CRUCH LEY'S PICTURE OF LONDON, COMPRISING THE HISTORY, RISE, AND PROGRESS OF THE METROPOLIS TO THE PRESENT PERIOD; WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF "WINDSOR CASTLE, HAMPTON COURT, WOOLWICH, GREENWICH, CHELSEA, AND OTH1CR PLACES IN THE ENVIRONS, USEFUL FOR THE VISITOR. THE WHOLE EMBELLISHED WITH FIFTY-NINE ENGRAVINGS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. A ROUTE FOR VIEWING THE WHOLE IN SEVEN DAYS: TO WHICH IS ANNEXED, A NEW AND SUPERIOR MAP, WITH REFERENCES TO THE principal Streets, <©mmfcu» Routes, 3RaiIfoay Stations, See. THE TENTH EDIT1 PUBLISHED BY G. F. CRUCHLEY, 81, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXLV. L. LO.VDON : PRINTED BV JOSEPH MASTERS, ALDERSGATE STREET. 2^ Wl^ H* ADVERTISEMENT TO THE TENTH EDITION. The Publisher returns thanks to all those persons who have kindly assisted in forwarding information and descriptions of the public places of resort ; nearly the whole of which have been personally visited, thus insuring that accuracy in the notices of them, so necessary in a work of this nature. This great Metropolis containing so many objects of in- terest, taste, and beauty, it will engage the stranger's attention for many days ; in order to assist him, a summary is given of all the public exhibitions, &c, with reference to the page of the work where each is fully described, so that, at one view, he is enabled to dispose of his time to the best advantage, and select those places he may wish to visit. The Publisher has embellished this edition with fifty-nine Engravings of the principal public buildings, and trusts that it will not only be found a useful companion abroad, but an entertaining book of reference at home. A Translation of this work may be had in the French language. 81, Fleet Street, March, 1845. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, To the foreigner or stranger who may visit London, no apology need be urged for the present under- taking; the necessity which must be felt by such persons for a work of this nature, will no doubt in- sure it that favourable reception which it has been the aim of the Editor that it should deserve. With a view, therefore, to be as generally useful as pos- sible, he submits the following compendium, hoping to prove, though a silent monitor, yet a communica- tive companion. London, the largest and by far the richest capital in the world, necessarily presents more numerous points of attraction than any other. Yet, owing to its peculiarities, its huge dimensions, its gradual extension, and the value of space towards the centre, many objects which are particularly worthy the attention of strangers have become surrounded by ordinary buildings, and consequently obscured. It is the design of this little volume to assist the tra- veller in drawing aside the veil : — what there is to see, and how it is to be seen, are here fully yet concisely explained. The manners and customs of this City are also noticed; and for the sake of strangers generally, many hints are embodied in the following pages, by an attention to which, numerous dangers may be avoided. a 2 V1 PREFACE, It is not the intention of the Compiler to reflect disparagingly on any of the Guides and Pictures of London hitherto published, when he asserts, as he does unhesitatingly, that no publication has yet ap- peared in which the useful is so fully blended with the interesting as in the following pages. Care has been taken that no subject of interest should be omitted, and that each should be treated with suf- ficient distinctness, without either becoming tedious or unduly enlarging the volume, so as to sacrifice its portability. The principal object being to represent London as it is, we have deviated from the plan of former guides, and have refrained from presenting to our readers a mutilated chronology, which it would require volumes to illustrate with any degree of satisfaction. At the same time, to meet the preju- dices of some, and to gratify the curiosity of others, we have given a brief summary of the remarkable events connected with the city up to that period when, breaking loose from the trammels of false policy, it shot forth its branches over the surround- ing country. As the work is intended more particularly for the stranger, it is obviously desirable that its diction should be that of general currency, to the exclu- sion of all technicalities and local expressions ; that they who profess but a slight knowledge of our tongue may meet with no difficulties which their dictionary will not effectually remove. This the Editor has attempted; with what degree of success must be left to the candid judgment of the reader. A SUMMARY OP THE VARIOUS PUBLIC BUILDINGS, EXHIBITIONS, PLACES OF AMUSEMENT, INSTITUTIONS, ETC. POINTING OUT AT ONE VIEW TO THE STRANGER ON HIS FIRST VISIT TO THE METROPOLIS, THE TIME WHEN SHOWN, THE EXPENSE OF VIEWING, AND REFERENCE TO THE PAGE WHERE EACH IS DESCRIBED ; ALSO A DIARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. Adelaide Gallery, Strand. One shilling. 119. Apollonicon, St. Martin's lane. One shilling. 112. Ascot Heath Races. 274. Bank of England. Free. 41. Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. By ticket. 287. Botanic Gardens, Kew. Free. 287. British Institution, Pall Mall. One shilling. 127. British Artists' Society, Suffolk street. One shilling. 127. British Museum, Museum street. Free. 115. Chelsea Hospital, Chelsea. Optional. 287. Chinese Exhibition, Hyde Park corner. One shilling. 112. Christ's Hospital, Newgate street. By ticket. 182. Colosseum, Regent's Park. One shilling. 130. College of Surgeons, Lincoln's -inn-fields. By ticket. 189. Cosmorama, Regent street. One shilling. 132. Custom House, (long room,) Thames street. Free. 45. Courts of Law (open free, during the sittings). 24 and 25. Diorama, Regent's Park. Two shillings. 132. Duke of York's Column, Waterloo place. Sixpence. 34. Dulwich Gallery, Dulwich. By tickets. 129. Vlll EXHIBITIONS. East India Company's Museum, Leadenhall street. Free. 44. East India Docks, Blackwall. Free. 236. Eton Montem. 273. Exeter Hall, Strand. 134. Fancy Glass Exhibition, Strand. Sixpence. 133. Gresham College. Free. 185. Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich. Optional. 283. Greenwich Hospital, Painted Hall. Threepence. 285. Guildhall, King street, Cheapside. Free. 48. Hall of Commerce (Universal). By ticket. 48. Hampton Court. Free. 275. Horticultural Gardens, Chiswick. By ticket. 288. Houses of Parliament, (when not sitting.) One shilling. 16. Kew Gardens, Kew. Free. 278. Kensall Green Cemetery, Kensall Green. Free. 99. Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park. Free. 14. Linwood's, Miss, Leicester square. One shilling. 129. Literary Institution, Aldersgate street. By subscription. 169. London Docks, Wapping. Free. 235. London Institution, Moornelds. By subscription. 1 75. Mansion House, Poultry. Sixpence. 40. Madame Tussaud's, Baker street. One shilling. 132. Mechanics' Institution, Southampton buildings. By subscrip- tion. 176. Mint (the Royal), Minories. By ticket. 48. Missionary Museum, Moornelds. Free. 120. Monument, Fish street hill. Sixpence. 152. Museum of Economic Geology, Craig's court. Free. 128. National Gallery, Charing cross. Free. 122. New Society of Painters in Water Colours. One shilling. 127. Panorama, Leicester square. One shilling. 132. Parks are always open free. 33, 34, 37, 38, 39. Polytechnic Institution, Regent street. One shilling. 129. Private Picture Galleries. By ticket. 133. Royal Academy, Charing cross. One shilling. 126. Royal Exchange. Free. 42. Royal Institution, Albemarle street. By subscription. 174. Royal Military Academy, Chelsea. Free. 288. Russell Institution, Great Coram street. By subscription. 17 School of Design, Somerset House. Free. 31. Soane Museum, Lincoln's-inn-fields. Free. 119, Society of Arts, Adelphi. By ticket. 128. St. Katherine's Dock, Tower. Free. 234. DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. IX St. Paul's Cathedral. The whole cost 4*. 4d. 60 to 68. Surrey Zoological Gardens, Walworth. One shilling. 121. Thames Tunnel, Rotherhithe. One shilling. 240. Theatres open according to the season, to be known by daily advertisements. 102 to 112. Tower of London, Thames-street. Sixpence. 137. , Jewel-room. Sixpence. 146. United Service Institution, Scotland Yard. By ticket. 118. Water Colour Exhibition, Pall-mall East. One shilling, 127. Water Colours, New Society of Painters in, 53, Pall-malL One shilling. Westminster Abbey, Westminster. Sixpence. 68 to 88. West India Docks, Limehouse. Free. 335. Western Institution, Leicester- square. By subscription. 176. Windsor Castle. Optional. 262. Woolwich Arsenal, Dockyard, &c. Free. 278. Do. Royal Military Repository on the Common. Free. 281. Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park. One shilling. 120. DIARY OF THE PRINCIPAL ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. January VI. — Twelfth-day. The confectioners' shops are loaded with cakes. The Bishop of London makes an offering in the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The first musical talent in the kingdom assists in the ceremony. XI. — Hilary Term commences. The judges breakfast with the lord chancellor, and proceed at twelve o'clock to West- minster hall to open the courts. XXX. — King Charles's decapitation. On this day the House of Lords go in procession to Westminster abbey. The members of the House of Commons likewise go in procession to St. Margaret's. February XIV. — An old custom still partially exists of sending verses, amatory, laudatory, or satirical, in honour of St. Valentine. XIX. — The British gallery opens about this period for the e \ibition and sale of the works of British artists. Lectures on painting commence about this time at the Royal academy. Admission free, by tickets to be had of the academicians and associates. March 1st. — St. David's day, X DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. During lent, sacred music is occasionally performed at one or more of the theatres. XVII. — St. Patrick's day. At the dinner annually held on this day, the chair is usually filled by royalty, supported right and left by members of the nobility. Easter Monday. The lord mayor and aldermen go in state to Christ church, where they attend Divine service. In the evening a grand dinner is given at the Mansion house, followed by a splendid ball. Tickets obtained of the lord mayor. On this day, according to annual custom, a stag is turned out for general sport in Epping forest. Easter Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, is held the fair of Greenwich, to which crowds of the lovers of fun and re- velry resort from far and near. The sports and scenery united form an animated picture. Easter week. Most of the theatres produce pieces adapted to the taste of youth. They are usually got up with great splendour. April XXIII. — St. George's day (the patron Saint of England) . On the first Sunday of Easter Term, the lord mayor, sheriffs, and judges go in state to St. Paul's, and afterwards partake of a grand dinner at the Mansion house. May I., or May-day, is a day of jubilee to the fraternity of chimney sweepers. Grotesque groups are met in various parts. The Royal Academy exhibition opens the first Monday in May. Anniversaries are continued through this month. That of the Sons of the Clergy is held at St. Paul's, where a fine con- cert of sacred music is performed. XXIV. — Queen Victoria's birth-day. A drawing room is held at St. James's, and the Tower guns fire a royal salute at one o'clock. In the evening, the houses of those tradesmen who supply the royal household, are brilliantly illuminated. June. — Parochial schools. The meeting of the children, to the number of nearly 8000, at St. Paul's, early in June, is a most gratifying exhibition. Astley's prize wherry is disputed near Westminster bridge, in the afternoon about four o'clock. August I. — A celebrated annual rowing match takes place on this day. The prize is a coat and badge, bequeathed by Doggett, to be rowed for by six watermen, in the first year after being out of their apprenticeship. DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. XI September III. — Bartholomew fair is annnally held in Smithfield, and continues four days. The lord mayor opens it with great ceremony. XXI. — Lord mayor, sheriffs, &c. repair to Christ church. After the service they proceed to the