COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
 

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 GEN. GRANT. 
 
 Price 10 Cents, 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 NORMAN L. MUNRO, PUBLISHER, 
 
 24 and 26 Vandewater St. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED BY NORMAN L. MUNRO, 1885. 
 
LIFE AND MEMOIRS 
 
 OF 
 
 GEN. ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 BEING A FULL RECORD OF HIS EARLY DATS, HIS MILITARY ACHIEVEMENTS 
 DURING THE WAR, HIS TWO ADMINISTRATIONS AS PRESIDENT OF 
 THE UNITED STATES, HIS TOUR AROUND THE WORLD, HIS 
 WELCOME HOME, HIS TRIPS THROUGH THE SOUTH- 
 ERN STATES AND TO CUBA AND MEXICO, HIS 
 CONNECTION WITH THE GRANT & 
 WARD FAILURE, AND HIS BEING 
 RETIRED WITH THE RANK 
 AND PAY' OF 
 GENERAL. 
 
 THE MOST COMPLETE HISTORY EVER PUBLISHED. 
 
 BY AN OLD ARMY/6FFICER. 
 
 w 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by 
 man L. Munro, in the office of the Librarian of 
 Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Nor 
 
 MAR 30 im I 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 NORMAN L. MUNKO, PUS 
 
 24 AND 20 VANDEWATER ST 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES 8. GRANT. 9 
 
 Mexican frontier gave the young officer his eagerly desired op- 
 portunity to see active service. He proceeded to Corpus Cbristi 
 with the Fourth Infantry, and on September 30th, 1845, was 
 commissioned full second lieutenant of infantry. He was as- 
 signed to the Seventh. Regiment of regulars. This assignment, 
 however, did not suit the men and officers of the Fourth, with 
 whom he was a great favorite, and they petitioned the secre- 
 tary of war to let Grant remain with them. The petition was 
 granted, and in November he was commissioned full second lieu- 
 tenant in his favorite regiment. With it he engaged in all the 
 battles from that of Palo Alto, May 8th, 1846, to the taking of 
 Monterey, September 23d, 1846, and distinguished himself by 
 his bravery in the field as well as his quick and accurate judg- 
 ment. 
 
 When the campaign against the city of Mexico was trans- 
 ferred from General Taylor to General Scott, the Fourth Regi- 
 ment came under the letter's command. It took part in the 
 siege of Vera Cruz. Grant, by his heroic conduct, having at- 
 tracted the notice of his superior officers, was appointed quarter- 
 master of the regiment. As such it was his duty to provide 
 supplies for the regiment — a most arduous undertaking in an 
 enemy's country. He fulfilled these difficult and oftentimes 
 dangerous duties with great satisfaction until the entry into the 
 city of Mexico, and though relieved of active duty on the field 
 he could not keep back from participating in the engagements 
 which took place. 
 
 At the battle of Molino del Rey he so distinguished himself by 
 his valor that Ge: >o ral Scott named him first lieutenant ou 
 the field. Equally brave did he show himself at the storming of 
 Chepultepec, receiving special commendation from General 
 Worth. He also participated in the doggedly resisted entry into 
 the capital of Mexico, For these services he received a brevet 
 captaincy, to date from the day of the battle of Chepultepec, 
 September 13th, 1847. and on September 16th, 1847, he was com- 
 missioned first lieutenant of the Fourth United States Infantry, 
 The capture of the city of Mexico ended the war. California 
 and New Mexico were added to the United States, and the Rio 
 Grande was fixed as the boundary line of the Texan frontier. 
 
 The army was ordered home and Grant's regiment was dis- 
 tributed to posts from Fort Niagara in New York to Michili- 
 mackinac in Northern Michigan, 
 
 W T hen, however, the discovery of gold in California set a heavy 
 tide of emigration toward the Far West, the Fourth Infantry 
 was dispatched to the Pacific coast to preserve order. A portion 
 of the battalion was assigned under Giant's command to do duty 
 in Oregon, with headquarters at Fort Dallas. There Grant did 
 efficient work in keeping back the incursions of savage Indians 
 on the one hand and lawless desperadoes on the other, and also 
 made a series of systematic observations and explorations which 
 was of great service to the cause of science and geography. 
 While at this post his brevet captaincy was made a full position, 
 his commission dating August, 1853, and he was soon after as- 
 signed to duty in the Department of the West. But there being 
 
ID LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 practically no duty to perform, he resigned his commission July 
 31st, 1854. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Grant as a Farmer and Tanner-The Call to Anns-How He Mustered 
 the Illinois Troops for Governor Yates— Made Colonel— Drilling 
 the Raw Recruits— Grant Becomes Brigadier-General— How He 
 Occupied- Paducah— The Attack on Fredericktown— Grant's First 
 Great Victory at Belmont. 
 General Grant's resignation from the army while he was 
 simply first lieutenant marks the close of the first epoch in the 
 career of this wonderful man. He was a hater of idleness, ana 
 rather than spend his life in a pretense of service while actually 
 doin°- nothing— like so manvof our parlor-soldiers— he preferred 
 to retire into private life and become a plain business man. It 
 is curious to reflect that had the great struggle between the Nortn 
 and South not broken out, had the occasion not come, he who 
 was of all men the man for the hour, would, in all probability, 
 have passed his remaining days in the amply respectable but not 
 very glorious pursuits of commerce and trade. 
 * His first venture in commerce was in St. Louis, but this prov- 
 ing not particularly successful, he turned his attention to farm- 
 ing. Here his great bodily strength and sound constitution stood 
 him in good stead, and it is related that he chopped his own 
 cord-wood and hauled it to the nearest town for sale. There are 
 many old people still alive who recall with glee that they pur- 
 chased a cord 'of wood from the man who was afterward to be- 
 come the general of the army and President of the United States. 
 It is a magnificent tribute to the capabilities of our government 
 to consider that the rail-splitter, Abraham Lincoln, was suc- 
 ceeded in office by the wood-chopper Grant. 
 ^ He, however, remained only a year on his farm, and in 1859 
 started in business as a tanner with his father, in Galena, Illi- 
 nois, under the firm-name of Grant & Son. This was his occu- 
 pation when the war broke out. 
 
 The call to arms roused the hearts of all true citizens, but in 
 no breasts did it find such an enthusiastic response as in those of 
 the soldiers who had already exposed themselves to the bullets of 
 the enemy. In Grant's ears it sounded like the trumpet in the 
 ears of an old war-horse. What was business, what were wife 
 and children, to him ? His country was in danger, it demanded 
 his services, and his military training at West Point, and his ex- 
 periences in Mexico and on the Western frontier, gave those serv- 
 ices exceptional value. 
 
 Tearing himself away from those who loved him best, he pre- 
 sented himself to Governor Yates, the chief executive of the 
 state in which he had made his home. The governor was dis- 
 tracted by the rival claims for command on the part of men who 
 had never smelt the smoke of battle, and yet wanted to be chiefs 
 of thousands and tens of thousands. Everything was in chaos 
 and confusion when the quiet man of thirty-nine, clad in simple 
 citizen's dress and wearing a slouch hat, presented himself to 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. ll 
 
 Governor Yates as tbe " Mr. Grant spoken of.". The governor 
 eyed him for a moment, then hurriedly questioned him as to his 
 West Point training and his services in Mexico, and on the spot 
 appointed him mustering officer. 
 
 Grant at once entered on his duties, and his decided views and 
 inflexible ways soon brought order out of chaos. Under his 
 directions the Illinois volunteers were rapidly sent to the field, 
 both under the first call for 75,000 men for three months' serv- 
 ice, made April loth, 1861, and under the second call (May 3d) 
 for 42,034 men for three years' service. 
 
 The governor was gratified that his choice had fallen on so 
 good a man, but Grant was not satisfied with this stay-at-home 
 service. His ardent nature longed for the scent of battle. 
 
 He boldly asked for a command, and was made colonel of the 
 Twentv-third Illinois three years' volunteers by commission 
 dated June loth, 1861. 
 
 The regiment was organized in Mattoon, and sent into North- 
 ern Missouri, where active hostilities were soon to be begun. 
 Grant put the regiment through a careful drill until he was 
 relieved of the command in the latter part of August, 1861, when 
 he was appointed brigadier-general by President Lincoln, his 
 commission dating from May 17, 1861. He stood No. 17 on the 
 list of thirty-four nominations then made by the president. 
 
 General Grant was given the command of the district of 
 Cairo. It was a very important post, as Kentucky, though re- 
 maining in the Union, had many Southern sympathizers who 
 were raising the cry of "neutrality." Tennessee had seceded, 
 but pretended to respect the position of Kentucky. ^ Grant, 
 however, soon saw through the pretense when he was informed 
 that the rebel General Pillow early in September had occupied 
 and was fortifying Hickman and Chalk Bluffs, together with 
 other points on the lower Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, 
 intending to make Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee 
 River, a supplv station for food, shoes, clothing and ammunition 
 for the Confederate army. He at once determined to occupy 
 Paducah and put a stop to this illicit traffic. 
 
 Prior to doing so, however, he, on September 5th, telegraphed 
 to the Kentucky legislature the fact of the invasion of the State 
 by the Confederates. The Legislature referred the matter to a 
 special committee. This meant delay, and every moment's 
 delay was dangerous. Grant determined not to waste a 
 moment. On the evening of the same day on which he had 
 sent off the telegram he caused to be embarked the Ninth and 
 Twelfth Illinois regiments of infantry, and a section of the 
 Chicago Artillery, at Cairo; and guarded by tbe gunboats Tyler 
 and Conestoga the troops sailed up the Ohio to the mouth of 
 the Tennessee River, reaching Paducah about eight o'clock the 
 next morning. 
 
 This bold, quick move startled the 10,000 inhabitants of 
 Paducah, many of whom sympathized with the secessionists, 
 and fearing that General Pillow would make an attack on the 
 town and try to dislodge Grant, a regular stampede took place. 
 
12 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 General Grant himself arrived on the afternoon of the 6th and 
 immediately issued a proclamation quieting the people. 
 
 He had the town put in order for defense and permanent oc- 
 cupation and made preparations for an advance up the Ten- 
 nessee and Cumberland rivers. This step was necessary, the 
 more so, as General Polk with 10,000 Confederates occupied and 
 were fortifying Columbus. 
 
 On September 11, Kentucky, by a test-vote in the lower house 
 of the legislature of 68 to 26, decided to stand with the Union, 
 and it became apparent that the state, like Missouri, would 
 be the battlefield of the war if the Confederate army was not 
 driven into Tennessee. 
 
 On September 20, General Robert Anderson assumed command 
 of the newly created Department of Kentucky, and he and Gen- 
 eral Grant, whose command included all of Kentucky west of 
 the Cumberland, heartily co-operated in driving the Confeder- 
 ates out of the state. 
 
 Being informed that the Confederate Brigadier General Thomp- 
 son was at Fredericktown and threatening the Federal positions 
 at Pilot Knob and Cape Girardeau, Grant, on October 16, ordered 
 two columns under Colonel Plummer to attack the enemy. 
 Thompson was forced to battle near Greenville and defeated. 
 This effectually put an end to Thompson's plan and he retreated 
 from that section of the country. 
 
 General Grant now became apprehensive that Confederate 
 General Polk, who commanded at Columbus, was pushing re-en- 
 forcements forward from Belmont and New Madrid in order to 
 overwhelm General Fremont, who. with only comparatively few 
 numbers, was trying to keep the Confederate generals Price and 
 McCullough in check. To check this movement Grant himself 
 led an attack on Belmont. 
 
 His force consisted, in all, of 2886 men. On the night of 
 Wednesday, November 6, they embarked at Cairo, escorted by 
 the gunboats Tyler and Lexington; all night they lay at a point 
 about nine miles below Cairo, and the next morning proceeded 
 to Lucas' Bend, four miles above Belmont, where they landed 
 and marched on the enemy's camp at Belmont. The gunboats 
 proceeded dosvn the river to engage the batteries above Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 In his report General Grant thus speaks of his disposition of 
 forces: 
 
 "Knowing that Columbus was strongly garrisoned, I asked 
 General Smith, commanding at Paducah, Kentucky, to make 
 demonstrations in the same directions. He did so, by ordering 
 a small force to Mayfield, and another in the direction of Colum- 
 bus, not to approach nearer, however, than twelve or fifteen 
 miles. I also sent a small force on the Kentucky side, some 
 twelve miles from Columbus. All this served to distract the 
 enemy, and lead him to think he was to be attacked in his 
 strongly fortified position." 
 
 The enemy were drawn up in good positiou about two mile* 
 Tibove their intrenched camp on the river just opposite, and 
 ilefended by the Columbus batteries. 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 18 
 
 The engagement which ensued is thus described by General 
 Grant himself: 
 
 "At daylight we proceeded down the river to a point just 
 out of range of the rebel guns, and debarked on the Missouri 
 shore. From here the troops were marched by a flank for about 
 one mile toward Belmont, and then drawn up in line, one bat- 
 talion having been left as a reserve near the transports. Two 
 companies from each regiment, five skeletons in number, were 
 thrown out as skirmishers to ascertain the position of the 
 enemy, 
 
 " It was but a few moments before they met him, and a gen- 
 eral engagement ensued. The balance of my force, with the ex- 
 ception of the reserve, was then thrown forward, all as skir- 
 mishers, and the enemy driven, foot by foot, and from tree to 
 tree, back to their encampment on the river's bank, a distance 
 of over two miles. Here they had strengthened their position 
 by felling the timber for several yards around their camp, and 
 making a sort of abattis. 
 
 "Our men charged through this, driving the enemy over the 
 river banks and into their transports in quick time, leaving us 
 in possession of everything not exceedingly portable." 
 
 The contest was sharp and decisive, and the victory was not 
 gained without the loss of many of our men, among the killed 
 being the gallant Colonel Lanman. Grant's horse was shot 
 under him. General McClernand, whose horse was also struck 
 several times, thus speaks of the crisis of the battle: 
 
 " We again opened a deadly fire from both infantry and 
 artillery, and after a desperate resistance drove the enemy back 
 the third time, forcing them to seek cover among thick woods 
 and brush, protected by the heavy guns at Columbus. While 
 this struggle was going on, a tremendous fire from the Twenty- 
 seventh, which had approached the abattis on the right and rear 
 of the tent, was heard. About the same time, the Seventh and 
 Twenty-second, which had passed the rear of the Thirtieth and 
 Thirty-first, hastened up, and, closing the space between them 
 and the Twenty-seventh, poured a deadly fire upon the enemy. 
 A combined movement was now made upon three sides of the 
 enemy's works, and, driving him across the abattis, we followed 
 close upon his heels into the clear space around his camp." 
 
 Having thus driven the Confederates from their position, Grant 
 now turned his attention to Western Kentucky to put a check to 
 advances from that region which threatened Cairo and even 
 St. Louis. His advance up the Cumberland, Kentucky, and 
 Ohio rivers is usually denominated his first campaign, though, 
 as we have seen, he did some pretty good fighting before that. 
 
14 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Capture of Fort Henry— Fall of Fort. Donelson— Grant Rewarded by 
 being made Major-General — Grant Rids Kentucky of the Confed 
 erates — The Tennessee Campaign — Waiting for General Bueli at 
 Pittsburg Landing — General Johnston's Attack on Grant — The 
 Battle of Pittsburg Lauding— Death of General Johnston— On to 
 Corinth. 
 
 Major-General Halleck had been appointed General-in- 
 Chief of the Department of Missouri, which included the 
 states of Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ar- 
 kansas, and all of Kentucky west of the Cumberland, and on De- 
 cember 20th Halleck formally assigned Grant to the com- 
 mand of the " district of Cairo," which embraced the southern 
 part of Illinois, all of Kentucky west of the Cumberland, and 
 the river counties of Missouri south of Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Acting under General Halleck's orders, Grant, on February 
 1st, gave the command for the troops to pass up the Ohio and 
 Tennessee rivers. By the 4th, 10,000 men were encamped six- 
 teen miles above Crown Point, while Footers ironclads were al- 
 ready there to co-operate with them. 
 
 Commodore Foote, impatient for the struggle to begin, 
 opened fire on the 6th, on Fort Henry, on the west side of the 
 Tennessee. The bombardment was terrific but of short duration, 
 anot shortly after noon, the flag was lowered and the fort was 
 won. General Tilghman, in command of the fort, gracefully 
 surrendered, saying: "I am glad to hand my sword to so gallant 
 an officer." Foote's reply has become historic: "You are per- 
 fectly right, sir, in surrendering," he said, "but you should 
 have blown my boats out of the water before I would have sur- 
 rendered to .you!" 
 
 The capture of Fort Henry alarmed the enemy, and Fort 
 Donelson was hastily re-enforced, and Grant ordered Foote to 
 at once attack the fort with his gunboats. The struggle was a 
 heroic one, but the heavy guns of the fort did such damage 
 to the boats that Foote was compelled to draw out for repairs. 
 
 Grant resolved not to wait until the gunboats could be got 
 ready again to assist iu the attack. He did not wish to give the 
 enemy further time to strengthen their position. He therefore 
 on the 15th opened the engagement. 
 
 The capture of Fort Donelson is one of the brightest gems in 
 the crown of military glory won by Grant during the whole 
 war. The 6ght was a most furious one; space forbids us to de- 
 scribe it in detail. Inch by inch the charge was made in the 
 face of the murderous fire from the guns of the fort, inch by 
 inch the ground was gained, until the next mGrning (Sunday) 
 Grant found himself in a position to carry the enemy's main 
 work by assault. 
 
 But the work was not necessary; General Buckner with 15.000 
 men unconditionally surrendered. Seventeen thousand stand of 
 small-arms and an immense amount of provisions were capt 
 ured. It was a great victory. The loss of the UDion side was 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 15 
 
 estimated to be about 2000; while the enemy's losses were over 
 15 000 men. ... .' 
 
 Ihe news of the fall of Fort Donelson spread like wild-fire 
 throughout the North, and amid the general rejoicings Grant 
 was appointed major-general of volunteers as a reward for his 
 brilliant achievement. ■■■•: • 
 
 This was the last great stronghold of the Confederates in Ken- 
 tucky, and Grant, having accomplished what he had set out to 
 do in Ids first campaign, now determined to drive the enemy 
 out of Western Tennessee and to free the Mississippi River irom 
 the rebel rams. - 
 
 The Confederates under Generals Sidney Johnston and beau- 
 regard were massed at Corinth, Mississippi; and Grant s first 
 move was to dismember the Memphis and Charleston Railway, 
 by which the Confederates kept up their communication with 
 the West. Grant was soon ready with his troops to attack 
 Corinth, but he had to wait for Buell. who had been ordered to 
 re- enforce him and who did not move out of Nashville until 
 the latter end of March. The Confederate General Johnston 
 conceived that it would be a good plan to attack Grant at 
 Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee River, before Buell came 
 up. He made the attack on Sunday morning, April 6th. The 
 battle lasted without intermission during the entire day, and 
 was renewed on Monday morning and continued undecided 
 until four o'clock in the afternoon, when the enemy com- 
 menced his retreat toward Corinth. The slaughter on both 
 sides was fearful. Among the slain was General Johnston 
 himself. Speaking of the gallantry of our officers during the 
 engagement, a dispatch sent North at the time says: 
 • ''There has never been a parallel to the gallantry and bearing 
 of our officers, from the commanding general to the lowest 
 officer. General Grant and staff were in the field, riding along 
 the lines in the thickest of the enemy's fire during the entire 
 two days of the. battle, and all slept on the ground Sunday 
 night, during a heavv rain. On several occasions Genera 
 Grant got within range of the enemy's guns, and was discovered 
 and fired upon. Lieutenant-Colonel McPherson had his horse 
 shot from under him when alongside of General Grant. General 
 Sherman had two horses killed under him, and General Mc- 
 Clernand shared like d , also General Hurburt, each of 
 
 whom received bullet-holes through their clothes. General 
 Buell remained with his troops during the entue second day, 
 and with General Crittenden and General Nelson, rode con- 
 tinually along the lines encouraging the men. W hile the bat- 
 tle was at its height Buell's division fortunately came up and 
 did good service in aiding to gain the victory. 
 
 A newspaper correspondent writing of General Grant's es- 
 capes, which were almost miraculous, as the general was con- 
 stantly in the thick of the battle, says: 
 
 "General Grant is an illustration of the fortune through 
 which some men, in the thickest showers of bullets always 
 escane He has participated in two skirmishes and fourteen 
 
16 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 pitched battles, and is universally pronounced, by those wfco 
 have seen him on the field, daring even to rashness, but he 
 has never received a scratch, At four o'clock on Sunday even- 
 ing, he was sirting upon his horse, just in the rear of out line 
 of batteries, when Captain Carson, the scout, who had reported 
 to him a moment before, had fallen back, and was holding his 
 horse by the bridle, about seven feet behind him — a six-pound 
 shot, which flew very near General Grant, carried away ail 
 Carson's head, except a portion of the chin, passed just behind 
 Lieutenant Graves, volunteer aid to General Wilson, tearing 
 away the cantle of his saddle, cutting his clothing, but not in- 
 juring him. and then took off the legs of a soldier in one of 
 General Nelson's regiments, which were just ascending the 
 bluff/' 
 
 The effect of the battle of Pittsburg Landing was to cause 
 General Halleck to take the field in person and lead the com- 
 bined armies of Grant, Buell and Pope on to jthe siege of Cor- 
 inth, thus affirming the correctness of General Grant's military 
 perspicacity, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Evacuation of Corinth— First Campaign Against Vicksburg— "Why it 
 Failed— Canal Digging— Opening of the Second Campaign Against 
 Vicksburg— Operations on Red River— Colonel Grierson's Gallant 
 Exploit. 
 
 General Beauregard held Corinth with the survivors of the 
 bloody field of Pittsburg Landing; but the superior numbers 
 obliged him to evacuate that post, and on May 30th the Union 
 troops finally occupied the Southern stronghold. Memphis ca- 
 pitulated June 6th, and Holly Springs was seized and held by 
 Sherman on the 20th of the same month. These disasters drove 
 the Confederates further east, and they made Atlanta their 
 rallying-place until gallant General Sherman, after his famous 
 " march to the sea," snatched it from them. 
 
 Changes of command followed. General McClellan resigned 
 his position as commander-in-chief of the army and military 
 adviser to the President, and General Halleck succeeded him. 
 Grant succeeded to Halleck's positiou, and was placed in com- 
 mand of the Department of West Tennessee. The summer was 
 spent in re-enforcing the army, sadly shattered by the fearful 
 number of slain and wounded, and everything was gotten read} 7 
 f ~- J, ie fall campaign, of which the taking of Vicksburg was to 
 ! main object. 
 
 this purpose Grant's department was, on October 16th, so 
 led as to embrace all Mississippi down to Vicksburg. He 
 formally assumed his new command on the 25th of October, and 
 on the 26th assigned the different districts to his division com- 
 manders. 
 
 On November 24th his headquarters were removed from Jack- 
 son, Tennessee, to La Grange, Mississippi, and the vigorous work 
 of the campaign was begun 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 17 
 
 Vicksburg is situated twelve miles below the mouth of the 
 Yazoo, which was completely blockaded by the rebel batteries. 
 It was out of question to capture the town by the river front, 
 and the rear had been made nearly as impregnable as the front. 
 
 Already three ineffectual attempts had been made to capture 
 Vicksburg by other Union officers. On June 1st, 1862, Commo- 
 dore Farragut, after capturing New Orleans, had ascended the 
 Mississippi and bombarded a battery at Grand Gulf, a short 
 distance below Vicksburg, but had accomplished nothing. On 
 the 8th of June, after the capture of Memphis, a second attack 
 was made on the battery at Grand Gulf, and for a time it was 
 sileuced. But the low condition of the water obliged the vessels 
 to move down the river. General Williams, with a division of 
 infantry, had attempted to cut a canal across the peninsula 
 nearly opposite Vicksburg. Had this succeeded, the gunboats 
 and transports would have been able to pass below the city; but 
 unfortunately in the latter part of July the river became so low 
 that the siege had to be raised, and the Confederates rilled up the 
 canal. They also re- enforced the works at Vicksburg and forti- 
 fied Port Hudson, on the Louisiana side, above Baton Rouge, 
 in order to blockade the river against the Union fleet below. 
 
 This was the state of things when Grant took hold of the 
 work. He sent out a reconnoitering force of infantry and cav- 
 alry under Generals Hovey and Washburne, which, on the 28th 
 of November, captured a Confederate camp at the mouth of the 
 Coldwater River and cut the railroad at Garner's Station. This 
 movement, and other similar ones, were intended to create a 
 panic among the enemy. Meanwhile, Grant with the main col- 
 umn moved down from Grand Junction into Mississippi, until he 
 pitched his headquarters at Oxford. 
 
 It was understood that General Sherman at the same t time 
 would move down from Memphis to co-operate with him, and 
 there is every reason to believe that the movement would have 
 been successful had not Holly Springs, the principal basis of sup- 
 plies for the main army, been suddenly surrendered into the 
 hands of the Confederates. Grant was very wroth at this mis- 
 chance, and issued an order of censure and dismissal against 
 Colonel R. C. Murphy, of the Eighth Wisconsin, who had charge 
 of the post. He was obliged, however, to fall back for the pur- 
 pose of establishing a new headquarters for his supplies. 
 
 Meanwhile, unaware of this mischance, Sherman had moved 
 down his forces from Memphis, but n failing to unite with Grant, 
 was forced to retire after making a gallant two days' struggle 
 to capture Vicksburg without re-enforcements. This closed the 
 year 1862, with the gloom of disaster overshadowing our troops. 
 
 In the first month of the new year Grant determined to make 
 a second campaign against Vicksburg. He established his head- 
 quarters at Memphis, and pushed his preparations forward so 
 rapidly that by the end of the month he had landed his army 
 at Young's Point and Milliken's Bend, above Vicksburg, and 
 was able to advance his headquarters to Milliken's Bend. 
 
 He renewed the work at Williams' Canal, across the peninsula, 
 
18 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 but the great rise of the river in March swept away the canal 
 just when his work promised success. 
 
 He next proposed to open a route through the bayous that run 
 near Mil) i ken's Bend above Vicksburg, through the'Tensas River, 
 to near New Carthage, below the city. The route progressed 
 rapidly, but the falling of the river in the middle of April put 
 an end to the work. 
 
 The failure of these attempts left but one course to be pursued, 
 and that was to flank the strongly fortified town by moving 
 down on the Louisiana side, and General Grant threw himself 
 into this plan with all of his accustomed energy. 
 
 He knew that the Red River, with which the enemy had free 
 and uninterrupted communication, was its great source of sup- 
 ply, and that there. was no chance of capturing Vicksburg until 
 this source was cut off. His first step, therefore, was to close 
 this river. These operations he intrusted to Colonel Ellet, who 
 commanded the ram Queen of the West. 
 
