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum enumerare ; minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 215 Maenala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum, et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei. Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem. signa dedi venisse deitni^ vulgusque precari 220 coeperat ; irridet primo pia vota Lycaon ; mox ait : Experiar^ deus liic^ discrhnhie aperto^ an sit viortalis ; nee erit dnbitabile vernvi, nocte graven! somno necopina perdere morte me parat ; haec illi placet experientia veri. 225 * Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit : atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus 6 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma 230 in dominum dignosque everti tecta Penates. territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris exululat, frustraque loqui conatur ; ab ipso colligit OS rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis vertitur in pecudes, et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. 235 in villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti : fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae. canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus, idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago. * Occidit una domus ; sed non domus una perire 240 digna fuit ; qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys. in facinus jurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia, poenas.' Dicta Jovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi adiciunt, alii partes assensibus implent. 245 est tamen humani generis jactura dolori omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus in aras tura } ferisne paret populandas tradere terras .'^ talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae, 250 rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras : sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether conciperet fiammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 255 esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus, quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia caeli ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret. tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260 perdere, et ex omni nimbos deraittere caelo. I. 294.] Gathering of the Waters. 7 protinus Acoliis aqiiiloncm claudit in antris, et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis, tcrribilcm picea tectus caligine vultum : 265 barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis, fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque. iitque manu late pendentia nubila pressit, fit fragor, inclusi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. nuntia Junonis varios induta colores 270 concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert. sternuntur segetes et deplorata colonis vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni. Nee caelo contenta sua est Jovis ira, sed ilium caeruleus f rater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275 convocat hie amnes ; qui postquam tecta tyranni intravere sui, * Non est hortamine longo nunc ' ait ' utendum ; vires effundite vestras, sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac mole remota fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas.' 280 Jusserat ; hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum. exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos, 285 cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. siqua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290 Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : omnia pontus erat ; deerant quoque litora ponto. occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca, et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat ; 8 I. The Fotcr Ages and the Flood. [Metam. ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295 navigat ; hie summa piseem deprendit in ulmo. figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, anehora prato, aut subjeeta terunt eurvae vineta earinae. et, modo qua graeiles gramen earpsere eapellae, nune ibi deformes ponunt sua eorpora phocae. 300 mirantur sub aqua lueos urbesque domosque Nerei'des ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis ineursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis apro, 305 crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur, in mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti, pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310 maxima pars unda rapitur : quibus unda pepercit, illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu. Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315 mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. hie ubi Deucahon — nam cetera texerat aequor — cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 320 fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. Juppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 325 et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, I. 360.] TJic Waters are recalled. 9 nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis et caelo terras ostendit, et aethera terris. nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 330 mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo jam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 335 tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, — bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo. tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 340 omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur : jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; 345 postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. Redditus orbis erat : quem postquam vidit inanem et desolatas agere alta silentia terras, Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham affatur obortis : 350 *0 soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes, quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt : terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 355 haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae certa satis ; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? quo sola timorem ferre modo posses ? quo consolante doleres ? 360 10 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, te sequerer, conjunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. O utinam possim populos reparare paternis artibus, atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus : 365 sic visum superis ; hominumque exempla manemus.' Dixerat, et flebant ; placuit caeleste precari numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 370 inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores vestibus et capiti, Sectunt vestigia sanctae ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 375 pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. atque ita : ' Si precibus ' dixerunt 'numina justis victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus/ 380 Mota dea est, sortemque dedit : ' Discedite templo, et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis.' obstupuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385 detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras, interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant. inde Promethiades placidis Epimethida dictis 390 mulcet, et ' Aut f allax ' ait ' est sollertia nobis, aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent. magna parens Terra est : lapides in corpore terrae I. 415.] Deucalion and Pyrrha. 1 1 ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur/ Conjugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 395 spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo caelestibus ambo diffidunt monitis : — sed quid temptare nocebit ? descendunt, velantque caput, tunicasque recingunt, et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas? — 400 ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, 405 non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signis. quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida suco et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum : quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit ; 410 inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum, et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati. 415 12 II. Apollo a7td Daphne. [Metam. 11. Apollo and Daphne. [Among the creatures generated from the soil of the earth after the Deluge, had been the serpent Python, slain by Apollo, who thereon instituted the Pythian games. The prize of victory was at first the oak-leaf (416-451).] Apollo, proud of his victory over the Python, whom he had slain with his arrows, laughs at Cupid for playing with a bow. Cupid thereupon shoots two arrows, one of which makes Apollo love the nymph Daphne, while the other fills her with aversion to her lover. Apollo pursues her, but her mother Earth changes her to a laurel-tree. Apollo then adopts the laurel as his tree, and makes a laurel wreath the prize at the Pythian games (452-567). Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quern non fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira. Delius hunc nuper, victo serpente superbus, viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo, 455 'Quid' que 'tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis } * dixerat ; * ista decent umeros gestamina nostros, qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti, qui modo pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 460 tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores indagare tua, nee laudes assere nostras.' filius huic Veneris ' Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe, te mens arcus ; ' ait ' quantoque animalia cedunt cuncta deo, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra.' 465 Dixit, et eUso percussis aere pennis impiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra diversorum operum ; fugat hoc, facit illud amorem. quod facit, hamatum est et cuspide fulget acuta : 470 quod fugat, obtusum est et habet sub harundine plumbum, hoc deus in nympha Penei'de fixit ; at illo I. 505.] The Love of Apollo. 13 laesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas. protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, silvarum tenebris captivarumque ferarum 475 exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos. multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat, nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia, curat. 480 saepe pater dixit 'Generum mihi, filia, debes.' saepe pater dixit 'Debes mihi, nata, nepotes/ ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa jugales pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore, inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis, 485 'Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime,' dixit 'virginitate frui. Dedit hoc pater ante Dianae.' Ille quidem obsequitur. Sed te decor iste quod optas esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugn at. Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes, 490 quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt. utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis, ut facibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ; sic deus in flammas abiit, sic pectore toto 495 uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. spectat inornatos coUo pendere capillos, , et * Quid, si comantur ? ' ait. Videt igne micantes sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 500 bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos : siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit : * Nympha, precor, Penei, mane ! non insequor hostis : nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 505 14 II. Apollo and Daphne, [Metam. sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbae, hostes quaeque suos. Amor est mihi causa sequendi. me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. aspera, qua properas, loca sunt. Moderatius, oro, 510 curre, fugamque inhibe. Moderatius insequar ipse. cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola montis, non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis, quem fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus 515 et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit. Juppiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque fuitque estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis. certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 520 inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis. ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabiHs herbis, nee prosunt domino quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! ' Plura locuturum timido Penei'a cursu 525 fugit cumque ipso verba imperfecta rehquit, tum quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti, obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes, et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ; auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra 530 perdere blanditias juvenis deus, utque movebat ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ; alter inhaesuro similis jam jamque tenere 535 sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit : I. 567.] Daplinc cJiaiigcd to a Laurel. 