hall of Christ's hospital, where two of the senior blue coat boys deliver orations. XXVIII. — The sheriffs are sworn into office at Guildhall, which is open to the public. XXIX. — Michaelmas day. The lord mayor, sheriffs, and other City officers, go in state from the Mansion house to Guildhall, whence they walk to St. Lawrence's church to hear service. They afterwards repair to Guildhall, where a com- mon hall is held, for the purpose of electing the lord mayor for the ensuing year. XXX. — The new sheriffs go in procession to Blackfriars bridge, where they enter the City state barges, and proceed to Westminster, to be accepted by the Queen . On this day the sheriffs entertain the members of the corporation and friends, with a grand dinner. October. — The winter theatres open. Nov. VIII. — Lord mayor sworn into office at Guildhall. IX. — Lord mayor enters upon office for the year ensuing ; on which occasion he proceeds in great state, attended by the sheriffs in their state coaches, the aldermen in their carriages, and the livery of the several companies, to Blackfriars bridge, where they embark in the splendid City barge, attended by the several City companies in their respective barges, adorned with flags and pendants. On arriving at Westminster, his lordship, after certain prescribed ceremonies, takes the usual oaths before the barons of the Exchequer. He then proceeds to the other courts to invite the judges to dinner, and finally returns by water to Blackfriars bridge. After again landing, he is preceded by the several companies, with banners and music ; the heralds in the old English dress, with sounding trumpets and waving plumes ; men in armour on horseback ; to which succeed his lordship's domestics and servants in gorgeous liveries, followed by his lordship in his scarlet or purple robes, richly furred, wearing his gold chain and collar, and seated in his massive state coach, drawn by six horses - r the procession brought up by the whole corporation. The day terminates with a magnificent entertainment, mostly at- tended by some members of the royal family, the ministers of state, and many representatives of the first families of the kingdom.— Birth day of the Prince of Wales. Xll DIARY OF ANNUAL OCCURRENCES. December. — About the middle of this month, the Anni- versary of the Smittmeld Cattle Show, a practice which origi- nated with Francis, Duke of Bedford, who offered prizes for the rearing of sheep, oxen, pigs, &c. Held at the Baker-street Bazaar. XXI. — St. Thomas's day. Election in all the wards for members to serve in the common council of the city of London. XXV. — Christmas day, celebrated at all the public places of Christian worship. cs CRUCHLEY'S NEW PICTURE OF LONDON RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. The early history of London is enveloped in much mys- tery ; brt as sufficient is known to serve for all the pur- pose~ liustrating its extraordinary change, from a town of comparative insignificance, to the largest, wealthiest, and most important metropolis in the world, little notice need be taken of the surmises and conflicting statements of historians. There can be no doubt that its earliest stages of improvement were extremely slow ; and, that it did not advance more rapidly from the sixth to the six- teenth century must be attributed to the frequent plagues and fires by which it was visited. Casting our eye upon the map of Europe, and bearing in mind the commercial changes produced by the growing importance of the northern countries, and the progress of navigation, which, after having been confined for ages to the Mediterranean, at length stretched forth its wings to the East, and subsequently embraced the New World — we perceive that London was so situated as to secure greater advantages from the combination of these changes than any other place of equal political importance in those times. Policy had sufficient foresight to invite Com- merce ; Commerce had the power, and felt it to be its interest, to lend all its influence to Policy. Situated on the river Thames, at the distance of sixty miles from the sea, this city was, at an early period, com- B ^ RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. prised within a wall of no more than two miles in extent, enclosing a space of about four hundred acres. The wall commenced at a fort on the site of a part of the present Tower of London, and, running up one side of the Mino- ries to Aldgate, went along Houndsditch to Bevis Marks, where it shot off to the left, through Bishopsgate church- yard to Cripplegate, and then slightly southward towards Aldersgate; after running south-west by the back of Christ-church Hospital and old Newgate, it formed an angle, and proceeded south to Ludgate, where it formed another angle, and ran westward to the Fleet; when, turning again to the south, it ran along the banks of the Fleet to a second fort on the Thames; a second wall, running along the bank of the river from the former to the latter fort, formed the entire enclosure. The wall on the land side is supposed to have been about twenty feet high, surmounted at intervals by turrets, and intersected by gates, opening on the high roads ; of which there were originally but four, others being afterwards added as they became necessary. On the conversion of the Saxons to Christianity, Lon- don was nominated a bishop's see ; and, in 610, a cathe- dral was erected on the site of the present splendid cathedral of St. Paul, to whom the original edifice was dedicated. Towards the latter end of the eighth century, London was four times brought to the verge of destruction by fires, wherein many of its inhabitants perished. In 884, Alfred gained possession of it, restored and strengthened it, and laid the foundation of the municipal government, which, after many successive improvements, was brought into its present form. In 961, London was visited by a dreadful pestilence, which swept off many of its inhabitants ; and, in 982, it again suffered severely by fire : indeed at this period it underwent many vicissitudes, owing to the incursions of the Danes, till at length tranquillity was restored by the accession of William the First, who, in 1066, was crowned King of England, and who granted the City charter, still RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 3 in existence. In 1078, was erected that part of the Tower of London called the White Tower, for the purpose of intimidating the citizens, they having evinced some dissatisfaction at the new government. In 1086, another destructive fire took place, in which St. Paul's was burned down. The king, about the same period, deprived the bishops of all judgment in civil causes ; submitting them to the decision of twelve men of the same rank as the prisoner. Richard I., in consideration of 1500/. paid by the citi- zens, granted them a charter, establishing their claim to the conservatorship of the river Thames. John granted the City several charters, which consider- ably increased its importance. Among them was one, " empowering the barons of the City to choose a mayor annually, or to continue the same person from year to year, at their pleasure." In this reign was signed the far-famed Magna Chart a, which, among other advantages, secured to the City all its ancient privileges and free customs. In the reign of Edward the First, the City was divided into twenty-four wards, to each of which an alderman (chosen by the livery) was assigned, to be assisted in his duties by common councilmen, chosen, as at present, by the freemen of the City. At this time the River flowed up to Holborn bridge, under which it communicated with the ponds at Clerken- well. Holborn itself was a small stream called Old bourne. Farringdon street was the course of the river Fleet : Walbrook was a winding stream undulating through the city, and emptying itself into the Thames at Dowgate : these are now all arched over, and form serviceable sewers to receive and carry into the River the contributions from the numerous smaller ones. Little alteration seems to have taken place till the reign of Edward IV., when bricks were first made, and introduced into buildings : but what renders this reign ever memorable is, the first introduction of the art of printing, by William Caxton, citizen and mercer. >4 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. In the reign of Henry the Eighth, many improvements were made, owing to the internal quiet of the kingdom, which was now fast rising into importance. By the sup- pression of the monasteries, many extensive buildings and valuable properties were transferred to more active indus- try ; thousands of unwilling captives were set free, and gave an impetus to trade ; police regulations were estab- lished, nuisances removed, the streets became partially paved, and measures were taken for the better provision- ing the town, now rapidly increasing in population. After this reign no change took place in the external appearance of the city for a considerable time, every pre- caution being taken by government to prevent its exten- sion. To the absurd restrictions at this period imposed, the inhabitants were, without doubt, mainly indebted for the quick succession of plagues by which they were visited in subsequent reigns. The last of these, which occurred in the reign of Charles II., was the most deplorable in its effects. It broke out in 1665, and raged for thirteen months, the deaths amounting, at times, to eight thou- sand weekly : families were swept away, whole districts disappeared, desolation spread abroad, the gay and the grave, the proud and the humble, the rich and the poor, were brought to a level, and swallowed up in one pro- digious ruin. Business was at an end, the doors were all closed, and death reigned triumphant through the streets, the silence of which was only disturbed by the chilling mandate, " Bring out your dead !" 100,000 persons are supposed to have perished during this dreadful visitation. Fortunately for succeeding ages, this was immediately followed by what is emphatically called The Great Fire of London, which broke out on the second of September, 1666, and lasted four days, destroying nearly five-sixths of the whole City, and a great portion of the suburbs. A Monument erected on Fish street hill bears an inscrip- tion, containing a full account of the damage, estimated at 10,000,000/. In little more than four years after this fire, the City was again re-built, in a style in many respects much RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. O superior. Till this period London had remained " cribbed, cabined, and confined :" the houses had been constructed of wood, and thatched with straw, each story projecting as it rose, so that the upper stories nearly met at the top, preventing that free circulation of air which is so necessary to the health of a great city. At the same time the sewers were in a very bad state, and the streets, which were very narrow, and but partially paved, were con- stantly strewed with every species of filth, engendering noxious and pestilential vapours from below, that vainly sought an outlet above. This lamentable state of things could hardly have been remedied by any milder influence than the sweeping destruction of this fire, and therefore we have given it the epithet fortunate. As after this period London rose rapidly, and extended itself, unchecked by plagues or fires, we shall return and take a view of it, as presented to us by a map of the reign of Elizabeth, which represents the City (then declared already too large) and its outskirts, with a view of those, then distant, villages which have since become integral parts of the Metropolis. The present site of St. Kathe- rine's Docks appears to have been its extreme east, Tower hill lying open to the country ; the Minories were only built on one side fronting the Wall; Goodman's fields were pasture grounds, divided by hedge-rows from Spitalfields ; Houndsditch consisted of one row of houses, fronting the Wall ; and though Bishopsgate street, Nor- ton-folgate, and Shoreditch, contained rows of houses as far up as the church, they were unconnected by any cross streets ; Moorfields divided London from Hoxton ; and Finsbury fields, extending to Whitecross street, were dotted with windmills ; St, John street extended only as far as the old Monastery of Clerkenwell; and Cowcross street opened on the fields. Holborn was at this time