^o9 S9^ ^ ^^i«^— ♦ <}y ^ o V^lvV^ ♦ «? "^ • ©■rat * Ay ^ )* .•■•• »bv' '** --^K- ** ** ••■?w^* *«'"** '.^^P/ ** ^ v^^ -^ V\v <* ••••• j>0 r- ^ A* • >^ ••!.•• " Stationeky Comtanv, 29 '06 PREFACE. The present volume is intended to meet an existing demand for a text-book on the history of Arkansas which shall reflect the most advanced historical and pedagogical methods, and at the same time be adapted, in style and matter, to our public schools, our high schools, and our academies. The attention of teachers is called to the following special features: 1. The chronological treatment of the subject from the days of De Soto to the present time. 2. The subdivision into chapters with titles, which serve as great general topics upon and around which the side heads arrange themselves in a natural and easy manner. 3. The grouping of the side heads as subordinate titles immediately under the principal title. By this means the topical method of presentation is aided with- out destroying the chronological order. It also facili- tates reviews, and enables teachers who have the time, to develop the subject more exhaustively. 4. The schemes for the presentation of the subject at the close of certain chapters; the notes at the foot of pages; the questions for review; the maps and illus- trations; the tables showing the battles and skirmishes in Arkansas during the Confederate States' War; the list of regiments and their commanding officers, and other valuable tabular matter. [3] 4 PREFACE. The author has endeavored to be fair and impartial in the treatment of all political questions, and to pre- sent every feature of our state growth with accuracy, clearness, and force. He is indebted for much valuable information to Sterling Cockrill, John G. Fletcher, S. W. Williams, T. W. Newton, T. J. Churchill, W. P. Campbell, E. B. Mills, C. B. Myers, Charles and James Coffin, H. B. Armistead, O. C. Gray, James A. Martin, H. J. Trimble, F. W. Hodge, J. R. H. Scott, R. G. Shaver, Dandridge McRae, J. R. Jobe, H. G. Bunn, J. C. Tappan, E. B. Jett, Brice Williams, E. W. Rector, J. H. Rogers, Frank Weaver, and J. M. Lucey. He is greatly indebted also to Prof. R. H. Parham for many valuable suggestions. The book is submitted to the teachers and directors of the state with the hope that it may stimulate not only a genuine love of our country and of our state, but also the sturdy qualities of industry, energy, and self-denial. JOSIAH H. SHINN. Little Rock, Arkansas. CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. I. Indian Occupation g II. Hernando De Soto in Arkansas 17 III. French Explorations in Arkansas 23 IV. French Domination 30 V. Spanish Domination 38 VI. The Last Days of Spain and France .... 49 VII. The Province of Louisiana 55 VIII. The Territory of Louisiana 60 IX. The Territory of Missouri 67 X. The Territory of Arkansaw — James Miller's Administration 80 XL George Izard's Administration ... . . 97 XII. John Pope's Administration 103 XIII. William S. Fulton's Administration .... 108 XIV. The State of Arkansas — James S. Conway's Ad- ministration 120 XV. Archibald Yell's Administration 135 XVI. Thomas S. Drew's Administration 143 XVII. John S. Roane's Administration 151 XVIII. Elias N. Conway's Administration 156 XIX. Henry M. Rector's Administration 172 XX. Henry M. Rector's, Administration (continued) . 181 XXI. Harris Flanagin's Administration lS8 XXIL Isaac Murphy's Administration 195 XXIII. Powell Clayton's Administration 204 XXIV. Ozra A. Hadley's Administration 210 XXV. Elisha Baxter's Administration 213 XXVI. Augustus H. Garland's Administration . . . 222 XXVII. William R. Miller's Administration .... 227 XXVIII. Thomas J. Churchill's Administration . . . 235 XXIX. James H. Berry's Administration 230 l5] 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. XXX. Simon P. Hughes' Administration 245 XXXI. James P. Eagle's Administration 254 XXXII. William M. Fishback's Administration ... 263 XXXIII. James P. Clarke's Administration 274 XXXIV. Daniel W. Jones' Administration 285 County Questions — Recreations — Questions for Review 289 Appendix 295 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Biedma's Expedition of Hernando De Soto. Knight of Elvas' Expedition of De Soto. D. Coxe's Corolana. Marquette's Discoveries in North America. La Salle's Taking Possession of the Mouths of the Mississippi. De Tonti's Memoir. Penicault. Mabry. Dumont's Memoirs of Louisiana. Bancroft's History of the United States. Demitry's History of Louisiana. Campbell's Florida. Hempstead's Arkansas. Haywood's Tennessee. Butler's Kentucky. Parton's Burr. Powell's Ethnology. Gatchett's Legends of Creek Migration, Holmes' Arkansas Pottery. Pike's Report. Owen's Geological Survey. Branner's Geological Survey. Slavery in the Territories — Welling Am. History Papers. 1S91. Pope's Early Days in Arkansas. Lucey's Souvenir of a Silver Jubilee. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 7 Ramsay's Tennessee. Lowry and McCardle's History of Mississippi. Public Domain. Travels in the Wild West. V/ilmer's Life of De Soto. Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. Williams' Memorabilia of Hempstead County. Claiborne's Louisiana. Jefferson's Correspondence and Proclamations. Appleton's Encyclopedia. Monette's Mississippi Valley. War Records of the United States. Acts of Arkansas 1819-1895. Journals and Public Documents of Arkansas 1819-1895. State Papers — Public Lands. Harrell's Brooks-Baxter War. Hallum's Biographical History of Arkansas. Hon. David Walker's Speech at the Centennial. Jewell's History of Methodism in Arkansas. Life of Rev. J. Coleman. Dunbar's Report of Explorations on the Washita. Files of the Arkansas Gazette. Report of the Poland Investigating Committee. Report of the Committee on Southern Outrages. Letter-press books of the Governors. Census Reports. Press Association Minutes. Minutes State Teachers' Associations. Files of the Little Rock Republican. Files of the Washington Telegraph. County Court Records. The Cherokee Nation by Royce. Cephas Washburn's Reminiscences of the Indians, with biog- raphy of Washburn by Rev. J. W. Moore of Little Rock. MAP SHOWING MIGRATIONS OF THE OMAHAS AND COGNATE TRIBES. Winnebag'o habitat. Iowa habitat. Arkansas habitat. Quapaw habitat, after the separa- tion from the Omahas, etc. Route of the Omahas, Poncas, Kansas, and Osages. Their habitat at the mouth of the Missouri river. Their course along that river. Their habitat at the mouth of Osage river. Subsequent course of the Osages. Subsequent course of the Kansas. Course of the Omahas and Poncas, according to some. Their course, according to others. Where they met the lowas. Course of the three tribes. PipeMone quarry. Cliffs loo feet high on each bank. Fort built by the three tribes. Lake Andes. Mouth of White river. Mouth of the Niobrara river. Omaha village on Bow creek. Iowa village on Ionia creek. Omaha village Titanga jinga and Zande buta. . Omaha village at Omadi. Omaha village on Bell creek. Probable course of the lowas. Omaha habitat on Salt creek, Omaha habitat at Ane nat"aican. Omaha habitat on Shell creek. Omaha habitat on the Elkhorn river. Omaha habitat on Logan creek. Omaha habitat near Bellevue. [8] THE HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER I. INDIAN OCCUPATION. 1. The Dakota Family. 2. The Quapaws and Osages. 3. Mound Exploring Begions. 4. Pottery. 5. Ancient Novaculite Quarries. 6. Tents and Houses. I. The Dakota Family. Before the days when the white man entered America the whole region was occu- pied by people, now called by the general name, Indians. They were divided into a number of distinct tribes, having different languages, different institu- tions, and different cus- toms; and were united by but one bond — a com- mon ancestry. As they have left no written rec- ords, our knowledge of them is gathered from the traditions of living Indians, from study and comparison of their lan- guages, and from inves- tigation of the remains prehistoric ioitery. [9] HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. that they have left in the shape of mounds, pottery, arrowheads, inscriptions, and burial sites. ^ Where these people originally came from is not known. If it is held that there is but one species of man, then we may reasonably believe that the species has been dispersed from some common center; but where this center was no one can now say. And even were this known, the lines of migration from that center could not be traced until the changes in the phy- sical geography of the earth since the earliest times had been recorded. Of this only are we assured by the recent triumphs of Ameri- can archaeology and philol- ogy, — that the Indians oc- cupying the vast region of what is now Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nel)raska, and the Dakotas were of one stock or family. This family has been called the Dakotas, and was made up of fourteen tribes, whose names were as follows: Quapaws,^ Osa- 1. The pupil should consult his dictionary for a definition of the words eth- nology, philology, and nrchceology, and associate each definition with the studies named in the text. Teachers will derive much aid from the works of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington. 2. Quapaw or Quafa is a modern incorrect rendering for the old Indian word Kafia, an abbreviation of Ugajipa or Ugaq^a, (x or q has the sound of the German ch in nicht). De Soto's historians called it Pacnha, which is an inversion of Cafiaha, or Kapa. The Algonquin word for A'rt/a is -i/-X:ij«j-«. Thus the Indians of eastern Arkansas called themselves Ka/ ^/ y ° Hot L W ^1 \_ Ir ^^.-/VSalt Wells 1 CasquH Casqui—^'^ J— ^fiCapa 'V'^^'-^ici^PRj: SENT '/ > QuigateNi. \_ }p ~^ "^ \ \ QUAPAWS^^ >^ ^^A^nsa V. ''i V J.§! STATE OF QuipanaV 'i ^ ^J? ,5 / ?l s^v ^i r Note. — The route of De Soto is indicated by the heavy black Une. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. x7 CHAPTER II. HERNANDO DE SOTO IN ARKANSAS. 7. De Soto. 7. De Soto.^ Hernando De Soto, with six hundred followers, landed in Florida in 1539. For two years he wandered over the region now occupied by Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, searching for gold and fighting with the In- dians. In May, 1541, he reached the Mississippi river, called by him Rio Grande, at some point between what is now Helena and the mouth of the Arkansas. Here he remained for thirty days, building barges to cross the river. Hav- ing crossed the Mis- sissippi, he captured the town of Aquixo. Three days later he entered the towns of the Casqui, the cacique or chief of which surrendered himself and his people to the will of De Soto. In all the towns of Casqui the people were friendly ; they gave the Spaniards presents of skin (bear and deer), mantles, and fish. The towns of Casqui were south and west of Old Town (Phillips county) and probably included the town at I. The authorities on this expedition generally followed by historians are Las Vegas and a Portuguese, "The Knight of Elvas." Biedma is more trustworthy. All three have been consulted in the preparation of this text. HIST. OF ARK. — 2 HERNANDO DE SOTO. l8- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Indian Bay. One day the chief brought two blind men to De Soto and asked him to heal them. De Soto erected a great cross, told the chief the story of Jesus, and exhorted him to worship Christ, saying that He alone could restore sight to the blind and that He was always ready to listen to the prayers of His children. The chief thereupon promised to worship the God of the Christians. A few days later he called upon De Soto and thanked him for the cross. " P'or " said he, " our crops have been burning up with drought and for -a long time no relief has been in sight. But now we have bowed down before the cross, and prayed for rain, and lo! the rain has come." De Soto next moved on to Pacaha, one day's jour- ney from Casqui.^ The cacique of Pacaha, with his people, left the town in alarm, but was finally induced to return. Here the Spaniards secured an abundance of skins of the bear, the lion, the deer, and the cat; there were also ox hides from which the Spaniards made coverings for their horses. The town was large and well fortified with walls and towers. There was much old corn in the town and plenty of new corn in the fields. For defense, there was dug around the town a ditch which led to a large lake between the walls and the river. This lake connected with the river and abounded with fish. The Indians used nets for catching the fish and were very skillful. The Knight of Elvas describes many of the fish, but was most surprised at the bagrus, or catfish. He says: I. Spelled Yeasqui by Biedma. He also places the Casqui between the landinjr place and Pacaha. The Knight of Elvas says that a day's journey through peopled countries was five or six leagues ; through deserted lands much more. A Spanish league was from two to four miles. Coxe places a nation Casqui in western Kentucky. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 19 The third part of it was head, and it had on both sides the gills, and along the sides very sharp awls." His description of the spadefish, one of the strangest and rarest fish of the Mississippi, proves the accuracy of his observation. De Soto sent eighty men to the north to the province of Caluca,^ seven days' journey distant. They returned, discouraged, having been forced to eat green plums and cornstalks. The Indians stated that the country to the north was^ thinly inhabited because of the cold.^ Biedma says that the Indians to the north lived in movable tents and that at Caluca their food was fish and game. De Soto next turned to the southwest and after four days reached Quigate,^ which was reported by the 1. Calusi by Biedma. This author gives the direction northeast through swamps. 2. All these sii.ttements show the difficulty of locating the point where De Soto crossed, c^r where the towns Aqui.xo, Casqui, Capaha, and Caluca were situated. The rich Indian settlements in Mississippi county around Pecan Point are ignored, unless Caluca be taken for these places. The nation at Pecan Point is called by Co.xe the Sypouria. Pacaha, Capaha, or Kapa has been identified as Old Town, fifceen miles below Helena. The lake or the bed of the Old river stands yet as a lasting witness of the situation of Pacaha and the truthfulness of the Knight of Elvas. 3. This town was evidently on the Arkansas river. When De Soto resolved to go southward from Capaha he simply retraced his steps. The Knight of Elvas says : "The cacique of Casqui commanded the bridge to be repaired, and the governor (De Soto) returned through his country," that is, through the country of Casqui. Now De Soto passed through Casqui <•« rnutf to Pacaha, and on his way lodged at two Casqui towns, one of them on a river, which must have been the White. The town was probably Indian Bay. The cacique of Casqui lent him canoes to cross, and two or three days afterwards he reached Quigate. The Casqui country was most probably the southern part of Phillips county, and Quigate in the southern part of Arkansas county. It may have been on Bayou Meta, or near where Toltec now stands. From Pacaha to Quigate the distance "may be an hundred leagues," was the con- jecture of the Knight of Elvas. No distances were measured ; it is difficult to estimate the length of the Portuguese or Spanish league as used by the historians. The distance from Aquixo through Pacaha and Quigate to Coligoa is estimated by the same writer in another place to be 150 leagues. 20 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Spaniards to be the largest town in Florida. One half of it the Spaniards occupied but the other half they burned, for fear of treachery. The Indians told De Soto that toward the northwest there was a town, Coli- goa, near the mountains. Thither the Spaniards turned their steps, traveling through a country filled with lakes and pools of shoal water, vast plains, and high moun- tains. The town was on the bank of a river, at the foot of a hill. The soil was rich and corn so plentiful that they threw away the old to harvest the new. The beans were classed as better than those of Spain and the " pompions " (pumpkins) roasted were said to have the taste of chestnuts. North of Coligoa the country was reported to be cold and thinly inhabited. The richest and most populous country was to the west and southwest and was called Cayas. Leaving Coligoa,^ De Soto's party turned southward, passed over a rough country, through two towns, Pal- isema and Tatalicoya,^ and finally reached ( ..yas, which was in a mountainous country. Here they ^-arried a month. The leaves of the maize were better tl ere than any they had seen elsewhere. They found a lake of very hot water which the horses liked. Here also they made salt.^ The Indians carried the salt over the country, exchanging it for skins and mantles. The following process illustrates the art which these Indians had 1. Some writers place Coligoa in the northwestern part of Arkansas. This is hardly possible. It was fifty leagues (estimated) from Quigate, and the journey required eleven days. It was on the east side of the Ozarks on a "mean stream," most probably on some small stream in Jackson, Independ- ence, or Lawrence county. Cayas was about nine days' journey to the south and has been identified as Hot Springs. (See the Hot Springs legend.) 2. This town was on a large river which flowed into the Mississippi, probably the Arkansas. 3. This hot-water lake coupled with the salt wells identifies the Cayas country as the region along the Ouachita below Hot Springs. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 21 INDIAN NET WORK. attained: " They make it along the river, which when it ebbeth, leaveth it upon the upper part of the sand. And because they cannot take it without much sand mingled with it, they throw it into certain baskets which they have for that purpose, broad at the mouth and nar- row at the bottom, and set it in the air upon a bar, and throw water into it, and set a small vessel under it, wherein it falleth. Being strained and set to boil upon the fire, when the water is sodden away, the salt remaineth in the bottom of the pan." To the southwest was a populous region called Tula. Thither went De Soto over very high mountains. Here he found Indians ^ with whom his interpreters could not talk. They were brave and fought more savagely than any he had met. The Spaniards then went eastward and southeastward to the great towns of the Autiamque, ten days' journey from Tula. On the way they crossed rough mountains and passed a town called Quipana,^ where the Indians were very brave and savage. Autiamque was in a rich country and on the river of the Cayas.^ Here they spent the winter. This country was probably in what is now Union or Ashley county. From this point De Soto followed the Ouachita river to the Red river. 1. A tribe of the Pani Indians, possibly the Caddo. 2. Possibly Mound Prairie, in Hempstead county. 3. The Ouachita. 22 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. At the mouth of the Red river he died, and was buried in the Mississippi. Ue Soto entered the Arkansas region in June, 1541. This was twenty-four years before the founding of St. Augustine; forty-four years before the English landed in North Carolina; sixty-six years before the founding of Jamestown; and seventy-nine years before the land- ing of the Pilgrims. He found nearly all the Indians of Arkansas living in houses, tilling the soil, and engaged in the domestic arts. Biedma states that the caciques of Arkansas " make hills, on which they sometimes build their huts." This connects the historic Indians of the state of Arkansas with the prehistoric mound- building stocks of the United States. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. H^ CHAPTER III. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN ARKANSAS. 8. Marquette and Joliet, 1673. 10. De Tonti, 1686. 9. La Salle, 1682. 11. Joutel, 1687. 13. Settlement of Arkansas Post. 8. Marquette and Joliet. Father Marquette, a mis- sionary of the Catholic Church, and Joliet, a rich mer- chant of Quebec, accompanied by five Frenchmen, were sent by the governor of Quebec to ascertain the course of the Mississippi river, and the place where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Father Marquette, who had lived for years among the Indians around the Great Lakes, had learned their languages, and had heard from them of a great river in the west called by the Indians, Meschaceba. On the 13th of May, 1673, the party left Mackinaw for Green Bay, in frail birch-bark canoes. Going up Fox river they reached the portage, the high ground between the headwaters of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. Carrying their canoes over this they entered the Wisconsin and floated down its course to the Father of Waters. They then began their perilous voyage southward. Passing the mouths of the Missouri and the Ohio they at length came to a village in the Arkansas region, called Mitchigamea. The Indians of the village did not understand any of Marquette's languages. They were an Algonquin tribe. A lake near the St. Francis perpetuates their name. Eight leagues lower down the travelers disembarked at the "Arkansea " village on the "Arkansea." The Indians were courteous. An old man was found here 24 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. who spoke the Illinois^ language and through him Mar- quette and his followers learned much of the country and of the sea. The Indians harvested three crops of Indian corn each year. The corn was roasted and boiled in large earthen pots. They served their meats in dishes. The cabins were wide and long, made from cedar, and covered with bark. The tops of the cabins were round, an indication that the dwellers belonged to the Dakotan stock. They slept on mats placed upon platforms two feet above the floor. Their corn cribs were panniers made from rushes. Their only fruit was the watermelon. Such were the people found by the French at the mouth of the Arkansas river, one hundred and thirty-two years after De Soto's visit. Marquette used the Algonquin or Illinois word, Arkansea, for places which De Soto's historians ren- dered in the Indian's own language, Pacaha. On the 17th of July, 1673, the explorers left the Akansa vil- lages and returned up the river. 9. La Salle. Nine years later (1682), Robert Cava- lier de la Salle and Chevalier Henri de Tonti, accom- panied by a party of Frenchmen, descended the Mississippi to its mouth. They built a fort, called Prudhomme,^ at a point near where Memphis now stands; and then passed the river of Chipouteas (evi- dently the St. Francis) and the village of the Metsiga- meas (the Mitchegameas of Marquette). On the 12th I. It is to be noted that these Indians accounted for their hatchets, knives, and beads as coming from the nations to the east, and from the Illinois, ''mho lived four days journey to the west." This would place them in the region of the Cayas of De Soto. This may account for the tradition told Nutall by the Quapaw chief in 1819. He said that when the Quapaws first came to inis region, they found the country around Bayou Meto inhabited by a people of a greater civilization and lighter complexion. g. Ramsay, in his history of Tennessee, pUces the fort just below Memphis. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 25 of March they arrived at the Kapaha ^ village of the Akansa Here La Salle made peace with the Indians and took possession of the country in the name of France. On the 15th of March he passed another of their villages on the river, and two others farther off in the depths of the forest. Then he arrived at Imaha, the largest vil- lage of the nation, whose chief at once acknowl- ^^ edged that his village belonged to the king of France. Two Akansas^ conducted La Salle southward fifty leagues to the Taensas, allies of the Akansas. These In- dians were well equipped In one village were seven hundred men bearing arms. Going on southwards La Salle discovered the mouths of the Mississippi, and then reascended the river to Illinois. with arms and supplies. 1. The names used in this history are as given by the historians who accompanied these parties. De Soto used the word Pacaha. Marquette being a student of Illinois languages, used the Algonquin term Akansa^ and at no place has he used a Quapaw tei m. He said that the language was so difficult that although he tried he could not speak a word of it. (See note 2, page 10.) 2. Mark this word. Here it is evidently a plural. In other places where Akansa is used it is singular. The terminal ".y"as used by these French writers denoted either a possessive or a plural. If the singular .•!/!•««.?«, be pronounced without the termination j, how shall we pronounce the plural with this termination? Is not the final i- in the word Arkansas a silent leUcr? Jefferson in 1803, spelled the word "ArAanza." 26 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 10. Chevalier Henri de Tonti. This great companion of La Salle wrote an account of this expedition which is full of interest to all Arkansas students. He says that after leaving Ft. Prudhomme the French continued their route to the village of Kappa. The people regaled the visitors with the best they had and danced the calumet dance (the peace dance) before La Salle. They were taken from Cappa (Tonti spelled it Kappa and Cappa) to three other villages Toyingan, Toriman and Osotonoy/ which were commonly called Akancas. The inhabitants worshiped animals. The country abounded in peach, plum, and apple trees; vines also flourished. Buffaloes, deer, bears, and turkeys were numerous, also domestic fowls. There was little snow in the winter and the ice was no thicker than a dollar. After La Salle had reascended the river, he went to France to obtain leave to colonize the country, from the mouth of the Mississippi. In 1686 De Tonti went down the Mississippi, expecting to meet the ships of La Salle. In this he was disappointed, however, as La Salle's expedition missed the mouth of the river and was wrecked on the shores of Texas. De Tonti, dis- couraged, turned back up the river and at the mouth of the Arkansas made a visit to his old friends, the I. De Tonti's work is of the {greatest value in unraveling our early history. The names he used are keys to the puzzle. The Quapaw Indians were removed to the Indian Territory, and in their new home have preserved the old names. They there have four villages : — 1. Ugaqpaqti, or real Kappa — (Ukaqpaqti). 2. Tiwadima, or the Toriman of Tonti and French authors. 3. Uzutiuhe, or the Osotonoy of Tonti, and Osotchony, Osochi, Southonis of other Frenchmen. 4. Tanwanzhika, or Tcyingan of Tonti ; Topeiga, Tonginga, Donginga of others. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 27 Kappas. So well pleased were the French with this neighborhood that some of De Tonti's men desired to remain, and establish a post. La Salle had previously granted De Tonti a seignory at this place and De Tonti accorded his permission. Six Frenchmen remained and built a house surrounded with stakes. This was in June, 1686, and was the first white settlement in what is now Arkansas and lower Louisiana. Its location was about three leagues below the present post of Arkansas on the vYrkansas river. II. Joutel. La Salle, who by mistake went too far to the west, passed the mouth of the Mississippi, and, in January, 1685, landed on the Texan coast. Here two of his ships deserted and the others were lost. Left alone in this wild region he made the best of his mis- fortunes. He built a fort and for two years tried to support himself by tilling the soil. In 1687 he deter- mined to march overland to the Mississippi. He was accompanied by seventeen companions, among whom was Joutel, the annalist of the expedition. On the banks of the Trinity river La Salle was murdered by two of his companions who were tired of his leadership. Joutel, with nine of the party, pushed on to the north- east. For three months they pursued their way, being well treated by all Indians they met, and were finally (July 24th, 1687) overjoyed to find the settle- ment of De Tonti, and to meet two men of th.^ir own race. As they neared the river and looked across, they saw a great cross and a house built al^ter the fashion of the French. In simple language Joutel describes the scene: "It is easy to imagine what inward joy we conceived at the sight of the sign of our 28 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. salvation. We knelt down, lifting up our hands and eyes to heaven to return thanks to the Divine Good- ness for having conducted us so happily." The two original Arkansas settlers,^ Coutere and De Launay, when they saw the newcomers, shot off their guns as a salute. Several days were passed at this point and long-enduring friendships were formed with the Indians. One of the party, Bartholomew from Paris, remained with the other Frenchmen. 12. Settlement of Arkansas Post. Thus began the settlement of Arkansas, at Arkansas, or Arkansas Post, as a part of the province of Louisiana, twelve years before Sauvolle, the first French colonial governor, entered upon the discharge of his duties, and twelve .years before the building of DTberville's fort at Biloxi. Emigrants from New France (Canada) arrived frcm time to time, but the development of Arkansas Post was slow. In early territorial days it was a place of importance, but it has long since sunk into decay. Note. — In Coxe's Carolana, an English work, is found this additional matter. " The Arkansas and White rivers unite so as to form an island. Upon this island dwell the Torimans. The southerly river is called the Ousoutivvy (Arkansas), upon which dwell first the Arkansas a great nation; higher up upon the same river dwell the Kansae, Mintou, Erabacha and others. The river to the north is named Niska (White) upon which live a part of the Osages; near its mouth is the nation Tonginga, a part of the Arkansas. "Ten leagues higher on the Mississippi is a small river named Cappa and upon it a people of the same name and another called Ouesperies, who fled from the persecution of the Irocois. [The Ouesperies are evidently the Yeasqui of I. The other four not hearing from De Tonti or La Salle, returned north- ward to Fort St. Louis. Joutel names the villages : Otsochone, Toriman, Tongamga on the Arkansas, and Cappa on the Mississippi, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 29 Biedma, and the Casqui of the Knight of Elvas. There was a small river between them which the cacique of the Casqui bridged with logs, and a railing attached to stakes.] Ten miles higher is a little river named Matchicebe [evidently the St. Francis] upon which dwell the nations Mitchigamea and Epi- "minguia; over against whom is the great nation of the Chicka- zas. Twenty-five leagues higher is the river and nation. Sypouri." This distance corresponds very nearly with that to Pecan Point. From all these authorities it is certain that De Soto crossed not far above the mouth of the White river and not at the Lowest Chickasaw Bluff which is above Pacaha. The scheme of Coxe to form a great English province alon^ the southern Mississippi banks under the name Carolana, was started in 1699 and based upon Hennepin's pretended discover} of the Mississippi. The ships of Coxe were met in the Missis- sippi by D'Iberville, who claimed the country by right of occu- pancy, as well as of discovery, and the English ships turned back. The place is still called " English Turn." The province of Carolana was created by a grant by Charles I. to Sir Robert Heath, and passed from him to the Earl of Arun- del, and thence to D. Coxe. Carolana and Carolina are distinct provinces, the east of Carolana joining the west of Carolina. It extended from 31 to 36 degrees of north latitude, and from the Atlantic Ocean to New Mexico. This charter was granted to Heath about thirty years before the one granted by Charles H. to Carolina. Coxe fitted out several expeditions to explore his territory, one of which, commanded by Capt. Barr, sailed up the Mississippi in 1698. This was the first English expedition up that river. The English province Carolana corresponded to the Spanish Florida, and the French, La Louisiane. Penicault, a French annalist of Louisiana from 1699 ^^ I704> says that Lemoyne D'Iberville sailed up the Mississippi in 1699, and eight leagues above the mouth of the Arkansas found the nation of the Arkansas, and two other nations called Torimans and Kappas. Margry also mentions another Akansa village, named Imahao." 30 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER IV. FRENCH DOMINATION. 13. Spanish Priests. 17. Exploration of the Arkansas. 14. The First Mission, 18. Indian Wars. 15. The French Governors. 19. End of French Control. 16. The Company of the West. 20. Effects of French Control. 13. Spanish Priests. These Christian priests were with De Soto's party when it entered the Arkansas region, but as they had lost their chalices and vest- ments in the battle of Mauvilla (Mobile), it is not probable that the full services of their order were held in Arkansas. It is probable, however, that devotional exercises were frequently held and efforts made to teach the Indians the Christian religion. Father Marquette was a French priest of the Jesuit order; his whole life was zealously given to the Chris- tian elevation of the savages. Father Membre came with La Salle and in the full robes of his office recited prayers and sang the hymns of the Church among the Kappas. He said of the natives: " They are a lively, civil, and generous people, very different from the cold and taciturn Indians of the north." In the party of Joutel were two priests who remained at Arkansas Post from May until August, 1687. During all these days songs and prayers were heard, and instruction given concerning the Christian religion. 14. The First Mission. Chevalier Henri de Tonti, the founder of Arkansas, desired to make the little settle- ment on the Arkansas permanent. To this end, he granted the Church a site for a mission. The deed was given at Fort St. Louis in what is now Illinois, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 31 Nov. 20, 1689, and called for several thousand acres of land near Arkansas Post, on both sides of the river. De Tonti agreed also to support a missionary for three years out of his own funds. The Church was to send missionaries to instruct the Indians, and to show them better methods of agriculture. Father AUouez, the great Huron missionary, was probably the first to come under this arrangement, and from this time on until 1699 regular services were held in the wilderness at the mouth of the Arkansas. De Tonti never lost interest in the new settlement. He was said to be a soldier without fear and a man without guile. He died at Biloxi in 1704. The Quapaw settlements by this time were well known in Canada and Louisiana and were regularly visited by all priests ascending or descending the river. During the whole of the eighteenth century ^ these priests labored among the Indians of Arkansas, undergoing suffering and death in order that the savages might acquire the ennobling influences of the Christian faith. 15. The French Governors. From 1699 to 1766 the French had control of the province of Louisiana, the vast region extending on the west side of the Missis- sippi from its headwaters to the Gulf of Mexico. During this period there were thirteen governors,^ the 1. The whole French population of what is now Arkansas was only 196 in 1785 ; in 1799 it had increased to 368. 2. Sauvolle, 1609-1701. Perier, 1726-1732. Bienville, 1701-1713. Bienville (3rd term), 1732-1743. DuMays. De Vaudreuil, /743-1753. Cadillac, 1713-1716. Kerlerec, 1753-1763- De L'Epinay, 1716-1718. D'Abbadie, 1763-1765. Bienville (2d term), 1718-1724. Capt. Aubry, 1765-1766. Boisbriant, 1724-1726. The first two were brothers. There was a third brother greater than cither of these. This was Pierre Lemoyne, the Sieur d' Iberville (Dib-er veel) Tne 32 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. greatest of whom was Bienville, who held office for nearly thirty years. He was justly called " Father of Louisiana." The second settlement in Louisiana was at Biloxi, 1699. After this many settlements were begun; the principal ones being, Mobile, 1701; Natchez, 1716; Natchitoches, 1717, and New Orleans, 1718. In 1722 Louisiana was divided into nine districts or commands: New Orleans, Biloxi, Alabamons (now Alabama), Natchez, Yazoo, Natchitoches, Arkansas,^ and Illinois. The leading towns in Illinois were J't. Chartres, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes. The Illinois dis- trict or Upper Louisiana exported to New Orleans flour, corn, bacon, hams, tallow, leather, lead, fowls, and hides. Thus early was the Mississippi a great artery of trade — a blessing to the people who lived near it. (1720-1766.) Every year added strength to the inter- course and friendship of Canada and Louisiana. 16. The Company of the West, or the Mississippi Com- pany. In 1 71 7 the king of France granted to this company a monopoly of all the trade in the Mississippi country, on the condition that it should colonize and develop it.^ The corporation was organized by a words, "Sieurd' Iberville" formed his title, by which he was to be called rather than by his name. D'Iberville explored the rivers and lakes of Louisi- ana in 1698 and 1699, and was the moving spirit of its early colonization. Antoine LeMoyne was known as De Sauvolle ; Jean Baptiste Lemoyne, as De Bienville. 1. John Hebrard, alcade of the province of Louisiana from 1787 to 1791, gave the boundary for the command of Arkansas as follows : Beginning at a place called Little Prairie, about forty miles below New Madrid, and extend- ing southward along the Mississippi to Point Coupee, and westward so as to include all the waters tributary to the Mississippi. 2. Six thousand white men and 3,000 negroes were to be brought to Louisiana. This was the beginning of slavery in this prov^rce. Bienville drew up a code of laws for their control, which was in force until 1803. Humane treatment was required. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 33 famous financier, named John Law, and was a part of .a still greater scheme, which was expected to enrich France. It promised much, performed little, and at last ended in disaster. It has ever since been called "The Mississippi Bubble." Emigration was sought for, but little came. In 1 7 18 Law obtained a tract of land four leagues square on the Arkansas river and settled on it a large party of Germans. This settlement was on the north side of the river about seven miles above Arkansas Post.^ In the depths of the forest the settlers found a beautiful plain surrounded by fertile valleys, and a little stream of fine, clear, wholesome water. They built pavilions for the officers, cabins for the men, and large storehouses. Everything was prospering when news came that Law had failed. This discouraged the settlers and they returned to New Orleans, where they chose other lands and formed the German colony. 17. Exploration of the Arkansas and of Eastern Louisiana. In 1722, a French officer, La Harpe,^ was sent to explore the Arkansas river. He started from Arkan- sas Post, visited the Cxerman settlement, and went on to Le Roche Fran^ais, now called Big Rock and situated just above the capital of the state. He then ascended the river about four hundred miles and made a map of it. He also explored the country for many leagues upon each side and returned to New Orleans. 1. Bancroft most eloquently says: " To Law himself there was conceded on the Arkansas one of those vast prairies, of which the wide-spreading waves of verdure are bounded only by the azure of the sky. There he designed to plant a city and villages." One can but regret that the bubble burst so soon. 2. La Harpe had in 1719, upon an expedition up Red river, established a village, Natsoo, jrobabiy in Hempstead county, at or near the confluence of Little river with Red river. HIST. OF ARK. — 3 34 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Between the years 17 16 and 1745 Ranault explored the region from Arkansas Post north to St. Genevieve,- in search of silver. Lead was found upon the Upper St. Francis, and for eighty years the digging went on from the northern part of Clay county to St. Genevieve. In Clay county many of the old smelters with their stone bottoms are to be seen to-day. No silver was found, but lead proved to be abundant. The mine A la Motte on the St. Francis was discovered and worked in 1724. 18. Indian "Wars. From 1720 to 1750 the country was disabled by Indian wars. The Akansa and the Choctaw Indians were friendly to the French, while the Chickasaws and the Natchez were their enemies. In 1724 the Louisiana Committee of Inspection recom- mended the suspension of Arkansas Post as a military post, but it was not acted upon. In 1729 the Natchez tribes rose against the French and massacred the whole garrison at Fort Rosalie,^ now Natchez. The French then broke up the Natchez villages and dis- persed them among the Chickasaws. Thus ended the Natchez tribe. In 1731 a barge containing stores and reinforcements for Arkansas Post was attacked on the Arkansas river by the Chickasaws and Natchez. Two French officers were killed, but the Indians were repulsed. The Chickasaws were the most powerful nation in the valley and had their great home in northern Mississippi and western Tennessee. I. Father Du Poisson, the missionary at Arkansas Post, was on his way to New Orleans to report the needs of his mission to Governor Perier, and had stopped at Natchez. He preached on Sunday, visited thesiclc, and was killed as he returned from the bedside of a dying man. The Quapaws vowed that they would avenge his death with a vengeance that should never end. More than two hundred victims were massacred. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 35 In 1736 two forces, one from the Illinois country under D'Artaguette and another from New Orleans under Bienville, moved to attack the Chickasaws in northern Mississippi. In the northern party were thirty- eight Akansa Indians; also Chicago, the great chief of the Illinois Indians. This party arrived first. Without waiting they attacked the enemy near Pontotoc, Mis- sissippi, May 20, and were defeated. The Miami and Illinois Indians deserted, but the Akansas fought to the last. The leader and many other captives were tied to stakes and burned alive. One week later Bienville arrived from the south only to meet with another defeat. While preparing a new ex- pedition he erected Ft. St. Francis (1739) in Arkansas as a rendezvous, and garrisoned it. This fort was at the mouth of the St. Francis river. Here the whole French army of more than 1,200 white men and twice that number of Indians and negroes gathered in June, 1739. From this point Bienville crossed the Mississippi river and built a fort (Assumption) on Wolf river in Tennessee, (on Chickasaw Bluff). Here he remained nearly a year, until the Chickasaws sued for peace and put an end to the war. Not a battle was fought. Fort St. Francis and Fort Assumption were destroyed. Up to this time no permanent settlement had been made at the Bluff. 19. End of French Control. At the close of the French and Indian war (see United States History), the French ceded Canada to England ( Feb. 10, 1763, treaty of Paris), and Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain (Nov. 2, 1762). England obtained by the treaty of Paris the port and river Mobile, and all the country on the eastern bank of the Mississippi from its source to the Iberville 36 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. river (now Bayou Manchac). Spain obtained the city of New Orleans and the surrounding country south of the Iberville river on the eastern side of the Mississippi, and all on the western side from its mouth to the extreme west and north. Spain did not want the country, but took it to keep it from the English. France lost all her North American possessions. In 1763 Spain ceded to England the whole of Florida, by which England gained the nominal control of the whole territor}^ east of the Mississippi, except the island of Orleans. In 1765 England attached all of the territory north of the Yazoo river to the Illinois district. 20. Effects of French Control. During this long period the only emigration to what is now Arkansas was by the French from Canada or Louisiana. The people were polite, scholarly, and refined. They were Chris- tians and alive to the interests of the Church. Although few in number, their influence on the future state was great and is still felt. The descendants of these people are in all parts of the state carrying the family names of their French ancestors. They have left their story also in the names of settle- ments, towns, townships, bayous, creeks, rivers, hills, mountains, and prairies, in all parts of southern and eastern Arkansas. They gave us the word, Mississippi, the French for the Indian Meschasebe. In like man- ner they took the Algonquin word, Akansa, and by a slight change, coined the word, Arkansas, which they applied to our principal river. The names, New Gas- cony, St. Mary's, St. Francis, Bois D'Arc, L'Anguille, D'Ann, Fourche, Bogy, Little Rock, Decipher, La Grue, Des Arc, Bartholomew, Boeff, Fourche la Fave, St. Charles, Ouachita, Poteau, Petit Jean, Ecore Fabre, HISTORY OF ARA'ANSAS. 37 and hundreds of others greet us on all sides either in pure French, or with an Indian root in French form. Arkansas has had little cause to weep over her French sons, and they will always stand as a reminder of her former allegiance to France. In the language of Ban- croft, " France obtained, under providence, the guard- ianship of Louisiana, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to be inherited." 38 HIS TOR Y OF A KKA NBA S. CHAPTER V. SPANISH DOMINATION, 1762-180O. 21. Spanish Governors. 24. American Independence. 22. The Revolution. 25. Troubles over the Mississippi. 23. The Cruel O'Reilly. 26. Internal Policy. 27. Retrocession to France. 21. Spanish Governors. As stated before, Spain acquired title to Louisiana by the treaty of Paris, and she held dominion over it until 1800, when it was again ceded to France. The Spaniards, in no haste to take possession of their new country, allowed D'Abbadie and Capt. Aubry, the last French governors, to remain in control for nearly four years. The Indian allies of France, who lived in the Mississippi valley, resented the action of France in ceding this valley to England. They maintained that the king of France " had no right to transfer them, like so many cattle, to any new white chief." Many of these tribes came to New Orleans with all their goods and were granted lands on the western bank of the Mississippi. The cession of Louisiana to Spain was kept secret and the colonists did not hear of the transfer until October, 1764. Then it was their turn to be indignant. They met in convention and passed a resolution to appeal to Louis XV. not to separate them from the mother country, Jean Milhet, the richest merchant in the colony, was sent to France to present this petition to the king. Milhet sought out Bienville, then in his 86th year, and together they went to the prime minis- ter. There Bienville, with tears in his eyes, made a most eloquent plea for the colony he had planted, and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 39 begged that it might be allowed to remain under French control ; but the course of events had made it impossible for his plea to be granted. Bienville took his failure much to heart and died soon thereafter, from depres- sion caused by his discouragement. Thus passed away the greatest of the old French governors, the " Father of Louisiana." In March, 1766, Governor Ulloa,^ the first of the Spanish line, reached New Orleans. 22. The Revolution. 2 Don Antonio de Ulloa en- tered New (Orleans without welcome. The French settlers, loyal to their mother country, were unable to see the wisdom of the transfer to Spain, and unwilling to submit to foreign leadership. Therefore they decided to declare their independence. "If we cannot be French, and will not be Spaniards, let us be Louisiani- ans," thought they. The time was ripe for movements toward freedom; men the world over were beginning to resent acts of oppression and tyranny. And in the New World, far down on the Mississippi, this impulse for freedom was first to express itself in action. Ulloa landed during a violent thunder storm, only to find himself in the midst of a greater political storm. He refused to recognize the time-honored Council of State, and would deal with nobody but Governor Aubry. Bv restricting the trade of the colony to cer- tain ports of Spain, he aroused the French to action. The garrison refused to enter the Spanish service, and 1. Spanish Governors : Ulloa, 1766-68. Miro, 1785-92. Capt Aubry, 1768-69. Carondelet, 1792-97. Gen. O' Reilly, 1769-70. Gayoso, 1797-99- Unzaga, 1770-77. Casa Calvo, 1799-1801. Galvez, 1777-85. Salcedo, 1801-1803. 2. The population of the Arkansas villages by the census of 1766 was 88. 40 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the people ignored the commands of Ulloaand refused to recognize him as governor; they obeyed no one but Aubry and through him Ulloa was compelled to issue his commands. In despair Ulloa finally retired to Balize where he remained for two years. It was then proposed to make Louisiana a republic. The people from the country parishes crowded to New Orleans and instituted a popular assembly. They drew up an address to the Superior Council, in which they demanded freedom of commerce with all the ports of America and France, and insisted on the expulsion of Ulloa. This address, signed by nearly six hundred citizens, was adopted by the Council and the governor was given three days to leave the country. The old French flag was unfurled on the streets amid the accla- mations of men, women, and children. Nine hundred men raised it to the breeze, shouting as its folds unfurled like waves on the sea, " Long live the king of France; we will have no king but him." Ulloa sailed for Havana (Nov., 1768) and the people began their new government. They elected a treasurer and officers to represent the colony, and sent envoys to the king of France, asking him to intercede with the king of Spain, to grant them permission to become either a colony of France or a free commonwealth.^ 23. The Cruel O'Reilly. Meanwhile Ulloa had sent his report to the king of Spain, who referred it to his I. This was the beginning of that colonial revolution, which in a few years terminated in the independence of the English colonies. France saw the weakness of the old system ; she saw also that the best way to vanquish her old enemy, England, was by encouraging colonial freedom. A great French- man, on hearing of the deposition of Ulloa, said : "This is at least a good example for the English colonies; may they set about following it." This they did in 1774. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 41 Council. This body with but one dissenting vote declared that Louisiana must be retained as a store- house for Havana, a means to destroy the trade of France, and a barrier to keep off English encroach- ments by the line of the great river. The king accepted this decision and resolved to stamp out the spark of independence before it had time to enkindle his other American colonies. It was the same ungenerous spirit that actuated the king of England to refuse the peti- tions of his colonies and to inaugurate a system of coercions which terminated in the Stamp Act and the American Revolution. France alone read aright the signs of the times, and in its Cabinet deliberations applauded the action of New Orleans in declaring its port open to men of all nations. The king of Spain, however, said, " The world must see that I, unaided, can crush the audacity of the sedition." He made no preparations at Cadiz for fear of arousing France's suspicions, but secretly dis- patched Gen. Alexander O'Reilly to Cuba with direc- tions to crush out the sentiments of liberty at New Orleans. And he could have sent no better man. O'Reilly united in his person the qualities of Caesar, Nero, and Judas. With three thousand of the best troops of the Spanish army he landed at Balize on August 8, 1769. In order to lull the patriots into inaction, O'Reilly caused a proclamation to be submitted by Aubry^ promising kindness and clemency to all who would submit. As they had but few soldiers and no money, submission, under these conditions, seemed the only hope. O'Reilly's promises sounded fair. A deputa- tion waited on him at Balize and agreed to rec- 42 N IS TORY OF ARKANSAS. ognize his authority. With treacherous shrewdness he made promises that gained the admiration of the deputies. On the 8th of August the fleet moved up to New Orleans and the Spanish flag was raised on every fort. On August 21 he invited the leading patriots to dine at his own house. There, disregarding both laws of hospitality and of honor, he caused them to be arrested and to be placed under confinement. They were tried and twelve of them — among the wisest and best men in the colony — were convicted. Their estates were confiscated and divided among the officers employed in the trial. Six were sentenced to long periods of imprisonment, one, who had died during confinement, was declared infamous, and five were to be hanged. A negro slave, in default of a hangman, was offered his liberty if he would perform the work. He was manly enough to refuse, and therefore the patriots were shot.^ Thus ended the first American republic; thus began the domination of Spain. Had it continued long, the western bank of the Mississippi might have become a desert waste. ^ 24. American Independence. 'I'he governor abolished the Council of State and instituted in its stead another council called the Cabildo. To overcome the strong opposition to his government, engendered by the exe- cution of the French patriots, O'Reilly appointed 1. Two slaves who had belonged to one of the executed leaders were ordered to perform their duties in the house of O'Reilly. This they refused to do, saying : " We will never serve our master's assassin." This was an instance of courage of the highest character, and was all the more conspicu- ous because exhibited by slaves. 2. The political principles of Spain would have kept out all immigration save the Spaniards, and there were too few of them to colonize a country. HIS TOR V OF A KKA NSA S. 43 Frenchmen to many of the places. The French colo- nial laws were set aside and the Spanish laws sub- stituted. The French commanders at the various posts were retained, and free trade was established with Cuba. 0'Reill3''s policy with the Indians was just and honorable, and his whole rule was friendly and impartial to the French, save for the perfidious and cruel acts with which it began. During the administration of his successor the war between England and her colonies broke out, and Louisi- ana was drawn into the struggle. Several American merchants purchased at New Orleans a large supply of arms and ammunition which they shipped to Pennsyl- vania. In 1779 war was declared between England and Spain, and Governor Galvez, with a large force of Louisianians captured Fort Manchac and Baton Rouge from the English. They also captured eight vessels and three forts. Many of the Acadians engaged with Galvez and were very bitter against the English. The Creoles and negroes fought with the greatest bravery. In 1780 Galvez appeared with a larger force before Mobile, which quickly surrendered. Pushing on to Pensacola despite the firing from the great English forts, he entered the bay. Day after day he bombarded the forts with but little effect, as they were usually strong. By accident, however, a powder magazine blew up in Fort George, making a breach through which a detach- ment of troops entered and captured it. Then turning the English guns upon the English, Galvez soon forced a surrender. Gen. Campbell and eight hundred regu- lars were made prisoners of war. This was a splendid victory, and although fought under the Spanish flag was a blow which contributed much to the success of 44 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. American independence. Galvez was a brave man and the greatest of the Spanish governors. By the treaty of peace between the American colo- nies and England, and by a treaty made in September, 1783, between England, France, and Spain, the latter gained western Florida; the United States gained the free navigation of the Mississippi from its source to its mouth. ^ 25. Troubles over the Mississippi. Don Estevan Miro succeeded to the government in 1785, and took a census of Louisiana, which showed that the district of Arkansas contained 196 people. The Sixth Regiment of the Spanish army, under command of Don Joseph Valliere, was permanently stationed at Arkansas Post for the defense of the district of Arkansas. The Americans on the east side of the river complained that they were not enjoying the free navigation of the Mississippi as stipulated by the treaty, and threatened to invade Louisiana and to seize New Orleans. Li 1787 a scheme was formed to separate the Ameri- cans of Kentucky and the other territory west of the Alleghany mountains from the United States, and to put them under the protection of Spain. It was arranged that Kentucky should first become a republic and after that a Spanish province. The difficulty grew out of the delay of the American Congress in admitting Kentucky into the Union. Congress was making a new Constitution and did not think it proper to admit new states until that instrument should be in opera- I. This treaty gave the United States all the land east of the Mississippi and north of the 31st parallel. This placed Chickasaw Bluff within the boundaries of the state of North Carolina. In 1783, at Hillsboro, N. C, the first grant of lands upon the bluffs conveyed to John Rice five thousand acres. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 45 tion. Many of Kentucky's citizens, believing that Con- gress intended to deceive them, demanded a separation from the United States. But the majority of Ken- tuckians were faithful to the Union and decided to wait patiently. The Spanish governor to increase the discontent offered liberal inducements to the excited backwoodsmen in the shape of free lands and no taxes, and many Americans emigrated to and settled in Louisiana.^ In 1789 the town of New Madrid was formed by Col. George Morgan of Ohio on a land grant obtained from the Spanish authorities. It was not long before this town had a greater population than all Arkansas. ^ 1. It was about this time that a new route from New Orleans to New Madrid was projected by the Spaniards. It was all water save for a few portages, and used the Mississippi, the Ouachita, Bayou Bartholomew, the Arkansas, White and St. Francis rivers, and White Water creek. 2. From 1792 to 1799, during the administration of Carondelet and Gayoso, many grants were made to Americans for lands in Arkansas, which brought new families to the state. Prominent among these arrivals were the Winters, Stillwells, and Phillipses. Hewes Scull, another American, came in 1802. The old families of French extraction. Bogy, Vaugine, Varsier, De Chassin, Bonn, Clossein and Notrebe antedate all these arrivals. In 1766 Frangois D' Armand entered the province of Louisiana, and fixed his residence on the Mississippi river above the mouth of the White, at what was afterwards called Montgomery's Landing. Here he acquired great wealth as a trader in furs, and also an influence that extended to all parts of the country. The houses of D'Armand were still standing in 1833. The property passed into the hands of Gen. William Montgomery, and became one of the most widely known landings in Arkansas. A French settlement was made near Clover Bend in Lawrence county, prior to iSoo. The grant was made to John Baptiste Janis, and was held valid by the United States. Lauratown was established upon this grant a few years later. The French settlers were headed by Antoine Janis. The Vincents (Vinsons), Le Bass's, Le Mieux, and Janis's are still represented in Lawrence county. Another valid grant to Peter Guignolett lies near the present town of Portia, in the same county. Buried treasure amounting to nearly $400 in Spanish coin was plowed up in a newly cleared field on the grant at Lauratown, a few years since. From Lauratown, on the banks of the Black, down to the mouth of the White, many old French settlements were made during last century, but all traces are now obliterated. These traces existed, however, at the beginning of this century, 46 HIS TOE Y OF A RKA NSA S. When Kentucky was admitted to the Union all griev- ance against the United States was healed, but the Spanish authorities still continued their efforts to create dissension between the men of the west and the general government. At one time it appeared as though western North Carolina (Tennessee) and Mississippi would pass under the control of Spain. In 1785, Gov. Gayoso, with a small force, which he had gathered at Post Esperanza (now Hopefield), crossed the Mississippi into the United States, at the mouth of Wolf Bayou (Margot), and hoisted the Spanish flag, which he saluted from his boats and from his battery. This occurred on St. Ferdinand's day, and the name St. Ferdinand was given to the fort he afterwards erected on the bluff. Gen. Wilkinson in 1797 sent Capt. Guion with a de- tachment of soldiers to take the post, and it was captured in July of that year. The Spanish commandant evacu- ated the fort at the approach of (iuion. Had the latter arrived one day later the presents sent by Gayoso to Post Esperanza — blankets, shirts, hats, powder, lead, muskets, tomahawks, saddles, and bridles — for distri- bution among the Chickasaws around Ft. Ferdinand would have done their work, and the friendship of the Indians with the United States would have ceased. The Spanish boats came in sight eight hours after Guion's landing. Shortly after the fall of Ft. Ferdi- nand, the Spaniards evacuated Ft. Adams (Natchez), thus terminating the Spanish occupancy of any part of the territory ceded to the United States. 