15 sic deus ct virgo, est hie spc eeler, ilia timore. qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus amoris 540 ocior est requiemque negat tergoque fugacis inminet et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat. viribus absuniptis expalluit ilia, citaeque victa labore fugae, speetans Peneidas undas, *Fer pater' inquit 'opem ! Tellus,' ait, 'hisce, vel istam, 545 quae facit, ut lacdar, mutando perde figuram ! ' 547 Vix prece finita, torpor gravis occupat artus, mollia einguntur tenui praecordia libro, in frondem erines, in ramos bracchia crescunt : 550 pes modo tarn velox pigris radicibus haeret, ora cacumen obit. Remanet nitor unus in ilia, banc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra . sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus, complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis 555 oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum, cui deus * At quoniam conjunx mea non potes esse, arbor eris certe ' dixit * mea. Semper habebunt te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae. tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum 560 vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas. postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum. utque meum intonsis caput est juvenale capillis, tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores.' 565 Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen. i6 III. The Adventitj'e of PJiactJion. [Metam. III. The Adventure of Phaethon. [lo, daughter of the river-god Inachus, beloved by Jupiter, is changed into a heifer by him, to escape the jealousy of Juno ; but is put by her in charge of Argus of the hundred eyes, who being soothed to sleep by Mercury — who sings the story of Syrinx con- verted to a water-reed to avoid the pursuit of Pan — is slain by him, and his hundred eyes are set in the peacock's tail. lo, fleeing to Egypt, becomes the goddess Isis, and the mother of Epaphus ; who denies against Phaethon his boast to be son of the Sun-god, as avouched by his mother Clymene (I. 568-779).] The palace of the Sun described (II. 1-18). Phoebus, the god of Day, receives Phaethon with affection, and owns him as his son, promising by oath to give him whatever boon he should desire (19-46). Phaethon demands the charge of the chariot and horses of the Sun for a single day, persisting in spite of his father's warning and appeal (47-102). He mounts, and attempts the celestial way: dread forms of the Zodiac ; the steeds dash wildly from the path (103-205). Terror and devastation caused by the fiery chariot: blasting of mountains and rivers, and alarm of Neptune himself; Earth appeals to Jupiter, who blasts Phaethon with a thunderbolt (206-324). His sisters are converted to poplars, and their tears to amber (325-366) ; while his kinsman Cygnus, bewailing the calamity, becomes a Swan (367-380). The Sun, in grief and wrath, hides his head from the earth ; but, entreated by the gods and com- manded by Jupiter, collects again his scattered steeds, to resume their wonted course (381-400). Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo, cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat ; argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. materiam superabat opus ; nam Mulciber illic 5 aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras, terrarumque orbem, caelumque, quod imminet orbi. caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum, Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem II. 42.] Palace of the Sun. 17 Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis, 10 Doridaqiie et natas ; quarum pars nare videtur, pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, pisce vehi quaedam : facies non omnibus una, nee diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum. terra viros urbesque gerit, silvasque ferasque, 15 fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris. haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago, signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20 protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat in solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. a dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25 Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae, Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat ; stabat et Auctumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis ; et glacialis Hiemps, canos hirsuta capillos. 30 Inde loco medius, rerum novitate paventem Sol oculis juvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit : ' Quae ' que ' viae tibi causa } quid hac ' ait * arce petisti, progenies, Phaethon, baud infitianda parenti ? ' ille refert : ' O lux inmensi publica mundi, 35 Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat : pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.' Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 deposuit radios, propiusque accedere jussit, amplexuque dato, ' Nee tu meus esse negari 1 8 III. The Advcjiticrc of Phacthon. [Metam. dignus es, et Clymene veros' ait 'edidit ortus. quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete mimus, ut illud me tribuente feras : promissi testis adesto 45 dis juranda palus, ociilis incognita nostris.' Vix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos, inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum. paenituit jurasse pat rem : qui terque quaterque concutiens illustre caput, 'Temeraria' dixit so * vox mea facta tua est ; utinam promissa liceret non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem : dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas : magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis munera conveniant, nee tam puerilibus annis. 55 sors tua mortalis ; non est mortale, quod optas. plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est, nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit : non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60 qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus.'^ * Ardua prima via est, et qua vix mane recentes enituntur equi : medio est altissima caelo, unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65 fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus : ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo : tunc etiam quae me subjectis excipit undis, ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine caelum, 70 sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi. * Finge datos currus : quid ages "^ poterisne rotatis obvius ire polls, ne te citus auferat axis f 75 II. loS.] Perils of the Celestial Road, 19 forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis esse ? per insidias iter est formasque ferarum. utqiie viam teneas, nulloque errore traharis, per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, saevaque circiiitu curvantem brachia longo Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 in promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, iibi acres incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. * At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo, et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque mar-isque posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repulsam. ' deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias juravimus undas! — quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta/ Finierat monitus, dictis tamen ille repugnat, propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus. ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo. . 20 III. The Adventure of Phaethon, [Metam. per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. no dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum atria ; diff ugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115 Quae petere ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes, ambrosiae suco saturos, praesaepibus altis 120 quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena. tum pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : 125 * Si potes his saltern monitis parere paternis, parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. sponte sua properant ; labor est inhibere volentes. nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus. sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130 zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque effugit australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton. hac sit iter : manifesta rotae vestigia cernes. utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera currum. 135 altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis, neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem, neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mand quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat II. 174-] Tlie Steeds das Ji forward on the Course. 21 dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore mctas iimida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis, poscimur ; eff ulget tenebris aurora fugatis. corripe lora manii ; vel, si mutabile pectus 145 est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris, dum potes, et solidis etiam nunc sedibus adstas, dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes, quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris.' Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currum, 150 statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas gaudet, et invito grates agit inde paVenti. interea volucres Pyrois Eoiis et Aethon, solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155 quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis^ reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi, corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160 Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur, sic onere assueto vacuus dat in acre saltus, 165 succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani., quod simul ac sen sere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt quadrijugi spatium, nee quo prius, ordine'currunt. ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas fiectat habenas, nee scit qua sit iter, nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 Tum primum radiis gelidi caluere triones, et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui, quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis uUi, 22 Hi. TJie Adventic7'e of Pliactlion. [Metam. incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175 te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras infelix Phaethon, penitus penitusque jacentes, palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae. et jam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos ; jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando : jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur, ut acta praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185 frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit. Quid faciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum, ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque. et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est, prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190 quidque agat, ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit, nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 195 Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneili vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit, mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200 quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo, exspatiantur equi, nuUoque inhibente per auras ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit, hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205 et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. II. 240.] Co7iflagratio7i of the Earth. 23 inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant. Corripitur flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210 fissaque agit rimas, et sucis aret ademptis. pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbor, materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes, cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215 in cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent : ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et Oete, et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ida, virgineusque Helicon, et nondum Oeagrius Haemos. ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220 Parnasusque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys, et tandem nivibus Rhodope caritura, Mimasque Dindyiiiaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron. nee prosunt Scythiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, 225 aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus. Tum vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus, ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. 230 et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235 Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem ; tum facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu arida ; tum nymphae passis fontesque lacusque deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen, Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas ; 240 24 in. The Adventure of Phaethon, [Metam. nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, Peneosque senex, Teuthranteusque Caicus, et eeler Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho, arsurusque iterum Xanthiis, flavusque Lyeormas, 245 quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis, Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas. Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister. aestuat Alpheos ; ripae Sperchei'des ardent ; 250 quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum ; et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas flumineae volucres, medio caluere Caystro. Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque, cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin. Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260 lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ; et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus arenae quod modo pontus erat, quosque altum texerat aequor exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265 toUere consuetas audent delphines in auras, corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270 exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris ignes. Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes, II. 3o6.] Appeal of the Earth to yupitcr, 25 » qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris, sustulit oppresses collo tenus arida vultus : ' 275 opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra quam solet esse, fuit, sacraque ita voce locuta est : ' Si placet hoc, meruique, quid O tua lulmina cessant, summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280 igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare. vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo ' — presserat ora vapor — 'tostos en aspice crines, inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae. hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno, quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia fruges humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ? sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse ; quid undae, 290 quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt ? quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit, at caeli miserere tui ! circumspice utrumque : fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem. si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli, in chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.' 