 Early in February, Colonel Ellet ran his ram by the batteries 
 up the river and succeeded in capturing three transports. On a 
 second trip he destroyed a large army train. After capturing a 
 transport with a large quantity of corn, the ram continued fur- 
 ther up the river and engaged"a rebel battery. During.the fight, 
 however, she was unfortunately run aground, and had to be 
 abandoned. Colonel Ellet escaped in a captured steamer. On 
 his way back he encountered the ironclad Indianola, which was 
 coming up to his assistance. As the Queen of the West was 
 already in the hands of the enemy, it was thought best to return. 
 The Indianola remained at the" mouth of the river to block- 
 ade it, but on the 24th of February was attacked by four Con- 
 federate steamers, and after a contest lasting about one hour 
 and a half, was forced to surrender. The Confederates after- 
 ward blew her up. 
 
 The Red River operations turning out rather disastrously for 
 the Union side, General Grant tried another plan to cut off the 
 enemy's communications in Mississippi. He detailed, for this 
 purpose, a brigade of cavalry under Colonel B. H. Grierson, who 
 accomplished one of the most brilliant and dashing cavalry ex- 
 ploits of the war. 
 
 The brigade left La Grange, Tennessee, on the 17th of April, 
 1863, and marched over 800 miles through the heart of the en- 
 emy's country, arriving safely and triumphantly at Baton Rou<.>,e, 
 Louisiana, on May 1st. During the march the brigade skir 
 mished most of the time and completely cut off the enemy's com- 
 munications with Vicksburg and other places on the Missis- 
 sippi. It destroyed over $4,000,000 worth of property and 
 captured over 1000 prisoners and 1200 horses. 
 
 Coming after so many set-backs and failures, the exploit of 
 Colonel Grierson's brigade was well calculated to stir up the 
 drooping courage of the soldiers and to make them once more 
 eager to press forward to the main object of the campaign— the 
 capture of Vicksburg. 
 
 Grant had determined to wrest this stronghold from the en- 
 emy's grasp, and no failure, no set-back could for one instant 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 19 
 
 make him waver. The pertinacity which had distinguished him 
 in his early schoolboy days, which had marked his military 
 career in Mexico and had been his characteristic trait all through 
 the battles for his country which he had already fought, would 
 not desert him now. 
 
 We who have lived through the ''War Times" know how 
 this pertinacity, this clogged determination was rewarded. We 
 remember the rapture which rilled our hearts when the news 
 came flashing up to us from the South: " Vicksburg is fallen." 
 
 How this mighty task was accomplished, the reader, to whom, 
 we believe, we have given a fair insight of the almost insur- 
 mountable difficulties surroundiug it, will learn in the next 
 chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Vicksbursr Campaign— Admiral Porter Running the Gantlet— Capt- 
 ure of Grand Gulf— Grant's Proclamation to His Troops— Battle 
 of Champion's Hill— First Assault on Vicksburg— The Repulse— 
 Undermining the Rebel Stronghold— The Grand Attack— Fall of 
 Vicksburg— Effect of the Victory on the North— President Lincoln's 
 Letter to Grant. 
 The decisive campaign against Vicksburg was begun on the 
 29th of March, 1863. by an order to McClernand to take up his 
 line of march with the 13th Army Corps ui/der his command, 
 for New Carthage, the 11th and 17th JJorps to follow. The 
 advance could onlv be made very slowly on account of the bad 
 condition of the roads. When they arrived at New Carthage 
 they found to their dismay the levee of Bayou Vidal destroyed 
 in several places, so that "they were obliged to make a detour. 
 and a further march of twelve miles around Vidal to Parkin?' 
 plantation was made. Thus the distance to be traversed from 
 Milliken's Bend to reach water communication below, was thirty- 
 five miles. 
 
 It was clear that it would be exceedingly hazardous to forward 
 the supnlies for a big army by such a route. There remained 
 then the dangerous undertaking of running transports past the 
 Vicksburg batteries. 
 
 The first attempt of the kind was made on the night of the 
 16th of April. Admiral Porter's fleet and three transports ran 
 the gantlet. The batteries from the foils set fire to one, which 
 was consumed, but the other two succeeded in reaching their 
 destination unharmed. 
 
 Six more transports were loaded and sent down, five of which 
 got through in a damaged condition. By order of Admiral Por- 
 ter the transports were repaired, and very soon five of them 
 were in running order, and the others were made serviceable as 
 barges for the carrying of troops. 
 
 General Grant, owing to the limited means at his disposal for 
 
 transportation, was obliged to extend his line of land travel to 
 
 Hard Times, La., which increased the distance from Milliken's 
 
 Bend to seventy miles. 
 
 The next move on the programme was the capture of Grand 
 
20 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 Gulf by a combined naval and land attack. The plan was for 
 the gunboats to silence the river batteries, when the troops were 
 to land and storm the works. The attack was begun by the 
 navy in the morning, and a battle ensued which lasted five 
 hours. The result proved that the enemy's fortifications were 
 too strong to be taken from the water side, so it was deter- 
 mined to effect a landing at Bruinsberg, which could only be 
 done by running the batteries once more. 
 
 When night fell the gunboats engaged the batteries, and. 
 under cover of the cannonading, the transports reached Grand 
 Gulf in safety. The next morning the work of ferrying the 
 troops across to Bruinsberg was begun, and by noon the 13th 
 Army Corps was over, the 17th following as rapidly as possible. 
 
 After three days' rations had been distributed to the men, 
 the, 13th Corps, under McClernand, and the 17th, under MePher- 
 son, started for Port Gibson. 
 
 At two o'clock in the afternoon of the 1st of May, 1863, Mc- 
 Clernand met the enemy, under General Bowen, about eight 
 miles from Bruinsberg, on the road to Port Gibson. The rebels 
 were forced to fall back until dark. Early in the morning 
 Grant went to the assistance of McClernand, and, after severe 
 fighting, the rebels were defeated. This was called the battle 
 of Port Gibson. The loss of the rebels was very heavy, and 
 the Union loss was about 850, killed and wounded. 
 
 On the followiug day McClernand's advance entered Port 
 Gibson. 
 
 The quickness and celerity of General Grant's movements in 
 this campaign came upon the rebels like the lightning-like blows 
 the first Napoleon showered upon the Austrians in the Italian 
 war. 
 
 General Grant, whose headquarters were at Grand Gulf, sent 
 instructions to General Sherman, who was at Yazoo, to join 
 him. Sherman dispatched orders for the divisions of Steele and 
 Tuttle at once to march for Grand Gulf. On the morning of 
 May 2d, the divisions of Steele and Tuttle were started for Hard 
 Times, which they reached at noou on the 6th. On»the 7th they 
 crossed the river, and on the 8th they marched eighteen miles to 
 Hawkinson's Ferry, where Grant then was with his army. 
 
 The junction of the two armies had been effected without the 
 loss of a single life! 
 
 Immediately upon the arrival of Sherman's corps. General 
 Grant ordered an advance; but before doing so the following 
 bulletin was read to the troops: 
 
 " Headquarters, Army or the Tennessee, in the Field, 
 
 " Hawkinson's Pebry, May 7. 
 " Soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee: 
 
 " Once more I thank you for adding another victory to the 
 long list of those previously won by your valor and endurance. 
 The triumph gained over the enemy, near Port Gibson, on the 
 1st, was one of the most important of the war. The capture of 
 five cannon and more than one thousand prisoners, the posses- 
 sion of Grand Gulf, and a firm foothold on the highlands be- 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 21 
 
 tween the Big Black and Bayou Pierre, from whence we threaten 
 the whole liue of the enemy, are among the fruits of this brilliant 
 achievement. 
 
 (t The march from Milliken's Bend to the point opposite 
 Grand Gulf was made in stormy weather, over the worst of 
 roads. Bridges and ferries had to be constructed. Moving by 
 night as well as by day, with labor incessant, and extraordi- 
 nary privations endured by men and officers, such as have been 
 rarely paralleled in any campaign, not a murmur of complaint 
 has been uttered. A few days' continuance of the same zeal 
 and constancy will secure to this army crowning victories over 
 the rebellion. 
 
 " More difficulties and privations are before us; let us endure 
 them manfully. Other battles are to be fought; let us fight 
 them bravely. A grateful country will rejoice atj our success, 
 and history will record it with immortal honor. 
 
 ••U. S. Grant, 
 " Major-General Commanding." 
 
 This bulletin was worthy of the great man who wrote it, 
 and of the heroic soldiers to whom it was addressed. It fired the 
 hearts of the latter, and impelled them to new deeds of hero- 
 ism and valor. But ten days before the proclamation had been 
 issued the Governor of Mississippi had called them " invaders;" 
 now they were in possession of the capital of the state. 
 
 On the 12th of May a skirmish took place at Fourteen Mile 
 Creek, and on the same day Logan's division encountered the 
 enemy at Foudren's Creek near Raymond. The rebels were 
 driven back with great loss. On the 11th. Grant, who was with 
 Sherman's corps, telegraphed to General Halleck at Washington 
 that he would not communicate with Grand Gulf any more, 
 and that he might not be heard from again for several days. 
 
 McPherson's corps moved on toward Jackson on the 13th 
 along the railroad. Sherman marched in a parallel column 
 along the turnpike. McClernand's corps was ordered to garrison 
 Clinton, Mississippi Springs, and Raymond, and, together with 
 Blair's division and a brigade of Mc Arthur's, was held as a re- 
 serve. 
 
 At noon of the 14th, Sherman and McPherson's forces met the 
 enemy under General Joseph E. Johnston, three miles from 
 Jackson. Eighteen guns were captured from the rebels, and two 
 hundred and fifty prisoners made. The Union loss in killed and 
 wounded was two hundred and eighty-six. The headquarters 
 of the army was now Jackson. 
 
 General Grant's dispatch announcing the fall of the city was 
 dated May 15th, 1863. Having learned that Johnston had or- 
 dered General Pemberton to march from Vicksburg and attack 
 the Federal rear, Grant ordered McClernand's corps and Blair's 
 division of Sherman's, to march toward Bolton, while McPher- 
 son's corps was ordered back by the Clinton road. Sherman, 
 with the rest of his army, was left to garrison Jackson. 
 
 Grant learning that the enemy's force was estimated at 
 twenty- five thousand men, with ten batteries of artillery, imme- 
 
22 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 diately sent a dispatch to Sherman to bring up his entire force 
 to Bolton. 
 
 The advance as arranged by Grant and McClernand was as 
 follows:— Extreme left, Smith, supported by Blair; on the right 
 of Smith, Osterhaus, supported by Carr; Hovey in the center, 
 with JMcPherson's corps on the extreme right, and Crocker as 
 reserve. The general superintendence of the advance was under 
 the direction of Grant. 
 
 At eleven o'clock in the morning the battle of Champion's 
 Hill or Baker's Creek was begun, and was fought mainly by 
 Hovey's division of McClernand's corps, and Logan's and Crock- 
 er's divisions of McPherson's corps. Grant, discovering that the 
 enemy was retreating, ordered the division of Carr and Osterhaus 
 in pursuit. Large quantities of ordnance stores and other prop- 
 erty were destroyed, and many prisoners made. The rebels were 
 repulsed with great slaughter, and the Union loss was one thou- 
 sand four hundred and fifty-seven men. This battle virtually 
 decided the fate of Vicksburg. 
 
 The pursuit, which had been discontinued at night, recom- 
 menced at daylight the next morning. The enemy was found 
 intrenched at Black River. "With reckless daring the troops 
 waded the bayou under the murderous fire of the rebel guns and 
 rushed upon them with fixed bayonets. The position was won. 
 
 The victory was complete. Three thousand prisoners were 
 made, and seventeen pieces of artillery, together with several 
 thousand stand of arms and a large supply of corn and commis- 
 sary stores, fell into the hands of the Union army. The loss to 
 the Federals amounted to two hundred and seventy-five men. 
 
 The news of the disaster sustained by their arms spread terror 
 throughout the South, It was the first breaking up of the Con- 
 federacy. The end was at hand. 
 
 The road to Vicksburg was now clear, and the investment of 
 the town began. 
 
 It having heen General Grant's purpose throughout this whole 
 campaign, to constantly harass the enemy by repeated attacks, 
 without "giving him time to reform his shattered ranks, and 
 knowing the demoralized condition Johnston's army was in, 
 he ordered an assault at two P. M. on the 19th of May. In his 
 official report he states his reasons at some length. 
 
 " There were many reasons to determine me to adopt this 
 course. I believed an assault from the position gained by this 
 time could be made successfully. It was known that Johnston 
 was at Canton, with the force taken by him from Jackson, re- 
 enforced by other troops from the east, and that more were daily 
 reaching him. With the force I had, a short time must have 
 enabled him to attack me in the rear, and possibly succeed in 
 raising the siege. Possession of Vicksburg at that time would 
 have enabled me to turn upon Johnston, and drive him from the 
 state, and possess myself of all the railroads and practical mil- 
 itary highways, thus effectually securing to ourselves all terri- 
 tory west of the Tombigbee, and this before the season was too 
 far advanced for campaigning in this latitude. I would have 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 28 
 
 saved government sending large re- enforcements, much needed 
 elsewhere; and, finally, the troops themselves were impatient 
 to possess Vicksburg, and would not have worked in the 
 trenches with the same zeal (believing it unnecessary) that they 
 did after their failure to carry the enemy's works." 
 
 The artillery fire was terrific, and played havoc with the en- 
 emy's works." The gallant soldiers moved up the hills with per- 
 fect composure, and had approached to within forty yards of 
 the works, when suddenly, from every parapet, a murderous 
 fire was poured into them. Again and again efforts were made 
 to scale the heights, but nothing mortal could withstand the 
 leaden hail, and before night the troops were withdrawn. 
 
 "The assault," says General Grant, " was gallant in the ex- 
 treme on the part of all the troops, but the enemy's position was 
 too strong, both naturally and artificially, to be taken in that 
 way. At every point assaulted, and at all of them at the same 
 time, the enemy was able to show all the force his works could 
 cover. The assault failed, I regret to say, with much loss on 
 our side in killed and wounded; but without weakening the con- 
 fidence of the troops in their ability ultimately to succeed." 
 
 Says Sherman: " These several assaults, made simultaneously, 
 demonstrated the strength of the natural and artificial defenses 
 of Vicksburg, that they are garrisoned by a strong force, and 
 that we must resort to regular approaches/' 
 
 The fleet under Admiral Porter lent invaluable aid in the as- 
 sault. The hill batteries were silenced, and the Vicksburg bat- 
 teries attacked. 
 
 The assault having shown the strength of the works. General 
 Grant determined upon a regular siege. The army was re-en- 
 forced by Lanman's division and four regiments previously or- 
 dered from Memphis, Smith's and Kimball's divisions of the 
 16th Army Corps under command of Major-General C. C. Wash- 
 burne, also, General Herron's division from the department of 
 the Missouri, and two divisions of the 9th Army Corps, Major- 
 General J. G. Parke commanding. Herron held the extreme left, 
 with Ord, then in command of the 13th Corps, on his right; 
 McPherson was in the center; Sherman's corps held the extreme 
 right, and Blair's division held Haine's Bluff and the country 
 between the Yazoo and Big Black rivers. 
 Forts were erected and trenches dug. 
 
 The sappers constructed corridors and passages amid a blazing 
 fire of hostile musketry. Forty-six days the work continued. 
 The fleet co-operated with the army in all the operations for the 
 reduction of the place; to guard against an attack in the rear, 
 Sherman was placed in command of all the troops designated 
 to look after Johnston. It was foreseen that the latter would 
 make an attack about the 25th of June, and Grant was ready to 
 receive him. A note which Grant sent to General Parke about 
 this time shows the reception the rebel chief would have met if 
 
 he had made this attempt: nn ■ • 
 
 " June 22, 1863. 
 
 General Parke,— Sherman goes out from here with five 
 brigades, and Osterbaus' division subject to his orders besides. 
 
24 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 Jn addition to this, another division, 5000 strong, is notified to 
 be in readiness to move on notice. In addition to this, I can 
 spare still another division, 6000 strong, if they should be re- 
 quired. We want to whip Johnston at least fifteen miles off, 
 if possible. U. S. Grant, Major-General." 
 
 On the 25th of June the mine under what was supposed to be 
 the principal fort of the enemy was exploded. The explosion 
 was terrific; the fort and everything iu it were blown several 
 hundred feet into the air. At the same time the gunboats and 
 batteries along the line opened fire upon the enemy. As soon as 
 the explosion had taken place, Leggett's brigade of McPherson's 
 corps rushed into the wrecked fort, and after a severe contest 
 the flag of the 45th Illinois Regiment waved from the summit 
 of the w T ork. 
 
 The following is one of the orders of General Grant that fol- 
 lowed this success: 
 
 "June 25, 1863. 
 
 "General Ord, — McPherson occupies the crater made by the 
 explosion. He will have guns in battery there by morning. He 
 has been hard at work running rifle-pits right, and thinks he 
 will hold all gained. Keep Smith's division sleeping under 
 arms to-night, ready for an emergency. Their services may be 
 required, particularly about daylight. There should be the 
 greatest vigilance along the whole line. 
 
 "U. S. Grant, Major-General." 
 
 As the Union lines advanced, the rebels retired, constructing 
 inner lines of defense as the outer ones were taken. The Union 
 lines, on the 28th of June, were thirteen hundred yards nearer 
 to the city than the original works. It had now become evident 
 that the fall of the city was only a question of time. 
 
 The enemy's ammunition had given out, and his commissary 
 supplies also. The troops were reduced to eating mule meat. 
 
 At eight o'clock on the moruing of the 3d of July, a flag of 
 truce came out from the rebel lines, with a communication for 
 General Grant, borne by General Bo wen and Colonel Mont- 
 gomery. It proved to be a proposition for an armistice with a 
 view to arranging terms of capitulation. General Grant's reply 
 was that only an unconditional surrender of the city and garri- 
 son would satisfy him. 
 
 General Bowen requested General Grant to meet General 
 Pemberton to consult concerning terms. General Grant readily 
 agreed to do this, and three o'clock in the afternoon was fixed 
 upon for the meeting. At the appointed hour the two generals 
 met in front of General Burbridge's line and remained in close 
 conversation for an hour and a half. The conference broke up 
 without any definite decision. 
 
 Later on in the evening, Geueral Grant sent in a proposal, to 
 which Pemberton replied the following morning, requesting 
 modifications of the terms offered. Thereupon General Grant 
 sent his final note, agreeing to certain modifications, and Gen- 
 eral Pemberton immediately forwarded his acceptance of the 
 terms proposed, Thus, at ten o'clock on the morning of the 4th 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 25 
 
 of July, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered; the Mississippi Valley was 
 subdued. 
 
 The people at the North celebrated the glorious Fourth with 
 unusual enthusiasm that year, as well they might, for the victory 
 at Vicksburg was the most signal one the Union army had 
 gained up till then. 
 
 The Confederate loss was thirty four thousand men, including 
 one lieutenant-general and nineteen major and brigadier-gen- 
 erals, two hundred and thirteen pieces of artillery, thirty-five 
 thousand small-arms and an immense amount of ordnance and 
 other matter. The President sent an autograph letter to General 
 Grant thanking him in the name of the people of the North for 
 " the almost inestimable service " he had rendered the country. 
 From that moment on, General Grant's place as the first gen- 
 eral of the Union was firmly established. 
 
 His name became a household word, and his picture hung in 
 every mansion, house and cottage throughout the land. His 
 noble lieutenants, Sherman, Logan and McClernand were not 
 forgotten, and their names too became enrolled among the na- 
 tion's most worthy sons. 
 
 The brillant success he had gained did not induce General 
 Grant to rest upon his laurels, but only spurred him on to re- 
 newed endeavors. His attention was now turned toward Jack- 
 son. 
 
 The rebels had re-entered this town as soon as the Union 
 army had left it two months before, and since then they had 
 worked unremittingly to fortify it. Upon Sherman's approach 
 a few skirmishes took* place, and Johnston, fearing that his army 
 would be surrounded and its retreat cut off, evacuated the 
 town, after setting fire to the principal part of it. A large 
 quantity of ammunition fell into the hands of the Union troops. 
 While this was taking place, Graut, who was at Vicksburg, 
 sent Herron to Yazoo City with a division. The result of this 
 expedition was the capture of several hundred prisoners, one 
 steamboat, five pieces of artillery, and all the public stores. 
 This virtually ended the Mississippi campaign. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Chattanooga Campaign— Grant's Fall from His Horse— The Ad- 
 vance ou Lookout Mountain— The Attack— The Victory— Grant's 
 Bulletin— Grant Made Lieutenant-General and Medals Struck in 
 His Honor. 
 The next objective point was Southeastern Tennessee, and as 
 matters there were very unpromising, the government at Wash- 
 ington proposed to combine the armies of the Ohio, the Cumber- 
 land, and the Tennessee— those of Burnside, Rosecrans and Grant 
 I —into one grand army under one commander. 
 
 \ It was about this time that General Grant, while reviewing a 
 
 regiment, fell off his horse and sustained such severe injuries 
 that it was at one time feared he might not be able to take the 
 field again, Fortunately his strong constitution enabled him to 
 
LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 me his injuries, and he was soon on his way to Indian- 
 apolis, uh.ro he was to meet the secretary of war. 
 
 Upon his arrival in that city Mr. Stanton delivered to him an 
 miii- the departments of the Ohio, of the Cumber- 
 land, and of t!:. 3ee, into the " Military Division of Ihe 
 ippi," placing General U. S. Grant in command. His new 
 :!mI included the states of Keutucky. Mississippi, Northern 
 Alabama, Illinois, Tennessee, Indiana, Northwestern Georgia, 
 and Aficbi 
 Th<- different corps and their commanders were as follows: 
 12th Corps, General Slocum; 4th Corps, General Granger; 
 9th Corps, General Porter; 15th Corps, General Logan; 17th 
 <;. neral McPberson; 11th Corps, General Howard; 16th 
 ( orpe, General Hurlbut; 23d Corps, General Manson; 14th Corps, 
 General Palmer. The army commanders were Generals Burn- 
 Sherman and Hooker. 
 a Indianapolis, General Grant proceeded to Nashville; 
 and, notwithstanding his crippled condition, he at once set to 
 work-. Alter issuing several orders, he went to Chattanooga, 
 which place he reached on the 23d. 
 The rebels encamped at Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
 controlled the valley route between Bridgeport and C».at- 
 i. Hence, the first thing to be done was to reopen this 
 line, and General Hooker was selected by Grant fortius under- 
 takii 
 
 Fourteen hundred picked men from General Hazen's brigade, 
 on the nighl of the 20th of October, floated down the river in 
 fifty-six pontoon boats; passed the rebel batteries and sharp- 
 is on Lookout Mountain without being observed, and land 
 ed .it Brown's Ferry. Pushing up the ridge, which is three hun- 
 dred feel high at this place, they drove off the Confederates, after 
 a brisk fight, and established their position. 
 
 On the morniflg of the same day, a column, under General 
 Booker, inarched from Bridgeport, moved up Lookout Valley, * 
 
 and, with considerable fighting, effected a junction with General 
 Hazen's command, which was stationed at the foot of Lookout. 
 Once more the valley was in possession of the Union troops, 
 and the army was soon abundantly supplied. 
 
 Grant, having formed his plan of battle, ordered the advance 
 to com m< nee. and at noon of the 23d of November, 1863, the j 
 
 v\ent forward. General Thomas, in the center, sent 
 Wood's division on a reconnoissance toward Orchard Knob, to 
 the west of Missionary Ridge. 
 
 The troops intrenched themselves at the Knob, and Thomas 
 sent word to Wood thai he would protect his flank. Howard 
 nt to protect Wood's left; and Sheridan's division went 
 into position on Wood'- right. 1 
 
 The confederates opened lire upon Orchard Knob but their v 
 
 shells did do appreciable damage. Things remained thus when \ 
 nighl came. 
 
 The following morning, Tuesday, November 24th, the sky was 
 cloudy, threatening rain, and very little was done until quite 
 late. i [oward's corps having opened communica- 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 27 
 
 tions with Sherman, the latter gave orders to prepare for an at- 
 tack. Rain now began to fall. The line advanced against the 
 hill, General Morgan L. Smith being on the left, General John 
 E. Smith in the center, and General Ewing on the right. 
 
 The enemy was in strong force on Hooker's side, occupying the 
 west side of Lookout Mountain, and also the front of the mount- 
 ain. 
 
 Hooker ordered an advance at two P. M., and for an hour and 
 a half a very heavy sharp-shooters' fight was kept up. The rebels 
 fell back abandoning everything, but still held the Summertown 
 road. General Grant, notwithstanding his crippled condition, 
 was within cannon-shot of the enemy and anxiously watched 
 the course of the battle. 
 
 At the close of the day's work he dispatched to Washington 
 as follows: 
 
 "General Sherman carried the end of Missionary Ridge, and 
 his right is now at the Tunnel, and his left at Cbickamauga 
 Creek. 
 
 "The troops from Lookout Valley carried the point of the 
 mountain, and now hold the eastern slope and point high up." 
 
 During the night the Confederates retreated from Lookout 
 Mountain. General Hooker pursued tbem but did not succeed in 
 overtaking them. After doubling his forces, General Grant pro- 
 ceeded to storm Missionary Ridge. 
 
 The line advanced to within a dozen yards of the fort. During 
 this engagement Generals Corse and Giles Smith were seriously 
 wounded. The attack was made again and again. Sherman 
 pushed his columns up the steep sides of the hill under a furious 
 fire of artillery, musketry, and stones, but the Confederates hav- 
 ing brought up their reserves, all the assaults were repulsed with 
 severe slaughter. 
 
 In opposing Sherman, however, the enemy was forced to 
 weaken his center and General Grant was quick to avail him- 
 self of the advantage. At half- past three a general charge was 
 ordered. General Meigs thus describes the assault: 
 
 " At the signal of leaden shots from headquarters on Orchard 
 Knob, the line moved rapidly and orderly forward. The rebel 
 pickets discharged their muskets and ran into their rifle-pits. 
 Our skirmishers followed on their heels. 
 
 " The line of battle was not far behind, and we saw the gray 
 rebels swarm out of the ledge line of rifle-pits and over the base 
 of the hill in numbers which surprised us. A few turned and 
 tired their pieces; but the greater number collected into the 
 many roads which cross obliquely up its steep face, and went on 
 to the top. 
 
 "Some regiments pressed on and swarmed up the steep sides 
 of the ridge, and here and there a color was advanced beyond the 
 lines. The attempt appeared most dangerous; but the advance 
 was supported, and the whole line was ordered to storm the 
 heights, upon which not less than forty pieces of artillery, and 
 no one knew how many muskets, stood ready to slaughter the 
 assailants. With cheers answering to cheers the men swarmed 
 upward. They gathered to the points least difficult of ascent, 
 
I 
 
 28 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 and the line was broken. Color after color was planted on the 
 summit, while musket and cannon vomited their thunder upon 
 them. 
 
 "A well-directed shot from Orchard Knob exploded a rebel 
 caisson on the summit, and the gun was seen being speedily taken 
 to the right, its driver lashing his horses. A party of raw soldiers 
 intercepted them, and the gun was captured, with cheers 
 
 " A fierce musketry fight broke out to the left,, where, between 
 Thomas and Sherman, a mile or two of the ridge was still occu- 
 pied by the rebels. Bragg left the house in which he had held 
 his headquarters, and rode to the rear as our troops crowded 
 the hill on either side of him. 
 