26. Internal Policy. The general administration cf the province was placed in the hands of a governor stationed at New Orleans, with a lieutenant governor at St. Louis. Under these were commandants of districts, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 47 each district having one. The early commandants for the district of Arkansas at Arkansas Post are not known. The earliest records extant show that Capt. Chalmette was in command in 1780, and that Capt. Don Joseph Valliere was probably the commandant from 1786 to 1790; Don Carlos Villemont was his successor and held the place until 1801. Following him came Francis Caso y Luengo, in 1802-1803. Ignace el Leno was in command as late as 1804. In 1802-1803 Camp Esperance had Augustin Grande for its commandant. ^ Lands were granted by the commandants or lieuten- ant governors without survey, but the grants did not become valid until after a survey and an approval by the governor general at New Orleans. Many of these imperfect titles were made, purporting to convey immense tracts of land, but as they were never sur- veyed and never approved, they became worthless. Every valid grant made under the Spanish law was held to be a perfect title under the laws of the United States. The courts of the country during all this cen- tury have been forced to consider these old claims and to adjust them in accordance with the law as it existed under the Spanish government. The Spanish surveys are numerous around Arkansas Post and Marion, and exist at other places. They form an exception to the regular United States surveys of the rest of the state. The regulations of the Spanish government were too strict for any very rapid settlement. Before any settle- ment could be made in any part of the district of 1. Camp Esperance, or Post Esperanza, was the lower limit of Upper Louisiana. When the United States took possession the name was changed to Hope Encampment, and then to Hopefield. This makes the village of Popefield the second town established in Arkansas. 48 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Arkansas, permission had to be obtained from the proper Spanish officer at Arkansas Post or at Esperance. People already located were forbidden to travel from one village to another, at a distance greater than twenty miles, without a passport from the command- ant, stating the places to be visited and the road to be traveled. Notwithstanding these restrictions, settlements were begun on the rich lands along the river courses in many parts of eastern and southern Arkansas. The houses, many of which were standing in 1830, were of French architecture, having high, pointed roofs and gables, with high chimneys. By their sides stood the ruins of older houses with trees growing through their roofs and chimneys. The French who pushed far up the rivers to begin these new settlements often intermarried with the Indians, and their Creole de- scendants are still to be found in many parts of the state. John B. Dardenne proceeded up the Arkansas and found a home in the plain around Dardanelle. Michel Grenlick followed him in 1798. Francis Imban built his cabin at Little Rock in 1803. Francis Fran- cure settled on the White river below the mouth of the Red river in 1801, while Peter Mulliki went on up the Little Red river. In 1793, John B. Gravier and his brother Francis settled on the Black river. Near him Uved Anthony Tanis, with his family of seven. Janis was still there in 1801, and in 181 1, he and his children, Nicholas, Francis, and John Baptiste, tried to receive from the United States a recognition of their claims to the land. Failing in this attempt, they sold their rights to a speculator who succeeded in obtaining a deed to the HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 49 lands. Joseph Guignolett settled near Janis in 1800, but the title to his land was not perfected for more than three quarters of a century. 27. Retrocession to France. The control of Louisiana had become a burden to Spain. The Americans demanded much and threatened more. Just at this time Napoleon Bonaparte conceived the idea that Louisiana in the hands of the French would make France a formidable power in America. He nego- tiated with the king of Spain, who was glad of an opportunity to relinquish control of this unprofitable territory, and on Oct. i, 1800, at St. Ildefonso, a secret treaty was made by which Spain retro- ceded the whole country to France. Spain believed that France would form a rampart protecting Mexico from America. The treaty was kept secret because France was then at war with England and did not desire her enemy to attack her new colony. Thus ended the real Spanish rule in Arkansas. CHAPTER VL THE LAST DAYS OF SPAIN AND FRANCE. 28. The Louisiana Purchase. 29. Possession Passed. 28. The Louisiana Purchase. By the treaty between England and Spain (1783), all Americans obtained the right to deposit their produce in New Orleans without payment of duty. Although Louisiana had been ceded to France in 1800, the Spanish authorities were still in HIST. OF ARK. — 4 50 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. possession in the year 1802. In that year one of the Spanish ofificers issued a proclamation prohibiting the further use of the port of New Orleans as a place of deposit. This raised a storm of indignation in the Mississippi valley, as it virtually closed the river to all commerce coming from its eastern side. The indigna- tion in all the western states was expressed in warlike resolutions. They said: " The Mississippi is ours by the law of nature. It is our streams that swell it and make it so mighty, and we are resolved that no power in this world shall deprive us of this right. ' ' They appealed to Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, to protect them in their rights, and closed the appeal with the threatening words, " No protection, no allegiance." Jefferson addressed the Spanish government upon the question and demanded compliance with the treaty. Then he ascertained that the country had been ceded to France. He at once forwarded instructions to William R. Livingston, United States minister at Paris, to buy New Orleans, and the peninsula of Florida. Americans were more opposed to France as a neigh- bor than they had been to Spain, and anxiously awaited the answer to Jefferson's proposition. Bonaparte, filled with the dream of a great French province in America, would not treat at first for the sale of New Orleans. This made Jefferson only the more determined to accomplish his ends. Two millions of dollars were appropriated by Congress and James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate the purchase. Meanwhile the relations between England and France became more and more threatening to France's safety, England's navy was enlarged, and Napoleon saw HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 51 that when England discovered that France owned Louisiana she would make that province the theater of war. He also perceived that he could not hold the country against his ancient foe. News came at the same time that America was aroused and that the Con- gress of the United States was about to raise 50,000 troops to take New Orleans. Then it was that Napo- leon astonished Livingston and Monroe by proposing to sell all of Louisiana. The ministers had instructions to negotiate only for New Orleans, and President Jefferson himself had no authority to buy so vast a possession. Still he decided that the purchase must be made. Such an offer would never come again, and trusting to the sober sense of his countrymen to ratify and justify his act, he consummated the purchase. On April 30, at Paris, the treaty was made by which Louisiana was ceded to the United States for 80,000,000 francs, or about $15,000,000. This was an act of most prudent statesmanship — its effects upon the republic cannot be estimated. It gave the United States not only the control of the Mississippi river, but also of the American continent. It paved the way for the declaration of the Monroe doctrine and relieved the country from fear of European coa- litions. Europe was no longer to dominate America. Out of this territory have been carved the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, nearly all of Kansas, Montana, and Wyoming, a part of Minnesota, Colorado, Idaho, Ala- bama, and Mississippi, besides most of the territory of Oklahoma and all of Indian Territory. Spain was an noyed, and maintained that France had agreed never to 52 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. sell the country; but the Americans ridiculed this idea. The Federalists also complained,^ stating that nothing but ill could come to the country through the addition of the western wilds. Livingston, in eloquent words, said: " We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. It will change vast solitudes into flourishing districts. From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. The instruments which we have just signed will cause no tears to be shed; they prepare ages of happiness for generations of human creatures, worthy of the regard and care of Providence, in the bosom of equality, under just laws, freed from the errors of superstition and bad government." Napoleon Bonaparte, although reluctant to part with Louisiana, sealed the contract with a remark that Americans have never forgotten. He said: "This accession has strengthened forever the power of the United States, and I have just given England a mari- time rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride." In all these matters the people of Louisiana were never consulted. The handful of settlers at Arkansas Post had been given by France to Spain; Spain gave them back to France; and France gave them to the United States. For one hundred and seventeen years they had lived peacefully in one town, and at the date of the cession numbered about six hundred. They I. Jefferson was the only statesman who really saw the future greatness of the United States. In a letter to Governor Claiborne in 1803 he said : " Objections are raising to the eastward against the vast extent of our boun- daries, and propositions are made to exchange Louisiana, or a part of it, for the Floridas. But we shall get the Floridas without this, and I would not give one inch of the waters of the Mississippi to any nation, because I see in a light very important to our peace the exclusive right to its navigation." HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 53 were too far from Paris and Madrid to keep pace with political affairs, and cared only to be left undisturbed in their blissful retreats. No interference ever reached them, tyranny was unknown, their slight trade was unrestricted, the church was at their doors, the Indians were their friends, abundance crowned their efforts, and politics was unknown. 29. Possession Passed. Spain still held possession of this region, but on November 30, 1803, the Spanish commissioners turned it over to France. The Spanish fiag was taken down for the last time and the French tricolor took its place. Twenty days after that the French flag was replaced by our stars and stripes. The commissioners to receive Louisiana on the part of the United States were William C. C. Claiborne, governor of Mississippi, and General James Wilkinson of the United States army. On Dec. 20, 1803, in the City Hall at New Orleans, Clement Laussat, the French commissioner, put the commissioners of the United States in possession of the territory of Louisiana, delivered to them the keys of the city of New Orelans, and discharged from their oaths of fidelity to the French republic all citizens of Louisiana who desired to remain under the dominion of the United States. Thus ended the foreign domination of any part of the Mississippi valley; thus began the government of the United States amid the approving shouts of the multi- tude. The only sorrowful eyes were those of the brave and loyal French Creoles ^ who wept as the French flag was lowered. The province of Louisiana thus peace- ably acquired by the United States, was five times as I. The French Creoles were native born Frenchmen. There was no admix- ture of black blood in them. 54 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. large as France itself and was the first addition to the territorial area of the American republic. ^ Recapitulation. 1. Arkansas existed first as an Indian possession. 2. Spain acquired title to Arkansas by discovery. How and when? 3. France acquired title by discovery and occupa- tion. How and when? French domination lasted from 1699 to 1762. 4. Spain acquired title by treaty. How, when, and with whom? Spain dominated the country from 1763 to 1800. 5. France again acquired title by treaty. 6. The United States acquired title April 30, 1803. How? 7. Spain passed possession to France, Nov. 30, 1803. 8. France gave possession to the United .States, Dec. 20, 1803. Where and how? Topic for Study and Revieto. ( Where ) ^. < When \ ( Method of crossing. ( Where ) ^. A n/f • • • r.' 1 uru y Discuss At Mississippi River ■< When TA o I / Aquixo De Soto / I Casqui f, , / Locate each place Caluca I T-^. ^ R t / O ■ t \ Discuss. \ s ,.=• / Describe each. o s a I Describe the country. Cayas » ■' Tula Autiamque I. There was a suppressed excitement, however, in the minds of all the French and Spanish subjects growing out of the uncertainty of their land titles. They feared that the citizens of the United States would attempt to dispossess them of their estates and homes. President Jefferson soon allayed HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 55 Similar Topics. I Marquette. I. The French Explorers/ t-. t- ^ \ De lonti. D'Iberville. 2. The French Governors. 3. The Spanish Governors. / A league is 83 K arpents. ^ tt r^'l'^ ^ ,^^V" Ten French poles Tre one arpent. English miles? This Note. Eighteen French feet are one pole, calcuation gives but The French foot is to the English °"^ ^^^^i."? "^ '^e I foot as 16 to 15. league. There were others. CHAPTER YIl. THE PROVINCE OF LOUISI.\NA, 1803-1804. 30. Claiborne's Administration, 32. Lewis and Clarke Expedition. 1803-1804. 33. Slavery. 31. The District of Louisiana, 1804-1805. 30. Governor Claiborne's Administration, On the same day on which possession of Louisiana was given to the United States, William C. C. Claiborne, who had been appointed commandant of the new territory imtil a new government should be formed, assumed the duties of the office and issued a proclamation declaring that the government of France and Spain had ceased to this fear by appointing a commission to inquire into the titles of the French and Spanish in the new territory. This commission consisted of two men of French descent, J. B. C. Lucas and James Penrose, and one American, James L. Donaldson (succeeded in 1807 by Frederic Bates). It was noted for culture, character, and wisdom. Its reports fill a large part of the American state papers, and have been adopted by the supreme court of the United States as final in all contests before that body. 56 III STORY OF ARKANSAS. exercise control over Louisiana, and that the laws of the United States had been there established. He also assured the inhabitants that until legal action was taken by Congress as to their citizenship, they would be protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. In an address issued upon the same day he further promised that the Ameri- can Congress would pro- mote the commercial and agricultural interests of the community. In the spring of 1804 Arkansas Post, Ft. Esper- ance, and St. Louis were formally delivered to the United States. James B. Many, Major of Artillery, was sent by Gen. Wilkin- son to Arkansas Post, which was quietly given up to him by the Spanish com- mandant, Ignace el Leno. Amos Stoddard, Captain of the Artillery corps at Kaskaskia, received the Post at St. Louis, and remained the commandant until Nov. 8, 1804. St. Louis, like Arkansas Post, was but a small provincial town, with one hundred and fifty houses, three streets, and one log church. In both places the manners and customs were French, and but few spoke the English language. 31. The District of Louisiana. Congress divided the new territory (Mar. 26, 1804) into two parts; one called the territory of Orleans; the other, the district WILLIAM C HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 57 of Louisiana. The territory of Orleans extended from the Gulf of Mexico north to the thirty-third parallel, the northern boundary of the present state of Louisi- ana, and had its capital at New Orleans. The district of Louisiana comprised all the remaining territory. It was usually styled Upper Louisiana. The govern- ment of this district was attached to that of Lidiana territory. The governor of Indiana territory at that time was Gen. William Henry Harrison. During the fall of 1804, Governor Harrison, accompanied by three judges, visited St. Louis, and established courts for the new district. The governor appointed Samuel Hammond as his deputy for St. Louis, and three commandants for the posts: Col. Meigs for St. Charles; Major Hunt for St. Genevieve and Col. Scott for Cape Girardeau. James B. Many was left in authority at Arkansas Post. On March 3, 1805, Congress divided the district of Louisiana into the territory of Louisiana and the dis- trict of New Madrid. It was the lower part of the territory comprising what is now Arkansas and the southern part of Missouri that was laid off into the district of New Madrid. The President appointed Gen. James Wilkinson as governor, and Frederick Bates as secretary. The superior court was presided over by Judge Meigs and John B. Lucas. The governor and judges constituted the legislature. 32. Lewis and Clarke Expedition, 1804-1806. President Jefferson asked Congress to authorize an exploring party to ascend the Missouri to its headwaters and thence to cross the Rocky Mountains to the Pa- cific Ocean. His determination was by all honorable 58 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. means to extend the authority of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This exploring party would not only add to the country's knowledge of what the Louisiana purchase really included, but would also establish a basis for new discoveries in the west. Con- gress passed the law, and Jefferson placed the party under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clarke, a brother of the famous George Rogers Clarke. The expedition started from St. Louis in May, 1804, and returned to the same place in September, 1806. During that time they had ascended the Missouri, crossed the Rocky Mountains, discovered and passed down the Lewis or Snake river to the Columbia, and down this stream to the Pacific. Each member of the expedition received warrants for 320 acres of land to be located west of the Mississippi. Lewis and Clarke received 1,600 acres each. Meriwether Lewis became the second governor of the territory of Louisiana, and William Clarke the first governor of the territory of Missouri. 33. Slavery. The provision in the treaty of cession (1803) which bound the United States to protect the inhabitants of the old province in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property brought the question of slavery into prominence. Opponents of slavery held that the word " property " could not be interpreted to include slaves. It was also maintained that the right to continue the institution of slavery could not be decided by Congress; but that each municipal com- munity must decide for itself. Two such commun- ities had been established. In the territory of Or- leans, the institution of slavery remained undis- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 59 turbed, but further importation of slaves from abroad was prohibited. The district of Louisiana was annexed to Indiana and thus became subject to the regulations of the Ordinance of 1787 which prohibited slavery. This consequence of the annexation of the district of Louisiana to Indiana was not publicly acknowledged at the time, but in after years it was held by the oppo- nents to slavery to have been a division of the Louisi- ana purchase between the "free" and the "slave" states. On the 2d of March, 1805, Congress repealed all implied restrictions upon slavery in the territory of Orleans. This created the contention that the prohi- bition on the slave trade from abroad was also repealed. Under cover of this claim the slave trade was revived at New Orleans, and carried on until 1808. The sectional feud on the slave question resulted, during the war of 181 2, in the Hartford Convention. This body held that Congress had no power to regulate commerce and pass embargo laws. The treaty closing the war restored peace for a time, but the agitation was revived and threatened to dissolve the Union, when Arkansas was made a slave-holding territory (1819). 6o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER VIII. THE TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA, 1805-1812. 34. Wilkinson's Administration, 39. Lewis' Administration, 1807- 1805-1807. 1809. 35. District of Arkansaw. 40. The Osage Session. 36. Pike's Expedition. 41. Howard's Administration, 37. Exploration of the Ouachita. 1809-1812. 38. Burr's Conspiracy. 42. Settlers of this Period. 34. Wilkinson's Administration. Gen. James Wilkin- son took a prominent part in the Revolutionary War. Afterwards, in Kentucky, he distinguished himself as a writer, a speaker, and a man of great political influence. He took a leading part in the Indian wars of Ohio, and for thirty years was connected with important events of the west. In 1787 he was charged with the crime of intrigue with Spain; but the charges were never proved and he is believed by many to have been innocent. He was one of the commissioners who at New Orleans received the province of Louisiana from the hands of France. From 1805 to 1807 he was gov- ernor of the territory of Louisiana. During his administration as governor he retained his position as general. Upon the death of Gen. Wayne in 1796, he was advanced to the supreme command of the American armies. 35. District of Arkansaw. On the 27th of June, 1806, the legislature of the territory of Louisiana set aside the lower part of the district of New Madrid, and made of it a new district, called the district of Arkan- saw. Stephen Warrel was appointed first deputy gov- ernor for the district; but was soon succeeded by Robert W. Osborne. HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. 6i 36. Pike's Expedition. Jefferson planned another expedition to explore the sources of the Mississippi and the western part of Louisiana. Gen. Zebulon Montgomery Pike was placed in command and much work was done in the Rocky Mountains. Pike's Peak still bears the name of the leader of the expedition. Gen. Pike dispatched-James B. Wilkinson to descend the Arkansas to its mouth. Wilkinson began the descent in two canoes on Oct. 27, 1806, and on Ja-'i- uary 9, 1807 reached Arkansas Post, having passed over the entire length of the river from its source almost to its mouth. He passed and noted the mouths of three tributary streams, the Canadian, Poteau, and Vermillion. In speaking of the game along the river one of his men said: " I believe there are on the banks of the Arkansas alone, sufficient buffalo, elk, and deer to feed all the savages in the United States one century, if used without waste." Wilkinson made a map of the river, upon which from the mouth of the Poteau, where Fort Smith now stands, to Arkansas Post, only three points are noted: i. A high mountain on the south, evidently Magazine; 2. Hot Springs; 3. Two bands of French hunters on the north side of the river, one about where Little Rock stands, the other in the neighborhood of Pine Bluff. The state was one vast wilderness save for the settlements at Arkansas Post^ and Camp Esperance. I. In the early part of the year i8oo, three Kentuckians started a settlement three miles south of the mouth of the St. Francis, at a point called Little Prairie. During that year William Patterson built a warehouse where Helena now stands. Patterson was a Methodist, and it is said that he was a local preacher at the time. Organized Methodism began in the territory in 1806. Col. Sylvanus Phillips settled at the mouth of the St. Francis in 1797, 62 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 37. Exploration of the Ouachita. In the fall of 1804, Jefferson commissioned Mr. Dunbar, a distinguished scientist of Natchez, to explore the Ouachita. He ascended the river as far as Hot Springs (which was then uninhabited), taking its courses and distances, and he prepared a map of the region. About the same time Don Juan Filhiol, commandant of Ouachita Post, ascended the Ouachita to Hot Springs, and wrote a detailed description of the region. Upon a grant said to have been issued by Governor Miro, Filhiol claimed Hot Springs. This celebrated case was decided against him by the United States district court at Little Rock, but an appeal was taken and is now pending in the supreme court of the United States. 38. Burr's Conspiracy. During the year 1806, the authorities of Spain advanced in force to Bayou Pierre on Red river. Gen. Wilkinson took stand with his troops on the western side of the Sabine to check them. While thus engaged, he was ordered back to the Mis- sissippi to protect New Orleans. It had just been made known through a proclamation of the President that Aaron Burr was the leader of a conspiracy to separate the territory of Louisiana from the Union, and to establish upon the banks of the Ouachita^ a new government, of which Burr should be the chief. It was rumored also that the Spanish authority in Texas and Mexico was to be attacked and if possible overthrown. The state of Kentucky was the place chosen by Buij- but during the troubles between the United States and the governor general at New Orleans, over the Mississippi, he was required by the Spanish com- mandant to remove to Arkansas Post. I. Jefferson said that a part of Burr's recruits were settlers on Bastrop's lands on the Ouachita, and the others were adventurers of the worst kind. HIS TOR y OF A KKA N'SA S. 63 to perfect his operations, but it appears that his move- ments covered a much wider area. He made approaches to Governor Wilkinson, through whom his schemes were made known to the President. He was arrested in Mississippi and taken to Richmond, Virginia, for trial. Everything had been managed so carefully as to make it impossible to prove him guilty, and he was acquitted; but in the opinion of the public in general his guilt was established.^ 39. Lewis' Administration. In x\ugust 1807, Gen. Wilkinson was succeeded by Captain Meriweth^p^Lewis of Virginia, as governor of the territonf<-''^ewis was a warm friend of President Jeffersorf*^and had gained distinction in the Lewis and Clarke expedition. He held the position until his death in 1809. 40. The Osage Cession. In June, 1808, a feud occurred between Governor Lewis and some of the Osages, which led to a withdrawal of the protection of the I. The Federalists championed the cause of Burr, not because they sympa- thized with him, but because of their hatred for Jefferson. 64 \pi STORY OF ARKANSAS. United States. Incoming tides of settlers annoyed the Indians and they proposed to sell their land. On the loth of November, 1808, a treaty between the Osage nation and the ignited States was concluded at Fort Clark (in the southwestern part of the present state of Missouri), by which the United States acquired the following area of land: From the Arkansas north to the Missouri river, and from the Mississippi west- ward to a line due south from Fort Clark to the Arkan- sas river, at a point called Frog Bayou in Crawford county. Two other cessions (Sept. 25, 1818, and June 3, 1825) were made by the Osages, by which all the remaining lands of the Great and Little Osages in Arkansas, and in Lovely's Purchase were transferred to the United States. The area was nearly 50,000,000 acres, of which about 16,000,000 were in Arkansas. Major Lovely was a soldier of the Revolution and took part in the capture of Burgoyne. He moved to Tennessee and became a friend of the Cherokees. When they, moved west he went with them and estab- lished a large trade on the Arkansas. As an Indian agent he made an unauthorized purchase of lands from the Osages, between the Arkansas and the Red rivers, and also a tract on the north of the Arkansas between the Verdigris river and the western boundary, estab- lished by the Osage treaty of 1808. This was called "Lovely's Purchase." 41. Howard's Administration. In 1809, President Madison appointed (ien. Benjamin A. Howard of Lexington, Kentucky, governor of the territory of Louisiana. During the eleven years from 1799 to 1810, the population had increased from 368 to 1,062. The class of emigrants had hitherto been the quiet French- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 65 men. The [)resent comers belonged to the class called "backwoodsmen," They were the sterner Anglo-Sax- ons. They were honorable men who chafed under the restraints of city life, and were eager to get beyond the noise of factories and the conventions of civiliza- tion. Hunting and trapping were their delight, and the whoop of the savage was music lo their ears. They cared only for adventure, not for deeds or titles to the land. But there were others preparing to invade the state whose only thought was gain. In 1804 Amos Stoddard, Captain of Artillery at Kaskaskia, notified President Jefferson that a scheme was on foot to de- fraud the government; that thousands of false Spanish grants had been placed on sale and were being sold every day. Under the treaty the United States was required to protect actual Spanish settlers in their rights to the lands. The counterfeit grants were skillfully executed and gave the government great trouble. In 181 1 an earthquake took place at New Madrid. The ground shook, lakes were formed, fissures were made from which mud and water were thrown as high as the tree tops. From New Madrid to the southwest large areas were submerged which remain until to-day under the name, "Sunk Lands." In Craighead county the convulsion was very great and the St. Francis river changed its bed. Many settlers in the New Madrid region lost their lands. In 1815 Congress passed a law permitting such settlers to select other unoccupied lands in the territory. The certificates authorizing such selection were called " New Madrid Certificates." Many of them were located in Arkansas. The McKnights and Richard- HIST. OF AKIC. — 5 66 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. sons were already located ia Lawrence county, and felt the " Land Shakes," as they called them. 42. Settlers of this Period. In 1807 Major John Pyeatt, an officer of the Revolutionary war, with his brother Jacob, and their families came to Arkansas from eastern Tennessee and settled at Crystal Hill above Little Rock. Another settlement had just been made by peo[)le from North Carolina at the foot of Maumelle mountain. Major Pyeatt in company with a number of settlers began to cut a road to Arkansas Post. Jacob Pyeatt soon moved up the river and established a settlement at the mouth of the Cadron. In 1815 Major Gibson passed through the settlement, on his way to establish forts on the Upper Arkansas and astounded Major Pyeatt by telling him about the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain. Pyeatt had never even heard of the war of 1812 — so difficult was it in those times to establish communication between the east and the west. In 1809, John Janes, a revolutionary soldier, moved from Missouri to what is now Randolph county, and William Hudson moved to Independence county in 1812. Blay; town, in what is now Clark county, was settled in 1810. In 1814 the manufacture of salt began near this place. Ill STORY Of ARA'ANSAS. 67 CHAPTER IX. THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI l8l2. 43. The New Territory. 46. Quapaw Cession. 44. The First Counties. 47. The Nutall Expedition. 45. The Cherokees. 48. Travel in Early Days. 43. The New Territory. In the year 1812, the terri-' tory of Orleans was admitted in to the Union as a state, bearing the name of Louisiana. In the same 3^ear the name of Louisiana territory was changed to territory of Missouri. The legislative power of the territory was vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a gov- ernor, a legislative council of nine members, and a House of Representatives of thirteen members. St. Louis was made the seat of government and districts were to be formed for the election of delegates. The following districts ^ were formed by Governor Howard, for the purpose of choosing thirteen delegates: St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, and Arkansas. The village of Arkansas, as Arkansas Post was then called, was made the seat of justice of a district almost as large as the present I. These districts contained the following' villages, which were established prior to 1803 : St. Louis St. Louis. < ^J^^Tt:.,.. St. Genevieve. Carondelet. St. Ferdinand. c, /-„_,- ;„ „ i St. Genevieve. Marais des Leards. si. ijenevie\e. -^ New Bourbon. New Madrid. j New Madrid. '/ Little Prairie. St rvinrlpc: f St. Charles. Arkansas ■* Arkansas Post, bt. Ltiarles. -^ portage des Siou.x. ArKansas. ^ ^^^^^ Esperance. Little Prairie was forty miles below New Madrid. On June 13, 1812, Con- gress ordered a survey of these villages, and directed that one twentieth of the area surveyed should be reserved for the use of schools within their boundaries. The surveys were made in all the villages e.xcept Esperance, which had been abandoned, and the reservation was made for the schools. 68 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. state of Arkansas.^ The new government went into operation on Dec. i, 1812, with William Clarke as gov- ernor. The delegate to Congress was Edward Hemp- stead. 44. The First Counties. 2 On December 31, 1813, the legislature of Missouri created two counties, New Madrid and Arkansas. The first included the north- eastern angle of Arkansas, and the second all the rest of. the state. The county seat of the latter was placed at the " Village of Arkansaw." The Missouri legislatures of 18 15 and 1818 created four new counties in Arkansas: County. From what formed. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. Lawrence... New Madrid county - Jan. 15, 1815- Capt. Law- rence D a V idso n vi 1 le, Jackson, Smith- ville, Clover Bend, Powhatan, and Walnut Ridge. Clark .\rkansas county Dec. 15, 1818- Gov. Wm. Clark ... Biscoveville, Adam Stroud's, Green- ville (now Holly- wood), Arkadel- pliia. Pulaski Arkansas county Dec. 15, 1818. Count Pu- laski .... Cad r on, Little Rock. Hempstead . Arkansas county Dec. 15, i8i8. Edward Hemp- stead Marlbrook, Wash- ington. 1. One member or delcj^atc rejiresente 1 Arkansas Post, and Col, Ale.xander Walker was chosen by the people for this office. Whenever the legislature met at St. Louis, Col Walker traveled the whole distance there and back upon horseback. The population of Arkansas Post was than about goo. 2. In England the institutions of the torvnship^ county and state developed naturally. The original settlements grew into townships independent of one another; in time these became united into counties; and these lastly into the state. In Arkansas these institutions were fixed by external legislation; HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 69 MAP OF ARKANSAS WITH COUNTIES, 1819. On December 31, 1813, all of the present state of Arkansas, with some adja- cent territory, was divided into two counties. New Madrid and Arkansas. The line between them began at Island No. 19, in the Mississippi river and ran southwest wardly to the mouth of the Little Red; thence up that river to its sources; thence west to the Osage line. All north of this line was called New Madrid county; all south and east of it, Arkansas. On January 15, 1815, Lawrence county was created out of New Madrid county, and included a part of the present state of Missouri. On December 15, 1818, three counties were created from Arkansas and Law- rence, calicd Pulaski, Clark, and Hempstead. Lawrence county was not changed materially. By the Cherokee treaty it lost all of the territory west of the Cherokee line and a small part north of the Little Red was given to Pulaski. In 1818 a part of its northern territory was formed into Wayne county, Missouri, and was cut off when Missouri became a state. ^!. '^^ttUaaXu 70 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The first court was held at the house of Solomon Hewitt on Spring river. This stream is one of the most beautiful in America and attracted settlers from all parts of the country. The river rises in Mammoth Springs, the largest spring in the world, and its current of sparkling blue water flows over a series of falls to Black river, a distance of over fifty miles. The village of Davidsonville was near its banks, and at this place the first postoffice in what is now Arkansas was established in June, 181 7, and the mail carried on /lorseback from St. Louis, through Davidsonville and Arkansas Post to Monroe, La. The second postoffice was established in July of the same year at Arkansas Post. Mail was delivered at these places once every thirty days. In 1814 a colony from Kentucky settled near Bates- ville, at the Greenbrier settlement. In 1815 further immigration to this place increased its population to nineteen families. The descendants of these families have been represented in the state by a Congressman, Samuel W. Peel, a governor, W. R. Miller, and by many other officers. 45. The Cherokees. The migration of this people from their old home in Tennessee, began as early as 1785. Dissatisfied with the treaty of Hopewell, S. C, first came the state, then the counties, and lastly the townships. The counties averaged ten thousand square miles each. Pulaski county had at first no county seat, and the justice of the peace, Edward Hogan, held court at his house. The judge of the court of common pleas, Samuel McHenry, resorted to the same makeshift; the sheriff, Lemuel Curren had a greater territorial jurisdiction than the governor of Rhode Island. In 1S20 the county seat was placed at Cadron, and in 1821 at Little Rock. In Clark county, courts were at first held at the house of Jacob Barkman. In Hempstead county, at Marlbrook, court was held at the house of John English. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 71 a fefw of these Indians entered the Spanish province of Arkansas, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis river. I'his was shortly after abandoned and a new one made on the White river. Jefferson encouraged other Cherokees to follow their kinsmen to the west, until in 1817, they numbered nearly 3,000. The lands upon which they settled were claimed by the Osages and the Quapaws, who resisted their encroach- ments. The government then informed them, that if they would release all claims to the lands they had left east of the river, lands would be given them be- tween the Arkansas and the White. They agreed to this and on July 8, 181 7, a treaty was made by which the Cherokees ceded part of their lands east of the Mississippi to the United States in return for a tract of land between the Arkansas and White rivers equal in extent to that ceded by them. The Indian tract extended from the north side of the Arkansas river, at the mouth of Point Remove, or Bud- well's old place, northwardly in a straight line to Chataunga Mountain, the first hill above Shields Ferry on White river, and westward between said rivers far enough to embrace the required quantity of land. The majority of the Cherokee nation, the " Upper Chero- kees," opposed the treaty but a large number " Lower Cherokees," or hunters, moved westward and joined their kinsmen. There a new trouble awaited them. The Osages maintained that a part of the territory ceded to the Cherokees belonged to them", and began hostilities against the newcomers. Governor Clarke, under instructions from the govern- ment, secured a cessation of hostilities and negotiated 72 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. a treaty of friendship between them at St. Louis, 1818. Reuben Lewis was then appointed to survey the east line of the Cherokee reservation, but as his appoint- ment miscarried in the mails, Gen. William Rector made the survey and filed his field notes in the General. Land Office in iS'ip. The distance from Point Remove to White river was 71 miles and 55 chains. All white settlers west of this line were compelled to remove except Mrs. P. Lovely, who by the treaty of 181 7 was permitted to remain. By the terms of the treaty, the Cherokees were granted a western outlet to their hunting grounds. This forced them to pass the Osages, who had settled on the Arkansas, and furnished occasions for frequent collisions. In 1820 the Osages killed three of the Cherokees, and the Cherokee nation thereupon declared war. To stop hostilities. Governor Miller vis- ited the principal Osage village, taking with him four of the Cherokee chiefs, and demanded the surrender of the murderers. The Osages received him courteously and agreed to surrender the men, if the Cherokees would meet them at Fort Smith in the following October and deliver up all Osage prisoners, as they had agreed to do in the treaty of friendship made by Governor Clarke. The meeting at Fort Smith secured a temporary peace; but in 1821 war broke out between the two Indian nations and lasteil for more than a year, until the troops of the United States forced them to desist. Then began another trouble over the western line of the reservation. No permanent peace could be expected until the boundary line between these tribes was definitely fixed. The Osages had for their eastern HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 73 boundary, a line from Fort Clark in Missouri due south to the Arkansas river, which had never been surveyed. The Cherokees claimed that their western boundary line was to begin at or above Fort Smith and run parallel to their eastern line. Governor Miller author- ized a line to be run due north to the White river, beginning at a point about halfway between Point Remove and Fort Smith, but the Cherokees objected to it as a boundary line. In 1825 the parallel line was run. It began at Table Rock Bluff above Fort Smith, and ran parallel to the eastern line 133 miles to the mouth of I.ittle North Fork of Wliite river. The council of the wcsterii or Arkansas Cherokees declared itself satisfied, and passed a law prohibiting under penalty of death the sale or exchange of their lands on the part of any of the Cherokees. An agency of the United States government was established in the midst of the Cherokees south of the river, who had removed, between 182 1 and 1825, by order of Governor Miller into their own reservation. In 1820 the American Board of Foreign Missions had established a school at Dwight under charge of Cephas Washburn. Corn mills were put into operation and the Indians began to cultivate cotton. But troubles were not yet at an end. Americans desired the lands of the Indians and sent objections to Congress against the permanent location of the Chero- kee reservation in Arkansas; the lands between the western boundary of the Cherokees and the eastern boundary of the Osages were claimed by the Americans as open to survey, and a survey had actually begun. The Cherokees objected to this as denying them a western otitlet, and sent a deputation to Washington. 74 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. All parties were anxious to make a final settlement of the question. The deputation had no authority to propose an exchange of their lands and knew that they would be denounced for any such action; but the propositions of the secretary of war were so liberal that they listened, and finally accepted them. They owned 4,240,000 acres in Arkansas, in exchange for which they were offered 7,000,000 acres in Indian Territory. The secretary proposed to move the western bound- ary line of Arkansas east forty miles to where it now stands, and to give the Indians the region immediately to its west; to guarantee that no state government should ever be created within their terri- tory; to give them a western outlet for hunting to the utmost limits of the possessions of the United States; to pay them for all improvements they had made on Arkansas land; to give them $50,000 as the difference between the old and the new lands; to pay numerous annuities; and to survey their lands for individual allotment when they desired it. One of the annuities ($500) was to George Guess, the inventor of the Chero- kee alphabet. On May 6, 1828, the chiefs and head men of the Cherokees, and James Barbour, secretary of war, entered into a treaty on the above-mentioned terms. The Indian representatives, however, were denounced for their action on their return to their people. The council declared the treaty null and void. But, in the course of time, they came to see the advantages of the treaty, and decided to ratify it. Then began the last removal. The Indian agent, Edward W. Duval, placed a valua- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 75 tion on their improvements, and erected new mills for .them in their new home. The boundary line between Arkansas and the Cherokee nation was run in 1829, and no further dispute has ever occurred over this line. The old Cherokee lines in Arkansas remain as monu- ments, and are clearly marked upon the after surveys of the state. 46. The Quapaw Cession. On the 24th of August, 1818, a treaty was made at St. Louis between the United States and the Quapaws, by which the latter ceded to the former all their lands, from a point ninety miles below the mouth of the Arkansas westward to the Big Raft on Red river, and northward to the Arkan- sas, — except a tract in the center. The reservation began at a point on the south bank of the Arkansas, and extended southwesterly to the Ouachita, thence up the Ouachita to the mouth of the Saline, thence up the Saline to a point were a due north line would strike Little Rock.i On Nov. 15, 1824, at Harrington, Arkansas, this reservation was ceded to the United States. The Qua- paws received a money consideration, and at the time of the last cession agreed to remove from Arkansas. They removed first to the neighborhood of the Big Raft on Red river. The climate there proved unhealth- ful and one fourth of their number perished. The government then allotted to them the extreme north- east of Lidian Territory where they live to-day. In I. This was the point of rocks now at the south end of the lower raiiroad bridge. It was called Little Rock, to distinguish it from Big Rock just above the city. The city took its name from this little rock. ■ The Quapaw line whose north end terminated in this rock, determined the early location of the town. Settlements had to be made on its west side. It now remains as a landmark in surveying. 76 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. all these negotiations the Indians were generously treated. 47. The Nutall Expedition. The best description of the region bordering on the Arkansas river, as it appeared in 1819, was given by Thomas Nutall, mem- ber of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. He called Arkansas Post, the Post of Ozark, after one of the Indian villages lower down the river. He embarked on the White river in February and a day later passed over the bayou connecting the White with the Arkan- sas. He proceeded up the Arkansas, still red and muddy from a freshet, towed past bars larger than any he had ever before seen, and reached the home of Madame Gordon, the first house above the bayou. About a mile and a half a1)ovc this, he found a settle- ment of four or live French families upon an elevated, fertile tract of land. The floods of the Arkansas fre- quently covered the whole area to White river, a dis- tance of thirty m.iles. He was astonished at the caprice of the river in changing its channel, making lagoons and lakes, and by new channels meandering its way to the sea. The Post of Arkansas consisted of thirty or forty houses scattered over a prairie nearly as elevated as the Chickasaw Bluffs. The energetic merchants of this place, with their well-assorted stores of merchandise, mostly drawn from New Orleans, controlled the entire trade of the White and Arkansas rivers. The improve- ment of the place had been slow, owing to uncertain titles to the lands. The adjustment of the large Spanish grants of. not less than one million acres was no easy task for Congress. These grants had not been approved, and it was feared they never would be. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 77 unless the claimants released their monopolies and settled upon the giant grants a certain number of families. Ihe next house reached was the cabin of Joseph Kirkendale. Here Nutall met the principal chief of the Quapaws, Hecaton/ — a man of prepossessing appearance and manner. He had with him the treaty of cession and the map of the survey. Fifteen miles above this place was an aboriginal station resembling a triangular fort, which the Quapaws say was inhabited by a people who were white and partially civilized, but whom they conquered by stratagem. At Michael Le Bonn's, called the Bluff, Nutall found a low ridge covered with pines. At the second Pine Bluff he met with Monsieur Bartholomew and some families who had ceased to cultivate the soil and had become hunters. These, with two or tliree families at the first Pine Bluff, were the descendants of the French- men left by De Tonti in 1686. From this point to Little Rock no settlements were passed, except a house about 12 miles below the latter place. Here lived Mr. Daniel, and here also was the road or trail which passed from St. Louis to Mound Prairie Settlement (near Columbus, Hempstead county). I. Hecaton was the last full-blooded chief, and died soon after reachinjf Indian Territory. He was succeeded by Saracen, who was one of nature's noblemen. On one occasion some roving ChicUasaws stole two children of a trapper at Pine Bluff. The mother appealed to Saracen, who promised to bring them to her before midnight. Creeping at dusk to the Chickasaw camp, he raised the war whoop, and in the confusion that followed, seized the children, escaped with them, and delivered them safely into the arms of their mother. He went to Indian Territory, bi't returned to Arkansas to live on lands granted to him in 1S24. He died at the age of ninety years, and was the first to be buric;l in llic cemetery at Pine Hluff. In i83S when the Catholic church was built in Pine Bluff, a memorial window was placed in it inscribed to him. 78 HISTORY OF ARI^AA^SAS. During the day Nutall passed another Pine Bluff, behind which was the first prominent hill on the Arkansas. The fagade in which the hill terminates is called the Little Rock. There were then a few families living on both sides of the river upon high, healthful, fertile land.^ About 22 miles from Hogan's, on the Saline, was another settlement of nine or ten families (near what is now Benton). The population was rapidly increas- ing through immigration from Kentucky and Tennes- see. A great road led to the Post of Washita and the Hot Spring about 50 miles away, and from there to Mound Prairie, about 150 miles away. Cadron was next reached, where five or six families lived on an imaginary town plot. There being no grist mill in the country, flour at Arkansas Post was sold for $12 a barrel. Corn meal was made in a wooden mortar or ground in rude horse-mills. The United States survey of lands had begun, and one of the sur- veyors, Mr. Pettis, was busy at Cadron laying off the sections. Speculation in land warrants was already rife, and the lands were then bringing from 1^3 to $10 per acre, a proof of the growing importance of the country. After passing the houses of David IM. Henry and Mr. Frazer, the Cherokee cabins were reached at Point Remove. At some distance above the first Cherokee settlement was the second called the Galley. Here the Indians were managing their farms like the Americans and were making rapid progress toward civilization. At the Dardanelle settlement Nutall climbed the now famous Dardanelle Rock,^ from which he obtained a 1. The Douglasses, Payetts, Grays, Le Faves, Martins, and Hogans. 2. Called Dardani, at that time, by both French and Americans. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 79 glorious view of the beautiful Dardanelle Plain. The Petit Jane, the Maumelle and the Magazine made a splendid background for the scene. Near Vache Grass Creek the last house was passed, and at noon on March 24, after a journey of forty days, the garrison at the mouth of the Poteau was reached. The garrison consisted of two blockhouses and lines of cabins or barracks for the 70 men it con- tained, and was situated upon an elevation more com- manding and picturesque than any other in the state. On his downward trip, one year later, Nutall met Mr. Miller, the newly appointed governor of Arkansaw territory, who had left his boat at Arkansas Post. The boat had for its motto, " I'll try," and was very handsomely and conveniently fitted up.^ 48. Travel in the Early Days. Settlements were now in existence at Helena, Arkansas Post, Pine Bluff, Ben- ton, Cadron, Davidsonville, Ft. Smith, Hot Springs, Biscoeville, Crystal Hill, Marlbrook, and Mound Prairie, and between these were scattered, at long intervals, the lonely cabins of solitary pioneers. The stagecoach was unknown, as were carriages, steam- boats, and railroads. Canoes, rafts, and keel boats were used in the water, while horses and covered wagons furnished the means of transportation on land. Between the settlements were vast swamps and dense forests. No bridges crossed the streams and few roads were cut through the forests. Dangers met the traveler at every turn. To camp at night under the cold shelter of the trees was a frequent necessity, and to be lost in the woods an event of common occurrence. None but I. For further accounts of travels on the Arkansas in 1820, see Cephas Washburn's Reminiscences of the Indians. 8o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Strong, brave men could endure such hardships and move on to success in the face of such foes. To these pioneers we owe not only the conquest of the wilder- ness, but a firm foundation of courage, self-denial, honesty, and industry — the heritage of our present civilization; and it is the duty of every citizen to revere the memory of the pioneers and to prove worthy of their self-*sacrifice by applying their guiding principles of conduct to the new questions of life which unfold themselves in our developing civilization. CHAPTER X. THE TERRITORY OF ARKANBAW, 1S19-1836. JAMES miller's ADMINISTRATION, 1819-1825. 49. Arkansaw. 54. The Superior Court. 50. Miller's Administration, 55. The Second Legislature. 1819-1825. 51. Steamboats. 52. The First Newspaper. 53. The Public Lands. 49. Arkansaw. On the 4th of July 1819, Arkan- sas began its separate existence under the name Arkansaw territory. Congress declared that on that date all that part of Missouri territory lying south of a line be- ginning on the Missis- sippi river at 36 degrees 56. New Counties. 57. The Choctaws. 58. Dwight Mission. 59. Little Rock in Embryo. TEKRITOKIAL SEAL, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 8i north latitude, running thence west to the St. Francis river, thence up that river to 36 degrees, 30 minutes north,! thence to the western territorial line of Missouri, should be a separate ter- ritory (March 2, 1819). The seat of government was to be at "Arkansaw Post," on the "Arkan- saw " river. This town was known also as the "Command of Arkan- saw." President Monroe appointed Gen. James Miller 2 of New Hamp- shire, governor, and Robert Crittenden of Frankfort, Kentucky, secretary. james miller. 50 Miller's Administration. The governor did not arrive until late in the year, and the duty of organizing the government devolved upon the secretary, Mr. Crittenden, then only 22 years of age. With courage and ability he entered upon the duties of his office, and 1. This makes a break in the northern boundary. At this time Missouri was seeking admission to the Union as a state. In the district to the extreme southeast there were some influential men who desired to be mem- bers of a state rallier than of a territory; they worked with energy and they accomplished their purpose. The line was surveyed in 1823-24, but the work was so poorly done as to call for a resurvey, which was made in 1844-45. 2. This was the hero of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewatcr, who, when asked by the commander whether he could take a certain dangerous battery, laconi- cally responded, " I'll try, sir." After leaving Arkansas he was appointed collector of the port of Salem. When Andrew Jackson was elected Presi- dent, an effort was made to remove Gov. Miller from his office, but when Jack- son was informed that Miller was the hero of Lundy's Lane, he said : " Tell Gen. Miller that he shall be collector of Salem as long as Andrew Jackson is President." - KIST. OF ARK. — 6 82 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. soon had the government in good working order. He appointed sheriffs and clerks for each of the counties, and convened the first territorial legislature.^ This body consisted of the governor and the judges of the superior court, appointed by the President. The judges were Charles Jouett, Robert Letcher, and Andrew Scott. The legislature met on July 28, 1819, Robert Crittenden acting as governor. Charles Jouett was elected speaker, and George W. Scott, clerk. The session lasted seven days. It established two circuit courts; created the offices of territorial auditor and treasurer, each with a salary of three hundred dollars, and made the territorial laws of Missouri of a public nature applicable to Arkansas. Geo. W. Scott was appointed auditor, and James Scull, treasurer. Thus the new territory began its existence with a full corps of officers and a digest of laws. The population of the territory at this time was estimated at 14,000; by the census of 1820 it was 14,255. 51. Steamboats. In iSii the first steamboat that navigated the western waters was built at Pittsburg. The plans were furnished by Robert Fulton and the cost of the boat was nearly $40,000. It was 116 feet long and 20 feet wide across the beam, and was named the New Orleans. Leaving Pittsburg in October the boat reached New Madrid just as the earthquake was changing the current of the river, and after some very exciting experiences landed at Natchez in Janu- ary, 1812. All Natchez turned out to see this great I. A legislature of this kind is denominated by Congress a government of the first grade. When a territory is permitted to elect its territorial legisla- ture, it is called a government of the second grade. Arkansas was soon advanced to the second grade (1820). HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 83 invention, which was destined to revolutionize methods of travel. Governor Miller arrived at Arkansas Post on Dec. 26, 1819, on a keel boat fitted up for his use by the government. It had a large and handsome cabin, with many of the conveniences of more modern steamboats. On both sides of the vessel, in large gilt letters, was the name, " Arkansaw," and from a tall mast there floated a magnificent national flag in the center of which was the word "Arkansaw," sur- rounded by the words " I'll try, sir." The first steam- boat that reached the Post Avas the Comet, April i, 1820. The first to ascend to Little Rock was the Eagle, March 22, 1822. The trip from New Orleans to Little Rock took seventeen days. Ft. Smith was reached by the Robert Thompson in 1822; Red river was ascended in 1829, and the White to Batesville, in 1831. 52. The First Newspaper. On November 20, 1819, " The Arkansas Gazette " was issued for the first time. Its owner was William E, Woodruff, a native of New York, and a man of intelligence and enterprise. He learned his trade in Brooklyn, and walked from Louis- ville to Franklin, Tenn. Here he purchased a printing outfit and started for Arkansas. He went down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi to the mouth of the White, where he procured two canoes and transported his goods to Arkansas Post. He built a log house and 84 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. soon began his work. This was tlie beginning of news- paper enterprise in Arkansas. Upon the removal of the capital to Little Rock in 1821, Woodruff moA'ed his office to that place, where it has since remained. The first issue at Little Rock was dated Dec. 29, 182 1. The paper is still in existence, and has always been the leading journal of the state. LAND SI'K\ KV 53. The Public Lands. In October, 1819, James AVood- son Bates ^ was elected delegate to Congress, defeating I. James Woodson Bates was born in Virginia. He went to St. Louis in i8iq. He moved to Arkansas territory upon its creation and was ap- pointed circuit judge. He resigned this office in 1821 and ran for dele- gate to Congress. At the next election, in 1823, being defeated by Henry \V. Conway, he moved to the new town, Batcsville, which was named after him. In 1825 he was appointed by President Adams judge of the superior court. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 85 Colonel Matthew Lyon.^ He was the first representa- tive at Washington from the territory of Arkansaw. Land offices were opened at Arkansas Post and David- sonville in 1820. The President appointed William Douglas Simms, register, and Henry W. Conway, re- ceiver at the Post; and Hartwell Boswell, register, and John Trimble, receiver at Davidsonville. These officers were to sell the public lands of the United States. The register receives the application for a given tract and records it; the receiver takes the money paid for it and turns it over to the government. At the begin- ning (181 2) the General Land Office was under the Department of the Treasury, but in 1849 it was trans- ferred to the Department of the Interior. No question has influenced the growth of America so much as that concerning the disposition of the pub- lic lands. In the early history of the government these lands were not given away as they are now, but were sold at a very low price. It was thought better to give the people cheap farms and thus aid the development of the country, than to derive from the lands great revenues. One section in every township — one thirty- sixth of all the land — was reserved for educational purposes. Later on another section was added to the one already set apart, but this did not apply to Arkan- sas. Had this fund been wisely managed by the state it would to-day be a valuable aid to the schools. Lands He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1836, and afterwards register of the Land Office at Clarksville. He died in 1S46. I. Col. Lyon was born in Ireland in 1746. He moved first to New York and then to Vermont. He represented the latter state in Congress from 1797 to 1801. He was expelled from Congress by the Federalists for an alleged vio- lation of the "Alien and Sedition Laws." He moved from Vermont to Ken- tucky and thence to Arkansas. He died at Spadra in 1823. 