300 Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque rettulit OS in se propioraque Manibus antra. At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305 interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem. 26 III. The Adventttre of Pha'ethon. [Metam. unde solet latis nubes inducere terris, unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310 intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 illic frena jacent, illic temone revulsus axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, volvitur ip praeceps, longoque per aera tractu 320 fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. Nai'des Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325 corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum : HIC SITVS EST PHAETHON CVRRVS AVRIGA PATERNI QVEM SI NON TENVIT MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AVSIS. Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, condiderat vultus ; et si modo credimus, unum 330 isse diem sine sole ferunt ; incendia lumen praebebant, aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo. At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem : 335 exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, incubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit. II. 37^'^ The Heliadcs : Cycnics. 27 Nee minus Heliades fletus et — inania morti 340 munera — dant laerimas, et caesae pectora palmis non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro. luna quater junetis implerat cornibus orbem : illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 345 plangorem dederant : e quis Phaethusa, sororum maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est ; tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 35a avellit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri, ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos. dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex, perque gradus uterum, pectusque, umerosque, ma- nusque ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355 Quid faciat mater ? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam hue eat, atque illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula jungat ? non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat, et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit : at inde sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360 * Parce, precor, mater,' quaecumque est saucia clamat, * parce, precor ! nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus, jamque vale ' — cortex in verba novissima venit. inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 3^5 excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. Adfuit huic monstro proles Stheneleia Cycnus, qui tibi materno quam vis a sanguine junctus, mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit ; ille relicto — nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370 imperio, ripas virides amnemque querellis 28 III. TJie Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. Eridanum implerat, silvamque sororibus auctam : cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375 penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum, fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Jovique credit, ut in juste missi memor ignis ab illo : stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus, quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 380 Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers ipse sui decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem esse solet, lucemque odit scque ipse diemque, datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adicit iram, officiumque negat mundo. ' Satis ' inquit ' ab aevi 385 sors mea principiis fuit inrequieta, pigetque actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore laborum. quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus : si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur, ipse agat ; ut saltem, dum nostras temptat habenas, 390 orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos.' Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395 supplice voce rogant ; missos quoque Juppiter ignes excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere caedit : saevit enim, natumque objectat et imputat illis. 400 II. 77^.] TIic House of Envy. 29 IV. The House of Envy. [Book II. — 760-796.] [Callisto, beloved by Jupiter, is transformed by Juno's jealousy into a bear, and set as a constellation in the heavens (401-530). Coronis is transformed into a raven ; Nyctimene into a night-owl, and the prophetic Ocyroe into a mare (531-675). Apollo serving Admetus as herdsman, his cattle are stolen by Mercury, who changes Battus to a stone, finding him ready to betray his secret (676-707). Aglauros, daughter of Cecrops, incurs the anger of Minerva by her curiosity. Herse, sister of Aglauros, is beloved by Mercury, who asks aid of Aglauros. Minerva, desiring to punish Aglauros, re- solves to employ the aid of Envy (708-759).] The house of Envy is described. Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo 760 tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus hujus abdita, sole carens, non iilli pervia vento, tristis et ignavi plenissima f rigoris, et quae igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet. Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago, 765 constitit ante domum, neque enim succedere tectis fas habet, et postes extrema cuspide pulsat. concussae patuere fores. Videt intus edentem vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum, Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 770 surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit corpora serpentum, passuque incedit inerti ; utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram, ingemuit, vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit. pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto, 775 nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine dentes, pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno. risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores, 30 IV. The House of Envy. [Metam. nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis, sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 780 successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una, suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tamen oderat, illam talibus affata est breviter Tritonia dictis : ' Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam. sic opus est. Aglauros ea est.' Haud plura locuta 785 fugit et inpressa tellurem reppulit hasta. Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae indoluit. Baculumque capit, quod spinea totum vincula cingebant ; adopertaque nubibus atris 790 quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit arva, exuritque herbas et summa cacumina carpit, afflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque polluit, et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem, 795 vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit. II. 854.] The Rape of Enropa. 3 1 V. The Rape of Europa. [Book II. — 833-875.] [Aglauros is harassed by envy of her sister Herse, and is changed into a stone (797-832).] Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, being beloved by Jupiter, he sends Mercury to drive Agenor's cattle to the shore, meanwhile transforming himself to a snow-white bull ; whom Europa mounts, and so is borne away upon the sea, to the island of Crete. Has ubi verborum poenas mentisque profanae cepit Atlantiades, dictas a Pallade terras linquit, et ingreditur jactatis aethera pennis. 835 sevocat hunc genitor ; nee eausam fassus amoris, * Fide minister' ait 'jussorum, nate, meorum, pelle moram, solitoque celer delabere cursu : quaeque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra suspicit, indigenae Sidonida nomine dicunt, 840 hanc pete ; quodque prociil montano gramine pasci armentum regale vides, ad litora verte.' Dixit ; et expulsi jamdudum monte juvenci litora jussa petunt, ubi magni filia regis ludere virginibus Tyriis comitata solebat. 845 non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur majestas et amor. Sceptri gravitate relicta, ille pater rectorque deum, cui dextra trisulcis ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem, induitur faciem tauri ; mixt usque juvencis 850 mugit, et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis. quippe color nivis est, quam nee vestigia duri calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus auster ; colla toris extant ; armis palearia pendent ; 32 V. TJie Rape of Eicropa. [Metam. 860 865 cornua parva quidem, sed quae contendere possis 855 facta manu, puraque magis perlucida gemma. nullae in fronte minae, nee formidabile lumen : pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata, quod tam formosus, quod proelia nulla minetur. sed quamvis mitem, metuit contingere primo : mox adit, et flores ad Candida porrigit ora. Nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit arenis : paulatimque metu dempto, modo pectora praebet virginea palpanda manu, modo cornua sertis impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo, nescia quem premeret, tergo considere tauri : cum deus a terra siccoque a litore sensim 870 falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis, inde abit ulterius, mediique per aequora ponti fert praedam. Pavet haec, litusque ablata relictum respicit, et dextra cornum tenet, altera dorso imposita est : tremulae sinuantur flamine vestes. 875 III. 19.] Tlie Search of Cadmtcs, 33 VI. The Search of Cadmus. [Book III. — 1-137.] Cadmus, brother of Europa, being sent by his father in search of her, by guidance of an oracle follows a heifer ; and when she lies down to rest, prepares for sacrifice (1-25). But meanwhile his companions, sent to a fountain of Mars for water, are devoured by a dragon (26-49). Seeking them, Cadmus encounters and slays the dragon (50-94). At the command of Pallas, he sows his teeth, which spring up armed men. These are all, excepting fiwQ, slain in mutual strife ; and, by help of the survivors, Cadmus founds the city Thebes, in Boeotia, which being interpreted is the land of kine (95-1 30) . Jamque deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri, se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat : cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit exsilium : facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 5 Orbe pererrato — quis enim deprendere possit furta Jovis 1 — profugus patriamque iramque parentis vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex consulit, et quae sit tellus habitanda requirit. * Bos tibi ' Phoebus ait ' solis occurret in arvis, 10 nullum passa jugum, curvique immunis aratri. hac duce, carpe vias ; et qua requieverit herba, moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato.' Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15 nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. subsequitur, pressoque legit vestigia gressu, auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. jam vada Cephisi, Panopesque evaserat arva : 34 VI. Tlie Searclt of Cadmus. [Metam. bos stetit, et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 20 ad caelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras, atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, procubuit, teneraque latus summisit in herba. Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 sacra Jovi facturus erat : jubet ire ministros, et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. silva vetus stabat nulla violata securi, et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30 uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro Martins anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro : igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne veneno, tresque vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes. Quem postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35 infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro caeruleus serpens, horrendaque sibila misit. ejffluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus : ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 nee mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, hos necat afflati funesta tabe veneni. Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : s© quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, vestigatque viros : tegumen direpta leonis III. 85.] Fight zvith the Dragon. 35 pellis erat, telum splendent! lancea ferro et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55 victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, * Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, aut comes ' inquit ' ero. ' Dixit, dextraque molarem sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit, loricaeque modo squamis defensus, et atrae duritia pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus. At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. ille, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit, vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70 vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. tum vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras, ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80 Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat cuspide praetenta : furit ille, et inania duro vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes ; jam que venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 36 VI. The Search of Cadmus. [Metam. coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas : sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu, laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat : donee Agenorides conjeetum in gutture ferrum 90 usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 95 vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum unde, sed audita est : ' Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum serpentem spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens.' ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 ecce viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras Pallas adest, motaeque jubet subponere terrae vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. paret, et ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105 inde — fide majus — glebae coepere moveri, primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae ; tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ; mox humeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. no sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus, cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. • Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 115 ^ Ne cape ' de populo quem terra creaverat unus exclamat, * nee te civilibus insere bellis.' atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum III. 137.] Foimdi7ig of tlie City Thebes, 37 cominus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse. hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat, auras. exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion. is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque. hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, cum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130 Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque contigerant ; hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, tot natos natasque, et pignora cara, nepot^s : hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 135 exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 38 vir. Actceon, [Metam. VII. ActtEon. [Book III. — 138-252.] AcTiEON, grandson of Cadmus, having beheld Diana as she was bathing with her nymphs, is changed by her into a stag, and torn in pieces by his own hounds. Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti addita, vosque canes satiatae sanguine erili. 140 at bene si quaeras, fortunae crimen in illo, non scelus invenies. Quod enim scelus error habebat } mons erat infectus variarum caede ferarum, iamque dies medius rerum contraxerat umbras et sol ex aequo meta distabat utraque : 145 cum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : * Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum, fortunamque dies habuit satis. Altera lucem cum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 150 propositum repetemus opus. Nunc Phoebus utraque distat idem creta, finditque vaporibus arva. sistite opus praesens, nodosaque tollite lina.' Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem. vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 155 nomine Gargaphie, succinctae sacra Dianae, cujus in extreme est antrum nemorale recessu, arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem ingenio natura suo ; nam pumice vivo et levibus tofis nativum duxerat arcum. 160 fons sonat a dextra tenui perlucidus unda, margine gramineo patulos incinctus hiatus. III. 195.] Diana and he7' Nymphs, 39 hie dea silvarum venatu fessa solebat virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore. quo postquam subiit, nympharum tradidit uni 165 armigerae jaculum pharetramque arcusque retentos ; altera depositae subjeeit braeehia pallae ; vinela duae pedibus demunt. Nam doetior illis Ismenis Croeale sparsos per eolla capillos coUigit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis. 170 exeipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyleque Rhanisque et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis. Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha, ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans 175 pervenit in lucum : sic ilium fata ferebant. qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra, sicut erant, viso nudae sua pectora nymphae percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne implevere nemus, circumfusaeque Dianam 180 corporibus texere suis. Tamen altior illis ipsa dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. Qui color infectis adversi solis ab ictu nubibus esse solet aut purpureae aurorae, is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 185 quae quamquam comitum turba est stipata suarum, in latus obliquum tamen astitit, oraque retro flexit : et ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas, quas habuit sic hausit aquas, vultumque virilem perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis 190 addidit haec cladis praenuntia verba futurae : * Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres, si poteris narrare, licet.' Nee plura minata dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi, dat spatium collo, summasque cacuminat aures, 195 40 VII. Actceon. [Metam. cum pedibusque manus, cum longis bracchia mutat cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus ; additus et pavor est. Fugit Autonoe'ius heros et se tam celerem cursu miratur in ipso, ut vero vultus et cornua vidit in unda, 200 * Me miserum ! ' dicturus erat, vox nulla secuta est : ingemuit, vox ilia fuit ; lacrimaeque per ora non sua fluxerunt. Mens tantum pristina mansit. Quid faciat .? repetatne domum et regalia tecta } an lateat silvis ? pudor hoc, timor impedit illud. 205 dum dubitat, videre canes : primumque Melampus Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere, Gnosius Ichnobates, Spartana gente Melampus. inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura, Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 210 Nebrophonusque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron, et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre, Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro, deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 21^ et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon et Dromas et Canace Sticteque et Tigris et Alee, et niveis Leucon, et villis Asbolus atris, praevalidusque Lacon et cursu fortis Aello et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 220 et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo Harpalos et Melaneus hirsutaque corpore Lachne, et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati J^abros et Agriodus, et acutae vocis Hylactor, quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine praedae 225 per rupes scopulosque adituque carentia saxa quaque est difficilis, quaque est via nulla, sequuntur. ille fugit per quae fuerat loca saepe secutus, III. 252.] Death of Actceon. 41 heu famulos fugit ipse suos ! clamare libebat * Actaeon ego sum, dominum cognoscite vestrum ! ' 230 verba animo desunt. Resonat latratibus aether. prima Melanchaetes in tergo vulnera fecit, proxima Theridamas ; Oresitrophus haesit in armo. tardius exierant, sed per compendia mentis anticipata via est. Dominum retinentibus illis, 235 cetera turba coit confertque in corpore dentes. iam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque, etsi non hominis, quem non tamen edere possit cervus, habet, maestisque replet iuga nota querellis. [et genibus pronis supplex similisque roganti 240 circumfert tacitos tamquam sua bracchia vultus.] at comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quaerunt, et velut absentem certatim Actaeona clamant — ad nomen caput ille ref ert — et abesse queruntur, 245 nee capere oblatae segnem spectacula praedae. vellet abesse quidem, sed adest : velletque videre, non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum. undique circumstant, mersisque in corpore rostris dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine cervi. 250 nee nisi finita per plurima vulnera vita ira pharetratae fertur satiata Dianae. 42 VIII. Pyramtis and Tkisbe, [Metam. VIII. Pyramus and Thisbe. [Book iv. — 55-166.] [Semele, a descendant of Cadmus, became the Mother of Bacchus, but was destroyed by the presence of Jupiter, whom she desh-ed to see clothed with flames and thunder (III. 253-315). Tiresias, the Theban seer, is made bhnd, but endowed with prophecy (316-338). The nymph Echo, pining with love of Narcissus, becomes a rock, her voice alone surviving (339-401 ) ; while Narcissus, gazing on his image in a fountain, perishes, and by the water-nymphs is converted to a flower (402-510). Pentheus, having denied the god Bacchus, and forbidden his solemnities, and caused him to be seized, is torn in pieces by Bacchanals, his mother and sisters aiding: Bacchus meanwhile (in the form of Acaetes) relates the miracle wrought by himself upon a Tyrrhenian crew, whose ship's tackle he had con- verted to serpents, and themselves to dolphins (511-733). Three Theban sisters {Mi7iyeides) likewise refrain from the rites of Bacchus : of whom one relates the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 1-54).] These young lovers, dwelling in Babylon, had appointed a meeting at the tomb of king Ninus (55-92). Thisbe, coming first, is terrified by a lion and so escapes. Pyramus, soon arriving, finds tracks of the beast and the torn mantle of Thisbe ; and con- ceiving that she is slain, stabs himself with his sword, his blood reddening the fruit of the mulberry, at whose foot he lies (93-127). Thisbe, soon returning, finds him dying, and slays herself with the sword yet warm (128-166). Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55 altera^ quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis, contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit : tempore crevit amor ; taedae quoque jure coi'ssent, 60 sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, IV'. 94'] Meeting assigned at Xinns Tomb. 43 ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo : conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur. Quoque magis tegitur, tectus raagis aestuat ignis, fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65 cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — quid non sentit amor ? — primi vidistis, amantes, et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70 saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris, * Invide ' dicebant * paries, quid amantibus obstas ? quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi, aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 75 nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur, quod datus est verbis ad amicas transitus aures.' talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti, sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere oscula quisque suae non per\xnientia contra. 80 Postera nocturnes aurora removerat ignes, solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : ad solitum coi'ere locum. Tum murmure parvo multa prius questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85 cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. ^ Pacta placent ; et lux, tarde discedere visa, praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit ab isdem. callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 44 VIII. Pyramus and Thisbe, [Metam. pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95 audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, 100 dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. Serius egressus, vestigia vidit in alto 105 pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam repperit, * Una duos ' inquit ' nox perdet amantes : e quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, no in loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires, nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. sed timidi est optare necem.' — Velamina Thisbes 115 tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, * Accipe nunc ' inquit * nostri quoque sanguinis haustus ! ' quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum ; nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120 Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte : non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit. arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125 vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore. IV. i6o.] Death of both the Lovers. 45 Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130 utque locum, et visa cognoscit in arbore formam, sic facit incertam pomi color : haeret, an haec sit. dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo pallidiora gerens, exhorruit aequoris instar, 135 quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores, percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum, vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140 miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens, * Pyrame ! ' clamavit ^ quis te mihi casus ademit ? Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe nominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! ' Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145 Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia ; quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense vidit ebur vacuum, ' Tua te manus ' inquit * amorque perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150 persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, O multum miseri, mens illiusque parentes, 155 ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. at tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160 46 VIII. Pyraimcs and Thisbe. [Metam. semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris.* Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes : nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 165 quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. IV. 448.] hio and Melicerta. 47 IX. Ino and Melicerta. [Book IV. — 432-542.] [A SECOND sister tells of Leucothoe, an eastern princess, beloved by the sun-god, who is by him changed after her burial into the herb frankincense ; and of Clytie, who, pining with hopeless love of the same divinity, becomes a sun-flower (IV. 167-270). The third sister, Leuconoe, tells the fable of the fountain-nymph Salmacis, to whose waters was given the power to unman whosoever might bathe in them (271-388). But the three sisters who had despised the rites of Bacchus, are themselves converted into bats (389-415).] Ino also, daughter of Cadmus and nurse of Bacchus, affronts Juno, who descends into Tartarus and sends a Fury against her. Ino and her husband Athamas are maddened. Athamas slays their eldest son, taking him for a wild beast, while Ino casts her- self with her son Melicerta into the sea. There she becomes the sea divinity Leucothea, and Melicerta becomes Palaemon. Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo ; ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes. Styx nebulas exhalat iners, umbraeque recentes descendunt iliac simulacraque functa sepulchris. 435 pallor hiemsque tenent late loca senta. Novique qua sit iter, manes, Stygiam qua ducat ad urbem, ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis. mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas urbs habet. Utque fretum de tota flumina terra, 440 sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nee ulli exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit. errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae, parsque forum celebrant, pars imi tecta tyranni, pars aliquas artes, antiquae imitamina vitae. 