 " General Grant proceeded to the summit, and then only did 
 we know its height. 
 
 " Some of the captured artillery was put into position; artil- 
 lerists were sent for to work the guns, and caissons were searched 
 for ammunition. 
 
 "The rebel log breastworks were torn to pieces and carried 
 to the other side of the ridge, and used in forming barricades 
 across. 
 
 "A strong line of infantry was formed in the rear of Baird's 
 line, and engaged in a musketry contest with the rebels to the 
 left, and a secure lodgment was soon effected. 
 
 "The other assault, to the right of our center, gained the 
 summit, and the rebels threw down their arms and fled. 
 
 " Hooker, coming into a favorable position, swept the right 
 of the ridge, and captured many prisoners. 
 
 " Bragg's remaining troops left early in the night, and the 
 battle of Chattanooga, after days of maneuvering aud fighting, 
 was won. The strength of the rebellion in the center is broken; 
 Burn side is relieved from danger in East Tennessee; Kentucky 
 and Tennessee are rescued; Georgia and the Southeast are threat- 
 ened in the rear, and another victory is added to the chapter of 
 Unconditional Surrender Grant. 
 
 "To-night the estimate of captures is several thousand pris- 
 oners and thirty„pieces of artillery. 
 
 " Our loss for so great a victory is not severe. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "Probably not so well-directed, so well-orclered a battle, has 
 taken place during the war. But one assault was repulsed, but 
 that assault, by calling to that point the rebel reserves, pre- 
 vented them repulsing any of the others. 
 
 " A few days since, Bragg sent to General Grant a flag of 
 truce, advising him that it would be prudent to remove any 
 non-combatants who might be still in Chattanooga. No reply 
 has been returned; but the combatants having removed from 
 the vicinity, it is probable that non-combatants can remain with- 
 out imprudence." 
 
 General Grant sent the following dispatch to his superior 
 officer: 
 
 " Chattanooga, Nov. 25, 1863—7.15 p. m. 
 "Major-General H. W. Halleck, General-in-Chief: 
 
 "Although the battle lasted from early dawn till dark this 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 29 
 
 evening, I believe I am not premature in announcing a com- 
 plete victory over Bragg. 
 
 "Lookout Mountain top, all the rifle-pits in Chattanooga 
 Valley, and Missionary Ridge entire have been carried, and are 
 now held by us. 
 
 "U. S. Grant, Major-General.'' 
 
 Bragg retreated toward Dalton, Ga., and finding that he was 
 not pursued, made a stand there. 
 
 On the 7th the president issued a proclamation, ordering the 
 people to give thanks for the final deliverance of East Tennes- 
 see. A congratulatory dispatch was also sent to General Grant, 
 which was read to the army. 
 
 The campaign being ended General Grant issued the following 
 bulletin: 
 
 41 Headquarters Military Division of the Mississippi, ) 
 
 • in the Field, > 
 
 " Chattanooga, Tennessee, Dec. 10, 1863. ) 
 "General Orders, No. 9. 
 "The general commanding takes this opportunity of return- 
 ing his sincere thanks and congratulations to the brave armies 
 of the Cumberland, the Ohio, the Tennessee, and their comrades 
 from the Potomac, for the recent splendid and decisive successes 
 achieved over the enemy. In a short time you have recovered 
 from him the control of the Tennessee River, from Bridgeport to 
 Knoxville. You dislodged him from his great stronghold upon 
 Lookout Mountain, drove him from Chattanooga Valley, wrested 
 from his determined grasp the possession of Missionary Ridge, 
 repelled, with heavy loss to him, his repeated assaults upon 
 Knoxville, forcing him to raise the siege there, driving him at 
 all points, utterly routed and discomfited, beyond the limits of 
 the state. By your noble heroism and determined courage, you 
 have most effectually defeated the plans of the enemy for regain- 
 ing possession of the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. You 
 have secured positions from which no rebellious power can drive 
 or dislodge you. For all this, the general commanding thanks 
 you, collectively and individually. The loyal people of the 
 United States thank and bless you. Their hopes and prayers 
 for your success against this unholy rebellion are with you 
 daily. Their faith in you will not be in vain. Their hopes will 
 not be blasted. Their prayers to Almighty God will be answered. 
 You will yet go to other fields of strife, and with the invincible 
 bravery and unflinching loyalty to justice and right which have 
 characterized you in the past, you will prove that no enemy can 
 w^hstand you, and that no defenses, however formidable, can 
 /neck your onward march. 
 By order of Major-General U. S. Grant. 
 / " T. S. Bowers, A. A. G." 
 
 j Honors now crowded thick and fast upon the illustrious hero. 
 / Congress ordered a medal to be struck in his honor. President 
 Lincoln appointed him a lieutenant-general, and the legislatures 
 of nearly all th" Northern States passed resolutions thanking 
 him in the name of the people for his gallant services in the 
 
30 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 cause of the Union. Military men throughout the world saluted 
 him as one of the greatest captains of the age. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 On to Richmond— General Grant made Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Armv— The Siege of the Capital of the Southern Confederacy— 
 " We'll Fight it Out on this Line rf it Takes all Summer "—Fall of 
 Richmond and End of the War— Grant's Farewell Address to II is 
 Soldiers. 
 
 The Cb" '. a X)ga campaign being ended, the tireless com- 
 mander i * ately made preparations for another great cam- 
 paign in i. at 1 'west. On the 18th of December, 1863, Gen- 
 era! Grant leu Chattanooga and proceeded to Louisville. After 
 assuring himself tha„ he could make communications with all 
 the different portions of his army, he left for St. Louis in the 
 latter part of January, for the purpose of seeing one of his chil- 
 dren, who was dangerously ill. While there he was tendered 
 and accepted a public dinner. In the evening he was serenaded, 
 and when called upon for a speech, he replied as follows: 
 
 "Gentlemen, — I thank you for this honor. I cannot make a 
 speech. It is something I have never done, and never intend 
 to, and I beg you will excuse me." 
 
 From St. Louis, he proceeded to Washington. On the after- 
 noon of March 9th, President Lincoln presented him with the 
 commission as lieutenant-general, addressing him as follows: 
 
 " Genera] Grant, — The nation's appreciation of what you have 
 done, and its reliance upon you for wdiat still remains to be ac- 
 complished in the existing great struggle, are now presented with 
 this commission, constituting you lieutenant-general in the army 
 of the United States. With this high honor devolves upon you, 
 also, a corresponding responsibility. As the country here trusts 
 you, so. under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add, 
 that with what I here speak for the nation, goes my own hearty 
 personal concurrence." 
 
 General Grant, in the longest speech he had up till then made, 
 replied as follow t : 
 
 " Mr. President,— I accept the commission,, with gratitude for 
 the high honor conferred. With the aid of " " Me armies that 
 have fought od so many fields for our con . country, it will 
 be my earnest endeavor not to disappoint your expectation. I 
 feel the full weight of the responsibilities now devolving upon 
 me, and I know that if they are met. it will be due to those^ar- 
 mies, and, above all, to the favor of that Providence which leaK 
 but li nations and men." 
 
 On the 11th of March, 1864, he left for the West with his st; 
 and on the 12th the following important order was issued fr 
 the office of the adjutant-general: 
 
 "General Orders, No. 98. 
 " The President of the United States orders as follows: 
 " First, Major-General Halleck is, at his own request, relieved 
 
 k 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 31 
 
 from dutv as lieutenant-general-in-chief of the army, and Lieu- 
 tenant-Genera 1 U. S. Grant is assigned to the command of the 
 armies of the United States. The headquarters of tbe army will 
 be in Washington, and also with Lieutenant-General Grant in the 
 field. 
 
 " Second, Major-General Halleck is assigned to duty in Wash- 
 ington, as chief of staff of the army under the direction of the 
 secretary of war and the lieutenant-general commanding. His 
 orders will be obeved and respected accordingly. 
 
 " Third. Major-General W. T. Sherman is assigned to the com- 
 mand of the military division of the Mississippi, composed of the 
 Departments of the" Ohio, the Cumberland, thr ^-messee and 
 the Arkansas. 
 
 '*'* By order of the secretary of war, 
 
 "E. Z. TOWNSENV, 
 
 " Asst. ! Adjutant-General." 
 
 The great campaign in Virginia which followed these events 
 was a fitting crown to General Grant's glorious military career. 
 In the battles which followed he found himself opposed to the 
 great chieftain of tbe Confederacy, Robert E. Lee. "On to Rich- 
 mond " was now the universal cry, and nobly did the gallant 
 troops respond to the call. 
 
 On the 3d of May the entire Army of the Potomac was thrown 
 across the Rapidan, converging upon the Wilderness and Chan- 
 cellorsville. Two days later Lee, with the main body of his 
 powerful force, fell upon Grant's right, then upon his left, and 
 again upon his center. May 6th, the Confederate commander 
 resumed the attack with tremeudous fury. Tt was a veritable 
 battle of the giants, a titanic contest. The losses in these two 
 days were about equal— 15,000 on each side, killed and wounded. 
 On the 7th Lee fell back toward the North Anna. 
 
 Then ensued that wonderful contest in which the rebels were 
 steadily pushed backward, contesting each inch of ground, and 
 maneuvering to prevent the Union troops from cutting off their 
 main retreat to Richmond. 
 
 On the 11th of May the lieutenant-general telegraphed his 
 gradual advance, and added with characteristic energy, " I pro- 
 pose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." 
 
 On the 29th of May Grant forced the passage of the Pamunkey. 
 On the 30th I %wed the attack with redoubled fury. But 
 
 his valor and n,^, y science were in vain, he was pressed back; 
 and on the 14th of June Grant laid siege to Richmond and 
 Petersburg. He kept up the siege all through the year, and the 
 opening of the next year. By April it was clear to all minds 
 mat nothing short of a miracle could save Lee's army, and. with 
 it the tottering Confederacy. The people of Richmond prepared 
 to leave the country. Consternation and demoralization filled 
 the souls of the leaders. 
 
 The Confederates fought with the desperation of men who 
 know that their last hour has come. Attempt after attempt was 
 made to break through the Union lines, but all in vain. The gal- 
 lant Union troops stood their ground like walls of adamant. 
 
32 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 Nearer and nearer the iron circle drew, until Lee, seeing that all 
 resistance was useless, surrendered on the ninth day of April, 
 1865. The terms of the surrender were as follows: 
 
 All arms, artillery and public property were to be turned over 
 to officers appointed by Grant. These were the stipulations as 
 Lee consented to them; but after he had signified his accept- 
 ance. Grant inserted the clause that the side-arms and private 
 horses and baggage of the officers might be retained. Lee seemed 
 much gratified at this magnanimity, winch saved him and his 
 officers the peculiar humiliation of a formal surrender of their 
 weapons. He asked, how about the horses of the cavalry-men, 
 which in the rebel army were the property of the private soldier. 
 Grant replied that these were included in the surrender. Lee 
 looked at the paper again, and acquiesced in Grant's interpreta- 
 tion. The latter then said, " I will not change the terms of the 
 surrender, General Lee. but twill instruct my officers ivlw receive 
 the paroles to allow the men to retain their horses, and take them 
 home to Work their little farms." 
 
 The terms of the surrender were signed under the now his- 
 toric apple-tree at Appomattox Court House. 
 
 This put an end to the war, and the treaty of peace was signed 
 on the '<J6th of April, 1865. The soldiers were mustered out in 
 a few months and went back to their homes and avocations, 
 greeted everywhere on the homeward march by the wild ac- 
 claim of a grateful people. In the farewell address of General 
 Grant to the disbanding army, he said: 
 
 11 In obedience to your country's call, you left your homes and 
 firesides and volunteered in its defense. Victory has crowned 
 your valor, and secured the purpose of your patriotic hearts, 
 and, with the gratitude of your countrymen and the highest 
 honors a great nation can accord, you will soon be permitted 
 to return to your homes and families, conscious of having dis- 
 charged the highest duty of American citizens. 
 
 " To achieve the glorious triumph, and secure to yourselves, 
 your fellow-countrymen and posterity, the blessings of free 
 institutions, tens of thousands of your gallant countrymen 
 have fallen, and sealed their priceless legacy with their lives. 
 The graves of these a grateful nation bedews with tears, honors 
 their memories, and will ever cherish and support their stricken 
 families." 
 
 At the close of the war, General Grant had conquered for 
 himself a place in the hearts of his countrymen beside those 
 of Washington and Lincoln— a place he has retained ever since. 
 
 \ 
 
 .•ant— f\ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Grant the Statesman— Ad-Interim Secretary of War— President Grant- 
 Events of His Administration— The Panic— The Chicago and 
 Boston Fires— The .Modoc War— "Let no Guilty Man Escape." 
 Up to the administration of President Johnson. General 
 Grant had never held a civil appointment, although they were 
 as plentiful as blackberries. The removal of Edwin A. Stanton. 
 the patriotic ;^A energetic incumbent of the war office during 
 
' 
 
 GENERAL ULYSSE3 S. GRANT. 33 
 
 Lincoln's administration, was in oppooition to the protests of the 
 general of the army. The rejection by the Soutli of the Four- 
 teenth Amendment had darkened the prospect of renewed unity 
 and peace. Congress, in retaliation of the act, had passed re- 
 construction measures, making five military districts of the 
 area of the rebellion. 
 
 During this period the need of a proper loyal officer at the 
 head of the war department led Grant, as the safest course, to 
 assent to Johnson's wish, and till the vacancy pending the dis- 
 agreement between the executive and Senate with reference 
 to the tenure of office of the suspended secretary of war. 
 
 Graut held the position five months. His industry while ad- 
 interim secretary was untiring. The department needed over- 
 hauling sadly; and retrenchment was begun by Grant in a man- 
 ner so judicious and thorough that it served as a model for all 
 subsequent economists. The monthly expenditures were cur- 
 tailed fully $100,000, making an annual saving of more than 
 $1,200,000. 
 
 When the conflict on the question of the amendments arose 
 between the North and the conquered South. General Grant 
 made a speech at Des Moines, of which the following is an ex- 
 tract: 
 
 " Let us labor for security of free thought, free speech, free 
 press, pure morals, unfettered religious sentiments, and equal 
 rights and privileges for all men, irrespective of nationality, 
 color, or religion; encourage free schools; resolve that not one 
 dollar appropriated to them shall go to the support of any 
 sectarian school; resolve that neither state nor nation shall 
 support any institution save those where every child may get a 
 common school education unmixed with any atheistic, pagan or 
 sectarian teaching; leave the matter of religious teaching to 
 the family altar, and keep church and state forever separate." 
 
 General Grant, in these few words, showed himself to be the 
 greatest defender of the Constitution of the United States living ; 
 New honors were in store for him. At the Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 and Republican conventions, which met in 1868, he was unan- 
 imously nominated to the presidency amid thunders of ap- 
 plause. 
 
 Some of his intimate friends advised him not to accept the 
 nomination, urging his inexperience in civil affairs. To all such 
 he replied: 
 
 "All you sav is plain to me. I am aware of the difficulties 
 awaiting any man who takes that position with its present coru- 
 scations. I have no ambition for the place. My profession 
 m suited to mv tastes and habits. I have arrived at its height, 
 and been honored with a position to continue for life, with 
 a generous compensation, and satisfactory to the highest as- 
 pirations of a soldier. It will be the greatest sacrifice I ever 
 made, to give this up for the turmoil of the presidential office. 
 
 " But if the people ask it, I must yield. For some years, the 
 people of America have trusted their sons and brothers and 
 fathers to me. and every step taken with them, in the period 
 
34 LIFE AND M E MO IRS OF 
 
 from Belmont to Appomattox, has been tracked in the best 
 blood of this country. 
 
 " If now they need me to finish the work, I must accept the 
 duty, if in doing so I lay down the realization of my most 
 ambitious hopes." 
 
 He was triumphantly elected, and took the oath of office 
 March 4th, 1869. He was re-elected in the memorable cam- 
 paign of 1872, over a coalition of Democrats and Republicans, 
 under the leadership of Horace Greeley. 
 
 The two terms Grant served are, comparatively speaking, so 
 recent, that we will only give a resume of his messages, public 
 acts, and political course. In his letter accepting the nomina- 
 tion, he said: 
 
 "A purely administrative officer should always be left free 
 to execute the will of the people. I always have respected 
 that will, and always shall." 
 
 In a message to Congress on the subject of public education, 
 he wrote: 
 
 " The ' Father of his Country ' in his farewell address, uses the 
 language, ' Promote, then, as a matter of primary importance, 
 institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge.' The adop- 
 tion of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution completes 
 the greatest civil change, and constitutes the most important 
 event that has ever occurred since the nation came into life. 
 The change will be beneficial in proportion to the heed that is 
 given to the urgent recommendations of Washington. If these 
 recommendations were important then, with a population of 
 but a few millions, how much more important now! 
 
 " I therefore call upon Congress to take all the means within 
 their constitutional powers, to promote and encourage popular 
 education through the country; and upon the people everywhere 
 to see to it, that all who possess and exercise political rights 
 shall have the opportunity to acquire the knowledge which will 
 make their share in government a blessing and not a danger. 
 By such means only can the benefits contemplated by this 
 amendment to the Constitution be secured." 
 
 The pernicious system of political assessments, which reached 
 its climax in the celebrated circular to the departments issued by 
 the notorious Jay S. Hubbell during the Garfield campaign, 
 had already come into life, when Grant was called to the chief 
 magistracy. His views on this important question are worth 
 quoting, if only to show the rnanly stand he took. He says: 
 
 " The utmost fidelity and diligence will be expected of all 
 officers in every branch of the public service. Political asv ss ~ 
 ments, as they arc called, have been forbidden within the vaixV^ 
 departments; and while the right of all persons in offie"^ 
 positions to take part in politics is acknowledged, and the elective 
 franchise is recognized as a high trust to be discharged by all 
 entitled to its exercise, whether in the employment of the gov- 
 ernment or in private life, honesty and efficiency, not political 
 activity, will determine the tenure of office." 
 
 '"hese noble words ought to be written in letters of gold, and 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 85 
 
 hung up in the bureau of every office-holder thoroughout the 
 land. 
 
 Grant never sought a nomination to the presidency, it was 
 literally forced upon him. Speaking of this in after years, he 
 said that the position of General of the Army, which Con- 
 gress had expressly created for him, was the one he liked. He 
 would have retained it, until such time as Congress might have 
 consented to his retirement, with the rauk and pay of a gen- 
 eral. He would then have gone to a home, where the balance of 
 his days might be spent in peace and in the enjoyment of do- 
 mestic quiet, relieved from the cares which had oppressed him 
 for fourteen j r ears. But he was made to believe that the public 
 good called upon him to make the sacrifice. 
 
 During Grant's first term the Pacific Railroad connecting Cali- 
 fornia with the Mississippi Valley was completed. This remark- 
 able enterprise, 1776 miles in length, was finished in the short 
 space of three years. Goods from Japan and China are brought 
 across the Pacific to San Francisco and then over the Pacific 
 Railroad to the East. 
 
 In March, 1870, the famous Fifteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution, ratified by the states, was declared to be adopted. 
 It provided that " the right of the citizens of the United States 
 to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 
 any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
 servitude." 
 
 It was also during Grant's administration that the celebrated 
 Alabama Question, which had been a bone of contention be- 
 tween England and the United States, ever since the war, was 
 solved by the Tribunal of Arbitration, which met at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, on the 15th of December, 1871. The tribunal was 
 composed of five arbitrators: The President of the United 
 States, her Britannic Majesty, the King of Italy, the President 
 of the Swiss Confederation," and the Emperor of Brazil. 
 
 On the 14th of September, 1872, the tribunal decided that 
 Great Britain should pay to the United States the sum of $15,- 
 500,000 in gold for losses sustained by its citizens through dep- 
 redations committed by the Alabama and other Confederate 
 cruisers. This award was paid by Great Britain in the following 
 year. 
 
 Another important event was the settlement of the north- 
 western boundary dispute between Great Britain and the United 
 States. 
 
 The Emperor of Germany was selected as the arbitrator. In 
 October, 1872, he decided that the boundary be a line drawn 
 through the middle of the Canal de Haro, between Vancouver 
 Island and the Islaud of San Juan, instead of the middle of Rosa- 
 rio Straits, as demanded by Great Britain. This decision gave 
 the Island of San Juan to the United States. 
 
 The year 1871 was also memorable for the great fire in Chicago. 
 It commenced on the 4th of October, and spread over nearly 
 five square miles, continuing for two days and resulting in im- 
 mense destruction^: property. The loss was estimated as high 
 
;*6 LIFE AXD MEMOIRS OF 
 
 as $200,000,000, and over one hundred thousand of the popu- 
 lation were made houseless. 
 
 The city of Boston suffered from a like calamity in the fol- 
 lowing year, November 9, 1872. The fire laid waste the build- 
 ings covering sixty acres, in the business part of the citv, and 
 destroyed property valued at $80,000,000. 
 
 In the fall of 1873 the business of the entire country received 
 a severe shock in the financial panic of that year. Beginning 
 with the failure of Jay Cooke & Co., who had become deeply 
 involved in the building of the Northern Pacific Railroad, the 
 panic soon spread through all channels of business; house after 
 house failed, and mercantile credit seemed well-nigh ruined. 
 Railroad interests, especially in the newer states, suffered se- 
 verely. Over-speculation and excessive production were the 
 chief causes of the crisis. 
 
 The Modoc Indians, who had been placed on a reservation in 
 California, left it, and began depredations on the frontier settle- 
 ments. Open war broke out in 1872. Several members of the 
 Peace Commission, appointed by President Grant, in 1869, to 
 treat with Indians, met the Modocs, and General Canby and 
 Dr. Thomas were treacherously murdered. 
 
 The war was thereafter prosecuted with vigor, and the In- 
 dians retired to some nearly inaccessible fastnesses among the 
 lava beds of that region. From these they were at last driven, 
 and Captain Jack, their leader, was captured. He and three of 
 his companions were hanged October, 1873. 
 
 The Sioux Indians occupied a reservation among the Black 
 Hills, in the territories of Dakota and Wyoming. Gold was 
 discovered within the limits of the reservation, and a bill was 
 passed by Congress taking away that portion of it lying in 
 Dakota. 
 
 The Sioux organized for war, and United States troops were 
 sent against them. General George A. Custer, in command of 
 a portion of these, pushed across the country from Missouri to 
 the Yellowstone. Pressing forward regardless of danger, he 
 was met by an overwhelming force of Sioux under Sitting Bull, 
 and he, with two hundred and sixty-one men, nearly his entire 
 force, were killed, June 25, 1876. The Indians afterward retired 
 into the British Possessions, where they were safe from the 
 pursuit of the United States troops. 
 
 The centennial year of American independence was cele- 
 brated in Philadelphia during the year 1876, with a grand in- 
 ternational exhibition, which was inaugurated with imposing- 
 ceremonies by President Grant May 10, and continued open until 
 November 10, a period of one hundred and fifty-nine days. 
 
 Its chief object was to show the progress of the nation in arts 
 and manufactures during the first century of its existence, but 
 all foreign nations were invited to contribute, and thirty-three 
 of these exhibited their products. The space occupied was 
 seventy-five acres, an area far greater than that of any previous 
 exhibition. The grand total of admissions was 9,910,965. The 
 total receipts were $3,813,725. 
 The foregoing ;were the principal events of Grant's two ad- 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 87 
 
 ministrations. He made many mistakes, no doubt, but they 
 were all errors of the heart rather than of the mind. 
 
 Brought up to the profession of arms, like all military men 
 he had a contempt for politicians and doctrinaire^. In making 
 his appointments he was actuated more by his personal ideas of 
 the candidate's fitness than by any regard for general and often- 
 times erroneous opinions, and this is why his cabinet selections 
 were so savagely attacked in the public press. 
 
 High officials' and ministers were chosen by him, not only for 
 the qualifications they possessed, but also on account of their 
 genial qualities as men, and through a sense of good-fellowship. 
 Yet, in spite of all this, his appointments in the main were 
 judicious. 
 
 His mistakes came from his steadfast adherence to his 
 friends through fgood and evil. He placed too much reliance 
 on them, and" in many cases his confidence was shamefully 
 abused. 
 
 Coming into civil life unprepared, save by natural excellence 
 of judgment, purity of intention, and firmness of resolve, his 
 administration brought the country each year to that consum- 
 mation of reduced expenses, lessened public debts, unquestioned 
 public credits, and peace at home and abroad, to which he stood 
 pledged in assuming his responsibilities. 
 
 If his advisers were unfaithful to their public trusts, he him- 
 self has gone through the ordeal unscathed. His reputation is 
 spotless, his integrity unquestioned, and his name will go down 
 to posteritv with undimmed luster. 
 
 Besides, it should not be forgotten that when the general came 
 to the presidency, the country was still in an unsettled condi- 
 tion, the spirit of speculation was rife and extravagance ran riot. 
 During the war vast fortunes had been accumulated, and an era 
 of high carnival reigned. 
 
 Society was reckless, and naturally public officials caught the 
 infection. To keep up with the tide with the small salaries they 
 had was impossible. Hence venality, corruption and official 
 jobbery became the rule, and General Grant, being at the head 
 of the government, was made to bear the burden of the sins of his 
 subordinates, although bis own hands were clean. 
 
 If a cabinet minister accepted a bribe, Grant was charged 
 with the crime. If a ward politician secured a contract for 
 paving the streets of Washington and sent in fictitious bills, 
 the ignominy of the transaction fell upon Grant. If a scheme 
 was hatched out in the navy department between the secretary 
 of the navy and an unprincipled contractor, whereby they could 
 both lay hands on the treasury of the United States, the whole 
 country, as with one voice, charged the crime to General Grant's 
 account. 
 
 In this way, and in spite of the general's famous order, " Let 
 no guilty man escape," " Grantism " became synonymous with 
 corruption. It is only within recent years, and in the light of 
 several congressional investigations, that the general's character 
 has been vindicated. 
 
 In spite of the vituperation heaped upon his head by his ene- 
 
38 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 mies and the split in bis own party, the people's faith in their 
 old hero remained unshaken, and in the memorable campaign 
 of 1872, he was re-elected to his high office by an overwhelming 
 majority. He, himself, regarded this as a complete refutal of 
 the aspersious which had been cast upon his character. 
 
 In his second inaugural address, referring to this very subject, 
 he said: 
 
 "From my candidacy for my present office in 1868, to the close 
 of the last presidential campaign, I have been the subject of 
 abuse and slander, scarcely ever equaled in political history, 
 which, to-day, I feel I can afford to disregard in view of your 
 verdict, which I gratefully accept as my vindication." 
 
 Paraphrasing the language of the poet, his only fault may be 
 said to be that 
 
 " He trusted not wisely, but too well." 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Tour Around the World— Departure from Philadelphia— Sherman's 
 Speech— Grant's Reply— Arrival at Queenstown — The Welcome at 
 Liverpool — Loudon— Receiving the Freedom of the City of London 
 — Grant Makes Two Speeches in One Day. 
 