86 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. were given to the states for colleges, levee purposes, and state buildings. The extension of railroads also was encouraged by the liberal land laws. After the lands were surveyed and the legal reserva- tions set aside, the remaining tracts were offered for sale in quarter section tracts at not less than two dol- lars per acre. In 1S62 the Homestead Law was passed, which practically gave any man a quarter section who would improve and cultivate it. From the beginning of the national government it has been a settled policy to reward the soldiers and sailors with a part of the public land. In the War of 1812 a bounty of 160 acres was offered to every soldier who should enlist. These bounties were satisfied until 1842 by reservations set apart in Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas; after 1842 these land warrants were permitted to be located upon any public lands, subject to private entry. In 1815 the first survey of lands by the government was begun in Arkansas between the Arkansas and St. Francis rivers. I'wo million acres were surveyed and expressly set apart for the bounties of soldiers. None of these lands were sold. The soldiers were given a warrant and the land department located it by a lottery process. Only the very best lands were surveyed. Thus the new territory of Arkansas from the start was peopled with the heroes of the War of 1812 — men of courage and ability. ^' The surveyor of the lands in Illinois, Arkansas, and Missouri, from 1814 to 1824 was A\'illiam Rector; from 1824 to 1825, William Clark. An office for the sur- veyor-general ^ of the Arkansas surveying district was I. James S. Conway was the first surveyor general and held the oiTice until he was elected governor (i8j6). HISTORY OF JRA'ANSAS. 87 opened at Little Rock in 1832 and discontinued in 1859 Otlier land ofifices were opened at Batesville, Fayette- ville, Huntsville, Pardanelle, Washington, Camden, Helena, Johnson Courthouse, Clarksville, Champag- nolle, and Harrison, as the settlement of the state increased; one by one they have been closed until to- day but four are left. These are Little Rock, Camden, Dardanelle and Harrison.^ William Rector was directed on Aug. 20, 1818, by Josiah Meigs, commis- sioner of the General Land Office, to begin the survey of sixty townships for actual sale. The work was finished in 1819, but none of the land was sold until 1821. 54. The Superior Court. In 1820, President Monroe appointed Benjamin Johnson, a member of the superior or United States court. His associate, appointed in 1819, was Andrew Scott. The following is a list of the judges from 1819 to 1836, the year in which the terri- tory became a state. Benjamin Johnson. Thomas P. Eskridge. Andrew Scott. Charles S. Bibb. Charles Jouett James Woodson Bates. Robert P. Fletcher. Edward Cross. Joseph Selden. Thomas J. Lacy. William Trimble. Archibald Yell. Alexander Clayton. From 1819 to 1828 the court consisted of three mem- bers; from 1828 to 1836, of four. Benjamin Johnson remained upon the bench from the date of his appoint- ment until the territory ceased to exist, w^hen he was I. The survey in Arkansas began in 1815. The fifth principal meridian was established in that year, as was the base line from the mouth of the St. Francis to the Arkansas. This line was finished to the western line of the state in 1837, 1838, and 1841, 88 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. appointed district judge of the United States court, which position he held until his death in 1849 — after twenty-nine years of honorable and capable service to his state and country. The first session of the court was held at Arkansas Post in 1820; later sessions were held at Little Rock. 55. The Second Legislature. The second legislature of the territory (the first whose delegates were elected by the people) was held at Arkansas Post in 1820 (Feb. 7 to Feb. 20). I'he body was composed of a council consisting of five members, and a House of Representa- tives of ten members. The principal act of this body was the enactment of a law moving the capital of the territory to Little Rock. 56. New Counties. At the sessions of the legislature held in 1820 and 1S2:; five new counties were created: County. Miller , Phillips Crawford . . . Independence Chicot Date of formation. April I, i8jo. Abol- ished 1836; Rees- tablished 1874 ... May I, 1820 Oct. 18, 1820 Oct. 23, 1820. Oct. 25. 1823. Named after. Gov. Miller Svlvanus Phillips. . . Hon. Wm. H. Craw- ford Pt. Chicot. County seats. Monticello, Helena. Crawford Court- house, Van Buren. Batesville. Villemont, Columbia. Lake Village. Besides the Crreenbrier settlement already mentioned, settlements had already sprung into existence at the mouth of Polk Bayou (Old Batesville), Big Bottom, and Oil Trough Bottom. The latter has long been noted as one of the most fertile in America. 57. The Choctaws. By the Quapaw treaty of 181 8, the western line of the territory acquired by the Ignited HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 8g States from the Quapaws, was designated as a line run- ning through the sources of the Kiamishi river, a branch of the Red river, and the Poteau, a branch of the Arkan- sas. This was thought to be the western line of Arkan- sas territory and settlers moved to the land east of it and began their clearings. They also began settle- ments west of the line. General Jackson, under direction of the govern- ment, issued orders to the commanding officer at Fort Smith to remove all white settlers from the west of the Kiamishi-Poteau line. Capt. Bradford, in 1819, found about two hundred settlers trespassing to the west, and directed them to remove farther east. They thereupon selected new grounds to the east and felt secure in their holdings. But the western line of Ar- kansas territory was not to remain the Kiamishi- Poteau line. After many conflicts our present western line was finally established. The first interest to be considered by the govern- ment was that of the Indians, The Quapaw right had been purchased by the government, and it was the legal owner of all the territory within the limits of the present state of Arkansas, and to the west as far as the Louisiana purchase extended. This western limit was not then determined. The second interest was that of the whites in the older states to the east, whose boundary lines were determined and upon whose soil the Indians yet remained, although not subject to their laws. The third and last interest was that of the white settlers in Arkansas, who without legal right had settled upon government lands. in the settlement of these interests the government go HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. acted with wisdom and prudence, and at length reached a conclusion, which satisfied all claims. Here and there, perhaps, an individual felt himself injured, but in questions of this kind adjustments can be made only by considering the greatest good of the greatest number. Jefferson conceived the idea of a western territory for the Indians, into which no white settlements should extend and over which no state laws should dominate. The necessity for this grew appar- ent as the older states became more densely populated. Two governments within one boundary caused con- stant friction, and the Indian always was the loser. Friction of this kind even led the state of Georgia to nullify a decision of the supreme court of the United States, and to call out her militia to oppose the United States authority. To John C. Calhoun, who, as a cabinet officer during Monroe's administra- tion, had to deal with the Indian question, is due the greatest credit for the final solution of the problem. General Meigs and Generg.1 Jackson also lent their aid in the settlement of the question. The Choctaws were settled within the boundaries of Mississippi and Alabama, and it became necessary to protect them against state encroachment; but this was impossible so long as they remained as aliens on state soil. Calhoun offered them the alternative of dissolving all tribal relations and becoming citizens of the United States, with a limited amount of land in severalty, or of going west of the Mississippi river upon other govern- ment lands. Very unwillingly they chose the latter alternative. On October i8, 1820, they signed a treaty by which they exchanged their lands east of the Mis- sissippi for a large tract south of the Arkansas river in HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 9I Arkansas and Indian Territory, and west of a line beginning on the Arkansas river, opposite the termina- tion of the old Cherokee line at Point Remove and running southwestvvardly to a point on Red river, three miles below the mouth of Little river. This ended the difficulty in Mississippi but started a new one in Arkansas. The Choctaws began to remove, and in a short time had made settlements on the south side of the Arkansas river and on the north side of the Red river. In December, 1821, Henry D. Downs, under direc- tion of the secretary of war, surveyed the line from Point Remove to Red river, a distance of one hundred and fifteen miles. He found 375 families of white settlers, averaging seven to a family, between the Point Remove-Red river line and the old Kiamishi- Poteau line. He advised the secretary of war to have the new line moved westward to the Kiamishi-Poteau line. The settlers became clamorous and the Arkan- sas legislature petitioned Congress for aid. The sec- retary of war proposed a further removal to the Choctaws, but they refused to go as far west as the Kiamishi-Poteau line. Congress passed a law in 1824, establishing the western boundary of Arkansas as a line beginning forty miles west of the Missouri line and running south to Red river. This was idle legislation, and could not affect the treaties made by the Choctaws and Cherokees. Their lines remained where their treaties placed them, and left the white settlers upon Indian lands subject to removal. Finding that the Indians would not agree to the Kiamishi-Poteau line, the secretary of war proposed to give the Choctaws lands between the Arkansas and 92 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Red rivers, west of a line drawn from a point one hun- dred paces east of the fort at Fort Smith, due south to Red river. The offer was accepted by the Choctaws and a treaty was made to that effect in 1825. A few white settlers were left between this line and the Kiamishi-Poteau line; they received from the govern- ment grants of other land further east. This disposed of the Choctaw question and settled forever the south- ern part of our western boundary line. When Jackson became President, the question of re- moval of the Indians was paramount in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee; as he favored their removal from these states, he could not ignore the petition of Arkansas for the removal of the Cherokees, the only Indian nation remaining on Arkansas soil. Hence in 1828 a treaty was made with the Ciierokees by which they moved farther west, and by which the remaining part of our western boundary line was declared to be a line from Ft. Smith northwesterly to the southwest corner of Missouri. This line is the western boundary to-day. The last Choctaw treaty left the greater part of Miller county upon Indian soil, and the county was abolished. 58. Dwight Mission. The first Protestant mission in Arkansas was organized in 1820, at Old Dwight, above Russellville, by Cephas Washburn, a Congregational minister, under the direction of the American P.oard of Foreign Missions. He passed through Little Rock on July 4, 1820, and preached in a house which he described as " a small cabin made of round logs with the bark on." At that time there was but one other house where Little Rock now stands, and this was built by Col. Moses Austin in 1819. The audience of HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 93 Mr. Washburn consisted "of fourteen men and no women." Passing on up the river he selected a location for his mission at Dwight, and at once began the erection of several cabins and a larger house for a boarding school. Within two )'ears, although the Cherokees were at war with the Osages, he had- an enrollment of one hun- dred Cherokee boys und girls. He had seven assistant teachers, and the school exerted a marked influence upon the character of the Cherokees. It soon gained great reputation, and many white men who afterwards actjuired distinction in Arkansas, were among its stu- dents. This was the first organized educational enter- prise in the state. 59. Little Rock in Embryo. When Mr. Nutall passed up the Arkansas in March, 1819, he found only Mr. Hogan and a few other families in the neighborhood of Little Rock. But when preemption claims began to be filed, it appeared that many persons had settled upon or near the land where the city now stands. Peter Franks and his wife, Rachel, declared that they had lived on a four- hundred-acre tract of land at or near a place called "Little Rocks" and they sold their "claim" to William Russell for $40. By this purchase Russell thought he had gained the exclusive right to buy this land when the government should offer it for sale. William Lewis and George Stewart also declared that they had lived on the land in 1814. Two others, Jack- son and Joel Crain, claimed the land because of settle- ment thereon, and they sold their claim to Roswell Beebe, who afterwards sold one half of it to Chester Ashley. James Debaun and a lawyer, Robert C. Oden, also lived there in 1819. Thus there were a number 94 HI STORY OF AA'k\4/VSAS. of claimants ready to buy the land as original settlers, or as owners of the latter's rights, when Congress should offer it for sale. In July, 1820, there were but two houses there, but from that date on the settlement progressed rapidly. In addition to these preemption claimants, there were men holding " New. Madrid Certificates," who now began to seek localities upon .which to locate their claims. When New Madrid was destroyed by an earth- quake, the government granted certificates to those who had lost their lands, permitting them to locate claims elsewhere upon government lands (see p. 65). William O'Hara had bought several of these and located thern upon the ground where Little Rock now stands. O'Hara sold a part of these claims to Stephen F. Austin, afterwards known as the " Father of Texas," and to James Bryan. They at once laid off a town, called it Arkopolis, and began to sell lots. In the meantime Russell, who owned the Franks claim, associated with himself William Trimble, Thomas P. Eskridge, Henry W. Conway, Joseph Harding, Robert C. Oden, and Robert Crittenden, and laid off another city called Little Rock. The survey of the city into blocks, streets, and alleys was made by Allen Martin, who lived on the north side of the river. The name Little Rock was preferred to Arkopolis. Allen Martin's survey became the basis of the city star ted y Russell and his associates have been called the " First Proprietors of the Soil." They sold a great many lots. Every preemption claimant, however, engaged in the same business and the result was a great number of conflicting claims. The government, soon after this, decided that no claims were valid that were based upon HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 95 an occupancy of the soil before the government received the title from the Indians. It was decided also that the New Madrid claims were not valid, because the New Madrid certificates were to be located only upon lands that were subject to sale at the date of the New Madrid Relief Act. The conflicting claims of Russell and Beebe were still unsettled. On Sept. 25, 1839, the government issued its patent to Roswell Beebe. On July 6, 1838, when it became evident that Beebe would succeed, he being desirous to protect innocent purchasers under other claims, entered into an agreement with the mayor and alderm.en of Little Rock to the effect that when his patent should be issued, he would upon demand quitclaim to any person holding a perfect title from any one or all of the original owners or proprietors. Shortly after this Ashley entered into the same agree- ment, and when the patent was issued to Beebe, these agreements were faithfully carried out, and a vexatious trouble of eighteen years' duration was happily ended. Governor Miller never liked the situation of Little Rock. Upon his arrival he purchased a large tract of land near Crystal Hill, fifteen miles above Little Rock, and lived there while in Arkansas. He undertook to have the capital removed to Crystal Hill but was unsuccessful. General Explanation of Land Claims. In the settling of claims to the western country many new expressions came into use, which we must be sure to understand. The nations of the earth recognize occupancy of the soil as a claim to ownership of it. The amount occupied must not be greater than is demanded by the needs of a family. The Indian right 96 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. to a limited quantity of land has never been disputed, but his right to large areas which he cannot and will not use has been denied. The United States held large areas which it did not use, but an effort was always being put forth to settle these tracts. The government held the land in trust for actual settlers, and invited settlements to be made according to fixed rules. Lands were to be surveyed into tracts of con- venient size and offered for sale. Many men eager to obtain the choicest of the lands would not wait for surveys and sales. They roamed over the country in covered wagons, selected the land they wanted, generally near a spring, and began their clearings. Such settlers were called "squatters." They were the first to occupy and cultivate the land, although without legal authority. Yet these squatters were doing what the government desired to have done, — they were developing the country. Hence Congress gave the squatter the first right to buy what he had settled on when it should be offered for sale — a preemption right as it was called. The law granting such preemption right was known as the " squatter land law," and thence has come the term, " squatter sovereignty." When a preemption is granted which may be located anywhere it is called a " preemption float." When the land is paid for, the government gives a deed called a " land warrant," or a " patent." If this warrant is a gift to soldiers, it is called a " soldier's land warrant." From 1806 to the time of the admission of Arkansas into the Union there were hundreds of men in the state who had no intention of settling there. They were HISJ'OKV OF AJiA'AA'SAS. 97 hunters who buflt log huts where they pleased, cleared small tracts of land for a garden, and remained until the game became scarce; then they departed to other regions where game was plentiful and proceeded as before. When Congress passed the preemption law in 1814, a class of speculators sprang into existence who used the law for their own advantage. They made diligent search for the hunters who had "camped " at times on the lands, purchased their preemption rights for nominal sums, and located the lands. The Land Department of the United States and the courts of the state were besieged by a number of these claimants, and were forced to devote much time to a settlement of these claims. The result was that a large number of regulations, decisions, and statutes were formulated — the land laws of the state and the nation. CHAPTER XI. GEORGE IZARD's ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1828. 60. Biographical Sketch. 62. Churches. 61. New Counties. 63. Dueling. 64. Schools. 60. Biographical Sketch. On the resignation of Gov- ernor Miller to accept another position, President John Quincy Adams appointed George Izard of South Caro- lina to succeed him. George Izard's education began in Paris and was continued at Columbia College. His military education was obtained in England and Ger- many. He entered the corps of French engineers and completed its course of studies. In the War of 1812 HIST. OF ARK. — ^ 98 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. he was made major general. He was of commanding appearance, and of courtly manners. His administra- tion was wise and good. He died in November, 1828, and was buried in Little Rock.^ 61. New Counties. In the three sessions of the legis- lature that convened during Governor Miller's admin- istration, the following counties were created: County. Counties from whicii formed. Date of formation. Named after. County Seats. I. Conway — Pulaski Oct. 20, 1825 Henry W. Conway. Cadron, Marion, H arrisburg, Lewisburg, Springfield, Mor- rilton. 2. Crittenden .. Pliillips Oct. 22, 1S25 Robt. Crit- tenden.- Greenock, Marion, 3. Izard Independence Oct. 27, 1S25 Gov. Izard Liberty, Mount Ol- ive, Mount V'er- non, Melbourne. 4. St. Francis.. Pliillips Oct. 13, 1827 St. Francis River . . . Franklin, Madison, Forrest City. 5. Lovely Lovely's Pur- chase Oct. 13, 1S27 Lovely Purchase. 6. Lafayette .. Hempstead .. Oct. 15, 1S27 Marquis de Lafay- ette Chickaniny, Prai- rie, Lewisville. 7. Sevier H e m p s t e ad and Miller . Oct. 17, 182S Ambrose H. Sevier Paraclifta, Locks- burg. 8. Washington. Lovely Oct. 17, 1S2S Geo. Wash- ington .- Washington Court- house, now Fay- etteville. Nineteen counties had thus been created one of which had been abolished. Settlements were spring- I. Governor Izard always called the final .r in Arkansas an interloper, and erased it upon the official letter heads which contained it. Upon the station- ery provided by himself the word was spelled Arkatisa. Robert Crittenden acted as governor several months before the arrival of Gov. Izard and from. November, 1828, to March, 1829. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 99 COl'NTIlLa IN ARKANSAS IN 1828 AFTER EXTINGTISHMENT OF INDIAN TITLES. Arkansas, December 31, 1813. Lawrence, January 15, 1815. Clark, December 15, 1818. Pulaski, December 15, iSiS. Hempstead, December 15, iSiS. Miller, April i, 1820. Phillips, May i, 1820. Crawford, October 18, 1820. Independence, October 23, 1820. Chicot, Octcjber 25, 1823. Conway, October 20, 1825. Crittenden, October 22, 1825. Izard, October 27, 1825. St. Francis, October 13, 1827. Lovely,October 13, 1827, abolished iS Lafayette, October 15, 1827. Sevier, October 17, 1828. Washington, October 17, 1828. The present western boundary of the state was the joint result of the two treaties between the United States and the Choctaw and Cherokee nations. It was surveyed from Ft. Smith south in 1825, and from the same point north in 1829. L.OFC loo HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. ing up in all directions to usher in the second era of progress, the reign of the farmer with his fields, flocks, and herds, the real developer of the state. 62. Churches. The Protestant churches began their work in Arkansas through traveling preachers as early as 1810. A Cumberland Presbyter-ian preacher, John Carnahan, held services at Arkansas Post in 181 1 and a memorial window has been set apart for him in the Presbyterian church at Little Rock.. In 1816 the Methodists established a congregation, and built a church at Mound Prairie, Hempstead county, called Henry's Chapel. Spring River Circuit was established by the same denomination in 1815. In 1820 the Methodists had si.x circuits: Pecan Point, Hot Springs, Mound Prairie, Arkansas, Spring River, and White River. There were at that time 511 white members and 25 colored members. The first sermon at Little Rock was preached in 1820 by Rev. Cephas Washburn, the Congregationalist, who was then on his way to establish the mission at Dwight. The Presbyterians erected a log chapelin Little Rock a few years afterwards, which was used by the Metho- dists for many years until they built themselves a house. The Baptists began their work in the state at a very early date. They built the first church in Little Rock in the year 1825. It was o'f logs and was used for a long time by the legislature. The Christian church began organic work in 1832. In the country, preaching went on at irregular times, in such houses as the neighborhoods provided. Men went to church with their guns and dogs. Should the dogs start a bear during services the men grasped their rifles and left the women and the preacher to finish the HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. lOI services. From these churches, however, have pro- ceeded our law-abiding, honest, and fearless citizens. 63. Dueling. Two noted duels occurred during Governor Izard's administration, one of which cast a gloom over the entire state. This took place In Mis- sissippi, opposite the mouth of White river. Henry W. Conway was mortally wounded by his antagonist, Robert Crittenden. Both men were young and useful. Conway had filled many important positions, and at the time of his death was serving his third term as delegate to Congress. He never swerved in the discharge of duty and was very popular. His antagonist was a talented, eloquent, and vigorous man. He was closely connected with political events in the early develop- ment of Arkansas. The difficulty grew out of political differences. The other duel between Thos. W. Newton and Ambrose H. Sevier occurred at Point Remove. One shot was fired without injury to either of the antago- nists. Then they shook hands and became friends. The settling of difficulties by duel was very popular in those days; it is now regarded as a species of lawlessness. The community through its judicial institutions guarantees protection to every man, and takes from all the right of self redress, save in self or home defense. 64. Schools. Besides the Mission at Dwight, there were many private schools, conducted in the towns by competent teachers. Tuition was charged, but it was so low as not to occasion hardship. In the country, schools were started in the communities as the settle- ments enlarged, all of them being upon the " old field " plan. Pupils rode from five to ten miles and remained HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. from sunrise till sunset. The books were scarce and the accommodations few. The teacher was expected to be educated, to have good traits of character and to discipline the pupils and develop their manhood. Many men who afterwards became noted in the affairs of the state were tanght in these humble schools. In 1827 Congress gave to Arkansas seventy-two sections of land for the purpose of establishing a seminary of learning. Some of the selections were made in 1827, and the remainder under the administration of Gov. Pope. M a j o r E 1 i a s Rector ^ made the choice of land-s, and they were reported as being the best and most valuable lands in the state. In 1829 the legislature passed the first law concerning public schools. It authorized the appointment of town- ship trustees, the leasing of each sixteenth section, and the application of the rental to the support of schools in the township. In many neighborhoods the fund was sufficient to support a school, but in the greater number it was necessary to supplement it by subscriptions. I. Major Rector was one of the most noted of early Arkansas men. His bearings -vvas distinguished and his dress of the greatest elegance. He dressed in Mark silU velvet made in the best fashion. His linen was of the finest and most ihiboratcly ruffled. His hat was a costly Mexican sombrero, and he wore morocco boots. He was the bravest of the brave and has been im- mortalized by Albert Pike in that noted song, "The fine old Arkansas Gentleman, close to the Choctaw line." M.VJOR EI,I.\S RECTOR. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 103 CHAPTER XII. JOHN pope's administration, 1S29-1835. 65. Biographical Sketch. 68, New Counties. 66. National Laws. 69. Elections. 67. The New Statehouse. 70. Newspapers. 65. Biographical Sketch. John Pope was born in Virginia. He moved to Kentucky and was elected United States senator, the colleague of Henry Clay. President Jackson appointed him governor of Arkansas territory in 1829, and again in 1833. He brought with him to Arkansas his family, servants, and household goods. The political conflicts at that day were exceedingly bitter and the Whigs throughout the state criticised Governor Pope severely ;i but he maintained his posi- tion without swerving. His object always was the highest interest of the state, and all private considera- tions had to yield to this. His private life was above all reproach and his administration was among the greatest in territorial days. It was this governor who had the courage to say: "In justice to the people of this territory, I declare, in the face of the world, and on the respon- sibility of my public and private character, that, among no people with whom I am acquainted, are the ordinary offenses against the property and peace of society less frequent; stealing and robbery are rare; nowhere are the moral and social relations main- I. The parties in Arkansas were called the " Sevier " and the " Crittenden " party. Sevier was a strong Jackson man and at that time had the largesf influence of any man in the stale. I04 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. tained with more fidelity; and even the black popula- tion seem to acquire a laudable pride and elevation of character the moment they breathe the Arkansas atmosphere." Judge William Savin Fulton was also appointed to suc- ceed Robert Crittenden as secretary of the territory. Crittenden had held the position for ten years, and had three times been the acting governor. Hon. Jesse Turner of Van Buren said of him: " He was a man of brilliant and powerful mind. As an orator he had no rival in the territory, and, in my judgment, has had no equal since his day." 66. National Laws. i. Congress enacted that all the officers who had been appointed by the governor should henceforth be elected by the people. 2. Ten sections of land were given the state upon which to raise money to build a statehouse. 3. The expenses of the legislature were made a charge upon the national, instead of the territorial treasury. 4. Arrangements were made by which the mails. were to be transported by steamboat from Little Rock to Memphis. 67. The New Statehouse. The legislature and the territorial offices were kept in huts about town for the first eight years. In 1827 Robert Crittenden built a fine brick house as a residence and a brick office in which he kept the records of the governor and the secretary. When the ten sections of land were given to Arkansas to provide a statehouse, the legislature passed a law authorizing an exchange of the ten sections for the house of Mr. Crittenden. Governor Pope vetoed this bill, giving as a reason that the lands were worth more HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 105 than the house. ^ This offended the men who had secured the passage of the law, and they sent a petition to Congress asking for the governor's removal. Con- gress answered this by passing a law conferring on the governor full powers with reference to the ten sections of land, delegating to him the authority that had before been vested in the territorial legislature. It author- ized him to make selections, to sell the lands, and to erect a statehouse. In February, 1833, the sales were made, and the sum of $31,722 was realized. The house of Mr. Crittenden was sold the same year for $6, 700. The grounds for the statehouse were donated in part by the citizens of Little Rock, and the work of building at once began. Mr. Weigart was the architect, and Chester Ashley the superintendent. The building, begun in 1833, was ready for occupancy in 1836. The first legislature after the admission of the state into the Union was held in the new statehouse, then one of the finest buildings in the South. For sixty years it has been the capitol and stands to-day as a monument to the honesty, energy, and good taste of the men who had charge of the government in territorial days. The I. The grounds for the veto were six in number : I. That Conj^ress had authorized the legislature to select the land and then sell it. That the legislature might select, but it could not sell the right to select. II. That the fund was to be applied to the purchase of a temporary state- house instead of a permanent building. III. That the locality of the residence was not in the business quarter of the town. IV. That it was a sacrifice of public property without a fair equivalent. V. That it was impolitic to sell lands not selected upon a supposed valuation. VI. That the movement was premature, and would place the final disposi- tion of the fund beyond the control of the people, before they understood its import or the value of the lands. io6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State has long since outgrown the building and a new one is needed which shall better represent our present position of importance. 68. New Counties. The legislature which convened at Little Rock in 1829 created six new counties and established the first seat of justice for each at a house in the neighborhood. The following is the list: County. Counties from which formed. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. I. Pope. ... Crawford Nov. 2, 1829 Gov. Pope Scotia, Old Dwight, Norristown, Do- ver, Russellville. 2. Union Hempstead and Clark.. Nov. 2, 1829 Encorea, Fabre, El Dorado 3. Hot Spring- _ Clark Nov. 2, 1829 Hot Sprgs. Hot Springs, Rock- 4. Monroe Phillips and port, Malvern. Arkansas .. Nov. 2, 1829 Pres. Mon- roe Law r e n c e v i 1 1 e, 5. Jefferson Arkansas and Clarendon. Pulaski Nov. 2, 1829 Pres. Jef- ferson .. Pine Bluff. 6. Jaclcson Independent . Nov. 5. 1829 Pres. Jack- son Litchfield, Eliza- beth, Augusta, J a c k s n p r t, Newport. The next session of the legislature (1833) created seven new counties. County. 1. Mississippi.. Crittenden 2. Carroll Izard Counties from which formed. Pike 4. Green 5. Scott.. Hempstead and Clark.. Lawrence Crawford and Pope Date of formation. Nov. I, 1833 Nov. I, 1833 Nov. 1, 1833 Nov. 5, 1833 Nov. 5, 1833 Named after. Zebulon M, Pike .... Judge An- drew Scott County scats. Cornwall. Carrollton, Berry- ville. Eureka Springs. Murfreesboro. Paris, (jainesville, Paragould. Cauthron Waldron. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 107 County. Counties from which formed. Date of formation. Named after. County Seats. 6. Van IBuren., Conway, Iz- ard, and In- dependence. Nov. 1 1, 1833 Nov. 16, 1833 Bloomington^ Clin- ton. Judge Benj. Johnson. Clarksvillle. 69. Elections. In 1829, the contest for delegate to Congress was between Richard Searcy and Ambrose H. Sevier. Sevier was elected. George W. Scott was appointed United States marshal, and Richard C. Byrd of Pulaski, auditor. In 1831 Ambrose H. Sevier was reelected. The most exciting race for Congress ever known in the territory occurred in 1833 between Ambrose H. Sevier, Democrat, and Robert Crittenden, Whig, in which the latter was defeated. This was the last contest of Mr. Crittenden. He died the next year at Natchez. 70. Newspapers. In 1830 Charles P. Bertrand started the second newspaper in the state at Little Rock and called it " The Advocate." The contest between this new paper and the " The Gazette " began at once and became more bitter each year. In 1834 John W. Steele started " The Political Intelligencer " at Little Rock. "The Gazette" was called the Sevier organ; "The Advocate," the Crittenden organ; and "The Intelli- gencer," the Pope organ. " The Gazette " and " In- telligencer " were Democratic, and " The Advocate," Whis. I08 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XIII. WILLIAM s. Fulton's administration, i 835-1836. 71. Biographical Sketch. 74. Roads and Waterways 7.2, Preparations for Statehood. 76. Population. 73. The First Constitutional Con- 76, Liberation of Texas. . vention. 77. New Counties, 71. Biographical Sketch. William S, Fulton was appointed governor of the territorj^ in 1835. Governor Fulton was born in Maryland in 1795. He moved to Alabama, where he married, and he was a resident of Florence when he was appointed secretary of Arkansas territory. He held this position for six years. He acted as governor until Arkansas was admitted into the Union; then he was elected senator, a position which he held until his death, August 15, 1844. Lewis Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson, was appointed secretary of the territory, Archibald Yell judge of the superior court, and Major Elias Rector, marshal. Col. Ambrose H. Sevier was for the fifth time elected delegate to Congress. 72. Preparations for Statehood. The year 1835 will ever be memorable for the exciting events which grew out of the agitation for statehood. Public meetings were held all over the state to discuss the advisability of seeking admission to the Union. An election held in September, 1835, resulted in the triumph of the State party. The legislature met the following month and passed a law calling a convention to frame a con- stitution and to petition Congress to admit the state into the Union. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 109 73. The First Constitutional Convention, The con- vention met at Little Rock, Jan. 4, 1836, and elected John y\'ilson, president and Charles P. Bertrand, sec- retary. There were fifty-one members. They adopted- a constitution and despatched Charles M. Noland to Washington to deliver it to the President. President Jackson submitted the document to Congress, which raised two objections to it — (i) that the constitution permitted slavery; (2) that the formation of a consti- tution without authority of Congress was irregular. The act admitting Missouri was held to answer the first objection conclusively, as Arkansas was south of the line established therein. As to the second objection, the attorney-general of the United States declared that the people had a right to assemble peaceably and peti- tion and that the convention was merely a peaceable assemblage of the people, and the constitution a petition for admission into the Union as a state. The bill to admit Arkansas to the Union passed Con- gress June 15, 1836, and was signed by the President the next day. The state was allowed one representa- tive until the next census was taken. The contest in the House of Representatives was exciting. The Senate passed the Arkansas admission bill and sent it to the Plouse. Two other bills, one for the correction of the Ohio boundary line, and another for the admis- sion of Michigan were attached to it. This made three parties in the House: (i) The Ohio, (2) the Michi- gan, (3) the Arkansas, each of which had its followers. There was a fourth party, headed by John Quincy Adams, which opposed the admission of Arkansas with slavery. Day after day passed with no decision upon any no HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. of the bills. At last the friends of the three bills united focces. The northern line of Ohio was soon settled. Tnen the Michigan bill was read once, and the reading of the Arkansas bill followed. The same tactics were employed upon their second reading, and upon their final passage. The bill for these two states passed the House of Representatives the same afternoon, and the call of the roll showed that admis- sion forces were more than three to one against the anti-slavery party which voted against the admission of either state. It was at this time that Mr. Wise of Virginia held the house in session twenty-five hours in a speech which lasted all afternoon, all night, and until ten o'clock the next day. 74. Roads and Waterways. Early in the history of the territory laws had been passed for the improve- ment of the roads. Under these laws the work was to be done by citizens and by free negroes. No tax was levied upon the property of the state and as a conse- quence the roads, though numerous, were very poor. Bridges were of a rude type, and not so numerous as the roads. Col. Sevier lost no opportunity in Congress to gain aid for Arkansas from the general government. It was he who urged the granting of ten sections of land for the building of the statehouse. He secured also one thousand acres for the Pulaski jail and courthouse. Through his efforts $236,060 were obtained to improve the navigable waters of the state and to build a road from Memphis to Little Rock. Snag boats entered the state in 1834 and began the work of clearing the channels of our streams. Steamboats traversed our waters in great numbers, bringing large additions to HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. iii the population of the state. Sevier began the agitation for statehood and ])ushed it to successful completion. Meanwhile many toll roads and bridges were being constructed; energy and enterprise characterized the territory. 75. Population. The census of 1S30 sht)\ved a popu- lation of 30,388 or more than twice the number in 1820. Ft)ur fifths of this number were white people. On the first day of January, 1835, the census showed a popula- tion of 51,809, nearly four times as many people as there were in 1820. This great growth in fifteen years was remarkable, — equal in percentage to that of any state in the Union. The emigration as a rule followed the parallels and was chiefly from Tennessee and North Carolina. Great numbers, however, came from Mississippi, Missouri, Georgia, Kentucky, and Virginia, and smaller num- bers from the northern states. These newcomers were, with few exceptions, intelligent, law-abiding, energetic citizens. Slaveholders came with their slaves and opened large farms and plantations, and what was before a dense wilderness now became a region of flourishing cotton fields.^ The masters protected and I. Arkansas has always been noted for its cotton. Upon the islands dis- covered by Columbus the plant was widely cultivated. In the houses of the earliest colonists quantities of yarn were always kept ready to be woven into cloth or twisted into nets. At what period the industry spread to the valley of the Mississippi is not known. The fabric ornamentation found upon much of the pottery would seem to indicate the use of cotton. Charlevoix observed it in Natchez in 1722; Bienville in 1735 wrote to Paris that it grew well upon the Mississippi; Vaudreuil in 1746 said that cotton had been received at New Orleans from the " Illinois." This term " Illinois " v^as used at New Orleans to designate the region above Yazoo, and the cotton referred to was probably the production of the colony at Arkansas Post. As population increased it became more difficult to obtain the seed. This came at first from Jamaica and the colony of Georgia. The first seeds were black and produced a fine, silken J//S7VA'y OF ARKANSAS. supported their slaves; the slaves obeyed and loved their masters. Better houses were built; and art, fiber of good staple. "The next variety of seed, from the Cumberland valley in Tennessee, was of a green color and produced a short staple, coarse-fibered cotton. The low alluvial lands of eastern and southern Arkansas were admir- ably adapted for the growth of cotton, and this industry soon took precedence over all others and added great wealth to the state. America produces most of the cotton used in the world, and India ranks next in quantity produced. Russia has entered upon the production of this material m her south Asian provinces, while Germany and France are encouraging its growth in their African colonies. The Mexicans and Peruvians at the date of the discovery of America wore cotton clothing, and it is stated that the Mexican va- riety of cotton is different from the Asiatic varieties. The world at present uses about 12,000,000 bales, or . about 6,000,000,000 pounds of cotton per year. This at 7 cents a pound would yield the enormous sum of $420,000,000. Prior to 175+ the process of separating the fiber from the seed was so slow as to make the industry unprofitable. The lint was picked from the seed by hand, and around many a fireside this was a nightly occupation. The inven- tion of the cotton gin by Whitney pushed the cotton industry to the front, and the manufacture of the . cotton gins themselves provided another valuable industry. Prior to 179S China and India made most of the cotton fabrics and prints of the world, but the introduction of power looms and spinners has caused Eng- land and the United States to take the lead in manufactured goods, although every great nation engages in the work. Before the Civil War, the cotton production was so great as to create the saying, "Cotton is King." Cotton was first put up in long bags. Later a rude wooden box or press worked by levers was employed. The first screw press was invented by William Dunbar of Mississippi. The cost of the first press was over a thou- sand dollars and caused Mr. Dunbar to write: " I shall endeavor to indemnify myself for the cost by making cotton-seed oil." This gave rise to another great industry amounting in the cotton-growing states to nearly $30,000,000 each year. Thus one improvement leads to another and the result of all is a general increase of trade, and a corresponding increase of comfort and general orofiress among all the people. COTTON OIN HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. '113 music, and learning began to exercise their powers over the people. 76. Liberation of Texas. The year 1836 was memor- able for a struggle made by Texas for independence. Stephen Y . Austin planted a colony in southeastern Texas, and endeavored to gain for it recognition as a Mexican state. Failing in this, he and his associates, Houston, Lamar, Travis, Smith, and Bow^ie, established an independent government called the Republic of Texas. This, however, was not done without oppo- sition and war. Santa Anna, the dictator of Mexico, marched into Texas and attempted to overpower the young government. The people of the southwestern part of the United States were in sympathy with Texas, and furnished it with men and money. One of the most noted Arkansas gatherings of terri- torial days was a barbecue given in the interests of this republic by John Bowie, at his plantation below Helena. Invitations were sent to all parts of Arkansas and to the Indian nation. The barbecue lasted three days and was attended by hundreds of the richest planters, and by a numerous crowd of adventurers. Speeches were made by prominent men from Mississippi and Arkansas, a large sum of money was raised, and several companies of men were recruited, who started at once for the scene of war. These men were familiar with the forest, and knew how to handle the rifle and the bowie knife, hence they made effective soldiers in the contest that followed. Gen. Sam Houston and Col. David Crockett, who had a short time before passed through Arkansas, had created much enthusiasm for Texas. Many Arkansas men- enlisted and were killed at San Jacinto. This HIST. OF ARK. — 8 114 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. war occasioned great alarm along our southwestern border. Fears were entertained that the Mexicans would form a confederacy with the Indians and attack our frontiers. Gov. Fulton called for volunteers, and six companies of troops organized at once and marched to our southwestern boundary. The success of the Texans restored confidence and the volunteers returned home. 77. New Counties. Late in the year 1835 the legis- lature created four new counties: County. Counties from which formed. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seats. X. White. Pulaslci, Inde- pendence and Jackson Oct. 23, 1835 White River... Searcy. s. Randolph. -. Lawrence Oct. 29, 1835 John Ran- dolph Bettis' Bluff, Poca- hontas. 3. Saline Pulaski Nov. 2, 1835 Saline River .. Duncan's Benton. 4. Marion Izard Nov. 3, 1835 Gen. Mar- ion Vellville. GENER.A.L Note. Arkansas as seen by the German hunter, Gerstaecker (1837): " I was now in Arkansas. Game seemed to abound. Flocks of wild turkeys filled the forests as thick as partridges in Germany, and deer were equally plentiful; in one day I saw several herds of ten or twelve head each. On the 23d of January I came to Spring river, so named for the crys- talline clearness of its waters. I stayed all night with a Penn- sylvanian who spoke German. On the following morning I set off again on my travels, and turned a little out of my way to climb a rocky height, when an eagle suddenly rose before me. I fired. For a minute or two he floated motionless in the air, then flapping his wings, he mounted higher and higher, till I could hardly distinguish him. I concluded that I must have missed him, and was reloading, when he turned in the air and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 115 fell dead to the f,round. He was a large bird, measuring seven feet from wing to wing. I was pleased with my shot as it was the first eagle I had killed. In imitation of the Indians, I orna- mented my cap with one of his feathers." I have met, in all parts of America, a number of very worthy, amiable people, as also some very bad characters. But here, in this solitude, I found a family not to be surpassed in worth and amiable qualities in any part of the world. An old man, with trembling hands, sat by the fire, and though many winters had bleached his locks, his rosy cheeks showed that he was still strong and hearty. Opposite sat a noble-looking matron, considerably younger than her husband, but still of great age. By her side was a young and pretty woman of the neighborhood, whose husband had taken a journey to the north on business. Three stout, blooming youths came in, one after the other, from shoot- ing, bringing four wild turkevs. I was already far enough advanced in English to take part in the conversation, the edu- cated American being very indulgent to foreigners in this respect. The young wife had just received a letter from her husband, which she read through and through ten times over. She had been very unfortunate in Arkansas. The doctors had killed three of her children, and she herself was suffering from inflamed eyes through their ignorance. There is no authority to control their practice in the new states, and every quack who chooses may call himself doctor. They prescribe calomel for every disorder, and decayed teeth, inflamed eyes, spongy gums and shattered health are the universal consequences." My next night was passed at the house of a Kentuckian. He had about a dozen dogs, one of which he presented to me. I started on next day, and at a good distance in front of me, saw a deer feeding in the path. Distrusting my dog, I fastened him to a tree with my pocket handkerchief and the string of my powder horn. I went on until I was within about eighty-five paces of the deer, when I fired. But I fired too low, for the deer bounded away, limping with his hind leg. By this time the dog must have thought that he had played the spectator long enough, and having bitten through the powder horn string, he bounded after the deer with my handkerchief about his neck, and neither deer, dog, nor handkerchief have I ever seen since." ti6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. One year later he visited the Oil Trough Bottom. After speaking of its great fertility he says: " Trees grow to an enormous size, some of the trunks of the sassafras trees meas- uring from five to six feet in diameter. Pawpaw trees are also very numerous. The fruit was not to my taste, nor do all Americans like it. The bark of the tree is very tough and is useful for a variety of purposes, amongst others for ropes. Just now the fruit was quite out of favor, and even the pigs would no longer eat it. A distiller of the neighborhood by the name of Magness tried its qualities, and extracted such a superior spirit from it, that he declared he would not sell a drop of it, but keep it all for his own diinking." This book is full of fine descriptions of early Arkansas, its people, their habits and customs, and is the only source from which we can ascertain the names of many of the old pioneers. Hilger'and Turoski on the Little Red river, Spanger, Von Sackendorf and Fisher at Little Rock, Strong and Saint near the St. Francis, Hamilton at Black Fish Lake, Magness in Oil Trough Bottom, Dunn between L'Auguille and the White river, Harriot on the Cache, Pearce on Brushy Lake, Rankin, Hogarth, Kelfer, Haller, and Kean of Fourchdle Fave, Collman of the Ouachita, Slowtrap and Curley of Yell county, Davis on the Mulberry, and Conwell on the " Bos- ton Mountain Divide," are each and all saved from oblivion by the pleasant reminiscences of this foreigner. He found Dan- ville, the new county seat of Yell to be exactly the size of Perry- ville, two houses and a stable. The changes to which new settlements v;ere subjected are thus described: " If the posi- tion of a new town be good it grows incredibly fast; if bad, merchants and travelers desert it, houses are left unfinished and fall to pieces, and the courthouse, as I once saw near White river, may be turned into a corn crib." Boundary of Arkansas. Beginning at the S. W. corner of Mo. or in the center of Sec. ig, T. 21 N. R. 34 W., thence in a straight line S., bearing a little E. to strike the E. line of Sec. 4 T. 8 N. R. 32 W. ; thence in a straight line S. bearing a little W. to where the line strikes Red river in Sec. 14 T. 13 S. R. 33 W. ; thence along said river to the HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 117 S. W. corner of Sec. 7 T. 14 S. R. 28 W.; thence S. to the N. W corner of the N. E. qr. of Sec. 18, T. 20 S. R. 28 W. ; thence east along the 33d parallel of latitude to the middle of the Mississipp river; thence N. with the channel of the river to the 36th parallel thence W. with said parallel to the middle of the St. Francis river thence up the main channel of said river to the 36° 30' of N. Lat. ; thence W. with said parallel, or along the southern boundary of Missouri to the place of beginning. The real N. E. corner of the state is in Sec. 2 T. 21 N. R. 9 E. about one half mile N. E. of the bend in the St. Francis to the W. All state lines run with the parallels and meridians and not with the government survey lines. On the northern line of Clay county the St. Francis river is taken as the state line — thus making what are called " The Lost Lands." Some of these are taxed in Missouri; some in Arkansas; while others are not taxed at all. All these lands south of 36° 30' belong to Arkansas. Belle Point Island in the Mississippi is wholly within the boundary of the state. List of Territorial Officers, Territorial Officers. Territorial Governors. Date of Name. Appointment. James Miller ... March 3, 1819 George Izard March 4,1825 John Pope March 9,1829 William Fulton March 9, 1835 Territorial Secretaries. Robert Crittenden March 3, 1819 William Fulton April 8,1829 Lewis Randolph Feb. 23, 1835 Territorial A uditors. George W. Scott Aug. 15, 1819 Richard C. Byrd Nov. 20, 1829 Emzy Wilson Nov. 5, 1831 William Pelham Nov. 12, 1833 Elias N. Conway. July 25,1835 Ii8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Territorial Treasurers. James Scull Aug 5,1819 S.M.Rutherford , Nov. 12,1833 Delegates to Coigress. James W. Bates 1820-1S23 Henry W. Conway 1823-1829 Ambrose H. Sevier.. 1829-1836 Pre- Territorial Judges. Chas. Jouett, Arkansas Post. 1814 Territorial Judges. First Cireuit. Second Cireuit. James W. Bates 1819. Neill McLean i8ig. Stephen F. Austin.. .... 1820. T. P. Eskridge Richard Searcy 1820. Richard Searcy 1823. T. P. Eskridge 1823. J. W. Bates 1825-1836. Andrew Scott 1827. S. C. Roane 1829. Third Cireuit. Fourtli Circuit. Samuel S. Hall 1823-1836. Chas. Caldwell 1828-1S37. Rf.C API TULA TION. Arkansas under the United States. 1. As part of the province of Louisiana — Dec. 26, 1803, to Mar. 20, 1804. 2. As district of Louisiana attached to Indiana terri- tory — Mar. 26, 1804, to Mar. 3, 1805. '(ien. James Wilkinson, 1 805- 1 807. . . •, r ^ ■ • JMeriwether Lewis, 1807- 3. As territory of Loiusiana ( o ' ' -J J \ 1809. Benjamin A. LTn\vnrc1, 1809-1812. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 119 Make topics of each by using the sub-heads of the book. /Benjamin A. Howard, June . ,,. • ^ V ) 4> 1812 to Oct. 31, 1812. 4. As Missouri territory/,,..,,. V-, , ^ ^ ' Wilham Clark, Oct. ^i 1812, to July 4, 1819. oM Topics as above. James Miller, July 4, 1819, to July 4, 1825. 5. As Arkansaw territory ('George Izard, 1825-1828. /John Pope, 1829-1835. \Wm. S. Fulton, 1 835-1 836. Fill blanks and calculate percentage of increase: '1785- 1799 — Ti , ^. J181O ■ Population o ' ]l820 1830 — ,1835 — Counties at i Name each. /By using the sub- formation -' Reasons for name. I heads under of state. ( County sites. \ each chapter. Each Administration /i. Outline. J2. Write a con- / nected story, \t,. Question. The Indian title was recognized by the United States and extinguished by treaties of purchase or exchange. i. I. That with the Osages. ] Study these: There were ) 2. That with the Cherokees. ( i. Catechetically. four treaties. ^ 3. That with the Ouapas. I 2. Topically. ( 4. That with the Choctaws. ) 3. By research. Connect Arkansas history as it developed since 1803 with that of the United States. How are territories formed and governed ? I20 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. How are states formed? Discuss the Arkansas road system. Discuss the public lands. Discuss the early schools and churches. Write an essay on French occupancy of Arkansas; on Spanish occupancy; on United States occupancy. Write essays upon the smaller subdivisions. CHAPTER XIV. JAMES S. CONWAY's ADMINISTRATION, 1836-184O. 78. The Elections. 85. The Arsenals. 79. The First Legislature. 86. Five Per Cent Land Grant. 80. Legislative Proceedings. 87. The Penitentiary. 81. The Great Seal. 88. The Texas Boundary. 82. Indian Troubles. 89. Removal of the Eastern Chero= 83. Compact with the IT, S. kees. 84. New Counties. > 90. Border Ruffianism. 91, Lynch Law. 78. The Elections. By this time party spirit between the Whigs and Democrats ran high. During the meet- ing of the Constitutional Convention, the leaders of each party had appointed State Central Committees, to call conventions, arrange the representation, and transact all other party business. This system of com- mittees has been followed ever since. Before the elec- tions each party selects its candidates. The party candidates are chosen by a series of primaries begin- ning in the townships and ending in the counties. The people belonging to each party meet in the townships and select delegates to represent them at the county conventions. Their choice may be ascertained by a HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. viva voce vote or by ballot. At a later day the dele- gates from the townships meet at the county seat and select delegates to the state conventions. The delegates from the townships and counties may go instructed or uninstructed. AVhen instructed they vote for the men chosen by the people; when unin- structed they vote as their judgment dictates. After- wards the county delegates meet at the capital, or some other place chosen by the State Central Committee and select the party candi- dates. These candidates are called the nominees of the party, and claim the full party support. The people make the final choice at the polls. The first Democratic State Convention met at Little Rock on April 12, 1836, before the state's admission into the Union, and nominated James S. Conway for governor, and Archibald Yell for dele- gate to Congress. The Whig Convention met on April 19 and nominated Absalom Fowler for governor, and William Cummins for delegate. All other officers were to be chosen by the legislature. As this was the first time that candidates for governor and presidential electors had come before the people, the canvass was unusually interesting. Each of the candidates for these positions except Mr. Conway " took the stump " to convince the people JAMES S. CONWAY. 122 HISTORY OF AR/v'ANSAS. that his party was entitled to their suffrage. This sys- tem of canvassing has been followed ever since, and in later years was adopted by the candidates seeking the party nomination. Mr. Conway refused to canvass because his duties as surveyor general demanded his full time; but he outlined his views upon state affairs in a masterly letter which was scattered among the voters. The election was held on the first Monday in August, 1836, and resulted in the victory of the Demo- cratic candidates. 79. The First Legislature. This body met in the new capital Sept. 12, 1836, counted the vote, and declared James S. Conway elected governor for the term of four years. His inauguration took place on Sept. 13 amid grand displays. A band of music and a company of mounted rangers from Randolph county escorted the governor from his residence to the statehouse. He was attended by Ambrose H. Sevier, Judge Edward H. Cross, Col. Rector, Capt. ]!rown, and Lieut. Col- lins of the United States Army. After being sworn in he delivered his inaugural address and began his work as governor of Arkansas. ^ I. James S. Conway was born in Tennessee of a distinguished family. In 1816 he moved to St. Louis. In 1822 he began surveying in Arlcansas, and in 1823 settled on Red river, in Lafayette county. In 1825 he surveyed the western boundary of the state, and in 1831 the southern boundary. In 1832 he was appointed surveyor general of the state. He served one term as gov- ernor, then retired to private life. His administration was honest and effi- cient. His messages concerning public education show sound reasoning and far-reaching foresight. His opponent Absalom Fowler, was a Tennessean, who had lived in Arkansas for many years. As a lawyer Gov. Conway had few equals, and in all respects was a great man. William Cummins, the defeated candidate for Congress, was born in Ken- tucky. He came to Arkansas in 1824, and settled at Little Rock. ,He took rank among the best lawyers at the bar, and was for many years gtssociatcd with .Mbert Pike. He was a staunch Whig, and as such was clecte'd to mem- {lership in the first Constitutional Convention, and to t^ie legislature in the yeaf fA^ BIS7VRY OF ARR'AXSAS. 