445 Sustinet ire illuc caelesti sede relicta, 447 tantum odiis iraeque dabat, Saturnia Juno, 48 IX. hio and Mclicerta. [Metam. quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum ingemuit limen, tria Cerberus extulit ora 450 et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sorores nocte vocat genitas, grave et inplacabile numen : carceris ante fores clausas adamante sedebant, cumque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues. quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 455 surrexere deae : sedes Scelerata vocatur. viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque jugeribus distentus erat. Tibi, Tantale, nullae deprenduntur aquae ; quaeque imminet, effugit arbos. aut petis, aut urgues ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum. 460 volvitur Ixion et se sequiturque fugitque. molirique suis letum patruelibus ansae assiduae repetunt quas perdant, Belides undas. Quos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona, rursus ab illo 465 Sisyphon aspiciens * Cur hie e fratribus ' inquit * perpetuas patitur poenas, Athamanta superbum regia dives habet, qui me cum conjuge semper sprevit ? ' et exponit causas odiique viaeque, quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 470 staret, et in facinus traherent Athamanta sorores. imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum, sollicitatque deas. Sic haec Junone locuta, Tisiphone canos, ut erat, turbata capillos movit et obstantes rejecit ab ore colubras, 475 atque ita ' Non longis opus est ambagibus,' inquit * facta puta, quaecumque jubes : inamabile regnum desere, teque refer caeli melioris ad auras/ laeta redit Juno. Quam caelum intrare parantem roratis lustravit aquis Thaumantias Iris. 480 Nee mora, Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit IV. 5I4-] Tisiplionc, 49 importuna facem, fluidoque cruore rubentem induitur pallam, tortoque incingitur angue, egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur euntem et Pavor et Terror trepidoque Insania vultu. 485 limine constiterat. Postes tremuisse feruntur Aeolii, pallorque fores infecit Avernus, solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjunx, territus est Athamas. Tectoque exire parabant : obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinys, 490 nexaque vipereis distendens bracchia nodis caesariem excussit. Motae sonuere colubrae : parsque jacent umeris, pars circum pectora lapsae sibila dant saniemque vomunt linguaque coruscant. inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues, 495 pestiferaque manu raptos immisit. At illi Inoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant, inspirantque graves animas. Nee vulnera membris ulla ferunt ; mens est, quae diros sentiat ictus. attulerat secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni, 500 oris Cerberei spumas et virus Echidnae, erroresque vagos caecaeque oblivia mentis, et scelus et lacrimas rabiemque et caedis amorem, omnia trita simul, quae sanguine mixta recenti coxerat acre cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 505 dumque pavent illi, vergit furiale venenum pectus in amborum, praecordiaque intima movit. tum face jactata per eundem saepius orbem consequitur motis velociter ignibus ignes. sic victrix jussique pot ens ad inania magni 510 regna redit Ditis, sumptumque recingitur anguem. Protinus Aeolides media furibundus in aula clamat ' lo, comites, his retia tendite silvis ! hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole leaena,' 50 IX. Iiio and Melicei'ta. [Metam. utque ferae sequitur vestigia conjugis amens, 515 deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum bracchia tendentem rapit et bis terque per auras more rotat fundae, rigidoque infantia saxo discutit ora ferox. Turn denique concita mater, seu dolor hoc fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni, 520 exululat passisque fugit male sana capillis, teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis ' Euhoe Bacche ' sonat. Bacchi sub nomine Juno risit et 'Hos usus praestet tibi ' dixit 'alumnus/ Imminet aequoribus scopulus, pars ima cavatur 525 fluctibus et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas, summa riget frontemque in apertum porrigit aequor. occupat hunc — vires insania fecerat — Ino, seque super pontum nullo tardata timore mittit onusque suum ; percussa recanduit unda. 530 at Venus inmeritae neptis miserata labores sic patruo blandita suo est : ' O numen aquarum, proxima cui caelo cessit, Neptune, potestas, magna quidem posco, sed tu miserere meorum, jactari quos cernis in lonio immenso, 535 et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est, si tamen in dio quondam concreta profundo spuma fui, Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab ilia/ Annuit oranti Neptunus et abstulit illis quod mortale fuit, majestatemque verendam 540 imposuit, nomenque simul faciemque novavit : Leucotheeque deum cum matre Palaemona dixit. IV. 630.] Perseus and Aiidromeda. 51 X. Perseus and Andromeda. [Book IV. — 615-803.] [The companions of I no are changed to stones and birds (416- 562). Cadmus and his wife Hermione, in great age, having wit- nessed these sorrows of their house, are at length converted into serpents, consoled only by the glories of their grandson Bacchus (563-614).] Perseus, returning from the slaying of Medusa, is refused hos- pitality by the Titan Atlas, whom by the Gorgon's head he converts into a mountain (615-662). Flying over /Ethiopia, he discovers the princess Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, fastened to a cliff to be devoured by a sea-monster, which he attacks and slays, and so wins Andromeda for his bride (663-739). The marvellous effect of Medusa's head, which changes leaves and twigs to coral ; and the tale told at Perseus' wedding feast, of Medusa, daughter of Phorcus, whose golden locks were by the wrath of Minerva changed to serpents. ViPEREi referens spolium memorabile monstri 615 aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis ; cumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas, Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae, quas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues : unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 620 Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus nunc hue, nunc illuc, exempio nubis aquosae fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem. ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit : 625 saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus. jamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti, constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ; exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes evocet Aurorae, currus Aurora diurnos. 630 52 X. Perseus a7id Andromeda. [Metam. Hie hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis aequora subdit equis, et fessos exeipit axes. mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 635 errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant. arboreae frondes auro radiante virentes, ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. ' Hospes,' ait Perseus illi, *seu gloria tangit te generis magni, generis mihi Juppiter auctor ; 640 sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras : hospitium requiemque peto.' Memor ille vetustae sortis erat ; Themis banc dederat Parnasia sortem : ' Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro arbor, et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit.' 645 id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas moenibus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi, arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes. huic quoque * Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, quam mentiris,' ait * longe tibi Juppiter absit ; ' 650 vimque minis addit, manibusque expellere temptat cunctantem, et placidis miscentem fortia dictis. Viribus inferior — quis enim par esset Atlanti viribus ? — 'At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est, accipe munus,' ait ; laevaque a parte Medusae 655 ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora. quantus erat, mons factus Atlas : nam barba comaeque in silvas abeunt, juga sunt humerique manusque : quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen ; ossa lapis fiunt. Tum partes auctus in omnes 660 crevit in immensum — sic di statuistis — et omne cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos. IV. 696.] The Giant Atlas. 53 admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665 parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis, Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva. illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670 Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Ammon. Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes, 675 et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae, paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. ut stetit, * O ' dixit ' non istis digna catenis, sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes, pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 680 et cur vincla geras.' Primo silet ilia, nee audet appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685 nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto imminet, et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 690 Conclamat virgo ; genitor lugubris et una mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia, nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent ; cum sic hospes ait : * Lacrimarum longa manere 695 tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora f erendam est. 54 X. Perseus and Andromeda, [Metam. hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia, quam clausam implevit fecundo Juppiter auro, Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alls aetherias ausus jactatis ire per auras, loo praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto; ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.' accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant, promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 705 Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis, sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 710 cum subito juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa, arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. utque Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 71S occupat aversum, neu saeva retorqueat ora, squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : sic celer immisso praeceps per inane volatu terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720 vulnere laesa gravi, modo se sublimis in auras attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis versat apri, quem turba canum circumsona terret. ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis ; quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 725 nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pennae. IV. 762.] Fight zvith the Sea-monster. 55 Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730 credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima, sinistra ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735 implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant, auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda : 740 anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat arena, mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae, virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745 percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. at pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, seminaque ex illis iterant j aetata per undas. nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 750 duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque vim en in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. Dis tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit, laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica Virgo ; ara Jovis media est : mactatur vacca Minervae, 755 alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum. protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti indotata rapit. Taedas Hymenaeus Amorque praecutiunt ; largis satiantur odoribus ignes, sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 760 tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 56 X. Persetts a7td Andromeda. [Metam. atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi 765 diffudere animos, cultusque genusque locorum quaerit Lyncides, moresque animumque virorum; 767 qui simul edocuit, ^ Nunc, O fortissime,' dixit 769 * fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute, quibusque 770 artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora/ narrat Agenorides gelido sub Atlante jacentem esse locum solidae tutum munimine molis, cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores Phorcidas, unius partitas luminis usum : nS^ 5 G-. 723-727 ; H. 596- 599) ; also, to be familiar with the general rules of quantity and accent (§§ 18, 19; G. 10-14; H. 16-18) .^ Besides this, the teacher should explain and illustrate, so far as may be necessary, the struc- ture of the hexameter (§ 362; G. 761 ; H. 609-613), reading from the text of the poem itself, until its peculiar movement has become familiar to the learner's ear. It will now be observed, — 1 . That the difficulties in scanning lie almost entirely i?i the first half of the verse. With very rare exceptions, the last two feet, and generally the last three, are accented in verse exactly as they would be in prose ; that is, the thesis (first syllable) of the foot corresponds with the natural or prose accent of the word. 2. That in hexameter verse the third foot (rarely the fourth instead) regularly begins with the last syllable of a word. Thus, w^hile the last half of a verse is almost always accented as in prose, the first half very seldom is. The slight pause interrupting the foot at the end of the word is called a cce sural pause (§ 358, ^ ; G. 743 ; H. 602), and is the most important point that distinguishes the 1 To these it may be well to add the quantity of final syllables ({ 348 ; G. 704- 710; H. 579-581). The learner should also be habituated to an accurate pronunciation of words according to their prose accent. 4 * Notes, movement of verse from that of prose. The pause in the third foot (less commonly the fourth) usually corresponds with a pause in the sense, and is called the principal caesura. 3. That whenever a short syllable occurs in the verse, there miist be a dactyl. This becomes a most convenient rule, as soon as the pronunciation of even the commonest words is known, in all cases where there are words of more than two syllables ; for thus a short syllable will often serve as a key to the entire structure of the verse. For examples, we will take the first four lines of the first selection given in this book (i. 89, foil.) : — 89. Aurea prima sata est aetas quae vindice nullo. Here the last two words are scanned exactly as they read : I vindice | nullo. The syllable before, quae^ contains a diphthong, and is therefore long ; consequently, as it is not the first syllable of a foot, it must be the second half of a spondee ; and we find that the preceding syllable, ~tas^ is long, which gives us the first half of the spondee. The first syllable of aetas ^ again, consists of a diph- thong, and must therefore form a spondee with the preceding sylla- ble, ast (by elision from the last syllable of sata with est, § 359, c\ G. 714, exc. ; H. 608, i). Beginning with the beginning of the line, aurea has a short penult, as its accent shows, and forms a dactyl. There remain, then, only three syllables, priuia sa-, which must, therefore, also form a dactyl, and the verse scans as follows : — Aurea | prima salta 'stl|ae|tas quae | vindice | nullo. 