 President Hayes' accession to office relieved General Grant 
 from the arduous and unremitting duties, which during the pre- 
 ceding sixteen years he had performed for his country, on the 
 field of battle and at the capital of the uation. He needed rest 
 and recreation and he had amply earned it. 
 
 His long-cherished idea to see foreign countries could now 
 be put into execution, and no sooner did he broach the subject 
 of making a tour around the world, than his grateful fellow-citi- 
 zens hastened to offer him every convenience, while from the 
 potentates of foreign lands invitations came pouring in testifying 
 their esteem and admiration of the great hero and inviting 
 him to visit their courts. 
 
 Such of the invitations as could be conveniently embraced in 
 the projected itineracy he accepted, but with his characteristic 
 modesty he declined the proffer of a man-of-war offered by the 
 government and determined to take passage on the Indiana, of 
 the only American line of steamers crossing the Atlantic, which 
 was to sail from Philadelphia on the 17th of May, 1877. 
 
 Mrs. Grant and her son Jesse were to accompany him. That 
 the party would be received everywhere with open arms was a 
 matter of course; still, to make assurance doubly sure, Mr. 
 William M. Evarts, who was then secretary of state, sent out 
 the following official communication to the diplomatic ana 
 consular officers of the United States: 
 
 "Gentlemen,— General Ulysses S. Grant, the late President 
 of the United States, sailed from Philadelphia on the 17th inst. 
 for Liverpool. 
 
 "The route and extent of his travels, as well as the duration 
 of his sojourn abroad, were alike undetermined at the time of 
 his departure, the object of his journey being to secure a few 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 39 
 
 months of rest and recreation after sixteen years of unremitting 
 and devoted labor in the military and civil service of his 
 country. 
 
 "The enthusiastic manifestations of popular regard and 
 esteem for General Grant shown by the people in all parts 
 of the country that he has visited since his retirement from 
 official life, and attending his every appearance in public from 
 the day of that retirement up to the moment of his departure 
 for Europe, indicate beyond question the high place he holds in 
 the grateful affections of his countrymen. 
 
 '* Sharing in the largest measure this general public sentiment, 
 and at the same time expressing the wishes of the president, I 
 desire to invite the aid of the diplomatic and consular officers 
 of the government to make his journey a pleasant one should 
 he visit their posts. I feel already assured that you will find 
 patriotic pleasure in anticipating the wishes of the department 
 by showing him that attention and consideration which is due 
 from every officer of the government to a citizen of the republic 
 so signally distinguished both in official service and personal 
 renown." 
 
 The receptions and attentions indicated in Mr. Evarts' letter, 
 which were tendered to General Grant before his departure, 
 were of a grandiose character, especially those given on the 
 evening of the 14th of May by the Union League Club of Phila- 
 delphia, and on the 16th by Mr. George W. Childs, at the latter's 
 residence. 
 
 On the morning of the departure, Mrs. Grant and Jesse 
 Grant, accompanied by a host of friends, were taken to the 
 Indiana by the United States revenue cutter Hamilton, while the 
 general was escorted by a distinguished company on board the 
 steamer Twilight. The occasion was utilized to give General 
 Grant a farewell breakfast, and among those at the table in 
 the saloon of the Twilight, were ex-Secretaries Fish, Robeson 
 and Chandler, Senator Cameron, Governor Hartranft, General 
 Sherman and Mayor Stokely. 
 
 When the time came for speeches, General Sherman, referring 
 to the welcome extended by the populace crowded on the 
 banks of the Delaware to see their idol off on his trip, said: 
 
 "This proud welcome demands a response. General Grant 
 leaves here to-day with the highest rewards of his fellow-citi- 
 zens, and on his arrival at the other side there is no doubt he 
 will be welcomed by friends with as willing hands and warm 
 hearts as those he leaves behind. Ex-President Grant— General 
 Grant— while you, his fellow-citizens, speak of him and regard 
 him as ex-President Grant; I cannot but think of the times 
 of the war, of General Grant, President of the United States 
 for eight years, yet I cannot but think of him as the General 
 Grant of Fort Donelson. 
 
 "I think of him as the man who, when the country was in 
 the hour of its peril, restored its hopes when he marched tri- 
 umphant into Fort Donelson. After that none of us felt the 
 least doubt as to the future of our country, and therefore, if the 
 
40 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 name of Washington is allied with the birth of our country, that 
 of Grant is forever identified with its preservation, its perpet- 
 uation. 
 
 "It is not here alone on the shores of the Delaware that the 
 people love and respect vou, but in Chicago and St. Paul, and 
 in far-off San Francisco, the prayer* go up to-day that your 
 voyage may be prosperous and pleasant. God bless you and 
 grant you a pleasant journey and a safe return to your native 
 land." 
 
 To this General Grant, who was deeply affected, responded: 
 
 "I feel much overcome by what I have heard. When the 
 first toast was offered, I supposed the last words here for me 
 had been spoken, and I feel overcome by sentiments to which I 
 have listened, and which T feel. I am altogether inadequate to 
 respond to. I don't think that the compliments ought all to 
 be paid to me or any one man in either of the positions which I 
 was called upon to fill. 
 
 "That which I accomplished— which I was able to accom- 
 plish— I owe to the assistance of able lieutenants. I was so fortu- 
 nate as to be called to the first position in the army of the 
 nation, and I had the good fortune to select lieutenants who 
 could have filled ''—here the general turned to Sherman— " had 
 it been necessarv, I believe some of these lieutenants could 
 have filled my place may be better than I did. 1 do not, there- 
 fore, regard myself as entitled to all the praise. 
 
 " I believe that my friend Sherman could have taken my place 
 as a soldier as well as I could, and the same will apply to Sheri- 
 dan. And I believe, finally, that if our country ever comes 
 into trial again, young men will spring up equal to the occasiou, 
 and if one fails, there will be another to take his place. Just 
 as there was if I had failed." 
 
 The modesty of this address shows General Grant in his truest 
 light, while its tact, and the easy, self-possessed way with which 
 it was delivered, were evidences of the development of a new 
 talent— that of readv speaking on the part of one who had won 
 the sobriquet of " The Silent Man." We need not dwell upon 
 the enthusiastic applause and cheers with which the speech 
 was received by the hearers. 
 
 When the Twilight reached the Indiana. Mrs. Grant and Jesse 
 were already on board, and amid the booming of cannon and 
 the waving of salutes the ever memorable trip around the world 
 was begun. 
 
 The voyage across the Atlantic was rather tempestuous; Mrs. 
 Grant suffered somewhat from sea- sickness, but the genera! 
 weathered the gales like an old " sea-dog," his accustomed cigar 
 never leaving his lips while he was on deck. 
 
 On the evening of May 27 the Indiana touched the shores 
 of the Old World, entering Queenstown Harbor. A deputation 
 of prominent citizens came on board to invite the general to 
 pass some days in Ireland, but his previous engagements obliged 
 him to postpone the acceptance of the invitation to a later 
 period. The Indiana set out to sea again, and on the nex 
 day, which was bright and pleasant, arrived at Liverpool, * T " 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 41 
 
 A. R. Walker, the Mayor of Liverpool, came on board at tbe 
 head of a delegation, and delivered the following address of 
 welcome: 
 
 "General Grant— I am proud that it has fallen to my lot, as 
 chief magistrate of Liverpool, to welcome to the shores of Eng- 
 land so distinguished a citizen of the United States. You have, 
 sir, stamped your name on the history of the world by your 
 brilliant career as a soldier, and still more as a statesman in the 
 interests of peace. In the name of Liverpool, whose interests 
 are so closely allied with your great country, I bid you heartily 
 welcome, and I hope Mr?. Grant and yourself will enjoy your 
 visit to old England." 
 
 General Grant remained at Liverpool until the 30th, visiting 
 the principal points of interest in the city and being banqueted 
 by the municipal authorities. From Liverpool he proceeded 
 to Manchester, exhibiting much interest in inspecting the fac- 
 tories in that town, and after passing through Salford and 
 Leicester, reached Loudon on June 1. 
 
 His first two weeks' stay in London was informally spent in 
 as much sight-seeing as possible, and on the 15th of the month 
 the freedom of the city of London w^as conferred upon him, 
 which is the highest honor that can be given by the municipal 
 authorities. 
 
 The presentation was made at Guildhall amid ceremonies 
 which were as unique as they were interesting. 
 
 On his arrival at the historical building, General Grant was 
 received by a deputation of four aldermen, who conducted him 
 to a place in the common council, on the left hand of the lord- 
 mayor. The meeting of the common council was called to order, 
 and after the transaction of some routine business, the cham- 
 berlain, Mr. B. Scott, in a highly interesting address, presented 
 the general with an illuminated copy of the resolutions confer- 
 ring the freedom of the city. These resolutions were contained 
 in a gold casket, one panel of which contains a view of the 
 Capitol at Washington, and on the right and left are the gen- 
 eral's monogram and the arms of the lord-mayor. The casket 
 is further ornamented by two figures in gold representing the 
 city of London and the republic of the United States. On the 
 cover are the arms of the city of London. 
 
 In reply to the address which accompanied the presenta- 
 tion. General Grant said: 
 
 " It is a matter of some regret to me that I have never culti- 
 vated that art of public speaking, which might have enabled 
 me to express in suitable terms my gratitude for the compli- 
 ment which has been paid to my countrymen and myself on this 
 occasion. 
 
 " Were I in the habit of speaking in public, I should claim 
 the right to express my opinion, and what I believe to be the 
 opinion of my countrymen, when the proceedings of this day 
 shall have been telegraphed to them. 
 
 " For myself, I have been very much surprised at my reception 
 at all places since the day I landed at Liverpool up to my appear- 
 ance in this the greatest city in the world. 
 
LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 '" unexpected, and it is particularly gratify- 
 ing that this honor is intended quite as much 
 for it have had the opportunity of serving in 
 differen. -self; and I am glad "that this is so, 
 because 1 oiest relations existing not only 
 between the l eat Britain, but also between 
 the United Statt s, 
 
 " Although a sc -»ud profession, I have 
 
 never felt any sort 01 1 I have never advo- 
 
 cated it except as a mea L t we shall always 
 
 settle our differences in all s amicably as 
 
 we did in a recent instance. 
 
 " I believe that settlement hag on both 
 
 countries, and that from month to . ear, the 
 
 tie of common civilization and common ^ stronger 
 
 between the two countries. My lord-ma^ *nd gentle- 
 
 men, I again thank you for the honor you . .one me and 
 
 my country to-day," 
 
 The ceremonies concluded with an elaborate breakfast in the 
 Guildhall, at which the guests were so numerous, that the repast 
 had to be served on twenty tables. Of course General Grant 
 was called on again for a speech and delivered the following 
 gem: 
 
 "Habits formed in early life and early education press upon 
 us as we grow older. I was brought up a soldier— not to talk- 
 ing. I am not aware that I ever fought two battles on the 
 same day in the same place, and that I should be called upon 
 to make two speeches on the same day under the same roof, is 
 beyond my understanding. 
 
 "What I do understand is that I am much indebted to all 
 of you for the compliment you have paid me. All I can do is to 
 thank the lord-mayor for his kind words, and to thank the 
 citizens of Great Britain here present, in the name of my country, 
 and for myself." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Prince of Wales' Greeting— Received by Queen Victoria— Grant's 
 Speech in Liverpool— His Address to the English YVorkingruen— 
 Flying Trips Through Belgium, Switzerland, etc., etc. 
 
 After a round of festivities such as dinners, receptions and 
 gala performances at the opera, all of which were gotten up 
 in the general's honor, an invitation was received requesting 
 the general's attendance at a banquet given by the Trinity 
 Corporation in their hall at Tower Hill, at which the Prince of 
 "Wales presided. The company at table was large and distin- 
 guished. The most prominent Englishmen in every walk of life 
 took part. The Prince of Wales, rising to receive the illustrious 
 soldier, said: 
 
 "It is a matter of peculiar gratification to us as Englishmen 
 to receive as our guest General Grant. I can assure him for 
 myself and for all loyal subjects of the queen, that it has given 
 me the greatest pleasure to see him as a guest in this country." 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 43 
 
 General Grant, in a few well-chosen words, thanked the 
 Prince of Wales for the compliment paid him. 
 
 A few clays later the general was agreeably surprised at re- 
 ceiving the following invitation: 
 
 " The lord steward of her majesty's household is com- 
 manded by the queen to invite Mr. and Mrs. Grant to dinner 
 at Windsor Castle, on Wednesday, the 27th inst., and to remain 
 until the following day, the 28th of June, 1877." 
 
 The American Minister, Mr. Pierrepont, and his wife, Mr. 
 Jesse R. Grant, and General Adam Badeau were also invited. 
 On the 27th of June the party left for Windsor by the afternoon 
 train. 
 
 The dinner was served in the famous Oak Room. In the 
 course of the repast the following telegram was received from 
 Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania: 
 
 ,; Providence, Rhode Island. 
 "From General Hartranft, Commander-in-Chief, to General 
 
 U. S. Grant, care of H. 31. the Queen : 
 
 "Your comrades, in national encampment assembled, in 
 Rhode Island, send heartiest greetings to their old commander, 
 and desire, through England's queen, to thank England for 
 Grant's reception." 
 
 General Grant sent the following in reply: 
 
 " Grateful for telegram. Conveyed message to the Queen. 
 Thank my old comrades." 
 
 The following day the general returned to London, and 
 thence he left for Liverpool, whither he went to fulfill a prom- 
 ise he had given to the mayor of that great commercial city, 
 that he would accept a dinner from the corporation. Over two 
 hundred and fifty guests attended the banquet. 
 
 Replying to the mayor's toast, General Grant said: 
 
 " Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen,— You have alluded to the hearty 
 reception given to me on my first landing on the soil of Great 
 Britain, and the expectations of the mayor that this reception 
 would be equaled throughout the island have been more than 
 realized. It is far beyond anything I could have expected. 
 
 " I am a soldier, and the gentlemen here beside me know that 
 a soldier must die. I have been a president, but we know that 
 the term of the presidency expires, and when it has expired, 
 he is no more than a dead soldier. 
 
 "But, gentlemen, I have met with a reception that would 
 have done honor to any living person. I feel, however, that 
 the compliment has been paid, not to me, but to my country. 
 I cannot "help at this moment being highly pleased at the good 
 feeling and good sentiment which now exist between the two 
 peoples, who, of all others, should be good friends. We are of 
 one kindred, of one blood, of one language, and of one civiliza- 
 tion, though in some respects we believe that we, being younger, 
 surpass the mother country. 
 
 "You have made improvements on the soil and surface ot 
 
44 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 the earth which we have not yet done, but which we do not be- 
 lieve will take us as long as it took you. 
 
 "I heard some military remarks which impressed me a little 
 at the time. I am not quite sure whether they were in favor 
 of the volunteers or against them. I can only say from my own 
 observation that you have as many troops at Aldershott as we 
 have in the whole of our regular army, notwithstanding we have 
 many thousands of miles of frontier to guard, and hostile In- 
 dians to control. But if it became necessary to raise a volunteer 
 force I do not think we could do better than follow your ex- 
 ample. General Fairchild and myself are examples of volun- 
 teers who came forward when their assistance was necessary, 
 and I have no doubt that if you ever needed such services you 
 would have support from your reserve forces and volunteers 
 far more effective than you can conceive." 
 
 On the 3d of July General Grant received a deputation of 
 workingmen who presented him with an address of welcome in 
 the name of their comrades throughout the United Kingdom. 
 Of all the honors, both royal and civic, which were showered 
 upon the general, during his three years' tour abroad, none 
 touched a deeper chord in his heart than did this simple ad- 
 dress of welcome from the hardy sons of toil. 
 
 In replying to the address, which was beautifully engrossed 
 on vellum, the general said: 
 
 " Gentlemen, — In the name of my country, I thank you for the 
 address you have just presented to me. I feel it a great com- 
 pliment paid to my government, to the former government, and 
 one to me personally. 
 
 " Since my arrival on British soil, T have received great atten- 
 tions, and as I feel, intended in the same way for my country. 
 I have received attentions, and have had ovations, free hand- 
 shakings, and presentations from different classes, and from the 
 government, and from the controlling authorities of cities, and 
 have been received in the cities by the populace. 
 
 "But there is no reception I am piouder of than this one to- 
 day. I recognize the fact that whatever there is of greatness in 
 the United States, or indeed in any other country, is due to the 
 labor performed. The laborer is the author of all greatness and 
 wealth. Without labor there would be no government, or no 
 leading class, or nothing to preserve. With us labor is regarded 
 as highly respectable. When it is not so regarded, it is that 
 man dishonors labor. 
 
 "We recognize that labor dishonors no man; and no matter 
 what a man's occupation is he is eligible to fill any post in the 
 gift of the people. His occupation is not considered in the selec- 
 tion of him, whether as a lawmaker or an executor of the law. 
 Now, gentlemen, in conclusion, all I can do is to renew my 
 thanks to you for the address, and to repeat what I have said 
 before, that I have received nothing from any class since my ar- 
 rival on this soil which has given me more pleasure." 
 
 The London season being at an end, the general made a flying 
 trip to the Continent, visiting Belgium, Switzerland and Alsace 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 45 
 
 and Lorraine. Everywhere he was received with the highest 
 honors. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Off to Scotland— Receptions at Edinburgh, Elgin, and Glasgow— Return 
 to England— The Demonstration at Newcastle— Speeches at Shef- 
 field—Grant on Free Trade and Protection— At Shakespeare's 
 Birthplace— Visiting His Daughter Nellie— Address to the Work- 
 ingmen of Birmingham. 
 
 On the general's return from the Continent, he made his prom- 
 ised visit to Scotland. On the 31st of August he reached Edin- 
 burgh. The freedom of the "Modern Athens" was tendered 
 him in the Free Assembly Hall by the lord provost in the pres- 
 ence of two thousand people. In his reply to the lord provost's 
 speech, General Grant "said: 
 
 "I am so filled with emotion, that I hardly know how to 
 thauk you for the honor conferred upon me, by making me a 
 burgess of this ancient city of Ediuburgh. I feel that it is a 
 great compliment to me and to my country. , Had I eloquence 
 I might dwell somewhat on the history of the great men you have 
 produced, or the numerous citizens of this city and Scotland 
 that have gone to America, and the records they have made. 
 We are proud of Scotchmen as citizens of America. They make 
 good citizens of our country, and they find it profitable to them- 
 selves. I again thank you for the honor you have conferred 
 upon me." 
 
 From Edinburgh the general went to Dunrobin as the guest 
 of the Duke of Sutherland, remaining several days at the famous 
 seat of that great nobleman. On Tuesday, the ilth of Septem- 
 ber, he paid a visit to the town of Elgin, and while there was 
 presented with an address by the Town Couucil of Wick. In 
 reply to tiie provost's speech he said: 
 
 '• Mr. Provost, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Royal Burgh of 
 Wick, — I gladly accept the honor the town council has conferred 
 on me by making me a burgess of this burgh, and I am so filled 
 with emotion by the address with which the presentation has 
 been accompanied as to be quite unable to do justice to the sub- 
 ject it embraces. 
 
 "I shall, however, endeavor in a few words to address myself 
 to these subjects. I am happy to say that during the eight 
 years of my presidency, it was a hope of mine, which I am glad 
 to say was realized, that all differences between the two nations 
 should be settled in a manner honorable to both. 
 
 "All the questions, I am glad to say, were so settled, and in 
 my desire for that result, it was my aim to do what was right, 
 irrespective of any other consideration whatever. 
 
 "During all the negotiations, I felt the importance of main- 
 taining the friendly relations between the great English-speaking 
 people of this country and the United States, which I believe to 
 be essential to the maintenance of peace principles throughout 
 the world, and I feel confident that the continuance of those re- 
 
46 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 lations will exercise a vast influence in promoting peace and 
 civilization throughout the world." 
 
 From here the general went to Glasgow, the great manufact- 
 uring city of Scotland, and at three o'clock on the afternoon of 
 the 13th of September, he was presented with the freedom of 
 the city. 
 
 In replying to the lord provost, General Grant said: 
 
 "I rise to thank you for the great honor that has been confer- 
 red upon me this day by making me a free burgess of this great 
 city of Glasgow. The honor is one that I shall cherish, and I 
 shall always remember this day. When I am back in my own 
 country I will be able to refer with pride not only to my visit to 
 Glasgow, but to all the different towns in this kingdom that I 
 have had the pleasure and the honor of visiting. 
 
 " I find that I am being made so much a citizen of Scotland, 
 it will become a serious question where I shall go to vote. You 
 have railr ^ads and other facilities for getting from one place to 
 another, ai"d I might vote frequently in Scotland by starting 
 early. I do not know how you punish that crime over here; 
 it is a crime that is very often practiced by people who come 
 to our country and become citizens there by adoption. In fact, 
 I think they give the majority of the votes. I do not refer to 
 Scotchmen particularly, but to naturalized citizens. But to 
 speak more seriously, ladies and gentlemen, I feel the honor of 
 this occasion, and I beg to thank you, ladies and gentlemen of 
 this city of Glasgow, for the kind words of your lord provost, 
 and for the kind expression of this audience." 
 
 From Glasgow the general went to Ayr to see the birthplace 
 of Burns, and from thence to Inverary Castle, where he was the 
 guest of the Duke of Argyle, a nobleman who was a great 
 friend of the North during the civil war. Then followed a tour 
 through the manufacturing districts, and a reception at New- 
 castle-on-Tyne, the great ship-building town. In reply to an 
 address of welcome delivered by the Vice-President of the 
 Chamber of Commerce, General Grant said: 
 
 "The president in his remarks has alluded to. the perso 
 friendship existing between the two nations — I will not i 
 between the two peoples, because we are one people. But 
 are two nations having a common destiny, and that destiny % 
 be brilliant in proportion to the friendship and co-operation 
 the brethren on the two sides of the water. 
 
 "During my eight years of presidency, it was my stud} 
 heal up all the sores that were existing between us. T 
 healing was accomplished in a manner honorable to the 
 tions. From that day to this feelings of amity have been c 
 stantly growing, as I think; I know it has been so on our si 
 and 1 believe never to be disturbed again. These are two 
 tions which ought to be at peace with each other. We ou. 
 to strive to keep at peace with all the world besides, i 
 by our example stop those wars which have devastated 
 own countries and are now devastating some countries 
 Europe." 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 47 
 
 Or. the 22d of September a demonstration— the largest which 
 had ever taken place in the history of Newcastle, England— of 
 workingmen was made. Eighty thousand people surged about 
 the platform while Mr. Burt. M. P., read the address. General 
 Grant, who was received with great cheering, replied as follows: 
 
 '"Mr. Burt and Workingmen,— Through you I will return 
 thanks to the workingmen of Tyneside for the very accepta- 
 ble, welcome address which you have just read. I accept from 
 that class of people the reception which they have accorded 
 me, as among the most honorable. 
 
 " We all know that but for labor we would have very little that 
 is worth fighting for, and when wars do come, they fall upon 
 the many, the producing class, who are the sufferers. They 
 not only have to furnish the means largely, but they have, by 
 their labor and industry, to produce the means for those who 
 are engaged in destroying and not in producing. 
 
 " I was always a man of peace, and I have always advo- 
 cated peace, although educated a soldier. I never wkiingly, al- 
 though I have gone through two wars, of my own accord advo- 
 cated war. I advocated what I believed to be right, and I 
 have fought for it to the best of my ability in order that an hon- 
 orable peace might be secured. 
 
 " You have been pleased to allude to the friendly relations 
 existing between the two great nations on both sides of the At- 
 lantic. They are now most friendly and the friendship has been 
 increasing. Our interests are so identified, we are so much re- 
 lated to each other, that it is my sincere hope, and it has been 
 the sincere hope of my life, and especially of my official life, 
 to maintain that friendship. 
 
 "I entertain views of the progress to be made in the future 
 by the union and friendship of the £;reat English-speaking peo- 
 ples, for I believe that it will result in the spread of our language, 
 our civilization, and our industry, and be for the benefit of man- 
 kind generally! 
 
 "I do not know, Mr. Burt, that there is anything more for 
 me to say, except that I would like to communicate to the peo- 
 ple whom I see assembled before me here this day how greatly 
 I feel the honor which they have conferred upon me." 
 
 In the evening there was a banquet at the Assembly Rooms, 
 the Mayor of Newcastle presiding. In reply to the toast of the 
 evening, the general said: 
 
 " Mr. Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle, — I scarcely know 
 how to respond to what has been, said by the mayor. J have a 
 very vivid recollection that immediately upon my arrival upon 
 these shores the mayor invited me up tere, and we have been 
 carrying on a correspondence, directly and indirectly, ever since 
 as to the time when I should be here. But as to my saying any- 
 thing after I came, such a thing never occurred to me. 
 
 " I will say that the entertaiutnent by your worthy mayor has 
 exceeded my expectations. I have had no better reception in 
 any place, nor do I think it possible to have a better. All I 
 have seen since I have been on the Tvne has been to me most 
 
48 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 gratifying as an individual, and I think when I go back to rny 
 own country I will find that it has been very gratifying tc my 
 countrymen to hear of it. It has been gratifying, all alons: the 
 Tyue to Tynemouth. It has been gratifying ever since my land- 
 ing upon English soil. It has been gratifying because I have 
 seen that which is extremely pleasant, namely, the good rela- 
 tionship existing, that should always exist, between English- 
 speaking people. 
 
 44 1 think that is a matter of the vastest importance, because 
 I believe we have the blessing of civilization to extend. I do 
 not want to detract from other civilizations, but I believe that we 
 possess the highest civilization. There is the strongest bond of 
 union between the English-speaking people, and that bond should 
 and will serve to extend the greatest good to the greatest number. 
 That will always be our delight." 
 
 This was the tone of all of General Grant's speeches while in 
 England — the closer union of the two great English-speaking 
 nations in the bonds of fraternitv and amity. 
 
 On the 26th of September General Grant visited Sheffield, the 
 great center of the steel industry. The mayor welcomed the 
 general, and in his reply the general said: 
 
 44 Mr. Mayor, Ladies, and Gentlemen of Sheffield, — I have just 
 heard the address which has been read and presented ro me 
 with great gratification. It affords me singular pleasure to visit 
 a city the name of which has been familiar to me from my earliest 
 childhood. 
 
 44 I think the first penknife I ever owned, away out in the 
 western part of the State of Ohio, was marked 'Sheffield.' I 
 think the knives and forks we then used on our table had all of 
 them ' Sheffield ' marked on them. I do not know whether 
 they were counterfeit or not, but it gave them a good market. 
 
 4 * From that day to this the name of your industrial city has 
 been familiar, not only in the states, but I suppose throughout 
 the civilized world. The city has been distinguished for its in- 
 dustry, its inventions, and its progress. If our commerce has 
 not increased as much as you might wish, yet it has increased, 
 I think, with Sheffield since the days of which I spoke, when 
 we had no cutlery excepting that marked 'Sheffield.' It must 
 be very much larger than it was then. 
 
 44 We are getting to make some of those things ourselves, and 
 I believe occasionally we put our own stamp upon them. But 
 Sheffield cutlery still has a high place in the markets of the 
 world. 
 