123 The legislature elected Robert A. Watkins, .secretary of state; Elias N. Conway, auditor of state; William E. VV^oodruff, treasurer; Daniel Ringo, chief justice of the supreme court, and Thomas J. Lacy and Townsend Dickinson, associate jus- tices. Ambrose H. Sevier and William S. Fulton were elected to the Senate of the United States. President Jackson ap- pointed the veteran terri- torial judge, Benjamin Johnson, as judge of the United States district court; Thomas J. Lacy,i district attorney ; and Elias Rector, marshal. With these officers the state began its career. benjamin johnson. The first presidential election in which the state par- ticipated occurred in November and resulted in the casting of the vote of Arkansas for Martin Van Buren. 80. Legislative Proceedings. The legislature had now to make laws for the young state and to provide for the maintenance of the government. Courts were to be established in every part of the state; the militia had to be organized, and taxes levied. Nearly every state had wrestled with the question of state banks, all but three or four of which had failed. Arkansas passed two laws at the first session of the legislature to meet 1840, when the Whiss triumphed in Pulaski county. He died in 1843. Ebenezer Uummins, a younger brother oX his had a national reputation as a lawyer. I. Thonias J. Lacy declined thig ftppoin^nient ancj accepted the position of Jydge of the supreme fourt, 124 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the popular demand for money and credit. One was for the establishment of a " State Bank; " the other for a " Real Estate Bank." In both laws the state gave its credit to the banks by issuing a number of state bonds, and giving the banks authority to sell them, with the understanding that the banks them- selves were to pay the bonds with interest when they became due. Under these laws the state delivered its bonds to the banks, authorizing them to sell them at par only, and to use the proceeds as capital. The State Bank, whose officers were elected by the legislature, received i,ooo of the bonds, each calling for $i,ooo. Branches of this bank were opened at Batesville and Fayetteville. The Real Estate Bank had its own stockholders and elected its own officers. The state delivered 2,000 of its bonds to the bank, each having the same value as those loaned to the State Bank. Branches of this bank were opened at Washington, Columbia, Helena, and Van Buren. As we shall see hereafter, these ventures resulted in failure and created a state debt which still remains unpaid. 81. The Seal of the State. The old seal of the terri- tory was made the seal of the state, except that the words, " Seal of the state of Arkansas " were added. This remained the legal seal until 1864, when the pre- sent seal was adopted. 82. Indian Troubles. In the treaties with the Choc- taws and Chickasaws, the United States bound itself to protect them against the incursions of other wild tribes. For this purpose troops were stationed at the several forts in the territory. The troops were withdrawn temporarily and sent to aid Gen. Taylor in his war HISTORY OF AkiCANSAS. 125 v/ith the Seminoles. I'aking advantage of their absence, the Comanches and Pawnees attacked the Choctaws and the Chickasaws. President Jackson immediately issued a requisition on Arkansas for a full regiment of cavalry and Oov. Fulton honored it. Ten companies responded and marched to Washington, Hempstead county, where they were mustered into service. They then marched into Indian Territory and occupied Ft. Towson until Feb., 1837, when they were relieved from this service. 83. Compact with the United States, Upon the admis- sion of Arkansas into the Union, Congress made the following stipulations which were acceded to by the legislature: 1. The i6th section of each township was to be granted to the state for the establishment of schools in such township. 2. Twelve salt springs were to be reserved for the state. 3. Five per cent of the net proceeds of the sale of government lands in the state was to be reserved and paid to the state for making roads and canals. 4. Five sections of land were to be granted to the state to complete the public buildings. 5. Two townships were to be granted for seminary purposes. 6. The state was not to interfere with the United States in the disposal of government lands, nor to tax them. 7. Non-residents were never to be taxed higher than residents. 8. Certain bounty lands were to be exempt from taxation for three years. 126 B/STOR i' OF ARA'AA'SAS. This solemn compact with tlie government is per- petual and may not be changed l)y any state law, with- out the consent of Congress. 84. New Counties. The following new counties were formed during Ciovernor Conway's administration: County. 1. Madison . 2. Benton .. 3. Franklin 4. Poinsett. - 5. Desha . 6. Searcy . Counties from wliich formed. Washington . . Washington. - Crawford Greene and St. Francis. Date of formation. Named after. Sept. 30, 1836 Sept. 30, 1836 Dec. 19, 1837 Feb. 23, 183S Dec. 12, I; Dec. 13, 1S38 Pres. Mad- ison Thomas Benton Joel Poin- sett County Seats. Capt. Ben. Desha .. Judge Richard Searcy .. Huntsville. Bentonville. Ozark. Bolivar, Harris- burgh. Napoleon, Wati-on, Arkansas City. Lebanon, Marshall. 85. The Arsenals. During the year 1836, F. L. Jones, an officer of the United States, came to Little Rock and selected a site for an arsenal. The work of erecting buildings began at once but it was several years before they were all completed. This place was used before the Civil War for storing arms and ammunition. '^J'roops were stationed there at all times, and during the war the arsenal became a position of great importance. A military post Itad been established at Belle Point in 1S17. This name was changed in 1818 to Ft. Smith. The original fort consisted of large blockhouses sur- rounded by a stockade as a protection against the Indians. When the boundary of the state was moved lorty miles farther west, Ft. Smith was discontinued and Ft. Gibson was erected on the frontier. But in HISTORY OF ARKAN'SAS. 127 1837 Congress directed the secretary of war- to erect a new fort at Ft. Smith. Three hundred acres were pur- chased from John Rogers and a new stone fort was erected and a national cemetery located. During the period of its construction, Capt. Belknap erected tem- porary works and gave them the name Ft. Belknap. Troops occupied Ft. Smith in 1S42. Among their offi- cers were Jefferson Davis, Zachary Taylor, -Gen. Arbuckle, W. S. Hancock, and B. L. E. Bonneville. 86. Five Per Cent Land Grant. On June 23, 1S36, Congress passed a law granting to Arkansas five per cent upon the net proceeds of the sale of all public lands within her boundaries. (§ 83, 3) This was in lieu of state taxation of United States lands within the state. The amount accruing to the state to June 30, i88o, was $227,359.05. 87. The Penitentiary. During a session of the legis- lature held in 1838, an appropriation was made for a state penitentiary at Little Rock. Land was purchased and the work was begun, but it was not completed until the year 1842. The cost for grounds and buildings was $70,000. In August, 1846, there w^as a mutiny of the prisoners, in which the buildings were set on fire and destroyed. New buildings were erected in 1849. 88. The Texas Boundary. \\\ the spring of 1840, the boundary line between Arkansas and the republrc of Texas was established by commissioners appointed by ther respective legislatures. The line from the 33d parallel of north latitude, our southern boundary, due north to Red river was established and remains our boundary to-day. By this survey a large part of Miller county was found to lie within the republic of Texas and was thus authoritatively cut off. 128 IlISTOkV OF ARA\4NSAS. 89. Removal of the Eastern Cherokees. The remaindel: of the Cherokees were removed from the old home east of the Mississippi river during the 3'-ears 1837-1838. This removal was the result of a foreed treaty made at New Echote, Ga., on Dec. 29, 1S35. The majority of the tribe under Ross opposed it; the Ridge party fav- ored it. The states of Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina were determined, however, that the Indians should leave, and President Jackson with his iron will forced them to go. Two years were spent by the Cherokees in a fruitless effort to have the treaty set aside. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and Henry A. Wise made eloquent speeches in favor of Cherokee rights, but these states would not be convinced. Gen. Scott was finally sent to remove the Indians by force, whereupon they agreed to move of their own accord. They started from Calhoun on the Hiawassee river in McMinn county, Tennessee, in parties of one thousand each. The Ridge party crossed at Memphis and passed through northern Arkansas. The Ross party crossed at Green's ferry and passed through Bentonville. In the small towns along their route they always asked for " fire water," (their name for whisky.) They generally drank too much and became wild and boisterous. The best citizens of the state tried to persuade the whisky sellers to close their shops. In every town where no whisky was sold the Indians marched through without offending any one, presenting the picturesque scene so beautifully described by the eloquent preacher-lawyer of Arkansas, A. W. Arrington. At Fayetteville, one grocer could not resist the temp- tation to make money, and opened his saloon. When the door was opened the dusky-faced crowds pushed in. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 129 The door was blocked and more than one hundred were forced to stand outside. These passed their money from hand to hand into the shop and received in return their measures of whisky. I'hey then made up a " pony purse " and bought a whole barrel of brandy. This was rolled out before the store, and everybody was invited to drink. Tin cups and gourds of the whis- ky were handed round and the crowd soon became noisy. They were peaceable, however, and but for the act of an intoxicated white man might have remained so. This man insulted a Cherokee woman and was knocked down by an Indian named Nelson Orr. The keeper of the saloon interfered and Orr turned upon him with a flashing bowie knife. In the fight that ensued, Orr was killed. The Indians rushed to their camp for their guns and soon returned by hundreds to avenge his death. At their head rode twenty horsemen under command of William S. Coody. The citizens of Fayetteville assembled to protect the town. Coody called to them that he desired to prevent bloodshed, but that he could not do so unless the murderer of Orr left the town. The murderer fled to the forest. Then Coody and the more rational Indians, with almost super- human bravery, stood before the enraged savages, dis- puting their passage until they understood that the murderer had escaped. They then sullenly returned to camp. This incident divided the citizens of Fayette- ville into two factions, for and against the murderer; it led to other murders and gave the city much trouble for many years thereafter. Arkansas was the scene of much suffering during these Indian removals. In 1832 several thousand Choctaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees, in charge of gov- HIST. OF ARK. — 9 1 30 HIS TOR V OF A RKA NSA S. ernment officers, were conducted across the state. Many of these were attacked by cholera and suffered greatly from its ravages. The contagion spread to the whites but its effects were not alarming. In many cases the contractors who had agreed with the government to transport the Indians took advantage of their trust and literally starved the Indians to death. Gerstaecker, the great German hunter, who lived in Arkansas for many years, says: " Ne.xt day we passed along a part of the route by which some years ago a num- erous body of eastern Indians, having given up their lands to the United States on condition of receiving other equally good lands in the west, were conducted by the parties who had engaged to jirovide for them on their journey. Numerous square holes cut in the fallen trees showed where the squaws had pounded their maize to make bread. More melancholy traces w'ere visible in the bones of human l)eings and animals which were strewn about. Many a warrior and squaw died on the road from exhaustion and tht malady engendered by their treatment; and their relations and friends could do nothing more for them than fold them in their blankets, and cover them with boughs antl bushes, to keep off the vultures, which followed their route by thousands, and soared over their heads; for their drivers would not give them time to dig a grave and bury their dead. The wolves, which also followed at no great distance, soon tore away so frail a covering and scattered the bones in all directions. " The government had contracteil with individuals for a certain sum which was (juite sufficient to convey the poor Indians comfortably; but they were obliged to part with all they had for bread, selling their rifles and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 131 tomahawks, and their horses for two or three dollars; and, while they died cjf hun!j;er and distress, the con- tractors made a fortune." The Creeks, under their chiefs, Rolla and Chilley Mclntosch, passed througli in 1833. A deinitation of Seniinoles went to Indian Territory in 1832, and upon their return to Florida, advised the Seminoles not to leave. The Seminoles acted upon this advice and refused to remove. (ieneral Taylor was directed to remove them forcibly, which brought about the Florida or Seminole war. The troops from Fort (ribson. Tow- son, and Arbuckle, were removed by way of Little Rock and New Orleans to Tampa Bay, Florida. Step by step the Indians were forced back until at last they surrendered. Osceola, their greatest chief, died in prison at Fort Moultrie, 'j'he lesser chiefs, Micanopy, Alligator, Tiger Tail, and Jumper, with a large party of Seminoles and Creeks were sent under a guard of soldiers to the territory. Their farewell to their sunny home was a most affecting scene. All through the years 183.;. to 1039, these removals went on by way of Little Rock. The suffering of the early marches caused the government to transport the later Indians upon boats. The steamboats engaged in this business on the Arkansas river v.ere the Portsiiumth, Princeton.^ and Creole, (reneral Taylor was then placed in command of the military department of the south- west and spent much of his time at Fcn^t Cibson and Fort Smith. Washington Irving made a trip to Ft. Smith in 1832. Gen. Bonneville of the latter place is described in his "Sketch Book." 90. Border Ruffianism. Northwestern Arkansas now passed through another phase of civilization. Before 132 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1838 this region was said to be almost Arcadian in its virtues and simplicity. The courts rarely held any trials except for misdemeanors, and many grand juries adjourned without a single indictment. But the location of the Indians in the territory to the west brought in a host of men to sell them whisky and to gamble and trade with them. These men generally settled on the frontier between the old white settlers and the savages. It is said that runaways from every state in the Union collected along the Cherokee line and preyed alike upon the whites and on the Indians. Groceries were erected on the line one half in the state, the other half on Indian territory. By stepping across a plank in the floor the offender could defy the legal process of courts from the side he left. These men were desperadoes. Murders and robberies were of frequent occurrence. When arrests were made the defendants would summon their friends and prove an alibi. Thus the courts became powerless, and partly lost the confidence of law-abiding citizens. A bloody end to this state of affairs came in 1839. The rival parties of Ross and Ridge continued their quarrel in their new home in the Cherokee Nation. The western Cherokees who had long resided in the territory were called " Old Settlers " and acted with the Ridge party. On the night of June 20, 1839, the leaders of the Ridge party, Major Ridge, Elias Boudi- not and John Ridge, were assassinated by members of the Ross party. Major Ridge was on his way to Van Buren and was shot from a bluff about seven miles from Evansville, (Washington county). Elias Boudi- not was killed near his home at Park Hill, I. T. These disturbances in the Nation enabled the white despera- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 133 does to commit crimes along the borders and to throw suspicion on their savage neighbors, as a cloak for their evil deeds. On the night of June 15, 1839, the house of William Wright on Cane Hill in Washington county was burned to the ground and he and five little children were brutally murdered. Mrs. Wright escaped and in wild terror informed the neighbors that the Indians had done the work. The alarm of an Indian invasion soon spread over the whole valley from Boonesboro to Fay- etteville. On the following day six or seven hundred people gathered at Boonesboro. It was ascertained that the murder and arson were the work of white men, and not of Indians. That night a council of old citizens was held and the public safety was freely dis^ cussed. The decision finally reached was that as the courts could not redress their wrongs, nothing was left for them but to seek redress themselves. A committee of thirty-six discreet and reputable citizens was ap- pointed to make investigations and to punish the crimi- nals. Upon this committee were two ministers, and every member of it was of the old American law-abiding stock that has given our country its fame. 91. Lynch Law. The committee appointed one hun- dred men as a company of light horse, to proceed over the country in squads of ten, arresting all suspicious persons, gamblers, idlers, and stragglers. By this energetic action the murderers were soon traced. Five men were arrested and brought before the com- mittee but after a trial were discharged. Upon their release they quarreled among themselves and disclosed facts which led to a second arrest of three of them. Another trial was begun which occupied many days. 134 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The defendants were given full opportunity to prove their innocence. One of the defendants confessed, but the remaining two proclaimed their absolute innocence. The committee then voted upon the ques- tion: " Shall these men suffer death? " and every vote but one was cast in the affirmative. On Monday, July 29, 1839, before a crowd of more than 1,000 persons, John Richmond, James P)arnes, and Ellery Turner were hanged, and the citizens of Washington county felt relieved. Lawlessness had been signally rebuked and the desperate element was removed from the state. From June until December, the committee in grim silence pursued its work. One of the murderers, William Baily, was still at large. He had fled from Cane Hill to Van Buren, thence to Shreveport, and thence to eastern Tennessee. Becom- ing bolder he returned to Arkansas and was arrested in Pulaski county. A guard was sent to bring him to Cane Hill and the committee convened for trial. The verdict " guilty," resulted in his execution. Years afterwards a reaction set in, and it was asserted that the men were innocent of the crime. A book was written by A. W. Arrington, entitled " The Despera- does of the Southwest," which, although well written, was an unfair review of the trial, and by abusing some of the committeemen created considerable feeling on the subject. Time has moderated the partisan feeling and has justified the committee. Their work was per- formed with caution and deliberation, for the highest and best interests of the public, albeit without due form of law. Lawlessness had brought terror to the land and summary proceedings were necessary. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 135 CHAPTER XV. ARCHIBALD YELl'S ADMINISTRATION, 184O-1844. 92. The Elections. 93. State and Real Estate Banks. 94. The Holford Bonds. 95. The Census. 96. Improvements. 97. Common School Law. 98. Operation of the Law. 99. New Counties. 100. Samuel Adams' Administra- tion. 101. Geological Survey. 102. The Conventions. 92. The Elections. The Congressional term of Archi- bald Yell expiring in 1838, Judge R. L. Cross of Hemp- stead county was elected to succeed him and held the position three terms. Party spirit was not so strong at the state elec- tions in 1840 and Archibald Yell, Democrat,was elected governor without opposi- tion.^ At the session of the legislature in November, 1840, David B. Greer was elected secretary of state and William S. Fulton, United States senator. At the fourth session of that ARCHinAl.D YELL. In November, 1838, four masonic lodges from Fayetteville, Little Rock, Washington and Arkans.as Post, met at Little Rock and established a Grand Lodge. The first grand master was William Gilchrist, and the first grand secretary, George C. VVatkins. I. Archibald Yell was born in North Carolina in 1797. He moved to Ar- kansas in 1832, to fill the position of receiver of the Land Office at Little Rock, to which he had been appointed by President Jackson. Resigning this position in 1832, he began the practice of law. In 1835 he was appointed 136 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. body in 1842, the ofifice of attorney-general was created, and Robert W. Johnson was appointed to that position. Ambrose H. Sevier was again elected United States senator; George W. Paschal, associate justice of the supreme court; Elias N. Conway, auditor, and John Hutt, treasurer. The presidential election in the fall of 1840 was very exciting. The AVhigs had pictures of a log cabin with a coon skin tail tacked to the door, and a barrel of hard cider standing near. The Democrats called it the "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign. Both parties held large meetings in all parts of Arkansas. At one monster meeting of the Whigs at Little Rock, one hundred and fifty men and fifty women rode all the way from Batesville. They brought a large canoe with them in sections, put it on wheels at Little Rock and filled it with ladies to represent the twenty-six states then comprised in the Union. On the prow of the boat was a log cabin and on the roof of this a live coon. The procession was very large and the songs were humorous. Harrison and Tyler carried the United States, but the vote of Arkansas went for Yi\x\ Buren. 93. State and Real Estate Banks. The financial crisis which culminated in other parts of the United States judge of the superior court. In 1836 he was elected to Congress, and in 1840 was chosen governor of Arkansas. This position he resigned in 1844, and was again elected to Congress in 1S46. The Mexican W^ar breaking out, he returned to Arkansas, raised a regiment, and marched to the seat of war. Archibald Yell lost his life at the Battle of Buena Vista. He did not resign his position in Congress, but enlisted with the expectation of returning to attend to his Congressional duties. When he asked General Wool for leave of absence to attend the approaching session of Congress, he was told that he must either resign his command or attend to its duty. He remained with his regiment. The governor of the state treated the office of Congressman as vacant and ordered a special election. In this election the Whigs gained their first and only Congressman, Thomas W. Newton, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 137 in 1837 did not reach Arkansas until 1841. During tliis period money was plentiful. The banks which had been chartered in 1836 started into existence with better prospects and more real capital than was usual with such institutions. The state had given them its credit, and this credit at that time was very high. In 1838 Ambrose H. Sevier sold 500 bonds at par to the treasurer of the United States for the Smithsonian legacy, the proceeds of which went to the Real Estate Bank. This transaction was soon reported at the money centers of the world, and when it was known that the government had bought Arkansas bonds at par, the banks had little trouble to sell two millions more at par to New York institutions, for European capitalists. Although the State Bank and the Real Estate Bank each started in with two and one half million dollars, they suspended specie payment in 1841. In 1842 the Real Estate Bank made an assignment and in 1844 surrendered its charter. The State Bank also sus- pended payment, permitted its paper to depreciate in value and was closed up by the legislature in 1843. Committees of the legislature reported that, in flagrant disregard of the charters, managers of the banks had from the start acted against the interests of the state, in their own interests or that of their friends. Their paper depreciated from fourteen to forty per cent. In 1841 they ceased to pay interest on the bonds they had used. Naturally this affected the credit of the state. Arkan- sas securities went below par, and thus remained for years. In 1836 the state owed less than nine thousand dollars; in 1843 her indebtedness exceeded three mil- 138 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. lions of dollars. It was the old story of the state lend- ing her credit to private banking enterprises; the banks reaping the solid advantages, or losing by mismanage- ment or bad faith the real assets, while the state became responsible for their indebtedness. The wrecks of similar enterprises are mentioned in the history of nearly every state in the American Union. Experi- ences like these are costly but valuable. In all these enterprises the honor of the state itself remained unsullied. 94. The Holford Bonds. But the honor of the state did not escape unblemished in the Holford bond trans- action. The Real Estate Bank had been granted 2,000 $1,000 bonds to be sold at par. This condition did not appear on the face of the bonds but was expressed in the act which chartered the banks. The bank sold 1,500 of the bonds at par and retained 500. Shortly afterwards it negotiated a loan with the North Ameri- can Trust and Banking Company of New York and pledged these 500 bonds for payment. The amount received by the Real Estate Bank was $121,336.50. The New York bank sold the bonds to Holford & Son, bankers in London, for $350,000. The Real Estate Bank surrendered its charter, but always claimed that the transaction with the New York bank was not a sale l)ut a jiledge, and that said bank had no right to sell the bonds to Holford. Holford demanded the face of the bonds, $500,000, claiming that there was nothing on the face of the bonds to show an innocent purchaser that they were not to be sold for less than par. The legis- lature claimed that the bonds were sold in flagrant violation of the charter of the Real Estate Bank and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 139 refused to pay them. These bonds have since been called " The Holford bonds " and were for years a source of trouble to the state. In another chapter the student will read what disposition of the matter was eventually made. 95. The Census. The enumeration of the people by tlie government in 1840 showed that Arkansas had a population of 97,574, an increase of over 67,000 since 1830. 96. Improvements. The old fireplace with its "dog- irons " and " pot hooks " was being displaced by PIONEER s rock: HiiUSE. stoves. Early in 1841 a specimen of coal was brought from Spadra, in Johnson county, put in a basket grate, and set in a fireplace. Grates were soon in demand. Soon after this a barge of coal came down from Spad'-a, and mining interests began to grow. About 140 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. this time a factory for hats and caps was built and tne enterprise proved profitable. Buildings of modern form began to spring up. Farms were flourishing. The life of the pioneer had not yet wholly departed but was slowly giving place to a higher civilization. In 1 841 Congress donated 500,000 acres of land to the state for internal improvements. The lands were immediately located and sold, and the proceeds were applied to improving the navigable waters and the pub- lic roads. Levees along the Mississippi river to protect the lands from overflow were begun in Chicot county. The student can hardly realize to-day the immense labor and expense involved in transforming the wilder- ness and gaining the many comfortable surroundings we novv^ enjoy. 97. Common School Law. In 1843, Governor Yell in his message to the legislature said: "As the public mind is elevated in the scale of learning, so are the means of advancing the moral and intellectual progress increased and rendered stable. Hence self-preserva- tion should be a sufficient incentive to lay deep and broad the foundation of universal education. In a government like ours, where the people govern, they should be both virtuous and intelligent. They are then not only willing to obey the laws, but are compe- tent to make them." The legislature then passed a law to establish a system of public schools. It was well devised but it lacked a good money basis. The whole wealth of the state was but $22,000,000, and the total tax collected for all state purposes about $30,000. A new system of schools was impossible. The law was an impetus to thought, however, and an aid to the schools alreadv in existence, ///STOA'V OF AFUCANSAS. 141 98. Operation of the Law. Commissioners were created in every township to sell the i6th sections. The township was a district under the control of three trustees, authorized to build houses and employ teachers. The schools were to be kept open five months. The teacher was to be of good moral character and competent. The trustees were required to visit the schools once a month and examine the pupils, to see that cleanliness and decency were practiced and that the pupils had proper books. Those children who were able to pay were expected to do so by subscription. A State Board of Education was established consisting of the governor, the presi- dent of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, the supreme judges, and ten members of the legislature. This system went into practical operation. Jackson county reported 22 free schools with 500 chil- dren; Jefferson county, 10 schools with 200 pupils; Ouachita county, 11 schools with 141 pupils; Union county expended $732. Thus the state with less than one child to each square mile began its educative work.^ 99. New Counties. The legislatures of 1840 and 1842 created seven new counties: County. 1. Yell 2. Bradley 3. Perry 4. Ouachita . .. 5. Montgomery 6. Newton 7. Fulton . Date f 1 formation. Dec. s, 1840 Dec. 18, 1843 Dec. 18, 1840 Nov. 2J, 1842 Dec. Q, 1342 Dec. 14. 1842 Dec. 21, 1842 Named after. Gov. Yell. , Capt. Bradley Thos. W. Newton Gov. Kulton County Seats. Danville, Dardanelle. Warren. Perryville. Camden. Mount Ida. Jasper. Salem. 1. In i860 there were 652 schools distributed among the counties as fol- lows : Arkansas 7; Benton 21; Bradley 15; Crawford 24; Conway 19; Car- roll 24 ; Clark 6 ; Calhoun 8 ; Craighead 2 ; Franklin 22 ; Hempstead 25 , 142 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 100. Samuel Adams' Administration. Governor Yell being nominated as delegate to Congress, resigned his governorship April 29, 1844/ and Samuel Adams, president of the Senate, became governor. He was a A'irginian by birth and moved lo Johnson count}', Arkansas, in 1S35. ^^ acted as governor until the election of Governor Drew in August, 1844, when he was elected state treasurer. His first message to tlie legisla- ture was an able and patriotic paper. He died in 1S56. loi. Geological Survey. A geological survey of the state was provided for in 1843, but owing to the difficulty of finding a competent surveyor, the survey was not actually made until 1857, when the work was performed by the famous geologist, David Dale C)wen, assisted by a corps of learned men. 102. The Conventions. I'he political campaign this year was very exciting, both parties held conventions Hot Spring lo ; Independence 21; Izard 13; Jefferson 12; Johnson 49; Lawrence 3 ; Lafayette 8 ; Madison 22 ; Mississippi 2 ; Monroe 8 ; Montgom- ery 4 ; Newton 4 ; Ouachita 28; Perry S; Phillips 22; Poinsett n; Polk g; Pulaski 13; Randolph 10; SaRne 40; Searcy 6; Sebastian 21; Scott 10; Sevier 11 r St. Francis 15; Union 29; Washington 57; White 29; Veil 2. Twelve counties were not reported. Some of these had successful schools. I. The Democratic Convention nominated Elias N. Conway for governor, and David I. Chapman, for Congress. Mr. Conway declined to canvass, and the Democratic committee selected' Chapman to take his place; Chapman refused to run, and Thos. S. Drew was nominated in his stead. SAMUEL AD.\MS. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 143 and nominuited full tickets. The Democrats nominated Thomas S. Drew of Randolph for governor, and Archi- bald Yell for Congress. The Whigs nominated Dr. Lorenzo Gibson of Hot Spring county for governor, and David Walker of Washington county for Congress. The Democrats were successful. CHAPTER XVI. THOMAS S. DRF.w's ADMINISTRATION, ^ 1844-1849. 103. The National Elections. 108. The Mexican War. 104. The Annexation of Texas. 109. The Treaty of Guadeloupe- 105. Arkansas and Arkansaw. Hidalgo. 106. Indian Troubles. 110. Legislative Work. 107. Supreme Court Changes. 111. Special Election. 112. New Counties. 103. The National Elections. The Democrats of Arkansas favored the election of James K. Polk for the presidency and the Whigs that of Henry Clay. The state gave its vote for Polk, v.'ho favored the annexation of Texas. Polk was elected. Thomas S. Drew was elected governor. 104. Tha Annexation of Texas. The legislature of 1844 passed a resolution calling upon our senators to vote for any measure that would aid Texas in her efforts to become a part of the American Union. I. Thomas S. Drew was born in Vermont. He entered Arkansas in 1S21, and settled in Clark county, where he served as county clerk from 1S23 to 1S25. Removing to Lawrence county, he was selected as a member of the Constitutional Convention. He was twice elected governor (1344 and 184:)), but resigned soon after his second election, alleging that his salary was not sufficient to support his family, He died in Texas in 1880. 144 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Chester Ashley, who on the death of Senator Fulton had been elected to the Senate, made his first speech in the Congress of the United States upon this question. It was pronounced one of the most brilliant speeches made, and at once gave him a national reputation as statesman and orator. This legislature also elected Thomas Johnson chief justice of the supreme court, over Daniel Ringo, who had held the position since 1836. 105. Arkansas and Ar- kansaw. The dispute over the pronunciation of the word Arkansas began at an early day. One party wished to pro- nounce it as it was spelled, the other accord- ing to usage and phil- ology. Senator Sevier pronounced the word, Ar'kansaw, and Senator Ashley, Arkan'sas. The president of the Senate used both forms, and when Sevier arose he was recognized as "the senator from Arkansaw," and Ashley as "the senator from Arkan- sas." Years after this the legislature of Arkansas, in order to bring about a uniformity of pronunciation and to discourage the innovation of pronouncing the finals, passed a resolution declaring the pronunciation to be Ar'-kan-saw. This was the first example of legisla- tion to establish pronunciation and spelling, but it was effective. The dictionaries, spelling books, and CHESTER ASHLEV. mSl'OJiV OF ARKAXSAS. Hi geographies adopted it, and it is now the only proper pronunciation.^ io6. Indian Troubles. The Cheroiieesof Indian Terri- tory, becoming dissatisfied with their neighbors, crossed the state line in hostile squads into Benton county, destroyed some prop- erty, and alarmed the citizens. The governor ordered a company of militia from Benton county into service and placed Col. Ogden in command. The com- pany encamped near the scene of the Indian dep- redations, but were not required to use arms. The Indians returned to their own country and made no further at- tempts at hostility. (1846). 107. Supreme Court Changes. In 1845 Luke E. Bar- ber was appointed supreme court clerk, and held this position until 1886, with the exception of a short period from 1868 to 1874. In the same year the legislature elected W. S. Oldham and Edward Cross associate justices of the supreme court; Oldham resigned in 1848, and was succeeded by Christopher C. Scott, of Camden, who retained the position until his death in AMBROSE H. SEVIER. I. The Eclectic Society of Little Rock presented the question of the pro- nunciation to the legislature, and secured the action of that body thereon. HIST. OF ARK. — lO 146 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1859. In 1S46 Elbert H. English was appointed supreme court reporter. He was also selected by the legislature at this time to codify and annotate the statutes of the state. Thomas J. Lacy having resigned, William B. Conway was elected judge of the supreme court. 108. The Mexican War. The annexation of Texas to the United States led to a war between the United States and Mexico. Early in 1846 President Polk informed Congress that war existed, and shortly after- wards issued a proclamation calling upon the states to furnish troops. Arkansas proceeded to raise her quota. More men than were needed offered their services, and one company after reaching the rendezvous had to return home. The people of the state were eager for war, and the counties of Lawrence, Lidependence, Washington, Sebastian, Pope, Crawford, Hempstead, Sevier, Franklin, Saline, Hot Springs, Phillips, John- son, and Pulaski soon'had companies formed and ready for action. The old fife and drum beat the alarm and the young men responded with alacrity. The several companies marched to Washington in Hempstead county, where they v/ere formed into a regiment with Archibald Yell as colonel, John Selden Roane as lieu- tenant colonel, and Solon Borland, as major. The total number in this regiment, the First Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry, was 870. In addition to this regiment designed for the seat of war in Mexico, a battalion was formed for the defense of the frontier against Indian incursions. It was to garrison the forts vacated by the United States regu- lar troops who moved to the seat of war. William Gray commanded this battalion. Its strength con- sisted of 47S men. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 147 111 addition to these troops, two companies were enlisted from Arkansas and attached to the 12th Infantry of the regular United States army. One of these companies was commanded by Allen Wood of Carroll county. The First Arkansas regiment under Col. Yell marched into Mexico and w-as attached to the division of Gen. John E. AVool.^ This regiment took part in but one battle, that of Buena Arista, 2 in which Col. Yell was killed. The companies of Albert Pike and William Preston were credited with gallant services, as was the squadron of Col. May. Capt. Porter and Ensign Saunders of Independence county, John Pelham and Thomas Rowland of Pulaski, Albert Phipps, Mr. Painter, and Mr. Higgins were killed. Saunders received seventeen lance wounds in his body. The time of enlistment of this regiment expired in July, w'hen it was mustered out of service. 1 While General Wool was encamped at Monclova, he and his staff were invited by the alcade of the village to the banquet. The festivities lasted late, and in a drenching rain the general left for the American camp on the other side of the river. At the bridge he was stopped by a sentinel, an Arkansan, and the countersign was demanded. The general had forgotten it, but in- sisted that the sentinel should let him pass, as he was General Wool. The Arkansan brought down his musket and said : " I don't care if you are Gen- eral Wool, or General Jackson, or even General George Washington, you can't pass here without the countersign." The general threatened, but to no avail. He had to remain where he was, until the relief guard arrived and gave him the countersign. General Wool sent for the soldier next morning, thanked him for his faithfulness, and made him his orderly. 2. General Wilcox said of the battle of Buena Visja : "All the infantry with Taylor were volunteers ; of these but one regiment had ever been under fire. Four fifths of the cavalry had never been in battle The magnificent courage displayed by these new troops, the alacrity as well as the vigor with which they assailed, or the steadiness with which they resisted greatly superior numbers from daylight until five o'clock, has rarely been surpassed, if equaled, by the disciplined veterans of modern armies. It is a battle over which the people of the United States have ever felt a just pride, because it was fought by volunteers." 14^ HISTORY OP ARKANSAS. Before this battle occurred, soldiers belonging to two Arkansas companies and a Kentucky regiment, had been taken prisoners and sent to the city of Mexico. Among these were Major Borland, Major Gaines, and Captain Danley. Finding an opportunity, they escaped and attached themselves to Gen. Scott's army, in time to take part in the battles around the city. Captain Danley was severely wounded in one of these battles and remained a cripple for life. Besides these men the two companies belonging to the 1 2th Infantry took part in the soutiiern cam- paign. At Contreras and Churubusco the company commanded by Captain Allen Wood was honorably mentioned by the commanding general, Winfield Scott, who presented it Vv'ith a map of the battlefields in and around Mexico. Captain Wood was breveted major by the President of the United States. Governor Roane afterwards presented these maps, accompanied by the muster rolls of the company, to the legislature of Arkansas. The belt of Col. Yell was also accorded a position of honor, and is now inclosed in a glass case in the office of the secretary of state. Many men who were afterwards distinguished in Arkansas affairs began their public career in the Mexican War.^ I. Some of these mc.T were Gen. T. J. Churchill, Gen. James F. Fagan, Albert Pike, C. C. Danley, John D. Adams, John C. Peay, Alden M. Wood- ruiT, A. M. Crouch, Dr. Craven, Dr. Peyton, William Queensberry, Josiah Houston, W^alter F. Scott, James F. Moffat, H. W. Taylor, Addison Coch- ran, J L. Shinn, G. W. Patrick, John F. Hill, Franklin Vv'. Desha, Jesse and Richard Searcy, Robert F. F'inley, Hamilton Reynolds, George S. Morrison, J. J. Dillard, George S. Foster, Leonard Wilhoff, Edward Hunter, J. S. Dollarhide, Ro.Ter McCann, George C. Stewart, William G. Preston, Thomas G. and John W. Tomberlain, John R. de Graffenreed, Richmond R. Sedgley, William K. English, Thomas A. Reeden, W. A. and J. C. Douglass, John Preston, Lewis S. Poe, William Gray, Caleb Davis, Oliver Basham. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 149 109. The Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo. But Arkan- sas was signally honored by the appointment of Am- brose H. Sevier as one of the commissioners on the part of the United States to negotiate the amended treaty of peace between the countries. He and Judge Clifford repaired to Queretaro and secured the ratifica- tion of a treaty by which Mexico ceded to the United States the country of New Mexico and California and guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California. The United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars, and to discharge a debt of three millions more to citizens of the United States. The United States now stretched from ocean to ocean, and Arkansas felt justly proud of the successful work of her honored son.i no. Legislative Work and the Elections. In 1S47, Col. Chester Ashley was reelected senator of the United States. William Conway was elected judge of the supreme court to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Thomas J. Lacy. Elias N. Conway was elected auditor, Samuel Adams, treasurer, and Lambert J. Reardon, land agent. At a special election in January, 1847, Thomas W. Newton, AVhig, defeated Albert Rust, Democrat, for Congress. Newton was the only Whig that ever represented Arkansas in Congress. At the regular election in the fall of 1847 Newton was defeated by Robert W. Johnson, Democrat. Johnson held the position three terms. I. The original treaty was made at Guadeloupe-Hidalgo on Feb. 2, 1848, by Nicholas Trist on the part of the United States. President Polk submitted it to the Senate on Feb. 23, 1848. The Senate adopted it with amendments on March 10, 184S. Messrs. Sevier and Clifford, as ambassadors of the United States, secured the adoption of the amended treaty on May 5, 1848. The treaty was the work of Trist ; the protocol to the treaty was the work of Sevier and Clifford. ISO HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. In August, 1848, Thomas S. Drew was reelected gov- ernor without opposition. When the legislature con- vened that year it found two vacancies to fill in the Senate of the United States. A, H. Sevier had resigned to accept the commissionership of the United States to negotiate peace between the government and Mexico. Chester Ashley, after h a v i n g served one year v>[ liis second term, had died. The legislature elected Major Solon ]:orland to fdl the first unexpired term, and Judge W. K. Sebastian the other. In the presidential elections ^.jss^^^ Arkansas voted for the Democratic candidates, Cass and lUiller. 'I'aylor and Fillmoie, however, were elected. On Dec. 31, 1848, Ambrose H. Sevier died at his plantation in Chicot county. In the death of Ashley and Sevier the state lost two of her most distinguished men. This legislature also elected David Walker, of I'ayetteville, associate justice of the supreme court. III. Special Election. In January, 1849, Governor Drew resigned his office and was succeeded by Richard C. Byrd, who as president of the Senate, became gov- ernor. Upon entering the office he issued a proclama- tion ordering a special election for governor to be held in April. John Selden Roane was elected. THOMAS S. DREW. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 151 112. New Counties. During Drew's administration three new counties were formed: County. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. 1. Prairie 2. Drew 3. Ashley Nov. 25, 1846 Nov. 26, 1846 .\ov. 30, 184S Gov. Drew Chester Ashley Brownsville, De Vall's Bluff. Des Arc. Monticello. Hamburg. CHAPTER XVII. JOHN S. ROANe's^ ADMINISTRATION, 1S49-1852. 113. Elections and Appointments. 116. The Marion County War. 114. The Census. 117. The Legislature. 115. The Gold Excitement. 118. The First Postage Stamps. 119. New Counties. 113. Elections and Appointments. In November Dan- iel Ringo was appointed district judge of the United States court to succeed Benjamin Johnson, who had died in the preceding month. It was said of Judge Johnson: " He died full of judicial honors; beloved by all; admired for the purity of his public and private character, and for his devotion as a Christian ; respected for his unbending integrity and for a heart full of kind- ness to all. He was a safe, patient, anrl able judge, and I. John S. Roane was born in Tennessee in 1817. He came to Arkansas and settled at Pine Bluff, but afterwards moved to Van Buren. He was lieutenant colonel in Yell's reefiment during the Mexican War, and gover- nor until 1852. In the Civil War he was made a brigadier general. He died at Pine Bluff in 1867. For list of district attorneys in the United States courts, see Appendis. 152 HISTORY OF A NIC ANSAE. I Wl*" the judicial distinction which he won extended far beyond the boundaries of his state." In 185 1 the state was divided by Congress into two judicial districts, the eastern and the western. Daniel Ringo, the newly ap- pointed judge, acted as judge in both districts until I 8 6 I. In 1X64 Henry C. Caldwell Vv-as appointed to this position ^ and presided as judge in ,^ both districts until 187 1, and as judge of the east- ^ ern district until 1S90, when he was appointed circuit judge. In 187 1 William Storey was ap- pointed judge of the western district, and was succeeded in 1875 by Isaac C. Parker. The candidates for governor in August, 1852, were Elias N. Conway, Democrat, and Bryan H. Smithson, Whig. Mr. Conway was elected. 114. The Census. The population of 1850 was 209,897, an increase of more than one hundred per cent in ten years. Of this number 162,189 were white people, and 47,708 negroes. 115. The Gold Excitement. In 1849 the news of the discovery of gold in the west reached Arkansas, and r.t once expeditions were organized for California, Some went overland; others took ship for New York or New Orleans and went around Cape Horn. No obstacle was sufficient to deter those who were eager DANIEL RINGO. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 153 for gold. Lawyers, doctors, merchants, farmers, me- chanics, hunters, trappers, and preachers were all infected with the gold fever and started for the land of promised wealth. Some of them found gold, but the greater number did not. Some came back to Arkansas; some remained in California, while others settled elsewhere in the western territories. 116. The Marion County War. In the autumn of 1849 difficulties arose in Marion county. There were two leading families named respectively Ever- ett and Tutt. Both had great influence and both desired to control the county offices. The Tutts were Whigs, and the Everetts, Democrats. For years before this, the followers of each family had quarreled on election day. In the " June fight of 1844" rocks, hoes, clubs, and fists had been freely used. After this whenever the factions met there was trouble. Whisky was used freely and served to make matters worse. After a while pistols took the place of clubs and the rioting became serious. Matters ran on thus until nearly every male citizen of the county belonged to one or the other of these parties. At one election three men were killed and several wounded. At another time arrests were made, the guards and prison- ers engaged in a fight, and three of the prisoners HENRY C. CALDWELL. 154 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. were killed. The sheriff, assisted by partisans of the Everetts, tried to make other arrests but he did not succeed. A demand was made for the militia and Governor Roane sent Gen. Allen ^V^ood with a company of militia into Marion county. The Everetts and their friends retreated to Searcy county, where, being followed by Wood, they were arrested at camp meeting and taken //// to Smithville for safe- keeping. Their friends attacked the jail and turned the prisoners out. By this time nearly all the Tutts were extermi- nated and but few of the Everetts were left. These, fi n d i n g the meshes of the law clos- ing around them, went to Texas. Thus ended the only great family feud that the state has known — one that cast a gloom over Marion county for many years. 117. The Legislature. The session of 1850 was char- acterized by heated discussions of the relations of Arkkansas to the Federal Union. The admission of California as a free state was considered a vio- lation of the rights of the slave states and as reopen- ing a question that had been settled. The action of Congress was condemned and resolutions were discijssed which spunded like war. At each succeed- ISAAC C. J>ARKER. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 155 ing legislature these discussions became warmer until the final rupture came in 186 1. • Massachusetts, not content to administer her own laws, undertook to help South Carolina in her admin- istration and sent citi- zens to Charleston to help certain persons re- sist the enforcement of South Carolina laws. This action was resented and legislatures through- out the South passed condemnatory r e s o 1 u - tions. This meddling increased; the fugitive slave law was annulled by northern states and every year added some new element to the sec- tional hate. Arkansas from the beginning, while openly expressing the warm- est sentiments for the Union, espoused the cause of the South, and made its injuries her own. 118. The First Postage Stamps. During Fillmore's administration the first postage stamps were issued by the government. The rate of postage was ten cents for each letter. The stamps did not stick well, so people were obliged to fasten them to the letters with wafers, sealing wax, and pins. Gen. Wasliington's picture adorned the stamp and it was no uncommon thing to see written above it, " Hold on, Mr. Washing- ton " or " Postage paid if Washington sticks." Con- gress later adopted a five-cent rate for letters sent JOHN SELDEN ROANE. 156 HISTORY OF AJiKANSAS. within a radius of 500 miles, though letters sent beyond that limit required a payment of ten cents. Still later came a five-cent rate for all distances; then a three-cent rate and finally the two-cent rate, and the penny postal card. The United States now stands at the head of all countries in the excellence of its postal service. 119. New Counties. During Governor Roane's admin- istration two new counties were formed. County. 1. Calhoun . 2. Sebastian Date of formation. Dec. 6, 1850 Jan. CJ, 1851 Named after. John C. Calhoun... Wm. K. Sebastian . County seat. Hampton. Greenwich, Ft. Smith. CHAPTER XVIII. ELI AS N. Conway's^ administration, 185 2-1 860. /Population. 120. Legislation and Elections. I Wealth. 121. Popular Elections. ^25. The Growth Vail^oads. 122. Mountain Meadows Massacre. of the State. Telegraphs. 123. The Know Nothings. ySchools. 124. New Counties. [ Temperance. \ Churches, etc. 120. Legislation and Elections. Elias N. Conway was elected governor in 1852 and he was reelected in 1856. During the eight years that he seri'^ed as governor there were four sessions of the legislature in the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth districts. I Elias N. Conway was born in Tennessee in iSr2 and moved to Arkansas in 1833. He was auditor of state from 1835 to 1849, and governor from 1852 to i860. He was a diligent, methodical, and honest offic'er, m STORY OF ARIsTANSAS. t5? T/ic Session of 1852. The term of William K. Sebas- tian expiring, he was reelected to the United States Senate on Nov. 10, 1852. On the same day George C. Watkins was elected chief justice of the su- preme court to succeed Thomas Johnson. For the state offices the fol- lowing selections were made: D. B. Greer, sec- retary of state; C. C. Danley, auditor; John H. Crease, treasurer; and John T. Trigg, land attorney. A homestead exemption law was passed at this session, and as Arkansas was now entitled to two Con- gressmen the state was divided into two dis- tricts. The Session of 18^4. During the adjournment of the legislature Solon Borland had been appointed by the President, minister to Nicaragua, and he resigned his position as senator. On the 6th of July, 1853, Gover- nor Conway appointed Robert W. Johnson to fill the vacancy until the meeting of the legislature. When this body met it elected Johnson to fill the unexpired term. At this session A. S. Huey became auditor; lie was succeeded by W. R. Miller in 1856, who held the position until i860. Geo. C. Watkins having resigned as chief justice of the supreme court, Elbert H. English was elected to the place, and held it until ELIAS NELSON CONWAY. I5S HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the close of the war.^ In 1874 he was elected by the people chief justice of the supreme court and held this position until his death in 1884. David Walker having resigned the office of associate justice in 1S54, was succeeded by T. B. Hanley of Helena. The Session of i8^S. The most important acts of this session were the incorporation of the School for the Blind at Arkadelphia; the elec- tion of John Quinley to succeed John H. Crease as treasurer, and of Henry M. Rector, asso- ciate justice of the su- preme court, to succeed Felix I. Batson. Henr)' M. Rector resigned in 1859 and was succeeded by Freeman \S . Comp- In 1850 Rev. James Champlain opened a School for the Blind at Clarksville. Lack of support caused the school to be abandoned. In 1858 Mr. Haucke visited Arkadel|)hia and suc- ceeded in gaining the support of the inhabitants for an institution to be called "The Arkansas Institute for the Education of the Blind." The institute was ELBEKT H ENGLISH ton. I. In iS'i.j T. D. W'. Yonlcy was chosen chief justice. There were two supreme courts at that time, growing out of the e.vigencies of the war. The Confederate court held its sessions at Washington in Hempstead county, and was presided over by Elbert H. English. Its associate judges were Comp- ton and Fairchilds. Yonley was succeeded during the year by Elisha Ba.xter. Yonley and Baxter came in under the Murphy Constitution. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 159 opened in 1859 with Mr. Haucke as superintendent. The school was incorporated Mar. 4, 1859. The legis- lature failed to make an appropriation for its support, but the people of Arkadelphia subscribed $1,500 to carry it on. During the summer Otis Patten was made superintendent, and reported ten pupils in attendance at the end of the year. The legislature of i860 appro- priated $200 a year for each pupil and $900 a year for teachers. The school prospered until 1863, when the war interfered. In 1866 the legislature appropriated $8000 for buildings, $200 a year for each pupil, and $1200 for the salary of the superintendent. In 1868 the school was moved to Little Rock, where it has always received the most favorable attention of the legislature. By an act passed March 15, 1879, its name was changed to " The Arkansas School for the Blind." In 1885 an appropriation of ^60000 was made for addi- tional buildings. It is now one of the handsomest buildings in the state. 121. Popular Elections. Under the law of Congress giving the state two Congressmen, A. B. Greenwood, of Bentonville, was elected from the newly formed first district, and E. A. Warren, of Washington, from the second district (1852). In 1854 A. B. Greenwood and Albert Rust, of Union county, were elected Congress- men. The electoral vote of the state was cast in t856for Buchanan. The election of Buchanan and Breckinridge by the people of the United States did much to allay the excitement in the minds of Arkansas people, and caused the legislature to adopt resolutions thanking the people of the North and the Old Line Whigs of the South for supporting the Democratic ticket. In 1856 A. B. Greenwood was reelected to Congress; 16o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Rust was defeated for the nomination in his party by E. A. Warren, who was elected. In 1858, T. C. Hindman, of Helena, and Albert Rust were returned to Congress. In the conventions preceding the election of i860 the Democracy divided and nominated two tickets. The first wing of the Democracy nominated Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The second nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The Republicans nomi- nated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, and the Union party, John Bell of Tennessee. The issue paramount to all others w^as slavery. The Douglas wing said in its plaform: " Slavery or no slavery in any territory is entirely the concern of the white inhabitants of that ter- ritory. Neither Congress nor the people outside of that territory have any right to interfere in the matter." The Breckinridge platform said: " Congress is bound to protect the rights of all the slaveholders in all the territories." The Republican party declared: "Con- gress is bound to prohibit slavery in, or exclude it from, every Federal territory." The Union party were pledged to " The Constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws." The people of Arkansas were aroused as they had never been before. Everywhere throughout the state the question of union versus secession was vigorously debated. The state voted for Breckinridge but the countrv at large elected Lincoln. All the states north of Mason and Dixon's line voted for Lincoln, thus giving the country for the first time in its history a President elected exclusively by the votes of a single section. Douglas received almost as many votes as Lincoln and with the vote of Breckinridge would have HISTORY OF AKKAXSAS. i5i been elected. Thus division destroyed the hopes of the Democracy. 122. Mountain Meadows Massacre. In September, 1857, a train was held \\\^ and one hundred and twenty emigrants from Arkansas were murdered by a body of Mormons and Indians at Mountain Meadows, Utah territory. This was one of the wealthiest emigration trains that ever attempted to cross the plains. Seven- teen children under nine years of age were saved and held in captivity by the Mormons for some time, after which they were returned by the authorities of the United States to their relatives in Arkansas. The party was under the charge of Capt. Fancher of Carroll county, and the leader of the Mormons was John D. Lee. Albert Sydney Johnson said of this party: "This company was mn,de up of farmers' families, allied by blood and friendship, and far above the average in wealth, intelligence, and orderly conduct. They were Methodists and held religious services regularly morn- ings and evenings." One of the survivors. Miss Sarah Dunlap, was for years a teacher of the School for the Blind at Little Rock. 123. The Know-nothings. When the Whig party declined in 1S52, the Know-notliing party sprang into existence. Its principles were (i) opposition to foreign immigration, and (2)' political hostility to the Roman Catholic Church. It held its meetings in secret, and through subordinate lodges. In the larger cities its growth was rapid. A secret pledge was required, not to vote for a Roman Catholic, nor for any other man unless he was an American in favor of having Ameri- cans rule America. The majority of the order could HIST. OF ARK. — 11 152 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. direct the vote of all tlie members. At Baltimore, Louisville, and other cities a series of disgraceful riots occasioned by this society soon destroyed the party. In Arkansas, Albert Pike was the chief organizer of the secret lodges. Both Whigs and Democrats joined the councils, but they always professed to kuotu iiotJiiiig about them. Tliis party elected a majority of the members of the, legislature in 1854, and had a full ticket in 1856. They nominated James Yell of Pine Bluff, as a candidate for governor, and Absalom Fov.ler, for Congress. Conway was chosen governor by a plurality of more than 1400 votes and Rust was successful for Congress. The party never entered Arkansas politics again. In answer to articles written by Albert Pike, Rev. Andrew Byrne, Bishop of the Catholic Church, in a series of letters made an able defense of his Church. ■ 124. New Counties. Two new counties vrere formed during this administration. BISHOP B>RNE County. Date of formation. Named after. CuiHity seat. 1. Columbia .. Dec. 17, 1852 2. Craighead .. Feb. 19, 1839 Tlios." 