90. Sponte sua sine lege fide??i reduinque colebat. The last words are scanned as they read : rec|tumque co|lebat. The length of the first syllable of rectum shows that it is the last half of a spondee. The correct scansion of the rest of the line depends entirely upon the reader's knowledge of the rules for quan- tity. Sponte ends in e, and final e is short ; sua is ablative, and final a in the ablative is long ; sine and lege both end in e, which is short ; and the quantity of the other syllables is determined by their position in their respective feet. The line scans thus : — Sponte sula sine | lege || fi|dem recltumque co|lebat, with feminine caesura. Nctes, ^ 5 91. Poena metusque abo'ant, nee verba mindeia jixo. The last four words are scanned as they read : nee | verba mi|na- •cia I fixo. Here nee is long by position, as is the syllable before it. Poena is nominative, and has, therefore, a short final a ; conse- quently the e of 7}ietus must also be short. Only the second foot is now unaccounted for, and it consists of the only three syllables remaining, — tusqiC abe-. The line scans, — Poena meltusqu' abe 1 rant !l nee | verba mi|nacia 1 fixo. 92. Aere legebantnr, nee supplex tu7'ba titnebat. Here the words nee | supplex | turba ti | mebat are scanned as they are pronounced in prose; the length (by position) of ;/^^ shows that it forms the last half of a spondee ; the short final e of aej'c shows that the first foot is a dactyl ; consequently the two remaining sylla- bles must form a spondee, the second foot of the verse : — Aere lelgebanltur !l nee I supplex | turba ti| mebat. These hints would be sufiicient for all or nearly all cases,^ if it were not for the frequent elision of the last syllable of words ; viz., in general, whenever a word e7idz?ig in a vowel or in m is followed by a word begin?iifig with a vowel or with h. This makes the com- monest and most annoying of the obstacles to be met, and requires the beginner to be constantly on the watch. If he will now care- fully compare the following lines, as metrically divided, with the rules which have been given above, it is hoped that he will have little difficulty hereafter. Aurea 1 prima sajta 'st 11 aeltas, quae 1 vindiee | nuUo Sponte su 1 a, sine | lege 11 fi j dem ree | tumque eo | lebat. <9o Poena meltusqu' abe 1 rant, II nee | verba mi|naeia j fixo Aere le j geban j tur, jj nee 1 supplex 1 turba ti | mebat Judicis I ora su|i, || sed ejrant sine | vindiee | tuti. Nondum | eaesa sulis, !l perelgrin?^w ut | viseret 1 orbem, Montibus | in liqui j das II pi 1 nus de | seenderat 1 undas, 95 Nullaque | mortal les II prae|ter sua | litora | norant. Tsondum | praeeipi | tes ll cin | gebant | oppida | fossae : 1 It will be observed that, of the first twenty verses of this selection, only verse 99 lacks the caesura in the third foot, and that there the principal pause is in the fourth foot instead of the third. Notes. Non tuba | direc 1 ti, H non 1 aeris I cornua | flexi, Non galelae, non | ensis el rant; II sine | militis 1 usu Mollia 1 seculrae || peralgebant 1 otia f gentes. Ipsa quo 1 qu' immu | nis II ra | stroqu' in | tacta nee 1 ullis Saucia i vomeri 1 bus || per | se dabat | omnia | tellus : Contenltique ci|bis H nul|lo cojgente crejatis Arbute 1 os fe | tus || mon I tanaque | fraga le | gebant Cornaqu' et I in dujris || hae|rentia 1 mora rujbetis, Et quae 1 decide | rant I| patu|la Jovis | arbore, | glandes. Ver erat | aeterjnum, || placijdique telpentibus I auris Mulcejbant zephy|ri || na|tos sine | semine | flores. 105 The Four Ages and the Flood. I. THE FOUR AGES AND THE FLOOD. I. 89. aurea : compare the description of the Golden Age in Virgil, Eel. iv. The Ages are named from the metals gold, silver, brass (or more exactly copper), and iron, the best being the Golden, the worst the Iron Age. — sata est, was created, i.e. was. — vindice nuUo (abl. abs.), when there zvas no avettger [of guilt], i.e. by no constraint. 91. verba minacia, refers to laws. The Roman laws were inscribed upon bronze tablets, which were fastened up in the forum and other public places. Hence fixo aere, posted tip in brass (abl. of place, § 258,/ 3; G. 384, R.2; H. 425, 2, N.-3). 92. supplex turba, the defendant and his friends, who generally tried to move the judges by their prayers. 93. erant tuti, not supplex turba, but the people in general. 94. caesa agrees with pinus; suis with montibus; the pine felled on its native hills, and wrought into ships (abl. like fixo aere in 91). 9^. norant (§ 128, a\ G. 151, i; H. 235, 2), knew, lit. had learned (§ 279, e) G. 228, 2, R.i ; H. 297, i, 2). 98. directi, flexi, both agree with aeris (gen. of material, § 214, e-, G. 367, R. ; H. 395, v.). The tuba was a long straight brazen horn; the cornu was curved. 99. sine militis usu, without occasion for the employment of soldiery ; militis is used collectively. 100. seeurae, free frojn care. Notice the interlocked order, a very common one in Latin. — otla : the plural is often used in Latin, when in English we use the singular; this is especially common in poetry, fre- quently, as here, for metrical reasons (§*79, d; G. 195, R.^; H. 130, 3). lOi. ipsa immunis tellus, the earth itself unburdened. Strictly, without any duties to perform, not called on by man for tribute. 102. per se, equiv. to stia sponte. 103. cibis (§ 245; G. 407; H. 421, iii.). — nullo cogente (abl. abs.) = with no co7?iptdsion, qualifying creatis. 104. arbuteos fetus = arbuti fetus, the fruit of the arbute tree. The arbute or strawberry tree is common in Italy. The fruit res.embles the strawberry in appearance, but is somewhat insipid in taste. -—legebant, [men] gathered (§ 206, b-, G. 199, R.^). 105. mora, blackberries. 106. quae giandes : the antecedent is incorporrs-ted in the relative clause (§ 200, b', G. 618; H. 445, 9). — Jovis arbore, the oak, sacred to Jupiter. 8 Notes, io8. inulcebant,/^;;;/<^'^, cai'csscd (properly, stroked). 109. niox, sooi (after flowering). - of the earth," not fruit in the ordinary modern sense. no. nee renovatus, 7tot renewed, i.e. without lyi^tg fallow. The negative belongs only with renovatus. — canebat, gre^o white. 112. inella : i.e. in the Golden Age honey dropped spontaneously from the leaves without the toil of bees. For the plural, see on v. 100. 113. postquam . . . inisso, when, after Saturn was banished, etc. (the relative clause ends with erat). Saturnus was an old Italian god of the crops (satus, sero), but was identified by the later Romans with the Greek Kronos, father of Zeus, who was dethroned and sent to Tartarus by his son. 114. sub Jove: the reign of stern law, under Jupiter, follows that of peace and innocence. — subiit: contrary to rule the last i is long. This seems to be a relic of an earlier usage (§ 354, a, 3, N.), and is especially common in iit, petiit, and their compounds (G. 705, 4); cf. Virg. yEn. viii. 362, X. 67. 115. auro, aere: one would expect aurea and aenea {sc. prole). 116. eontraxit, shorte^ied (cf. v. 107); the changing seasons are the first sign of nature's loss. 117. inaequales, changeable. 118. spatiis : abl. of manner. — exegit, led out (i.e. to its end), com- pleted. 119. fervoribus: plural; cf. otia, v. 100, mella, v. 112. 1 20. ventis : abl. — pependit shows that glacies refers to icicles. 122. cortice, improperly used for liber, the fibrous inner bark. 123. semina Cerealia, seeds of grain ; cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104. Ceres gave grain to mankind, and taught them agriculture. 128. venae . . . aevum, upon ait age of worse vein (i.e. metal). A vejn of ore or metal in a mine was called vena. 1.29. verum, truthfulness (§ 189, a-, G. 195, R.^; H. 441, 2). 130. fracdesque: in poetry que is frequently added to the first of a series ot words, '. hen the other members of the series are connected by que. It Sinould be ^.-mitted in translation. 131. amor . . . ^iSLben^i, the gtiilty love of gain. 132. vela, etc., in consequence of the love of gain, which drove men to brave the dai;i/H in Sans- krit and Greek. — aconita: plural; cf. otia, z/. lOO (se iv/ ,^'R yc, ^- G. i95» R- 5» 6). o " ' 148. inquirit, questio7ts (of fortune-tellers: he i- "iT^batient for his in- heritance). — ante diein, before the ti7?ie, i.e. befoce iis father's natural death would leave him his inheritance. — patriot &Aiios=patris aftnos ; cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104. 149. Virgo Astraea, the maid Astrcea, g^odess of justice. She took her place in the heavens as the constellatio^i hrgo, — madentes terras, the earth reeking. J lo Notes, 150. ultima caelestum : Astrsea was the last of the gods to leave the earth. Formerly all the gods had dwelt on earth, but the depravity of man forced them to withdraw. 1 51-162. The Giants, sons of Earth and Heaven, attack the gods, but are defeated. From their blood springs a wicked race of men. 153. struxisse vl\o\)X^^^ piled the mozintains. 154. Olympus, Peliou, Ossa, mountains of Thessaly. 155. Ossae : dat. instead of abl. with ex or de (§ 229; G. 346, last ex. ; H. 386, 2). 156. corpora, i.e. of the giants. 157. Ti2itov\xvcv^ her sons. 160. et ilia, i.e. as well as the earlier race of men. 162. sclr^^y yoti might have known (§ 311, «; G. 252; H. 485); cf. putes, V. 242. 163. quae: refers to the depravity of man as described in the preced- ing lines. For the use of the relative, see § 180, /J 201, e\ G. 612, R.^; H. 453. — pater Saturnius, Jupitej'. 164. facto recenti (abl. abs.), since the deed was recent. — vulgata (belonging to coiivivia), made knoivn (spread abroad). 165. Liycaoniae, of Lycao7i (cf. arbuteos fetus ^ v. 104). He had offered Jupiter human flesh to eat; see v. 210 and the following. — ref- iirens, revolving^ thinking over. iQV^-6. aniuio (with concipit), in his soul. — dignas Jove, worthy of 7^<^v,i-f.e]^in accordance with his greatness. — iras (pi.); see note on otia, v.lS^f-^M'XdconitayV. 147. 167- . ^Hhu^*^lium, sc. deorum, senate. lOo. «i^^V>v^ opreno (abl. abs.), when the sky is clear. 169. \i^..^^j. ,-^ i.ominative in form, as being the simple name, a mere ^^td, ^^^e'*''' ^^>imatical relation. This wordy however, is in apposition lyo.v^'^^r*' ^y Ihis (§ 258,^; G. 387; H. 420, I, 3). — superis (dat.), for the ^c ■i^HeJi'->agiii Tonantis, of the great Thunderer , i.e. of Jupiter. 171. d^. i vVi'Taevaque (sc. parte), on the right and left (§ 258,/; G. 384,R.2xti.^^-^'2). 172. celrr \^^^i ^^^ thronged. The figure is taken from the custom of Roman nob - vC^oie halls {atria) were visited in the morning by their clients and dependari?- 173. plebs, i.e. thi loxwer gods {di mi^torum gentium)-, opposed to potentes caelicolae cS-ri^ue (cf. deorum nobilium, z/. 171), the twelve great gods of Olympus (I mnjorum gejttitim). The gods are clivided into classes like the people ^f Rome, — diverga locis, i.e. only the great \ TJie Four Ages and the Flood. II live here; locis is abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). — a fronte, hi frojit, as one goes up the street (§ 260, b\ G. 388, R,^; H. 434, i). 1 74. penates = households. 176. Palatia: this word had not yet acquired its modern meaning of palace, but meant the dwelling of Augustus, on the Palatine hill. Augustus is thus, by a daring flat- tery {atidacia^, compared with the king of the gods. — dixisse : the perfect does not differ in sense from the present, and seems to be used in great part on account of its metri- cal convenience. 177. recessu, an interior apart- ment (abl. without in, § 258,/; G. 384, R.2; H.425, ii. 2, N.3). 1 78. ipse, by a common and natu- ral usage the king or chief, as in ipse dixit, he said it hiinself (Pythago- ras) . — loco : cf. locis, 1 73. — scep- tro, abl. (§ 254, b; G. 403, R.3; H. 425, I, I, note). (See Fig. i.) 180. cum qua, together ivith 'which, i.e. and at the same time. Jupiter 181. ora . . . solvit, ope?ied his a7tgry lips. Fi 2 182. ilia tempestate, at that crisis. 184. inicere, the prop- er spelling of iujicere. The compounds of jacio, which change a into i, lose the j before the i. — augui- pedum, limiting quisque. The Giants were repre- sented with bodie-j termi- nating in serpents (see Fig. 2) : they are here con- founded with the " hun- , , ^ dred- handed " (cetttum Jupiter and the Giants. bracchia) Cottus, Briareus, and Gyas, who were brothers of the Titans, but aided Jupiter against the 12 Notes, rebellious deities (see Iliad, i. 399-406). — caelo, dative, following inl- cere; to cast their hiiudrcd hands upon the captive sky. 185. ab uno corpore, from a single class (of divinities), contrasted with the present rebellion of the whole human race. 187. qua, 7uhcrez>er. — Nereus, an ancient sea divinity, esjiccially associated with the calm depths : here put for the sea. 188. per, in oaths and prayers, by. — fluiiiina: pi. for sing. 1S9. Stygio luco (loc. abl.) /;/ the groi'e of Styx ("Ciloom"), the river which bounds the entrance to the world below. The oath by the Styx was the most awful and binding that could be taken l)y the gods. 190. cuiicta = «// other means. — tcmptata, sc. sunt. 191. lie . . . trahatur, lest the sound (lit. clean) part be drawn [into the same disease]. 193. fauniquc : the enclitic -que is here used as long in imitation of Homer, who makes the Greek re long. It is probably made so by the j^ausc at the end of the word, or, as it is sometimes called, by ciTsura. This occurs generally in the second foot of the verse, and only when a second -que follows. The Fauni and Silvani — Italian nature divinities — are here joined with the Greek Satyrs. They were fabulous creatures, types of the wild life of the forest. They are represented, like the Greek Pan, with horns, goats' legs and feet, and pointed hairy ears. (See Hg. 3.) 194. quos quoniam : the Latin relative is often used where our idiom requires the demonstrative and some connective particle (§ 201, ^; G. 612; H. 453). — dignaniur, deem luorthy. — honore, governed by digQamur, which like its primitive dignus takes the ablative (§ 245, a\ G, 398, R.2; H. 421, iii. N.2). 195. certe, at least. — sinamus, hortatory subjunctive. 