 44 1 assure you it affords me very great pleasure, the welcome 
 
 that I hqve received here to-day, and I shall can- v w^th 
 
 me the pleasant recollections of what I have seen 
 
 An address was also presented by the mas 
 searchers, assistants, and commonalty of the C 
 Cutlers of Hallamshire, to which General Gra 
 follows: 
 
 ,k Mr. Master Cutler and Gentlemen of the Soeiet; 
 After the few remarks I made in reply to the address of the 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 49 
 
 mayor there is hardly anything for me to say further than that 
 I feel gratified, highly gratified, at this reception. In the mat- 
 ter of free trade, I would hardly be able to speak upon that 
 subject without some preparation. 
 
 " It must be recollected, however, that the country which I 
 had at one time the honor of representing, has gone through 
 a great war and contracted a great debt in suppressing a re- 
 bellion. That makes it necessary to raise a large amount to 
 support the running expenses of the government, and to pay 
 the interest on the debt which is owing in foreign countries 
 to a very large extent. It is impossible to raise these revenues 
 from internal sources. 
 
 "The protective tariff is a matter scarcely heard of now in the 
 United States, though it was a common subject of talk years 
 ago. The reason it is scarcely mentioned now is that the rev- 
 enue from imports is regarded simply as one of the means of 
 raising the necessary money to pay the interest upon the na- 
 tional debt, and the other expenses incident to the carrying on 
 of the government, and if we were to abolish the revenue from 
 imports, the foreign bondholders would very soon cry out against 
 us because we failed to pay the interest on the bonds which 
 they hold. 
 
 " We get along rapidly enough in that direction, and we will 
 compete with vou in your manufactures in the markets of the 
 world. It is scarcely necessary that I should add anything to 
 what I have already said in acknowledgment of my reception 
 in Sheffield. 
 
 "In regard to your merchantsand mechanics who have gone to 
 our country and have helped to build up our manufactures, I 
 can only say we received them with open arms. The more of 
 you who go the better we will like it, and I hope it will be to 
 their advantage. Business with us at this time is a little de- 
 pressed, as it is all over the civilized world; but the day is not 
 far distant— in my judgment — certainly I hope it is not far dis- 
 tant—when trade and commerce will revive, and when we shall 
 see more of you and your sons and daughters over there; see 
 them succeed, see them make pleasant homes and become good 
 citizens and law-makers with us, and see them, when they are 
 qualified, office-holders. 
 
 " I can assure you nothing gives us more pleasure than to see 
 the emigration of the industry and intelligence of this com- 
 munity. We have room for all, and a hearty welcome for all, 
 and if you only come among us we will try to treat you as 
 you have treated me to-day." 
 
 On the 2?th of September a banquet was given in honor of the 
 general in the famous hall of the Cutlers' Company. After 
 speeches by the Earl of Wharncliffe, Mr. Mundella, M. P., and 
 the mayor, General Grant arose and said: 
 
 " Mr Mayor and Ladies and Gentlemen of Sheffield— It makes 
 my heart feel glad when I hear these sentiments uttered in re- 
 gard to my own countrv, and to the friendship which should 
 exist between the two nations. As I have had occasion to say 
 
50 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 frequently, it has always been a cherished view of mine thai 
 we should be the best of friends. 
 
 ''I am sure, as an official in a position that gave me some 
 little power of healing the little grievance that was caused be- 
 tween the two nations, I exercised all the influence 1 had to bring 
 about a settlement that would be a final settlement, as I believed 
 — and I believe now that it is a final settlement. It was not 
 a question of whether we should agree; it was not a matter of 
 dollars and cents — they were entirely unnamed as compared 
 with the question of a settlement. 
 
 " Our wish was simply to have a settlement — that both parties 
 should agree and settle the matter. We have agreed upon 
 terms, and I believe that this is the beginning of a long series 
 of years — I hope centuries— of friendly and honorable rivalry 
 between the two great English-speaking nations, and the ad- 
 vancement of each. Whatever tends to the advancement of one, 
 in some way or other will tend to the advancement of the 
 other." 
 
 The following day the general left for Stratford-on-Avon, 
 the birthplace of the "divine William." Here w 7 ere shown the 
 Shakespeare Memorial, Ann Hathaway's house, and the cot- 
 tage Shakespeare was born in. The school children of the town 
 were given a holiday in honor of the illustrious guest's visit. 
 No doubt they would have felt pleased if the visit could be re- 
 newed every day in the year. A casket made out of the wood 
 of the mulberry tree planted by Shakespeare at New Place, was 
 presented to the general, as a souvenir of his visit. From 
 Stratford the general proceeded to Leamington, where he was 
 received with unusual honors, and in reply to the mayor's ad- 
 dress, he said: 
 
 " Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen of Leamington — It is a 
 source of great pleasure to me to visit your renowned borough. 
 It is a place well-known by the citizens of my country. Two of 
 my children have visited you much earlier than I ever found 
 time to do myself, and have carried home with them most 
 pleasurable recollections, not only of what they saw in Leam- 
 ington, but of the very kind treatment which they received at 
 the hands of some of your citizens. 
 
 " I have no doubt you have many places of interest surround- 
 ing your city, only a few of which I shall be able to visit dur- 
 ing the short stay I shall be able to make here; but I shall take 
 home some pleasurable recollections of my visit. I am sure 
 that it affords me great gratification to see the number of 
 people who are outside to receive me as the representative of a 
 kindred people. 
 
 " I know the feeling of friendship between the two great 
 English-speaking nations is strengthening day by day and year 
 by year, and I have no doubt but that in the future, all our 
 differences being amicably and fairly adjusted, we shall go hand 
 in hand as honorable rivals in producing what is necessary for 
 the comfort and support of men, and that our united efforts 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 51 
 
 will be felt throughout the civilized world, and will have a 
 beneficial effect in carrying a better civilization. 
 
 " I hope that through our influence we may be able at some 
 future clay to settle questions of difference without resort to 
 arms. Although it has been my misfortune to have been en- 
 gaged in as many battles as it was possible for an American 
 soldier of my generation, I never was for war, but always pre- 
 ferred to see questions of difference settled by arbitration. 
 But in our last great conflict there was the institution of 
 slavery. 
 
 " It was not a conflict between two nations — it was a family 
 quarrel; and there was no way of settlement. Every honorable 
 effort was made on the part of the North to avoid war. We 
 know as a people— though, perhaps, it is not generally known — 
 at all events, it is not generally spoken of— that our martyred 
 president, when he saw that conflict was inevitable, proposed 
 to the South that they should be paid for their slaves, if they 
 wouid surrender them and come back into the family circle. 
 But this they refused; and the result was, as you all know, 
 the loss of that species of property without compensation." 
 
 Being near Southampton, the general took advantage of the 
 fact to pay a visit to bis, daughter. Mrs. Sartoris — Nellie Grant 
 of old— who lives in that city. He spent the time in reposing 
 from the excitement of travel and receptions. From thence be 
 went to Birmingham, the capital of the Midland counties. In 
 replying to an address which was presented to him, the general 
 said: 
 
 " Workingmen of Birmingham, — I have just heard your ad- 
 dress with great interest. I have had occasion twice before, I 
 believe, since I have been in England, to receive addresses 
 from the workingmen of Great Britain— once in London and 
 once in Newcastle-on-Tyne. In my response, on both occasions, 
 I expressed what I thought was due to the workingmen, not 
 only of my country and of Great Britain, but to the working- 
 men all over the world. 
 
 "I said that we in America strove to make labor respect- 
 able. There is no class of labor that disqualifies a man from 
 any position either in society or in official life. Labor disgraces 
 no man; unfortunately you occasionally find men disgrace 
 labor. 
 
 "Your mayor has alluded to the fact that the population of 
 Birmingham" had tripled itself in fifty years. I would ask 
 the mayor if Birmingham had been deprived of its handicraft 
 laborers, would it have seen any such increase ? It is due to 
 the labor and to the manufacture of articles, which are turned 
 out by the means of labor, that you have grown in population 
 and in wealth. 
 
 " In response to the kindly feelings which exist between the 
 workingmen of Birmingham and those of the United States, and 
 the compliments you have paid to me for the efforts I have 
 made in the cause of freedom and the North, I thank you most 
 heartily." 
 
52 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 From Birmingham the general went to Brighton, the Sara- 
 toga of England, staying there a couple of weeks and enjoying 
 its many attractions. 
 
 In October he went to Paris. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 In Paris— Grant and the Franco-Prussian War— His Reception by the 
 French— Visiting the Historic Sights of the Gay Capital— Interview 
 with Gambetta— Dinner at Mrs. Mackay's— Off for the Holy Land. 
 
 The general's visit to France occurred at a time when political 
 excitement ran high. The great struggle which had been going 
 on between the adherents of the Count de Chambord, led by the 
 Duke de Broglie, and the republicans, under the leadership of 
 the indomitable Gambetta, was at an end. 
 
 Happily for France, the cause of the just triumphed, and 
 republicanism, which until then had been a mere name, became 
 a reality. 
 
 On the morning of the 24th of October, 1877, the general, 
 accompanied by his wife and son. reached Paris. They were 
 received at the depot by the American minister, General Noyes. 
 General Torbert, the consul general, and an aid-de-camp, who 
 welcomed him to France on behalf of the then President of the 
 French Republic, the gallant and courageous Marshal MacMahon. 
 
 During his stay in Paris the general lived in the Hotel Bristol 
 on the Place Vendome, but refused to occupy the suit of rooms 
 generally reserved for the Prince of Wales, whenever the latter 
 is on one of his periodical visits, and which was tendered him 
 by the proprietors of the hotel. 
 
 The general's course during the Franco- German war, when he 
 had espoused the cause of the Germans, had been much com- 
 mented on, and naturally be looked forward with some anxiety 
 to the reception he would receive. The French people did not 
 know that the general had no inimical feelings toward them, but 
 that his hatred was solely and entirely directed against Louis 
 Napoleon and his family. He thought as a great many others 
 who espoused the German cause at the time did, that the defeat 
 of France, if it resulted in the overthrow of the Napoleonic 
 dynasty, would be a blessing instead of a curse to the country. 
 
 'Bearing: all these things in mind, the universal courtesy which 
 was shown him by all classes, from the president down to the 
 humblest workman, was an agreeable surprise to him. 
 
 Every object of interest and every place around which histori- 
 cal recollections clung were visited. He rode in the Bois de 
 Boulogne, scaled the heights of Montmartre. p J n M 
 
 great boulevards, inspected the workings of the 
 stood with bowed head over the tomb of the grt 
 the dome of the Invaiides, and went almost e-^e 
 theaters, not forgetting that monument of Fre 
 New Opera House, on the splendid Avenue de lv < 
 
 Visions of the horrible doings of the Commni 
 at the sight of the blood-stained garments of Monseigneur Pat- 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 53 
 
 boy, the heroic Archbishop of Paris, and the blackened ruins 
 of the Tuileries, the Hotel-de-Ville, and the Corps Legislatif. 
 
 From time to time sight-seeing was interrupted by the numer- 
 ous attentions showered upon the general. On the 29th of Octo- 
 ber he attended a reception given in his honor by General 
 Noyes, in his magnificent mansion in the Avenue Josephine, 
 where he met the most distinguished members of the American 
 colony. 
 
 Through the mediation of the American artist, Mr. Healey, 
 the general had the pleasure of meeting the great French states- 
 man, Gambetta. The impression the latter produced upon him 
 was such that, in relating the details of the interview, the gen- 
 eral added that he considered Gambetta to be the ablest man be 
 had so far met with. 
 
 On the 6th of November three hundred members of the Ameri- 
 can Colony gave a dinner to General Grant at the Grand Hotel. 
 Among those present were Emile de Girardin. the great French 
 journalist, Edmond About, the novelist, Laboulaye, the political 
 writer, the Marquis de Rochambeau, and Charles de Lafayette, 
 a lineal descendant of the great friend of America in her hour 
 of need. 
 
 Then followed dinners at the Elysee and at the houses of Mrs. 
 Mackav, wife of the bonanza king, and the Marquis de Talley- 
 rand -Perigord, a grandson of the famous wit and diplomate. 
 
 In this manner a month went by, and early in December the 
 general left for the south of France. 
 
 The government having placed the man-of-war Vandalia at 
 the general's disposal, the whole party embarked on the 13th of 
 December, 1877, for Italy, Egypt, and the Holy Land. 
 
 The placing of the war-ship at the general's disposal was a 
 neat compliment on the part of our government. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 At Naples— Ascent of Vesuvius— In Cairo— Received by the Khedive 
 —Visit to Constantinople— Grant the Guest of the Sultan— In 
 Holland— His Visit to Berlin— Meeting with Bismarck— Speech 
 at Hamburg. 
 
 On the 17th of December the Vandalia weighed anchor in the 
 beautiful Bay of Naples. - ■■ : - _ • - " i 
 
 General Grant found himself in the land " where the lemon 
 trees bloom." 
 
 With his usual promptitude he proceeded to see everything 
 worth seeing. After doing Naples, he went to see the ruins of 
 the buried cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and made the 
 trq iitional ascent of Vesuvius. 
 
 F~om N»»pkw the ship proceeded to Palermo, and from thence 
 out m sea on^e Jiore. Land was not seen again until the 5th 
 of January, 1878, when the gallant vessel steamed into Alexan- 
 dria. Three days were spent in that historic city, and then the 
 p-eneral proceeded to Cairo, where a palace had been put at his 
 disposal by the khedive. The latter also gave a reception .in 
 
54 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 honor of the general, at which ail the prominent people in the 
 Egyptian capital were present. 
 
 Od the 16th of January the general again embarked, with the 
 intention of visiting the cities and towns along the Nile After 
 a pleasant trip through the land of fable aucl story, the 'general 
 left for Constantinople, where he was received bv the sultan 
 From Constantinople he went to Greece, and from" Greece back 
 again to Italy. 
 
 At Rome the general was received by the Pope, Leo XIII 
 and by King Humbert. 
 
 From Rome the general returned to Paris to take part in the 
 ceremonies attending the opening of the exhibition 
 
 After remaining a few weeks in the gay capital, he was once 
 more en route, this time for Holland. 
 
 The general was delighted with his visit to Holland, the pros- 
 perity and freedom the people enjoyed impressing him greatly 
 It was with deep regret that he tore himself away, but it had to 
 be, for he was expected in Berlin. 
 
 On the 26th of June he arrived in the German capital, and was 
 
 ££■&&? *£• late Bayard Taylor ' the tiL im - ic - 
 
 The great event of this trip was the meeting between the gen- 
 
 t^mV^Z^ a ^ ]l ^ Prince B ™ k > the f ™^ 
 
 The general's hotel being but a few minutes' walk from Bis- 
 marrks palace, he proceeded there on foot in the most demo- 
 cratic way imaginable. Arriving at the entrance gate, he was 
 bv Prfi ln R° a 8pa i Ci0u ? marble hal1 ' and was very soon joied 
 'x. laimed: iai ' ' **° da8ped b ° th his hands and cordially 
 
 " Welcome to Germany, general." 
 
 "There is no incident in my German tour," the general renlied 
 "more interesting to me than this meeting 'with fou prince " 
 mnJS ?? remarkably young," said Prince Bismarck; "you 
 must be at least twenty years vounger than I am 7" 
 Not at all I," the general replied, " onlv seven." 
 That returned the prince, "shows the value of a military 
 
 like £ 'old onS™ aVG thG fmme ° f a y0llD ^ maD ' while X ^ 
 
 ttS£riSi^2*S^K iD - the . cha » cell °^ ^udy, and after the 
 "The ionprnl o T P T" nCe lnc !» ired about General Sheridan! 
 1 h( funeral and I," said Bismarck. " were fellow cam- 
 papers ,n France, and we became great friends " 
 
 I have had letters from Sheridan recently " the eener-il 
 replied, -and he writes me that he is feehngS well/ 
 .Sheridan, said the prince, "seemed to ^^ of at 
 
 " Yes," replied the general. "I regard Shi 
 one of the great soldiers of our war. but one of 
 01 I be world— as a man who is fit for the highe 
 better general ever lived than Sheridan." 
 
 I observed," said the prince, "that he h ' ' ' 
 
 quick eye. On one occasion I remember the emperor ana nis 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 55 
 
 staff took up a position to observe a battle. The emperor him- 
 self was never near enough to the front, was always impatient 
 to be as near the righting as possible. ' Well,' said Sheridan to 
 me as we rode along, ' we shall never stay here; the enemy will 
 in a short time make this so untenable that we shall all be leav- 
 ing in a hurry. Then while the men are advancing they will 
 see us retreating.' Sure enough in an hour or so the cannon 
 shot began to plunge this way and that way, and we saw we 
 must leave. It was difficult to remove the emperor, though; but 
 we all had to go, and," said the prince, with a hearty laugh, 
 " we went rapidly. Sheridan had seen it from the beginning. I 
 wish I had so quick an eye." 
 
 The Congress of Berlin being then in session, the general said 
 he hoped there would be a peaceful result. 
 
 " That is my hope and belief," said the prince. " That is all 
 our interest in the matter. We have no business with the con- 
 gress whatever, and are attending to the business of others by 
 calling a congress* But Germany wants peace, and Europe 
 wants peace, and all our labors are to that end. In the settle- 
 ment of the questions arising out of the San Stefano treaty, 
 Germany has no interest of a selfish character. I suppose," said 
 the prince, "the whole situation may be summed up in this 
 phrase: in making the treaty, Russia ate more than she could 
 digest, and the main business of the congress is to relieve her. 
 The war has been severe upon Russia, and of course she wants 
 peace." 
 
 "How long do you think the congress will sit?" asked the 
 general. 
 
 " I believe," replied the prince, " there will be seven or eight 
 more sittings. I wish it were over," he added, " for Berlin is so 
 warm, and I want to leave it. Besides, it keeps me so busy that 
 I am unable to take you around and show Berlin to you." 
 
 The emperor having been shot at and wounded while Gen- 
 eral Grant was in Berlin, he was unable to see the warrior -king. 
 Alluding to this fact, Prince Bismarck said: 
 
 "His majesty has been expecting you, and evinces the great- 
 est interest in your achievements, in the distinguished part you 
 have played in the history of your country, and in your visit to 
 Germany. He commands me to say that nothing but his doc- 
 tor's orders that he shall see no one, prevents his seeing you." 
 
 "I am sorry that I cannot have that honor," replied the 
 general, " but I am far more sorry for the cause, and hope that 
 the emperor is recovering." 
 
 "All the indications are of the best," answered the prince, 
 " for the emperor has a fine constitution and great courage and 
 endurance, but you know he is a very old man." 
 
 "That." <=«id the general, "adds to the horror one feels for 
 the crime. 
 
 "It is to strange, so strange and so sad," answered the prince, 
 feelingly. "Here is au old man — one of the kindest old gentle- 
 men ir the world — and yet they must try and shoot him! 
 There never was a more simple, more genuine, more — what 
 t' all x say— more humane character than the emperor's. He 
 
56 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 is totally unlike men who come into the world in his rank; bo v n 
 princes are apt to think themselves of another race and an- 
 other world. They are apt to take small account of the wishes 
 and feelings of Others. All their education tends to deaden the 
 human side. But this emperor is so much of a man in all 
 things! He never did any one a wrong in his life. He never 
 wounded any one's feelings; never imposed a hardship! He is 
 the most genial and winning of men — thinking always, aux- 
 ious always for the comfort and welfare of his people — of those 
 around him. You cannot conceive of a finer type of the noble, 
 courteous, charitable old gentleman, with every high quality of 
 a prince, as well as every virtue of a man. I should have sup 
 posed that the emperor could have walked alone all over the 
 empire without harm, and yet they must try and shoot him. 
 In some respects," added the prince after a pause, '"the em- 
 peror resembles his ancestor, Frederick William, the father of 
 Frederick the Great. The difference between the two is, that 
 the old king would be severe and harsh at times to those around 
 him, while the emperor is never harsh to any one. But the old 
 king had so much simplicity of character, lived an austere life; 
 had all the republican qualities. So with this king; he is so re- 
 publican in all things that even the most extreme republican, 
 if he did his character justice, would admire him." 
 
 ''The influence/' said General Grant, " which aimed at the 
 emperor's life, was an influence that would destroy all govern- 
 ment, all order, all society, republics and empires. In America, 
 some of our people are, as I see from the papers, anxious about 
 it. There is only one way to deal with it, and that is by the 
 severest methods. I don't see why a man who commits a crime 
 like this, a crime that not only aims at an old man's life, a 
 ruler's life, but shocks the world, should not meet with the 
 severest punishment. In fact," the general contiuued, ''al- 
 though at home there is a strong sentiment against the death 
 penalty, and it is a sentiment which one naturally respects, I am 
 not sure but it should be made more severe rather than less 
 severe. Something is due to the offended as well as the of- 
 fender, especially where the offended is slain." 
 
 4< That," said the prince, "is entirely my view. My convic- 
 tions are so strong that I resigned the government of Alsace, 
 because I was required to commute sentences of a capital nat- 
 ure. I could not do it in justice to my conscience. You see, 
 this kind old gentleman, the emperor whom these very people 
 have tried to kill, is so gentle that he will never confirm a death 
 sentence. Can you think of anything so strange as that a sov- 
 ereign whose tenderness of heart has practically abolished the 
 death punishment should be the victim of assassination, or at- 
 tempted assassination? That is the fact. W 
 agreed with the emperor on this poiut, and 
 found that as chancellor I had to approve all 
 the death sentence, I resigned. In Prussia th 
 the Minister of Justice; in Alsace it devolved up 
 the French say, that something was due to just 
 like these are rampant they must be severely p 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GttAXT. 57 
 
 " All you can do with such people," said the general, " is to 
 kill them." 
 
 " Precisely so," replied the prince. 
 
 After chatting on various other topics, the prince said that 
 the emperor regretted very much his inability to show General 
 Grant a review in person, and that the crown prince would 
 give him one. " But." said the prince, " the old gentleman is so 
 much of a soldier, and so fond of his army, that nothing would 
 give him more pleasure than to display it to so great a soldier 
 as yourself." 
 
 '•The truth is," said the general, smiling, "I am more of a 
 farmer than a soldier. I take little or no interest in military 
 affairs, and although I entered the army thirty -five years ago, 
 and have been in two wars, in Mexico as a young lieutenant, 
 and later in our civil war, I never went into the army without 
 regret, and never retired without pleasure." 
 
 " You are so happily placed," replied the prince, " in America 
 that you need fear no wars. What always seemed so sad to me 
 about your last great war was that you were fighting your own 
 people. That is always so terrible in wars, so very hard." 
 
 " But it had to be done," said the general. 
 
 " Yes," said the prince, "you had to save the Union just as we 
 had to save Germany." 
 
 " Not only save the Union, but destroy slavery," 
 
 "I suppose, however, the Union was the real sentiment, the 
 dominant sentiment," said the prince. 
 
 "In the beginning, yes," said the general; "but as soon as 
 slavery fired upon the flag it was felt, we all felt, even those 
 •who did not object to slaves, that slavery must be destroyed. 
 "We felt that it was a stain to the Union that men should be 
 bought and sold like cattle." 
 
 "I had an old and good friend, an American, in Motley," said 
 the prince, "who used to write me now and then. Well, when 
 your war broke out, he wrote me. He said, ' I will make a 
 prophecy, and please take this letter and put it in a tree or a 
 box for ten years, then open it and see if I am not a prophet. I 
 prophesy that when this war ends the Union will be established 
 and we shall not lose a village or a hamlet.' This was Motley's 
 prophecy," said the prince, "and it was true." 
 
 "Yes," said the general, "it was true." 
 
 "I suppose if you had had a large army at the beginning of 
 the war it would have ended in a much shorter time?" 
 
 " We might have had no war at all," said the general; "but 
 we cannot tell. Our war had many strange features — there were 
 many things which seemed odd enough at the time, but which 
 now seem providential. If we had had a large regular army, as 
 it was then constituted, it might have gone with the South. In 
 fact, the Souinern feeling in the army among high officers was 
 so strong tba'u when the war broke out the army dissolved. We 
 bad no army then — we had to organize one. A great com- 
 mander likp Sherman or Sheridan even then might have organ- 
 ized an army and put down the rebellion in six months or a 
 year, or at the furthest, two years. But that would have saved 
 
58 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 slavery, perhaps, and slaver}- meant the germs of new rebellion. 
 There had to be an end of slavery. Then we were fighting an 
 enemy with whom we could not make a peace. We had to de- 
 stroy him. No consideration, no treaty was possible." 
 
 " It was a long war," said the prince, "and a great work 
 well done — and I suppose it means a long peace." 
 
 " I believe so," said the general. 
 
 This ended the conversation between the two great men. 
 General Grant arose and said: 
 
 *' Prince. I beg to renew the expression of my pleasure at hav- 
 ing seen a man who is so well known and so highly esteemed 
 in America." 
 
 "General," replied the prince, " the pleasure and the honor 
 are mine. Germany and America have always been in such 
 friendly relationship that nothing delights us more than to meet 
 Americans, and especiall\ T an American who has done so much 
 for his country, and whose name is so much honored in Germany 
 as your own." 
 
 The prince and the general thereupon shook hands, and the 
 general left pleased with the reception he had received, and 
 greatly impressed with the ability of his host. 
 
 The following day the review took place, and the soldierly 
 bearing of the troops was freely remarked upon by the general. 
 
 The general was attended by Major Igel, and in a discussion 
 he had with that officer on the use of the bayonet and saber in 
 modern warfare, the general said: 
 
 "What I mean is this; anything that adds to the burdens 
 carried by the soldier is a weakness to the army. Every ounce 
 he carries should tell in his efficiency. The bayonet is heavy, 
 and if it were removed, or if its weight in food or ammunition 
 were added in its place, the army would be stronger. As 
 for the bayonet as a weapon, if soldiers come near enough to use 
 it, they can do as much good with the club -end of their mus- 
 kets. The same is true as to sabers. I would take away the 
 bayonet, and give the soldiers pistols in the place of sabers; a 
 saber is always an awkward thing to carry."' 
 
 Before leaving Berlin, the general was invited to dinner by 
 Prince Bismarck. The invitation card was in German and the 
 menu in French. The following is an exact copy of the menu: 
 
 MENU: 
 
 Lundi, le ler Juillet. 
 Potage Mullagatawny. 
 Pates a la Financiere. 
 Tin-hot d'Ostende a l'Anglaise. 
 Quartier de Boeuf a la Holsteinaise. 
 Canetons aux ( Hives. 
 ■Ris de Veau a la Milanaise 
 Punch Remain. 
 Poulardes des Bruxelk 
 Salades. ( 
 
 Fonds d'Articliauts a la Ho 
 
 Pain de Fraises a Chant ^ , . 
 
 (daces. 
 Dessert. 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 59 
 
 From Berlin the General left for Hamburg, where he was the 
 recipient of great favors at the hands of the citizens. The 
 American colony, which is very large in that charming city, gave 
 a banquet in his honor, and in response to the consul's toast, 
 General Grant said : 
 
 " Mr. Consul and Friends, — I am much obliged to you for the 
 kind manner in which you drink my health. I share with you 
 in all the pleasure and gratitude which Americans so far from 
 home should feel on this anniversary. But I must dissent from 
 one remark of our consul, to the effect that I saved the country 
 during the recent war. If our country could be saved or ruined 
 by the efforts of any one man, we should not have a country, 
 and we should not be now celebrating our Fourth of July. 
 