a distant village, connected by a line of houses, the backs of which opened on fields, a part of Gray's inn lane alone branching off: High Holborn had no existence, and St. Giles's stood quite unconnected. The whole space be- tween Holborn and the Strand, with the exception of a b 2 b RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. small portion at the lower end of Drury lane, which con- tained a few houses, was field and garden ground ; and from the houses in the Strand, the gardens in most cases extended to the water side. Covent garden was a garden belonging to the Convent at Westminster, and extending to St. Martin's lane ; the street now called the Hay- market was bounded by fields; Pall mall, St. James's street, Piccadilly, with the constant succession of streets, squares, &c, in that part of the town, had no existence, and Westminster was a small town to the south and south-west of St. James's park. On the opposite side of the River there were very few houses : Southwark ex- tended but a short way down the High street ; along Tooley street to Horsleydown the buildings were more unconnected ; after which a few houses and gardens only appeared ; while London bridge had a great number of houses on each side, hanging over the water. Comparing the present aspect of London with the fore- going outline, we cannot help smiling at the narrow- minded policy that would have continued it within such limits ; yet such was the infatuation of that and succeed- ing reigns, that it required all the powerful causes which arose about those- times to burst its bounds and swell it into importance. The increase of commerce by a junction with the Hanseatic Confederacy, the opening of a trade with the Muscovite merchants, the first formation of an American settlement, the formation of an East India Company, as also a company to trade with Turkey and the Levant, raised London into considerable importance, and it be- came the resort of merchants from all quarters. The religious persecutions in France, and the civil dissensions throughout Flanders, induced thousands to emigrate to London, and its population now rapidly in- creased. About this time the late Royal Exchange was built, by the liberality of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was now found requisite to extend the suburbs, to avoid the evils of a too dense population. Proclamations were set at defiance, and the north-east end became RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. / covered with buildings; Spitalfields were infringed on, West Smithfield became a populous neighbourhood, and the buildings, crossing over Clerkenwell, soon formed a junction with Holborn and St. Giles's. After the fire of 1666, London increased still more rapidly. The greatest portion of the old town having been destroyed, a new plan was adopted ; houses were no longer allowed to be built of wood, the streets were laid out more regularly and of greater width, and it arose from its ashes greatly improved in extent and beauty. Buildings rose thickly in the neighbourhood of Bishops- gate, as also in that of Goodman's fields ; and the west- ern side of the Minories, or what had been the ditch bounding the ancient wall, was now built. In the reign of James the Second, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. induced nearly 15,000 French Protestants to quit their native shores and remove to London, where they settled, residing principally west- ward, in the neighbourhood of Long acre, St. Giles's, Soho, and Leicester square, which in consequence rapidly extended. The parish of St. Ann, and the streets connecting the east end of Oxford street with that of^St. James, were the principal additions of importance that were made to the Metropolis during the reign of William III. But the number of inhabitants, and consequently of private buildings, may be conceived to have been greatly in- creased in the following reign, from a proclamation in 1711 for the building of fifty new churches in London and its suburbs, to meet the exigencies of an increased popu- lation. From this time houses and public edifices rose in quick and almost marvellous succession, over an incredible extent of hitherto unoccupied ground. The whole of the extensive space from Goodman's fields to Stepney, over Whitechapel road to Shadwell, has at length been covered with closely compacted habitations. The London, the St. Katherine's, the East and West India Docks, and the new Victoria Park, have been constructed, and the space 8 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. to Hackney, Bethnal green, and Mile End, built upon. On the opposite side of the River the buildings now ex- tend from Deptford to Camberwell, Kennington, and Stockwell; to Lambeth, Westminster, and Blackfriars, taking in the whole of St. George's fields ; and again, on the west, Chelsea, Walham green, Hammersmith, Turn- ham green, Kensington, and Hyde park corner. Bayswater, Paddington, Hampstead, Highgate, High- bury, Kingsland, Hackney, Somers' Town, Camden Town, Kentish Town, Pentonville, Holloway, and Isling- ton, have all become connected with London : the inter- mediate spaces which formerly separated them from the town, and each other, being now closely built upon and thickly inhabited. In this increase the parishes of St. Pancras, Padding- ton, and Marylebone, have surpassed all others in extent and beauty. Being contiguous to what is termed the fashionable end of the town, the style of the structures has been made to accord with the class of inhabitants for whom they were designed ; and the neighbourhood of Marylebone church and the Regent's park presents a suc- cession of noble mansions. While London has thus been fast encroaching on its surrounding hamlets, to accommodate the increased popu- lation consequent on a return of peace to the first com- mercial metropolis in the world, the comfort and appear- ance of its interior have not been neglected. Public convenience called for enlarged thoroughfares, and crowded districts have been removed to make way for noble streets, lined with costly mansions. Such was the origin of those architectural beauties in the vicinity of Pall mall, and on the site of the late Carlton palace ; and that magnificent line of streets leading from St. James's park to the Regent's park. St. Martin's church, now open to the view of the public, forms part of the eastern side of a spacious opening named Trafalgar square ; in the front of which is a monument to the immortal Nelson; the northern side is adorned with a National Gallery for the arts. The new Hungerford market, RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. V at the south-western extremity of the Strand, proves a formidable competitor, not only to Billingsgate market, but to that of Covent garden : its airy situation renders it an agreeable walk to the neighbouring inhabitants. A suspension bridge, for foot passengers, is now being erected here. Exeter change, and the line of houses down the north side of the Strand, have been re- moved, the street enlarged, and many improvements made, while others are still in progress in the vicinity. Covent garden market has undergone an entire change, and is now not only an object of convenience but of curiosity : the conservatory up stairs (over the covered stalls) forms a delightful stroll for the horticulturist. Fleet market has been removed, and the opening now forms a noble street (Farringdon street) leading to Hol- born bridge, and is in progress for a continued line to Islington. To the west of Farringdon street a market has been built, having three sides of a square roofed over. The greater part of it, however, is dark and inconvenient. The outside square, which is paved, is supplied with fruits and vegetables of the usual description. The New Post Office has long been in full activity — The Colisseum has realised its original promise ; and the Zoological Gardens, much enlarged, and considerably enriched by the liber- ality of his late and her present Majesty, have become an object of great attraction. London, taken in its largest extent, is said to contain from 10,000 to 12,000 streets, lanes, courts, &c. ; 156,000 nouses and public edifices ; and from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants. We have seen that it was con- tained within a circumference of two miles, and have now arrived at a period when it stands on a surface of eighteen square miles, within a supposed circumference of thirty miles. Since the plague of 1666, London has never been afflicted by any far-spreading distemper; but, on the contrary? has become celebrated for its salubrity. This is owing to the salutary changes which time and the pro- 10 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. gressive improvements of society have produced, together with the advance of the arts and sciences. Cleanliness, so essential to health, is promoted by the regular pave- ment of the streets, and the general construction of sewers : the latter are connected, by smaller ones, with each house, so as to carry off all the refuse. The general industry of the inhabitants, and the nature of their food, are also well adapted to preserve them sound in body ; and when disease from natural causes attacks them, the healing art, here practised with the utmost skill, is at hand to check its progress. When the stranger is informed that London contains from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants, he will cease to wonder at its amazing extent ; when he considers it as the central mart of the commerce of the world, gathering riches from all parts of the globe, and concentrating the wealth of many climes, he will readily conceive why its magnificence bears so close a proportion to its extent ; why all who have industry to dispose of, art to exhibit, science to teach, or ambition to gratify, should make it the haven of their hope : he will here see successful industry rising to honourable distinction, and imprudence falling into penury, degenerating into vice, and terminat- ing in disgrace. The minds that rule, and the means by which regu- larity is maintained in so mixed a multitude, the endless occupations of the various classes, the labours of the busy, the amusements of the idle, and the interest of the whole, form objects of curiosity to the foreigner and stranger, to which we will introduce him with the least possible delay. In what part of the town a stranger should take up his residence, must of course depend in a great measure on the principal object of his visit to London — whether it be business or pleasure ; but generally, the neighbourhood of Coveut garden and the Strand is preferred, as forming a centre to a greater variety of places and objects of curi- osity than any other spot in the Metropolis : it is imme- RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. 11 diately surrounded by the principal places of amusement and of fashionable resort, at the same time that it is not far removed from the City, Courts of Law, Public Offices, Literary and Scientific Institutions, &c. The extraordinary exterior features of London are the extent of ground it covers, and the busy multitudes in its streets. To receive a full impression of both these, the stranger should traverse the continued line of streets which divides it in the centre, running almost parallel with the River ; from Hyde park corner, along Piccadilly, turning down St. James's street, along Pall mall, over Charing cross, along the Strand, Fleet street, Ludgate hill, round the north side of St. Paul's, along Cheapside, by the Ex- change to Aldgate, and return by Cheapside, turning off to the right through Newgate street, Holborn, St. Giles's, to the end of Oxford street, at any time from eleven o'clock of the forenoon, to five of the afternoon. By becoming well acquainted with this leading line of streets, he will find his way with facility to any given place on the map, most parts of London communicating north and south with it. The most beautiful cross communication is the line of streets beginning at Pall mall ; including Waterloo place, the Quadrant, Regent street, and Portland place, leading to the Regent's park ; which in the summer season, at about three o'clock in the afternoon, presents an animated display of rank and fashion, in search of objects of art to adorn their persons or gratify their tastes. The lengths of the principal streets and roads in various parts of the Metropolis, are : YARDS. Aldersgate street 605 Baker street 743 Bermondsey street 836 Bermondsey wall 660 Berners street 330 Bishopsgate street 1009 Blackman street 344 Bond street, (new) 733 Bond street, (old) 209 Borough road and High st. 1164 Broad street, Bloomsbury . 