196. an, very commonly used in argumentative questions, as here, where the thing asked is obviously absurd. — illos, opposed to inihi. 197. mihi, against me, following struxerit (§ 229, c, G. 344; R.^; H. 385, 4, 3). — qui habeo, § 204, a\ G. 616; H. 445. — struxerit (§326; G.587; H. 517). 199. ausum . . . deposcunt, they demand (for vengeance) him who has dared such things. A regular meaning of deposco. The use of the participle for a relative clause is forced and poetic. 200. saevit, for saevlit. Notice the indicative with cum, used to Faun. The Four Ages and tJie Flood. 13 define the time of the main clause, not to describe its circumstances (§323; G. 582; H. 52i,i.). 201. Caesareo : equivalent to Caesaris (§ 190; G. 360, k.^; II. 395, N.2). — exstinguere, put out like a fire; hence destroy ; sanguine Caesareo is therefore the instrumental abl. 202. attonitum est, was thunderstruck. 204. tuoruin, thine own. By a pleasant fiction, the subjects of Augus- tus's empire are spoken of as his kindred or friends. — pietas, filial affection. 205. ilia, the pietas, expressed by the eagerness of the gods, v. 199. 206. silentia: pi. for sing. (§ 79, d\ G. 195, R.^; H. 130, 3). 207. regentis : the use of the participle in the singular as a noun is poetic, though the language is ver)' capricious in its use of participles as nouns. — quidem (concessive), // is true, i.e. there is no need of your being alarmed to be sure, but I will tell the story to gratify your curiosity. 210. admissum, thing done^ i.e. crime ; sc. sit. 211. infainia, ez'il report. 212. falsain, predicative, i.e. equivalent io falsa m esse. 213. deus (appos.), /, <7^W. Notice how it is purposely set next to humana for contrast. — lustro, survey. The word is primarily used of a priest who " lustrates " or purifies by going about with a ceremonial the company of worshippers; then of an officer who surveys or reviews the ranks of his troops. 214. est, would be (§ 311, <:; G. 246, K.^; H. 511). — noxae, partitive genitive (§ 216, a, 3; G. 371; H. 397, 3). 215. vero, thati the truth. 216. Maenala, a mountain in Southern Arcadia, fabled as the dwell- ing-place of nymphs and satyrs. — latebris, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). 217. Cyllene and Liycaeus, mountains of Arcadia. 218. Arcados, gen. agreeing with tyranni (Greek form as shown by the short o, requiring the nom. Areas). As Latin poetry is imitated and translated from Greek, such forms, especially of proper names, are common. 222. deus . . . an mortalis, [whether] god or mortal (§ 211, a\ G. 460; H. 353, 2). — dlscrimine aperto, by a plain test. 225. haec illi, spoken with scorn, as if he said, " That's his idea of a test of truth." 226. eo, abl. with contentus (§ 254, b^ 2\ G. 373, R.^; H. 421, iii.). — missi agrees with obsidis tinius. 227. unius, here simply a. The force of unus is sometimes weakened (as is that of quidam) until it becomes little more than an indefinite article. 14 Notes, In the same way the demonstrative pronouns are often used for the definite article. 228. ita, i.e. just as he was, with his throat cut. — partim, noi partly, but 2, part of, etc. — semineces, half dead, i.e. not yet thoroughly cold in death. 230. simal ( = simul ac), as soon as. — vindice fiauima^ avenging flame, i.e. the thunderbolt. 231. dignos, i.e. because they did not prevent the crime. 232. territus fugit, etc. : this transformation to a wolf is suggested perhaps by the name Lycaon (Greek Xvkos). It corresponds with the wild superstition of the were-zuolf which makes the subject of many old popular tales. The name lycanthropy is given to a particular form of madness con- nected with this superstition. " In 1600, multitudes were attacked with the disease in the Jura, emulated the destructive habits of the wolf, mur- dered and devoured children, howled, walked on all-fours, so that the palms of the hands became hard and horny; and admitted that they con- gregated in the mountains for a sort of cannibal or devil's Sabbath. Six hundred persons were executed on their own confession." — Chambers's E7icyclopcedia. Many notices of this superstition are found in ancient writers of many nations, especially in connection with Arcadia, a pastoral and forest country, where the inhabitants suffered greatly from wolves. 233. ab ipso, i.e. from his natural character, needing no transforma- tion. The allusion is to foam at the mouth. 235. sanguine, abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 407; H. 416). 236. abeunt, pass. 239. idem = iidem. 240. perire: what construction would be usual in prose? (§ 320,/; G. 556, R.2; H. 503, ii. 2). 241. Erinys, properly the Greek name of the divinity that inflicts vengeance for violated law, but here signifying the instigator of crime (Virg. ^n. vii. 324). 242. putes, you niight suppose; cf. scires, v. 162 (§ 311, a-, N.^; G. 252; H. 485). — Jurasse, sc. homines. — dent=:/^/ them pay (§ 226; G. 256; H. 483). — ocius, § 93, a. 243. stat, is fixed. 244. frementi, sc. ei. 245. "^^ivt^^, their part, as members of the council. — adiciunt, i.e. they spur him already excited. — assensibus, opposed to voce, the first part made speeches, the second only assented (assentior), as was the custom in the Roman Senate. 246. jactura, destruction : the image is from the casting of goods over- The Four Ages and the Flood, 15 board in a storm at sea. — dolori (§ 233; G. 350; H. 390), a cause of grief. 247. mortalibus (abl. of separation) orbae, bereft of 7nen, 249. populandas, § 294, d\ G. 431; H. 544, 2, n.^ 250. quaerentes, sc. eos, object of vetat. — enim : he forbids them to tremble, for the rest [he says] shall be his care. — sibi, emphatic. 251. superuin for superorum, § 40, d-; G. 29, 3; H. 52, 3. 254. sacer, i.e. as the abode of the gods. 256. adfore tempus, etc., subj. of esse, following reminiscitur. — in fatis : the Destinies were above the gods themselves. 257. correpta, sc. flammis. 258. mundi moles operosa, the fabric of the world wrought with toil. — laboret, be endangered. The doctrine, perhaps borrowed from the East, belongs to the stories of periodic conflagrations of the world. 259. manibus with fabricata. The thunderbolts, Jupiter's weapons, were forged by the Cyclops. 262. .^olils antris, the caves ofy^olus. (Compare Virg. yEn. ii. 52-63.) — aquilonem : the north-west wind, bringing (in Italy) cold and dry weather. 265. tectus vultum, wrapping his face (§ 240, c, N.; G. 332, R.^; H. 378). 266. canis capillis : the poets often use the abl. without a preposition to denote the place whence. 267. fronte : the simple abl. instead of the abl. with in. — sinus, folds, or rounded outline of the clouds, which represent his garments. 268. nubila, mists; nimbi, storm-clouds. — ut . . . pressit: the ancients thought that thunder was caused by the clashing of the clouds. 270. colores: § 240, ^, N.; G. 332, R.2; H. 378. 271. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, was the messenger of Juno. — alimenta nubibus adfert: as if the rainbow were a pathway for the waters. (Compare " the sun drawing water.") 273. vota, i.e. the crops, object of their vows. 274. caelo suo : the heavens were the especial realm of Jupiter. Abl. after contenta (§ 254, <5, 2; G. 398; H. 424). 275. caeruleus f rater, Neptune, called caeruleus because he is god of the dark blue sea. (See Fig. 4.) 277. hortamine: abl. after utendum. 279. domos, i.e. the hollows and clefts which are the home of the waters. — mole, dike. 280. totas . . . habenas, let loose all the reins, as if the streams were horses, and the water-gods their drivers. i6 Notes. 281. ora relaxant, i.e. take from their mouth the pressure of the curb. The figure of horses is kept through the three Unes. 284. iiitreniuit, quaked. — inotu, i.e. motus terrcF^ earthquake. 286. satis (participle of sero), the crops. 287. sacris, i.e. the altar, statues, etc., belonging to the penetralia. — suis, refers t.) penetralia. 288. slqua (i.e. si qud)^ if any (§ 105, i!\ G. 302; H. 190, i). 289. hujus : limiting culmen. 290. pressae, sub7nerged. 292. deerant, dissyllable. 293. hie, alter, one^ another. — cym- ba, loc. abl. 294. illic ubi, 071 the veiy spot where. 295. villae, farmhouse. 296. summa in ulmo, in the top of an elm (§ 193; G. 287, R.; H. 440, N.2). 299. Notice the alliteration in graciles gratnen and carpsere capellae. 302. Nereides, the daughters of the sea-god Nereus. (See Fig. 5.) 303. agitata, i.e. so as to make them shake. 305. fiilininis : the tusks of the wild boar are often compared to the thunderbolt for speed, power, arid gleaming. 306. ablato, sivept away (by the waves). 310. novi, strange to them. 311. maxima pars, i.e. of the living beings. — quibus : the antecedent is illos. 312. inopi victu, with lack of food ; abl. of means. 313. A.o'n.ios,, B 02 oti a 71. Phocis lay between Boeotia and the mountain range of CEta, which separates it from Thessaly. 316. verticibus duobus': this is not correct. Parnassus has only one chief peak; but there are two spurs renowned in the worship of Neptune. Fig. 5. l^^S^O^ "^aX r^^ v^h^^h ^^ ^^^ c^ki v. -^'vp^ ^T^'^^^s^J ^^ Nereid. The Foitr Ages and the Flood, 17 Dionysus (Bacchus), and having the Castalian fount between them. This has occasioned the error. 318. Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and father of Hellen, the epony- mous hero of the Hellenes (Greeks). — hie ubi adhaesit, while he clung to this. 320. Corycidas : Corycus was a grotto sacred to the nymphs, on the slopes of Parnassus. The numina montis are the Muses. 321. Themln (§ 64, Ex. 4; G. 72, R.^; G. 68, Ex. 5) : Themis, god- dess of justice, was daughter of Uranus. She presided over the oracle of Delphi, which afterwards belonged to Apollo. 322. sequi: § 218, h; G. 374; H. 399, ii. 323. metuentior deorum, more reve^'e^it to the gods. 324. ut vldet, when he sees. 325. modo, but just noWf qualifying tot. 328. disjecit, rent asunder. — aquilone. (Compare v. 262.) 330. tricusplde telo, t7'ident, the weapon of Neptune, who is called in the next line rector pelagi. 331. supra profundum, sc. mare, construed with exstantem, w^hich agrees with Tritona. (Compare Virgil, ^n. i. 144.) 332. lunato niurice: Triton here appears, like Glaucus, overgrown with shell-fish and seaweed. He was a sea-god, son of Neptune, and is represented as blowing on a conch-shell. 335. bucina tortllis, "///ti^, 07t a holiday. 112. ^i^na, figures, painted on the curtain. The closing of the cur- tain is referred to, which was done from the bottom, not from the top as with us. 113. placido tenore, with quiet {ox easy') motion. 117. civilibus bellis, our civil wars, i.e. the strife between men of the same race. 119. eminus : opposed to cominus; the first fell in hand-to-hand conflict ; the second, in conflict conducted at a distance, i.e. with missiles. 122. suo marte, in their own fight, i.e. in conflict with each other. 123. subiti, who had suddenly come into being. (Cf. Book I. 315, subitarum campus aquarum?) 125. matrem, i.e. the Earth. 126. quinque superstitibus, abl. abs. Actceoji. 39 127. hunio: this is sometimes used by the poets instead of the loca- tive humi, or, as here, the ace. humuin. — Tritonidis : Tritonis is an epithet of Minerva, derived from the brook Triton in Boeotia. (See note on Book II. V. 782.) 128. fraternae pacis, /^^zrt^ among the (surviving) brothers. 129. Sidonius : as Sidon was a chief town of Phoenicia, Sidonian is equivalent to Phoenician. 132. soceri, parents-i7i-law ; Hermione (or Harmonia), daughter of Mars and Venus, was wife of Cadmus. 133. hue, to this. 135. juvenes, youths ; not pueri, boys : Cadmus lived to see his grand- children grow up. — sed . . . debet : " Call no man happy until he dies," a favorite maxim of ancient wisdom. In the myth of Cadmus we may recognize a genuine tradition of the trading settlements and factories established by Phoenicians in very early times, along the coast of Greece. From them the rude Greeks received the first beginnings of civilization, especially the knowledge of the alphabet. Many religious rites were like- wise borrowed from them, especially some forms of the worship of Herakles {^HerculeSy the Phoenician Melkart) and Aphrodite {Astarte), or Venus. VII. ACT.EOX. III. 138. prima agrees with eausa; secundas with res. 139. aliena, belonging to another race, strajige. 140. satiatae, fem. agreeing with canes, for the names of animals are much more frequently fem. in Latin than in English. 141. quaeras, subj. of the less vivid future condition, though the apodosis invenies is fut. ind, — fortunae crimeu, fault of fortune. — in illo, in him, i.e. ActJEon. 145. ex aequo, equally, lit. from ati equal poifit {of vieiu). — meta utraque, from each goal. At each end of the course in the circus was a conical goal; the course of the sun is here compared with the race-course. 146. juvenis Hyantius, the Hyantian (Boeotian) youth, i.e. Actceon. 150. cum, conjunction. 152. dis tat idem, is the same distance fro??i. — creta : Cretan earth (i.e. chalk) was used to mark the goals or metae ; hence creta = meta; cf. V. 145. — vaporibus, heat, as in Book I. v. 432. 155. acuta, sharp, referring to the foliage of the cypress. 40 Notes. Fig. 12. 156. nomine, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). — Gargaphie, a valley extending from Mt. Cithaeron in the direction of Thebes. — succinctae, high-girded^ i.e. wearing a short tunic, which would not im- pede her motions. (See Fig. 12.) 159. pumice vivo, of living (i.e. nat- ural) pumice-stone (abl. of material, § 244, 2, N.i; G. 396; H. 415, iil). 160. duxerat, had drawn, i.e. formed. 162. hiatus, Greek accusative (§ 240 c, G. 332; H. 378). 165. quo, whither; but here, as fre- quently, the Latin uses the relative where the English does not. 166. retentos, from retendo. 167. subjecit bracchia: she caught it in her arms as the goddess took it off. 168. doctior illis, 7nore skilful than they, and therefore employed in service de- Diana, manding more skill. 169. Ismenis : a patronymic from Is- menus, a stream in Boeotia. 170. solutis, sc. eapillis; abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.). 171. Nephele, Cloud; Hyle, Wood; Rhanis, Rain-drop ; Psecas, Shower ; Phiale, Bowl : all Greek words. Crocale, above, means Seashore. 1 72. capacibus urnis : belongs with both verbs. 173. Titania: Diana is called Titania because she is identified with the goddess of the moon, Selene, who was the daughter of the Titan Hyperion. 174. dilata parte: the continuation of the hunt was postponed until the next day; cf. v. 150. 177. qui: here again the Latin relative must be rendered by the English demonstrative. 