 " There are many men who would have done far better than 
 I did under the circumstances in which I found myself during 
 the war. If I had never held command; if I had fallen; if all 
 our generals had fallen, there were ten thousand behind us 
 who would have done our work just as well, who would have 
 followed the contest to the end, and never surrendered the 
 Union. Therefore it is a mistake and a reflection upon the 
 people to attribute to me, or to any number of us who held high 
 "commands, the salvation of the Union. We did our work as 
 well as we could, and so did hundreds of thousands of others. 
 
 " We deserve no credit for it, for we should have been 
 unworthy of our country and of the American name if we had 
 not made eve'ry sacrifice to save the Union. What saved the 
 Union was the coming forward of the young men of the nation. 
 They came from their homes and fields, as they did in the time 
 of the Revolution, giving everything to the country. To their 
 devotion we owe the salvation of the Union. The humblest 
 soldier who earned a musket is entitled to as much credit for 
 the results of the war as those who were in command. So long 
 as our young men are animated by this spirit there will be no 
 fear for the Union." 
 
 On the morning of the 4th the general was serenaded at 'his 
 hotel by the band of the 76th Hanseatic Infantry Regiment, 
 which was in garrison at Hamburg. 
 
 On the 6th he left for Copenhagen. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 In the Scandinavian Peninsula— Grant in Russia— Interview with the 
 Czar— Through Austria and Spain— Grant in Dublin— Presented 
 with the Freedom of the City— Off for India. 
 
 A few days were given to Copenhagen, and then the general 
 was off again to Stockholm, where he saw the relics of Gustavus 
 Adolphus, the hero king of Sweden, who fell at Lutzen, and 
 of the ill-fated warrior Charles XII., the Napoleon of the North. 
 
 At the close of July the general again took ship for St. Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 After a pleasant voyage, the general arrived at his desti- 
 
60 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 nation, and was received at the landing-place by the Honorable 
 E. W. Stoughton, the American Minister. 
 
 On the 31st of July the general had an audience with the 
 Emperor Alexander II., the latter little dreaming at the time 
 of the horrible fate which was in store for him. 
 
 At the close of the interview the emperor escorted his illus- 
 trious guest to the door, saying: 
 
 "Since the foundation of your government, relations be- 
 tween Russia and America have been of the friendliest character, 
 and as long as I live nothing shall be spared to continue this 
 friendship." 
 
 "Although the two governments," said the general, in his 
 reply, " were very opposite in their character, the great majority 
 of the American people were in sympathy with Russia, which 
 good feeling he hoped would long continue." 
 
 The Grand Duke Alexis also called upon the president, and re- 
 called with much pleasure the reception he had received when 
 he vias in America. He particularly inquired after Mrs. General 
 Custer, and expressed the great sorrow he had felt when he 
 heard of her husband's tragic death. 
 
 From St. Petersburg the general went to Moscow, and thence 
 through Poland to Vienna. 
 
 On the evening of the 18th of August, the Austrian capital was 
 reached, and the general was met at the depot by our minister, 
 Mr. Kasson, and a number of Americans sojourning at the time 
 in the city on the blue Danube. On the 20th the general had 
 an audience with the Emperor Francis Joseph; and in the even- 
 ing he dined with Count Andrassy, the Chancellor of the Austro- 
 Hungarian Empire. 
 
 After remaining a few days in Vienna, the general left for 
 Munich, on his way to the south of France. 
 
 It was the best time in the year to see the country, as the vint- 
 age took place just then. 
 
 From France, the general went to Spain, where he met King 
 Alfonso, the Duke of Montpensier, and the great republican 
 orator, Emilio Castelar. From Spain the general hurried north 
 to London, and on the evening of the 2d of July, he crossed 
 over from Holyhead to Dublin. 
 
 In Dublin the general was presented with the freedom of the 
 city, and in reply to the lord-mayor's address he said: 
 
 " My Lord-Mayor, Gentlemen of the Town Council, Ladies and 
 Gentlemen, — I feel very proud to be made a citizen of the great 
 city which you represent, and to be a fellow-citizen with those I 
 see around me to-day. Since my arrival on this side of the 
 Atlantic I have had the pleasure of being made a citizen of 
 quite a number of towns and cities, but nothing has given me 
 more pleasure than to be made a citizen pf the prineippi oit^ ^ 
 Ireland. 
 
 "I am by birth a citizen of a c 
 Irishmen, either native born or 1 
 than there are in all Ireland. I h; 
 and pleasure of representing more 
 ants when in office than the Queen 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 61 
 
 possessed of the eloquence of your lord -mayor, I shall say do 
 more than simply thank you." 
 
 After a pleasant tour through Ireland, the general returned to 
 England, and after resting a week, he left for Marseilles, where 
 he embarked, on the 24th of January, at noon, on the Labour- 
 dounias, for India. 
 
 On the 13th of February, Bombay was reached, and the 
 Government House on Malabar Point was placed at his disposal. 
 
 The general was cordially received by both the English and 
 the natives, and when he left for Alfabad there was much 
 regret. 
 
 It had been arranged that he should be the guest of Sir George 
 and Lady Confer, at Agra, which cut his stay at Allabad short. 
 
 During the few days he spent there, however, he enjoyed him- 
 self immensely, in spite of the tropical heat. The customs of 
 the natives interested him greatly, and the novelty of the sceue 
 was a pleasant surprise. 
 
 From what he saw in India, its teeming population, its vast 
 resources, its wonderful buildings, and the great extent of its 
 territory, the general could very well understand the jealous 
 care with which England guarded this diadem in her crown. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Receptions at Asrra, Delhi, Lucknow, Calcutta and Bombay— At Eurmah 
 and Siam— Letter from the King of Siam— Speech by the King- 
 Grant's Reply— Off for China. 
 
 Leaving Aliabad, General Grant and his party next proceeded 
 to Agra, making the tripon elephants, which was quite aunique 
 way of traveling— at least for Americans. His entry into that 
 town had all the appearance of a scene in a spectacular play. 
 The mabarajah showed the travelers all the Oriental splendors 
 of the town and then the trip through India was continued to 
 Delhi and from thence to Lucknow 
 
 Here, as well as in Calcutta, Bombay, and the other large cities 
 in India. General Grant's reception by the native population, as 
 also by the English residents, was of the most flattering nature. 
 
 The stored treasures of that historic country were displayed to 
 his gaze, and he was even permitted to look upon some of the 
 secret ceremouies of the faiths peculiar to the inhabitants. 
 
 From Calcutta General Grant left for Burmah on board the 
 Simla. On the 19th of March he crossed the Bay of Bengal, and 
 the next day at noon reached Rangoon, the principal business 
 city of Burmah. There the time was spent very pleasantly. The 
 trip was resumed through the Straits of Malacca, and on March 
 28th the party came to Penang, which is at the western end of 
 the straits. The day was passed here, and then the Simla, with 
 its illustriou *cgcr, sailed to Malacca, and thence to Singa- 
 
 pore. 
 
 There the general had the pleasure of meeting iu the Ameri- 
 can Con«u- a certain Major Struder, who had been a lieutenant 
 under him at the battle of Shiloh, seventeen years previously. 
 Little did either of them think, while they were facing the ene- 
 
62 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 my's bullets together, that the next time they should see each 
 other would be thousands of miles away from the country they 
 had so gallantly defended. 
 
 The stay at Singapore was a succession of fetes and receptions 
 given in Grant's honor, the most magnificent of which was that 
 given by the Maharajah of Johore. At Singapore, General 
 Grant received the following letter from the King of Siam, 
 which was inclosed in a blue satin envelope: 
 
 " The Grand Palace, Bangkok, Feb. 4, 1879. 
 
 " My Dear SIR,— Having heard from my minister of foreign 
 affairs, on the authority of the United States Consul, that you 
 are expected in Singapore on your way to Bangkok, I beg to ex- 
 press the pleasure I shall have in making your acquaintance. 
 Possibly you may arrive in Bangkok during my absence at my 
 couutiw residence, Bang Pa In, in which case a steamer will be 
 placed at your disposal to bring you to me. On arrival, I beg 
 you to communicate with his excellency, my minister of foreign 
 affairs, who will arrange for your reception and. entertainment. 
 
 " Very truly yours, 
 
 " Chulahlongkorn, R. S. 
 
 " To General Grant, late President of the United States." 
 
 Such an invitation could not be declined, and accordingly on 
 the 9th of April the voyageurs embarked on the steamer Kong- 
 See, and sailing through "the Gulf of Siam reached Bangkok on 
 the 15th. 
 
 On landing, an aid of the king handed General Grant another 
 letter, this time inclosed in yellow satin. It read: 
 
 " The Grand Palace, Bangkok, April 11, 1879. 
 
 " SIR,— I have very great pleasure in welcoming you to Siam. 
 It is, I am informed, your pleasure that your reception should be 
 a private one; but you must permit me to show, as far as I can, 
 the high esteem in which I hold the most eminent citizen of 
 the great nation which has been so friendly to Siam, and so kind 
 and just in all its intercourse with the nations of the far East. 
 
 "That you may be near me during your stay I have com- 
 manded my brother, his Royal Highness, the Celestial Prince 
 Bhanurangsi Swanguongse, to prepare rooms for you and your 
 party in the Suranrom Palace, close to my palace, and I most 
 cordially invite you, Mrs. Grant, and your party at once to take 
 up your residence there, and my brother will represent me as 
 your host. " Your friend, 
 
 "Chulahlongkorn, R. S. 
 
 "His Excellency General Grant, late President of the United 
 States." 
 
 During his whole stay in Bangkok, the general and his party 
 occupied the beautiful palace which the hospitable kin • had 
 placed at their disposal. There they r< 
 the temples and the sacred white elep 
 eral Grant paid his respects to the 1 
 and on the next day the king return 
 state to see the general at the palace 
 garded in Siam as the highest honor w 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. <J3 
 
 This great compliment was followed up on the next morning by 
 a dinner to the guests at the king's palace. When the time came 
 for the toasts, the king made an address of welcome, to which 
 General Grant replied as follows: 
 
 "Your Majesty, Ladies and Gentlemen— I am very much 
 obliged to your majesty for the kind and complimentary manner 
 in which you have welcomed me to Siam. I am glad that it 
 has been my good fortune to visit this country and to thank 
 your majesty in person for your letters inviting me to Siam, and 
 to see with my own eyes your country and your people. 
 
 " I feel that it would have been a misfortune if the pro- 
 gramme of my journey had not included Siam. I have now 
 been absent from home nearly two years, and during that time 
 I have seen every capital and nearly every large city in Eu- 
 rope, as well as the principal cities in India, Barman, and the 
 Malay Peninsula. I have seen nothing that has interested me 
 more than Siam, and every hour of my visit here has been agree- 
 able and instructive. 
 
 "For the welcome I have received from your majesty, the 
 princes, aud members of the Siamese Government, and the peo- 
 ple generally, I am very grateful. J accept it not as personal 
 to myself alone, but as a mark of the friendship felt for my 
 country by your majesty and the people of Siam. I am glad to 
 see that feeling, because I believe that the best interests of the 
 two countries can be benefited by nothing so much as the estab- 
 lishment of the most cordial relations between them. 
 
 11 On my return to America I shall do what I can to cement 
 these relations. I hope that in America we shall see more of 
 the Siamese, that we shall have embassies and diplomatic rela- 
 tions, that our commerce and manufactures will increase with 
 Siam, aud that your young men will visit our country and 
 attend our colleges as they now go to colleges in Germany and 
 England. I can assure them all a kind reception, and I feel that 
 the visits would be interesting and advantageous. 
 
 "I again thank your majesty for the splendid hospitality 
 which has been shown to myself and my party, and I trust that 
 your reign will be happy and prosperous, and that Siam will 
 continue to advance in the arts of civilization. 
 
 " I hope you will allow me to ask you to drink to the health 
 of his majesty the King of Siam. I am honored by the oppor- 
 tunity of proposing that toast in his own capital, in his .own 
 palace, and of saying how much I have been impressed with his 
 enlightened rule. I now ask you to drink the health of his maj- 
 esty the king, and prosperity and peace to the people of Siam." 
 
 General Grant being informed that the United States man- 
 of-war Ashuelot, which was to take him on the rest of his 
 tour, would soon arrive at Singapore, left Bangkok on the 17th, 
 bidding farewell to the king, who had been the most generous 
 and affable host he bad thus far met on his travels. From 
 Packnam he sent the king the following dispatch: 
 
 "On my departure from your territory allow me to renew 
 my thanks for your many acts of courtesy during my brief visit 
 
64 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 to Siam. I shall ever remember it with pleasure, and enter- 
 tain the hope that I may be able, at some day, to return it in 
 part by receiving and entertaining in my own country some of 
 those near and dear to you." 
 
 The polite king responded as follows: 
 
 " My dear General Grant, — I received your kind tele- 
 gram on leaving Siam, and was very much pleased to hear 
 that you were satisfied with your reception. Your reception 
 was not all I could have wished for; I had not sufficient 
 notice to enable me to prepare much that I desired to prepare, 
 but the good-nature of your excellency and Mrs. Grant has 
 made you excuse the deficiencies. 
 
 " You will now pass on to wealthier cities and more powerful 
 nations, but I depend on your not forgetting Siam, and from 
 time to time I shall write to you and hope to receive a few 
 words in return. 
 
 "I shall certainly never forget the pleasure your visit has 
 given me, and I shall highly prize the friendship thus inaugu- 
 rated with your excellency and Mrs. Grant. 
 
 '• I send my kind regards to Mr. Borie. wishing him long life, 
 health and happiness, and with the same wish to yourself and 
 Mrs. Grant and your family, I am. 
 
 " Your faithful friend. 
 
 " Chulahlongkorn, R. S." 
 
 The interesting correspondence between General Grant and 
 the king was closed wuh the following letter: 
 
 " To his Majesty the King of Siam: 
 
 " Dear Sir, — Just before leaving Hong Kon# for Shanghai I 
 received your very welcome letter of the 20th of April, and 
 avail myself of the first opportunity of replying. J can assure 
 you that nothing more could have been done by your majesty 
 and ail those about you to make the visit to myself and party 
 pleasant and agreeable. 
 
 " Every one of us will retain the most pleasant recollections of 
 our visit to Siam, and of the cordial reception we received from 
 yourself and all with whom we were thrown in contact. I shall 
 always be glad to hear from you and to hear of the prosperitv 
 and progress of the beautiful country over which you rule with 
 so much justice and thought for the ruled. Mv partv are all 
 well and join me in expression of highest regards for yourself 
 and cabinet, and wishes for long life, health and happiness to 
 all of you, and peace and prosperity for Siam. 
 
 "Your friend. U. S. Grant." 
 
 This letter is very characteristic of General Grant. He ad- 
 dresses the king off-handedly as " dear sir," and concludes with 
 " your friend," much in the same way as if he were writing to 
 one who was not considered little less than a celestial being bv 
 his subjects. It shows Grant's thorough democracy, and that 
 in spite of the honors showered on him by emperors, kings and 
 potentates he remained the simple, straightforward American 
 citizen, whom no pomp or ceremony or "flummery of rank " 
 could dazzle or bewilder. 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 65 
 
 Politeness obliged him to endure a great deal of the display 
 and fuss which seems a part of royal greetings, but it must 
 have wearied him greatly, and, no doubt, he viewed much of 
 what w T as merely show with a covert smile of pity or contempt. 
 His sturdy democratic nature, reared amid simple republican 
 surroundings, must have often revolted against the shams of 
 rank and title which characterize the Old World, and must have 
 imbued him with a greater love than ever for the free and inde- 
 pendent form of government which it is our pride to possess. 
 
 In view of all this, how silly and absurd are the slanders of 
 Grant's malicious enemies, who raised the cry that he wished to 
 become !a sort of Caesar and found an imperial dynasty! It 
 needs no greater proof that all such ideas were foreign to his 
 nature than the letter to the King of Siam, which we have 
 quoted above. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 On Board the Ashuelot— At Hong Kong— Reception at Canton— The 
 
 Viceroy's Proclamations— Speech at Macao— At Shanghai and 
 
 Tientsin —Grant and His Party Transferred to the Richmond, which 
 
 Sails for Japan. 
 
 On his return to Singapore, General Grant found a telegram 
 
 from Captain Benham, stating that the Ashuelot would not reach 
 
 there until the 28th. Not wishing to wait for its arrival, he and 
 
 his party started for Hong Kong on board the steamer Irrawaddy. 
 
 They left Singapore on the 23d of April, arriviug at Saigon on 
 
 the 27th. They stopped there only a few hours, when they put 
 
 out to sea again, and on the 30th entered the harbor of Hong 
 
 Kong where they found the Ashuelot awaiting their arrival. 
 
 At Hong Kong, the first man to greet General Grant was 
 the redoubtable guerrilla chief, Colonel John S. Mosby, who 
 during the war had done his best to break up the Union, but 
 was now enjoying the honors and receiving the emoluments of 
 the position of American Consul at this port. The two men 
 shook hands cordially and greeted each other as pleasantly as if 
 they had never faced each other in hostile array. Colonel 
 Mosby was willing enough to forget and General Grant gener- 
 ous enough to forgive. 
 
 The general stayed at Hong Kong until the 5th of May, being 
 received with all due honors by the English officials and the 
 native population. On that day he went on board the Ashue- 
 lot, and proceeded to Canton. 
 
 With leaving Hong Kong, he left behind him British rule in 
 China. He was now to see the great empire under its native 
 government. The Emperor of China had given orders to receive 
 the distinguished guest with all the marks of attention due to so 
 illustrious a personage. 
 
 As the Ashuelot approached Canton, the Chinese gunboats in 
 the harbor fired a salute. 
 
 A boafc-load of mandarins, all arrayed in their official robes, 
 came alongside the vessel and formally welcomed the general to 
 China, No inhabitant of a western clime of so high a rank had 
 
66 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 ever before visited the Flowery Kingdom, and General Grant's 
 coming created great excitement among all classes of the popu- 
 lation. 
 
 The viceroy of the province issued proclamations to the people 
 ordering them to show every honor to the distinguished for- 
 eigner, under penalty of severe punishment to any one who 
 would show the slightest disrespect to the general. The follow- 
 ing is a translation of one of the proclamations: 
 
 " We have just heard that the King of America, being on 
 friendly terms with China, will leave America early in the third 
 month, bringing with him a suit of officers, etc., all complete on 
 board the ship. It is said that he is bringing a large number of 
 rare presents with him, and that he will be here in Canton about 
 the 6th or 9th of Ma v. 
 
 "He will land at the Fintay Ferry, and will proceed to the 
 viceroy's palace bv way of the South Gate, the Fantai's Ugamun 
 and the Waniug Street. Viceroy Kuu has arranged that all the 
 mandarins shall be there to meet him, and a full court will be 
 held. 
 
 " After a little friendly conversation he will leave the viceroy s 
 palace and visit the various objects of interest within and with- 
 out the walls. He will then proceed to the Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral, to converse and pass the night. It is not stated what 
 will then take place, but notice will be given." 
 
 The reception by the viceroy indicated in the above procla- 
 mation took place at two o'clock of the day after the general's 
 arrival. According to the custom of the country, the tourists 
 were carried to the palace in sedan chairs, and probably two 
 hundred thousand people lined the narrow streets to see the 
 strange procession pass by. 
 
 On reaching the palace, the viceroy was seen standing at the 
 (lom. He welcomed the general in Oriental fasliion, and after 
 having shown him the Eastern magnificence of the interior 
 decorations of his home, offered him a cup of tea. 
 
 The general remained in Canton until the 9th of May, and 
 then set sail for Macao. Shortly after his departure, he received 
 the following letter from the viceroy: 
 
 " To His Excellency the late President: 
 
 "It has been a high honor, and a source of the deepest satis- 
 faction to myself, the high provincial authorities and the gentry 
 and people of Canton, that your excellency, whom we have so 
 long desired to see, has been so good as to come among us. 
 
 " Upon learning from you of your early departure, while I 
 dare not interfere to delay you, I had hoped, in company with 
 my associates, to present my humble respects at the moment of 
 your leaving. I refrain from doing so, in obedience to your 
 command. 
 
 " I have ventured to send a few trifles to your honored wife, 
 which I hope she will be so kind as to accept. 
 
 "I trust that you both will have a prosperous journey through- 
 out all your way, and that you both may be granted many years 
 mil I abundant good. Should I ever !.<■ honored by my sovereign 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 67 
 
 with a mission abroad, it will be my most devout prayer and 
 earnest desire that I may meet you again. 
 
 " I respectfully wish you the 'fullness of peace. 
 
 "LlA Kun." 
 
 To this the general replied: 
 
 " His Excellency the Viceroy of Kwangtung and Kwanghdi; 
 
 "Dear Sir, — Before leaving Hong Kong for more extended 
 visits through the Celestial Empire, I was placed in possession 
 of your very welcome letter, giving expression to the best wishes 
 of your excellency and of all the high officials in Canton for 
 myself and mine. 
 
 il Since then it has been my good fortune to visit Swatow and 
 Amoy, both, I understand, under your excellency's government, 
 and have received at each the same distinguished reception ac- 
 corded at Canton. Myself and party will carry with us from 
 China the most pleasant recollections of our visit to the country 
 over which you preside, and of the hospitalities received at your 
 hands. 
 
 " Mrs. Grant desires to thank you especially for the beautiful 
 specimens of Chinese work which you presented to her. AVith 
 the best wishes of myself and party for your health, long life, 
 and prosperity, and in hopes that we may meet again, 
 "I am your friend, 
 
 "U. S. Grant." 
 
 After a short stay at the Portuguese settlement of Macao, 
 during which the famous grotto of Camoens was inspected, 
 General Grant returned to Hong Kong to be present at a dinner 
 given iu his honor. In response to a toast proposed by Mr. 
 Hennessv, the governor of the colony. General Grant said: 
 
 "lam very grateful to you for your kind address, to which I 
 would be happy to respond, but there is so much personal and 
 flattering to myself that I find it impossible. 
 
 " It is only a continuance of the kindness that I have received, 
 not only in England but in India, in the British colonies; wher- 
 ever, in fact, I have met Englishmen, I have met nothing but 
 courtesy, hospitality, goodwill to myself and my country. As 
 you have said, I am about to leave the British aud pass into the 
 Chinese Empire. I have met no gentlemen so kind as the 
 gentlemen of England. For their reception, more especially 
 for their reception in Hong Kong, I am grateful, and I do not 
 know that I can say anything which is nearer to my heart, now 
 that I am leaving the British Empire, than to ask you all to 
 unite in this sentiment: The perpetual friendship and alliance 
 of the two great English-speaking nations of the world— England 
 and America." 
 
 On the Monday morning following, General Grant took leave 
 of his generous hosts and embarked on board the Ashuelot for 
 a cruise along the coast of China. On the 15th of May the 
 vessel arrived at Swatow, where the general was received by our 
 consul, Mr. Williams. An hour was spent in sight-seeing, and 
 then the voyage was continued to Amoy, where the general was 
 
68 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 received by a salute fired from the American man-of-war, the 
 Eanger, which happened then to be cruising in Chinese waters. 
 
 A reception was given on board the Ranger, which was 
 attended by all the dignitaries of the town, and, at dusk, the 
 Ashuelot steamed to Shanghai, which port was reached on the 
 17th of May, All the different men-of-war in the harbor fired 
 salutes and manned the yards; the merchantmen at anchor 
 were gayly decked in flags, and as the Ashuelot passed, the 
 crews cheered. 
 
 Mr. Little, the chairman of the municipal council, receive 3 the 
 general, and welcomed him to Shanghai on behalf of the foreign 
 community. The general, in his reply, said: 
 
 " I am very much obliged to you for the hearty welcome 
 which you have paid me, and I must say that I have been a 
 little surprised, and agreeably surprised. I have now been a 
 short time in the country of which Shanghai forms so important 
 a part in a commercial way, and I have seen much to interest 
 me and much to instruct me. I wish I had known ten years 
 ago what I have lately learned. I hope to carry back to my 
 country a report of all I have seen in this part of the world, for 
 it will be of interest and, possibly, of great use. I thank you 
 again for the hearty welcome you have given me." 
 
 At the conclusion of the speech, the general was driven to the 
 consulate, where he remained during his stay at Shanghai. The 
 Monday evening following a grancl torchlight procession and 
 illumination, which surpassed anything in the history of the 
 city, were given in his honor. On the 23d of May, he attended 
 the Chinese theater, and the next day he continued his voyage, 
 stopping at Tientsin, where he met Li-Hung-Chang, the viceroy 
 of the province and the greatest living Chinese statesman, who 
 gave him a banquet which was attended by the full consular 
 corps. In reply to the toast of the evening, General Grant said: 
 
 "I am very much obliged to you for the welcome I have re- 
 ceived in Tientsin, which is only a repetition of the kindness 
 shown to me by the representatives of all nations since I came 
 within the coasts of China. I am grateful to the viceroy for 
 the special consideration I have received at his hands. His 
 history as a soldier and statesman of the Chinese Empire has 
 been known to me as it has been known to all at home who 
 have followed Chinese affairs for a quarter of a century. 
 
 "I am glad to meet one who has done such great service to 
 his country. My visit to China has been full of interest. I 
 have learned a great deal of the civilization, the manners, the 
 achievements, and the industry of the Chinese people, and I 
 shall leave the country with feelings of friendship toward them, 
 and a desire that they may be brought into relations of the 
 closest commercial alliance and intercourse with the other 
 nations. 
 
 " I trust that the viceroy will some time find it in his power 
 to visit my country, when I shall be proud to return, so far as 
 I can, the 'hospitality I have received from him. Again thank- 
 ing your excellency for your reception, and you gentlemen of 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 69 
 
 the consular corps for your kindness, I ask you to join me in a 
 toast to the prosperity of China and the health of the viceroy." 
 
 Two days after leaving Tientsin the tourists reached Pekn, 
 the capital of China. There the general was received by Prince 
 Kung, the regent and uncle of the emperor, who was then only 
 seven years old. He remained two weeks at Pekin, passing a 
 sort of life which must have seemed to him like a chapter out 
 of the "Arabian Nights." He then returned to Tientsin, which 
 he reached on the 12th of June, for the purpose of transferring 
 himself and party on board the United States man-of-war Rich- 
 mond, which was to take the voyagers to Japan, the Ashuelot 
 remaining in the Chinese waters. 
 
 On the 21st of June the vessel steamed into the Bay of 
 Nagasaki, and General Grant for the first time caught a glimpse 
 of Japan. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 In Japan— At Nagasaki— Yokohama— Tokio— Meeting the Mikado— At 
 the Shrine of Nikko— Off for Home. 
 