'b.' Craigiiea'd. Magnolia . Jonesboro. ///SIVA'V OF ARA'ANSAS. 163 125. Growth of the State, i. Population. The popu- lation in i860 was 435,450. In 1835 it had been only 51,809. 2. Wealth. The total amount of real and personal property as assessed in i860 was $120,475,236. At the first state assessment in 1838 it was $15,564,284. The population and wealth had increased in about the same ratio. Assessed values are always lower than real values. The actual wealth of the state was nearly $240,000,000. The per capita wealth on the assessed valuations was about $252. There were 43,181 polls; 10,479,231 acres of land belonging to private owners valued at $55,738,341; and 17,194 town lots, valued at $4,761,000. There were 60,000 slaves valued at $45,000,000. In personal property there were nearly 100,000 horses and mules; 250,000 cattle; 2,779 car- riages; 240,000 watches. There were nobaaiks and few manufactures. The total money loaned at interest was $1,112,040. The goods and merchandise were valued at $2,362,527. From this it will be seen that the state w^as in the hands of small farmers and that they were rapidly increasing in wealth. They came to the state poor, and through its free lands, genial climate, and good sod, had gained a good start. The era of the farmer was now at its zenith and the pioneer was gone. The war destroyed these values and set the state back fully forty years. 3. Railroads. Between 1850 and i860 the first rail- roads were chartered. In 1858 the first one was built. It was a part of the Little Rock and Memphis Rail- road. The first section was built from Memphis to Madison; the second section from Little Rock to De Vall's Bluff. The middle section from Madison i64 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. to De Vall's Bluff was not built until many years later. The intermediate distance was covered by stages, or by boats dow'n the Mississippi and up the White river to De Vall's Bluff. Surveys were made for the Cairo and Fulton, now the Iron Mountain Railroad, but no part of it was constructed in Arkansas before i860. 4. Tclci^raphs. During the year i860 the first tele- graph was established in Arkansas, connecting Little Rock with Memphis. 5. Schools. The Arkansas School for the Blind had been incorporated and located at Arkadelphia. (After- wards in 1 868, it was removed to Dittle Rock.) The Deaf Mute School was organized at Clarksville in 1850, but for lack of funds was forced to suspend. In i860 at Ft. Smith it was reorganized upon a better basis, but was crushed by the war. Arkansas College, under the presidency of Robert Graham, opened its doors in 1853, with six professors, and an excellent classical course. From 150 to 200 students from ten states and territories attended its sessions up to the begin- ning of the war, and the United States selected it for the education of some of the Indian youths. Many men who afterwards were most distinguished in Arkansas affairs were graduated from this institution. It was the first institution in the state to confer a literary degree. Fayetteville, then as now, was an educational center. The first academy to be incorporated was at Batesville in September, 1836; the second was at Fayetteville in October, 1836. Ninety-one academies and seminaries were incorporated between 1836 and i860. St. John's College at Little Rock (1850), Cane Hill College, Cane Hill (1852), Soulesburg College, Batesville (1850), Col- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 165 lege of St. Andrew, Ft. Smith (1849), and the Far West Seminary, Washington county (1844), did much to raise the educational standards of the state to a high level. The academies at Spring Hill and Washington in Hempstead cuunty, Tulip in ' Dallas county, and Rocky Comfort in Sevier county, were noted schools. Private schools in charge of eminent teachers were opened without charters in many towns. Albert Pike began his career on Little Piney, teaching school in a log house as early as 1833. Judge Witter opened a school in Hempstead county in 1822.^ (For the public schools of this period see paragraph 97.) 6. Temperance. The three-mile legislation for the protection of schools and churches began in Arkansas. The first law was passed Dec. 15, 1856, and prohibited the sale of liquors in quantities less than forty gallons, within three miles of Falcon Male and Female Academy (Dallas county). Prior to i860 six other laws of this kind were enacted, forming a nucleus for the work of later years. 7. CJiiirches. The membership of all the churches kept full pace with the development of the state. Churches were built in both town and country. The Baptists formed a state association in 1847, and in i860 they had twelve associations in different parts of I. William M. Harrison, for fourteen years a supreme judge of the state, taught school at Columbia, in Chicot county, in 1841. A. Vv'. Lyon, of Nassau Hall, N. J., taught a famous school at Batesville (18.56). John Anderson, graduate of Belfast, had a school at Spring Hill, as celebrated as any academy in the West. Senator Garland attended this school. The father of Judge S. W. Williams, Rev. Aaron Williams, united teaching with preaching and gained distinction at many towns throughout the state. Rev. J. W. Moore and Jessie Brown were noted early teachers and scholars. Moses Eastman has been teaching in the state nearly sixty years. Mr. Inghari was a nt)ted teacher at Searcy. Joseph Desha Pickett, afterwards superintendent of public instruction for Kentucky, conducted a school at Little Rock. I66 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the state. The Methodists had two annual confer- ences at that date, each consisting of five district conferences. Synods of the Presbyterian churches were well established. The diocese of Little Rock was created in 1843 by the Catholic authorities, and Rev. Andrew Byrne was consecrated its first bishop. Bishop Leonidas Polk began active work for the Epis- copal church in 1840. Prominent rectors were Andrew Freeman, Dr. Yearger, and J- T. Wheat. Prominent Catholic priests were Father McGowan, Patrick O'Reilly, and James Donahoe. Prominent Methodist preachers were W. P. Ratcliffe, Andrew Hunter, and A. R. Winfield ; Presbyterians, J. W. Moore, Thomas R. Welch, and Aaron Williams; Baptists, J. B. Hart- well, B. F. Cortney, H. H. Bayliss, and Isaac Perkins. Other denominations also did good work. The Chris- tian church was organized in 1832 at Little Rock, by Elder B. F. Hall. Its prominent preachers were John T. Johnson, W. W. Stevenson, Thomas Ricketts, and Joseph Desha Pickett. 8. Statesmen. Robert Crittenden, James S: Conway, Chester Ashley, and A. H. Sevier were masters of statecraft. The last two were distinguished far beyond the boundaries of the state. Senator Ashley was chairman of the judiciary committee of the Senate of the United States, and Senator Sevier chairman of the committee on foreign relations. Hon. Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia said that in a long acquaint- ance with public men at Washington he had known few of greater ability than Senators Ashley and Sevier from Arkansas. 9. The State Judiciary. Among the many able and faithful servants who were judges of the supreme HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 167 court before the war, the names of George C. Wat- kins, Hubert F. Fairchilds, Elbert H. English, Town- send Dickinson, and Freeman W. Compton, stand preeminent for legal ability. They have made a distinct impression upon the judicial department of the state in a body of decisions that reflect credit upon them- selves and add dignity and character to the state. io. Manufacture of Salt. John Hemphill migrated to Clark county in 181 1 and settled at Blakeleytown, In 1814 he began the manufacture of salt on the Oua- chita at a point where the Indians for centuries had prepared this article, and to which De Soto had been attracted in his travels. Hemphill was successful and continued his enterprise until his death in 1825. His descendants carried it on until 185 1, when it was aban- doned. II. Hcmphiir s Enterprises. When Hemphill came to Arkansas he brought with him two half-brothers, Jacob and John Barkman, who, in the language of that day, "worked their way." In 1812 Jacob Barkman opened up a trade with New Orleans by means of a "pirogue." It took six months for his primitive boat to make the trip. He took from Blakeleytown bear skins, oil, and tallow and brought back sugar, coffee, powder, lead, flints, and cotton and woolen cards. His enterprises in Clark county developed far more rapidly than the state, and resulted in the formation at New Orleans of a large commission and warehouse business of which he was the leading spirit. The steamboat Dime ■ was soon purchased and became a regular packet between Arkadelphia and New Orleans. His energy was untir- ing and found another expression in the erection of a large cotton factory on the Caddo river, the first one 1 68 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. in the state. It cost $30,000, and during an unusual rise of the mountain stream it was swept away. Mr. Barkman died a wealthy man in 1852. 12. Cotton and Woolen Goods. In 1857 the Arkansas Manufacturing Company put up at Royston, Pike Co., a factory for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. The factory was owned by Major Henry Mer- rill of Georgia, and John Matlock of Camden, Ark. The superintendent was W. W. Bell. It manufactured yarn and thread and was in operation until 1863, when it was removed by the Confederate government to Texas. After the war it was moved back to Royston. In 1868 it passed into the hands of Mr. Young, and remained under his superintendency until the death of Mr. Matlock, when the' machinery was bought by the Arkadelphia Manufacturing Company and was moved to Arkadelphia, where its operations were enlarged. Mr. Bell also put up the Camden Woolen Mills at Camden, and Womack's Woolen Mill at Nash\'ille. 13. Mills. Mammoth Spring wells up from a deep abyss from an opening forty yards in circumference, and forms a lake at its very source, about one sixteenth of a mile from north to south and about one fifth of a mile from east to west. The spring sends out about 8,000 barrels of water per minute, and forms the mam source of Spring river. In the early settlement of the country it was the resort of wild beasts and fowls. A mdl placed there by Mr. Mills, although small and rude, attractetl the custom of farmers from a dis- tance of thirty miles. So great was the throng that many often had to wait several days for their turn. Now there is occupying the old stand a mam- moth roller mill which has a capacity of 400 barrels of HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. '169 flour every twenty-four hours and runs night and day. Near it on another dam stands an immense cotton factory, and at points down the stream other large roller mills may be found. The power furnished by this stream is not half utilized; and when it shall all be employed, the hum of woolen, cotton, and flour mills l-l[;sT i.KIsr .Mill,, M\ATMol|| srKI.Vr.s. will announce to Arkansas the seat of its greatest manufacturing industry. 14. Ala/iga/icsc. The first manganese ore mined in the United States was obtained near Whitfield, Hickman county, Tennessee. The next manganese mining on record was in the Batesville region of Arkansas, be- tween 1850 and 1852, when Col. Matthew Martin shipped small quantities of ore from that locality. The indus- try was carried on on a small scale for more than thirty years. In 1868 the first shipment for use in the manu- I70 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. facture of steel was made by Wm. Einstein. In 1881 the Ferro-manganese Company, through E. H. Wood- ward, an expert at this business, appeared on the scene, and Arkansas became an important producer of this ore. In 1885 the Keystone Iron and Manganese Company began operations and soon became the largest producer of manganese in the state. In 1888 John B. Skinner and Co. began their work. 15 Whetstones. As early as 1818 the oil and whet- stones of Garland county were floated on boats down the Ouachita to New Orleans, where they obtained the name "Washita," by which they are known throughout the world. The business was enlarged in 1840 by Mr. Barnes, and proved profitable. The reputation of the stone was good and it soon found a demand in all the markets of the world. Mr. Whittington and Mr. Sutton have developed large quarries, and ship annu- ally several thousand pounds to oil and whetstone factories in the east. 16. Zinc and Iron. Some time in the fifties zinc works were established at Calamine, and an iron fur- nace near Smithville, in Lawrence county. The iron was sold to blacksmiths in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri; but the war put an end to both enter- prises. From all these facts, it is evident that the early life of Arkansas was decidedly energetic, progressive, and moral. The growth in [)opulation and wealth was not surpassed by any state. The schools and churches show that the people were thoughtful, virtuous, and industrious. This ends the glorious era of peace and rapid development; from it we turn to the darker picture — the terrible era of war. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 171 Governors Recapitulation. Topics for Study and Review. 1. Write a list of the sub-heads /James S. Conway. \ in each chapter after each [Archibald Yell. I name. jSamuel Adams, f 2. Write a connected story jThomas S. Drew. ( without subdivisions em- f John S. Roane. 1 bracing the matter of each lElias N. Conway. / chapter. 3. Write a story of the period from 1836 to i860. Prominent men: 1. Albert Pike. 2. Chester Ashley. 3. Robert W. Johnson. 4. A. H. Sevier. 5. Grandison S. Royston. 6. Benjamin Johnson. 7. Bishop Byrne. 8. Bishop Freeman. 9. Andrew Hunter. 10. Thomas R. Welch. 11. David Walker. 12. Elbert English. 13. Ebenezer Cummins. 14. W. S. Fulton. 15. Solon Borland. 16. Absalom Fowler. 17. Robert Crittenden. 18. Andrew Scott. 19. James Woodson Bates. 20. Jesse Turner. Write a biography of each — Tell of other prominent men. Tell all you know of: — 1. The Public Land Question. 7. Of Early Churches. 2. How Arkansas became a 8. Of Temperance Agitation. State. 3. Of Population Growth. 4. Of New Counties. 5. Of Early Colleges. 6. Of Early Schools. 9. Of the Mexican War. 10. Of the State Debt. 11. Of the State and Real Estate Banks. 12. Of Property Growth. Define: — Personnel; administration; preemption; land grant; patent; law; statute; convention; election; nominee; officer; synod; conference; treaty; colonel; major; captain; lieutenant; sheriff; governor; etc. What is the difference between a bill and a law? Who 1 72 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. makes a law? What is the difference between real and personal property? What is a tax? Who levies the taxes? What are they used for? How many legisla- tures met before the war? Name some of the laws they passed. Read and then explain the constitution of 1836. The bill of rights. CHAPTER XIX. HENRY M. rector's ADMINISTRATION, 1S60. THE WAR OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. 126. Rector's Administration. 130. Convention of 1861 ; First 127. Rector's Message. Session. 128. The Convention Act. 131. Seizure of Arsenals. 129. The Verdict of the People. 132. Convention of 1861: Second Session. 126. Rector's Administration, During the exciting canvass for the presidency in i860, the regular state election occurred in Arkansas. The Democratic con- vention nominated Richard H. Johnson, and Henrv M. Rector announced himself an independent candi- date. Both candidates canvassed the state, and Rec- tor ^ was elected. He was inaugurated in November, i860. W. K. Sebastian and Charles B. Mitchell were elected United States senators. They served as senators until after the beginning of the war; then Sebastian was expelled for sympathizing with the I. Henry Massie Rector was born in St. Louis in 1816. He came to Arkan- saw in 1835 and was United States marshal from 1843 to 1845. He was elected judge of the supreme court by the legislature in 1859, which position he resigned to run for governor. His speeches during the canvass were temper- ate, and his course afterwards prudent and firm. He is still alive — an honored citizen of Little Rock. /p^J HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 173 ^%& South, and Mitchell refused to serve after the secession of Arkansas from the Union. Both seats remained vacant until after the close of the war. In the Con- gressional elections Thomas C. Hindman was elected from the first and E. W. Gantt from the second dis- trict, but they were not permitted to take their seats. 127. Rector's Message Governor Rector's message to the legislature was an able document. It recited that eleven of the Northern states had by solemn enactment nullified the _^ laws of the United States ^ by prohibiting their citi- zens from aiding in the execution of the Fugitive Slave Laws, and that these acts absolved every other state from its Federal allegiance. In view of the revolution- ary acts of these states, he advised the legislature to await the action of other Southern states and of the United States ; if any Southern state should declare its independence, prompted by the revolutionary acts of the Northern states, and the general government should thereupon adopt coercive measures, he urged that Arkansas should not withhold from said state its active sympathy and support. He further declared that should such an exigency arise, the legislature ought to refer the matter to the people for their advice. k i'', ij I'i'of^-^pip '^ HENIfY M. RECTOR. 1 74 HIS TOR J ' OF A RKA NSA S. 128. The Convention Act. Acting upon the advice of the governor, the legislature proceeded to discuss the state of the Union, and on Jan. 14, 1861, passed the Convention Act, by which the question of "Conven- tion" or "No Convention" v/as to bs submitted to the people on the iSth day of February, 1861. The act so to be submitted really created a new legislature to act upon "the condition of political affairs" and "to determine what course the state of Arkansas shall take in the present political crisis." Each county was entitled to as many delegates as it had members in the lower house of the General Assembly, and was to select ir.s delegates at the same election. 129. The Verdict of the People. Pursuant to this act, an election was held in every county of the state on the i8th day of February, 1861. The excitement was intense. South Carolina had seceded Dec. 20, i860; Georgia, January 19, 1861; Mississippi, January 9; Texas, Feb. i; Louisiana, Jan. 26; Florida, Jan. 10, and Alabama, Jan. 11. While all these vigorous pro- tests against Northern nullification were being made in these states, Virginia, the mother of common- wealths, attempted to bring about conciliation. It was thought that the Northern states could be induced to repeal their nullifying laws, and to honor the deci- sions of the supreme court, thus removing the cause of hostility from the Southern seceding states. A Peace Congress was called by Virginia to meet in WashingtoQ on February 4, 1861. Twenty-one states sent delegates. It was an able body of men from all parts of the Union. The venerable John Tyler was chosen president. Salmon P. Chase, as a delegate from the state of Ohio, destroyed all hopes of recon- HISTORY OF ARK-ANSAS. 175 ciliation by stating with candor, but with emphasis, that the Northern states never would obey the law which required the return of fugitive slaves. He maintained that changed conditions had made it impossible for these states to obey these laws. The South was thus brought face to face with a seri- ous question. Does a Union of states still exist when eleven of them nullify the laws of Congress and refuse to submit to the decrees of the supreme court? They were Union lovers, but they could not remain parties to a compact which eleven states openly and by solemn legislative acts abrogated. The evil of disunion began not with the secessionists but with the nuUifiers who, through conscientious scruples, placed nullification above union. And as it was a question of conscience with the North, forming as it were a higher law than the Constitution, so it came to be a similar question with the South. The South asserted that it could not conscientiously give its allegiance to a government controlled by a party that claimed the right to set aside the Constitution and laws of the nation to satisfy a higher law of conscience. Thus the precedent estab- lished by the Northern states was followed by the South, and secession was the outcome. The love for the Union was as genuine and widespread in the South as it was in the North; but it was for a Union under the Constitution as the supreme law over the whole country, and not for a Union under the so-called "higher law of conscience." On the day that the Peace Congress assembled, the seven seceding states, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, through their delegates, met at Montgomery, Ala- 176 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. bama. This body of men was in earnest. Its mem- bers were among the most prominent men in the country. A Constitution for the provisional govern- ment of the Confederate States was framed, modeled after the Constitution of the United States. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president, and Alex- ander H, Stephens of Georgia, vice-president. Meanwhile the people of Arkansas were deliberating upon the proper course to take in this impending struggle. One by one they saw the states of the South secede; they saw the failure of the Peace Con- gress and heard the ominous language of Mr. Chase. When the iSth day of February arrived, the people voted for a convention by a majority of 11,586 votes; the minority vote was cast by two classes of people: (i) By a small number, who believed in the Union right or wrong. (2) By a larger number, who believed that a conven- tion was unnecessary, since the seceding states would never be coerced, and who thought it unwise to dis- cuss the problem before it arose. 130, The Convention of i86i: First Session. In accord- ance with the proclamation of the governor, the dele- gates met at the statehouse in Little Rock on March 4, 1 86 1, and elected David Walker of Washington county president, and E. C. Boudinot, secretary. Seventy-six delegates, representing every county in the state attended the convention. The sentiment of the convention was in favor of remaining in the Union, but decidedly opposed to any coercion of the seceding states. Nor was it believed by that body that coercion would be resorted to. The convention, resisting the appeals of South Carolina and Georgia, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 177 (who had sent commissioners to urge the secession of Arkansas), and likewise the appeal of the Confederate States, and believing that matters would be settled amicably, passed an ordinance providmg for an election on Aug. 5, 1 86 1, to decide whether the people of the state should "cooperate" with the general govern- ment, or "secede" from it. A resolution was also adopted stating that any attempt to coerce a seceding state by armed force would be resisted by Arkansas. The convention then adjourned until the 19th of August,- not, however, before passing an ordinance authorizing the president to call the convention together before that time in case of emergency. 131. Seizure of the Arsenal at Little Rock and Ft. Smith. In November, 186^ the garrison at Little Rock was reenforced by sixty men under command of Capt. James Totten. The arsenal at this time contained many arms and war supplies belonging to the state, and the people began to clamor for its evacuation by the United States troops. Helena, in a mass meeting of its citizens, requested Governor Rector to take pos- session of the property. It was rumored at the beginning of the year that United States troops were on their way to reenforce the garrison, and citizens from all parts of the state urged the seizure of the arsenal. On Feb. 4, volunteer troops from Phillips, Jeffer- son, Prairie, White, Monroe, Hot Spring, and other counties, about 800 strong, arrived at Little Rock with the avowed purpose of seizing the arsenal. The citi- zens of Little Rock, becoming alarmed, requested the governor to demand the surrender of the post. This was done, and Capt. Totten, the commander of the HIST. OF ARK. — 12 178 HIS TO A' y OF A A'/CA A'S,1 S. post, concluded to deliver it to the governor rather than to engage in hostilities. The troops departed with all the honors due them as ofificers and soldiers, on Feb. 8, 1861, and the state authorities took pos- session on the same day. Capt. Otey, with a de- tachment of Phillips county Guards, was placed in charge. The citizens of Little Rock presented Capt. Totten with a sword at his de- parture. One of the companies that marched to Little Rock was in charge of Capt. Patrick R. Cleburne, then un- known to fame, but who, before his death, earned for himself the title of "the Stonewall Jackson of the West." By direction of Gov. Rector, Fort Smith was seized and occupied by Col. Solon Borland (April 19); it was placed in charge of General N. B. Burrow, and held subject to the authority of the state. 132. The Convention of 1861: Second Session. The hopes of (Hir citizens were not realized. Coercion was determined upon by Congress, and President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion. This meant war. Presi- dent Buchanan had said in a message to Congress that no power had been delegated to Congress to coerce a state into submission or to declare war with It. And GEN. PATRICK K. CLEBUKNE. HISTORY OF ARKAI^SAS. iig while a large part of the people of Arkansas were in favor of remaining in the Union, they were also opposed to coercing those states that chose to with- draw. Lincoln's proclamation was looked upon by a large majority of Arkansas men as an unconstitutional use of power; and influenced many Union men to support the secession party. Governor Rector, in answer to the call of Simon Cameron, secretary of war, for 780 men to assist in putting down the rebellion, said: "In answer to your demand for troops from Arkansas to subjugate the Southern states, I have to say that none will be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to injury." David Walker, president of the convention, issued a proclamation on April 20, calling the convention to meet at Little Rock on May 6. The convention met and passed the following ordinances: I. The Ordinance of Secession, dissolving the union between the state of Arkansas and the other states, passed May 6, 1861, by a vote of 69 in the affirmative and one in the negative.^ "Whereas, in addition to the well-founded causes of complaint set forth by this conv.ention in resolutions adopted on the nth of March, A. D. 1861, against the sectional party now in power in Washington city, headed by Abraham Lincoln, he has, in the face of resolutions passed by this convention, pledging the state of Arkansas to resist to the last extremity any attempt on the part of such power to coerce any state that seceded from the old Union, proclaimed to the world that war should be waged against such states until they should be compelled to submit to their rule, and large forces to accomplish this have by this same power been called out, and are now being marshaled to carry I. Isaac Murphy, of Madison county, voted "no." He had introduced a resolution in tlie morning putting the whole population on a war footing in view of the dangers surrounding the South. i8o HISTORY OF ARK'AXSAS. out this inhuman design; and to longer submit to such rule, or remain in the old union of the United States, would be disgrace- ful and ruinous to the state of Arkansas: Therefore we, the people of Arkansas, ordain, that the 'Ordinance and Acceptance of Compact,' passed by the General Assembly of the state of Arkansas on the iSth day of October, A. D. 1S36 [here follows a minute description of this compact and other acts], and all other laws, and every other law and ordinance, whereby the state of Arkansas became a member of the Federal ITnion, be, and the same are hereby in all respects and for every other purpose herewith consistent, repealed, abrogated, and fully set aside; and that the union now subsisting between the state of Arkan- sas and the other states, under the name of ' The United States of America,' is hereby forever dissolved." Then follows the usual declaration resuming all rights delegated to the Fed- eral government, absolving the citizens from allegiance to that government, and pronouncing Arkansas a " free and independ- ent state." 2. The ordinance adopting the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, passed May 10, and June I, 1861. 3. An ordinance adopting a constitution for the state of Arkansas, passed June i, 1861. This con- stitution is known as the constitution of 1861. The calhng of the roll for votes to sever the con- nection between Arkansas and the United States was a solejiin proceeding. Although every one present was intensely excited, a profound silence prevailed. The Secessionists were all known and the recording of their votes produced no applause, but when well- known Union men, one after another, voted in the afifirmative and declared their sympathy to be with the South, the crowd could not restrain its applause. When the strain was over and it was announced that the ordinance had been passed by the decisive vote of ///S7'0/CV OF A F: KANSAS. iSi 69 to I, the walls of the house reechoed the applause. Thus Arkansas deliberately chose that war should be declared with her, rather than that she should declare war with the other Southern states. The choice had to be made, and it was a choice dictated by Southern thought, Southern associations and Southern honor. The decision so made brought defeat; but the alter- native would have broufdit diso-face. CHAPTER XX. HENRY M. RKCTOr's ADMINISTRATION (G^///////Av/), .1860-1862. 133. Domestic Events. 135. The War in Arkansas. 134. Preparations for War. 136. Elections. 133. Domestic Events. Arms that liaJ been purchased by the preceding legislature having been seized at Cin- cinnati in April, Gen. James Yell, in retaliation, seized two steamboats on the Mississippi, the Mars and the Ohio Belle. Information reached the governor on April 2 that a force was gathering at Cairo to enter Arkansas and Tennessee; he thereupon placed a force of men under Gen. James Yell at Mound City to cooperate with a like force appointed by Governor Harris of Tennessee. The convention appointed two brigadier generals, N. B. Pearce and James Yell. Meanwhile a regiment of troops had gathered at Camp Rector, composed of Yell Rifles ^ under Capt. Cleburne; Jefferson Guards under Capt. Carlton; Har- ris Guards under Capt. Harris; Rector Guards, Capt. I. This company contained four men who afterwards became generals: p. R. Cleburne, Thomas C. Hindman, J. C. Tappan, ancl Lucius E. Polk. I// STORY OF ARKANSAS. Glenn; Hindman Guards, Capt. Blackburn; Phillips Guards, Capt. Otey, and Helena Artillery, Capt. Clark- son. On May 6 they asked the convention for per- mission to elect their field officers, which was granted. This regiment was called the First Arkansas Volun- teers, and elected Patrick R. Cleburne, colonel; J. K. Patton, lieutenant col- onel, and J. T. Harris, major. Thus began the military armament of Arkansas. 134. Preparations for War. Arkansas was ad- mitted to the Southern Confederacy on May 20, and Robert W. Jcjhnson, A. H. Garland, Plugh F. Thomasson, Albert Rust, and W. W. Watkins, were chosen by the convention as delegates to the Con- federate Congress then in session at Montgomery.^ The convention created a military board to supervise the military defense of the state (May 15), composed of the governor, FI. M. Rector, Benjamin C. Totten, and Christopher C. Danley.^ b\MLEL W \V1LLI\MS 1. At the general election in 1862 the following representatives were elected to the Confederate Congress : Thomas B. Hanley, G. D'. Royston, A. H. Gar- land, and F. I. Batson. In 1864 T. B. Hanley, R. K. Garland, F. I. Batson, and A. H. Garland were elected. In 1S62 Charles B. Mitchell and Robert W. Johnson were elected to the Confederate Senate. C. B. Mitchell died on Sept. 18, 1864, and A. H. Garland was elected to succeed him. D. H. Carroll was then elected to the House of Representatives to succeed Mr. Garland. 2. Samuel W. Williams succeeded C. C. Danley, and L. D. Hill suc- ceeded Mr. Williams, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 183 '.#-- This board issued a call for 10,000 volunteers in addition to those already in the field. But there was little need for the call. Men promptly fell into line from all parts of the state, and offered themselves to the state or to the Con- federate government. Thirty thousand troops were in line from Arkan- sas before the end of the year. In addition to the work of the military board, President Davis author- ized T. C. Hindman, James B. Johnson, and Thompson B. Flournoy to raise regiments for direct use in the Con- federacy. These regi- ments were called Confederate to distinguish from the others raised by the military board. 135, The War in Arkansas. Regiments began form- ing at once. Some presented themselves as state troops to the military board; others enlisted directly into the Confederate service and were transferred east of the Mississippi. The board numbered the regi- ments; Gen. Pearce also numbered a few; and the Confederate authorities numbered others. This caused a confusion of numbers, and two or three regiments carried duplicate numbers tliroughout the war. Troops gathered at Arkadelphia, Benton, Pine Bluff, Springfield, and Yellville. The soldiers of Helena and Jacksonport armed themselves with guns and were GEN. T. C. HINDMAN. them i84 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. mustered into the state service. Some the-a proceeded to northwestern Arkansas, where they were formed into an army under command of Generals McCulloch, Pearce, and Mcintosh. Others moved on to Poca- hontas and P i 1 1 m a n ' s Ferry under the com- mand of Gen. Hardee. On July 15 the military board made a contract with the Confederate authorities, through Cien. Hardee, by which such state troops as agreed to the change were transferred to the Confederate service. Many of the troops con- sented to enter the Con- federate service; others returned to their homes and reenhsted in other com- mands. Gen. Van Dorn was placed in command of the Arkansas department, and began to organize his troops in the northwest. A battle took place at Pea Ridge, ^ or Elkhorn, on March 7, 1862, in which the Arkansas troops fought with great bravery. Gen. Van Dorn said in his report that "the enemy's position was a strong one, but we drove him from it and slept on our arms on the I. Van Dorn had 15,000 men ; Curtis 20,000. On March 6 Price and McCul- loch attaclced Sigel at Bentonville and forced him to retreat to Curtis' main wing. On the 7th, at Pea Ridge, the battle raged in all its fury. Van Dorn and Price were opposed to Curtis ; McCulloch and Mcintosh to Sigel. The battle has been called the Buena Vista of the war. Van Dorn said of his sol- diers : " The Old Guard of Napoleon was not composed of better men. I have never in battle seen their equals." BEN M CULLOCH. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. iS5 13ATTI,E OF TEA RIUGE. field of battle." But it cost him two of his best gen- erals, McCulloch and Mcintosh. Din-inn:the night the Federal arni}^ retreated to a better position and Gen. Van Dorn^ on the next day, retired to the south. Gen. Curtis, the Union commander, remained a few days, and then moved to the south- east, by way of Bates- viile, to Helena. Van Dorn began the formation of his army around Van Buren and issued orders for a gen- LI^^P^ ^^^&_^"*'^ *^^ eral rendezvous of the gen. samuel r. curtis. iS6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. troops at Da Vall's Bluff. Beauregard at that time was pressed by the enemy on the east of the Mississippi, and Van Dorn and his command v.ere transferred to that region. This left Arkansas unprotected until President Davis created a Trans-Mississippi Depart- ment, composed of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas -^fij ST. CHAKLES, VVIUTE KIVER. troops, and placed Clenerals Hindman and Holmes in command of Arkansas. Gen. Hindman moved in the direction of Helena, and on June 17 a skirmish followed at St. Charles in Arkansas county. Curtis moved towards Little Rock, but being met at Cache river (Cotton Plant) by Hind- man, turned back. Curtis.theii entered Helena. In the northwest the Federal cavalry captured Fayetteville, and Gen. Cabell made an unsuccessful attempt to regain it. Then came the skirmishes of Pittman's Ferry and Cane Hill, and the burning of the Confederate arsenal and stores at Yellville. Gen, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 187 Hindman took position at Cane Hill, where he was attacked Nov. 28 by Gen. Blunt and was forced to retire. The Federal forces, 16,000 strong, then took posi- tion at Prairie Grove and Cane Hill. Gen. Hindman attacked Gen. Herron at Prairie Crrove Dec. 7, and although Herron was reenforced during the engage- ment by the division of Gen. Blunt, the attack was suc- cessful. The victory was barren of results, however, for being without supplies, Gen. Hindman retired, and the Federals occupied the field from v/hich they had been driven. Hindman soon crossed the mountains into the region south of the Arkansas river, and the Union soldiejs advanced to the vicinity of Van Buren. 136. The Elections. Governor Rector resigned in November, 1862, and Thomas Fletcher, president of the Senate, became governor. The legislature ordered a special election to be held at which Harris Flanagin ^ of Arkadelphia was elected governor. I. Harris Flanagin was born in New Jersey in 1817 and settled in Clark County in 1837, where he engaged in the practice of law. At the date of his election he was in the army in command of a Confederate regiment. He served as governor during the troubled period, 1862-1864, after which he returned to Clark county. He died in 1874. i88 IIISTOJ^y OF ARKAiVSAS. CHAPTER XXI. HARRIS FLANAGIn's ADMINISTRATION, 1862-1865. 137. New Counties. 141. Events of 1864. 138. Emancipation of the Slaves. 142. Union Soldiers in Arkansas. 139. Surrender of Arkansas Post. 143. The Provisional Government. 140. Battle of Helena and Capture of Little Rock. 137. New Counties. The following new counties were formed in 1862 : County. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. Nov. IS, 1862 Nov. 26, 1862 Judge Edward Cross. Wm. E. Woodruflf .... ( Wittsburg. "1 Vanndale. Augusta. 2. Woodruff 138. Emancipation of the Slaves. President Lincoln, on Sept. 22, 1862, issued a proclamation as follows: " On the first day of January, 1863, all per- sons held as slaves within any state or part of any state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be thence- f orwa rd and forever free." On the first day of January, this procla- mation terminated the property condition, of 111,259 persons, who be- fore that time had been harris ilanagin. HISTORY OF ARA'ANSAS. slaves in Arkansas. Their value was more than $60,000,000. 139. Surrender of Arkansas Post. The troops of Gen. Curtis remained quietly at Helena, and Gen. Holmes made his headquarters at Little Rock. The Union forces remained in- active, expecting an- other Confederate attempt upon Mis- souri. A strong fort, named after Gen. , Hindman, had been erected at Arkansas Post, and Cien. T. J. Churchill, with a r ' force of 4000 men, Z^ was placed in com- mand. On Jan. 10 and II this fort was attacked by Gen. ^ McClernand, with a land force of 22,000 men, and by Admiral ("-en. thomas j. Porter, with eighty-five transports and nine gunboats. Gen. Holmes had telegraphed Gen. Churchill, "You will hold until help arrives or until all ar,edead," but never expected so large a display of force for so small a fort. Churchill and his faithful garrison stood both shot and shell for nearly two days, repulsing charge after charge of the enemy, when through a mistake of a Texas regiment the white flag was run up and the fort surrendered.^ During the month of January Gen. I. Gen. Sherman was the originator of the expedition against Arkansas Post. /i^'' JHURCHILL. igO HISTORY OF ARlCAiVSAS. Gorman moved an expedition up the Wliite river and captured Confederate stores and took some prisoners at St. Charles, Clarendon, and Des Arc. 140. Battle of Helena and Capture of Little Rock. On July 4 Gen. Holmes moved against Curtis at Helena and made a brilliant but unsuccessful attack. On the day of this failure the Confederacy suffered a greater disaster in the fall of Vicksburg. Then followed the fall of Port Hudson and the cutting of the Confederacy in two. Gen. Curtis then ordered Gen. Steele to move against Little Rock. Gen. Holmes, after his failure at Helena, had fallen back to Little Rock. There he was succeeded by Gen. Ster- ling Price. In the march of Gen. Steele from Helena to Little Rock the following skirmishes occurred: Aug. I to 8, cavalry movements from Wittsburg to Clarendon; Aug. 14, skirmish at AVest Point; Aug. 16 at Harrison's Landing; Aug. 17, Grand Prairie; Aug. 25, Brownsville; Aug. 26, Bayou Meto; Aug. 27, Reed's GEN STEKLINO tRICC Gen. Grant disapproved it, calling it a "wild goose chase." Sherman, who was present under McClernand, said that the fort was constructed with great care. At the burning of Napoleon, on January 17, he said : "We all deserve to be killed unless we can produce a discipline wherein such disgraceful acts can- not go unpunished — No man has labored harder than I have to check this spirit in our soldiers.'" HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 191 Bridge; Aug. 30, Shallow Ford; Sept. 7, Ashley's Mills; Sept. 10, Fourche Bayou. The Confederates had breastworks on the north side of the river; but none on the south. Gen. Steele was advancing on both sides, therefore Gen. Price ordered a retreat. Little Rock was then occupied by the Federal army, Sept. 10, 1863. This placed all northern and northeastern Arkansas in the hands of the Union forces, and caused Governor Flanagin to remove the state government to Washington in Hemp- stead county. 141. Events of 1864. In the spring of this year Gen. Steele started south. He was defeated at Poison Springs, April 18, and at Mark's Mills, April 25; after which he decided to return to Little Rock. On his retreat he was attacked at Jenkin's Ferry, April 30, and after a desperate battle saved his army from capture only by a hasty retreat. This was one of the most fiercely contested battles of the war. In September, 1864, Gen. Price made his famous raid through northern Arkansas and southern Mis- souri, but without results of permanent value. This ended the struggle in Arkansas, although the Southern army held the southwestern part of the state until after the general surrender of the Confederate forces in April, 1865. Arkansas soldiers were in every important battle of the war. At Manassas, Gettysburg, and in all the battles in Virginia, the 3d Arkansas did faithful serv- ice. In Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Virginia, the brigades of Generals E. McNair, D. H. Reynolds, John H. Kelley, D. C. Govan, William L. Cabell, Seth M. Barton, and Albert Rust, carried ig2 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the Confederate flag into the thickest of the fight and fought for it with all the valor of Americans. Army divisions east of the river were given to Thomas J. Churchill, Evander McNair, Thomas C. Hindman, James F. Fagan, and Patrick R. Cleburne. The brigades of Generals N. B. Pearce, N. B. Bur- row, James Yell, James Mcintosh, Thomas Dockery, Dandridge McRae, Albert Pike, James C. Tappan, John Selden Roane, and Marsh Walker, fought bravely and earned the gratitude of the people. John Edward Murrey, at the age of twenty-two, was commissioned brigadier general, but was killed on the day of his appointment, at the battle of Atlanta. Cle- burne became the idol of the army, and died in a glori- ous charge at Franklin. The dead of Arkansas are strewn from Gettysburg to New Orleans, and the crutches and armless sleeves all over the state speak eloquently of the bravery and devotion of the Arkan- sas soldiery. 142. Union Soldiers in Arkansas. After the occupation of northern Arkansas by the Union forces in 1062, the organization of soldiers into regiments for the North- ern armies began, and continued until the end of the struggle. There were not many to enlist, but seven white regiments and a battery were formed and put into active service in Arkansas and elsewhere. In addition to these white trooj^s 5526 negroes were enlisted, making a total of about 10,000 Union soldiers. 143. The Provisional Government. After Gen. Steele occupied Little Rock, meetings were held at Fort Smith, Van Buren, and other places, recommending the formation of a new state government, loyal to the Union. Under a proclamation of President Lincoln, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 193 Dec. 8, 1863, delegates were elected from a great number of counties to form a new constitution. On the nth day of January, 1864, these delegates met at Little Rock and remodeled the constitution. Isaac Murphy was appointed executive provisional governor, and the 14th, 15th, and i6th days of March were set apart as election days. On these days the people in certain counties met and cast their suffrages. There were 12,177 votes for ratification of the constitution, and 266 against it. The constitution was declared rati- fied, and the officers voted for were duly installed. On the nth day of April, 1864, the legislature so elected assembled, and Isaac Murphy was inaugurated governor. The government thus put in operation was recognized by the President of the United States as the legitimate civil government of the state. The Confederate state government continued to exercise its functions at Washington, Hempstead county, until the 26th day of May, 1865, when it came to an end, leaving the Murphy government in full control of the state. Battles and SkirniisJies in Arkansas. 1862 1862 Bentonville "| Aberdeen July q Pea Ridge I March 6 Batesville ..July 14 Leetown f ^° ^ Fayetteville July 15 Elkhorn Tavern J Boonesborough Salem or Spring Jonesboro Aug. 3 River March iS Clarendon Aug. 13 Talbots Ferry April ig La Grange Oct. 11 Searcy Landing May 19 Helena Oct. 11 Big Indian Creek ... May 27 Marianna Nov. 7 Smithville June 17 Cane Hill Nov. 28 St. Charles June 17 Boston Mountain Nov. 28 Little Red River. . . June 25 Helena Dec. 5 Grand Prairie July 6 Prairie Grove Dec. 27 Bayou Cache July 7 HIST. OF ARK. — I3 194 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Battles and Skirmishc's in Arkansas {(ontinncd). 1863 1864 Arkansas Post Jan. ii Moscow April 13 La Grange IVIay i Camden and Liberty. April 15 Helena July 14 and 16 West Point Aug. 14 Poison Springs April iS Austin ) « Cotton Plant April 21 Bdvou Meto - ^"•^'- "5 Mark's Mill April 25 Brownsville ) -^ Princeton April 30 Reed's Bridge Aug. 27 Je ikin's Ferry April 30 Terry's Ferry Sept. 7 Kichlands. . . . May 3 Little Rock Sejn. 10 Clarendon June 25 Pine Bluff Oct. 24 to 29 Clarksville Nov. 8 Lake Chicot June 26 Waldron Dec. 30 Pine Bluff ... Julv 2 1864 Farris Mill j uly 14 Martin's Creek Jan. 17 Wallace's Ferry. .. . July 26 Batesville Feb. 19 Massard Prairie Ji'ly -7 Long View & Mt. Elba Ft. Smith Aug. 24 March 26 Jones Hay Station. . .Aug. 24 to 30 Searcy Sept. 6 Augusta April i 1865 Spoon ville April 2 Douglas Landing. .. .Feb. 22 Okolona April 3 Chalk Bluff May J I Roseville and Stone's Farm .... April 5 A/rn from Arkansas -who became Confederate Major Gencrah. Thomas J. Churchill, Evander McNair, James F. Fagan, Thomas C. Hindman, Patrick Ronayne Cleburne. A/en who beeanie Brigadier Generals. N. B. Pearce, John Selden Roane, N. B. Burrow, Marsh Walker, James Yell, John Edward Murrey, James Mcintosh, Daniel H. Reynolds, Albert Rust, John H. Kelley, Thomas P. Dockery, D. C. Govan, Dandridge McRae, William L. Cabell, Albert Pike, Seth M. Barton, James C. Tappan, W. N. R. Beall, C. W. Pfeiffer, A. T. Hawthorne, Charles W. Adams. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 195 CHAPTER XXII. ISAAC murphy's^ administration, 1S64-1868. 144. The Condition of Arkansas. 147. Military Law. 145. Indian Council. 148. The Constitution of 1868. 146. The Legislature of 1866. 149. New County. 150. Recuperation. 144. The Condition of Arkansas. There were two armies in the state, and military law predominated. Two civil governments were in operation. When Governor Murphy took ft,-$-*"*"'»f--j3^..^ charge of the new, or the *"""'' loyal government, as it was called, there was not a dollar in the treasury, -^ nor were there any civil -a-l officers under his con- iA^\ trol. During the first %\ year he organized a gov- ernment and extended his authority over nearly *''*-*^f..>j,..i{t.***' two thirds of the state. seal of Tut: state of Arkansas, 1864. President Lincoln had proclaimed that all persons who had taken part in the war for the South, with the exception of certain officers, should receive a full I. Isaac Murphy was born in Pennsylvania in 1802. He was married in Tennessee, but moved to Arkansas in 1834 and began to teacii school. His labors in the interests of schools in Washington county bore excellent results. He studied law and was sent to the legislature in i8|8. During the gold ex- citement he went to California, but returned in 1854 and settled in Huntsville. He was a member of the Senate in 1856; delegate to the convention of 1861; member of Gen. Curtis' staff in 1S63; he entered Little Rock \vith Gen. Steele. He died in 1S82. 196 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. pardon upon taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. Each month the Southerners became more convinced of the liopelessne&s of their cause. Governor Murphy was prudent and won friends every day. Soldiers whose time had expired repaired to their homes and began anew their civil work. After the surrender in 1865, they ail came home and were asked to renew their allegiance to the general government, and to take up their old oc- cupations. After they had done this they were treated as citizens of Arkansas, entitled to the same privileges as had been accorded them be- fore the war. The assassination of President Lincoln was a severe blow to the new order of things. He had always said that it was impossible for a state to secede from the Union, and had always treated the Southern states as members of the Union in rebellion.^ Their status as states in the Union was never questioned, and when ISAAC ML'RPHV. I. In his inaugural address President Lincoln said: " It follows Iron these views, that no state, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void. I there- fore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, the Union is un- broken." (Mar. 4, 1861.) Mr. Seward refused to receive commissioners from the Confederate government on the ground that he could not admit "that the states had in law or in fact withdrawn from the Union." HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 197 t'.ie end approached he said, " Renew your allegiance and take up your state work." The Murphy government had done this and had been recognized by the President. Southern soldiers took the oath of allegiance and devoted their energies to the new government. After the death of Lincoln, the Republican party in Congress took more extreme ground, and argued that the states by their attempted secession had lost their place as states; that before they could be recognized as such again, certain recon- struction acts had to be performed, and that in the meanwhile they were to be considered as conquered provinces under military control. As a consequence, the senators and congressmen sent to Congress from Arkansas were denied admission, and the citizens were disfranchised in the presidential elections. This state of affairs continued until 1868. T. D. W. Yonley, Charles A. Harper, and Elisha Baxter were elected to the supreme court in 1864. During this year Albert Pike succeeded Fairchild as associate justice of the Confederate supreme court. 145. Indian Council. The city of Fort Smith was in September, 1865, the scene of a general council of Indians, representing the Creeks, Choctaws, Chicka- saws, Cherokees, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Shaw- nees, Quapaws, Wyandots, Wichitas, and Comanches, and a commission on the part of the United States, composed of D. N. Cooley, commissioner of Indian affairs, Elijah Sells, superintendent of Indian affairs, Thomas Wistar, General W. S. Harney of the United States army, and Col. E. S. Parker of General Grant's staff. The Indians were told that by entering into treaties igS HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. with the Confederate states, they had forfeited all right to protection of the United States, and had sub- jected their property to confiscation. They were told also that the government had no intention of dealing harshly with them. On the second day the commis- sion presented treaties for ratification to the several tribes. The substance of these treaties was the aboli- tion of slavery, the unity of the tribes, and a consoli- dated government of all the Indians in the territory. On this day John Ross appeared and claimed a place as chief of the Cherokees. The southern Cherokees objected, and the commission refused to recognize him. Elias C. Boudinot appeared on the third day and agreed on the part of the southern Cherokees to accept everything demanded by the government except the consolidation of tlie tribes into one nation and the consolidation of negroes into the tribes. After thir- teen days' session, the council adjourned on Septem- ber 21, to meet at Washington the next year. This council brought about the treaty of July 19, 1S66, which gave the government the Cherokee strip and the neutral land. Peace and quietude have prevailed among the Indians ever since that time. 146. The Legislature of 1866. This was a notable body.i It was largely made up of Confederates who had laid aside their animosities and had begun anew I. A convention was held by leading Democrats and ex-Whigs Dec. 12, 1S65, at Little Rock, which was addressed by Generals Sherman and Reynolds. Dr. Lorenzo Gibson presided. About this time Chief Justice Yonley, a Union man, decided that President Lincoln had by his proclamation pardoned a large majority of those who had lately engaged in the rebellion in Arkansas and that election officers had no right to deny them a vote. Under this decision the people voted freely and elected Democratic county officials and a Democratic legislature. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 199 the work of state development. The elections, which had been free from coercion, resulted in a triumph for the peace policy of Lincoln. The war was over and the South had been defeated. In their old haunts and homes Southerners had found peace and refuge. Now they were called upon to serve the state in the legisla- tive halls and they suppressed all partisan feeling and passed many wise laws. The law for which they have received most credit was that levying a tax upon the property of the state, for public schools. Many laws had been passed before to aid the schools, but none of them were based upon taxation. To levy and collect this tax, to enumerate the children, apportion the money, create districts, and arrange for teachers was an enormous task, but one well begun. The change of the government in 1868 interfered with the full execution of the law. The office of superintendent of public instruction was created, and F. R. Earle, president of Cane Hill college, was elected by the legis- lature to that position. He was duly sworn in, but was not permitted by the military authorities to exercise the duties of the office. 147. Military Law. In 1867 Congress passed a law " for the more efficient government of the rebel states." In its preamble, it recited that no legal state government existed in certain " rebel " states, among which Arkansas was named. It must be remembered that the state government of Arkansas was set up in compliance with the proclamation of President Lincoln and that it had been recognized by him; that it had been in operation for nearly three years; and that, although its officers were Republicans, it had the con- fidence of the masses. The laws were enforced; a 200 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. Democratic legislature had met and acquiesced in the existing state of affairs; taxes were levied, in currency, faithfully collected, and economically expended. Peace was abroad in the land and the state was forget- tingthe horrors of war. Arkansas needed no "recon- struction;" but Congress paid no heed to her remon- strances.^ The reconstruction law divided the Southern states into five military districts, each one to be gov- erned by military law. Arkansas and Mississippi composed the 4th military district, under control of .^ Gen. E. O. C. Ord. The sub-district, Arkansas, was "^ placed under Gen. Alvan C. Gillem, with headquarters "i^ at Little Rock. The state was now under the control "> of the United States acting through its military arm. David Walker and John J. Clendennin, associate jus- tices, elected during this year, were succeeded by .' 1 Gen. Smith in 1867. ^ 148. The Constitution of 1868, The constitution oi 1864 which had been recognized by Lincoln, was now to be replaced by a new one more in accord with extreme Republican views. Gen. Ord directed a registration to be made, in order to ascertain who were legal voters. This registration was made under the supervision of soldiers and caused much bitterness of 1. The Republican convention met in 1867 and adopted a platform in favor of enfranchising the negro and of disfranchising the Confederates. 2. The following letter will show how the civil government was set aside by the military authorities: " Headquarters 4th Military District, Vicksburg, Miss. ) Aug. 9, 1857. ( Respectfully returned to Mr. F. R. Earle through auditor's office, state of Arkansas. This election (state superintendent of public instruction), held since the passage of the Military Bill, has not been confirmed at these head- quarters and is considered invalid. The services of the office are not needed. Maj. Gen. E. O. C. Ord." Thus was an act of the legislature overturned by military law. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 201 feeling. Many Democrats refused to register, and many more were denied the privilege. The negroes registered under fictitious names and in great num- bers. After the registration came the election, which was also held under a military order. This election was to determine whether the people desired a con- vention to frame a constitution, " loyal to the Union," yet 25,671 registered voters did not attend the election. " For convention " was carried by a majority of 14.018 votes. Delegates were also elected to the convention. Many of these were old Arkansas citizens who had remained loyal to the government. A large number of them, however, were negroes, or men who had been in the state but a short time. The convention met at Little Rock on Jan. 7, and elected Thomas M. Bowen, president, and John G. Price, secretary. They then proceeded to frame a constitution, which was submitted to the people for five days from March 13, 1868. About 20,000 voters were not permitted to vote,^ and about 20,000 who were entitled to vote did not do so. Gen. Gillem announced that in Pulaski county nearly 1,200 more votes were cast than were registered, and that in Jefferson county 800 were cast that were registered elsewhere. The majority for the new constitution was declared by Gen. Gillem to be 1316. On the first day of April, 1868, this constitution went into effect. At the same election the following Republicans were elected to office: Powell Clayton, governor; I. The Democrats were divided as to the proper course to pursue. Some thoug^ht the whole matter illegal and refused to register. Others after regis- tering failed to vote. There was a widespread conviction that military rule was better than reconstruction as it began in Arkan.as. 202 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. James M. Johnson, lieutenant governor; Robert T. J. White, secretary of state; James R. Berry, auditor; Henry Page, treasurer; John R. Montgomery, attor- ney-general; T. I). W. Yonley, chancellor; Thomas M. Bowen, Lafayette Gregg, William M. Harrison, and John McClure, judges of the supreme court. W. W. Wilshire was appointed chief justice. The negroes cast their first votes at this election. ^ The legislature elected under this constitution met at Little Rock on April 2, and remained in session until July 23. \w the spring of 1868 Congress passed an act readmitting Arkansas to the Union, which was vetoed by President Johnson. The reason for his veto was that Arkansas was already in the Union. Congress passed the admission act over his veto on June 20, by more than the required two-thirds vote. Thus began the reconstruction government in Arkansas. 149. New County. The only county formed during the administration of Governor Murphy was Little River county, taken from Hempstead and Sevier counties, and named after Little river on its northern bound- ary. The county seat was at Richmond. 