341 Broad street, (old) 339 YARDS. Cheapside 462 Chiswell street 385 City road 1690 Commercial road 5280 Cornhill 375 Edgeware road 1397 Fenchurch street 627 Fleet street 567 Gracechurch street 336 Haymarket 352 Holborn, (high) 1051 Lamb's Conduit street .... 385 12 THE ROYAL PALACE OF ST. JAMES, YARDS. Lombard street 330 Long acre 457 New road 3520 Oxford street 1920 Pall mall 693 Parliament street 281 Piccadilly 1650 Portland street 625 Ratcliffe highway 625 Regent street , 1728 St. James's street 385 Shoreditch 710 YARDS. Snow hill 127 South Audley street 539 Strand 1342 Surrey road 1133 Thames street, (lower) .... 484 Thames street, (upper) .... 1007 Tool ey street 748 Tottenham court road .... 1 155 Waterloo road 1300 Whitechapel 1281 Whitechapel road 999 Having thus taken what may be termed a cursory view of the Metropolis, the stranger may commence more satisfactorily his systematic survey. THE ROYAL PALACE OF ST. JAMES, Pall mall, directly facing St. James's street, possess- ing many elegant and convenient apartments calculated for state purposes, was built in the reign of Henry the Eighth on the site of an hospital of the same name. This palace has been the town residence of our kings since the destruction of Whitehall in 1695. Its outward appear- ance is far from dignified, but the internal arrangement is BUCKINGHAM PALACE. 13 greatly admired ; and it is said to be better and more con- veniently suited to the holding of levees and drawing rooms than any other palace in Europe, and upon birth- days, fetes, and other state occasions, exhibits a degree of splendour difficult to produce an equal. Here, the Sove- reign holds her court; gives audience to her ministers, ambassadors, and officers of state, and receives the mem- bers of her own family. It is generally felt, that as a town residence this palace does not correspond with the dignity of the British Sove- reign ; and it is probable that, at some more auspicious period, another structure may be erected, more in accord- ance with the principles of true taste than the building at Pimlico, on the alteration and enlargement of which enormous sums have been expended. BUCKINGHAM PALACE, St. James's Park. — The residence of our gracious Queen Victoria, and Prince Albert. This is an old building with a new face ; but so great is the change that it is not generally known, even to the Londoners, to be no other than Buckingham House remodelled, that part of the old building still remaining being cased with stone. 14 KENSINGTON PALACE. It occupies a large space, its principal front being directed towards the private grounds, thus very ungraciously turn- ing its back on the public. The architect, however, seems to have exerted all his skill in order to impart to the back-front of the Palace a magnificent and imposing appearance. The basement is a parallelogram, from which proceed two wings, forming three sides of a square. On the left are placed statues of History, Geography, and Astro- nomy; and on the right are those of Painting, Music, and Architecture ; the pediment in the centre contains the Royal Arms, above which are statues of Neptune, Commerce, and Navigation. The grand entrance from the Park consists of an arch of white marble, modelled from that of Constantine, at Rome, and adorned with sculpture, by Bailey and Westmacott. It is surmounted by the Royal Standard, during Her Majesty's residence in town. From each side of the arch runs a semicircular railing, extending to the wings. The state apartments look towards the gardens, which are very beautifully laid out : in the right wing are the private apartments, and in the left the chapel, domestic offices, &c. The chapel is of a beautiful form. In gene- ral, however, the interior of the Palace, as well as its exterior, is lamentably defective in architectural style, and in classical purity of decoration. At present it can be viewed only by special favour. KENSINGTON PALACE, The residence of the Duke of Sussex, and other distin- guished personages, originally belonged to Chancellor Finch, afterwards Earl of Nottingham. It is composed of brick, and has but little pretension to grandeur. The apartments are adorned with numerous paintings by dis- tinguished artists. Visitors are admitted on application to the housekeeper. The Gardens connected with this Palace are above three miles in circumference, were originally laid out under the direction of Queen Caroline by Bridgeman, WHITEHALL. 15 Kent, and Brown, and are equal, at least in beauty of arrangement, to any promenade in Europe. Here the work of Art has been so skilfully allied with that of Nature as to make it more lovely, without requiring any painful sacrifice. The walks, the ponds, the groves, the arbours, agree so well together as to form but one fasci- nating image in the mind of the spectator. Considerable improvements have been made by under-draining ; also the gravel walks, grass plats, and the avenues, have been completed and embellished by the addition of fresh plan- tations. In summer they form a fashionable and agree- able promenade. The entrances are in the Uxbridge road, Hyde park, and Kensington. WHITEHALL. The old Palace of this name was consumed by fire in 1695, the banqueting house built by James the First alone escaping, which still remains a splendid monument of classic architecture. It is now converted into a chapel, where service is performed every Sunday, The ceiling, representing the apotheosis of James the First, was painted by Rubens, at an expense of ^3000. 16 LAMBETH PALACE. — HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. On a scaffold erected in front of this edifice Charles the First was beheaded, on the 30th of January, 1 648. Behind the banqueting house, in Privy Gardens, is a fine bronze statue of James the Second, cast by the celebrated Grinling Gibbons, the year before that misguided mo- narch abdicated the throne; the likeness is said to be well preserved. LAMBETH PALACE, The town residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, is situated on the bank of the Thames, almost opposite the Houses of Parliament. Having been erected at dif- ferent periods, it displays various kinds of architecture. The Lollards' Tower, at the western extremity of the chapel, contains a small room, wainscotted with oak, on which are inscribed several names and portions of sentences in ancient characters, and the walls are fur- nished with large rings, to which the Lollards and other unfortunate persons, confined for heretical opinions, are supposed to have been affixed. The park and gardens, which contain near thirty acres, are laid out with great taste, and form a very beautiful promenade. HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. As we are now about to describe the Houses of Parlia- ment, and Courts of Law, it may not be out of place to give here a brief sketch of the nature of the English government. The form is monarchical, the succession hereditary, and the legislative power is vested in the Queen, Lords, and Commons, the assent of all three being requisite to the promulgation of a law. The Queen is the fountain of justice, and head of the church ; she has the power of sending and receiving am- bassadors, of making war and peace, of raising and regu- lating fleets and armies, of pardoning crimes, &c. The House of' Lords consists of the Peers of the Realm, spiritual and temporal, the whole amounting in number to 442.— HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 17 Royal Dukes 3 Dukes 21 Marquesses 24 Earls 132 Viscounts 26 Barons 217 Archbishops , 2 Bishops 24 449 Peers of England 401 Peers of Scotland 16 Peers of Ireland 28 Irish Bishops 4 Deduct Peers, having En- 1 glish titles J 449 442 The House of Commons consists of six hundred and fifty eight Knights of the Shire and Burgesses, elected to represent the interests of counties, cities, towns, and burghs : — Ed glish Members 471 Welsh ditto 29 Scotch Members 53 Irish ditto 107 These Knights and Burgesses are chosen by the free- holders and householders of the respective districts, as their representatives, to watch over their local as well as general interests, and to protect them from any encroach- ment by the crown or the aristocracy. These three powers combined form the parliament or general assembly for debating on matters touching the common weal, and the making and correcting of laws. The Privy Council is an honourable assembly chosen by the Queen, and sworn to advise her to the best of their judgment, and to keep their counsels secret. The Queen, by the advice of the Privy Council, fixes the time of opening the Parliament, also prorogues or dissolves it, and issues a proclamation for a new election. The natural term of each parliament is seven years. The houses mostly meet for the despatch of business between the months of January and August, according to the pleasure of the Queen, who is generally guided by the necessities of the state. On opening the Session, the Queen declares her motives for calling them together ; in its progress she occasionally repairs to the house to give her assent to bills, on all which occasions she goes in state, and on those days the Peers attend in their robes. Should the Queen open the session in person, the stranger is recommended, if possible, to make interest to c 2 18 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. gain admittance,, as the house presents on such occasions a coup d'ceil of great magnificence ; but admittance can be obtained only by means of a peer's ticket, and strangers must be in full dress. On ordinary meetings of the house, strangers in full dress will find an easy passport in the courtesy of the door keepers. The Ministers of the Crown, who carry on the effective business of the state, are members of the Privy Council, and, as such, responsible for the acts of government. The administration consists of — First Lord of the Treasury (Prime Minister), Lord High Chancellor and Speaker of the House of Lords, Secretary of State for the Home Department, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, President of Her Majesty's Privy Council, Chancellor of the Exchequer, First Lord of the Admiralty, President of the India Board, President of the Board of Trade, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Postmaster General, Lord Steward of the Household, Her Majesty's Attorney General, Her Majesty's Solicitor General, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Under Secretary of State for Ireland. THE HOUSE OF LORDS. Previously to the fire which occurred on the night of the 16th of October, 1834, and by which the two Houses of Parliament were almost entirely destroyed, the House of Lords, adjoining Westminster Hall, was a noble chamber, capable of accommodating from 430 to 450 peers. It was hung with ancient tapestry, representing the Defeat of the Spanish Armada. What was termed the Painted Gallery is now appropriated to the temporary use of the Peers. It was formerly the identical House of Lords which Guy Faux endeavoured to blow up, and it is situated immediately above the cellar he had hired for that purpose. Upon entering this apartment, the be- holder is struck with the judicious arrangements of the architect, (Sir Robert Smirke,) in this phcenix-like build- HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 19 ing, reared amidst surrounding ruins. In the pier between the two windows at the extreme end, the space is allotted for the throne, which is decorated with the carpet of its predecessor, fortunately saved by its being up for the purpose of cleaning, previously to the fire. The flooring on each side is raised by two low steps for the seats, which are formed of plain oak, framed with single rail backs and stiles. The space allows of three tiers on each side, over part of which are galleries, each capable of holding two tiers of seats, supported by iron brackets, cased by composition. On the right of the chamber, the former King's-entrance doorway still retains its name and use. On the same side is also a window, admitting a small portion of light ; and nearly facing it are two others, which command a striking and beautiful