 A Japanese barge, having on board Prince Dati, Mr. Yoshida, 
 and the governor, all in court uniforms, was seen coming from 
 the shore. These officials were welcomed and escorted to the 
 cabin. Prince Dati said he had been commanded by the mika- 
 do to welcome General Grant on his landing in the name of his 
 majesty. Prince Dati is one of the greatest noblemen in Japan, 
 while Mr. Yoshida was the Japanese minister to this country 
 during Grant's administration, and an old personal friend of the 
 general. He had been telegraphed by the Japanese Government 
 to come home on purpose to receive General Grant. He speaks 
 English fluently. 
 
 Escorted by these personages, General Grant made his entry 
 into the town of Nagasaki. 
 
 On the evening of the 23d he was given a dinner at the Govern- 
 ment House, at which Mr. Bingham, the American Minister to 
 Japan, was present. In replying to the toast of the Governor 
 of Nagasaki, Utsumi Togatsu, General Grant said: 
 
 "You have here to-night several Americans who have the 
 talent of speech, and who could make an eloquent response to 
 the address in which my health was proposed. I have no such 
 gift, and I never lamented its absence more than now, when 
 there is so much that I want to say about your country, your 
 people, and your progress. 
 
 " I have not been an inattentive observer of that progress, and 
 in America we have been favored with accounts of it from my 
 distinguished friend, whom you all know as the friend of Japan, 
 and whom it was my privilege to send as minister— I mean 
 Judge Bingham. The spirit which has actuated the mission 
 of Judge Bingham— the spirit of sympathy, support", and concilia- 
 tion—not only expressed my own sentiments, but tnose of 
 America. 
 
 "America has much to gain in the East— no nation has 
 greater interests; but America has nothing to gain except what 
 
70 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 comes from the cheerful acquiescence of the Eastern people, 
 and insures them as much benefit as it does us. I should be 
 ashamed of my country if its relations with other nations, and 
 especially with these ancient and most interesting empires of 
 the East, were based upon any other idea. 
 
 "We have rejoiced over your progress. We have watched 
 you step by step. We have followed the unfolding of your old 
 civilization and its absorbing the new. You have had our pro- 
 found sympathy in that work, our sympathy in the troubles 
 which came with it, and our friendship. I hope it may con- 
 tinue, that it may long continue. 
 
 "As I have said, America has great interests in the East. 
 She is your next neighbor. She is more affected by the Eastern 
 populations than any other power. She can never be insensible 
 to what is doing here. Whatever her influence may be, I am 
 proud to think that it has always been exerted in behalf of jus- 
 tice and kindness. 
 
 " No nation needs from the outside powers justice and kindne s 
 more than Japan, because the work that has made such marvel- 
 ous progress in the past few years is a work in which we are 
 deeply concerned, in the success of which we see a new era in 
 civilization, and which we should encourage. 
 
 "I do not know, gentlemen, that I can say anything more 
 than this in response to the kind words of the governor. Judge 
 Bingham can speak with much more eloquence and much more 
 authority as our minister, but 1 could not allow this occasion to 
 pass without saying how deeply I sympathized with Japan in 
 her efforts to advance, and how much those efforts were ap- 
 preciated in America. In that spirit I ask you to unite with 
 me in a sentiment: The prosperity and the independence of 
 Japan." 
 
 During his stay in Nagasaki, the general visited the Nagasaki 
 Fair, which was held in the town park, and in deference to the 
 governor's wishes, he planted a tree there. The governor in- 
 formed him that the town of Nagasaki intended to erect a 
 monument commemorating his visit, and that if the general 
 would only write an inscription, it would be engraved in English 
 and Japanese characters, on the stone. Accordingly, the geneial 
 wrote the following: 
 
 " Nagasaki, Jafak, June 22, 1870. 
 
 " At the request of the governor, Utsumi Togatsu, Mrs. Grant 
 and I have each planted a tree in the Nagasaki Park. I hope 
 that both trees may prosper, grow large, live long, and in their 
 growth, prosperity and long life be emblematic of the future of 
 Japan. U. S. Grant." 
 
 On the 26th of June, the general re-embarked on board the 
 Richmond, and at five o'clock in the afternoon he arrived at 
 Hiogo. 
 
 A visit was paid to this interesting city, and the cleanliness 
 of its streets much admired. At night thevoyage was proceeded 
 with, and at ten the next morning, amid the booming of the 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 71 
 
 guns of the American man-of-war, the Monongahela, Yoko- 
 hama was reached. 
 
 At noon, the general landed and was received by the highest 
 dignitaries of the empire. Mr. I wakara, the second prime min- 
 ister, advanced and shook hands with him. The general wae 
 well acquainted with this official, having met him in Washing- 
 ton, whither he had been sent on a mission during the general's 
 administration. There were also Ito, Inomoto. and Tereshima, 
 also members of the cabinet, two princes of the imperial family, 
 and a retinue of officials. The general and party, together with 
 the ministers and officials, drove to the railway station, where a 
 special train was in waiting, and at a quarter past one, the party 
 left for Tokio, the capital of Japan. 
 
 After a ride of an hour through a smiling and cultivated 
 country, Tokio was reached, and a carriage was found waiting 
 at the station for the general, which conveyed him to the em- 
 peror's summer palace, Enriokvvan, which had been prepared 
 for his reception. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 4th of July, he had an interview with 
 the mikado. 
 
 The mikado spoke to him for a few moments, and then one 
 of his highness' ministers read an address to the general. In 
 his reply General Grant said: 
 
 "Your Majesty— I am very grateful for the welcome you 
 accord me here to-day and for the great kindness with which I 
 have been received ever since I came to Japan by your govern- 
 ment and your people. I recognize in this a feeling of friend- 
 ship toward my country. I can assure you that this feeling is 
 reciprocated by the United States; that our people, without re- 
 gard to party, take the deepest interest in all that concerns Japan, 
 and have the warmest wishes for her welfare. I am happy to be 
 able to express that sentiment. America is your next neighbor, 
 and will always give Japan sympathy and support in her efforts 
 to advance. I again thank your majesty for your hospitality, 
 and wish you a long and happy reign and for your people pros- 
 perity and independence." 
 
 In the evening our national holiday was celebrated by the 
 American colony by a gorgeous display of fireworks and illu- 
 minations iu one of the summer gardens. General Grant arrived 
 at the celebration at half -past eight, and was presented to the 
 residents by Judge Bingham. 
 
 The Japanese troops were reviewed by the general on the 7th 
 of July. He was surprised at the wonderful advance which 
 Japan had made in military tactics and in the armament and 
 equipment of the native soldiers, which were patterned after the 
 best European and American models. At the close of the re- 
 view General Grant and party were taken to the Shila Palace, 
 where they were entertained by the mikado. 
 
 On the 17th of July General Grant left Tokio for a visit to the 
 shrine and temple of Nikko, which city he reached at four o'clock 
 of the same afternoon. He remained in Nikko ten days, enjoy 
 ing the mountain scenery, visiting the waterfalls, strolling 
 
72 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 about the temple and looking at the tombs and monuments, 
 especially the shrine of Iyeyas, one of the great names of Japan 
 whose tomb makes Nikko a sacred spot. 
 
 Many entertainments were given him. and one occasion the 
 whole "town turned out in procession, carrying banners and tro- 
 phies. He left Nikko on the 28th, and on the 31st, tired and 
 worn'out with travel, he returned to his pleasant quarters at En- 
 riokwan, the summer palace at Tokio. The climax of the fes- 
 tivities in Japan was formed by a grand fete given him by the 
 people of Tokio on the 25th of August. Hundreds of thousands 
 lined the streets, all the public buildings and business houses 
 were decorated and triumphal arches spanned the thoroughfares. 
 
 On the 30th General Grant took farewell of the mikado. The 
 ceremonies which took place at the palace were highly inter- 
 esting. The general addressed his imperial highness as follows: 
 
 " Your Majesty — I come to take my leave and to thank you, 
 the officers of your government and the people of Japan, for the 
 great hospitality and kindness I have received at the hands of 
 all during my most pleasant visit to this country. I have now 
 been two months in Tokio and the surrounding neighborhood 
 and two previous weeks in the more southerly part of the 
 country. 
 
 "It affords me great satisfaction to say that during all this 
 stay and all my visiting I have not witnessed one discourtesy 
 to myself, nor a single unpleasant sight. Everywhere there 
 seems to be the greatest contentment among the people, and 
 while no signs of great industrial wealth exist, no absolute 
 poverty is visible. This is in striking and pleasing contrast with 
 almost every other country I have visited. 
 
 " I leave Japan greatly impressed with the possibilities and 
 probabilities of her future. She has a fertile soil, one half of it 
 not vet cultivated to man's use; great, undeveloped mineral re- 
 sources, numerous and fine harbors, an extensive sea-coast, the 
 surrounding waters abounding in fish of an almost endless va- 
 riety, and, above all, an industrious, ingenious, contented, and 
 frugal population. 
 
 ** With all these, nothing is wanted to insure great progress, 
 except wise direction by the government, peace at home and 
 abroad, and non-interference in the internal and domestic affairs 
 of the country by outside nations. It is the sincere desire of 
 your guests to see Japan realize all possible strength and great- 
 ness, to see her as independent of foreign rule or dictation as 
 any western nation now is, and to see affairs so directed by her 
 as to command the respect of the civilized world. 
 
 " In saying this, I believe I reflect the sentiments of the great 
 majority of my countrymeu. I now take my leave without ex- 
 pectation of ever again having the opportunity of visiting Japan, 
 but with the assurance that pleasant recollection of my present 
 visit will not vanish while my life lasts. That your majesty may 
 long reign over a prosperous and contented people, and enjoy 
 every blessing, is my sincere prayer." 
 
 To this the mikado replied: 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 73 
 
 " Your visit has given us so much satisfaction and pleasure 
 that we can only lament that the time for your departure has 
 come. We regret also that the heat of the season has prevented 
 several of your proposed visits to different places. In the mean- 
 time, however, we have greatly enjoyed the pleasure of frequent 
 interviews with you, and the cordial expressions which you 
 have just addressed to us in taking your leave, have given us 
 great additional satisfaction. 
 
 "America and Japan, being near neighbors, separated by an 
 ocean only, will become more and more closely connected with 
 each other as time goes on. It is gratifying to feel assured that 
 your visit to our empire, which enabled us to form very pleasant 
 personal acquaintance with each other, will facilitate and 
 strengthen the friendly relations that have heretofore happily 
 existed between the two countries. 
 
 " And now we cordially wish you a safe and pleasant voyage 
 home, and that you will on your return rind your nation in 
 peace and prosperity, and that you and your family may enjoy 
 long life and happiness." 
 
 General Grant had intended to depart the next day, but there 
 were so many leave-takings to be gone through that it was not 
 until Tuesday, the 2d of September, that he and his party started 
 for home in the Pacific mail steamer City of Tokio. 
 
 . CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Across the Pacific— Welcome Home at San Francisco— Speech at Port- 
 land—In Sacramento— Across the Continent— The Demonstration 
 in Chicago— Grant's Longest Speech— Receptions in Louisville, 
 Cincinnati, and Pittsburg— Arrival at Philadelphia— The Tour 
 Around the World Completed— The Grand Army of the Republic 
 Give a Monster Reception to Their Old Commander. 
 
 The homeward trip across the Pacific was made in eighteen 
 days. On the voyage the general passed the time in reading, 
 occasionally joining briefly in social conversation with his fel- 
 low-passengers. 
 
 As soon as the City of Tokio was sighted in the harbor of San 
 Francisco, steam-whistles were blown and cannons were fired. ! 
 Thousands of men, women and children on foot, in carriages 
 and on horseback, thronged Presidio Heights, Point Lobos and 
 Telegraph Hill, eager to catch the first glimpse of the incoming 
 ship. 
 
 Between four and five o'clock, the reception committee, con- 
 sisting of Frank M. Pixiey, Ex -Senator Cole, General Miller and 
 P. B. Cornwall, started out in a tug to meet the steamer. No 
 ceremony was observed, except a general shaking of hands, and 
 the committee announced the object of their visit, and informed 
 General Grant of the reception prepared for him. Shortly after 
 six o'clock the City of Tokio glided into full view of the impa- 
 tient crowds that covered the hilltops, and cheer after cheer 
 burst from the assembled thousands as the vessel slowly rounded 
 Telegraph Hill. The vicinity of the Ferry Landing was literally 
 
74 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 jammed with people for blocks, and near the landing line after 
 line of troops and civic organizations was ranged. 
 
 The general and his paity were transferred to the ferry steamer 
 Oakland, and as she reached the dock the band struck up " Home 
 Again," and amid cheers from the crowd, General Grant stepped 
 once more upon the shore of his native land. As he came up 
 the gangway escorted by the reception committee, he was met 
 by Mayor Bryant, the supervisors, the governor and staff and 
 the executive committee, and after brief informal congratula- 
 tions, Mayor Bryant made a short speech of welcome, in reply to 
 which General Grant said: 
 
 " I accept with pleasure your invitation to become the guest 
 of your citizens during my brief stay in San Francisco. It will 
 afford me great pleasure to observe, after the lapse of a quarter 
 of a century, the marvelous growth of your city, of which I have 
 heard and read so much, and I have no doubt, that when I 
 come to see for myself, I will find that I had but a faint idea 
 of the changes and prosperity of your city. I again ask you to 
 express to the citizens of San Francisco, my sincere appreciation 
 of the compliment of the reception." 
 
 The general was then escorted to a carriage, and, followed by 
 an impromptu procession of thousands, taken to the Palace 
 Hotel where there was an arch forty feet in height, blazoned with 
 national colors and bearing the inscription, "Welcome to Grant." 
 During the entire evening the hotel was besieged by enthusiastic 
 thousands, and the general had to appear on the balcony twice 
 and make short speeches. 
 
 During General Grant's stay at San Francisco, he received in- 
 vitations from almost all the principal cities throughout the 
 United States, to visit them. 
 
 Among the invitations he accepted was one to visit Oregon, 
 where a public reception was given to him at Portland, on the 
 15th of October. In response to the speech of welcome made by 
 Judge Strong, in the presence of eight thousand persons, Gen- 
 eral Grant said: 
 
 "I am proud of the reception now tendered me, and of those 
 which have been tendered at your hands. It is a pleasure to be 
 back again near the place I enjoyed so much twenty-six years 
 ago. 
 
 " I am glad to note the evidences of your prosperity and I hope 
 it is only a beginning of the great improvement in the near 
 future. When I first came here, Oregon and Washington were 
 one territory, small in population but large in area. Now, you 
 have one prosperous state and a territory which I hope soon to 
 see become a state. You have the soil and the climate to sup- 
 port a population sufficient for many states. 
 
 " In your remarks, you have alluded to the struggles of the 
 past. I am glad that they are at an end. It never was a pleas- 
 ure to me that they had a beginning. The result has left us a 
 nation to be proud of, strong at home and respected abroad. 
 
 "Our reputation has extended beyond the civilized nations; it 
 has penetrated even the less civilized parts of the earth. In my 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 75 
 
 travels I have noticed that foreign nations appeared to respect 
 us more than we respect ourselves. I have noticed the grandeur 
 at which we have been estimated by other powers, and their 
 judgments should give us a higher estimate of our own great- 
 ness. 
 
 " They recognize that poverty, as they understand it, is not 
 known with us, and the man of comparative affluence with them 
 is sometimes no better clad or fed than our paupers. Nowhere 
 are better elements of success than on the Pacific coast. Here 
 those who fought on opposite sides during the war are now 
 peacefully associated together in a country of whicn they all 
 have the same right to be proud. I thank the people again 
 through you, Judge Strong, for this reception." 
 
 The general then returned to San Francisco, where he re- 
 mained for a few days, and then left for Sacramento, arriving 
 in the latter city on the 22d of October. 
 
 It was about 1 P. M. wheu the train moved into the depot, 
 where it was met by a vast concourse of people. 
 
 Governor Irwin and Mayor Turner escorted General Grant to 
 a carriage, which drove to the Capitol. There the general and 
 his party alighted, and passing through the ranks of three 
 thousand school children, ascended the stand which had been 
 temporarily erected in front of the main entrance. 
 
 The Hou. Henry Edgerton delivered an address of welcome, 
 to which General Grant replied: 
 
 " If I was ever accustomed to speaking, it would be impossi- 
 ble for me to respond to the welcome which I have just received. 
 My modesty would not allow me to say even what I should like 
 to. With all my heart I thank you and I thank the citizens of 
 Sacramento and California, for the welcome that I have re- 
 ceived in every place that I have been in, since my arrival on 
 your coast. 
 
 " I have traveled some on this coast, and every place where I 
 have been I have met with the same hearty reception. I can 
 repeat to you what I have said in other places: that of all the hos- 
 pitality bestowed, all the honors conferred, there is nothiug tuat 
 has been so grateful to my heart as the reception I have received 
 at the hands of the people here. 
 
 " I would not say what has been done abroad. It has been all 
 that could be done for me. It has been for the people I see be- 
 fore me, for the people of this great country, that is recognized 
 abroad as one of the greatest countries in the world. If we all. 
 every one of us, could see other countries, as I have seen them, 
 we would all make better citizens, or at least the average of 
 the citizeus would be better. It is impossible for me to say 
 more, but I thank you again." 
 
 At the conclusion of his remarks the general and party were 
 conducted to the Golden Engle Hotel. The demonstration in 
 the evening surpassed in enthusiasm and in the numbers present, 
 the display during the day. Long before the hour for the re- 
 ception arrived the Capitol grounds w T ere packed with people, 
 not less than 20,000 being present. The Capitol was brilliautly 
 
76 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 illuminated and the grounds were lighted up with Chinese lan- 
 terns and calcium lights. 
 
 At eight o'clock General Grant left the Golden Eagle Hotel; 
 the route to the Capitol was lighted with colored lights and fire- 
 works. 
 
 There was a brilliant display of fireworks as General Grant 
 
 reached the Capitol, and after viewing the display for a. time 
 
 from a window, he took up a position in the assembly chamber 
 
 in front of the speaker's desk, attended by Governor Irwin an r l 
 
 >r gentlemen. The great doors of the Capitol were then 
 
 >wn open and the crowd passing up-stairs, filed by the gen 
 
 , paying their respects to him. 
 
 1 the next day the general proceeded to Pioneer Hall, 
 re he was presented with a certificate of membership in the 
 amento Society of Pioneers. Holding the certificate in his 
 1, the general said: 
 
 Pioneers, — I am happy to become a member of your society. 
 ve been elected an honorary member of the Pioneer Asso- 
 on of San Francisco, but am more greatly pleased to become 
 3tive member of the Sacramento Association of California 
 eers. 
 
 had thought that I was not eligible to active membership 
 le Pioneer Associations, but having fought in the war 
 h made California a state, prior to the advent of the gold- 
 ?rs, I suppose you take that as entitling me to a place on 
 roll. I am proud of California and Calif or nians. I appre- 
 to the fullest extent my reception in your state, and feel 
 grateful for the honor accorded me in electing me a mem- 
 f your society. 
 
 have heard of California everywhere in my travels abroad, 
 
 net many citizens of your state, but wherever I have been, I 
 
 never yet heard a Californian speak in aught but praise- 
 
 »-ay terms of hi? home. Again, gentlemen, I thank you for 
 
 the honor conferred upon me." 
 
 The general returned to San Francisco the same evening, and 
 on the 25th of October left for the East by way of Virginia 
 City, reaching Chicago November 12th, where he was received 
 with a demonstration unparalleled in the annals of that city. 
 
 The formal welcome was held in the rotunda of the Palmer 
 House. Mayor Harrison made the principal address, to which 
 General Grant replied as follows; 
 
 " I feel very much honored by the welcome which I am re- 
 ceiving at your hands to-day. I feel highly honored by the 
 pledge of welcome which has been uttered by 3 T our worthy mayor, 
 which is something so personal to myself it would be hardly in 
 good taste for me to respond to the language of it, and it 
 leaves, therefore, nothing for me to do, but to convey my thanks 
 to this committee of citizens of this city for the hearty recep- 
 tion which they have given me. 
 
 "To one allusion of my reception abroad: I will say that in 
 every case I felt that it was a tribute to our own country. 
 I will add further that our country stands differently abroad in 
 the estimation of European and Eastern nations from what it 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 77 
 
 did a quarter of a century ago. At that time it was believed 
 we had no nation; it was merely a confederation of states 
 tied together by a rope of sand and would give way upon the 
 slightest friction. They have found it was a graud mistake. 
 They know that we have now a nation; that we are a nation of 
 strong, intelligent and brave people, capable of judging and 
 knowing our rights, and determined on all occasions to main- 
 tain them against either a domestic or foreign foe. And that is 
 the reception you as a nation have received through me, while I 
 was abroad." 
 
 A peculiar feature of this reception was the sending out of 
 invitations to prominent ex-Confederates, asking them to be 
 present and join in the welcome to the great military hero of 
 the North. It was intended that the affair should be a sort of 
 love-feast, at which the Blue and the Gray should participate, 
 forgetting their past difference, and making pledges of future 
 and permanent friendship. The result of these invitations was 
 rather characteristic. No prominent Southerner was present in 
 person, though most of them, including Alexander H. Stephens 
 and General Longstreet, sent congratulatory replies. Senator 
 Wade Hampton declined to respond, and Robert Toombs, who 
 seems to be the one man who cannot forget the past, sent the 
 following from Atlanta, Georgia: 
 
 " I decline to answer except to say, present my personal con- 
 gratulations to General Grant on his safe arrival to his coun- 
 try. He fought for his country honorably and won. I fought 
 for mine and lost. I am ready to try it over again. Death to 
 the Union." 
 
 In the evening the general attended the banquet of the Army 
 of the Tennessee, at the Palmer House, at which were present 
 Governor Collom, Generals Sherman, Sheridan and Gresham, 
 Major Harrison and many other distinguished persons. In re- 
 sponse to loud calls for a speech, General Grant delivered the 
 longest and most brilliant effort of his life. He said: 
 
 "After an absence of several years from the gatherings of 
 the Society of the Army of the Tennessee it affords me heart- 
 felt pleasure to be again with you— my earliest comrades in 
 arms in the great conflict for the nationality and union of all 
 the states under one free and always to be maintained govern- 
 ment. "In my long absence from the country, I have had a 
 most favorable opportunity for comparing in my own mind our 
 institutions with those of all European countries and most of 
 those of Asia; comparing our resources, developed and dormant, 
 the capacity and energy of our people for upholding the gov- 
 ernment and developing its resources, with most of the civilized 
 peoples of the world. 
 
 " Everywhere, from England to Japan, from Russia to Spain 
 and Portugal, we are understood, our resources highly appreci- 
 ated, and the skill, energy and intelligence of the citizens rec- 
 ognized. My receptions have been your receptions. They have 
 been everywhere kind, and an acknowledgment that the United 
 States is a nation, a strong, independent and free nation, com- 
 
78 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 posed of strong, brave and intelligent people, capable of judging 
 of their rights and ready to maintain them at all hazards. 
 
 "This is a non-partisan association, but composed of men 
 who are united in a determination that no foe, domestic or for- 
 eign, shall interfere between us and the maintenance of our 
 grand, free and enlightened institutions and the unity of all the 
 states. The area of our country, its fertility, the energy and 
 resources of our population, compared to the area, postpones 
 the day for generations to come when our descendants will have 
 to consider the question of how the soil is to support them,, 
 how the most can be produced to support human life, without 
 reference to the taste or desires of the people, and when but few 
 can exercise the privilege of the plain luxury of selecting the ar- 
 ticles of food they will eat, and the quantity and quality of 
 clothing they wear. But it w^ill remain the abundant home of 
 all who possess energy and strength, and make good use of 
 them. 
 
 " Such a country is one to be proud of. I am proud of it, 
 proud that I am an American citizen. Every citizen — North, 
 South, East and West — enjoys a common heritage, and should 
 feel an equal pride. I am glad these society meetings keep up 
 so long after the events which in a sense they commemorate 
 have passed away. 
 
 " They do not serve to keep up sectional feeling or bitterness 
 toward our late foe, but they do keep up the feeling that we 
 are a nation and that it must be preserved, one and indi- 
 visible. We feel and maintain that those who fought, and fought 
 bravely, on the opposite side from us have equal claim with 
 ourselves in all the blessings in our great and common country. 
 
 "We claim for them the right to travel all over this broad 
 land and select where they please to settle, become citizens 
 and enjoy their political and religious couvictions free from 
 molestation or ostracism either on account of them or con- 
 nection with the past. We ask nothing more for ourselves, 
 and would rejoice to see them become powerful rivals in the 
 development of our great resources, in the acquisition of all 
 that should be desirable in this life, and in patriotism and in 
 love of couutry." 
 
 General Grant remained in Chicago until December J)th. On 
 the 7th, the series of entertainments given m his honor, had 
 closed with a banquet by the Commercial Club. From Chicago 
 he went to Louisville, where he was received by Governor Black- 
 burn, and the Honorable Henry Watterson, at whose house he 
 stayed. A reception was given to him at the court-house. At 
 night he reviewed a procession of fifty thousand, and on the 
 next morning left for Cincinnati. 
 
 At the Queen City, a grand banquet was tendered him, at 
 which Governor Bishop, Murat Halstead, Honorable Alphonso 
 Taft, and Honorable William S. Groesbeck were among the 
 distinguished guests present. He remained here only one day, 
 and then proceeded to Columbus, arriving there on December 
 12th. A feature of the Columbus welcome was the singing 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 79 
 
 of the "Star Spangled Banner" by eight thousand school- 
 children. 
 
 At, Pittsburg, he received another ovation, and finally, on the 
 16th of December, he arrived at Philadelphia, the place from 
 which he had started, thus completing his tour around the 
 world in two years and seven months. 
 
 His reception at Philadelphia was made the occasion of a 
 spectacle which far surpassed any similar expression of popular 
 rejoicing in this country. The arrangements had been admi- 
 rably planned, and were carried out without a hitch or hind- 
 rance. The city was most profusely decorated, and fair weather 
 only added to the immense crowds which almost blockaded the 
 streets through which the procession passed. This, which oc- 
 cupied six hours in passing a given point, was composed of 
 military, civic societies, and representatives of many branches of 
 industry, arranged in twenty divisions. 
 
 The train bearing the returned tourists arrived at Germantown 
 Junction at 9.20 a. m. Major Stokely and the officers of the 
 committee of reception entered General Grant's car, and, after 
 informally greeting him, led the party to a handsome barouche 
 drawn by four blooded bays, which drove to Broad Street, where 
 the vehicle stopped. At 10.28, two minutes before the fixed hour, 
 a battery, which had been stationed on the heights near by, 
 thundered forth a salute of twenty-one guns, and the head of 
 the procession began to move. 
 
 It was after three o'clock before the general's carriage reached 
 the Union League's club-house. General Grant alighted, and 
 stood on an improvised platform, from which he reviewed 
 the procession. After the dismissal of the parade he went to 
 the residence of Mr. George W. Chiids, where he dined with a 
 number of the members of his old cabinet. Among those pres- 
 ent were General W. T. Sherman, Honorable Hamilton Fish, 
 and Honorable Edwards Pierrepont. 
 
 After a serenade in the evening the general attended a recep- 
 tion at the Academy of Fine Arts. The next day he was re- 
 ceived by the Carpenters' Company, of Philadelphia, which 
 presented him with an engrossed address, inclosed in a mag- 
 nificent frame of carved gilding and royal purple velvet, after 
 which he held a public reception at Independence Hall. 
 