150, Recuperation. War had nearly exhausted the resources of the country. Immigration had ceased and agriculture was almost destroyed. During Gov- ernor Murphy's administration a change for the better began. Farms were repaired and the work of produc- tion started anew. Men were everywhere trying to re- I. Although the negroes voted at this election, they did not acquire the gen- eral right to vote until the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted, Mar. 30, 1870. The Thirteenth Amendment was adopted without the vote of Arkansas, but the state was required to recognize its validity before it could be readmitted into the Union. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified by the legislature of iS'jS. HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. 203 build what had been lost or destroyed. Governor Mur- phy was an honest as well as an economical administra- tor. When he assumed the governorship there was not a dollar in the treasury; he managed affairs for about four years, met every expenditure, and left in the treasury $203,923.95, besides turning over to his suc- cessor $64,875.32 for the school fund and U. S. bonds amounting to $50,500. This school fund was not apportioned by the new state superintendent,^ Mr. Smith, until January it, 1870, when it entered into the first state apportion- ment of school funds. These figures show not only the good management of Governor Murphy, but the won- derfully recuperative powers of the state under the laws of peace, industry, and good will. The debt of the state was $3,163,000, and consisted of the bonds which had been loaned to the State and Real Estate banks in 1836, and the interest thereon. I. Auditor's report, 1870, page 31. Mr. Smith was the first state superintend- ent of public instruction who performed the duties of the office. Mr. Earl had been elected two years before, but did not serve. 204 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXIII. POWELL Clayton's^ administration, 1868-187 i. 151. Martial Law. 155. Railroad Aid and Levee 152. Representation in Congress. Bonds. 153. The Affair of the Hesper. 156. Division of the Republican 154. Refunding the State Debt. Party. 157. The Legislature of 1871. 151. Martial Law. The new constitu- tion contained many excellent features which might have won the approbation of the people had it been adopted under a different policy. The majority of the people looked upon it, however, as an instrument set up by force to punish them for their attempted secession. The legis- lature adopted the powell clayton. I. Powell Clayton was born ia Pennsylvania in 1838 and moved to Kansas in 185s, where he was engaged as a civil engineer. He enlisted in the ist Kansas Infantry and was made captain. He was afterwards made colonel of the sth Kansas Cavalry and was at the battle of Helena. For gallantry at Pine Bluff and Mt. Elba he was made a brigadier general. After the war he married, and settled on a plantation near Pine Bluff. He was elected governor in 1868, and United States senator in 1871. In 1877 he moved to Eureka Springs, where he has since resided. In 1897 he was appointed minister to Mexico. From the formation of the Republican party in Arkansas until to-day he has always been its greatest leader. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 205 fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, giving civil rights to the negroes. It also passed a law for the registration of voters, and provided for a revision of the Registration Act; it estab- lished the Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute; pledged state aid to railroads; removed the School for the Blind from Arkadelphia to Little Rock; established another sys- tem of public schools, extending its provisions to the colored race; repealed the Amnesty Act passed by the legislature of 1866-67; ^^''tl established the Arkansas Industrial University. The presidential election aroused considerable ex- citement. The registration of voters had gone on peaceably throughout the state and had been com- pleted. On Oct. 6, 1868, Governor Clayton set aside the registration in Asl^ley, Bradley, Columbia, Hot Spring, Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Sharp, Craighead, Sevier, and Green counties, and on Nov. i, in Randolph county. These counties were, there- fore, not permitted to vote, and 1,400 registered voters were disfranchised. The electoral vote as counted was cast for Grant and Colfax. The setting aside of the registration aroused great indignation. Men alleged that they had been unlawfully deprived of their rights, and openly condemned the governor. On the day after the election, Nov. 4, Governor Clay- ton declared martial law in Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Craighead, Green, Sevier, and Little River counties. Soon after this, Fulton, Drew, Conway, and Crittenden counties were placed under martial law. The proclamation recited that life and property were insecure in said counties and that the civil officers were unable to preserve the 2o6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. peace. The people in these counties denied all of these allegations, but could nut stay the order. Four military districts were established, and placed under the command of Generals Robert F. Catterson, Daniel P. Upham, Col. Samuel Mallory, and Gen. Thomas J. Hunt.^ Lists of "suspected bad characters," con- taining the names of many of the best citizens of the s.tate, were sent from the governor's headquarters at Little Rock to the military commanders, with instruc- tions to arrest the men and deal summarily with them. Several collisons of citizens with the militia occurred and many lives were lost. The conduct of the militia was exasperating and in many cases exceeded the bounds of their authority. The last of the militia disbanded in 1869, and the legislature at once passed a law absolving them from all legal accountability for any act done in service. This militia war was looked upon by good men of all parties as a stain upon I. Governor Clayton went into office April i, 1868. On July 21 he divided the state into ten military districts, with a mustering and inspecting officer in each district. These officers were relieved on Sept. 30, at which time thirty- seven companies had been organized with an aggregate number of 1,600 men. On Nov. 7 the ten districts were abolished and four districts were substituted. Registration was set aside Oct. 6. Martial law was declared Nov. 4. The oper- ations of the militia lasted three months. When the forces were mustered out the adjutant general was enabled to report that the force employed consisted of 214 commissioned officers, 674 non-commissioned officers, and 4,597 men, or 5,485 in all. On the other side there was nothing but an unorganized popu- lace, who claimed a right to vote, and who denied the right of the authorities to disfranchise them, either by refusing them registration, or by putting aside the registration afterwards. The Republican members of the Congressional committee to investigate the troubles in the Southern states said of the regis- tration law of 1868: " This law seems to vest large discretion in the registrars and thereby opens the door to abuse. The voter is at the mercy of the board and without remedy." The Democratic members of the committee, Messrs. Blair, Bayard, Co.x, Beck, Van Trump, Waddell, Robinson, and Hanks went further and said: " Five of the Southern states (naming Arkansas as one) are free from even the suspicion of lawlessness on the part of their people, what- ever may be the fact as to their rulers." HISTORY OF ARKAMSAS. 207 the good name of the state, and made it impossible for the people to love the constitution of 1868, or the abettors of the militia. The proclamation of martial law was not approved by Gen. Smith, the commander of the United States troops. 152. Representation in Congress. Arkansas was not represented in the Federal Congress from 1S61 to 1868. In 1864 the first session of the Murphy legisla- ture elected Elisha Baxter and William M. Fishback senators; but they were not admitted to the Senate. W. D. Snow was afterwards elected, but with no bet- ter result. The legislature of 1866 elected John T Jones and Andrew Hunter to the same places. Hunter resigned and A. H. Garland w^ii^-^ected in his place. None of them \\*sbS admitted to the Senate. William Byers, G. H. Kyle, and J. M. John- son were elected to Congress in 1S65, but were not recognized. After the readmission of Arkansas in June, 1868, the legislature at once elected Alexander McDonald and B. F. Rice to the Senate, and the people Logan H. Roots, Thomas Boles, and James Hinds to the House of Representatives. The state has been regu- larly represented in Congress ever since. 153. The Affair of the Hesper. In October, 1S68, Gov- ernor Clayton purchased 4,000 muskets in the North and had them shipped to Memphis. Here they were taken on board the steamer Hcspcr for transporta- tion to Little Rock. About twenty miles below Mem- phis the Hesper was overtaken by the steam tug iVettie Jones, and boarded by a party of masked men, who broke open the boxes and threw all the guns into the Mississippi river. The masked men were all 2o8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. from the city of Memphis, save one, from Arkansas, who recruited the party. 154. Refunding the State Debt. During the years 1869 and 1870 the old bonds of the state, issued to the State and Real Estate banks, were taken up, and new ones were issued for the amount of the principal and interest then due. The amount refunded was about $2,520,000. The Holford bonds were also refunded at their full face value, making an additional debt of $1,787,129. 155. Railroad Aid and Levee Bonds, In 1868, 1869, and 1870, aid was extended to the Memphis and Little Rock Railway, the Arkansas Central Railway, the Little Rock, Pine Bluff, and New Orleans Railway, the Little Rock and Ft. Smith Railway, and the Mis- sissippi, Ouachita and Red River Railway to help them to build and equip their several lines. The total amount of bonds issued amounted to $5,350,000. In addition to this $1,986,773 were issued to levee boards to build levees along the navigable streams at points of overflow. This raised the debt of the state from $3,163,000 at the close of Murphy's administra- tion to $11,643,000. In June, 1877, the supreme court of the state declared that the railroad aid and levee bonds had been illegally issued and were therefore void. At that date the principal and interest of these bonds amounted to $7,135,298. This decision relieved the state from all responsibility upon these illegal bonds. 156. The Division of the Republican Party. The policy of the governor was not approved by a large number of his party. Many Republicans opposed his adminis- tration and set about forming a coalition to defeat HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 209 him. The governor thereupon changed his tactics and in a public speech declared himself in favor of removing all political disabilities growing out of the war. The followers of the governor were called " Minstrels; " the Republicans who opposed him, " Brindles." Each party sought the help of the Democrats and the history of the next year was but a war of factions. 157. The Legislature of 1871, The governor recom- mended to the legislature that met Jan. 2, 187 1, that the disabilities of Confederates be removed, and a law was passed to that effect. Lieutenant Governor John- son resigned and was appointed secretary of state. The Senate then elected Ozra A. Hadley president of the Senate, and Powell Clayton United States senator. On March 17, 187 1, Clayton resigned his position as governor and O. A. Hadley succeeded him. The following changes were made in other offices: Thomas M. Bowen, supreme judge, resigned, and John E. Bennett was appointed his successor. Chief Justice Wilshire resigned, and John McCIure was appointed to that position, and E. J. Searle to the vacancy created by the promotion of Judge McClure. HIST. OF ARK. — I4 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXIV. OZRA A. HADLEV'S^ ADMINISTRATION, 1871-1873. 158. Elections. 159. The Arkansas Industrial University. 160. New Counties. 161. Railroads. 158. The Elections. Meanwhile the breach in the Republican ranks grew wider each day. Liberty Bart- lett and John Edwards issued a call for a Liberal- Republican convention. In May, 1872, the oppo- sition organized what they called the Reform- Republican party (nick- named Brindles); They held a state convention and nominated a full state ticket, with Joseph Brooks at its head. The regular (Minstrel) Re- publicans met in July and nominated Judge Elisha Baxter of Bates- Oi^KA. A. MAULtV. ville for governor. The Democratic convention met in June and made a recommendation to the Democrats of the state to support Joseph Brooks. The canvass was very excit- I. O. A. Hadley was born in New York in 1826 and moved to Little Rock in 1865. He was elected to the State Senate in 1868 and acted as governor until January, 1873. He was afterwards register of the United States Land Office at Little Rock, and postmaster of the city. He then moved to Colorado. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 211 ing. Judge Baxter promised that if elected he would administer the government in a fair and impartial manner. INIr. Brooks was a good speaker and his attacks upon his brother Republicans, or the " State- house Ring," as he called them, were vigorous and effective. The great body of the Democrats voted for Brooks. The election occurred on November 5, 1872. According to the count, Baxter received 41,834 votes, and Brooks 38,886. Brooks claimed that he had been elected and that the true returns had not been declared. Afterwards his claim was admitted by his opponents, the Minstrels, but too late to be of any political advantage. Baxter was inaugurated. 159. The Arkansas Industrial University. Under the act establishing the Arkansas Industrial University on the basis of the Land Grant Act of Congress of July, 1862, many bids were made to secure its location. Fayetteville secured it. Washington county subscribed $100,000, and Fayetteville, $30,000. This amount was invested in bonds, the interest of which enters annually into the fund for the maintenance of the institution. In the latter part of 1871 the buildings were completed and on January 22, 1872, the University began its career. Prof. N. P. Gates acted as the first president, assisted by a faculty of eight professors. The number of students the first year was about 100. Gen. D. H. Hill succeeded Prof. Gates and made the institution one of the greatest in the Union. Other presidents have been Col. Edgar E. H. Murfee, and S. H. Buchanan. 160. New Counties. Six new counties were estab- lished during Clayton's and Hadley's administrations. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. County. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seat. Sharp Grant Boone July i8, 1868. Feb. 4, 1869. April 9, 1869. Mar. 20, 1871. Mar. 22, 1871. Mar. 28, 1871. Ephraim Sharp. Gen. Grant. Daniel Boone. Evening Shade. Sheridan. Harrison. Logan Lincoln Benj. Logan. Pres. Lincoln. Prescott. Reveille, Paris. Star City, Varner. 161. Railroads. The Memphis and Little Rock Rail- way was partially constructed before the war. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad finished its line from St. Louis to Little Rock in 1872, and before the close of 1874 had extended it to the Texas line at Texarkana. The Little Rock and Ft. Smith Railroad completed its line to Russellville dur- ing the year 1873. This was a great impetus to our reviving commerce and started a new era of develop- ment for the state. On Feb. 9, 1853, Congress granted to Arkansas six sections per mile for a road from Cairo to Texas, with branches to Ft. Smith and the Mississippi river. On Nov. 26, 1856, the legisla- ture of Arkansas passed these lands on the north and south line to the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, (St. L. L M. & S. Ry.), and they were accepted. Congress after- wards increased the grant to ten sections per mile, from which 1,936,400 acres have been patented by this road. The Cairo and Fulton, the Memphis and Little Rock, and the Little Rock and Ft. Smith, are the only railroads that have been aided by land grants from Congress. Together they have received more than 2,600,000 acres of land. All political parties, state and national, have declared against any further grants of land to railroads. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 213 CHAPTER XXV. ELiSHA Baxter's administration, 1873-1874. 162. Biographical Sketch. 163. Minstrel Disaffection. 164. The Brooks Contest. 165. The Brooks Interregnum. 163. The Brooks-Baxter War. 167. The Constitutional Conven- tion, 168. New Counties. 169. The Constitution of 1874. 170. The Constitutions of Arkan- 162. Biographical Sketch. Governor Elisha Baxter was born in North Carolina in 1827, and came to Arkansas in 1852. He began business at Batesville as a merchant, but soon gave up this business. In 1854 and 1856^ lie represented Independ- ence county in the legis- lature. After the be- ginning of the war he was offered the colonelcy of a Union regiment, but declined it, because he did not think it right to fight against his neigh- bors and friends. He then started for Missouri and was captured by the Confederates. Col. Robert C. Newton paroled him and sent him to Little Rock to report to Gen. Holmes. At Little Rock he was imprisoned to await an indictment for treason. This he considered a violation of good faith, and he made his escape. ELISHA UAXTEE. 214 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. He then repaired to Jacksonport and raised a Union regiment of which he was made colonel. Upon the organization of the Murphy government he was elected judge of the supreme court. Shortly after this he was elected senator of the United States, but was never permitted to serve. After the war Governor Clayton appointed him judge of the third judicial circuit, which position he held until he was elected governor. He was inaugurated Jan. 6, 1873. His election was :i triumph for the Minstrels, and his selection as the nominee of that wing of the party was in deference to the sentiment that the old citizens of the state should be given the principal positions. The other ofificers selected at the same time were: V. V. Smith, lieuten- ant governor; James M. Johnson, secretary of state; Stephen Wheeler, auditor; Henry Page, treasurer; T. D. W. Yonley, attorney-general; M. L. Stephenson and E. J. Searle, supreme judges. For Congress the following selections were made: Asa Hodges, O. P. Snyder, W. W. Wilshire, and William J. Hynes. The seat of Wilshire was contested by T. M. Gunter, and Wilshire was defeated. All the other seats were con- tested, but unsuccessfully. 163. Minstrel Disaffection. Governor P>axter was a Republican, but had promised to administer the laws in the interest of the people, without regard to party. The majority of the Democrats voted against him because they were more in sympathy with the principles of the other wing of the Republican party. All parties were alert and all eyes were on Baxter. When the legislature met, the militia were placed around the statehousc to repress any effort on the part of the Brindlesto take possession and organize another HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 215 government. Passes were given to all members, returned by the secretary of state, and the legislative body was organized. The vote as returned by the secre- tary of state was adopted and GoverntDr Baxter was inaugurated. Thus far everything was in favor of the Minstrels. They had possession, and were given the offices. The Brindles held a convention, protested against the " counting in " of Baxter, denounced the Democrats who had taken their seats in the " Mins- trel " legislature, and went home. Then came further disturbance in the shape of a railroad bill which created some of the most remark- able party changes known in all history. The bill proposed to release the railroad companies from their indebtedness to the state and to tax the people to pay the interest on the railroad bonds. Governor Baxter at once opposed the bill. This was the beginning of an estrangement between him and his Republican friends. In addition to this he appointed Democrats as well as Republicans to office. He was remonstrated with, but all to no purpose. The Democrats had some very strong men in the legislature, and these with the votes of the Liberal Republicans made a powerful combination. This body passed a law removing dis- franchisements, which was proclaimed as ratified on April 19, 1873. The Registration Act, and the power of the registrar to correct the lists without appeal, still remained in force. The term of B. F. Rice, United States senator, expiring, he was succeeded by Stephen VV. Dorsey. 164. The Brooks Contest. Jose[)h Brooks believed that he was elected governor, and contested the elec- tion of Mr, Baxter before the legislature, but without 2i6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. success. He then tried to gain recognition before the United States court, but Judge Caldwell held that his court had no jurisdiction over the matter. Next he went to the supreme court, but it decided that the only power that could lawfully try the case was the leg- islature, and this body had already decided against him. As a last resort, he went before the Pulaski cir- cuit court and filed a suit for the office of governor. By the decision of the supreme court his action could not be legally maintained by any state court, but political sentiments had changed between the dates of the two suits. Baxter's acts did not please the Repub- licans who had elected him, and there began at once a reconciliation between the opposing Republican wings. The Baxter Republicans now joined the Brooks Republicans and declared that Baxter had not been elected. The Democrats who had been opposing Baxter, on the other hand, now began to champion his cause. It was a day of part}' revolutions. The result was that the Republican judge in the Pulaski superior court decided against Baxter. 165. The Brooks Interregnum. Joseph Brooks at once repaired to the governor's office. Baxter refused to' surrender his office, but was forcibly ejected, and Brooks took possession. He was sworn in on April 15, 1874, and began his career as governor. He held the office until May 15, exactly thirty days. As Governor Baxter passed out of the statehouse he met Judge S. W. Williams, who advised him to go at once to St. John's college and put himself under the protection of Col. Gray. Governor Baxter drove rapidly to the college and entering Col. Gray's office said, " Colonel, I have been unjustly ejected from my HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 217 office and I expect to be pursued. If you recognize me as the chief executive of the state, I desire to know whether you will protect me?" Col. Gray called the sergeant and told him to lead the governor to a room upstairs and to furnish him with writing mate- rial. He then had the drum sounded, and two companies of cadets were drawn up in line before the college. Col. Gray informed them of the state of affairs, and said he desired to take a vote. He asked every cadet who was willing to volun- teer to defend the gov- ernor to step three paces to the front. Not a boy faltered — even the smallest stepped forward. Thus did Arkansas boys show their pluck and manliness. Forty of the boys were selected and the remainder were sent home. These boys stood guard around the college all night, with loaded guns, stopping all, save those who were permitted to enter. In the afternoon of the next day they were relieved by the volunteer company of Col. Johnson. During the trying days just before the ejection of Governor Baxter, he was assisted by a corps of advisers, Judges Henry C. Caldwell, Elbert H. Eng- lish, Freeman W. Compton, U. M. Rose, and Augus- tus H. Garland, which for courage, legal ability, and 'fW^V^ U. M. ROSE. 2i8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. character has never been surpassed. These advisers called upon him that night at St. John's college, and the situation was discussed. Col. Gray mounted his horse and hurried to the residence of Col. S. W. Wil- liams where a proclamation was rapidly drawn up. Returning to the college, Col. Gray called up his wife, who proceeded to copy it. Not till after midnight was the work finished. The governor, however, hesitated, and during the whole forenoon of the next day would not publish his decision. He dreaded the charge of treason, and was not sure that the authorities at Wash- ington would support him. While thus undecided, a company of young men from the best families of Little Rock, headed by B. S. John- son, made a visit to St. John's college. In one of the study rooms they held a caucus and appointed John- son chairman. He selected a sub-committee composed of Col. R. C. Newton, chairman, Sterling Cockrill, and Benjamin Johnson to wait upon the governor as citizens, assuring him of their support, and advising him to declare martial law. The sub-committee appointed Col. Newton chairman, and waited upon the governor. The committee found Mr. Baxter engaged with Generals Dockery, Burke, and McAnaly, but he re- ceived the deputation graciousl}'. Newton told him that he and the other young men were there as private citi- zens and not as soldiers; that his cause was just and that the people would uphold it, if supported by a proclamation declaring martial law. The governor still hesitated; Newton then said that nothing could be done without prompt action; that if the governor would act decisively, v/ithin thirty minutes the delega- IIlSrORY OF ARKANSAS. 219 tion would become his adherents, and would guarantee a strong military force; but that if he delayed, they must abandon his cause, and leave him to the danger of arrest by the Brooks authorities. The young men then departed to make a report to their associates; but before long Governor Baxter entered the room where they were assembled, accompanied by Gen. Dockery and his friends. Dockery had a paper in his hand which he pro- ceeded to read. It was the proclamation declar- ing martial law. The die was cast, and before mid- night a thousand men had enlisted in support of Baxter's cause. 166. The Brooks-Baxter War. Governor Baxter took up his quarters at the Anthony House, and appointed Col. Robert C. Newton major general of the militia. The militia began pouring in from all sides and Little Rock be- came the theater of war. Crovernor Brooks fortified the statehouse and in turn called out the militia. Many excellent Democrats responded to his call, because they believed that he was honestly elected. Boats and trains brought recruits to each party, and nothing but the presence of the United States troops prevented bloodshed.^ GE.N. ROBERT C. NEWTON. I, Pwrinff the collisions tUai cnswcd King WhilQ of Pine Bluff gained a 220 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The supreme court in the meantime had delivered a second decision which favored Brooks. All these mat- ters were telegraphed to Washington and both sides awaited the decision of the Federal authorities. President Grant finally decided that the legislature of Arkansas was the body to decide the question, and promised that the protection of the United States should be afforded that body while in session. The legislature met on May ii, 1874, in a rented hall, and de- cided that Baxter was the legal governor of Arkansas. On May 15, 1874, Grant issued his proclamation in favor of Baxter, and commanded Brooks and his follow- ers to disperse, which they did. Governor Baxter went back to the statehouse and was not troubled thereafter. 167. The Constitutional Convention. Judge Yonley re- signed as attorney-general and James L. AVitherspoon succeeded him. Supreme judges Stephenson and Bennett resigned, and T. J. Bearden and Freeman W. Compton were their successors. The governor then appointed. Elbert H. English chief justice in place of Judge McClure. Henry Page resigned, as treasurer, and Robert C. Newton was appointed to that place. The only member of Congress that adhered to Bax- ter's cause was W. W. Wilshire, and his influence at Washington contributed very much to the decision arrived at by the President. The legislature passed an act calling a constitu- splendid reputation as a leader, and was a conspicuous figure on the Baxter side. Brooks appointed Gen. Fagan as liis commanding general, and Arkan- sas men were awed at the sight of two distinguished Confederates, Fagan and Newton, opposed to each other in deadly combat. A debt of thanks is due to the military ability of both forces and for the prudent management of forces which alone could prevent bloodshed, History of Arkansas. 221 tional convention to meet at Little Rock on July 14, 1874, for the purpose of framing a new constitu- tion. The question as to whether or not there should be a convention was submitted to the people on June 30, and was voted on as follows: 80,259 ^^or convention; 8,547 against. So the convention was called. 168. New Counties, The following new counties were created during this administration: County. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seats. Clay Mar. 24, 1873 Mar. 24, 1873 Apr. s, 1873 Apr. 12, 1873 Apr. 16, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 21, 1873 John M. Clayton. Gov. Ba.\ter. AufTustus H. Garland. C. H. Faulkner. A Lone Oak. Grover Cleveland. Senator Howard. Gen. Robert Lee. Boydsville, Corning. Mountain Home. Hot Springs. Conway. Lonoke. Risen. Center Point. Ba.xter Garland Raulkner Lonoke Cleveland Howard Lee Stone Mountain View. 169. The Constitution of 1874. The convention met at Little Rock on July 14, and elected Grandison D. Royston of Hempstead president, and Thomas W. Newton secretary. A constitution removmg all disfranchisements and registrations was framed and submitted to the people on Oct. 13, 1874. The vote stood for ratification, 76,453; against it, 24,807. The constitution of 1874, the one now in force, thus became the fundamental law of the state. The Democrats nominated a full state ticket headed by Augustus H. Garland for governor. The Republicans made no nominations and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. The constitution was ofifiicially proclaimed as adopted Oct. 30, 1874. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 170. Constitutions of Arkansas. 1. Constitution of 1836. 2. Constitution of 1861. 3. Constitution of 1864. 4. Constitution of 1868. 5. Constitution of 1874. From 1836 to 1861. From 1 86 1 to 1864. From 1864 to 1868. From 1 868 to 1874. From 1874 to the present time. CHAPTER XXVI. AUGUSTUS H. garland's ADMINISTRATION, 1874-1876. 171. The Personnel of the Admin- 175. Condition of the Treasury. istration. 17G. Superintendent of Public In- 172. Growth of Popular Elections. struction. 173. V. V. Smith's Proclamation. 177. The Centennial at Phil- 174. The Poland Investigating adelphia. Committee. 178. The Elections. 171 . The Personnel of the Administration. Augustus H. Garland was born in Tennessee in 1832, and came to Arkansas in 1833. He was a delegate to the convention of 1861, and a representa- tive and senator in the Confederate Congress. He served one term as governor, and was elected for two succes- sive terms to the Senate AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 223 of the United States. In 1885 he entered Pi-esident Cleveland's cabinet as attorney-general for the United States, being the first citizen of the state to hold a cabinet position. His fellow state officers in 1874 were Benton B. Beavers, secretary of state; William R. Miller, auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, treasurer; Simon P. Hughes, attorney-general; J. N. Smithee, commis- sioner of state lands; Elbert H. English, chief justice, and David Walker and William H. Harrison, associate justices. The state officers were elected for a term of two years, while the supreme judges were elected for eight years. The congressmen elected were Lucien C. Gause, W. F. Slemons,W.W.Wilshire, and T. M. Gunter. 172. Growth of Popular Elections. In early terri- torial days almost every position was filled by appoint- ment. During the administration of John Pope, and through his efforts, the number of elective officers was enlarged. The constitution of 1836 further enlarged the number but the appointees were still numerous. The constitution of 1868 reduced the elected officers and enlarged the appointing power. Under the present constitution almost every office is in the hands of the people. Officers have a minimum of power, and the people select their school directors, justices of the peace, and constables, county and municipal officers, and all state officers, — legislative, executive, and judicial. The taxes that may be levied by the legislature are specified and limited in amount. Additional taxation must be obtained by a vote of the people. The public schools are supported by a general tax of two mills upon all the property of the state, which is distributed per capita to all the children between certain ages. 224 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. In addition each district must supplement its fund, by self-taxation, to an amount not exceeding five mills on the dollar. Thus the people have been gradu- ally taking to themselves the decision of all political and economical questions, and although they have made many mistakes, they have gained the power of governing themselves with enterprise, economy, and wisdom. 173. Volney Smith's Proclamation. Governor Garland was confronted a few days after his inauguration with a proclamation made by Volney V. Smith, lieutenant governor under Baxter, declaring himself the succes- sor of Baxter and the rightful governor of Arkansas. This declaration was based upon the assertion that the acts of the people of the state in calling a consti- tutional convention and in voting to adopt it and to elect officers were null and void. Governor Garland ordered the arrest of Smith, and offered a reward for his apprehension. President Grant shortly afterwards appointed him consul to the Island of St. Thomas, and he left Arkansas for that place. 174. The Poland Investigating Committee. Representa- tions were made to President Grant early in 1875 that the constitution of 1868 had been overthrown by vio- lence and a new one adopted. In a special message he reported the matter to Congress. Governor Gar- land invited the committee, of which Hon. Luke E. Poland was chairman, to visit Arkansas and to investi- gate the matter from the beginning. The committee examined witnesses from both wings of the Repub- lican party and from the Democratic party, and on Feb. 19, 1875, reported to Congress that no interference with the existing government in the state of Arkansas HISTORY OF ARKAA'SAS. 225 by an}' department of the United States was advisable. Congress adopted the report, and Arkansas escaped Federal interference with her local affairs. 175. Condition of the Treasury. Governor Garland found the treasury empty. He said: " There was not enough money in the treasury to buy sufificient wood to kindle a fire in the governor's office." A loan of $200,000 was effected, w,hich was repaid in 1S76. Expenditures were cut down and an effort was made to keep them within the limits of the appropriations. It was not long before a change for the better occurred. Scrip began to rise in value and before many years was all redeemed and destroyed. For years the government has been run upon a cash basis, and the financial condition of the state to-day is of the highest character. 176. Superintendent of Public Instruction. The legisla- ture having created the office of superintendent of public instruction, G. W. Hill was appointed to fill it until the next general election. The officers who have been chosen to that position are as follows: Thomas Smith, 1868 to 1873; J. C. Corbin, 1873 to 1874; G. W. Hill, 1875 to 1878; J. L. Denton, 1878 to 1882; W. E. Thompson, 1882 to 1890; J. H. Shinn, ^ ,., 1890 to 1894; Junius Jordan, 1894 to the present time. ^ « >>^^ 177. The Centennial at Philadelp?iia, On November ^^?'^^,' 30, 1875, the legislature made an appropriation to erect %,'k;>,'lhiU a building at the Centennial Exposition of the United ^^^^ States, to be held at Philadelphia in 1876. The build- ing was erected and was an honor to the exhibition as well as to the exhibitors. Exhibits representing the resources and progress of the state were displayed. The Bureau of Awards granted awards to Arkansas: HIST. OF ARK. — 15 226 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. (i.) For a large, well-planned state building; (2.) For a large, comprehensive, and very attractive exhibit of the natural and industrial products of the state, and a very valuable mineral collection; (3.) For a large collection of native woods; (4.) For an exhibit of agricultural pro- ducts, especially of corn and cotton, the latter equal- ARKANSAS STATE Bl'ILDING, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. ing any fiber of its kind raised in the United States. In addition the state took first and second premiums ($1,000 and $500) for cotton exhibited in the bale. This was the first effort of the commonwealth to dis- play her resources and did much to allay sectional feel- ing and to reunite the people. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 22^ 178. TheElections. The Democratic party nominated William R. Miller for governor, and the Republican party, A. W. Bishop. At the election in September (1S76), Miller was elected by a majority of 32,217. In the presidential election of the same year Arkansas voted for Tilden and Hendricks. CHAPTER XXVn. WILLIAM R. miller's ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881. 179. The Personnel. 180. The Legislature. 181. Changes in the Supreme Court. 182. The Yellow Fever. 183. Elections of 1878. 184. The 22d Legislature. 179. The Personnel. William R. Miller was born at Batesville, Inde- pendence county, Arkan- sas, November 23, 1823, and was the first and only native of Arkansas to hold the ofifice of gov- ernor. He lived on a farm and attended the schools in his neighbor- hood until he was of age. He was chosen clerk of Independence county in 185. The Fishback Amendment. 186. The Scott and Union County Troubles. 187. The State Teachers' Associa- tion. 188. The Census. 189. Official Changes. WILLIAM R. MIl.LEK. 22S J/IsrOKV OJ' .lA'A'.lA'SAS. 1848 and held the position until 1854. In that year Gov- ernor Elias N. Conway appointed him auditor of state to fill the unexpired term of C. C. Danley. The Know- nothings having secured the legislature, Miller was defeated for the regular term, but was elected auditor by the next legis- lature in 1S56 and held the office until the begin- ning of 1864, when he was succeeded under the Murphy government by James R. Berry. In 1866 he was elected to the same position, but was turned out by the consti- tution of 1868, and again succeeded by Mr. Kerry. ' In 1874 he was again J. .UN k. h.AkiN. elected auditor and held that position until he was elected governor. After l:is second term in the governor's office, he returned to Batesville, where he resided until 1886 ; then he was again called to the office of auditor, in which position he died, Nov. 29, 1887. He was one of the three great auditors of state — the other two being Elias N. Conway and James R. Berry. Governor Miller was inaugurated Jan. 11, 1877. His assistants for the first term were B. B. Beavers, secretary of state; John Crawford, auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, treasurer; W. F. Henderson, attorney-general; J. N. Smithee, com- missioner of state lands; Geo. W. Hill, superin- tendent of public instruction ; John R. Eakin, HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. 229 chancellor, and Jonathan W. Callaway, chancery court clerk. The Congressmen elected for the term 1877-79 were L. C. (iause, ist district; W. Y. Slemons, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d; and T. M. Counter, 4th. 180. The Legislature. The twenty-first session of the legislature convened at Little Rock on Jan. 8, 1877. The body passed many laws concerning the vexed questions growing out of the period of disturbance, and laws favorable to the development of the country. The state and county convict management v/as brought to public attention, and was settled by the passage of two laws. Additional buildings were pro- vided at the penitentiary, and counties were authorized to hire out the county convicts. The hiring of con- victs has proved injudicious. Crime must be pun- ished, but the system of hiring or leasing not only offends the innocent, but subjects the criminal to ordeals not contemplated by the law. The legislature also made provision for the payment of the interest on the public debt. The term of Powell Clayton, United States senator, being about to expire, Augustus H. Garland was elected his successor without opposition. 181. Changes in the Supreme Court. In March, 187S, David Walker resigned his office as supreme judge and Jesse Turner of Van Buren was appointed to succeed him. 182. The Yellow Fever. During the autumn of 1878 there was a yellow fever epidemic in the South, par- ticularly in Memphis, Grenada, New Orleans, and Shreveport. The position of Arkansas with reference to these places gave rise to widespread alarm in the 230 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State. A rigid quarantine was established against all travelers from the infected districts, and proper pre- cautions were taken by the local authorities to make the quarantine effective. No one was permitted to travel unless he could show a certificate from a physi- cian that he had not been in a yellow fever district within forty days. Physicians were stationed as guards at Hopefield, Carondelet, Poplar Bluff, Texarkana, and other places. These precautions saved the state from the contagion, except for a few cases at Hopefield and Argenta. Dr. J. C. Easly, a prominent physician of Little Rock, who generously volunteered to go to Memphis and to lend his aid as physician and nurse to the stricken city, was attacked by the fever and died. Such disinterested devotion to duty is not only an honor to the medical profession but a credit to humanity. During the next year the disease broke out afresh, but by the heroic efforts of the State Board of Health, appointed by Governor Miller, and the cheerful cooperation of local boards and citizens, the state was again saved from a general infection. 183. Elections of 1878. The state election in Sep- tember, 1S78, resulted in the reelection of Governor Miller, and many of the other state officers. The new officers were as follows: Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; D. W. Lear, land commissioner; James L. Den- ton, superintendent of public instruction; John R. Eakin, supreme judge, and D. W. Carroll, chancellor. James L. Denton, although not a teacher, was a man of much executive ability and of great eloquence. He traveled over the state, urging the people to cooperate with the state for better public schools. His efforts HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 231 were rewarded with a large degree of success. He died in office Oct. 11, 1882. The congressmen returned were Poindexter Dunn, ist district; W. F. Slemons, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d; and T. M. Gunter, 4th. The war issues were gradually dying out and the elec- tions were becoming less bitter and exciting. 184. The 22nd Legislature. The principal acts of the legislature of 1879 were in the nature of strengthening our state educational and eleemosynary institutions. The Arkansas Industrial University, the School for the Blind, and the Deaf Mute Institute were all favored with appropriations. 185. The Fishback Amendment. It was during the twenty-second session of the legislature that final dispo- sition was made of the Holford bonds. The state prior to 1869 had always denied any obligation on account of these bonds. Under the Funding Act of 1869 they were refunded, however, and new bonds were issued for the full amount of principal and accrued interest. William M. Fishback, a member of the legislature from Ft. Smith, introduced a resolution (1879) providing for the submission to the people of an amendment to the constitution which should forever prohibit the legisla- ture from either levying a tax or making an appropria- tion to pay any part of the principal or the interest of the Hoiford bonds. The resolution was adopted by the legislature, and afterwards by the people at the general election in 1884.1 This amendment so adopted has ever since been called the Fishback amendment. The original bonds, 500 in number, called for $500,000. The interest had never been paid. In 1870, 1,268 new I. At the g-eneral election of 1880 the amendment was defeated, but at the election in 1884 it was adopted. 232 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. bonds were issued to cover the principal and interest, valued at $1,268,000, bearing interest at six per cent per annum. The principal and interest at the adoption of the amendment amounted to nearly $2,000,000. Thus did the people summarily dispose of a question that had been a source of vexation for more than fifty years. The justice of the decision has been cjuestioned by many able men, who believe that the state owes Mr. Holford the actual amount of money which was received by the Real Estate Bank, with interest from the date of the original transaction. The state never owed the face of the bonds, but she always considered that there was an indebtedness in part.^ The adop- tion of the amendment subjected the state to the charge of repudiation, and the people were divided as to the wisdom and honesty of the act. i86. The Scott and Union County Troubles. During the administration of Governor Miller several persons were killed in Scott county. The authorities were unable to ascertain who were the perpetrators of the deeds, but suspicion attached itself to certain men. Thus arose in the county two factions known as the accusers and the excusers. An armed body took pos- session of the town of Waldron, but the sheriff suc- ceeded in dispersing them. The session of the circuit court was about to open and it was feared that the factions would come into col- lision. Governor Miller sent a detachment of state guards to Waldron and placed them under the control I. The various auditors in accounting always carried the amount actually received by the Real Estate Bank as an indebtedness of the state. The amount actually received by the bank on September 7, 1840, was $121,336.50. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 233 of the sheriff. By these precautions all danger was averted. Another assassination took place and excitement ran high. The sheriff again called for the militia and arrests were made and the prisoners protected. The cases were all tried before the civil authorities and the majesty of the law was sustained. Governor Miller was frequently asked to declare martial law, but he resolutely refused to do so. The armed support of the civil authorities, although slower in results, produced an enduring respect for law. In March, 1877, some negroes in Union county were killed by a body of men who infested the state line region at that time. The citizens of the county, white and black, held a mass meeting and demanded of the governor the right to organize two companies of militia, one white and one black, to assist the civil authorities. The governor granted the request and offered a reward for the murderers. They were arrested in Texas and conveyed to Arkansas. On the way news was received that an armed body was pre- paring to attack the officers and release the prisoners. Governor Miller at once directed a detachment of the Hempstead county militia to form a guard around the officers and to protect them as they crossed the country. I'his again insured the triumph of the civil law, and so strengthened it as to make its power supreme. 187, The State Teachers' Association. This association was organized in 1869 and has l)een an influential factor in the development of the schools. Professors Right- sell, Gates, and Parham were among its first members and have always lent their aid to secure its success. 234 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. It held a notable meeting in June, 1880, at Little Rock. Prominent visitors from abroad, among whom were W. T. Harris, E. L. Joynes, J. M. Greenwood, and Dr. Fitzgerald, gave the matter an unusual importance. It is the oldest association, except the secret societies, in the state, and bears upon its rolls the name of every progressive teacher. 188. The Census. The census of 1880 showed that Arkansas had a population of 802,525, of which 591,531 were white. This evidenced a remarkable growth, and plainly indicated that the state was again on the road to prosper! t v. 189. Official Changes. The term of Stephen W. Dor- sey expiring, a lively contest ensued over his successor. The candidates were Robert W. Johnson, J. D. Walker, and Governor Elisha Baxter. Mr. Walker was successful. At the general election in 1880 the Democrats nominated Gen. Thomas J. Churchill for governor. The Greenback party nominated W. P. Parks of Lafayette county. The Republicans made no nomination, but supported the Greenback ticket. Out of 115,619 votes Churchill received 84,190 and was elected. In the presidential election the vote of Arkansas was cast for Hancock and English. The following congressmen were elected at the same time: Poindexter Dunn, ist district; James K. Jones, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d, and Thomas M. Gunter, 4th. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 235 CHAPTER XXVIII. THOMAS J. Churchill's administration, 1881-1883. 190. The Personnel. 193. The Medical College. 191. The Insane Asylum. 194. The Perry County Trouble. 192. The Pine Bluff Branch Nor- 195. The Elections. mal College. 190. The Personnel. Thomas J. Churchill was born in Kentucky in 1824. In 1846 he enlisted in a Ken- tucky regiment and took part in the Mexican war. In 1848 he removed to Arkansas and settled at Little Rock. From 1857 to 186 r he was postmaster of the city. When the war broke out between the North and the South he raised a regiment of cavalry and was made its colonel. His military career was brilliant. He was successively made brigadier general, and major general in the Confederate army. After the war he returned to his plantation and remained there until 1S74, when he was elected treasurer of the state. He held this office for six years; then he was elected gov- ernor. He served one term in this capacity and then returned to private life. His assistant state officers were: Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; John Craw- ford, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; C. B. Moore, attorney-general; D. W. Lear, land commis- sioner; James L. Denton, superintendent of public instruction; and Elbert H. English, chief justice. Governor Churchill was inaugurated on Jan. 13, 1881. 191. The Insane Asylum. One of the most important acts of the twenty-third session of the legislature was an appropriation of $150,000 to build an insane asylum. Grounds were purchased on the hills west of 236 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the city of Little Rock and the work of construction was begun. The building erected is one of the handsomest in the South and occupies one of the noblest positions in the state. Successive legislatures have added to it until little remains to make it one of the leading benevolent institutions of the country. The cyclone of 1894 demolished the front wall of one of the wings, but this was soon repaired. Dr. P. O. Hooper was its superintendent from 1885 to 1893, and to his efficiency is due the high rank which the institution has attained. He was succeeded by Dr. J. J. Robertson, the present able superintendent. 192. The Pine Bluff Branch Normal College. The estab- lishment of the Pine 151 uff Pranch Normal College for colored students was another progressive act of this legislature. The appropriation was $10,000. With tills, grounds were bought in Pine Bluff and a building HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. iy] was erected. Prof. J. C. Corl)in was placed in charge and has been retained ever since. 'l"he institution is under the control of the trustees of the Arkansas Industrial University, and is sup[)orted by appropria- tions from the state. Other legislatures have given money to make needed additions and enlargements. The legislature of 1873 provided by enactment for this school, but it was not begun until 1S75. The appropriation of 1880 enabled the board to erect a handsome two-story brick building. A woman's dor- mitory was added in 1889, and a building for a mechanical department later on. The college gives free tuition upon the same basis as the Arkansas Industrial University, and has been an influential fac- tor in the development of the negro race. 193. The Medical College. The same legislature au- thorized the board of trustees of the Arkansas Indus- trial University to establish a medical department in the university. This was done by selecting an able faculty from among the physicians and surgeons of Little Rock and authorizing it to establish a medical college. The institution obtained popular favor at once. 194. The Perry County Trouble, In t88i the county judge of Perry county represented to the governor that he was unable to discharge the duties of his office on account of the lawlessness that prevailed in the neigh- borhood. The governor sent Gen. Robert C. Newton to Perryville to make an investigation. The latter recommended that Hon. Jabez M. Smith should be empowered to hold a special term of the circuit court, at once, in order that the parties guilty of lawlessness might be brought to trial. In the meantime the pub- lisher of the Fourche Valley Times was killed and the 238 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. sheriff of the county asked for militia to help arrest the men guilty of the deed. Governor Churchill sent the Quapaw guards under command of Gen. Newton to the assistance of the sheriff. The militia remained three weeks, during which time the civil law took its course; then the militia was withdrawn. 195, The Elections. Three state tickets were before the people in 1882. The Democratic party nominated James H. Berry as governor; the Republican party, W. D. Slack; and the Greenback party, Rufus K. Gar- land. The canvass before the election was very excit- ing and brought out the largest vote that had ever been polled. Berry received 87,625 votes; Slack, 49,354; and Garland, 10,142. The increase of population as shown by the census of 1880 gave Arkansas one more congressman, but as the legislature had not redistricted the state the elec- tions were held in the four old districts for four repre- sentatives and in the state at large for the fifth. The result was as follows: Poindexter Dunn, ist district; James K. Jones, 2d; John H. Rogers, 3d; Samuel W. Peel, 4th; and Clifton R. Breckinridge from the state at large. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 239 CHAPTER XXIX. JAMES H. berry's ADMINISTRATION, 1S83-1885. 196. The Personnel. 199. The Cotton Centennial. 197. The 24th Legislature. 200. The Louisville Exposition. 198. The Howard County Troubles 201. Death of Judge English. 202. The Elections, 196. The Personnel, James H. Berry was born in Alabama in 1841, and came with his father to Arkan- sas in 1848. His father settled in Carroll county and one of its county seats perpetuates his name. When the war broke out, the young man enlisted in an Arkansas regiment and at the battle of Cor- inth lost one of his legs. After the war he taught school, meanwhile prepar- ing himself for the law. In i856 he was elected to the legislature and was a member of the famous " rebel legislature " that passed the first common- school law based upon taxation. In 1869 he moved to Benton county, where he was again sent to the legislature in 1872. He was reelected to the legislature in 1874, and was by that body appointed speaker. In 1878 he was elected judge of the 4th judicial circuit, which position he held until he was elected governor. In 1885 he was elected United J^MES H BERR\ 240 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. States senator to succeed Hon. A. H. Garland who had resigned to accept the cabinet i^osition of attorne}'- general of the United States. He was reelected to this position in 1889 and again in 1895. His f<^l'ow^^^/d^/ officers were Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; A. W. Files, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; C. B. Moore, attorney-general; W. P. Campbell, land commissioner; W. W. Smith, supreme judge; W. E. Thompson, superintendent of public instruction. D. W. Carroll was reelected chancellor, and J. W. Callaway, chancery clerk. Governor Berry was inau- gurated January 13, uS.'ij. 197. The 24th Legislature. One of the acts of this body was the creation of Cleburne county (February 20, 1883). It was named after (ien. Patrick R. Cle- burne and its county seat was located at Sugar Loaf. This made the seventy-fifth county of the state, and completes the list to the present time. The finance board of the state was dissolved by this legislature. Its work for several years had been to devise ways and means by which the credit of the state should be maintained, and by which the money might be obtained to meet the expenses of the state. In 1874 the state was flooded with scrip, which was used by both state and county to discharge obligations. Its value having fallen far below par, the circulation of the scrip was looked upon as a financial evil. To obtain ready money for the needs of the state was the task of the board. Year by year the scrip grew more valuable until at last it reached its par value. In late years no scrip has been issued, the taxes being paid in currency, and the expenditures kept to the limit of the receipts. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 241 The legislature also provided for the revision of the laws of the state which were to be published in one volume and digested. The governor appointed W. \V. Mansfield, digester, and U. M. Rose, examiner. Judge Mansfield began the work at once and finished it during the year 1884. It was certified by Judge Rose in January, 1885, and was soon thereafter printed. This volume is known as Mansfield's Digest of the Lnv. 198. Howard County Troubles. In 1883 fifty or sixty negroes entered Howard county, armed with guns and pistols, and killed a man at work in a field. A deputy sheriff with a body of men attempted to arrest them and in the struggle that ensued three of the negroes were killed. The excitement was very great and a general uprising of the negroes was feared. Gen. Newton was sent to Howard county to aid in preserving the peace. The guilty negroes were arrested and confined in jail, but there were so many of them that their maintenance made a serious drain upon the county funds, which many citizens resented. Mob violence was feared, but Governor Berry went in person to the county, and strengthened by his presence the prevailing sentiment of the citizens that no matter how poor the county, or how heavy the expense, the disgrace of mob law must be averted. The civil law triumphed and the negroes were punished. Many of them were afterwards • pardoned by Governor Berry. 199. The Cotton Centennial. The legislature made an appropriation in 1883 to enable the state of Arkansas to exhibit its resources at the Cotton Centennial and World's Industrial Exposition to be held at New HIST. OF ARK. — 16 242 HI STORY OF ARKANSAS. Orleans in 1884. The governor appointed J. T. W. Tillar, A. G. Jarman, W. L. Cravens, Thomas W. Steele, J. W. Corcoran, F. R. Madison, and C. M. Hervey, state commissioners. Dr. C. M. Taylor was appointed by the President of the United States as United States commissioner, and Gen. Dandridge McRae was made superintendent. The commission applied itself diligently to the furtherance of the expo- sition and gathered from all parts of Arkansas a mass of exhibits which gave the state a high standing at New Orleans. Arkansas was granted an award for the best collec- tive display of apples and twenty awards for single varieties. Over one hundred diplomas were granted for agricultural products, mineral specimens, cotton and manufactured articles. Boone county was awarded first premium for the best collection of apples, peaches, and pears, and thirteen awards for individual speci- mens. The award for the best specimen of apples was given to the Shannon. It is said that this apple has been grown in Washington county since 1833. When the exhibit was examined by the judges there were 22,000 plates of apples from Arkansas displa3'ed to their view. 200. The Louisville Exposition. Another appropriation was made by the legislature to enable the state to ex- hibit at Louisville, Kentucky, during the year 1883. The commission appointed by the governor included Dr. C. M. Taylor, Dr. J. M. Keller, S. R. Cockrill, Sr., S. H. Nowlin, J. M. Hewitt, John C. Calhoun, G. W. Wooten, Charles Wallace, Thomas W. Baird, and Dr. Guy Lewis. The awards on cotton and apples at both these expositions established our right to claim first HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 243 rank for quality.^ The success of the expositions induced Governor Berry to advise the legislature in his message in 1885 to create the Bureau of Agricul- ture, Mines, and Manufactures with a permanent office in Little Rock, in which the exhibits should be preserved as a continuous ad- vertisement of our resources and wealth. The rec- ommendation was repeated by Gov- ernor Hughes in 1887 and resulted in the creation of the Agricultural Bureau. 