view of the ruins of St. Stephen's Chapel, formerly the House of Commons, and the surrounding scenery. The architect has judiciously heightened the walls of this building by at least one third, and immediately over the throne has supplied a Gothic-headed, five-lighted oblong window. Over the entrance end, facing the throne, is a large commodious gallery for strangers, reporters, &c. On the left of the bar is a door leading to the committee- rooms, four in number. On the right of the bar is an entrance for the Lords, communicating with a passage from the House of Commons from the door on the right of the Speaker's chair. The sides are boarded, grained, and varnished, to about nine feet above the gallery, and thence papered to the ceiling, from which is suspended chandeliers for wax lights. The apartment is about 50 feet long, 18 or 20 wide, and nearly 28 high. Great im- provements have recently been made in the plan of venti- lating the house, and of warming it by means of hot water : and the benches are so arranged as to accommo- date the Peers with less inconvenience than was before experienced. THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. The former House of Lords, now converted into the 20 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. House of Commons, is in its appearance very neat ; the building strong and commodious. The floor on each side is raised three steps, the same as that of the Lords — only with four tiers of seats on each side — and the en- trance end, facing the Speaker's chair, is also elevated by three steps, admitting an entrance passage way on the level of the floor in the centre, over which there is a large commanding gallery for the public, capable of containing between two and three hundred persons, being entirely over the lobby, &c. There are also galleries on each side for the members, with three tiers of seats in each, the whole length of the room. Over the Speaker's chair is a neat and commodious gallery, the front of which is appro- priated to the reporters for newspapers only; under is a door leading to the Speaker's robing and retiring-room, and one on the right leading to the House of Lords, by which the bills are taken up to them. There are committee- rooms, and also a with-drawing room for strangers to re- tire upon clearing the house. The ceiling is oblong, showing the tie beams, which are enriched with plain mouldings and cornice all round, with circular apertures for the new improved Bude Lights ; the former semi- circular apertures are raised for the windows, which have upright mullions, glazed with square panes. The sides are also boarded all round to about seven or eight feet above the galleries, and above that distinguished in imi- tation of stone work of grey granite. The whole is heated by hot water, and admirably ventilated, by means of a new and ingeniously adapted apparatus. The House of Commons is about 80 feet long, 40 wide, and nearly 30 feet high. Within these two years, several new buildings adjoin- ing have been erected for the accommodation of the Speaker and Members; one of them, a commodious room, sufficiently large to hold 400 Members, for the pur- pose of facilitating divisions, the entrance to which is by a door at the back of the Speaker's chair. The new pri- vate room for the Speaker is exceedingly light and con- venient, and furnished with taste. The rooms for the HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 21 Speaker's Secretary, and other Officers of the House, are also arranged with taste and judgment. The Speaker of the/ House takes the chair at twelve o'clock, when business commences, provided the requisite number of Members be present, fewer than forty not forming a legal sitting. During the evening, strangers may be admitted. Persons wishing to speak to a member during a sitting of the House, must apply to the door- keeper in the lobby, who will inform them whether the member be yet arrived ; and, if this be the case, he will send in the names of the party, who must wait patiently the result ; during which time they will have an oppor- tunity of seeing the various members going backward and forward as they arrive or retire. Unfortunately, there is now some difficulty in gaining access to the strangers' gallery of the House of Commons. Formerly, admission used to be by a member's order, or (in common cases) by a fee of half-a-crown to the door- keepers. The fee, being deemed objectionable, has been abolished ; and the only means of now procuring ad- mission, is by the order of a member. When parliament is not sitting, strangers may view the Houses of Lords and Commons on giving each House attendant a gratuity. It was determined by the legislature, that the Houses of Parliament (in consequence of the destruction by fire of the former ones), should be rebuilt upon a scale of magnificence worthy of a great and powerful nation, and a committee was appointed to obtain designs from such architects as chose to compete for certain premiums. From the numerous designs, that of Mr. Barry was selected, the general design of which embraces the follow- ing main features : — The River Front, consisting principally of apartments devoted to the use of committees, meetings for conferences, &c. ; with the residence of the Speaker at the north end, and that of the Usher of the Black Rod and Librarian of the House of Peers at the south end ; — 22 HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. a parallel and corresponding front facing the Abbey; with the Clock Tower, situated at the north end, and the Victoria Tower, at the south end. The quadrangular space contains the Houses of Lords and Commons, and the Central Tower, which is designed for the purpose of ventilation. The progress made towards the completion of this magnificent building is seen best from Westminster Bridge ; the towers nearest the bridge are completed externally, and the entire River Front presents a rich display of graceful mouldings, tra- cery, carvings, and decorations, with innumerable heraldic devices, &c, carved from the solid rock of massive mag- nesian limestone. The immense structure of the Victoria Tower, (the main arches of which alone are much higher than the houses in Abingdon street,) is equally rich in decoration with the River Front. The roof of the House of Lords is composed of wrought and cast iron galvan- ised; the ceilings and wainscotting are of oak, elaborately carved and emblazoned with the arms of the different Peers ; the flooring is of cast iron, and perforated so as to allow of the admission of warm or cold air. The House of Commons is not in so forward a state. St. Stephen's and the Victoria Halls will be among the grandest edifices in London, it being the intention to decorate them profusely with sculpture and fresco, treat- ing of historical subjects. The beautiful crypt of St. Stephen's is now being restored to its pristine beauty, and will be assigned as a chapel for the Members of the Lower House to hear prayers. The lobbies, halls, and public entrances are intended to be adorned with sculpture and other appropriate embellishments. It is confidently stated, that the building will be ready for use by the Sessions of 1847. In examining a work of this vast magnitude, employing nearly one thousand artificers, it is impossible not to be struck with the many novel and ingenious devices which have been adopted, with the view of shortening the labour and perfecting the construction of the undertaking. In WESTMINSTER HALL. 23 concluding these brief remarks, we cannot refrain from paying a just and well-merited tribute to the genius of the able architect who designed, and under whose direction this noble building is rapidly advancing to completion. WESTMINSTER HALL Stands in New Palace Yard. It is the largest room in Europe unsupported by pillars, being 270 feet in length, 74 in width, and 90 in height. It is built in the old gothic style of the eleventh century, and was formerly the Hall of Parliament. The roof is of extraordinary beauty, adorned with various emblematical devices. This Hall has been the scene of varied feelings and opposite in- terests. Here Richard II. received and entertained 10,000 guests at his Christmas festivals ; and here the unfortunate Charles I. received sentence of death. In our own time it has been the stage of criminal inves- tigation in the cases of Warren Hastings and Lord Mel- ville, and of splendid conviviality at the eventful coronation of George IV. From this Hall are entrances into the supreme courts of law, which have been newly built in a 24 COURTS OF LAW. style corresponding with that of the hall, and are open to strangers who may wish to witness the proceedings. The respective courts are as follows : — The Court of Chancery, designed to mitigate the rigour of the law, and decide according to equity, is the highest court of judicature in the kingdom next to the parliament. It has two jurisdictions — one common law — the other equity. The Court of Queen's Bench, in which are tried all matters determinable at common law, between the sovereign and her subjects. The Court of Common Pleas, in which are debated causes between subject and subject. The Court of Exchequer, for the trial of all causes relating to the revenue, customs, fines, &c. The Rolls Court. The Master of the Rolls is Keeper of the Rolls, or records of the pleadings and acts of these courts, as rules for future decision. The Vice Chancellor's Court originated in 1813, for the assistance of the Lord Chancellor, in his judicial duties. The other courts for the administration of justice, in different parts of the town, are these : — • The Marshalsea Court, in Scotland yard, which has jurisdiction of all civil suits within twelve miles of Whitehall, the City of London excepted. Court held every Friday in the afternoon. The High Court of Admiralty, Doctors' Com- mons, which takes cognizance of all maritime pleas, cri- minal and civil piracies, and crimes committed on the high seas ; but criminals are tried by a special commission at the Sessions' House, Old Bailey. The Ecclesiastical Court, Doctors' Commons, for trying causes relative to wills and administrations; for granting dispensations to marry, and taking cog- nizance of all kinds of offences against religion. Here are also the offices in which wills are deposited; the charge of one shilling is made for an inspection of any. The Court of Bankruptcy, for the examination COURTS OF LA.W. 25 of bankrupts and their creditors, Basinghall street, in the City. Court for Insolvent Debtors, Portugal street, Lincoln's-inn fields, instituted for the purpose of releas- ing all persons confined three months in prison for debt, and who on applying to be released, surrender their effects to their creditors. Courts of Request, of which there are several, for the recovery of debts under forty shillings, where the proceedings are rapidly conducted, and redress soon ob- tained. They are in Guildhall buildings, City ; Kings- gate street, Holborn; Castle street, Leicester square; Vine street, Piccadilly; Swan street, Trinity street, Southwark; and Osborne street, Whitechapel. The four principal inns of court are : the Inner Temple and Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The Temple. The principal entrance is the Middle Temple Gate, which was erected from the design of Inigo Jones. It is situated near Temple Bar. St. Mary's, or the Temple Church, in the Inner Temple, is an ancient gothic stone building, erected in the reign of Henry the Second. It is remarkable for its circular vestibule, and for the tombs of the crusaders who were buried here. The Norman arch, forming the entrance, is much admired. The whole has lately undergone a complete restoration, at the immense cost of ^50,000. The Inner Temple is to the east of Middle Temple Gate, and has a cloister, garden, and spacious walks. The paved terrace in front of the hall and chapel forms an excellent promenade. The gardens extend along the bank of the Thames, commanding views of Blackfriars and Waterloo bridges, and Somerset House. They are open to the public at six o'clock in the evening for a few weeks during the summer months, after the first week in June. The Middle Temple joins the Inner Temple on the west. The hall is a spacious and elegant room, adorned with a curious carved screen, and several valuable paint- ings. 26 POLICE. Lincoln's Inn, situated between Chancery lane and Lincoln's-inn square. The buildings form a quadrangle, the chapel and hall occupying two sides. The hall is a spacious room, 62 feet by 32, in which the Lord Chan- cellor holds his sittings out of term. Nearly adjoining are the Vice Chancellors' courts. In the garden is erecting a handsome gothic building, which will contain a dining hall, library, committee rooms, &c. Gray's Inn, the principal part of a quadrangular form, and principally occupied by hamsters and students. The hall and chapel are deserving of inspection. The gardens, which are well laid out, are open every day. Besides these principal inns of court, there are two Sergeants' inns; one in Fleet street, and the other in Chancery lane. The Inns of Chancery are, Thavies inn, Holborn hill, occupied chiefly by private individuals; Clement's inn, Strand ; Clifford's inn, Fleet street ; Staple's inn, Holborn ; Lyon's inn, Newcastle street ; Furnival's inn, Holborn ; Barnard's inn, Holborn ; Symond's inn, Chan- cery lane ; New inn, Wych street. The Law Institute, Chancery lane, contains a library, and accommodation for country attorneys to transact the business which may call them to London. The examination of articled clerks takes place here, previous to their being admitted as attorneys. The Judges' Chambers, erected on a part of Rolls Chapel Garden; the entrances are from Clifford's inn and Chancery lane. POLICE. The Metropolis is under a well organized police, which is daily increasing in value and security to the inhabitants. The Metropolitan Police Force. — Chief Office, No. 4, Whitehall place. — Commissioners, Lieut. Col. Rowan and R. Mayne, Esq. The Metropolitan Police district is divided into divisions, varying in size, but having the same number of men and officers. Each divi- sion is divided into eight sections, and each section into POLICE. 