 On the third day of his stay at Philadelphia took place the 
 monster reception by the Grand Army of the Republic, at the 
 Academy of Music. This was the greatest outpouring of his 
 former comrades in arms eager to testify their love and admira- 
 tion of their old commander which he had ever yet met with. 
 
 The vast auditorium was crammed from stage to dome with 
 veteran soldiers in military caps and wearing badges of captured 
 cannon metal. The front of the stage was flanked on either side 
 by a Parrott gun surrounded by a state flag and two stacks ot 
 muskets with a drum slung between them. In the extreme rear, 
 in the midst of a mimic forest, was a camp scene with three tents, 
 the guards being cadets of the Lincoln Institute for Soldiers 
 Orphans. At the right was stationed a facsimile of General 
 Grant's headquarters at City Point. From above hung down a 
 
80 LlEE AND MEMOIRS Of 
 
 monster representation of the Grand Army badge. The boxes 
 were handsomely draped with tri-colored bunting, festoons of 
 laurel leaves and army corps badges. 
 
 The general arrived at the Academy about 8 o'clock P. M., es- 
 corted by about fifty comrades, each carrying a tattered battle- 
 flag. As he entered he was greeted with tremendous applause. 
 The immense audience arose as one man to their feet, and waved 
 hats, canes and handkerchiefs and cheered until hoarse. Gen- 
 eral Grant silently bowed his thanks. When order had been 
 partially restored, Governor Hoyt advanced to the platform and 
 delivered the address of welcome. 
 
 Id reply General Grant said: 
 
 " Governor Hoyt and Comrades of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic — It is a matter of very deep regret with me that I did 
 not provide something to say to you respecting the welcome I 
 received at your hands this evening, but really since I arrived 
 here I have not had time, and before that I had not given it a 
 thought. I can say to you all that during the two years and 
 seven months since I left your city to circuit the globe, I have 
 visited every capital in Europe and most of the Eastern nations. 
 
 " There has not been a country that I visited in that circuit 
 where I did not find some of our numbers. In crossing our own 
 land from the Pacific to the Atlantic scarcely a settlement, 
 scarcely a cattle ranch, scarcely a collection of pioneers did I see 
 that was not composed almost entirely of veterans of the late 
 war. It called to my mind the fact that while wars are to be 
 deplored and unjust wars are alwa.ys to be avoided, they are not 
 always attended with unmixed evil. 
 
 "The boy who is brought up in his country home, or in his 
 city home, without any exciting cause to quicken his wits, is 
 apt to remain there, following the pursuits of his parents and 
 never getting beyond them, in many cases never getting up to 
 them. But wheu carried away by a great struggle in which so 
 much principle is involved, as was the case in our late conflict, 
 it brings to him a wider view than that of his home, and 
 though his affections belong to the home which he has left 
 behind him, he finds only disappointment on his return and 
 strikes out for new fields and develops and prepares new do- 
 mains for us and for thousands who will follow us. 
 
 " Our ex-soldiers are not only becoming the pioneers of this 
 land, but they are extending its commerce aud the knowledge 
 of their country in other lands, and when a brighter day shall 
 dawn for those countries in the East, America will step in and 
 share in their commerce. And all this is being brought about 
 by the exertions of the veteran soldiers, I might say of the vet- 
 erans of the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 "Comrades, having been compelled as often as I have since 
 my arrival in San Francisco to utter a few words, not only to 
 ex-soldiers, but to other classes, always speaking without prep- 
 aration, I was of necessity forced to repeat not the same words, 
 perhaps, but the same idea. What I want to impress upon you 
 is that you have a country to be proud of, a country to fight for, 
 and a country to die for, if need be. 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 81 
 
 " While* many of the countries in Europe give practical pro- 
 tection and freedom to their citizens, yet no European country 
 compares in the liberty which it affords to particular individuals 
 with our own. In no country is the young and energetic man 
 given such a chance by industry and frugality to acquire a com- 
 petence for himself and his family as in America. Abroad it is 
 often difficult for the poor man to make his way at all. All 
 that is necessary is to know this in order that we may become 
 better citizens. 
 
 '• Comrades, I thank you for your welcome, and regret that I 
 am not better prepared to say what I would like to say." 
 
 Other speeches followed without the slightest intermission 
 until nearly midnight. Then the general, re-entering his car- 
 riage, and escorted as when he came to the meeting, with the 
 accompaniment of stirring music of fife and drum, of the 
 flashing torches of the guard of honor, of tattered battle-flags, 
 of the burning of a profusion of green and red lights, of the 
 enthusiastic shouts of the populace, who packed the sidewalk 
 and windows along the entire route, and of the splendidly dec- 
 orated houses on all sides, passed in triumphal procession to 
 his hotel, which he entered, followed by a cheer that must have 
 been heard miles away. Certainly no more memorable day than 
 that Grand Army day in Philadelphia occurred during his prog- 
 ress around the world. 
 
 Though receptions followed in other cities, none could equal 
 this welcome of the men who had fought under his command, 
 and who were nearest to his heart, as he was inshrined in 
 theirs. It was a fitting apotheosis to a tour around the world 
 such as no person, be he the greatest sovereign who ever 
 lived, before General Grant, had ever made. It marks a dis- 
 tinct epoch, not only in his own life, but in the annals of every 
 country, every nation, and e\ery city he visited. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Grant's Trip Through the Southern States— His Visits to Cuba and 
 Mexico— The Third-Term Movement— The Gallant 306— " The 
 Old Guard Dies, but Never Surrenders " —The Grant Fund- 
 Accident to General Grant— The Story of the Grant & Ward 
 Failure— Grant and Vanderbiit— Passage of the Pension Bill. 
 
 The main points of interest in the history of General Grant's 
 life during the year 1880 are his trips through the Southern 
 States, to Cuba and Mexico, and the effort made on the part of 
 some of his friends to have him nominated for a third term to 
 the presidencv. 
 
 His tour through ihe Southern States was of great importance 
 to the welfare of the country at large, for it did more than any 
 efforts heretofore made to conciliate the South, and to draw it 
 into closer union with the rest of the country. 
 
 Every where the general was received with the greatest enthu- 
 siasm, and many who had been his bitterest foes during the 
 
82 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 war, gave him their personal assurance that nothing could ever 
 induce them to again take up arms against their country. 
 
 His visits to Cuba and Mexico were prompted by a desire to 
 see established closer commercial relations between those couu 
 tries and our own. His tour around the world had broadened 
 his views, and shown him how necessary it was for the pros- 
 perity of this country to secure the greatest facilities possible for 
 getting rid of our surplus products. To this end, treaties with 
 foreign countries were of great importance, more especially 
 with our next-door neighbors, Cuba and Mexico. 
 
 Though not traveling in any official capacity, no American 
 citizen carried more weight in himself, or had such personal 
 influence, and it is due to General Grant that we now enjoy 
 a very advantageous commercial treaty, favoring us before all 
 other foreign nations, with Mexico, and are about to have a 
 similar one with Spain regarding Cuba. 
 
 It is fair to state that General Grant neither desired nor 
 sought a nomination for a third term at the hands of the Repub- 
 lican National Convention, which met at Chicago during the 
 month of June, 1880. No man has more respect for the unwrit- 
 ten law laid down by Washington, declaring a third term in the 
 presidential chair inimical to the best interests of the Republic. 
 It is more than probable that had General Grant been nominated, 
 
 *u\i 3 honor sought to be thrust 
 
 upulous one, and the men 
 ivorably known to have the 
 iving acted with any selfish 
 oary enthusiasm which had 
 
 n . home from his tour around 
 
 the world, undoubtedly proved the fact that he was the most 
 popular man in the United States, and that no single man of any 
 prominence in the Republican party held the affection of the 
 masses to so high a degree as he. 
 
 This fact naturally turned the attention of the leaders of that 
 party to General Grant as the most fitting candidate for the 
 highest office in the gift of the people, and the one most sure to 
 be elected. They were fearful of consulting him beforehand, 
 they dreaded to allow him an opportunity of declining to be a 
 candidate before the convention, and flattered themselves with 
 the hope that if he were nominated, even against his will, they 
 might be able to induce him to remaiu in the field. 
 
 Such a firm hold did this delusion have on them, that for 36 
 ballots in the convention, 306 of the delegates cast their votes 
 for General Grant, and even on the decisive ballot, when General 
 Garfield was nominated, refused to make the vote unanimous, 
 exclaiming:: "The old guard dies, but never surrenders." 
 
 The steadfastness with which that band of three hundred and 
 six had clung to their champion was subsequently commemo- 
 rated by the striking off of medals which were distributed to 
 each one. 
 
 On his return from Mexico General Grant determined to make 
 New York City his permanent residence. His many years of 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 83 
 
 service for his country had brought him fame enough, but no 
 fortune, and the small competence that he did possess had been 
 much infringed upon by the expenses incurred during his tour 
 around the world. The man who had given all his energy and 
 the best years of his life to preserve the nation, and to make it 
 what it had become, had actually no home he could call his own. 
 
 The brown-stone mansion in* Sixty-sixth Street, near Fifth 
 Avenue, in the city of New York, was purchased by General 
 Grant's friends and presented to his wife. It was valued at 
 $100,000, but there was a mortgage on it of $60,000. The full 
 amount was raised and $40,000 paid dowu on the delivery of 
 the deed, the remainder being placed to Mrs. Grant's credit in 
 the bank. She made repeated efforts to raise the incumbrance, 
 but as it had a long term of years to run, the holder of the 
 mortgage would not discharge it. 
 
 When the firm of Grant & Ward, to which we shall subse- 
 quently refer, was started, Mrs. Grant transferred her account 
 to the house, and with it the $60,000 to pay off the mortgage on 
 their home. 
 
 As is known, the firm later on failed, and the $60,000 went in 
 the crash. The holder of the mortgage has since acquired pos- 
 session of the property, as the family could not afford to con- 
 tinue their ownership of it. 
 
 On January 11th, 1881, Senator Logan, of Illinois, introduced a 
 bill in the senate to place General Grant on the retired list with 
 the rank and full pay of a general of the army. For certain 
 political reasons this bill did not pass at that session and friends 
 of the general voluntarily raised a fund of $250,000, the interest 
 of which, amounting to $15,000 per annum, he was to have the 
 use of during his life; the capital he could dispose of by will. 
 
 This fund was in no sense of the word a charitable gift, but 
 merely a just recognition of the invaluable services he had ren- 
 dered to his country. Though all of the contributors to the fund 
 were warm personal friends of the general, he had solicited 
 nothing from them, had thrown out no hint or suggestion that 
 be in any wise needed the gift. He was entirely ignorant of 
 its being raised until it was formally presented to him. and it 
 was only after a great deal of persuasion that he was induced to 
 accept it. Among the principal contributors to the fund and 
 the amounts of their subscription were: J. W Mackay. $25,000; 
 Jav Gould, $25,0u0; W. H. Vanderbilt. $25,000: John M. Forbes, 
 of Boston, $10,000; D. O. Mills. $5,000; Sidney Dillon. $5,000; 
 Thomas Barbour, $5,000: Oliver Hoyt. $5,000: ex-Governor Le- 
 land Stanford, $5,000; Frank Work, $5,000; and John Jacob 
 Astor, $5,000. 
 
 For the rest of that year and the next General Grant led a very 
 retired life. On the 11th of May, 1883, General Grant suffered 
 the loss of his mother, who died at the ripe age of eighty-four 
 years, at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Corbin, at Jersey 
 City Heights. Heaven had permitted her to live long enough to 
 see honors showered ou her son such as no mother had ever 
 witnessed before. 
 
 On December 24tb, of that year, a very serious accident befell 
 
84 LIFE AND MEMOIRS OF 
 
 General Grant. In the evening he left his residence for the pur- 
 pose of paying a visit. The night was rainy and disagreeable, 
 and the sidewalk very slippery with ice and snow. General 
 Grant passed down the steps and crossed to the curb where 
 his carriage was waiting, but just as he was about entering the 
 vehicle he slipped and fell. His body struck the sharp edge of 
 the curb, severely bruising his side, and the weight of the fall 
 caused serious injury to the thigh, which deprived him of all 
 power to rise. The accident confined him to his bed for several 
 weeks, and it was some months before he could leave his resi- 
 dence again. 
 
 The year 1884 was destined to be the saddest year of General 
 Grant's life. On May the 6th the firm of Grant & Ward closed 
 its doors, and as was subsequently ascertained, $14,000,000 were 
 swept away in the crash, and with it the whole of General 
 Grant's fortune. 
 
 The history of this failure has not yet been made public in all 
 its details, and the facts that are known are of too recent 
 occurrence to require us to dwell long on this painful subject. 
 General Grant was getting old in years. More than a quarter 
 of a century had elapsed since the 22d of August, 1848, when he 
 led Miss Julia Dent, the pretty daughter of Colonel Dent, of St. 
 Louis, to the altar. The union had beeu blessed with four 
 children, three sons and a daughter. Mrs. Sartoris— the nation's 
 Nellie — had been happily provided for, and her marriage at the 
 White House will ever be remembered as one of the brightest 
 episodes of General Grant's administration. But the general 
 wished also to see his three sons well established in business, and 
 he had hoped and believed that this was done when, in the sum- 
 mer of 1880, they became the partners of Mr. Ferdinand Ward in 
 the banking and brokerage business. 
 
 The firm started out with great brilliancy, and by a number of 
 apparently successful operations, Mr. Ward achieved the cog- 
 nomen of the " Young Napoleon of Finance." Mr. James D. 
 Fish, President of the Marine National Bank, shortly after be- 
 came a partner, and in November of the same year General 
 Grant himself asked to be admitted to the firm. Neither the 
 general nor his sons had had any experience in financial affairs, and 
 trusted entirely to the honor and integrity of Mr. Fish and Mr. 
 Ward. It now appears evident that the two latter carried on a 
 number of real estate and other speculations, without the 
 knowledge of the other members of the firm, and used for this 
 purpose the moneys and credits of the firm, and of the Marine 
 National Bank. 
 
 The imaginary profits dwindled away into nothing; the deposit* 
 of trusting creditors were used to avert the inevitable, and on 
 the Saturday previous to the failure the newscameto the general 
 like a thunderclap, that unless a very large sum of money could 
 be immediately raised, he and his family would be ruined. 
 
 We will not attempt to picture the horror of the old warrior, 
 who for sixty -two years of his life had borne his good name 
 without a stain or reproach upon it, and who now felt that, how- 
 ever innocent, he would be made the target of the arrows of in- 
 
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 85 
 
 dignation and reproach, which would be hurled from all sides 
 as soon as the terrible calamity should have happened. All 
 night long he kept considering some plan of. escape, and on the 
 next day, as a last resource, aud with but little hope in bis 
 heart, visited the residence of Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt, and asked 
 that millionaire to lend him $150,000 on his personal check. 
 
 It is true Mr. Vanderbilt at once gave him the required sum, 
 and the monev was deposited in the Mariue National Bank to 
 the credit of the firm of Grant & Ward. But this was a mere 
 drop in the bucket. It could not ward off the inevitable. On 
 the fatal Tuesday the Marine National Bank closed its doors, 
 and a few moments later the firm of Grant & Ward announced 
 its inability to pay its debts. 
 
 The outburst of indignation which General Grant feared would 
 be directed against him did arise, but only to change into a 
 great wave of svmpathv for him and his as soon as it was ascer- 
 tained how wofullv his confidence had been misplaced and 
 abused and to what a wretched strait he and his family had 
 been reduced. 
 
 Everything that an upright, conscientious man can do toward 
 satisfying his creditors has been done by the general: and his 
 family, his respected wife, and his sons and their wives, have 
 nobly aided him in these efforts. 
 
 His debt to Mr. Vanderbilt weighed especially on his mind, 
 and he would not rest satisfied until he had been permitted to 
 confess judgment for the amount, and almost begged Mr. Van- 
 derbilt to put the judgment into execution. The millionaire 
 would, of course, under no circumstances have troubled Gen- 
 eral Grant about the money, but to satisfy the general he made 
 a levy on the personal property, including the valuable gifts re- 
 ceived by the general during his tour around the world, and the 
 medals presented to him, and then offered to present them to 
 Mrs. Grant. At first she accepted the kind offer, but the general 
 would not allow her to receive them; and as the only way to 
 satisfy the old soldier's fine sense of honor, Mr. Vanderbilt was 
 finally obliged to request the general to permit Mrs. Grant to 
 remain in possession of them until her husband's death, and 
 that then they were to be presented to the nation and preserved 
 in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. 
 
 For several years past every recurring session of congress has 
 been marked by the introduction of a bill to retire General Grant 
 with the rank "and pay of general for life. This simple act of 
 justice toward a man who has so amply deserved this recogni- 
 tion of his eminent services has heretofore always failed of be 
 coming a law on account of mean-spirited political divisions in 
 the national legislature. It needed the sight of the heroic old 
 man stretched on the bed of sickness and pain to awaken con- 
 gress to a tardy sense of its duty, and only recently the bill was 
 passed on the very last day of the session. It was at once pre- 
 sented to President Arthur for signature, and he immediately 
 signed it, remarking that never since he had become president 
 had it given him greater pleasure to affix his sign-manual to any 
 act than to this bill. With the passage of the pension-bill our 
 
8G 
 
 GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT, 
 
 record of the chief incidents of General Grant's life comes to an 
 end. 
 
 We could draw a lesson from the incidents here narrated, 
 but that is not our province; that we leave each reader to do 
 for himself. We feel assured that no one can read this brief 
 record without feeling a love akin to reverence for the great 
 and good man who forms its subject. 
 
 [the end.] 
 
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MUNRO'S POCKET MAGAZINE. 
 
 CONTENTS-No. 9: 
 
 MATT. A Gomplete Novd, By Robert Buchanan. 
 
 SLUMBER SONG. A Poem. By George Weatherly. 
 
 A FAMILY AFFAIR. Continuation. By Author of "Called Back." 
 
 HOW SHE SAVED HIM. By W. J. L. 
 
 THEN AND NOW. A Poem. By Rita. 
 
 THE TWO CARNEGIES. 
 
 FOREVER AND AYE. A Poem. 
 
 LITTLE JOE GANDER. By S. Baring-Gould. 
 
 "HER FRANCIS." By Mary Mudie. 
 
 THE FABRIC OF A VISION. By Fabian Bland. 
 
 MY PICTURE GALLERY. A Poem. By J. I. L. 
 
 CARAMEL COTTAGE. By Johnny Ludlow. 
 
 OUTWITTED. A Tale of the Abruzzi. 
 
 READY MONEY. By H. R, Hawbis, 
 
 BEFORE THE MIRROR. A Poem. By Fanny Forrester. 
 
 THE TWO STRANGERS. A Story of Marseilles. 
 
 TOM SLUG. 
 
 THE CHINA HOUSE BURGLARY. By a Detective. 
 
 A MEMORY. A Poem. By M. E. W. 
 
 NED KELLY, THE BUSHRANGER. By the Rev. J. B. Gribble. 
 
 A SEA STORY. A Poem. By Emily H. Hickey. 
 
 FRANK DE VAUD. By Gordon Stables. 
 
 THE CASE OF MR. VAN KLUCEN. 
 
 MAJOR CORNELIUS. 
 
 A FEMALE NIHILIST. By Stepniak. 
 
 BEYOND THE HAZE. A Poem. 
 
 OLGA DAVIDOFF'S HUSBAND. By J. Arbuthnot Wilson. 
 
 MY WEDDING JOURNEY. By Catharine Childar. 
 
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 Munro's Pocket Magazine is the cheapest journal of 
 its kind in the world. Each number contains 
 
 350 PAGES 
 
 of reading matter by the most celebrated authors. 
 
 For sale by all Newsdealers, or sent, on receipt of 20 
 cents, to any part of the country, postage paid. Address 
 
 Munro's Publishing House, 
 
 24 and 26 Vandewater Street, N. Y. 
 
SOME PRESS NOTICES 
 
 OT 
 
 MUNRO'S POCKET MAGAZINE. 
 
 What the World thinks of No. 1: 
 
 The first number of Muxro's Pocket Magazine, published to-day, is 
 a neat, handy volume of 320 pages. It contains Max O'Rell's "John 
 Bull's Daughters," complete; Louisa Lauw's "Fourteen Years with 
 Adelina Patti," complete; the opening chapters of "A Family Affair," 
 by the author of "Called Back," and a choice miscellany of short 
 stories and poems taken from the best English magazines. The Editorial 
 Tid-bits contain bright comments on the topics of the day, the move- 
 ment in literary, dramatic and social circles. The magazine is to appear 
 monthly. 
 
 What the Sun says: 
 
 Mxtnro's Pocket Magazine made its appearance yesterday. It is in a 
 Bmall duodecimo form, and is made up of interesting selections judi- 
 ciously put together. The whole of Max O'Rell's " John Bull's Daugh- 
 ters " is given. The number contains more than three hundred closely 
 printed pages. 
 
 What the Tribune observes: 
 Mr. N. L. Munro has just begun the publication of a monthly 
 
 ■•vhich he calls Monro's Pocket Magazine. It is a collection printed in 
 reasonably clear type of some of the best current matter of the English j 
 magazines combined with the complete publication of such books as j 
 " John Bull's Daughters." A few contributions from. American authors 
 will be included in the list and an editorial department will be main-! 
 tained. 
 
 Mtoro's Pocket Maoazixe is the cheapest journal of 
 its kind in the world. Each number contains 
 
 350 PACES 
 
 of reading matter by the most celebrated author. 
 
 For Sale by all Newsdealers, or sent, on receipt of 2( 
 cents, to any part of the country, postage paid. Address 
 
 MUNRO'S PUBLISHING HOUSE. 
 
 24 and 26 Va tidewater Street, N. Y 
 

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 Munros I_ii"fc>i"etx*y 
 
 MH\ ALEX MCVEIGH MILLERS WORKS. 
 
 No. 1. A Dreadful Temptation 20 Cents. 
 
 " 2. The Bride of the Tomb 20 " / 
 
 " 3. An Old Man's Darling 20 " I 
 
 " 4. Queenie's Terrible Secret 20 " 
 
 " 5. Jaquelina 20 " 
 
 " 6. Little Golden's Daughter 20 " 
 
 " 7. The Rose and the Lily 20 
 
 " 8. Countess Vera 20 " 
 
 " 9. Bonnie Dora 20 M 
 
 " 10. Guy Kenmore's Wife 20 fc 
 
 GEORGE E» MM * WORKS. 
 
 " 11. Janet's Repentance , 10 * 
 
 " 12. Silas Marner *' ' :..*. 10 M 
 
 " J3. FeUx Holt, the Radical.. ..... 20 ■ 
 
 u ,4. The Mill on the Floss 20 " 
 
 14 15. Brother Jacob ,...; 10 " 
 
 " 16. AdamBede "... \ 20 
 
 " 17. Romola . 20 " 
 
 " 18. Sad Fortunes of Rev. Amos Barton, ...;...-. 10 " 
 
 " 19. Daniel Deronda 20 " 
 
 " 20. Middlemarch .'. . '...- 20 " 
 
 " 21. Mr. GilfiTs Love Story 10 " 
 
 " 22. The Spanish Gypsy ':'. .'. 20 " 
 
 M 23. Impressions of Theophrastus Such 10 " 
 
 MISCEIi' 1NEOLS WORK"*. 
 
 " 24. The Two Orphans. By D'Ennery 10 " 
 
 " 25. Yolande. By William Black 20 " 
 
 "26. Lady Audlev's Secret. By Miss Braddon 20 " 
 
 " 27. When the Ship Comes Home. By Besant & Rice. 10 " 
 
 *' 28. John Halifax, Gentleman. By Miss Mulock 20 " 
 
 " 29. In Peril of his Life By Gaboriau 20 " 
 
 " 30. The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid 10 " 
 
 " 31. Mollv Bawn. By the Duchess . 20 " 
 
 " 32. Portia. By the Duchess 20 " 
 
 " 33. Kit: a Memory. By James Pavne 20 
 
 " 34. East Lynne. By Mrs. Henry Wood 20 " 
 
 " 35. Her Mother's Sin. By Bertha M. Clay 10 
 
 " 36. A Princess of Thule. By William Black 20 " 
 
 " 37. Phyllis. Bv the Duchess 20 " 
 
 " 38. David Copperfield. By Charles Dickens 20 
 
 " 39. Very Hard Cash. By Charles Reade 20 
 
 " 40. Ivanhoe. By Sir Walter Scott 20 " 
 
 " 41. Shirley. By Miss Bronte 20 
 
 " 42. The Last Days of Pompeii. By Bulwer Ly tton 20 
 
 " 43. Charlotte Temple. Bv Miss Rowson 10 
 
 " 44. DoraThorne. Bv Bertha M. Clay 20 
 
 " 45. Old Curiositv Shop. By Charles Dickens 20 
 
 •* 46. Camille. By Alex. Dumas. Jr 10 
 
 " 47. The Three Guardsmen. Bv Alex. Dumas 20 
 
 " 48. Jane Evre Bv Charlotte Bronte 20 
 
 " 49. Romance of a Poor Young Man. By Feuillet 10 
 
 " 50. Back to the Old Home. By Mary Cecil Hay 10 " 
 
 " 51. Maggie: or. the Loom Girl of Lowell. By William Mason Turner, M. D.20 
 
 " 52. Two Wedding Rings. By Margaret Blount 20 
 
 " 53. Led Astray. By Helen M. Lewis 20 
 
 " 54. A Woman's Atonement. By Adah M. Howard -20 
 
 " 55. False. Bv Geraldine Fleming 20 
 
 " 56. Tht. Curse of Daugerfield. Bv Elsie Snow 20 
 
 " 57. Ten Years of His Life. By Eva Evergreen 20 
 
 " 58. A Woman's Fault. Bv Evelvn Gray 20 
 
 " 59. Twenty Years After. Bv Alex. Dumas 20 
 
 " 60. A Queen Amongst Women and Between Two Sins. By Bertha M. Clay.20 
 
 ; « 61. Madolin'^over. By Bertha to. Clay 20 
 
 " 62. Thaddeus of Warsaw. Bv Jane Porter 20 
 
 " 63. Lucile. By Owen Meredith 20 
 
 " 64. Charles Auchester. Bv E. Berger 20 
 
 " 65. A Stranere Story. Bv Bulwer 20 
 
 " 66. Aurora Flovd. By Miss Braddon 20 
 
 " 67. Barbara's Historv. Bv Amelia B. Edwards 20 
 
 " 68. Called to Account. By Annie Thomas 20 
 
 " 69. Old Mvddleton's Money. Bv Mary Cecil Hay 20 
 
 " 70. Thorns and Orange Blossoms. By Bertha M. Clay. Complete 10 " 
 
 Remember that we do not charge extra for postage. Munro's Library will be 
 
 sent to any part of the world, single numbers for 10 cents, double numbers for 
 
 20 cents. 
 
 NORMAN L. M T ™RO, PUBLISHER, 
 ' 24 & 26 VandewaTER St., N. Y. 
 
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