201. Death of Judge English. On Septem- ber I, 1884, Elbert H. English, chief justice of the su- preme court from 1854 to 1884, died at Ashville, N. C, after a life of arduous labor. His body was brought to Little Rock and placed in the senate chamber, where it lay in state until the hour of burial. He was buried in Mount Holly cemetery, the funeral being attended by a procession of state and Federal officials, local societies and citizens. His death was lamented throughout Arkansas. Sterling R. Cockrill of Little STERLING R. COCKRILL. I. Cotton was picked in Lee county, shipped to Louisville, spun into yarn, woven into cloth, cut and fitted, and made into a suit of clothes for Governor Berry, within forty-eight hours from the time of piclting. 244 IIISTOKY OF ARKANSAS. Rock was chosen bj' the people as his successor (Nov. 4, 1G34). 202. The Elections. The canvass for the Democratic nomination in 1884 was very exciting. At the con- vention in June the two leading candidates were Simon P. Hughes and John (i. Fletcher. On the 36th ballot Simon P. Hughes was nominated. The Repub- licans nominated Thomas F. Bolts of Dardanelle. The vote cast was 156,310, of which Hughes received 100,773, and Boles 55,537. In the November elections the vote of the state was cast for Cleveland and Hendricks. The President appointed August H. Garland attorney-general, Hugh A. Dinsmore of Bentonville minister to Corea, A. B. Williams of Washington member of the Utah commis- sion, and T. B. Welch consul to Hamilton, Ontario. The state having been redistricted by the legislature, the following congressmen were elected in 1884: Poinde.xter L^unn, ist district; Clifton R. Breckin- ridge, 2d, James K. Jones, 3d; John H. Rogers, 4th; and Samuel Peel, 5th. James K. Jones being elected to the Senate of the United States during the following winter, Thomas C. McRae was chosen to succeed him in Congress. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 245 CHAPTER XXX. SIMON P. hughes' AD-\nXISTRATION, 1885-1SS9. 203. The Personnel. 20J. The 25th Legislature. 205. Supreme Court Changes. 206. Railroad Taxation. 207. Expositions. 208. Geological Survey. 209. Railroad Strike. 210. Bureau of Mines, etc. 211. State Debt Board. 212. The Elections. 203. The Personnel. Simon P. Hughes was born in Tennessee in 1830. He moved to Arkansas in 1844, and in 1849, he engaged in farming in Mt>nroe county. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar. He was sheriff of the county from 1854101856. He entered the Confed-, erate army in 1861, as captain of a company in Chas. W. Adams' regi- ment, and was afterwards promoted to the lieuten- ant colonelcy. After the reorganization of thi^ regiment he entered the cavalry service as a pri- vate in Morgan's Texas battalion and served till the close of the war. In 1866 he was sent to the legislature from Monroe county, and in 1874 he was a delegate to the constitutional convention. He was attorney-general from 1874 to 1876, and governor from SIMON P. HUGHES. 246 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1885 to 1889. On April 2, 1889, he was elected judge of the supreme court, which position he now holds. His assistant state officers were: E. B. Moore, secretary of state; A. W. Files, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; Daniel W. Jones, attorney-general; D. W\ Carroll, chancellor; J. \V. Callaway, chancery clerk; Paul M. Cobbs, land commissioner; and W . \\. Thompson, super- intendent of public in- struction. 204. Tlie 25th Legisla- ture. The term of Sen- ator Walker expiring, James K. Jones was elected senator for the full term. Senator James H. Berry was elected to fill the vacancy created by Augustus H. Gar- land's resignation. These men Iiave been at each subsequent election reelected and are the present senators. Thomas C. McRae was elected by the people to succeed J. K. Jones as congressman, and has been reelected at every election to the present time (1897). 205. Supreme Court Changes. On September 3, 1885, John R. Eakin, judge of the supreme court, died at Marshall, Missouri. His remains were interred in \\'ashington, Hempstead county. Ata special election held afterwards, B. B. Battle was chosen to succeed him. On Dec. 18, 1888, Judge W. W. Smith died; he was an able lawyer and a credit to the bench. At a 1 HO\l\b L M k AE HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 247 special election held on April 2, 1889, M. H. Sandels of Ft. Smith was chosen to succeed him. On Oct. 6, 1887, B. D. Turner, the reporter of the court, died, and was succeeded by W. ^^^ Mansfield. On June 13, 1886, Luke E. Barber, clerk of the supreme court, died, having held the position thirty-five years. He was succeeded by W. P. Campbell of Woodruff county. The population of the state having reached one mil- lion, the constitution permitted an increase of the number of judges of the supreme court from three to five, and by legislative enactment the increase was made P'eb. 20, 1889. On April 2, 1889, a special elec- tion was held for the two additional judges, and Simon P. Hughes and W. E. Hemingway were chosen. At the first meeting of the supreme court after the elec- tion, it was determined by lot that S. P. Hughes should have the long, and W. E. Hemingway the short term. 206. Railroad Taxation. Considerable dissatisfaction existed throughout the state over the small valuations returned by the railroads for taxation. A board of railroad commissioners, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and auditor, was created by the legislature in 1883, and in June of that year the board organized and proceeded to assess the property of the railroads for taxation. Before they had completed their task they were enjoined by the Pulaski chancery court at the suit of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern, and the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad companies. * These companies declared that their charters had been granted with a clause exempting them from taxa- tion, and that the act of the legislature authorizing their taxation was in violation of the constitution of 248 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the United States. Governor Berry retained the services of Judge U. M. Rose to assist the attorney- general, C. B. Moore, in the defense of these suits. The cases were argued before the chancery court and were decided in favor of the state. An appeal was taken to the supreme court of the state, and to the supreme court of the United States, but without suc- cess. The state's right to tax the railroads was sus- tained in every court. In the meantime the board proceeded with its valua- tions and assessed the railroads in 1884 at $6,352,985. At the first meeting of the board, under Hughes' administration, the as- sessment was placed at $9,612,773; m 18S6 it rose to$i3,704,638andin 1895 to $21,333,232. The total mileage of all railroads in Arkansas in 1895 was 2>373- (See tables in Ap- pendix for names of rail- roads and branches, and lengths of each, as furn- ished by p. B. Armistead, secretary of state.) The decision of the courts en- abled the state to tax the roads from 1883. But as no taxes had been paid frcfm 1874 to 1883 the state insti- tuted suits for back taxes. The attorney-general, Daniel W. Jones, was successful in the lower courts, and also in the supreme court of the state and of the United States. The St, Louis, Iron Mountain, and DANIEL W. JONES. HISTORY OF ARA'AATSAS. 249 Southern Railroad Company then offered the legislature ^250,000 in full of all back claims upon its main line and all its branches. This offer was accepted. This fund was equitably divided between the state, the counties, and the school districts, under, the direction of the state board of edtveatiofi. .^ '■■^'' '■'■ ■ ' '. ''' * 207. Expositions. At the close of the Cotton Cen- tennial Exposition at New Orleans, the North, Cen- tral, and South American Exposition was organized, and Gov. Hughes appointed Gen. Dandridge McRae sole commissioner to represent the state. The ma- terial used by the state in the previous exposition, with as much more as could be gathered, was ex- hibited on Nov. 10, 1885. As before, the apples and agricultural exhibits took first premiums. Stimu- lated by these successes Prof. W. S. Thomas, in con- nection with the Iron Mountain Railroad, organized an exposition of fruit for the Pomological Exhibition at Boston, Mass., and was awarded first premiums for collections and single varieties (1887).. Prof. Thomas then transported the fruit to the American Agricul- tural Society at Riverside, California, and met with the same success. About this time another display was made at St. Louis, with gratifying results. In 1887 the citizens of the state organized the Arkansas State Exposition at Little Rock. It was the greatest local display of the resources of the state that had ever been made. Citizens from all parts of the state gave their time, and the results were satisfactory to the people. One of the features of the fair was school children's day, and it attracted large numbers of schools from different parts of the state. All par- ties unitecj to make the occasion a happy one, and 250 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. much sectional feeling engendered during the war gave way to a better spirit. The state's cotton producing power had never been questioned, but these successive exhibitions of fruit, horticultural, agricultural, and mineral productions, led to a conviction that in general agriculture and in horticulture, as well as in mining, there were prac- tical possibilities of wealth greater than in cotton. Since then the acreage of fruit trees, small fruits, and corn has been largely increased, with rich results. Coal mining in Sebastian, Johnson, and Pope counties has been conducted on a large scale and is an import- ant factor of our wealth. 208. Geological Survey. On March 5, 1887, the Legislature passed a bill creating the office of state geologist and providing for a geological survey of the state. The champion of this bill was E. W. Rector of Garland county. Gov. Hughes appointed Prof. J. C. Branner, an eminent geologist who had been connected with the geological survey of Brazil and Pennsylvania, as state geologist. None but eminent men were con- nected with the work from its very inception, and the survey stands as one of the most accurate and most thoroughly scientific of state surveys. Every part of the state has been examined, and the report so far has filled thirteen volumes and an atlas. The volumes deal with separate subjects, as follows: Gold, Silver, Mesozoic Age, Coal, Washington County, Crowley's Ridge, Manganese, Igneous Rocks, Novaculites, Mar- bles, Mineral Waters, Iron, the Tertiary Era. Possibly no legislative measure has been of so great a value to the state as this, and its effect will be felt more and more as we advance in wealth and population, It has HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 251 already turned aside our energies from a searcli for tlie precious metals to the development of coal, marble, granite, manganese and novaculite. 209. Railroad Strike. Early in 1886 a widespread strike of railroad employees occurred in Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. The trouble extended to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway, and at one time threatened the peace of the state. The sheriff of Miller county called upon the governor for aid in enforcing the law at Texarkana. The governor directed Capt. John H. Twigg to hold the Gate City guards in readiness to support the sheriff in case of need. The presence of the militia had a beneficial effect, and violence and bloodshed were averted. 210. Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture. On Feb. i, 1888, a large convention of citizens from nearly every county of the state met at Little Rock to organize an Immigration Bureau. The funds were raised by private subscription, and the officers were taken from all parties. H. L. Remmel, the secretary, distributed over 1,800,000 pages of reading matter de- scriptive of the state, and organized many subordi- nate bureaus in different counties. At the ensuing session of the legislature the Bureau of Mines, Manu- factures, and Agriculture was established (March 7, 1889), and M. F. Locke was appointed commissioner. 211. State Debt Board. On April 15, 1887, the legis- lature created the State Debt Board, composed of the governor, the secretary of state, and the auditor. Its duties were to superintend the settlement of the valid and undisputed indebtedness of the state. To enable it to perform its duty, a perpetual tax of one mill on the dollar was levied on all the property of the 252 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State. This levy was afterwards (April 9, 1891), reduced to one half of one mill and at that rate is levied to-day. The debt of the state after subtracting the illegal railroad and levee bonds was nearly $5,000,000, including principal and interest (1S87). No interest had been paid since 1872, and this was felt by many citizens to be wrong. The debt to-day is about what it was when the board was created; that is to say, the operations of the board in buying bonds have been eciuivalent to paying the interest on the public debt. A large part of this debt is due to the government of the United States. On the other hand, the state claims from the government a large amount of money growing out of the various land grants made to the state. 212. The Elections, In September, 1886, Simon P. Hughes was reelect- ed governor. The Republicans nomi- nated Lafayette Gregg for governor, and the State Wheel party, Charles E. Cunningham. The vote cast was 163,889, of which Hughes re- ceiveil 90,650, Gregg ■^ 54.070, and Cunning- ham 19,169. All the ■ old officers were re- elected, except the auditor, who was suc- joHNH. ROGER?, cccdcd iu office by ///SY'OA'V OF JA'A'A/VS.-IS. 253 William R. Miller. Mr. Miller died on the 29th of November, 1887, and W. S. Dunlop was appointed his successor. In 1888 the canvass for the nominations of the Democratic party was very exciting. Gov. Hughes was suggested for the third term. Other candidates were John G. Fletcher, E. W. Rector, James P. Eagle, and William M. Fishback. One hundred and thirty- six ballots were taken before a decision was reached, when the nomination fell to James P. PLagle of Lonoke county. The Union Labor Party nominated Dr. Charles M. Norwood of Nevada county, who was en- dorsed by the Republicans. At the election Eagle received 99,229 votes, and Norwood 84,223. In November, W. II. Cate was elected to Congress from the ist district; Clifton R. Breckinridge from the 2d; T. C. McRae from the 3d; J. H. Rogers^ from the 4th, and S. AV. Peel from the 5th. The election of W. H. Cate was contested in Congress by L. P. Featherston, and the seat was awarded to the latter. The electoral vote of Arkansas was cast for Cleveland and Thurman. I. Mr. John H. Rogers gained a national reputation through his controver- sies with the speaker of the House, T. B. Reed. He was successful in gaining the military reservation at Ft. Smith for the public schools of that city, thus providing a permanent fund which has added strength and efficiency to the Ft. Smith schools. 254 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXXI. JAMES P. eagle's administration. 1889-93. 213. The Personnel. 214. Murder of John M. Clayton. 215. Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. 216. Elections of 1890. 217. Direct Tax. 218. Arkansas World's Fair Asso- ciation. 219. The Coal Hill Outrages. 220. The Normal School System. 221. Mine Inspection. 222. The Census. 213. nessee 223. The Elections. The Personnel. James P. Eagle was born in Ten- ia 1837 and came with his father to Arkansas in 1839. His early life was passed upon a farm. He attended college after he was thirty years of age, and after he had passed through the war. In 1873 he was chosen to represent Prairie county in the;, legislature, and was, ^ a member of the ) famous extra session of 1874. When the constitutional con- vention of 1874 was called, he was a del- esfate from Prairie JAMES r. eac;le. county also in In 1877 he represented Lonoke county, and 1885, when he was made speaker of the house. /7/S7VA'y OF ARKAA'SAS. 235 In 1889 he was chosen by the people of the state as governor, which position he held two terms. When the war broke out he entered the Confederate service as a private in Mcintosh's regiment. He was success- ively lieutenant, captain, major, and finally lieutenant colonel. He was a minister of the Baptist church, and for many years was the president of the Baptist state convention. His fellow officers were B. B. Chism, secretary of state; W. S. Dunlop, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; Sterling R. Cockrill, chief justice of the supreme court; W. E. Atkinson, attorney- general; W. E. Thompson, superintendent of public instruction, and Paul M. Cobbs, land commissioner. 214, Murder of John M. Clayton. Shortly after the inauguration of Gov. Eagle, the country was startled by the news that John M. Clayton of Pine Bluff had been assassinated at Plummerville. In the Congres- sional race of the preceding autumn he had been a candidate on the Republican ticket for Congress in the second district, and was defeated by C. R. Breckin- ridge. Not satisfied with the returns, he began the collection of evidence for the purpose of contesting Mr. Breckinridge's election. He was engaged in this work when he was killed. On the night of January 29, 1889, at about nine o'clock, he was seated in his room at the hotel, when a shot was fired through the window, which killed him instantly. The assassination was condemned by all parties and a large reward was offered for the murderers. Col. Clay- ton was an excellent man, and was highly esteemed even by his political opponents. The funeral services were held at Pine Bluff, attended by more than 5,000 people from Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Camden, Hot 256 II I STORY OF ARKANSAS. Springs, Russellvillc, IJriiiklcy, and Ft. Smith, and rep- resenting all parties. 'I'lic legislature passed a special act authorizing the governor to offer a reward of $5,000 for the arrest of the assassin, and this was increased by the additional offers of private individuals, but the murderer was never discovered. This was the third public man assassinated in the history of the state, the other two victims being Congressman James Hinds in 1868, and General T, C. Hindman in the same year. Congress declared the seat of Clifton R. Breckin- ridge vacant in September, 1890, but he was reelected at a special election which ensued. 215. Agricultural Experiment Station. The Congress of the United States on March 2, 1887, passed a law establishing agricultural experiment stations in con- nection with the colleges established under the Land (irant Act of 1862, and on March 7, 1889, the legisla- ture of Arkansas accepted the appropriation in trust for the Arkansas Industrial University, and assigned it at once to that institution, for its use and tlisburse- ment. The board of trustees thereupon established stations for experiments in agriculture, horticulture, and stock raising at Fayetteville, Pine Bluff, Camden, and Newport. The results of these experiments are published in quarterly bulletins. There can be no doubt that the ultimate effect of this movement wall be an improvement in methods of farming and a largely increased production. 216. Elections of 1890. At the September elections of 1890, James P. Eagle was reelected governor. His opponent was N. B. Fizer. The other ofificers selected were B. B. Chism, secretary of state; R. B. Morrow, treasurer; W. S. Dunlop, auditor; C. B. Myers, land HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 257 commissioner; W. E. Atkinson, attorney-general; Josiah H. Shinn, superintendent of public instruction, and M. F. Locke, commissioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture. S. W. Peel, C. R. Breckinridge, W. H. Gate, T. C. McRae and W. L. Terry, were elected to Congress. M. H. Sandels, judge of the supreme court, and one of the ablest members of the bench, died in this year, .and W. W. Mansfield was elected to succeed him. T. D. Crawford was then appointed to the reporter's place, vacated by Judge Mansfield. 217. Direct Tax. Under an act of Congress passed in 1861, a direct tax was levied upon the real estate of the various states, to defray the expenses of the Civil War. This tax was not collected in Arkansas except during the years 1865 and 1S66. When the supreme court of the United States declared the tax unconsti- tutional, Congress enacted (1891) that the money be refunded to the states that had paid it. The amount collected in Arkansas was $156,272; this was placed to the credit of the state in the United States treas- ury, and a check was sent to Gov. Eagle. The check was cashed by the governor in St. Louis, and deposited in the treasury. Then came the labor of finding the persons to whom the money belonged. Gov. Eagle sent Gen. B. W. Green to Washington to obtain a copy of the direct tax books, which were filed in the treasury department. After the return of Gen. Green with the duplicate tax books the work of refunding to the taxpayers began. The largest part of the fund soon found its way back to the taxpayers who had parted with it twenty-five years before. But many of those HIST. OF ARK. — I7 258 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. entitled to payment were either dead without heirs, or had removed from the state, so that there remained a large fund unclaimed, $15,000 of which the legislature appropriated to defray the expenses of the state at the World's Columbian Exposition. Should the proper claimants ever present their claims the state will pay them out of its own revenues. 218. Arkansas World's Fair Association. In December, 1891, the citizens of the state organized a joint-stock e^ Vf»7J' ARIv\Nb\S SI VTL LLILUIN W U[ I U s FAIR CHICAl O company for the purpose of making an exhibit of the state's resources at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. Its directors were John D. Adams, J. H. Clendenning, George R. Brown, M. F. Locke, John G. Fletcher, James P. Eagle, J. D. Kim- niSTOKV OF A/iKANSAS. 259 ball, H. E. Kelley, J- M. Lucey, and L. Minor. The association raised a large sum of money and erected a fine building at Chicago. It was thought by many that an exhibition of the magnitude of the World's Fair, engaging the attention of all the great nations of the earth, as well as of the various states of the American Union, should be hon- ored with an exhibit made by the state instead of by a private association. The directors of the association generously offered the legislature the building already erected, and the control of the exhibits already gathered. In 1S91 the legislature refused to make an appropriation, but in 1893 the offer of the World's Fair Association was accepted, and an appropriation of $15,000 was made to fill the building with exhibits. Thus the Arkansas World's I''air Association, after mak- ing it possible for the state to exhibit, surrendered its charter and passed out of existence. The legislature also made an educational ajjpro- priution and authorized the superintendent of public instruction, to make a separate educational exhibit. In addition to this the collection of permanent ex- hibits in the Department of Mines, Manufactures, and Agricidture, were loaned to the exhibition, and the commissioner, W. (i. Vincenheller, was authorized to cooperate with the World's Fair board. The governor appointed James Mitchell, W. S. Thomas, H. L. Norwood, E. L. Pascoe, and R. B. Weaver, state commissioners. The President of the United States appointed John U. Adams and J. H. Clendenning members of the national commis- sion from Arkansas. Two alternates were also ap- pointed, J. T. W. Tillar and Thomas H. Leslie. The 2Co HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. death of Mr. Adams caused the duties of his posi- tion to fall upon J. T. W. Tillar. 219. The Coal Hill Outrages. By an act of the legisla- ture passed April 15, 1873, the Board of Penitentiary Commissioners was authorized to lease the convicts of the penitentiary to corporations or private- individuals for hire. On May 7, 1873, J. M. Peck became the lessee for ten years. By this lease the state received nothing except a release from the payment of any expense growing out of the keeping of the convicts. Some time after this Zeb Ward became a co-lessee with Peck, and in March, 1875, became sole lessee. In October, 1875, an investigation was made by the board of commissioners into the treatment of the pris- oners. This investigation was brought about by the publication, in an evening paper at Little Rock, of a report of certain outrages alleged to have been perpe- trated upon the convicts. The result of the investiga- tion showed that in many cases excessive punishment had been inflicted, and that the rules had been violated in other particulars. Gov. Garland called the attention of the legislature to these evils, and to the added evil of employing prisoners outside the walls, but the state was unable at that time to change the system. In 1876 an indignation meeting was held in Little Rock protest- ing against the employment of convicts on the streets of the city, which resulted in an order from the board forbidding such labor. The whole system of convict labor was a source of many vexatious law suits and public scandals, but was so firmly rooted in the state's polity as to defy change. On May 7, 1883, Townsend and P'itzpatrick became the lessees for ten years, paying the state $26,000 per HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 261 annum and bearing all expense. The lessees soon formed a corporation called the Arkansas Industrial Company and took charge of the prisoners. ' The convicts were leased to plantation owners, public contractors, and owners of coal mines. The gene- ral management of the company was humane, but it was not able to control its numerous deputies and guards. In the year 1887, the evil culminated in a great scandal in the coal mines at Coal Hill. Prisoners were whipped unmercifully, worked at unlawful hours, and brutally treated. An investigation revealed a course of treatment that was a disgrace to our civilization, and the convicts were removed to Little Rock. The public conscience was awakened. Grand juries began to indict and the courts to punish the wrongdoers. The legislature created the ofifice of prison inspector in 1889, and at the expiration of the lease it was not renewed. The state has since then taken charge of the convicts, and while hard labor is still required, the lease system with its evils, has been abolished.^ 220. The Normal School System. The state has never established a distinct normal school for the training of teachers. The superintendent of public instruction in 1891 urged an appropriation for the establishment of short term normal schools in different parts of the state. The appropriation was made and two years later it was increased. In 1895 it was still further I. The legislature of 1893 authorized the board to take charge of the convicts and to manage them partly upon the "state account system " and partly upon the "contract system." Under the state account system the intention was to use the convicts upon state lands in quarrying building stone, clearing land, and cultivating it, but no appropriation was made and the board was unable to carry out the plan. The convicts were hired out under contract, but the entire control remained in the state. The prisoners are well fed and humanely treated. 262 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. increased, so that a school for the special training of teachers is now open in every county for one month each year. The effect of all these laws has been favor- able to the schools and has drawn the attention of the people to their needs. 221. Mine Inspection. The development of our mining industries has caused much underground labor. The perils of such labor have called for the services of an expert inspector in all mining regions to look after the methods of lighting and ventilating, the means of entering and leaving, the supports for the walls and roofs, etc. In 1891 the legislature of Arkansas pro- vided for an inspector of mines in Arkansas, and the governor appointed Harry McMullins, a practical miner from Sebastian county, to that position. 222. Tiie Census and Apportionment. The census of 1890 showed that the population of the state had reached 1,128,179, an increase of 325,654, or more than forty per cent since 1880. Of this the whites nun;bere-.l 804,658, or eight elevenths of the enumera- tion. The census showed also that the following cities and towns had a population exceeding 2,000: Little Rock, 25,874; Ft. Smith, 11,311; Pine Bluff, 9,952; Hot Springs, 8,086; Helena, 5,189; Eureka Springs, 3,706; Texarkan.a,^ 3,5^^; Fayetteville, 2,942; Camden, 2,571; Arkadelphia, 2,455; ^'^'^ Buren, 2,281; Batesville, 2,150, and Jonesboro, 2,065. Congress fixed the basis of the new apportionment at 173,901, by which the state became entitled to six congressmen (1893-1903). The state was redis- tricted, and on Nov. 8, 1892, the following congress- men were elected: P. D. McCullough, Jr., ist district; I. On the Arkansas side. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 263 C. R Breckinridge, 2d; T. C. McRae> 3d; W. L. Terry, 4th; Hugh A. Dinsmore, 5th; and Robert Neill, 6th. 223. The Elections. The nominating conventions in 1892 were attended by great excitement. Three con- ventions were held, and three full tickets nominated. The Democrats nominated William M, Fishback of Ft. Smith; the Republicans, W. G. Whipple of Little Rock, and the People's Party, J. P. Carnahan of Washington county. The total vote cast Was 156,186, of which Fishback received 90,115, Whipple, 33,644, and Carnahan, 31,117. Fishback was elected. At the ensuing presidential election the vote of Arkansas was cast for Cleveland and Stevenson. Cleveland received 87,834 votes; Harrison, 46,974, and Weaver, 11,831. CHAPTER XXXII. WILLIAM M. FISHBACK's ADMINISTRATION, 1893-1895. 224. The Personnel. 229. Amendment No. 2. 225. Supreme Court Changes. 230. The Railroad Strike. 226. The Military Post. 231. The World's Columbian Ex- 227. Presidental Changes. position. 228. Ex-Confederate Home. 232. The Elections. 224. The Personnel. William M. Fishback was born in Virginia, but moved to Arkansas, in his youth, settling at Ft. Smith. In 1861, he was sent as a dele- gate to the convention that passed the ordinance of secession. On May 5, 1864, he was elected by the Murphy legislature to the Senate of the United States, but was refused admittance. He was a delegate from 264 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Sebastian county to the constitutional convention in S74. He represented his county in the legislatures ot 1877, 1879, and 1885. He was the author of the Fishback amendment to the constitution, and can- vassed the state for its adoption. He was elected governor of the state in 1892, and served one term, after which he vol- untarily withdrew. His fellow state officers were H. B. Armistead, secre- tary of state; C. B. Mills, auditor of ^ state ; R. B. Morrow, "" treasurer; J. P. / Clarke, attorney- ^general; C. B. ^ Myers, land com- missioner; John I). Adams, commis- sioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture; Josiah H. Shinn, super- intendent of public instruction, and W. E. Heming- way, supreme judge. John D. Adams was installed on Nov. 4, 1892, and died on Dec. 7, 1892. He was one of the most widely known men of the state, and his death was generally lamented. Governor Eagle appointed Geo. M. Chap- line of Lonoke as his successor, and upon his resigna- tion in March, 1893, Governor Fishback appointed W, G. Vincenheller, commissioner. /^^/'^^,/M^ W.M. ,M. 1-ISHBACK. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 265 225. Supreme Court Changes. On May i, 1893, Ster- ling R. Cockrill resigned his position as chief justice of the supreme court, and H. G. Bunn of Camden was appointed to that office. W. E. Hemmingway also re- signed as supreme judge, and R. H. Powell was a p- pointed to succeed him. On May 9, 1894, W. W. Mans- field resigned, and J. E. Riddick was appointed his suc- cessor. In Septem- ber, 1893, H. G. Bunn was elected to fill the unexpired term of Sterling Cockrill, and Car- roll D. Wood that of W. E. Hem- mingway. At the regular election in 1894, J. E. Riddick was elected to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mansfield, and B. B. Battle was reelected for the full term. The supreme court to-day is composed of H. G. Bunn, chief justice, and Simon P. Hughes, B. B. Battle, J. E. Riddick, and Carroll D. Wood, associate justices. The reporter of the court is T. D. Crawford. W. P. Campbell, supreme court clerk, died in the year 1896, and P. D. English was elected his successor. 226. The Military Post. During the year 1892 an arrangement was effected by which the arsenal prop- H. G. BUNN. 266 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. erty in Little Rock was exchanged by the United States government for another piece of land on the top of Big Rock, the hill just above the city. The arsenal grounds were converted into a park by the city authorities and a military post was located on Big Rock by the government. When this post is com- pleted it will be one of the largest in the United States. 227. Presidential Changes. The second election of Cleveland brought about a change of officers through- out the state. The Republican postmasters were changed, and Democrats were put in their places. The offices of postmaster in Arkansas cities are im- portant, and these positions are filled by appoint- ment of the President. President Cleveland had a difficult task in selecting officers from the great number of applicants. From 1889 to 1893 the government offices in Arkan- sas were filled by Republicans; from 1893 to 1897 by Democrats. The great body of the people hardly knew of the changes. The land registers and receiv- ers, the United States district attorneys, the marshals and collectors, the postmasters, and some of the clerks were changed; but the business of the country pro- ceeded without interruption. Such a condition gives assurance that in each of the great parties there are efficient men, and that as a rule, no matter which party is in power, the pulilic duties will be capably performed. Many places outside the state were given to Arkan- sas men. Geo. ^^^ Caruth was sent as minister to Portugal, and Clifton R. Breckinridge was made ambassador to Russia. This was a first-class ministe- rud place, and Mr. Breckinridge has the honor of being HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 267 the first Arkansas citizen to fill such a position. M. M. Dufiie of Princeton, was made consul at Winni- peg, and Marcellus Davis consul to the Island of Trinidad. A. S. McKennon was appointed a mem- member of the Dawes Commission, the most important commission ever created for the settlement of the Indian question. 228. Ex-Confederate Home. In 1889 the ex-Confeder- atcs established an association at Little Rock to assist needy ex-Confederate soldiers, and the widows of deceased Confederates. The United States govern- ment had generously provided pensions for the Union soldiers, and it was deemed wise to have the state assist those who had fought under its call for purposes approved by it. The movement of the citizens had a good effect upon the legislature, for in April, 1891, that body passed a pension law for the relief of dis- abled Confederate soldiers, and levied a special tax to meet its demands. Shortly afterwards it incorporated the ex-Confederate association of Arkansas and authorized it to found a home for invalid and infirm Confederate soldiers. The association soon collected money enough to purchase a farm of fifty-eight acres on the turnpike leading from Little Rock to Sweet Home, upon which they established a soldiers' home. The association assumed the entire expense of the institution until 1893, when it tendered the legislature the farm and buildings and asked it to support the home. The gift was accepted and an appropriation was made to provide maintenance for the soldiers and to erect a commodious building. The home was fin- ished in 1893, and constitutes another of the benevo- lent enterprises of the state. 268 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 229. Amendment No. 2. At the general election of 1892 a second amendment to the constitution of the state was submitted to the people for their ratification. The amendment changed the law of suffrage materially, and made the payment of the annual poll tax levied by the state a condition of voting. It denied suffrage to every man, white or negro, who had not paid the tax, and for this reason was called the poll tax amend- ment. The vote for the amendment was 75,847 and against it 19,258. The number voting for it was a majority of those voting upon that question, but was not a majority of all the votes cast at the election. The vote was counted by the legislature of 1893, and the act was declared adopted. The adoption of this amendment has almost destroyed the race feeling in politics. 230. The Railroad Strike. Early in 1894 a great strike was declared by the American Railway Union, through its president, Eugene V. Debs, against the Pullman Sleeping Car Company. The trouble originated between the Pullman Car Company of Pullman, Illi- nois, and its employees. The grievance of the labor- ing men at Pullman was taken up by the American Railway Union, and an attempt was made to force all railroad companies to refuse to draw Pullman cars, but the railroad companies had contracts with the Pullman Company which they could not set aside. The strike was then waged against the railroad com- panies carrying these cars. In Chicago the strikers attempted to stop the running of all trains, and the strike extended rapidly to other cities and neighbor- hoods. The endeavors of the railroad companies to run their trains were resisted. Collisions occurred in HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 269 which cars were overturned, wrecked, or burned. The evil extended to the government itself. The United States mail cars would not have been attacked by the strikers, but the railroad companies refused to move their trains with nothing but mail cars attached. They insisted on their right to carry any kind of cars, arranged as they pleased, and would assume no responsibility for the actions of Mr. Pullman in deal- ing with his employees. The strikers tried to cut off the Pullman coaches, which are generally placed at the rear end of trains; thereupon the railroads put the mail cars last. The militia of various states was called out by the governors to protect the railroads and the traveling public. Mr. Debs then tried to call a strike of all the working people of the country against the railroads, but failed in this attempt. Men everywhere saw the injustice of punishing the railroads in general for Mr. Pullman's offenses. The excitement was intense, and many lives were lost in the collisions. The interference with the mails at Chicago and San Francisco justified a proclamation from President Cleveland commanding the strikers to disperse. A regiment of United States regulars went to Chicago, and Gen. Miles was ordered to make that place his headquarters. This decisive action on the part of the President had its effect. The strikers ulti- mately agreed that the fight against the railroad com- panies was not just, and the strike was declared off. The trouble extended to Arkansas, and the employees of many of the roads joined the strike. Efforts to stop trains were made at several points, and the sheriffs were compelled to call on the governor 270 HISTORY OF AKKAiVSAS. for aid. During the excitement tlie interstate drill of crack militia companies occurred at Little Rock. Thousands of people were in attendance and the threatening language of the strikers led many to believe that trains would not be permitted to run, and that they would be held for an unlimited time in the city. The visiting companies from other states offered their services to the governor, but they were all declined. The governor ordered out several com- panies of the state militia and order was restored. 231. The World's Columbian Exposition. This great exposition in honor of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America 1)y Columbus, opened at Chicago on the first day of May, 1893. It was a memorable event, the greatest of all the world's great exposi- tions. Nations the world over lent their aid to make it a success. Civilized and uncivilized peoples united to honor America, and to show the growth of science, art, invention, agriculture, manufacture, and educa- tion, during 400 years. It was a grand blending of peoples, religions, and thought. It lasted six months and was visited by millions of people. The entire cost of the exhibition was over $60,000,000. These great educational exhibitions began with the London National Exposition in 1761. This was confined to the people of England, and no "foreign spies" were permitted to make copies of the mechani- cal exhibits. France followed in 1798, and again in 1801. The animus of these French exhibitions was the invention of machines that should interfere with England's trade. The French energy was tremendous, and before 1849 France had given the world eight national exhibitions. Austria had a national expo- mSTOKY OF ARKANSAS, ill sition in 1820, another in 1S35, and still another in 1849. Germany held three great expositions, one in 1822, one in 1827, and one in 1844. These great competitive displays gave England, France, Austria, and' Germany the lead in the arts and manufactures. The expositions alone made Berlin the center of German art and German industry. National exhibitions were frequently held at Dresden, Berne, Zurich, Lausanne, Brussels, Ghent, Moscow, St. Peters- burg, Warsaw, Lisbon, and Madrid. Each of them had a marked influence on development. The annual exposition at Nijni Novgorod in Russia joined Russia and Asia into a fraternal and commercial unity. But national expositions soon went out of fashion. Their scope was too narrow. International expositions were to take their place. For ten years England pre- pared for the first great international exposition, and gained the world's applause at its opening in 1851. It covered 1,000,000 square feet. The main Iniikling has gone into history as the famous "Crystal Palace." The United States made a very poor display, the only piece of American art which attracted attention being Power's " Greek Slave." The international exposi- tions which ft)llowed were those of Dublin, 1853; New York, 1S53; Paris, 1855; London^ 1862; Paris, 1867 (one of the greatest expositions ever attempted and successfully carried out); Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876; Paris, 1878 and 1889 (the latter the costliest, most elaborate, and most successful of all that had been attempted). It was left for America to exceed them all. The World's Fair was the triumph of exposition genius. On Chicago Day 716,881 persons passed through the 272 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. turnstiles. During the month of October more than 6,000,000 people visited the fair, and during the exposition 21,479,661, or an average of 120,000 a day. The receipts were over $50,000,000. The Liberal Arts building cost $1,727,431. It was 1,687 f^^t or nearly one third of a mile long, and 757 feet or nearly one fifth of a mile wide, covering therefore thirty acres of ground, and its inside height was 200 feet. The iron trusses supporting the roof were the greatest ever con- structed. All inside of this was one room, the largest unincumbered court ever made. Machinery Hall cost $1,175,897; the Art Gallery, $737,811 ; the Agricultural Budding, $638,675 ; Transportation Building, $483,183; Administration Building, $463,213; Electric Building, $423,530; Mines Building, $260,530; Fisheries Build- ing, $217,672; the Music Hall, Casino, and Peristyle, $366,253. In addition to these vast buildings for the general display of the products of the world, were the separate buildings of England, France, Germany, Brazil, New South Waleg, and thirty-six state build- ings, among which was our own. The design of the Arkansas building followed classic models, and was of the French Rococo style of archi- tecture. Its ground area was sixty-six by ninety-two feet. In the center of the rotunda was a fountain of Hot Springs crystals lighted by electricity. The women of Arkansas vied with each other in making this spot worthy of the state, and their success was complete. It was in this building that Miss Fannie Scott endeared herself to all visitors, both from Arkansas and from abroad. For the first time in the history of the world the women were represented by their own commission and in their own building. The HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 273 national commission appointed Mrs. J- P. Eagle and Mrs. R. A. Edgerton members of the board of lady managers for Arkansas, end Mrs. J. H. Rogers ^ and Mrs. W. B. Empie, alternates. The women of Arkan- sas worked zealously before the legislature made the appropriation to have the state represented, and to them is due the credit of the building and of the general exhibit. The jury of awards numbered over seven hundred, and women were for the first time recognized as jurors. In the Department of Agriculture, Arkansas was given two of the jurors, and in the Department of Liberal Arts, two, one of them being Miss Ida Joe Brooks. The exhibit was the greatest ever made by the state, and that of the Department of Education was particu- larly notable. The schools of the state contributed exhibits of class-room work, and the school officials sent photographs of buildings and classes. Fifty-eight schools exhibited class work in bound volumes. The Little Rock and Hot Springs schools sent 1,200 speci- mens of map drawing. Eight hundred large photo- graphs of Arkansas schools decorated the walls. In all there were over 300 bound volumes and more than 2,000 wall specimens. Forty-two awards were granted to the educational department, of which thirty-nine were for the schools. In the Horticultural Department seven awards were given to counties for apples, and in the Agricultural Department three for cotton. Thus while the LTnited States took first rank among the nations of the earth as an exposition manager, our own state carried away its full share of the honors. I. Mrs. Rogers declined the appointment and Mrs. W. C. Ratcliffe was ap- pointed in her place. HIST. OF ARK. — l8 274 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 232. The Elections, At the general election in Sep- tember, 1S94, the nominee of the Democratic party was J. P. Clarke; of the Republican party, H. L. Remmel, and of the People's party, D. E. Barker. The total vote cast was 126,986. Clarke received 74,809; Remmel, 26,085, ^'^ 1887 to 1889 51 1889 to 1891 51 i88g to 1891 51 188.3 to 1S91 .SI 1889 to i8gi .SI 1889 to 1891 5^ 1891 to 1893 52 1891 to 1893 52 1891 to 1893 52 i8gi to 1893 S2 i8gi to 1893 52, 54, 55 1S93 to 53 1893 to 1895 5,^ 54, 55 1893 to S.l, 54> 55 1893 to S3. 54, 55 1893 to 53, 54 1893 to 1897 54, 55 1895 to 55 1897 to On May 10, i8')i, R. W. Johnson, A. H. Garland, H. F. Thomas, Albert Rust and W. W. Watkins, were elected delegates to the Provisional Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Ala. At the general election of 1862, the following representatives to the Confederate Congress at Richmond were chosen: Thomas B. Hanley, first district ; G. D. Royston, second district ; A. H. Gar- land, third district ; F. I. Batson, fourth district. At the general election, 1864, the following representatives to the Confederate Congress at Richmond were chosen : Thomas B. Hanley, first district ; R. K. Garland, second dis- trict ; A. H. Garland, third district (resigned), D. W. Carroll, vice A. H. Gar- land ; F. I. Batson, fourth district. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. GOVERNORS OF ARKANSAS. 305 Name of Governor. TERRITORIAL. James Miller George Izard John Pope William Fulton STATE. James S. Conway . Archibald Yell .... Samuel Adams Thos. S. Drew John Williamson .. Richard C. Byrd.. John S. Roane Richard C. Byrd.. John R. Hampton. Elias N. Conway -. Elias N. Conway .. Henry M. Rector. Thos. Fletcher Harris Flanagin .. Isaac Murphy Powell Clayton ... Ozra A. Hadley ... Elisha Ba.\ter Aug. H. Garland -. Wm. R. Miller. ... Wm. R. Miller.... Thos. J. Churchill James H. Berry. .. Ben T. Embry ... Simon P. Hughes. John W. Stayton . Simon P. Hughes D. E. Barker James P. Eagle James P. Eagle C. C. Hamby Wm. M. Fishback. Clay Sloan James P. Clarke... Daniel W. Jones , ^ ^ rt rt rt "0 .ii-o- 'St; t; 3 • .-SI ^ "3 y rtlj r1.^ S u ^i- SS ■5H ^i? 5>; >w rt u tb ^S ^.2 ■3^= 4> nj >S^ >.^ >• Q 1-1 m m- H App'nted App'nted App'nted App'nted 1836 Mar. 3, iSig.. Mar. 4, i8'5 Mar. g, 1829.. Sept. 13, 1836 4 years... Dem. .. 1,102 M 7,716 1840 Acting -j Nov. 4, 1840.- From Apr. 29 to Nov. g, 1844 Nov. 5, 1844 -. 4 years... Dcm. .. 1844 5 years.. - Dem. .. 1,731 P 17,387 Acting j From Apr. g to May 7, '46 From Jan. 11 to Apr. ig, '49 Apr. ig, 1849. Acting - i84g Sp. El't'n Dem. .. 163 6,809 1851 1852 Nov. 15, 1852. 4 years. .. Dem. .- 2,027 27.357 1856 Nov. 17, 1856. 4 years.. - Dem. .- 12,363 42,861 i860 Nov. 16, i860. 2 years. . I. Dem. 2,461 61,198 Acting -] From Nov. 4 to Nov. 15, '62 Nov. 15, 1862- 1862 3 years. -- Confed. 10,012 26,266 1864 .\pr. i3, 1864- 4 years. .. Federal 1S68 July 2, 1868 .. 4 years. ., Rep. . Jan. 17, 1871.. Jan. 6, 1873.. 2 years .. 2 years. -- Rep '873 Rep. .. 2,948 80,721 1S74 Nov. 12, 1874- 2 years... Dem. .. 76,453 1876 Jan. II, 1877.. 2 years. . . Dem. .. 32,215 108,683 1878- Jan. 17, 1879.. 2 years. . . Dem. .. 88,730 1880 Jan. 13, 1881.. 2 years... Dem. .- 52,761 115,619 1882 Jan. 13, 1883.. 2 years... Dem. .. 28,481 147,169 Acting j From Sept. 25 to Sept. 30, '83 1884 Jan. 17,1885-- 2 years... Dem. .- 45,236 156,310 Acting .. 1886 .... 2 years .. Dem. .. 17,411 P 163,889 1888 Jan., 1889 2 years... Dem. .. 15,006 187,397 i8go Jan., 1891 2 years... Dem. -. 21,086 191,448 Acting .. l8q2 1892 Jan., 1893.... 2 years . . . Dem. .. 56,071 P 156,186 Acting .. 1894 Jan., 1895 2 years. . . Dem. .. 48,724 P 126,986 1896 Jan., 1897 2 years . . Dem... 55,278 149,347 HIST. OF ARK. — 20 306 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Robert A. Watkins Sept. i6, 1836, to Nov. 12, 1840. D. B. Greer Nov. 12, 1S40, to May 9, 1842. John Winfrey May 9 to Aug. 9, 1S42, acting. D. B.Greer Aug. 9, 1S42, to Sept. 3, 1859, died Alex Boileau Sept. 3, 1859, ^'^ J^"- ^i, 18C0. S. M. Weaver Jan. 2r, i860, to Mar. 20, i860. John I. Stirman Mar. 24, i860, to Nov. 13, 1862. O. H. Gates Nov. 13, 1862, to Apr. 18, 1864. Robert J. T. White, provisional from Jan. 24 to April 19, 1864, and from then to Jan. 6, 1873. J. M. Johnson Jan. 6, 1S73, to Nov. 12, 1874. B. B. Beavers Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 17, 1879. Jacob Frolich Jan. 17, 1S79, to Jan. 1885. E. B. Moore Jan. 1885, to Jan. 1889. B. B. Chism Jan. 18S9, to Jan. 1891. B. B. Chism Jan. 1S91, to Jan. 1893. H. B. Armistead Jan. 1893, to Jan. 1897. A. C. Hull Jan. 1897, to AUDITORS OF STATE. Elias N. Conway Oct. i, 1836, to May 17, 1S41. A. Boileau May 17, 1841, to July 5. 1S41, acting Elias N. Conway July 5, 1841. to Jan. 3, 1849. C. C. Danlev. Jan. 3, 1849, to Sept. 16, 1854, resig'd W. R. Miller Sept. 16, 1854. to Jan. 23, 1S55. A. S. Huev Tan. 23, 1855, to Jan. 23, 1857. W. R. Miller Jan. 23, 1857, to March 5, i860. H. C. Lowe Mar. 5, i860, to Jan. 24, 1861, acting W. R. Miller Jan. 24, 1S61, to Apr. 18, 1864. J. R. Berry Apr. 18, 1864, to Oct. 15, 1866. W. R. Miller Oct. 15, 1866, to July 2, i8b8. J. R. Berry July 2, 1S68, to Jan.' 6, 1873. Stephen Wheeler Jan. 6, 1873, to Nov. 12, 1874. W. R. Miller Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 11, 1877. John Crawford Jan. 11, 1S77, to Jan. 17, 1883, A. W. Files Jan., 1883. to Jan., 1887. W. R. Miller (died in office), Jan.. 1887, to Nov., 1887. W. S. Dunlop App't'd Nov. 30, 1887, to Jan., 1889. W. S. Dunlop Jan. , 1889, to Jan., 1893. C. B. Mills Jan., 1893, to Jan., 1895. C. B. Mills Jan., 1895, to Jan., 1897. Clay Sloan Jan. 1897, to HISTORY OF ARk\4NSAS. 307 TREASURERS OF ARKANSAS. William E. Woodruff Oct. 1, 1S36, to Nov. 20, 1838. John Hutt Nov. 20, 1838, to Feb. 2, 1S43. J. C. Martin Feb. 2. 1S43, to Jan. 4, 1S45. Samuel Adams Jan. 4, 1S45, to Jan. 2, 1849. William Adams Jan. 2, 1S49, to Jan. 10, 1849. John H. Crease Jan. 10, 1849, to Jan. 26, 1855. A. H. Rutherford Jan. 27, 1855, to Feb. 2, 1857. John H. Crease Feb. 2, 1857, to Feb. 2, 1859. John Quindley Feb. 2, 1859, to Dec. 13, i860, died. Jared C. Martin Dec. 13, i860, to Feb. 2, 1861. Oliver Basham Feb. 2, i86r, to Apr. 18, 1864. E. D. Ayres Apr. 18, iS6^, to Oct. 15, 1866. L. B. Cunningham, Oct. 15, 1866, to Aug. 18, 1S67, removed by military. Henry Page, Aug. 19, 1867 (military appointment). Elected 1868, to May 29, 1874 ; resigned. R. C. Newton May 23, 1874, to Nov. 12, 1874. T. J. Churchill Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 12, 1S81. W. E. Woodruff, Jr Jan. 12, 1881, to Jan., 1891. B. B. Morrow Jan., 1891, to Jan., 1895. Ransom Galley, Jan., 1895, to ATTORNEYS-GENERAL OF THE STATE. Robert W. Johnson iS43- George C. Watkins Oct. i, 1848. J . J. Clendennin Feb. 7, 1851. Thomas Johnson Sept. 8, 1856. J. L. HoUowell Sept. 8, 1858. P. Jordan Sept. 7, 1861. Sam W. Williams 1862. C. T. Jordan 1864. R. S. Gantt Jan. 31, 1865. R. H. Deadman Oct. 15, 1S66. J. R. Montgomery July 21, 1868. T. D. W. Yonley Jan. 8, 1873. J. L. Witherspoon May 22, 1874. S P. Hughes Nov. 12, 1873, to 1876. W. F. Henderson Jan. 11, 1877, to 1881. C. B Moore Jan. 12, 1881, to 1885. D. W. Jones Jan., 1885, to 1889. W. E. Atkinson Jan., 1889, to 1891. W. E. Atkinson Jan., 1891, to 1893. J. P. Clarke Jan., 1893, to Jan., 1895. E. B. Kins worthy Jan. 1895, to 3o3 IirsrORY OF ARKANSAS. COMMISSIONERS OF IMMIGRATION AND STATE LANDS. T. M. Lewis July 2, 186S. W. H. Grey October 15, 1872, J. N. Smithee June 5, 1S74. SUCCEEDED BY COMMISSIONERS OF STATE LANDS. J. N. Smithee ... Nov. 12, 1874, to Nov. 18, 187S D. W. Lear Oct. 21, 1878, to Nov., 1882. W. P. Campbell Oct. 30, 1882, to Mar. 31, 1884. P. M. Cobbs (died in office) Mar. 3[, 1884, to Oct. 30, 1890. C. B. Myers Appointed April 24, iSgo. C. B. Myers Elected Sept. i, 1891, t(j 1893. C. B. Myers Elected Sept. 5, 1S92, to SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Thomas Smith 1868 to 1873. J. C. Corbin July 6, 1873. G. W. Hill Dec. 18, 1875, to Oct., 1878. J. L. Denton Oct. 13, 1878, to Oct. n, 1882. Dunbar H. Pope Oct. 11 to Oct. 30, 1882. W. E. Thompson Oct. 20. 1882, to Oct. 30, 1890. J. H Shinn Oct. 30, 1890, to Oct. 30, 1892. J. H. Shinn Oct. 31, 1892, to Oct. 30, 1894. Junius Jordan Oct. 31, 1894, to . COMMISSIONERS OF MINES. MANUFACTURES. AND AGRICULTURE. M. F. Locke Appointed January, 1889. M. F. Locke Elected Sept. i, i8go, to 1892. John D. Adams » Elected September 5, 1892. George M. Chapline ^ Appointed December 7, 1892. W. G. Vincenheller Appointed March 11, 1893. W, G. Vincenheller Elected September 3, 1894. 1. Died December 7, 1892. 2. Resigned March 10, 1893. ITT STORY OF ARKANSAS. 309 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF ARKANSAS. CHIEF JUSTICES. Daniel Ringo, 1S36. David Walker, 1866.* Thomas Johnson, 1S44. W. VV. Wilshire, 1863.' ^ George C. Watkins, 1852.' John McClure, 1871.^ ^ E. H. English, 1S54.'' E. H. English, 1874.' T. D. W. Yonley, 1864.' S. R. Cockrill, 1SS4.8 E. Baxter, 1364.-* H. G. Bonn, May 3, 1893. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Thomas J. Lacey, 1S36. L. Gregg, 1868.* Tovvnsend Dickinson, 1S36. J. E. Bennett, 1871.' George W. Paschal, 3842. M. L. Stephenson, 1872.' W. K. Sebastian, 1843. E. J. Searle, 1872.5 W. S. Oldham, 1845. W. M. Harrison, 1874. Edward Cross, 1845. J. T. Bearden, 1874.'" Wm. B. Conway, 1846. Jesse Turner, 187S. C. C. Scott, i8.v8. J. R. Eakin, 1878. David Walker, 1S47 and 1874. W. W. Smith, 1882. Thomas B. Hanlev, 1S58.' B. B. Battle, 1885" and 1894. F. I. Eatson, 1858.' M. H. Sandels, 18S9, 1890.* '^ H. M. Rector, 1859.' W. E. Hemingway, 1889, i893.''' F. W. Compton, 1859.^ '■' S. P. Hughes'^ 1889. H. F. Fairchilds, 1860.' '^ W .W. Mansfield, 1891. » Albert Pike, 1S64.- C. D. Wood, 1893-1900. J. J. Clendennin, 1866.-' J. E. Riddick, 1S94-1902. T. M. Bowen, 186S.5 REPORTERS FROM 1836 TO iS3j. Albert Pike. B. D. Turner. E. H. English. W. W. Mansfield, appointed L. E. Barber. 1887. N. W. Cox. T. D. Crawford, appointed J. M. Moore. 1890. I. Resi£!:ned. 2. Also Confederate. 3. Under Murphy Constitution of 1864. 4. Ousted by Gen. C. H. Smith, military commander sub-district Arkansas, under reconstruction acts, s- Constitution of 1868. 6. Removed. 7. Died, 18S4. 8. Resigned May i, 1893. H. G. Bunn appointed to till vacancy. 9. Died. 10. .\ppointed. 11. Reelected. 12. Reelected September i, i8yo, and died November 12, iSqo. M. H. Sandels elected .\pril 2, iS8g, to till vacancy caused by death of VV. W. Smith. Heming-way and Hufjhes elected under act of General Assembly, i88g, increasing the court to five members. W. W. Mansfield elected January 26, 1891, to fill vacancy caused by death of M. H. Sandels. 13. Resig^ncd May g, i8g4. R. H. Powell appointed to fill vacancy. C. D. Wood elected at special election September ig, 1843, to fi" unexpired term of W. E. Hemingway. 14. Resigned. J. E, Riddick appointed to fill vacancy, and elected September 3, 1894. 3IO HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CLERKS. H. Haralson. L. E. Barber. W. P. Campbell, L. E. Barber. P. D English. N. W. Cox. SPECIAL CHIEF JUSTICES. Wm. Story. L. A. Pindall. F. W. Compton. Edward Cross. Thomas Johnson George Conway. S. H. Hempstead. Sacfield Maclinin. C. B. Moore. Sam C. Roane. B. B. Battle. C. C. Farrelly. R. A. Howard. W. W. Smith. George A. Gallagher. John Whytock. A. B. Williams. H. B. Morse. Sam W. Williams. B. D. Turner. Isaac Strain. W. I. Warwick. N. Haggard. J. L. Witherspoon, G. N. Causin. S. H. Harrington. R. C. S. Brown, George W. Caruth. CHANCELLORS PULASKI CHANCERY COURT. H. F. Fairchilds, July 30, 1855. J. R. Eakin, November 6, 1874, U. M. Rose, July 2, 1S60. to 1S78. L. Gregg, November 25, 1865. D. W. Carroll, November, 1878, W. I. Warwick, Apnl 28, 1873. to 1886. T. D. W. Yonley, February 12, D. W. Carroll, appointed 1S86, 1877. for four years. D. W. Carroll, elected in 1890. CLERKS. A. y. Smith. J. W. Callaway, October 31, W.H. Bevens. 1876, to October, 1886. E. C. Bronough. S. R. Brown, October, 1886, to Gordon N. Peay. 1890. Wm. Hunter. I. J. Hicks, October 30, 1890, to D. P. Upham. 1892. A. R. Witt, November 2, 1874, I. J. Hicks October 30, 1892, to to 1876. 1894. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 3" Town and City. Alexandra Alma Arkadelphia Arkansas City Atkins Augusta Bald Knob Batesville Beebe Bellfonte Benton Bentonville Berlin Berry ville ..- Black Rock Blanchard Springs Bloomfield Booneville Brinkley Camden Carlisle Cedarville Center Point Charleston Clarendon Clarksville Clinton Coal Hill Conway Corning. Cotton Plant Dallas Dardanelle Des Arc De Vairs Bluff De Witt Dover El Dorado El Dorado Springs Eureka Springs, (tirst-class) Evening Shade Fayetteville, (second-class) . Fordyce Forrest City Pulaski Crawford Clark Desha Pope Woodruff White Independence White Boone Saline Benton Johnson Carroll Lawrence Union. Benton Logan Monroe Ouachita Prairie Crawford Howard Franklin Monroe. Johnson Van Buren... Johnson Faulkner Clay.. Woodruff Polk Yell Prairie Prairie Arkansas . Pope Union Benton Carroll Sharp Washington . Dallas St. Francis . . When Incorporated. February 9, 1888. January 7, 1874. January 6, 1857. See Supreme Court decision. October 23, 1876. January i, 1861. August 20, 1881. December 20, 1848. April 15, 1875. July I, 1872. December 24, 1348 ; renewed April 10, 1875. January 10, 1849 ; renewed February 12, 1873. February 7, 188S. March 11, 1S76. October 7, 1884. March 7, 1882. Surrendered charter October 29, 1884. May 17, 1878. August 6, 1872. December 11, 1844. July I, 1878. July 5, i88r. February 21, 1859; reincorpo- rated May 19, 1879. April 8, 1874. Charter extended Feb. 5, 1859. August II, 1879. January 8, 1880. October g, 1878. August 3, 1873. November 14, 1887. July 7, 1879. July 17, 1875. December 28, 1854. February 21, 1867. December 17, 1875. Dec. 31, 1852 ; reincorporated April, 1870. Jan. 9, 1851 ; reincorporated April 6, 1870. August 10, 1840. February 14, 1880. March 21, 1870. Nov. 3, 1836 ; reincorporated Aug. 23, 1870. July I, 1884. iVIay II, 1871. 312 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS— Continued. Town and City. Fort Smith, (second-class) Fulton Gainesville -.. Garfield Goldman Greenbrier Greenway Greenwood Gurdon Hamburg Harrisburg Harrison Hazen Helena, (first-class) Holly Grove Hope Hot Springs, (first-class).. Hoxie Huntington - Huntsville Indian Bay - Jacksonport Jonesboro Judsonia Kingsland. ._ Lamar Little Rock, (first-class).. Locksburg Lonoke Magazine Magnolia. Malvern Mansfield Marianna Marion Marshall McNeil Melbourne Mineral Springs Monticello Mornlton. Mountain Home Mt. Ida Mt. Vernon _. Mulberry Murf reesboro Sebastian ... Hempstead . Greene Benton Arkansas . .. Faulkner ... Clay Sebastian Clark Ashley Poinsett Boone Prairie _ Phillips Monroe Hempstead . Garland Lawrence .. Sebastian ... Madison Monroe Jackson Craighead .. White Dorsey Johnson Pulaski Sevier Lonoke Logan Columbia Hot Spring.. Sebastian Lee Crittenden.. Searcy Columbia Izard Howard Drew Conway Ba.xter Montgomery Faulkner Franklin Pike When Incorporated. Jan. II, 1851 ; reincorporated May II, 1879. November 10, 1879. February 21, 1859. September 13, 1888. February 23, 1887. April 5, 1881. March 13, 1886. November 22, 1850. November 8, 1880. December 14, 1854. January 16, 1883. Febuary 4, 1876. July 8, 18S4. December 5, 1856. July 25, 1876. November 25, 1875. Jan. 10, 1851 ; reincorporated April 5, 1876. February 15, 1888. February 4^ 1888. November 3, 1877. April 18, 1876. December 17, 1852. February 2, 1883. April I, 1872. July 22, 1884. May 19, 1887. November 2, 1832. September 22, 1878. April 16, 1873. February 18, 1878. January 6, 1855. July s, 1883. August 29, i883. August 7, 1877; reincorporated July 5, 1883. June 13, 1884. February u, 1884. May 4, 1878. May 19, 1879. December 20. 1852. November 10, 1879 April 16, 18S8. December, 1S54. July I, 1878. September 11, 1880. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS — Continued. 