27 eight beats. The force consists of 19 superintendents, 109 inspectors, 459 police sergeants, 3807 police con- stables; total 4394. (This includes the Thames police force of about 100.) The police offices for the Metropolis, to which Magis- trates are appointed, are — Bow street, Covent garden, Queen's square, Westminster, Great Marlborough street, High street, Marylebone, Clerkenwell, Bagnigge Wells road Worship street, Shoreditch, Lambeth street, Whitechapel, Union street, Southwark, and Wapping New stairs. City of London Police Force. — Chief Office, 26, Old Jewry, Cheapside. — Commissioner, Daniel Whittle Harvey, Esq. The new City police superseded the ward watchmen in 1839. The force consists of 13 inspectors, 47 sergeants, and 482 constables ; total 542. It is divided into six divisions ; in each division there is a station. These stations are as follows : 1. Cripplegate ; 2. Smithfield; 3. Black horse court, Fleet street; 4. Watling street ; 5. Tower street ; 6. Bishopsgate street. The City is under the control of its own magistracy, con- sisting of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and a numerous body of officers. In the City are two police offices, the Mansion house and Guildhall, where magistrates sit daily to hear charges and complaints. The magistrates of these offices are empowered to de- cide in cases relative to hawkers, pedlars, pawnbrokers, hackney coaches, misdemeanors, street offences, assaults, gaming houses, prostitutes, public houses, and cases gene- rally requiring summary decisions. They are to consider the cases of poor persons applying for admission to work- houses, examining persons accused of robbery, murder, treason, uttering base coin, manslaughter, burglary, &c. It may be remarked, however, that since the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act, the power of the magis- trates, in assisting the poor, is greatly reduced. Police officers patrol the streets night and day, and are always at hand in case of need, to give assistance. A strong and well selected body of police, and lately greatly improved in efficiency, performs this duty out of the pre- 28 GOVERNMENT OFFICES. — ADMIRALTY cincts of the City. The present day police of the City, resembles in its organization that of the other parts of the town. Station-houses are placed at convenient distances throughout London, where police inspectors, constables, &c., take charges against or receive offenders, during the night, and produce them the next morning before a magistrate. Three regiments of foot guards, consisting of about 5000 men, including officers, &c, and three regiments of the household brigade of cavalry, of 1200 men, form a general military establishment for the Metropolis. But none of these troops can enter the City without the espe- cial leave of the lord mayor. A body, called the yeomen of the guard, consisting of 140 men, 40 of whom are quartered in the Tower, and on duty there, remain an interesting relic of the king's guards of the sixteenth century, whose dress they still retain, and the remainder are on duty at St. James's Palace. GOVERNMENT OFFICES. A few minutes walk down Whitehall from Charing Cross, presents an association of public offices, the influence and effect of which are unequalled. The first, a large brick building to the right, is the Admiralty, where the move- HORSE GUARDS. 29 raents and policy of our navy are arranged, and whence issue those orders which strike terror to the hearts of distant nations. Further on, is a large stone building, presenting an opening into St. James's park, called the Horse Guards, where the business of our armies is canvassed and decided. The energy of this department, assisted by the dauntless bravery of our troops, has conquered in every clime, and at all seasons. A few paces onwards, is a newly-faced building, in which our civil and domestic concerns are organised, the interests of our colonies, and our relations with foreign powers regulated, &c. ; and ad- joining this stands the Treasury, which annually receives and pays nearly sixty-five millions of pounds sterling. In this last group of buildings, the Prime Minister generally has his residence. It may not be uninteresting to state, that a part of the Treasury fronting Whitehall is a por- tion of the palace of Cardinal Wolsey, though recent improvements have obliterated all traces of its antiqutiy. d 2 30 TREASURY. — SOMERSET HOUSE, Contiguous to these, are the offices of the Home depart- ment, the Board of Trade, the Privy Council, &c, pre- senting to the street a fine front, after that of the Temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome. St. James's park, and the Horse Guards parade in front of it, lie at the back of the Treasury, the Horse Guards, and the Admiralty. The Board of Control for India affairs, originally built for the New Transport Office, stands in Cannon row, at the back of Parliament street. It is a neat brick and stone building, with a flight of steps, and a portico of the Ionic order. SOMERSET HOUSE, Strand, formerly the Palace of the Protector Somerset, was founded in the sixteenth century. Here Queen Eliza- beth, Anne of Denmark, and Catherine, Queen of Charles II., occasionally held their courts. The present beautiful structure, occupying the site of the former, was raised from designs by Sir W. Chambers, in 1775-76, for the purpose of concentrating all the minor offices of government. The basement consists of nine large arches, on the keystones of which are cut colossal masks, representing Ocean, and the eight great rivers of England. The attic, which (lis- SOMERSET HOUSE. 31 tinguishes the centre of the front, is divided into three parts by four statues of exquisite sculpture : it terminates with a group, consisting of the arms of the British empire, supported by the Genius of England, and Fame sounding her trumpet. On passing through the open arches, the building presents a complete square. Directly fronting the entrance, and opposite the centre arch, is a bronze statue of George III., with old father Thames at his feet, exe- cuted by Bacon, to commemorate His Majesty's recovery in 1789. Under the open arches at the principal entrance on the left, are the apartments of the Royal Society, and the Society of Antiquaries; on the right, those of the University of London, and the School of Design. The London University was established by Royal charter in the year 1837, for the purposes of examination and con- ferring Degrees in Arts, Laws, and Medicine. Inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar, at the office of the University. The School of Design, under the general superintend- ence of Mr. Dyce and competent masters, has divided its branches of instruction into three sections ; 1 . Ele- mentary Instruction ; 2. In the principles and practice of Ornamental Art ; 3. in Design for Manufactures. Candi- dates for admission will be reported to the Council, by 32 PARKS, PROMENADES, ETC. whom the Students are admitted. Fees of admission, Morning School, per month, 4s., Evening School 2s. Morning students have permission to attend the Evening School free of payment. Fees payable in advance. Hours of attendance, 10 till 3 every day ; and 6 till 9 in the evening, except Saturday. Open to the public every Monday, free, from 1 till 3. The Geological and the Royal Astronomical Society have apartments in the same building, facing the quadrangle. The eastern wing of Somerset House was completed in 1833, for the use of King's College, which, as well as the University College in Gower street, have the privilege of sending candidates for degrees to the London University. Among the government offices in Somerset House are the Navy Pay Office, Stamps and Taxes, Legacy Duty, Poor Law Commissioners, Audit Office, &c. &c. PARKS, PROMENADES, ETC. The stranger will not regret being early made acquainted with spots to which he may resort for the benefit of fresh air, wholesome exercise, pleasing prospects, and to escape from that oppression which persons from the country too frequently feel in the close and crowded streets of a great city. — The want of open spaces, as a means of healthful exercise for the dense population of the city, had long been grievously felt, and complained of. Government have at length taken the question into serious consider- ation ; a report has been made of the different plots of ground near the city which are fit to be converted into public walks ; important improvements are in contempla- tion ; and are already begun, agreeably to the wishes of the public. The west of London, however, already con- tains an ample provision of this nature, every quarter pre- senting a varied succession of open squares, the centre of each being well, and in some instances tastefully, laid out in grass-plot and shrubbery, forming a pleasant place of recreative exercise for the younger branches of the neigh- bouring families. ST. james's park. 33 ST. JAMES'S PARK, Originally a complete morass, was enclosed by Henry VIII., and tastefully laid out as pleasure grounds to his new palace of St. James's. It was subsequently improved and enlarged by Charles II., since which time it has be- come a principal promenade of the public. Its chief entrance is from Whitehall, through the entrance of the Horse Guards, which immediately lead to a large parade, where troops are frequently reviewed in considerable bodies. On the parade are seen two curious pieces of foreign ord- nance : the one is a Turkish piece, brought from Alex- andria by our troops : it is of great length, and is mount- ed upon a carriage of English structure. The other is a large mortar, taken at the siege of Cadiz, and presented to the King of England by order of the Spanish regency. It is mounted on an allegorical carriage, bearing several very curious figurative devices ; it is said to weigh sixteen tons, and to be capable of throwing a shell to the distance of three miles. In the centre of the park is a large and beautiful piece of water, pleasingly diversified by rocky mounds, and surrounded by serpentine walks, through parterres and shrubberies, the whole inclosed by an iron railing, with gates at stated distances. On the water are numerous varieties of aquatic birds, foreign and domestic, chiefly under the care and superintendence of the Orni- thological Society of London, under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Albert. Though thousands of persons are daily gratified by admiring and feeding the water-fowl, placed there by this society, few are aware that they may become themselves members of this useful and interesting institution, formed