1 78. sicut erant, nudae, naked as they zvere. 183. qui : the antecedent is to be supplied from is in v. 185. — adversi, turned toward them. 184. solet: a short final syllable is sometimes treated as if long in the caesura of the third foot before et or aut, and also in any thesis when fol- lowed by a Greek word. — purpureae aarorae : Ovid allows hiatus after the thesis of the fifth foot when the foot is spondaic or when a Greek word follows. Ac tee on. 41 188. ut, sic: although^ still, — habuisse: perf. inf. where the pres. is more usual. So in English one might say she wished she had had. 192. tibi: dat. of agent (§ 232, a\ G. 352; H. 388, i). — narres: depends upon licet without ut (§ 331, ?, N.^; G. 609; H. 501, i. i, 502). 194. vivacis: the stag was believed to live through thirty-six genera- tions of men. Ancient artists generally represented this first stage of Actaeon's metamorphosis, in which the man has the stag's antlers. (See Fig. 13) _ 198. Autonoeius : Autonoe, daughter of Cadmus, was Actaeon's mother. 199. se tain celerem : sc. esse (see § 333, b\ G. 542, r.; H. 535, iii.). 202. vox ilia fuit : i.e. that (the groan) was all the voice he had. — ora non ^ws^, features not his ozvn, because his face was changed to that of a stag. 204. faciat: deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 258; H. 484, v.); so also repetat and lateat. 206. Melampus, Black-foot ; Ichnobates, Trail-goer ; Pamphagus, All-devourer ; Dorceus, Quick-sighted ; Oribasus, Mountain-wanderer ; Nebrophonus, Fawn-slayer ; Laelaps, Whirlwind ; Theron, Hunter ; Pterelas, Winged; Agre, Huntress; Hylaeus, Silvan; Nape, Glen; Poemenis, Shepherdess ; Harpyia, Ravager ; Ladon, Strong ; Dromas, Runner; Canace, Crasher ; Sticte, Spotted; Tigris, Tigress; Alee, Courage ; Ijeucon, White ; Asbolus, Soot ; Aello, Wind-blast ; Thous, Swift; Cyprio, Cyprian; IJycisce, Wolfy ; Harpalos, Seizer ; Mela- neus. Black ; Lacline, Ftir ; Labros, Furious; Agriodus, Wild-tooth ; Hylactor, Barker^ and below, Melanchaetes, Black-haired ; Theri- damas, Game-subduer ; Oresitrophus, Mountain-bred : all these names are Greek. 208. Gnosius, Spartana: the Cretan and Laconian hounds were excellent hunters. 216. substricta, close-bound, i.e. slender, as those of swift hounds are. 218. villis, abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.) : both adjectives agree with it. 219. cursu: abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). 221. frontem: Greek accusative (§ 240, c\ G. 332: H. 378). — medio ab albo,yr^w the white in the middle. 12.2.. corpore, abl. of specification. 223. Dictaeo, Laconide : see note on v. 208. 224. acutae vocis, gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 364; H. 396, v.). 225. est, ivould be (§ 311, c\ G. 246 R.^ ; H. 511). 226. aditu, abl. with carentia (§ 243; G. 389; H. 414). 42 Notes, 227. difficilis, sc. via. 228. fugit per quae loca: the antecedent loca is incorporated in the relative clause (§ 200; G. 618; H. 445, 9); he Jiees through places through which he had often follo7vcd. 229. famulos, i.e. his dogs. 238. queni tainen, still such as. — possit, subj. after the character- istic relative (§ 320; G. 634; H. 503, i.). 240. similis roganti, like a suppliant ; suppliants held out their arms in prayer, and Actceon tried to express supplication by the motions of his face. Fig- 13- 247. vellet : potential subjunctive, i.e. apodosis of an omitted condition contrary to fact (§ 311, b\ G. 252, R.^; H. 486). VIII. PYRAMUS AND THISBE. The reader will remember this story as presented in " Midsummer- Night's Dream." IV. 56. praela^ta,, pre/erred de/ore : most excellent among. 58. Seniiramis, wife of Ninus, and founder of Babylon. — coetilibus, 0/ burnt brick. Pyramiis and Thisbe, 43 59. primos gradus, sc. amoris, which is easily supplied from the following line. 60. taedae, gen. with jure = in laivful marriage. A torchlight pro- cession was a regular part of the nuptial ceremony. 61. quod relates to v. 62. 62. ex aequo captis, equally enslaved. 63. conscius, witftess. 65. lissus erat paries, the party-wall was cloven. — duxerat, had got, i.e. the chink had been left in it. 67. Id vitium, this defect. — nuUi notatum, remarked by no one. 69. fecistis iter, made it a passage. — illud refers to iter. 74. erat, zuould it have been ; the imperf. ind. where one might expect the pluperf. subj. (§ 311, c\ G. 246, R.'-^; H. 511, N.^). — ut sineres : sub- junctive of result, ybr ;^^« to allow, 75. pateres, open far enough. 77. quod, etc., obj. of debere. — arnicas, beloved, 78. diversa sede, i.e. parted as they were. 79. parti suae, his own side. 80. contra, to the other. 85. foribus, abl. (§ 258, a, N.3; G. 388, R.3; H. 414, N.i). %*]. neve sit errandum, and that they may not have to go wrongs i.e. miss each other. 88. conveniant is still subj. of purpose after ut in v. 84. — lateant (also subj.), conceal themselves. — busta Nini, the tomb of Ninus, the husband of Semiramis. Shakespeare says, " to meet at Ninus' tomb, there, there to woo." 91. lnKy the daylight. — tarde discedere visa : their eagerness made the day seem long. 94. vultum, ace. of specification (§ 240, c] G. 332; H. 378). 95. pervenit, sedit: a change from present to perfect. 96. recenti . . . rictus, a lioness whose foauiing jaws are smeared (oblita) from the fresh slaughter (i.e. with the fresh blood) of cattle (rictus, ace. of specification). loi. fugit, reliquit, change of tense, which is regular with dum (§ 276, e\ G. 220, R.; H. 467, 4); so also redit, laniavit, below. 103. sine ipsa, without (Thisbe) herself. 105. serius, too late for his appointment. 1 10. nostra, my ; nos and noster are often used for ego and meus. — nocens, the guilty ojte. 111. jussi venires, bade you come. The prose construction would be infinitive. 44 Notes. 113. scelerata viscera, guilty flesh. 115. timidi: predicate gen. (§ 214, d\ G. 365, R.i; H. 401). — optare neceiii, to 7vish for death merely instead of killing himself. 117. notae, agreeing with vesti. 119. quo: the antecedent is ferrum. 121. resupinus, fallen baek. — humo, loc. abl. for the more usual locative form liumi. 122". fistula, a loater-pipe. — vitiato plumbo, \.e. from a flaw in the lead. 123. tenui stridente foraniine, by a small hissing opeiiing. 124. aera ictibus rumpit, cleaves the air luith its spttrtings. 130. gestit, is eager. 131. utque, sic, and though^ yet. 132. facit incertain, ;;/^z/vj her doid)tful. — poiiii, /rwzV. = — haeret, she hesitates (lit. she sticks) . 133. treinebunda, quivering. 134. buxo : alluding to the pale yellowish color of the box-tree. 135. exhorruit, shivered. — aequoris, gen. with instar (§ 223, e-, G. 372; H. 398, 4). 136. %\W[v\wwv[%.^ its surface. 138. indig;nos = i/nmeritoSf not dese7'ving it. 139. comas, ace. of specification (§ 240, c; G. 332; H. 378). 142. mihi, from me (§ 229; G. 344, R.^; H. 386, 2). 146. visa ilia, having looked upon her. 147. ense: see § 243, d \ G. 389, R.^; H. 414, iii. 148. ebur, ivory scabbard. 149. in unum \\QQ^yfor this alone. 150. in vulnera,y^r (inflicting) zvounds. 151. persequar, sc. te. 153. sola, agreeing with morte. — nee, not even. 154. hoc, secondary object ,(§ 239, c, R.; G. 333, R.i; H. 374, i).— amboruin verbis, in the name of both of us. 155. meus, vocative, the form of which is mi when its noun is ex- pressed; here meus agrees with parens to be supplied from parentes (lit. fathers, mine and his). 157. non invideatis, do not grtidge, \.q. grant ; as grant is one idea, the two words non invideatis are introduced by ut; otherwise ne, not ut non, would be required. 158. quae arbor, tree, which (§ 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9). 159. es tectura, co-ordinated with tegis, being part of the relative sentence introduced by quae. Ino and Melicerta. 45 165. ater: the fruit of the common mulberry is black when ripe. The morus alba, the fruit of which is white when ripe, was introduced into Europe from China in the Middle Ages, but was unknown to Ovid. 166. rogis, dat. (§ 228; G. 346; H. 389), what remains from the funeral pyres. IX. INO AND MELICERTA. IV. 432. funesta : the berries of the yew were believed to be poison- ous, hence the way to Hades is shaded by this " deadly " tree. For a detailed description of the same scenes, see Virgil, ^n. VI. 268-416. 434. iners, sluggish, stagnant. 435. functa sepiilchris : only the shades of those who had been duly buried were allowed to cross the Styx. 436. iiovi manes, the nezvly arrived shades ; subject of ignorant. 440. fretum, the sea. The sense is : as the sea receives the waters of all rivers, yet never overflows, so the realm of the dead is never overfilled. 444. celebrant, throng ; with artes some other verb (e.g. practise) must be supplied. — Imi tyranni, the ruler of the netherjjiost regions. 447. sustinet ire, endures to go, i.e. she goes in spite of the distaste- fulness of the journey. 449. quo, relative adv. wiiere the de- monstrative is needed in English (§ 201, e,h', G. 612; H. 453). 451. sorores nocte genitas, the daughters of Night, i.e. the Furies. (See Fig. 14.) 452. numen : sing, because the three sisters compose one divine agency. 453. adamante, on a seat of ada- mant. 456. deae, the Furies. 457. Tityos, a giant son of earth, insulted Latona, and was condemned to have his vitals eternally torn by two vul- tures. 458. Tantalus, king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, was placed in Hades in a lake, the water of which retreated when he wished to drink; over his head hung fruit, which swung away from his grasp when the torments of hunger forced him to reach for it. His crime was either failure to A Fury. 46 Notes. keep the secrets of the gods, or the theft of nectar and ambrosia, or the trial he made of the gods by cooking his son Pelops, and offering the meat to them as food. 460. Sisyphus, son of /Eolus, ruler in Ephyra (Corinth), had to roll a great stone up a hill, from the top of which it always rolled down. His crime is also variously recounted; according to one story he informed Asopus that Jupiter had carried off his daughter zEgina. 461.' Ixion, a Thessalian ruler, offended Juno, and was fastened for all eternity upon a revolving wheel. (See Fig. 15.) Fig. Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus. 463. perdant, subj. of purpose. — Belides : the Danaides, the fifty granddaughters of the Egyptian King Belus, slew at the command of their father Danaus their cousins (^patriielibiis)^ the fifty sons of /Egyptus, whom they had married (only one, Hypermnestra, saved her husband Lynceus). In the lower world they were forced to pour water continually into a per- forated jar. 466. hie e fratribus: Sisyphus and Athamas (as well as Cretheus and Salmoneus) were sons of yEolus. 468. cum conjuge, together ivith Jiis 7vife (Ino). 470. quod vellet, erat, what she wished, ivas ; the subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, b\ G. 602; H. 486, i), perhaps used here in part because the indirect question quid velit made the subjunctive seem natural. Ino and Melicerta. 47 471. traherent, subj. of purpose, with ut implied in the preceding ne. 472. coufuiidit in iiniim, she iDiites. 474. Tisiphone, TiaKpour}, the avenger of slaughter, one of the Furies. — capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 332; H. 378). 476. anibagibus, abl. with opus (§ 243, e; G. 390; H. 414, iv.). 477. facta puta, believe that it is done, i.e. it is as good as done; put yourself at ease. 480. Thaumantias Iris : Iris, daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the special attendant of Juno. She purifies her by sprinkling water over her, in order that she may not pollute the heavens by entering unpurified from the infernal regions. 481. nee mora, sc. est, there is no delay, i.e. without delay. 483. induitur pallam, she clothes hej'self in a cloak; induo in the passive is not infrequently used with the accusative; this may be explained as the ace. of specification, or may be derived from the Greek construction of two accusatives with verbs of clothing. The more natural Latin con- struction would be the abl. like incingitiir angiie. 485. vultu, abl. of quahty (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.). 486. limine, loc. abl. without in (§ 258,/ 3; G. 384, R.^; H. 425, 2, ii. N.2) ; the threshold is that of Athamas. 487. Aeolii, yEolia7t ; for Athamas was the son of .'Eolus. — Avernus, adj., deadly, info'nal. 488. monstris, prodigies. 490. infelix, banefid. — Erinys, Fury. 495. This and the following lines are in close imitation of Virgil, /En. VII. 346 ff. — abrumpit, snatches. — crinibus, dat. (§ 229; G. 344, R.'^; H. 386). 497. Inoos, Athamanteos, adjectives equivalent to genitives. 498. graves animas, baneful breaths. 499. quae sentiat, ivhich is to feel. 500. liquidi monstra veneni, prodigies of liquid poison, i.e. liquid poisons of wonderful kinds. 501. Echidna ( Viper) was mother of Cerberus and other monsters. 505. viridi versata cicuta, stirred zoith a green sprig ^'(poisonous) hemlock. 506. xev^it, pours. 508. face jactata, etc. : to confuse them still more, Tisiphone swings her torch in a circle {per eundeni orbeni) so continually {saepius) and rapidly that she makes the fire overtake the fire {consequitur ignibus ignes), i.e. before the sparks have died away in one part of the circle the torch reaches the same point again, thus forming a wheel of fire. 48 Notes, 510. jussi poteDS, having fulfilled the coDunand ; the use oi polens with the gen. meaning " ruling, having mastery over," etc., is not un- common. 511. recingitur auguein, tmbuids fro?n herself {\.q. takes off) the snake ; see note on v. 483. 512. Aeolides, Athamas. 513.. his silvis, loc. abl. with omission of zw. 515. utque . . . Q.ou]ug,\&, he folloivs the tracks of his wife like those of a wild beast. 518. rigido saxo, on the hard rock^ abl. of means. — infantia ora, equivalent to iiifintis ora, his infant features^ for the features of the infant. 520. sparsi causa venenl, a cause consisting of etc.; veneni is an appositional genitive of material (§ 214,/; G. 359; H. 396, vi.). 521. passis, ixoMx pando. — male sana, equivalent to insana. 523. £uhoe Bacche: one of the regular shouts of the Bacchic revellers. 524. hos usus, such advantage as to increase your madness. — prae- stet, optative subjunctive. — alumnus : Ino was the nurse of Bacchus. 531. neptis : Harmonia (or Hermione), wife of Cadmus and mother of Ino, was daughter of Venus and Mars. 533- proxlma caelo, nearest that of heaven. 535. lonio immenso : hiatus in the fifth foot of spondaic lines is sometimes permitted. 538. Graium nomen, Aphrodite, from h.