313 Town and City. Nashville National Springs Nebo Newport Osceola Ozan - Ozark Paragfould Paragould Paris Perryville Pine Bluff Plummerville Pocahontas Popular Grove - Portia Prairie Grove - Prescott - Quitman Ravenden Rector Reyno Richmond Rogers _ Russell ville Saratoga Searcy Sheridan Siloam Springs (2d class) Springdale Star City St. Francis - Sulphur Rock Texarkana Toledo Van Buren Waldron Walnut Ridge Warren.- _ Washington West Point Wittsburg. Woodson Yell ville , Howard Logan Benton Jackson Mississippi Hempstead . - . Franklin Greene Greene Logan Perry Jefferson . Conway Randolph Phillips Lawrence Washington .. Nevada Van Buren . . . Randolph Clay Randolph Little River . . Benton Pope Howard White Grant Benton Washington .. Lincoln Clay Independence Miller Dorsey Crawford Scott Lawrence Bradley Hempstead . . . White Cross ^. Saline Marion When Incorporated. October 18, 1SS3. July I, 1881. August 12, 1887. August 30, 18S3. Jan. 12, 1843, and Oct. 4, 1875. July 25, 18S8. Jan. 10, 185=;; reincorporated Sept. 18, i860. March 3, 1883. August 25, 1888. February 8, 1879. December 5, 1878. December 12, 1848. October 14, 1880. January 15, 1857. October 6, 1874. July 25, 1888. March 25, 1878. May 14, 1881. August IS, 1881. September 13, 1887. October 18, 1S86. May 7, 1880. May 28, 1881. August II, 18S8. December 24, 1852, and March 18, 1S67. August 26, 1887. May 25, 1881. June 27, 1879. April 6, 1876. August 4, 188S. August 20, 1887. August 10, 1880. May 10, 1879. December 24, 1846. November 5, 1875. August 31, 1881. Feb. 5, 1859 ; reincorporated April 8, 1880. Jan. 8, 1849; reincorporated Nov. 25 1880. February 21, 1859. Feb. 25, 1859, and July .>7, 1S78. January 3, 1882. April 30, 1872. 314 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF ARKANSAS. The foUotuiitg summary shows the population of each county accord- ing to the censuses of i8go and iSSo, together with the increase in number and per cent during the decade. SUMMARY BY COUNTIES. Counties. The State. Arkansas Ashley Ba.xter Benton _. Boone Bradley Calhoun Carroll Chicot Clark Clay Cleburne Cleveland Columbia Conway .! Craigrhead — Crawford Crittenden .. Cross -- Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner Franklin Fulton Garland Grant Greene Hempstead -. Hot Spring .. Howard Independence Izard Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette --_ Lawrence Lee Lincoln Little River.. Logan Lonoke ^ladisoi^ Population. Increase. i8qo 1880 Number Per Cent I, 128, 179 802, 525 325,654 40.58 ".432 8,038 3,394 42.22 13.295 10, 156 3,139 30 91 8,527 6,004 2,523 42.02 27, 716 20,328 7,388 36.34 IS, 816 12, 146 3.670 30 22 7,972 6,28s 1,687 26.84 7,267 5.671 1.596 28.14 17,288 13.337 3,951 29.62 11,419 10, 117 1,302 12.87 20,997 15,771 5.226 33-14 12,200 7,213 4.987 69.14 7,884 11,362 7.884 2.992 8,370 35-75 19, 893 14,090 5.803 41.19 19.459 12,755 6.704 52.56 12,025 7.037 4,988 70.88 21,714 14, 740 6,974 47-31 13,940 9,415 4,525 48.06 7,693 5,005 2,643 52 34 9,296 6,505 2,791 42.91 10,324 8,973 1. 351 15.06 17,352 12,231 5, 121 41.87 18,342 12, 786 5.556 43-45 19,934 14.951 4.983 33-33 10,984 6,720 4.264 63-45 15,328 9.023 6,305 69.88 7.786 6,185 1,601 25.89 12,908 7,480 5,428 72.57 22,796 19,015 3,781 19.88 11,603 7,775 3,828 49 23 13, 789 9,917 3.872 39-04 21,961 18,086 3.S75 21-43 13.038 10,857 2,181 20.09 15,179 10, 877 4.302 39 55 40,881 22, 386 18,495 82.62 16,758 11,565 5, '93 44.90 7,700 5, 730 1,970 34-38 12,984 8,782 4, 202 47-85 18, 885 13,288 5,598 42-13 10, 255 9.255 1,000 10.80 8,903 6,404 2,499 39.02 20, 774 14,885 5,889 39-56 19,-63 12,146 7. "7 58.60 17,402 ".455 5,947 51.92 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF ARKKl^S AS— Continued. 315 Counties. Marion Miller Mississippi . Monroe Montgomery Nevada Newton Ouachita Perrv Phillips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope Prairie Pulaski Randolph .. St. Francis. - Saline Scott -.. Searcy Sebastian Sevier Sharp Stone Union Van Buren. . Washington. White Woodruff ... Yell Population. .390 .714 .635 ,336 .923 ,832 950 033 538 341 537 272 283 458 374 329 485 543 3" 635 664 2:)o 072 418 043 977 567 024 946 oog 015 7.907 9.919 7.332 9.574 5.729 12,959 6, 120 11,758 3.872 21, 262 6,315 2, 192 5,857 14.322 8,435 32,616 11,724 8. 389 8,9.53 9.174 7,278 19, 560 6, 192 9.047 5.089 13.419 9,565 23. 844 17.794 8,646 13.852 Increase. Per Cent 2,483 4,795 4.303 5.762 2.194 1,873 3,830 5.275 1,666 4,079 2, 192 2,080 3.426 5.136 2,939 14.713 2,761 5.154 2.358 3,461 2,385 13,640 3.8S0 1,371 1.954 I, 558 5,152 5.363 4.163 aio 34 28 62 30 a Decrease. The population of thirteen cities and towns having 2,000 or more inhabitants, in the order of their rank, is as follows : Counties. Population. Increase. Cities and Towns. 1890 18S0 No. Per Cent Little Rock city Fort Smith city Pine Bluff city Pulaski Sebastian Jefferson Garland Phillips Carroll 25.874 II, 311 9.952 8,086 5,189 3.706 13.138 3.099 3.203 3.554 3. 652 3.984 12, 736 8,212 6,749 4.532 1,537 ^278 96.94 264.99 2x0.71 127.52 42.09 Eureka Springs city ^6.98 q, Decrease. 316 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF ARKANSAS — Ct^w/mw^^/. Cities and Towns. Counties. Population. Increase. 1890 3,528 2,942 2,571 2,455 2,2qi 2,150 2,065 1880 No. Per Cent. Miller Washington .. Ouachita Clark... Crawford Independence Craighead 1,390 1,788 1,503 1,506 1,029 1,264 2,138 1,1.54 1,068 94Q 1,262 886 2,065 153.81 Fayetteville city Camden city Arkadclphia town Van Buren city Batesville town Jonesboro town 64 -.54 71.00 6^.01 122.04 70.0Q a Total for Texarkana city, in Miller county, Arkansas, and Bowie county Texas, 6,380. TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF SECEDING AND NON-SECEDING STATES IN 1S60. The Union. California... Connecticut. Delaware... Illinois. Indiana 376, 200 451, 609 90,697 , 704, 684 ,340,072 673,925 106,487 920, 077 627,081 516, 128 , 221,611 742,289 171, 793 , 064, 369 325,622 647,084 ,831,730 , 303, 374 52,343 > 849, 997 170,703 314,534 774,392 60, 788 219,781 Total Union 21,557,370 Iowa . Kansas Kentucky... Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota _ Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin District of Columbia. Territories Whites. Free colored. 3,816 8.542 19,723 7,069 10,869 1,023 623 10, 146 1,195 83,718 9.454 6,823 229 2,983 450 24,947 49, 005 36,225 121 56, 373 3.918 582 1,481 11, 107 299 1,798 225,490 ' 87,188 114,965 3,181 63 Total. 380, 061 460.151 112,218 1,711.753 1,350.941 674,948 107,110 1,155,713 628, 276 687,034 1, 231,065 749,112 172,022 1,182,317 326,072 672,031 3,880,735 2,339,599 52, 464 2,906,370 174,621 315, 116 775,873 75,076 220,143 432,685 22,340,776 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 317 TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION, ETC. —Continued. The Confederacy. Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Te.xas_ . Virginia Total Confederacy 5,450,711 Whites. 5-26,534 324,186 77.778 .59'. 638 357.642 353. 969 631,489 291,62:1 826,828 421,411 1,047,613 Free colored. 2,630 137 908 3.439 18,638 731 30.097 9,648 7.235 339 57.579 Slaves. 4^-5. 132 III, 104 61,753 462 , 232 333.010 436, 696 331. oSi 402,541 275.784 180,682 490, 887 131,401 3,520,902 9,103,014 964 435 140 1,057 709 791 992 703 1,109 602 1,596 .296 .427 .439 .329 ,290 .396 ,667 ,812 .847 ■ 432 ,079 Federal enlistments all told _ 2,800,000 Confederate ..- 700,000 Federal enlistments in Arkansas 10,000 to 12,000 Confederate 40,000 to 45,000 THE STATES AND THE UNION. THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. No. States. Ratified Constitution. No. S 9 II 13 States. Ratified Constitution. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Delaware Pennsylvania.. - New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts .- Maryland Dec. 7, 1787 ' Dec. 12, 1787 Dec. 18, 1787 Jan. 2, 1788 Jan. 9, 1788 Feb. 7, 1788 April 28, 1788 South Carolina . New Hampshire Virginia New YorV North Carolina _ Rhode Island... May 23, 1788 June 21, 1788 June 25, 1788 July 26, 1788 Nov. 21, 1789 May 29, 1790 STATES ADMITTED TO THE UNION. No. States. Admitted. No. States. Admitted. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio March 4, 1791 June I, 1792 June I, 1796 Feb. 19, 1803 April 30, 1812 Dec. II, 1816 Dec. 10, 1817 Dec. 3, 1818 Dec. 14, 1819 10 II 12 14 15 16 17 18 Maine Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Te.xas Iowa Wisconsin California March 15, 1820 Aug. 10, 1821 June 15, 1836 Jan. 26, 1837 March 3, 1845 Dec. 29. 1845 Dec. 28, 1846 May 2y, 1848 Sept. 9, 1850 Louisiana Indiana... Mississippi 9 Alabama 3i8 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. STATES ADMITTED TO THE UNION. — 0>«/';««<'5. <«x> 186,242 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. STATEMENT, Etc. — Continued. 319 Name of Road. White & Black River Valley Arkansas Midland Stuttgart & Arkansas River Prescott & Northwestern Dardanelle & Russellville ..- Ultima Thule, Arkadelphia, & M Paragould & Southeastern Benton ville Southwestern Ark. & I. T Miss. River & Northwestern Searcy & West Point Te.xarkana & Shreveport Kansas City P. & Gulf Arkansas Southern Mississippi & Little Rock Pine Bluff & Eastern _ Te.xarkana & Fort Smith Ft. Smith, Paris, & D L. R., Hot Springs, & Te.xas Brinkley, Helena, & Indian Bay . Hot Springs Lewisville, N. O., & Texas Eureka Springs. Totals Mileage. 1895. 26g , 092 289,074 87.375 27,010 16,61s 49. 994 10,515 23.075 104,931 15,000 33.079 74.995 86,671 56.950 31, 120 46. 04s 103,765 5.000 13.215 54.555 281,625 19.385 88,714 $21,333,232 Total number o. miles in 1895, 2, 373.29. ASSESSED VALUATION OF THE REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY OF THE STATE FOR 1894, AS FURNISHED BY HON. C. B. MILLS, AUDITOR Counties. Arkansas. Ashley ... Baxter ... Benton... Boone Bradley .. Calhoun.. Carroll . . . Chicot Clark Clay Cleburne . Cleveland Columbia Conway . . Craighead Valuation. $2,572: 2, 500, 1,023, 3.939: 1,856, 1,208, 1.133- 2.550: I , 004 , 2,868, 2, 163, 775. 1.354, 2.247, 2.477: 3,380, Counties. Crawford Crittenden Cross Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner Franklin Fulton Garland Grant Greene Hempstead.. - Hot Spring... Howard Independence Valuation. $2,886,675 2,828,086 2.035,400 1. 322,. 335 1.272.154 2,310,530 2.343.683 2.654,563 1,557,224 4,172-701 915. .335 2,282,606 2,941,796 1,745.504 1 , 396 , 246 4,051,343 320 HISTORY OF AKK'AXSAS. ASSESSED VALU7\TION, Etc. — Continued. Counties. Izard ..- Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette ... Lawrence ... Lee Lincoln Little River . Logan Lonoke Madison Marion Miller Mississippi.. Monroe Montgomery Nevada . Newton Ouachita Perry Phillips Pike Valuation. 448,778 274 1 054 670, 870 ^62,206 342,808 946,641 078,686 512, 102 209,941 499,823 214,417 776, 695 ,200,282 no, 140 675,216 419,629 511.220 928,976 783. 404 ,072, 360 879,064 7231032 74Sii32 Counties. Poinsett Polk. Pope Prairie Pulaski Randolph .. Saline .Scott Searcy Sebastian .. Sevier Sharp St. Francis . Stone Union Van Buren . Washington White Woodruff .. Yell Valuation. f 1 , 796, 684 661,369 2,560,916 2.107.553 14,556,205 I. 555. 754 1.717.530 1,249, 140 1,016,424 6,424,083 1, 104,986 1,492,125 2. 314. 37' 692,230 I, 523, 814 667, 068 4.330.512 3, 749, 102 2, 193,048 2. 378,763 $173,762,244 Assessed valuations are about 50 per cent of the real values. INDEX. Academy at Batesville, 164, 165. Acadians, 43. Adams, General Chas. W., 245. Adams, John D., 148 n. i, 258, 259, 260, 264. Adams, John Qumcy, President, 97, 109 Adams, Samuel, Governor, 142, 149. Advocate, The, 107. Agricultural exhibits, 249, 250 ; experi- ment stations, 256. Alabama, secedes, 174. Algonquins, Indian tribe, 11. Allegiance, oath of, 196, 197. Alligator, Indian chief, iji. AUouez, Father, 31. Altus, Central Collegiate Institute at, 281 ; College at, 282. Amendments, thirteenth, 202 n. i ; fourteenth. 202 n. i, 205 ; fifteenth, 202 n. I ; Fishback, 231 ; poll tax, 268 ; Constitutional, 275. American Agricultural Society, 249 ; Railway Union, 268. Revolution, 41, 43i 44- Amnesty Act repealed, 205. Anderson, John, 165 n. i. Ante bellum period, 120, 172. Ante territorial period, 55-80. Appendix, 295. Apples, exhibits of, 242, 249, 273, 278. Aquixo, captured by De Soto, 17, ij n. 3. Arbuckle, Gen., 127. Arkadelphia, School for Blind at, 158, 164 ; troops at, 183 ; population of, ii62 ; Ouachita College at, 281 ; col- lege, 282; Manufacturing Company, 168. Arkansas, Indian tribe, 25, 34, 35. Arkansas County, 68. Arkansas (Arkansaw), Indian occupa- tion, 9-22, origin of name, 10 n. 2, 36 ; settlements, 27, 28, 30, 66 ; nation, 28 n. 29 ; a district of Louisiana, 32, 60 ; a slave-holding territory, 59 ; first counties in, 68 ; territory organ- ized, 80 ; government of territory, 82; survey of, 86, 87 n. i ; asks admission to Union, 108 ; admitted to Union, 109; boundary of, 116, 117; pronun- ciation of, 144; growth of, 163-170; urged to secede, 177; secession of, 179, 180; admitted to Confederate HIST. OF .\RK. — 21 [32 States, 182 ; Civil War in, 183 ; con- dition of, in 1864, 195 ; state govern- ment of, 199 ; reconstruction govern- ment in, 202 ; readmitted to Union, 202, 207 ; constitutions of, 222. Arkansas College, 164, 281. Arkansas Cumberland College, 282. Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute, 205. Arkansas Gazette, 83. Arkansas Industrial Company, 261. Arkansas Industrial University, 205, 211, 231, 237, 256, 279, 281. .\rkansas Post, settled, 28; regiment at, 44 ; Spanish surveys at, 47 ; delivered to U. S., 56; road to, 66; seat of justice, 67 ; population of, 68 n. i ; post office at, 70 ; description of, 76 ; settlement at, 79 ; seat of govern- ment, 81 ; Gov. Miller at, 83 ; land office at, 85 ; court at, 88 ; services at, 100 ; surrender of, 189. Arkansas fress Association, 283. Arkansas River, exploration of, 33, 6i, 76. Arkansas School for the Blind, 159, 164. Arkansas State Building, Philadel- phia, 226. Arkansas State Exposition, 249. Arkansas World's Fair Association, 258, 259. Arkopolis founded, 94, Armistead, H. B., 264, 275. Arrington, A. W., 128. Arrington's Desperadoes of the West, 134- Arsenals, 126, 177. Artillery in Confederate service, 300. Arundel, Earl of, 29. Ashley, Chester, 93, 95, 105 ; Senator, 144, 145, 150, 166. Ashley County, 21, 151, 205. Ashley's Mills, skirmish at, 191. Assessed valuation of property, 319, 320. Associate justices, supreme court, 309. Atkinson, W. E.. 255, 257. Atlanta, exposition at, 278. .'\ttorncys-general of Arkansas, 307. Aubry, Capt., 31 n. 2, 38, 39 n. i, 40. Auditors of State, 306. Austin, Col. Moses, 92. Austin, Stephen F., 94, 113, n8, Austria, exposition in, 270, 271. I] 322 INDEX. Autiamque, Spaniards in, 21. Awards at American Expositions, 242, 249. 273. 275- Backwoodsmen, 65. Baird, Thos. W., 242. Balize, Spanish army at, 41. Baltimore, riot at, 162. Bancroft, historian, 33 n. i, 37. Banks, 123, 124, 136-138, 279. Barbecue at Helena, 113. Barber, Luke E., 145, 247. Barbour, James, 74. Barker, D. E., 274. Barkman, Jacob, 70, 167. Barkman, John, 167. Barr, Captain, iq. Bartholomew, Monsieur, 28, 77. Bartlett, Liberty, 210. Barton, Gen. Seth M., 191, 194. Basham, Oliver, 148 n.i. Bates, Frederick, 55 n., 57. Bates, James Woodson, 84, 87, 118. Batesville, settlement at. 70; land office at, 87; academy at, 164; school at, 165 n. I ; manganese mining at, 169 ; population of, 262 ; Arkansas college at, 281. Baton Rouge captured, 43. Batson, Feli.v L, 158, 182 n. i. Battalions in Confederate service, 299, 300. Battle, B. B., 246, 265. Battles and skirmishes in Arkansas, 193. I94- Baxter County, 221. Ba.xter, Elisha, chief justice, 158 n. i, 197, 207, 210, 211 ; governor, 213-220; nominated for senatorship, 234. Bayard, member congressional com- mittee, 206 n. I. Bayliss, H. H., 166. Bayou Meto, civilization in, 24 n. i ; skirmish at, 190. Bayou, Pierre, 62. Beall, W. N. R., 194- Bearden, T. J., 220. Beauregard, Gen., 186. Beavers, Benton B., 223, 228. Beck, member congressional commit- tee, 206 n. I. Beebe, Roswell, 93, 95. Belknap, Capt., 127. Bell, John, 160. Bell, W. W., 168. Bennett, John E., 209, 220. Benton County, 126. Benton, settlement at, 79 ; troops at, 183. Bentonville, attack at, 184 n. i. Berlin, center of German art, 271. Berry, Jas. H., nominated, 238 ; gov- ernor, 239, 241, 243, 248 ; senator, 246, 285. Berry, James R., 202, 228. Bertrand, Charles P., 109. Bibb, Charles S., 87. Biedma, 17, n. i, 19, 22, 29. Bienville, French governor, 31. n. 2, 32 n. 2, 35, 38, 39, III, n. I. Big Bottom, settlement at, 88. Big Raft, yuapaws at, 75. Big Rock, military post at, 266. Biloxi, fort at, 28; settlement at. 32, Biscoeville, settlement at, 79. Bishop, A. W., 227. Blackburn, Captain, 182. Blair, member congressional commit- tee, 206 n. I. Blayletown settled, 66. Blind, School for, 159, 164. Blunt, Gen., 187. Boisbriant, French governor, 31 n. 2. Boles, Thomas, 207, 244. Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49, 50. Bonds, Holford, 231, 232. Bonnerville, B. L. E., 127, 131. Boone County, 212, 242. Boonesboro, council at, 133. Border Ruffianism, 131, 132. Borland, Major Solon, 146, 148, 15c, minister to Nicaragua, 157. Boswell, Hartwell, 85. Boudinot, Elias C, 132, 198. Boundary line, Indian, trouble over, 72-75, 89-92; of Arkansas, ir6, 117; of Texas, 127. Bowen, Thomas M., 201, 202, 2c-g. Bowie, John, 113. Bradford. Captain, ^9. Bradley County, 141, 205. Branch Normal College, 279, 281. Branner, Prof. J. C, 25c. Breckenridge, Clifton R., congress- man, 238, 244, 253, 255, 256, 257, 263; ambassador to Russia, 266. Breckinridge, John C, 160. Bridges, constructed, no, in. Brigadier-generals in Confederate army, list of. 194. Brindles, political party, 209, 210, 214, 215- Brooks-Baxter War, 219. Brooks interregnum, 216. Brooks, Joseph, 210, 211, 215, 216, 220. Brooks, Miss Ida Joe, 273. Brown, Captain, 122. Brown, George R., 258. Brown, Jessie, 165, n. i. Brownsville, skirmish at, 190, Brundige, Mr., 285. Bryan, James, 94. Bryan, Wm. J., 283, 2S4. Buchanan, James, elected, 159. Buchanan, S. H., 211. Buena Vista, battle of, 147, n. 2. Bunn, H. G., 265, 286. INDEX. 323 Bureau nf Agriculture, Mines, and Manufactures, 243, 251. Burke, General, 21S. Burr's conspiracy, 62, 63. Burrow, Gen. N. B., 192, 194. Burrow, Rev. I. L., 281. Bush Bill, 286. Byers, William, 207. Byrd, Richard C, 107, 117, 150. Byrne, Rev. Andrew, 162, 166. Cabell, General William L., 1S6, 191, 194. Cabildo council, 42 Caddo river, cotton factory on, 167. Cadets defend governor, 217. Cadillac, French governor, 31, n. 2. Cadron, county seat at, 70; survey at, 78. Calamine, zinc works at, 170. Caldwell, Judge Henry C., 152, 216, 217. Calhoun County, 156. Calhoun, John C, go, 128, 242. California, added to U. S., 149; gold discovered in, 152; admitted to Union as free state, 154. Callaway, Jonathan W., 229, 240, 246. Caluca, expedition to, 19. Camden, land office at, 87; woolen mills, i58; agricultural experiment station at, 256; population of, 262. Cameron, Simon, 179. Camp Esperance, (Post Esperanza) 40, 46. 47, 48, 56. Camp Rector, 181. Campbell, General, 43. Campbell, W. P. 240, 247, 265. Canada (New France), emigrants from, 28; added to England, 35. Cane Hill, skirmish at, 186; Fedenil forces take, 1S7. Cane Hill College, 164, 199. Cape Girardeau, 67. Cappa (Kappa), Indian tribe, 26-28. Carlton, Captain, 181. Carlisle, John G., 277. Carnahan, John, 100. Carnahan, J. P., 263. Carolana, Coxe's, 28, 29 note. Carolina, 23. Carondelet, Spanish governor, 39 n. :, 45- Carondelet, precautions at against yellow fever, 230. Carroll County, io5. Carroll, D. H., 182 n. i. Carroll, D. W., 230, 240. 246. Caruth, George W., 266. Casa, Calvo, Spanish governor, 39 n. i. Caso J. Luengo, Francis. 47. Casqui (Yeasqui, Ouesperies), De Soto visits, 17, 18, 19 n. 3, 28, 29. Gate, W. H., 253, 257. Catterson, Robert F., 206. Cayas (Hot Springs), De Soto at, 20 n. I. Census, iii, 139, 152, 163, 234, 262. Centennial Exposition, 225. Central Baptist College, 282. Central Collegiate Institute, 281. Cessions, 35, 149. Chalmette, Captain, 47. ChampagnoUe, land office at, 87. Champlain, James, 158. Chancellors of Pulaski chancery court, 310. Chapline, George M., 264. Chapman, David I., 142 n. i Charles I, 29. Charlevoi.x, iii n. i. Chase, Salmon P., 174, 176. Cherokees, migration of, 70, 71 ; treaty with, 71; trouble with Osages, 71-73; boundary line of, 72-75; settlements, 78; removal of, 92, 128, 129; at school, 93; troubles with, 145. Chicago, World's Columbian Exposi- tion at, 258, 259, 270-273; railroad strike in, 268, 269. Chickasaw Blufif, 44 n. i. Chickasaws, Indian tribe, 29; attack of, 34; attacked, 125. Chicot County, 88. Chief Justices, of supreme court, 309. special, 310. Chism, B. B., 255, 256. Choctaw Indians, 34; boundary line of, 90-92; treaty with, 92; attacked, 125; removal of, 129, 130. Churches, in territorial days, 100; built, 165, 166. Churchill, General T. J., 148 n. i., 189, 192; major general, 194; treasurer, 223, 228; nominated for governor, 234; governor, 233, 238. Churubusco, Arkansas company at, 148. Civil War, in Arkansas, 183; period of, 172-203; expenses of, 257. Claiborne, William C. C, governor of Mississippi, 52 n, i, 53, 55. Clarendon, prisoners taken at, 190. Clark County, 68. Clark, William, surveyor, 86. Clarke, Captain Meriwether Lewis, 58. Clarke, George Rogers, 58. Clarke, James P., attorney-general, 264; governor, 274, 276. Clarke, William, governor, 58, 68, 71, 72. Clarkson, Captain, 182. Clarksville, land office at, 87; school for blind at, 158; deaf mute school at, 164; college at, 282. Clay County, 221. Clay, Henry, 103, 128, 143. Clayton, Alexander, 87. 324 INDEX. Clayton, John M., murdered at Plum- merville, 255. Clayton, Powell, governor, 201, 204 n. I, 205, 206 n. I, 207, 214; senator, 2_'g. Cleburne, Captain Patrick R., 178; at Camp Rector, iSi; colonel, 182, 192; major-general, 194. Cleburne County, 240. Clcndennin, John J., 200. Clendenning, J. H., 258, 259. Clerks of Pulaski chancery court, list of, 310. Clerks of supreme court, list of, 310. Cleveland County, 221. Cleveland, Grover, president, 22J, 244, 253, 263 ; proclamation to railroad strikers, 269. Clifford, Judge, 149. Clover Bend, settlement at, 45. Coal, introduced, 139; mining, 250. Coal Hill outrages, 261. Cobbs, Paul M., 246, 255. Cochran, Addison, 148, n. i. Coikrill, Sterling R., Sr., 218, 242; chief justice, 243, 244, 255; resigns, 265. Coligoa, De Soto visits, 20. College, Medical, 237; for colored students, 236, 237. Colleges, 164, 165, 236, 237; growth of, 281, 282. Collins, Lieut., 122. Colonial period, 17-55. Columbia county, 162, 205. Comanches, Indian tribe, 125. Commissioners, of immigration and state lands, 308; i>f mines, manufac- tures, and agriculture, 308. Common school law, 140, 141. Compact with U. S., 125, 126. ("i>ni]iany of the West, 32. Compton, Freeman W., associate jus- tice, 158, n. I., 167, 217, supreme judge, 220. Condition, after the war, 202. Confederate states, formed, 175, 176; under military control, 197; Con- gress, 182; forces, 183-187, 189-191; surrender of, 191. Congress, peace, 176; Confederate, 182. Constitution, of 1836, 125, 223; set aside, 175; of Confederate States, 176, 180; of 1861, iSo; of Arkansas remodeled, 193; of 1868, 200, 223, 224; of 1874, 221. Constitutions of Arkansas, list of, 222. Contreras, Arkansas company at, 148. Convention, first constitutional, 109; constitutional, 120, 220, 221: tirst democratic state, 121; Whig, 121; of 1861, 176, 178; to frame new consti- tution, 201; Democratic, 210; Liberal Republican, 210. Convention Act, 174. Convict labor, 260, 261 n. 1, 286. Conway, colleges at, 282. Conway County, 98, 205. Conway, Elias N., 117; auditor, 123, 136; declines nomination, 142 n. i; auditor, 149; candidate for governor, 152; governor, 156 n. i, 157, 162; auditor, 228. Conway, Henry W., congressman, 84, n. i; receiver, 85, 94; killed, loi, 118. Conway, James S., surveyor-general, 86; governor, 120-122 n. i; states- man, 166. Conway, Judge William B., 146, 149. Coody, William S., 129. Cooley, D. N., 197. Corbctt-Fitzsimmons fight, 280. Corbin, Prof. J. C, 225, 237. Corcoran, J. W., 242, Corn mills, 73. Cortney, B. F., 166. Cotton, cultivated by Indians, 73; in Arkansas, iii n. i; production, iii, 112, n.; factory, 167, 169; manufac- ture, 168, 243 n. I. Cotton Centennial Exposition, 241, 249. Council of State, 39. Counties, first, 68. Court, superior, 87. Coutere, early settler, 28. Co.x, Edward T., 14 n. 2. Cox, Mr., member congressional com- mittee, 206 n. I. Co.x's Carolana, 28, 29 note. Craighead County, 162, 205. Crain, Joel, 93. Craven, Dr., 148 11. 1. Cravens, Jordan E., 229, 231, 234. Cravens, W. L., 2 ;2. Crawford County, 88. Crawford, John, 228, 235. Crawford, J. D., 257, 265. Crease, John H., 157, 15S. Creeks, removal of, 131. Crittenden County, 205. Crittenden party, 103. Crittenden, Robert, secretary, 81; act ing governor, 82, 94, 98 n. i; fights duel, loi, 104; death of, 107, 117; statesman, 166. Crockett, David, Colonel, 113. Cross County, 1S8. Cross, Judge Edward H., 87, 122, 145. Cross, Judge R. L., 135. Crouch, A. M., 148 n. i. Crystal Hill, settlement at, 66, 79; (Jen. Miller at, 95. Crystal Palace, 271. Cuba, free trade with, 43. Culbertson, Governor, 280. Cummings, Ebenezer, 123, note. INDEX. 325 Cummins, William, 122, 122 n. i. Cunningham, Charles E., 252. Curren, Lemuel, 70. Curtis, General, 184 n. i; moves to Helena, 185, 186, 189; attacked at Helena, 190, 195 n. D'Abbadie, French governor, 31, n. 2, 38. Dakota Indians, 9, 10. Dallas County, 151. Danley, Capt. C. C, 148, n. 1; auditor, «57- Danley, Christian C, 182; auditor, 228. Dardanelle, early settlement at, 48; land office at, 87; Rock, (Dardani), 78. Dardenne, John B., 48. D'Armand, Francois, 45. D'Artaguette, 35. Daugherty, Mr., 281. Davidsonville, first post office in, 70; settlement at, 79; land office at, 85. Davis, Caleb, 148, n. i. Davis, Jefferson, at Ft. Smith, 127; president Confederate States, 176, 183, 186. Davis, Marcellus, 267. Dawes Commission, 267. Deaf Mute School organized, 164, 231. Debaun, James, 93. Debs, Eugene V., 268, 269. Debt, state, 203; refunding of, 208; public, 229, 251, 252, 276, 277. De Launay, early settler, 28. De L'Epinay, French governor, 31 n. 2. Denton, J. L., 225, 230, 235. De Soto, explorations of, 17-22. Des Arc, prisoners taken at, 190. Desha County, 126. Desha, Franklin W., 148, n. i. De Tonti, Chevalier Henry, 24-27, 30, ^3'- De Vaudreuil, French governor, 31 n. 2. D' Iberville, Lemoyne, 29, 31, n. 2. Dickinson, Townsend, 123, 167. Dillard, J. J., 148 n. i. Dinsmore, Hugh A., 244, 263, 274, 285, Disfranchisement, 206 n. i, 207, 221. Dockery, Gen. Thomas, 192, 194, 218, 219. DoUarhide, J. S., 148 n. i. Donahoe, James, 166. Donaldson, James L., 55 n. Dorsey, Stephen W., 215, 234. Douglas, Stephen A., nominated for president, 160. Douglass, J. C, 148 n. i. Douglass, W. A., 148 n. i. Downs, Henry D., 91. Drew County, 151, 205, Drew, Thomas S., nominated, 142 n. i; 143; governor, 143 n. i; reelected, 150. Dublin, international exposition of, 271. Dueling in territorial days, loi. Duffie, M. M., 267. Du Mays, French governor, 31 n. 2. Dunbar, William, 112 n. Dunlap, Sarch, 161. Dunlop, W. S., 253, 255, 256. Dunn, Poinde.xtcr, 231, 234, 238, 244. Du Poisson, Father, 34. Du Pratz's history of Louisana, 14. Duval, Edward W., 74. Du Vall's Bluff, rendezvous of troops at, i86. Dwight, school at, 73. Dwight Mission, 92, 93, 100. Eagle, James P., 253; governor, 254; reelected, 256, 257, 258. Eagle, Mrs. J. P., 273. Eakin, John R., 228, 230, 2,6. Earle, F. R., 199,200 n. 2, 203 n. i. Rasly, Dr. J. C, 230. Eastman, Moses, 165 n. i. Eclectic Society of Little Rock, 145 n. i. Edgerton, Mrs. R. A., 273. Educational exhibit, 259. I^^dwards, John, 210. Einstein, William, 170. Elections, of, 1829, 107; of 1836, 120, 121; of 1838, 135, 136; of 1844, 142; of 1848, 149, 150; of 1852, 152, 156, 157; of i860, 160, 172; of 1862, 187; of 1864, 193; of 1866, 199; of 1S68, 201, 202; of 1872, 210, 211, 214; of 1874, 221, 223; of 1876, 227; of 1878, 230; of 18S0, 234; of 1882, 238; of 1884, 244; of 1886, 252; of 1888, 253; of 1890, 256; of 1892, 263; of 1894, 274; of i8g6, 283, 285. Elections, Presidential, i23,*i36, 143, 150, 159, 160, 205, 227, 234, 253, 263, 283. Elkhorn, see Pea Ridge. El Leno, Ignace, 56. Emancipation Proclamation, 18S. . Empie, Mrs. W. B., 273. England, Canada ceded to, 35; Florida ceded to, 36; international exposition in, 271. En'flish, Elbert H., supreme court re- porter, 146: chief justice, 157; pre- sides over Confederate court, 158 n. I, 167, 217, 220, 223, 235; death of, 243- English, John, 70. English, P. D., 265. English, Wm. H., 234. English, William K., 148 n. i. Estridge, Judge Thomas P., 87, 94, 118. Eureka Springs, population of, 262. Everetts in Marion County war, 153, Ex-Confederate Home, 267, 326 INDEX. Exploration, 17-27; of Mississippi river, 61; of Arkansas river, 61; of Oua- chita river, 62. Expositions, 241, 242, 249, 258, 259, 270- 273- Factories started, 140; cotton and woolen, 168, I '9. Fagan, Gen. James F,, 148 n. i, 192; major-general, 194, 220 n. Fairchilds, Judge Hubert F., 158 n. i, 167. Fancher, Captain, 161. Far West Seminary, 165. Faulkner County, 221. Fayet'teville, land office at, 87; Indians in, 129; educational center, 164; cap- tured, 186; university at, 211; agri- cultural experiment station at, 256; population of, 262. Featherston, L. P., 253. Federalists, 63, n. i; 185-1S7; 189-191. Fcrro-Manganese Company, 170. Fifteenth Amendment, 202 n. i. Files, A. W., 240, 246. Filhiol, Don Juan, 62. Fillmore elected, 150. Finaficc board dissolved, 240. Financial condition of Arkansas, 195, 203, 225, 240. Finlcy, Robert F., 148 n. i. First Arkansas regiment, 147. First Arkansas volunteers, 182. First constitutional convention, 109. First democratic state convention, 121. First proprietors of the soil, 94. Fishback, Wm. M., amendment of, 231, 264; elected senator, 207, 253; gover- nor, 263. Fitzgerald, Dr., 234. Five percent land grant, 127. Fixer, N. B., 256. Flanagin, Harris, governor, 187 n. i, 191. Fletcher, John G., 244, 253, 258. Fletcher, Judge Robert P., 87. Fletcher, Thomas, 187. Flood, great, 286, 287. Florida, ceded to England, 36; west- ern, ceded to Spain, 44; secedes, 174. Flournoy, Thompson B., X83. Fort Adams, (Natchez) evacuated, 46. Ft)rt Assumption built, 35. Fort Clark, treaty at, 64. Fort Esperance, (Hopclield) 46, 47; delivered to U. S., 56. Fort George captured, 43. Fort Gibson evacuated, 126. Fort Manchac captured, 43. Fort Smith (Belle Point), Indians meet at, 72; Indian boundary line, 73; settlement at, 79; military station at, 126; meetings at, 192; Indian council at, 197; public schools at, 253: popu ■ lation of, 262; tornado at, 287. Fort St. Ferdinand built, 46. Fort Towson. troops at, 125. Foster, Geo S., 148 n. i. Fourche Bayou, skirmish at, 191. Fourche Valley Times, 237. Fourteenth Amendment, 202 n. i, 205. Fowler, Absalom, 121, 122 n. i, 162. France, cedes Canada to England, 35; cedes Lousiana to Spain, 35; Lousi- ana ceded to, 49, Lousiana pur- chased from, 51, 53; expositions in, 270. Francure, Francis, 48. Franklin County, 126. Franks, Peter, 93. 94. Free trade with Cuba, 43. Freeman, Andrew, 166. French explorations, 23; governors, 31-37; control, end of, 35; effects of 36. French and Indian war, 35. Frolich, Jacob, 230, 235, 240. Fruit, exposition of, 249. Fugitive Slave Law, 155, 173-175. Fulton County, 141, 205. Fulton, Robert, 82. Fulton, Judge William Savin, 104; governor, 108, 117; senator, 123, 135, 144. Funding Act, 231. Gaines, Major, 148. Galloway Female College, 281. Galvez, Spanish governor, 39 n. i, 43. Gantt, E. W., 173. Garland, A. H., 182 n. i; elected sena- tor, 207, 217; nominated governor. 221; governor, 222, 224, 260; senator, 229; attorney-general, 240, 244; re- signs, 246. Garland County, 15, 221. Garland, Rufus K., 182 n. i, 238. Gate City Guards, 251. Gates, Prof. N. P., 211. 233. Gause, Lucien C, 223, 229. Gayoso, Spanish governor, 39 n. i, 45. 46- Gazette, The, 107. General land office, 85. Geological survey, 250. Georgia secedes, 174. German)-, expositions in, 271. Gerstaecker, Frederick, traveler, 88; description of Indian removal, 13^; visits to Arkansas, 114-116. Gettysburg, Arkansas soldiers at, igi. Gibson, Dr. Lorenzo, 143, igS n. i. Gibson, Major, 66. Gilchrist, William, 135 n. Gillem, Gen. Alvan C., 200, 201. Glenn, Captai.-i^ 182. Gold excitement, X52. INDEX. 327 Gordon, Madame, 76. Gorman, General, igo. Govan, Gen. D. C., iqi, 194. Government, in Arkansas Territory, 82; provisional, 192, 193; after Civil war, 19s, 196; State, 199. Governors, French, 31; Spanish, 38; of Arkansas, 305. Graffenraed, John R., 148 n. i. Graham, Robert, 164. Grand Lodge established, 135 n. Grand Prairie, skirmish at, 190. Grande, Augustin, 47. Grant County, 212. Grant, General U. S., 190 n.; presi- dent, 220, 224. Gravier, Francis, 48. Gravier, John B., 48. Gray, Colonel, 216, 218. Gray, William, 146, 148 n. i. Green, Gen. B. W., 257. Greenback party, 234, 238. Greenbrier settlement, 88. Greene County, io5, 203. Greenwood, A. B,, 159. Greenwood, J. M., 234. Greer, David B., 135, 157. Gregg, Lafayette, 202, 252. Grenada, yellow fever in, 229, Grenlick, Michael, 48. Growth of state, 163-170. Guadeloupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 149. Guess, George, 74. Guignolett, Joseph, 49. Guion, Captain, 46. Gulley, Ransom, 275, 286. Gunter, T. M., congressman, 214, 223, 229, 231, 234. Hadley, Ozra A., 209; governor, 210 Hail, Elder B. F., 166. Hall, Samuel S., 118. Hammond, Samuel, 57. Hancock, Gen. W. S., 127, 234. Hanks, Mr., member congressional committee, 206 n. i. Hanley, Thomas B., 158, 182 n. 1. Hardee, General, 184. Harding, Joseph, 94. Harney, Gen. W. S., 197. Harper, Charles A., 197. Harris, Hon. W. T., 234, 281. Harris, Major J. T., 181, 182. Harrison, land office at, 87. Harrison, Gen. William H., 57. Harrison, William H., associate jus- tice, 223. Harrison, William M., 165 n. i, 202. Harrison's Landing, skirmisli at, 193. Harrod, J. H., 283. Hartford convention, 59. Hartwcll, J. B., 166. Hawthorne, A. T., 194. Heath, Sir Robert, 29. Hebrard, John, 32 n. i. Hecaton, Quapaw chief, 77. Helena, settlement at, 79; land office at, 87; bank at, 124; mass meeting at, 177; Curtis enters, 186; attack on, 190; population of, 262; partially submerged, 287. Hemingway, W. E., judge, 247, 264, 265. Hemphill, John, 167. Hempstead County, 68-70 Hempstead, Edward, 68. Henderson, W. F., 228. Hendricks, Thos. B., 244. Hendri,x college, 282. Henry, David M., 78. Herron, Gen., 187. Hervey, C. M., 242. Hesper, the affair of the, 207. Hewitt, J. M., 242. Hewitt, Solomon, 68. Higgins, Mr., killed in Me.\ican war, 147. Hill, Gen. D. H., 211. Hill, George N., 225, 228. Hill, John F., 148 n. i. Hill, L. D., 182 n. 2. Hindman, T. C, congressman. 160, 173; general, 181 n. i, 183, 186, 187, 189, 192, 194; assassinated, 256. Hinds, James, 207; assassinated, 256. Hodges, Asa, 214. Hogan, Edward, 70. Holford bonds, 138, 139, 208; Fishback amendment regarding, 231, 232. Holmes, Gen., 186, 189, 190, 213. Homestead Exemption Law, 86, 157. Hooper, Dr. P. O., 236. Hope, college at, 282. Hopefield, see Camp Esperance; pre- cautions against yellow fever at, 230. Hopewell, treaty of, 70. Hot Springs County, 15, 106. Hot Springs (Cayas), 20 n. i; Dunbar at, 62; road to, 78; settlement at, 79; population of, 262; school exhibits of, 273; Southern Educational As- sociation at, 281. Houston, Gen. Sam, 113. Houston, Josiah, 148 n. i. Howard County, formation of, 221; troubles in, 241. Howard, Gen. Benjamin .A.., 64, 67. Hudson, William, 46. Huey, A. S., 157. Hughes, Simon P., attorney-general, 223; nominated governor, 244; gov- ernor, 245, 247-249, 250; reelected, 252, 253; associate justice, 286. Hull, A. C, 286. Hunt, Gen. Thomas J., 206. Hunt, Major, 57. Hunter, Andrew, 166, 207. 328 IXDEX. Hunter, Edward, 148 n. i. Huntsville, land office at, 87. Hutt, John, 136. Hynes, William J., 214. Illinois Indians, 35. Imaha (Imahao), Indian village, 25, 29. Imban, Francis, 48. Immigration bureau organized, 251. Improvements, 112, 113, 139. Independence County, 88. Indian, occupation, 9; pottery, 13, 14; quarries, 15; tents and houses, 15; wars, 34, 35, 72; schools, 73; bound- ary, 89-gi; troubles, 124, 145; coun- cil, 197; question, 267. Indian Territory, Quapaws in, 75. Indians, O'Reilly's policy with, 43; removal of, 72, 128-131; massacre emigrants, 161. Insane asylum, 235, 236. Internal policy, 46. Iron furnace established, 170. Irving, Washington, 131. Izard County, 98. Izard, George, governor, 97, 98, 117. Jackson County, 106. Jackson, Andrew, president. Si n. 2; removal of Indians, 92, 128; admis- sion of Arkansas, 109, 125. Janes, John, 66. Janis, Antoine, 45, 48. Janis, John Baptiste, 45. Jarman, A. S., 242. Jefferson County, 106. Jefferson, Thomas, president, 53, 51, 54, n. i; sends e.xploring expedition, 57; settles Indian boundary ques- tion, 90. Jenkin's Ferry, battle of, igi. Johnson County, 107, 250. Johnson, Andrew, president, 202. Johnson, B. S., 218. Johnson Courthouse, land office at, 87. Johnson, James B., 183. Johnson, James M., 202, 209, 214. Johnson, John T., 166. Johnson, Judge Benjamin, 87, 88, 123, 151. ■ Johnson, Richard H., 172. Johnson, Robert W., 136, 149, 157, 182 n. I, 234. Johnson, Thomas, 144. Johnston, Albert Sydney, i6i. Joliet, explorations of, 23. Jones, Daniel W., attorney-general, 246, 248; nominated, 283; governor, 285. Jones, F. L., 126. Jones, James K., 234, 238, 244, 246; se;i- ator, 284. Jones, John T., 207. Jonesboro, population of, 262. Jordan, Prof. Junius, 225, 275, 277, 286. Jouctt, Judge Charles, 82, 87, 118. Joutel, voyages of, 27, 30. Joynes, E. L., 234. Judicial Districts, divisions into, 152. Jumper, Indian chief, 131. Kapaha (Pacaha\ 25. Kappas, Indian tribe, 28--,o. Keller, Dr. J. jM., 242. Kelley, Gen. John H.. 191, 194. Kentucky, delay in admitting to Un- ion, 44; demands separation from U. S., 45; admitted to Union, 46. Kerlerec, French governor, 31 n. 2. Keystone, Iron and Manganese Co., 170. Kiamishi-Poteau line, 85, 91, 92. Kimball, J. D., 258. Kinsworthy, E. B., 275, 280. Kirtendale, Joseph, 77. Knight of Elvas, 17 n, i. 18, 19 n. 2, 29. Know-nothing party, i6i, 228. Kyle, G. H., 207. Lacy, Judge Thomas J., 87, 123 n. i; resigns, 146, 149. Lafayette County, 205. La Harpe, French explorer, 33. Lamar, Mr., 113. Land claims, 95-97. Land grants, 45 n. 2, 47, 76, 77; five per cent, 127. Land Grant Act, 211, 256, 279. Land survey in Arkansas, 85. Lands, Public, 84-83. La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 24 25, 27. Las Vegas, 17 n. i. Lauratown established, 45. Laussat, Clement, 53. Law, John, 33. Lawrence County, 68, 69. Laws, National, 104. Lear, D. W., 230. 235. Le Bown, Michael, 77. Lee County, 221. Lee, John D., 161. Legislature, first, 122, 123; changes in, 144, 150, 154, 157, 198, 209, 229, 231, 240, 246, 265, 275, 286. Leslie, Thomas H., 259. Letcher, Judge Robert, 82. Levees built, 140, 208. Lewis, Captain Meriwether, 58, 63. Lewis, Dr. Guy, 242. Lewis, Reuben, 72. Lewis, William, 93. Lewis and Clarke exposition, 57. Lincoln, Abraham, president, 160, 178, 179; emancipation proclamation of, 188; proclamations of, 192, 193, 195; assassinated, 196; inaugural address of, T96 n. i; peace policy of, 199. Lincoln County, zia. INDEX. 3,29 Little, J. S., 274, 285. Little Prairie, settlement at, 61 n. i; Little River County, 202, 205. Little Rock, early settlement of, 48; county seat at, 70; origin of name, 75 n. i; land office at, 87; capital of Arkansas Territory, 88; early set- tlers in, 93; survey of city, 94; legis- lature at, 106; Whig meeting at, 136; Independent Order Odd Fellows established at, 156; school for blind at, 159, 164, 205; diocese of, created, 166; arsenal at, seized, 177; conven- tion at, 179; capture of, 191; Gen. Steele in, 192; convention at, 193, igS n. I, 201; military subdistrict, 200; legislature meets at, 202; mil- itia in, 2ig; constitutional convention at, 221, 251; convention at, 229; office of agricultural bureau at, 243; Arkansas state exposition at, 249; convicts removed to, 261; population of, 262; arsenal property, 265-266; ex-Confederate Home at, 267; school exhibits of, 273; college for negroes at, 282. Livingston, William R., 50, 51, 52. Local option vote, 276. Locke, M. F., 251, 257, 258. "Log cabin and hard cider" cam- pai'gn, 136. Logan County, 212. London, expositions at, 270, 271. Lonoke County, 221. Louis XV, 38. Louisiana, slavery introduced, 32; eastern, exploration of, 33; ceded to Spain, 35, 38; resents Spanish con- trol, 39, 40; demands freedom of commerce, 40; settlement of, 45; ceded to France, 49; purchase, 49; sold to U. S., 51. 53; province of, 55; division of, 56; district of, 56, 57, 59: territory of, 60; Louisiana territory becomes Missouri territory, 67; ad- mitted into Union as free state, 67; secedes, 174. Louisville, riot at, 162; exoosition, 242. Lovely, Major, 64. Lovely, Mrs. P., 72. Lovely's purchase, 64. Lucas, J. B. C, 55 n. Lucas, John B., 57. Lucey, J. M., 259. Lundy's Lane, battle of, 81 n. i. Lynch law, 133, 134. Lyon, A. W., 165 n. i. Lyon, Col. Matthew, 85, n. i. Madison County, 126. Madison, F. R., 242, Major-generfils in Confederate army, list of, 194, Mallory, Col. Ssmuel, 206. Mammoth Spring, mill at, 168, 169. Manassas, Arkansas soldiers at, 191. Manganese, 169, 170. Mansfield, W. W., 241, 247, 257, 265. Mansfield's Digest of the Law, 241. Many, James B., 56, 57. Maps, route of De Soto in Arkansas, 10; Arkansas with counties, 69; land survey, 84; battle of Pea Ridge, 185. Margry, 29. Marion, Spanish surveys at, 47; sub- merged, 287. Marion County, created, 114; war, 153. Mark's Mills, battle of, 191. Marlbrook, settlement at, 79. Marquette, Father, 23, 24, 30. Martial Law, 205, 206 n. i, 219. Martin, Allen, gt. Martin, Chancellor, 280. Martin, Col. Matthew, 169. Mason and Dixon's line, 160. Masonic lodges, 135. Matlock, John, 168. May, Col., 147. McAnaly, Gen., 218. McCann, Roger, 148 n. i. McClernand, Gen., 185, 190 n. McClure, John, 202, 209, 220. McCulloch, General, 184 n. i, 185. McCullough, P. D., Jr., 262, 274, 285. McDonald, Alexander, 207. McGown, Father, i65. McHenry, Judge Samuel, 70. Mclntosch, Chilley, Creek chief, 131. Mcintosh, Gen. James, 184, 185, 192, 194, 255- McKennan, A. S., 267. McKinley, William, president, 284. McMuUins, Harry, 262 McNair, Gen. Evander, 191, 192, 194. McRae, Dandridge, 192, 194, 242, 249. McRae, Thomas C, congressman, 244, 246, 253, 257, 263, 274, 276, 285. Medical College, 237. Meigs, Col , 57; Gen., go. Meigs, Josiah, 87. Meigs, Judge, 57. Membre, Father, 30. Memphis, yellow fever in, 229. Merrill, Maj. Henry, 168. Methodism, organized, 61, 99. Me.\ican War, 146-148. Mexico, war with, 113, 114; cedes New Mexico and California to U. S., 149. Miami Indians, 35. Micanopy, Indian chief, 131. Miles, Gen., 269. Milhet, Jean, 38. Military, board, 182, 183; law, 195, 199, 200, 201, 205; districts, 206. Militia disbanded, 206. Miller County, 88. 330 INDEX. Miller, James, governor, 72, 73, 79, 80, 95, "7- Miller, W. R., 70; auaitor, 157, 223; governor, 227; reelected, 230, 253. Mills, 168. Mills, C. B., 264, 27s. Mine inspection, 262. Mining in Arkansas, 34, 169, 170. Minor, L., 259. Minstrels, political party, 209, 211, 214, 215. Miro, Don Estevan, 39 n. i, 44, 62. Mission, First, 30; Dwight, 83, 92, 100. Mississippi, secedes, 174. " Mississippi Bubble," 33. Mississippi Company, 32. Mississippi County, 106, 205. Mississippi river, De Soto at, 17; La Salle explorers, 26; free navigation of, 44; overflow of, 286, 287. Missouri, territory of, 67; railroad strike in, 251. Missouri river explored, 57, 58. Mitchell, Charles B., 172, 182 n. i. Mitchell, James, 259. Mitchigamea, French explorers in, 23. Mobile, settled, 32; ceded to England, 35; surrenders, 43. Moffat, James F., 148 n. i. Monclova, Gen. Wood at, 147. Monroe County, 106. Monroe, James, 50, 51. Montgomery, seceding states meet at, 175; Confederate Congress at, 182. Montgomery County, 141. Montgomery, Gen. William, 45. Montgomery, John R., 202. Moore, C. B., 235, 240, 248. Moore, E. B., 246. Moore, Rev. J. W., 165 n. i, 166. Morgan, Col. George, 45. Morgan, General, 245. Mormons massacre emigrants, 161. Morrill fund, 279. Morrison, George S., 148 n. i. Morrow, R. B., 264. Mound City, regiment at, 181. Mound Prairie, 21 n. 2; road to, 77, 78; settlement at, 79; Methodist church at, 100. Mounds, 12, 14 n. 2, 15 n. Mountain Meadows massacre, 161. Mt. Home, college at, 282. Mulliki, Peter, 48. Municipal corporations, 311-313. Murfee, Col. Edgar E. H., 211. Murphy, Isaac, 179; governor, 193, 195 n. I, 197, 203. Murrey, John Edward, 192, 194. Myers, C. B., 256, 264. Napoleon, Bonaparte, 50, 51, 52. Napoleon, burning of. 190 n. Nashville, woolen mill at, 168. Natchez, settled, 32. Natchez Indians, 34. Natchitoches, settled, 32. National laws in territorial days, 104. Negro, registration, 201; first vote of, 202 n. i; college, 282. Neill, Robert, 263, 274. Nevada County, 212. New Echote, treaty at, 128. New Madrid, founded, 45; district of, 57, 67; district of Arkansas formed for, 60; earthquake at, 65. New Madrid certificates, 65, 94. New Madrid claims, 95. New Madrid County, £9. New Mexico ceded to tJ. S., 149. New Orleans, settled, 32; ceded to Spain, 36; Indians in, 38; Spanish governor in, 39; place of deposit for American produce, 49, 50; slave trade in, 59; yellow fever in, 229; exposition at, 241, 242. New York, international exposition at, 271. Newport, agricultural experiment sta- tion at, 256. Newspaper, first, 83, 84, 107, 283. Newton, Col. Robert C., 213, 218, :i9, 220; general, 237, 238, 241. Newton County, 141. Newton, Thomas W., loi, 136 n, 149, 221. Nevada County, 212. Nijni Novgorod, exposition at, 271 . Noland, Charles M., 109. Normal schools, 261, 262, 277, 278 n. i. North, Central, and South American exposition, 249. Norwood, Dr. Charles M., 253. Norwood, H. L., 259. Novaculite quarries, 15. Nowlin, S. H.,'242. Nutall expedition, 76-79. 93. Oden, Robert C, 93, gj. Ogden, Col., 145. O'Hara, William, 94. Oil Trough Bottom, settlement at, 88. Old Dwight, mission at, 92. Old Town, 17, ig n. 2. Oldham, W. S., 145. Omahas, Indian tribe, 11. Ord, Gen. E. O. C, 200. Ordinance of secession, 179. O'Reilly, Gen., 39, 41. Orleans, Territory of, 56, 57, 58. Orr, Nelson, 129. Osages, Indian tribe, 11, 28; cession of, 63, 64; trouble with Cherokees, 71- 73; war with Cherokees, 93. Osborne, Robert, 60. Osceola, Indian chief, 131. Osceola partially submerged, 287. Otey, Captain, 178, 182, INDEX. 331 Ouachita County, 141. Ouachita River, De Soto explores, 21, 62; manufacture of salt on, 167. Owen, David Dale, 142. Ozark, College at, 282. Pacaha (Capaha, Kapa), De Soto at, 18, 19 n. 2, n. 3. Page, Henry, 202, 214, 220. Painter, Mr., killed in Mexican war, '47- Palisema, De Soto in, 20. Parham, Prof., 233. Paris, treaty of, 35; international ex- position at, 271. Parker, Col. E. S., 197. Parker, Judge Isaac C, 152. Parks, W. P., 234. Paschal, George W., 136. Pascoe, E. L., 259. Patrick, G. W., 148 n. i. Patten, Otis, 159. Patterson, William, 61 n. i. Patton, J. K., lieutenant-colonel, 182. Pawnees, Indian tribe, 125. Pea Ridge, battle at, 18 \\ college at, 282. Peace Congress, 174-176. Pearce, Gen. N. B., 181, 183, 184, 192, 194. Peay, John C, 148 n. i. Pecan Point, relics at, 13. Peck, J. M., 260. Peel. Samuel W., 70, 238, 244, 253, 257. Pelham, John, 147. Pelham, William, 117. Penicault, French annalist, 29. Penitentiary, 127, 229, 261; Commis- sioners, board of, 260. Penrose, James, 55 n. People's party, 263. Perier, French governor, 31 n. 2, 34. Period, Colonial, 17-55; ante-territo- rial, 55-80; territorial, 80-120; ante- bellum, 120-172; of the Civil war, 172-203; since the Civil war, 203-288. Perkins, Isaac, 166. Permanent school fund, 286. Perry County, 141, 237. Pettis, surveyor, 78. Peyton, Dr., 148 n. i. Pfeiffer, Gen. C. W., 194. Philadelphia, Centennial exposition at, 225; international e.xposition at, 271. Philander Smith College, 282. Phillips, Col. Sylvanus, Ci. Phillips County, 88. Phipps, Albert, 147. Pickett, Joseph Desha, 165 n. i, i5'3. Piedmont exposition, 278. Pike, Albert, 102 n. i, 122 n. i, 147, I 8 n. I, 162, 165, 192, 194, 197. Pike County, 106, Pike's expedition, 61. Pike's Peak, 61. Pine Bluff, 77 n. i; settlement at, 79; troops at, 183; Branch Normal Col- lege, 236, 281; agricultural experi- ment station at, 256; population of, 262. Pittman's Ferry, regiment at, 184; skirmish at, 186. Pittsburg, steamboats built at, 82. Pocahontas, regiment at, 184. Poe, Lewis S., 148 n. i. Poinsett County, 126. Point Remove, 72, 73, 78; surveyed by Henry Downs, 91. Poison Springs, battle of, 191. Poland, Hon. Luke E., 224. Poland investigating committee finds Arkansas Constitution legitimate, 224. Political Intelligencer, The 107. Polk Bayou (Old Batesville;. settle- ment at, 88. Polk County, 151. Polk, James K., 143, 146. Polk, Leonidas, bishop, 166. Polk, Lucius E., 181. Pomological exhibition, 249. Poncas, Indian tribe, 11. Pontotoc, battle at, 35. Pope County, 106, 250. Pope, John, governor Arkansas Ter- ritory, 102, 103, 117, 223. Poplar Bluff, precaution against yel- low fever at, 230. Population, of Arkansas, 44, iii, 139, 1 52, 163, 234, 247, 262, 314-316; of se- ceding and non-seceding states, 316, 317- Port Hudson, fall of, 190. Porter, Admiral. i8g. Porter, Captain, 147. Post Esperanza (,Camp Esperance), 40, 46, 47. 48, 56. Postage stamps, first issued, 155, 156. Pottery, 13 n. i, n. 2, 14. Powell, R. H., 256. Power's "Greek Slave," 271. Prairie County, 151. Prairie Grove, attack at, 187. Premiums at expositions, 242, 249, 273, 278. Presidential elections, 123, 136, 143, 150, 159, 205, 227. 253, 263, 283. Preston, John, 148 n. i. Preston, William G., 147, 148 n. i. Price, Gen. Sterling, 184 n. 1, 190, 191. Price, John G., 201. Pronunciation of Arkansas, disputes over, 144, 145. Prudhomme, fort built, 24. Public lands, 84, 85, Pulaski County, 68, 69. Pulaski jail and cqurthpuse, ;iq. 332 INDEX. Pullman Car Co., 268. Pyeatt, Major, 66. Quapaw guards, 238. yuapaws (Quapa, Capaha), 10, 11, 12 removed to Indian territory, 26 n. i settlements of, 31; massacre, 34 n. i, trouble with Cherokees, 71; treaty with U. S., 75, 88, 89. Quarries, .IS. yueensberry, William, 148 n. i. Quifjate, De Soto in, 19 n. 3. yuinley, John, 158. Quipana, Spaniards in, 21. yuitman, college at, 282. Railroad, bill, 215; ta.xation, 247, 248; strike, 251, 26S, 269. Railroads, 86, 163, 164, io8, 212, 287, 318, 31Q. Ramsay s History of Tennessee, 24 n. 2. Ranault, French e.xplorer, 34. Randolph County, 114. Randolph, Lewis, 108, 117. Ratcliffe, Mrs. W. C, 273 n. i. Real Estate Bank, 136, 137, 138, 208, 232. Reardon, Lambert J., 1,9. Recapitulations, 54; 118-120; 171, 172; 288-290. Reconstruction, acts, 197; law, 200; g-overnment in Arkansas, 202. Rector, E. W., 250, 253. Rector, Gen. William, 72. Rector, Henry M., associate justice, 158; governor, 172 n. i; message of, i73i 177- 179' '82 ; resigns, 1S7. Rector, Maj. Ellas, 102, 108, 123. Rector, William, surveyor, 86, 87. Recuperation, 202. Reed's Bridge, skirmish at, 191. Reed, J. B., 253. Reeden, Thomas A., 148 n. i. Regiment, First of Arkansas Cavalry, 146. Regiments, formed, 183; Arkansas, in Confederate service, 296-299; L^nion in Arkansas, 301. Registration, of voters, 200, 201; false, 201, 205, 206 n. 1, 221. Registration Act, 215. Remmel, H. L., 251, 274, 283. Reporters, supreme court, 309. Representation in Congress, 207; from Arkansas, 302-304. Republicans, Division of, 208, 209. Review, Questions for, 290-293. Revolution, in Louisiana, 39-4-2; American, 41, 43, 44. Reynolds, Gen. Daniel H., 191, 194, 198 n. I. Reynolds, Hamilton, 14S n. i. Rice, B. F., 207, 215. Rice, John, 44 n. i. Ricketts, Thomas, 166. Ridlick, J. E., 265. Ridge, John, 132. Ridge party, 128, 132. Rightsell, Prof., 233. Ringo, Daniel, 123, 144; district judge, 151, 152. Ritchie, J. F., 275, 286. Riverside, American Agricultural So- ciety at, 249. Roads in territorial days, no. Roane, John Selden, lieutenant-col- onel, 146; governor, 148, 150, 151 n. i; general, 192, 194. Roane, S. C, 118. Robertson, Dr. J. J., 236. Robinson, Mr., member congressional committee, 206 n. i. Rocky Comfort, Academy at, 165. Rocky Mountains, explored, 57, 58, 61. Rogers, John, 127. Rogers, John H., 238, 244, 253 n. i. Rogers, Mrs. J. H., 273. Rolla, Creek chief, 131. Roots, Logan H., 207. Rose, Judge U. M., 217, 241, 248. Ross, John, Cherokee chief, 198. Ross party, 128, 132. Rowland, Thomas, 147. Royston, factory at, 168. Royston, Grandison D., 182 n. i, 221. Russell, William, 93, 95. Rust, Albert, candidate for Congress, 149; Congressman, 160, 162; delegate Confederate Congress, 182; general, 191, 194. Rutherford, S. M., 118. Salcedo, Spanish governor, 39 n. i. Saline County, 114. Salt, manufacture of, 66, 167. San Jacinto, battle of, 113. Sandels, M. H., 247, 257. Santa Anna, General, 113. Saracen, Quapaw chief, 77. Saunders, Ensign, 147. Saurolle, tirst French colonial gover- nor, 28, 31 n. 2. School, for blind, 158, 159, 205, 231, law, common, 140, 141; fund, 203. Schools, in territorial days, 101, 102; 141, 164, 165, 199, 205, 223, 230, 233, 236, 237, 261, 262, 277, 278, 281, 282. Scott, Christopher C, 145. Scott County, 106; trouble in, 232. Scott, Gen. Winfield, 128, 148. Scott, George W., 82, 107, 117. Scott, Judge Andrew, S2, 87, 118. Scott, Miss Fannie, 272. Scott, Walter F., 148 n. i. Scull, James, 82, 118. Seal of the state, 124. Searcy College, 282. INDEX. 333 Searcy County, 126. Searcy, Galloway Female College at, 281. Searcy, Jesse, 148 n. i. Searcy, Richard, 107, 118, 148 n. i. Searle, E. J., 209, 214. Sebastian County, 156, 250. Sebastian, Judge W. K., 150, 157, 172. Secession, discussed in Arkansas, 160, '74i 17S1 '7^1 '77i '79; of Arkansas, 179, 180; ordinance of, 179; Lincoln on, 196. Secretaries of state, 306. Scdgley, Richmond B., 148 n. i. Sclden, Joseph, 87. Sells, Elijah, 197. Seminaries, land granted for, 102, 164, 165. Seminoles, war with, 125; removal of, 129, 130; war of, 131. Senators from Arkansas, 301, 302. Settlements, first white, 27; early, 48, 66, 76-79, 88. Sevier, Ambrose H., fights duel, loi; delegate to Congress, 107, 108, in, 118, 122; senator, 123, 136, 137, 144; commissioner in peace negotiation, 149; resigns, 150; statesman, 166. Sevier County, 205. Sevier party, 103. Shallow Ford, skirmish at, igt. Sharp County, 212. Sherman, Gen., 189, 190 n., 198 n. i. Sliinn, Prof. J. H., superintendent public instruction, 225, 257, 259, 2')4. Shinn, J. L., 148 n. i. Shreveport, yellow fever in, 229. Sigel, Gen., 184 n. i. Simms, William Douglas, 85. Si.vteenth sections, 141. Sixteenth section fund, 286. Skinner, John B., 170. Slack, W. D., 238. Slave law, fugitive, 155, 173-175. Slavery, question, 58; in territorial days. III, 112; in Arkansas, 109, 110; in elections, ifio. Slaves, trade in New Orleans, 89; emancipation of, 188. Slemons, W. F., 223, 229, 231. Sloan, Clay, 286. Smith, Gen., 200, 207. Smith, Hoke, 276. Smith, Hon. Jabez M., 237. Smith, Judge W. W., 240, 246. Smith, Thomas, 203, 225. Smith railroad bill, 286. Smith, V. v., 214; proclamation of, 224. Smithce, J. N., 223, 228. Smithson, Bryan H., 152. Smithville, iron furnace at, 170. Snow, W. D., 207. Snyder, O. P., 214. Soalesburg College, 164. South Carolina secedes, 174. Southern Educational Association, 281. Spain, Lousiana ceded to, 35; cedes Florida to England, 36. Spanish, priests, 30; governors, 38; rule in Arkansas, 38; end of Spanish rule, 46, 49. Spring Hill, academy at, 165 n. i. Spring River, first court held at, 70; circuit, I30. Springfield, troops at, 183. Squatter Sovereignty, 96. St. Andrew, college of, 165. St. Charles, district formed, 67; sk'r- mish at, 186; prisoners taken at, 190. St. Francis County, 98. St. Francis river, changes its bed, 65; settlement on, 71. Ste. Genevieve, district formed, 67. St. Ildefonso, treaty of, 49. St. John's College, 164, 216, 217, 218. St. Louis, delivered to U. S., 56; seat of government, 67; treaty at, 72, 75; exposition at, 249. Stamp Act, 41. State banks, 136, 137, 208. State Board of Education established. State Debt Board, 251. .State, judiciary, 166; debt, 276, 277. State Teachers' Association, 233, 234. State Wheel Party, 252. Statehood, preparations for, 108. Statehouse, new, 104, 105; first legisla- ture in, 105. States, admitted to Union, ^6, 67, 109, 154, 317, 318; thirteen original, 317- Statesmen, 166. Steamboats, 82, 83. .Steele, Gen., 190, igi, 192, 195. Steele, John W., 107. Steele, Thomas W., 242. Stephens, Hon. Alexander H., 166; vice president Confederate States, 176. Stephenson, Judge M. L., 214, 220. Stevenson, Adlai, 261. Stevenson, W. W., 166. Stewart, George, 93, 148 n. i. Stoddard, Amos, 56, 65. Stone County, 221. Stonewall Jackson of the West, see Cleburne. Storey, William, 152. Sunk lands, 65. Superintendent public instruction, 225, 308. Superior court, 87. Survey, Spanish, 47; of Cherokee res- ervation, 72; first, by government, 86; geological, 142, 250. 334 INDEX. Sutton, Mr., quarries of, 170. Table Rock Bluff, 73. Taensas, Indian tribe, 25. Tappan, J. C, 181, 192, 194. Tatalicoya, De Soto in, 20 n. 2. Tax, Poll, 268. Taxation, for schools, 223; self, 224; railroad, 247, 248; perpetual, 251; direct, 257. Taylor, Dr. C. M., 242. Taylor, Gen., 131. Taylor, H. W., 148 n. i. Taylor, Zachary at Ft. Smith, 127; elected president, 150. Telegraphs, 164. Temperance laws, 165, 276. Territorial officers, list of, 117, 118. Territorial period, 80-ioS. Territories, 318. Territory, firSt, 54; of Louisiana, 67; of Missouri, 67; of Arkansas, 80. Terry, W. L., 257, 263, 274. Texarkana, precautions against yel- low fever at, 230; population of, 262. Te.xas, liberation.of, 113; boundary of, 127; annexation of, 143, 146; secedes, 174; railroad strike in, 251. Thirteen Original States, 317. Thirteenth Amendment, 202 n. i. Thomas, Prof. W. S., 249, 259. Thomasson, Hugh F., 182. Thompson, W. E., 225, 240, 246, 255. Three Mile Law, 276. Thurman, Allen G., 253. Tiger Tail, Indian chief, 131. Tiilar, J. T. W., 242, 259, 260. Tomberlain, John W. 148 n. i. Tomberlain, Thos. G., 14S n. i. Tonginga, Indian tribe, 2S n. Torimans, Indian tribe, 2S n. 29. Totten, Benjamin C, 182, Totten, Captain James, 177. Trans-Mississippi Department, 186. Travel in early days, 79. Travis, Mr., 113. Treasures of Arkansas, 306, 307. Treaties, of Paris, 35; between Eng- land and Spain, 49; of Hopewell, 70; of St. Louis, 72, 75; with Cherokees, 92; of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, 149. Trigg, John T., 157. Trimble, John, 85. Trimble, Judge William, 87, 94. Trist, Nicholas, 149. Troops in Arkansas, 183. Twigg, Captain John H., 251. Tula, De Soto in, 20, 21. Tulip, Academy at, 165. Turner, B. D., 247. Turner, Hon. Jesse, 104, 229. Tutts, in Marion County war, 153. 154. Tyler, John, 174. Ulloa, Spanish governor, 39 n. i, 40. Union, Kentucky admitted to, 46; l^ousiana admitted to, 67; Arkansas admitted to, 109; California admitted to, 154; Arkansas readmitted to, 202. Union County, 21, 106; trouble in, 233. Union party, i5o; forces in Arkansas, 192. LTnion Labor Party, 253. University, Arkansas Industrial, 211. Unzaga, Spanish governor, 39 n. i. Upham, Daniel P., 206. Valliere, Don Joseph, 44, 47. Van Buren, Real Estate Bank at, 124; LTnion soldiers at, 187; meetings at, 192; population of, 262. Van Buren County, 107. Van Buren, Martin, 123. Van Dorn, Gen., 184 n. i, 185, 1S6. Van Trump, Mr., member Congres- sional Committee, 206 n. i. Vaudreuil, iii n. i. Vicksburg, Fall of, 190. • Vienna, Exposition at, 271. Villemont, Don Carlos, 47. Vincenheller, W. G., 259, 264, 275, 2S6. Volunteers, Call for, 183. Waddell, Mr., member congressional committee, 206 n. i. Waldron, State guards at, 232. Walker, Col. Alexander, 68. Walker, David, 143; associate justice, 150; president of convention, 176, 179; associate justice, 200, 223; re- signs, 229. Walker, Gen. Marsh, 192, 194. Walker, J. D., 234; senator, 246. Wallace, Charles, 242. War, French and Indian, 35, 36; Ameri- can Revolution, 41, 43, 44; between England and Spain, 43; of 1812, 59, 86; Mexican, 146-148; Civil, 178-203. Ward, Zeb, 260. Warrel, Stephen, 60. Warren, E. A., 160. Washburn, Cephas, 73, 92, 93, 100. Washburn's Reminiscences of the In- dians, 79. Washington, Peace Congress at, 174; land office at, 87. Washington, Hempstead County, bank at, 124; regiment at 125, 146; academy at, 165; state government removed to, 191, 193. Washington County, 98. Washita, post of, 78. Waterways in territorial days, no. Watkins, George C, 135 n., chief jus. tice, 157, 167. Watkins, Robert A., 123. Watkins, W. W., 182. Wayne County, 69. INDEX. 335 Wayne, Gen., 60. Wealth of the State, 163. Weaver, R. B., 259. Webster, Daniel, 128. Weigart, architect, 105. Welch, T. B., 244. Welch, Thomas R., 166. West Point, skirmish at, 190. Wheat, J. T., 166. Wheeler, Stephen, 214. Whetstones, 170. Whigs, appoint committees, 120, 121; convention of, 121; meetings of, 136; vote for Clay, 143; in Marion county war, 153; decline of, 161. Whipple, W. G., 263. White County, 114. White, King, 219 n. i. White River, settlement on, 71. White, Robert T. J., 202. Whitfield, mining at, 169. Whi:ney, inventor cotton gin, 112 n. Whittington, Mr., quarries of, 170. Wilco.x, Gen., 147. Wilhoff, Leonard, 148 n. i. Wilkinson, Gen. James, 46, 53, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63. Williams, A. B., 244. Williams, Rev. Aaron, 165 n. i, 166. Williams, Judge S. W., 165 n. i, 182 n. 2, 216, 218. Wilshire, W. W., chief justice, 202, 209, 214, 220, 223. Wilson Bill, 284. Wilson, Emzy, 117. Wilson, John, 109. \Vinf5eld, A. R., 166. Wise, Henry A., 128. Wistar, Thomas, 197. Witherspoon, James L., 220. Witter, Judge, 165. Womack's Woolen Mill, 168. Woman's Petition Law, 276. Wood, Capt. Allen, 147, 148; general, 154- Wood, Carroll D., 265. Woodruff County, 188, 205. Woodruff, Alden M., 148 n. i. Woodruff, Wm. E., 83, 123. Woodruff, Wm. E., Jr., 235, 240, 246, 255- Woodward, E. H., 170. Wool, Gen. John E., 147. Wooten, G. W., 242. World's Columbian Exposition, 258, 259, 270. World's Industrial Exposition, 241. Wright, William, 133. Yearger, Dr., 166. Veil County, 141. Yell, Archibald, Judge, 87, 108, 121; governor, 135 n., 136 n., 140, 142, 143; colonel, 146, 147. Yell, Gen. James, 162, 181, 192, 194. Yellow Fever epidemic, 229, 230. Yellville, troops at, 183; arsenals and stores burned at, 186. Yonley, T. D. W., 158 n. i, 197; chief justice, 198 n. I, 202, 214, 220. Zinc Works established, 170. H82 89 V ,• \./ '••*' ^ ... <^> V ^tf ■^9^ 5°x. .^^ ^. •ov* a5<^vev ^^^ '^^ «< .e ^\/.. %*^^*/ v^^^V V^ HECKMAN BINDERY INC. #SEP 89 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962 .•••^. *e>