for the purpose of breeding collections of water-fowl, and secondly, to dis- tribute duplicates of them gratuitously among such members as may be desirous of acquiring a collection of aquatic birds. A book is open at the cottage to receive the names of gentlemen desirous of becoming members. On a fine afternoon, but more particularly on a Sunday, 'M st. james's park. the lake and shrubberies form a scene of great animation. In the winter, when the ice permits, this is a favourite resort of skaiters, whose feats and mishaps afford a fund of amusement to innumerable spectators. Outside the iron railing, on the northern and southern sides, are broad walks, presenting in every direction views of grand and noble mansions : these walks are planted with trees, and supplied with a considerable number of seats, placed at convenient distances. Every morning, from ten to eleven, a regiment of the foot guards parades the park, accompanied by its band ; after which, it proceeds to relieve the regiment on duty at the palace, where the bands of both play favourite pieces, alternately, for nearly half an hour. Great improvements have been made in the side known as the Birdcage walk. Near to Storey's gate a keeper's lodge has been erected, and in the Inclosure, near the water, the Ornithological Society's cottage is deserving of notice. Besides the extensive barracks on this side, there is a handsome doric chapel erected for the military. It is open for the public on Sundays. Recent alterations have greatly improved the side of this park nearest to Pall mall. A stately range of elegant houses has been formed on the site of Carlton Palace. His late Majesty, on ascending the throne, commanded a way to be made into the park, and a fine flight of steps to be constructed for the convenience of the public. At this entrance to the park, a column of pale red granite, 150 feet in height, has been erected to the memory of the late Duke of York. The column, ascended by a spiral staircase, open daily (except Sundays) from twelve to three, admission sixpence each; no charge for children under three years of age. It is surmounted by a bronze statue of His Royal Highness. Opposite this column in the crossways is the newly invented Bude Light. The respective gates of the interior of this park are open to the public from eight o'clock in the morning, till from four to nine in the evening, according to the season THE GREEN PARK. 35 of the year. Buckingham gate, and that of the Stable yard, are open all night, and that of the Bird cage walk during the sitting of Parliament. Between St. James's park and Hyde park, and com- municating with each, is THE GREEN PARK. The most important and complete work of improvement is that which has been effected in the Green Park, which for many years had been left in the most unsightly state ; ithasnow been converted into a pleasant place of resort and convenient thoroughfare to Hyde Park and Knights- bridge, the hollow places having been filled up, and the whole surface of the ground brought into better form ; gravel walks have been made and lined with trees, a few detached clumps have also been planted, but so as to leave a great portion of the greensward available for a walk. Further improvements are in progress by the in- tended removal of the deputy ranger's house, to consist of a noble terrace, public walks, fountains, and statues, 36' rHE GREEN PARK. and when finished, will be a splendid embellishment of the principal streetonenteringthe Metropolis from the west. On leaving the park, at the north-west extremity, opening into Piccadilly, the coup d'ceil is magnificent. On one side, to the left, are the grand entrance gates* to the park and the new palace, under a splendid tri- umphal arch, from designs by Mr. Nash. A magnificent equestrian statue of Wellington, by Wyatt, will surmount the whole. The massive gates are of bronzed iron, of extraordinary workmanship, containing the royal arms in the centre. Opposite is a second triumphal arch, form- ing an entrance into Hyde park, completed in 1828 from designs by Mr. Decimus Burton. It consists of a screen of fluted Ionic columns, with three archways for carriages, and two smaller ones for foot passengers. The whole frontage extends 107 feet. The architecture is light and elegant, and the gates are curious specimens of bronzed iron work, manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. The stately modern edifice immediately adjoining is Apsley house, the town residence of the Duke of Wellington. * The chamber connected with these gates has been converted into a resident office for policemen. HYDE PARK. 3/ HYDE PARK, At the western extremity of the metropolis, occupies 395 acres of ground, abounding in pleasing scenery, and planted in various parts with fine wide spreading trees. Directly opposite the central arch of the grand entrance is a colossal statue of Achilles, by Westmacott, raised by the ladies of England in honour of the Duke of Welling- ton and his brave associates in the struggle with the con- tinental despot, and bearing an appropriate inscription. It was cast from twelve twenty-four pounders, taken at the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse, and Water- loo. It is about twenty feet high, and thirty tons in weight, and stands on a basement of granite. One of the most delightful sights connected with Lon- don is the appearance of Hyde park on Sunday afternoons from March to July. The spacious gravelled roads are then covered with horsemen and carriages from two to five o'clock. No spot affords the stranger so good an oppor- tunity of seeing the fashionable world in the bulk. The broad footpath, which runs from Hyde park corner to Kensington gardens, is frequently so crowded at those times with well-dressed people that it is difficult to pro- ceed. As many as 50,000 persons in the full tide of enjoyment are frequently seen here. The Serpentine river flows through this park, at the eastern extremity of which an artificial water-fall has been constructed. In the frosty season this river is a celebrated scene of slippery gambols, not unattended by danger. On the north side of it is a station of the Humane Society, the keeper's lodge, two powder magazines, and a guard house ; here are also two mineral springs. On the south side at Knightsbridge are barracks for the life guards. In sum- mer, splendid reviews of horse and foot on a large scale take place here ; and on these occasions the concourse of spectators is amazing ; at times not fewer than 200,000. Hyde park is open to the public every day from six in the morning till nine at night, to the exclusion only of hackney and stage coaches. There are seven entrances : E 38 REGENT S PARK, Hyde park corner ; Cumberland gate, end of Oxford street ; Victoria gate, Uxbridge road ; Grosvenor gate, Park lane ; Stanhope gate ; one near the entrance to the village of Kensington ; and the Albert gate at Knights- bridge. REGENT'S PARK, One of the great modern improvements of London, lies at some distance north-east of Hyde park, and occupies a space of about 360 acres, laid out in lawns, plantations, water, ornamental bridges, roads, and gardens. The rural portion, formerly surrounded by a paling, and closed from the public, to afford the plantations time to advance to an age when they might be less liable to destruction, have been thrown open to the public, and constitute a delight- ful and important addition to the breathing places of the metropolis. The buildings round this park are truly beautiful, finished in a superior style of classic archi- tecture, and so variously adorned, that, though very nu- merous, and following in close succession, they are sure to keep alive the admiration of the stranger. Cumberland terrace, of which we give a view, is greatly and justly admired. VICTORIA PARK. — THE MUNICIPALITY. 39 Independently, however, of its own attractions, this park possesses so many detached points worthy of atten- tion, that the stranger will no doubt take an opportunity of visiting it ; and a particular description of the buildings is therefore unnecessary. Round this park will be found the Diorama, the Colosseum, St. Catherine's Hospital, the Master's House, the gardens of the Zoological Society, &c. The inner circle, consisting of about eighteen acres, admirably adapted to the purposes con- templated, have been engaged under lease by the Royal Botanic Society, patronized by Her Most Gracious Ma- jesty. A great part of the garden has been laid out ornamentally and planted, and it is purposed to erect suitable buildings. At a short distance is seen Primrose hill, which, if the w r eather be fine, is well worth ascend- ing, for the purpose of enjoying the extensive prospect which it affords on every side. VICTORIA PARK. The extent of this intended new park, for which 100,000/. has been voted by Parliament, for the improvement of the east end of London, will be about 290 acres, being more than the area of St. James's park. It will be bounded on the west by the Regent's canal, on the south by Sir George Duckett's canal, and on the north by Grove street lane. It will be skirted on the south by terraces or ranges of houses, and it is intended that there shall also be de- tached villas. — Other plans for parks are proposed for the southern part of the metropolis. THE MUNICIPALITY. The civil government of the city of London is vested in its own corporation, or body of free citizens, at the head of which presides the Lord Mayor for the time being. The power and privileges of this high dignitary are very extensive. At the demise of the crown, he takes the first place in the privy council, until the new sovereign is pro- claimed. He is attended with great state at his inaugu- ration, and in public ceremonies acts a conspicuous part. 40 THE MANSION HOUSE, His costume of state is rich, his state coach, &c, splendid, and he is allowed a numerous train of officers and followers to support the dignity of his office. The Lord Mayor is chosen from the body of aldermen, generally according to seniority, on the 29th of September, and enters upon office on the 9th of November. He is assisted in the legal duties of his office by two sheriffs, chosen by the Livery. The Recorder, the first law officer of the city, and chief counsellor to the head magistrate, is appointed for life by the lord mayor and aldermen. The Livery, a numerous, respectable, and important elective body, is composed of freemen of the several companies, in whom is vested the right of electing the lord mayor, sheriffs, members of par- liament for the city, &c. &c. The city of London is di- vided into twenty-six wards, the representatives of which, with the lord mayor and aldermen, constitute the court of common council, which has the entire disposal of the funds of the corporation, makes by-laws, and preserves the right of nomination to several of the city offices. THE MANSION HOUSL, The residence of the lord mayor during his year of office, is a large and magnificent pile of building at the west end THE BANK OF ENGLAND, 41 of Lombard street, erected entirely of Portland stone, from designs of the elder Dance. The pediment of the noble portico is ornamented with emblematical sculpture, designed by Sir Robert Taylor. The interior is magnifi- cent, rather than commodious ; and when lighted up for the Easter festivities, the state apartments deserve atten- tion. They consist of the Egyptian hall, ball room, state drawing room, saloon, Venetian parlour 5 long parlour, and state bed-room. The lord mayor is allowed by the city ^8000 for his annual expenditure ; but the real expen- diture more frequently varies from j£ 10,000 to «£ 15,000, according to the means and liberality of the individual in office. To the left of the entrance, under the portico, the chief magistrate sits daily for the examination of offenders, and other duties of his office. — Admittance to the state apartments may at all times be obtained, on application to the porter, with a trifling douceur. THE BANK OF ENGLAND, Nearly opposite the Mansion house, stands isolated, and nominally in Threadneedle street. It is a vast struc- ture, occupying an irregular area of eight acres. Its architectural features are in unison with the nature of the e 2 42 THE NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. establishment, displaying opulence, strength, and security. Within the square of building are nine open courts, which afford light to the various offices, there being no windows in the exterior of the building. The clock, which is in a building over the drawing office, is an ingenious piece of mechanism, indicating the time on sixteen dials, placed in as many different offices, and striking the hours as well as the quarters. The communication between the clock and the dials is made by about 700 feet of brass rod. The accommodations are numerous and convenient; consisting of a rotunda, public offices, private apartments, committee rooms, an armoury, library, printing office, &c. &c. Except on holidays, the offices are open from nine in the morning till five in the afternoon, when stran- gers are at liberty to walk freely through them ; and the constant throng, the heaps of wealth, &c, never fail to convey a strong impression of the importance of this establishment. THE NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. The late Royal Exchange, which was considered one of the most magnificent in Europe, was destroyed by fire, January 10th, 1838. On its site the present splendid building was commenced, and the foundation stone laid STATUE OF WILLIAM IV. 43 by His Royal Highness Prince Albert, on the 1/th January, 1842. It was completed in less than three years; and, being entirely of stone, it is considered an extraordinary instance of dispatch. The building stands east and west; the extreme length is 308 feet, the west end is 119 feet in width, and the east end 175 feet; the Area for the Merchants, 170 feet by 112 feet; the height of the Tower to the top of the vane, 177 feet. The principal entrance is at the west end, under a portico supported by eight Corinthian columns, which is ascended by thirteen granite steps. The eastern entrance is under the Tower; and on the north and south sides are entrances to the Merchants' Area. In the Tower is a peal of fifteen Bells, cast by Mears ; the Clock was constructed by Mr. Dent. The Merchants' Walk is very spacious, and covered in ; the ceiling is divided by beams and panelling, highly painted and decorated in encaustic ; in the centre of each panel, on the four sides, the armorial bearings of the various nations are repeated, emblazoned in their proper colours ; in the four angles, are the arms of Edward the Confessor, Edward III., Queen Elizabeth, and Charles II. The prin- cipal floor is occupied by Lloyd's, the Royal Exchange, the London Assurance, and other public companies, and contains several splendid and large apartments. The exchange was opened on the 28th October, 1844, with great ceremony by Her Majesty, accompanied by Prince Albert, and most of the principal officers of the govern- ment. Opposite the west front is a noble equestrian figure of the Duke of Wellington in bronze, cast by Chantrey, composed of the metal of guns taken from the enemy in his different victories. STATUE OF WILLIAM IV., King William Street, facing London Bridge. This statue is of granite, and of colossal dimensions, being, with the pedestal, 40 feet high. The base presents a novel and pleasing appearance, and altogether is an 44 STOCK EXCHANGE. — EAST INDIA HOUSE. excellent specimen of modern sculpture, reflecting great credit on the talent of Mr. S. Nixon. THE STOCK EXCHANGE Situated at the upper end of Capel court, opposite the east door of the Bank of England, is a constant scene of lively confusion, from which strangers are rigorously excluded. No other business is transacted here than that which relates to the purchase and sale of stock in the funds, Exchequer bills, India bonds, and similar securities. Hours of business are ten to four. Great improvements have taken place at this spot, by the widening of the streets, and the erection of several noble buildings. THE EAST INDIA HOUSE, Leadenhall street, is a noble edifice, having a pro- jecting portico, supported by six fluted Ionic columns, of great magnitude. The pediment is enriched by repre- sentations emblematical of the protection of the interests of the Company by George the Third. Britannia and Liberty appear united. On one side is Mercury, accom- panied by Navigation, introducing Asia: and on the THE CUSTOM HOUSE. 45 other appeal' Order, Religion, and Justice, attended by Integrity and Industry. In the angles are the emblems of the Ganges and the Thames. On the apex of the pediment stands Britannia, having on her right a figure of Asia, seated on a dromedary, and on her left Europe, on a horse. The interior contains, besides its numerous offices, a museum of eastern curiosities ; a library, con- taining a great variety of Oriental manuscripts, embel- lished with mythological drawings, and statues and por- traits of such as have distinguished themselves in the Company's service abroad. In the library are many of the trophies taken at Seringapatam by Gen. Harris; many curious specimens of Chinese ivory work, and Indian paintings, forming, on the whole, a collection of deep interest, which may be viewed, excepting in the month of October, by obtaining a director's order, on Mondays and Thursdays, from eleven to three o'clock, and on Saturdays without any restriction. The offices, Levant room, sales room, committee room, &c, are to be seen every day, either by means of a director's order, or a trifling douceur to the porter. South Sea Company. The business of this com- pany consists in receiving interest of their capital, which is in the hands of government, in the payment of divi- dends and transferring stock. It is managed by a governor, sub-governor, deputy-governor, and twenty-one directors. The South Sea House is in Threadneedle street. The Russia Company. The Courts are held at No. 25, Birchin lane. The Hudson's Bay Company, 4, Fenchurch street. There are numerous other companies, both in trading, banking, railway, mining, steam navigation, dock, canal, bridge, &c, too numerous to be particularised in a work of this description, though always to be met with in a directory. THE CUSTOM HOUSE, Lower Thames street, has its principal front, which is naked and somewhat heavy, towards the river ; between 46 THIS CUSTOM HOUSE. which and the building is a spacious gravelled terrace, forming an agreeable evening promenade to the families in its vicinity, and commanding a good view of London Bridge, and of that part of the river which is enlivened by the bustle occasioned by the departure and arrival of the numerous steam boats. The Custom house is 480 feet in length, and 100 feet in breadth : it affords accom- modation to between 600 and 700 clerks and officers, besides 1000 tide-waiters and servants. In its archi- tecture, which is of the Ionic order, there is nothing par- ticularly striking or remarkable. The interior, which may be freely visited every day from nine to three, will furnish much to gratify the stranger in the number of offices, all in active employment, and the apparent facility with which business of importance is transacted. The ground floor is principally occupied by Her Majesty's stores; and on the first floor is the long room, 186 feet in length, which is an object of universal curiosity. At the east end of the ground floor is the searcher's office, with accommodation for the examination of foreigners sad their baggage. Aliens arriving in London, or at any THE EXCISE OFFICE. — THE TRINITY HOUSE. 4/ other port, are, by the Act lately passed, entitled, "An Act for the Registration of Aliens," simply required to present themselves before the officer of the Customs, appointed for that purpose, at the Custom house of the port at which they land, that their names may be registered, when a certificate of arrival is granted them, which they retain during their stay in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; on which certificate is a note, directing them to deliver it to the said officer on departure. THE EXCISE OFFICE, Broad street, City, erected in 1763, is open for the dispatch of business connected with this branch of the revenue (tea, soap, malt, and other duties), from nine to three, under the management of nine commissioners, and numerous clerks. Since the destruction of the Royal Exchange, the Exchange walk is now held here. THE TRINITY HOUSE, Tower hill, is a small but elegant structure of Portland stone, consisting of a rustic basement, over which is a single story, adorned with Ionic pillars, busts, and allegorical relievos. S. Wyatt, Esq., was the architect. It has the advantage of arising ground, andalarge open space in front. The corporation consists of a master, four wardens, eight 48 CORN AND COAL EXCHANGES.— GUILDHALL. assistants, and eighteen elder brethren. The revenues are derived from tonnage, &c. ; they examine the masters of the queen's ships, and appoint pilots' for the Thames. To visit the above, application should be made to the secretary, or the elder brothers of the corporation. THE MINT, Facing the east side of Tower hill, is a handsome stone building of Grecian architecture, executed by Mr. Smirke, Jun. The building is well adapted for business. All business connected with the coinage is now carried on within these premises. Applications to view are to be addressed to J. W. Morrison, Esq., deputy-master, in writing, describing the name, residence, and the number of the party, not exceeding six in all. THE COMMERCIAL HALL, Mincing lane, is an elegant structure, raised by sub- scription, as an exchange market for all colonial produce. The front is ornamented with six columns, between which are emblematical basso relievos, representing Commerce, Britannia, Navigation, Science, and Husbandry. THE UNIVERSAL HALL OF COMMERCE, Threadneedle street, is intended to concentrate all matters relating to the trade of foreign and English merchants ; it was erected by Mr. Moxhay, at an expense of ^60,000. ; the interior, which is at once spacious and elegant, consists of a Hall of Assembly, with every accom- modation for the transaction of business; a Reading room, supplied with British and foreign newspapers, maps, charts, directories, &c. ; and private apartments. THE CORN AND COAL EXCHANGES, The former in Mark lane, and the latter in Thames street, are buildings conveniently adapted and confined to the general wholesale business of corn and coal. GUILDHALL, King street, Cheapside, is the principal seat of City legislation. In the great hall, which is 153 feet in length, 48 in width, and 55 in height, are chosen the mayor and GUILDHALL. 49 sheriffs, and members of parliament to represent the City. Here also, courts and meetings of the livery take place, and City feasts are given on memorable occasions. In this hall, in 1814, the lord mayor received and enter- tained the Prince Regent and the allied sovereigns at a feast which cost upwards of <£2Q,000. On the 9th of November, 183/, a far more splendid banquet was given by the corporation to our Gracious Queen, an event of general and overwhelming interest to all parties, which will be long remembered for its splendour. From the time the Royal carriages left Buckingham Palace, her Majesty was greeted with demonstrations of loyalty and affection. On her arrival at Temple Bar, the City Sword of State was presented by the lord mayor, which, after holding a few seconds, she restored in the most gracious manner. And on her way, through the City, an address was delivered by the head boy of Christ's Hospital school, at the front of St. Paul's. At Guildhall, her Majesty was received by the lord mayor, lady mayor- ess, and the committee. It would be impossible to con- 50 GUILDHALL. ceive a more magnificent scene than presented itself in the hall. The recorder read an admirable address, to which her Majesty graciously replied. We can convey but a faint idea of the grandeur of the illumination at night along the whole line of the procession, and in many situations remote from it. The building is irregular, and the work of different periods. The latest is the Gothic front, finished in 1789, over the centre of which are the City arms. Before entering the hall, on the right, are the library and mu- seum, in apartments contiguous to the main building, which contain a valuable collection of books, tracts, works of art and antiquity relating and belonging to the City. The hall, which is at all times open to strangers, is en- riched by splendid monuments, raised to perpetuate the fame of a Chatham, Pitt, Nelson, and Beckford (the spirited chief magistrate of 1763 and 1770). The win- dows at each end have the royal arms, the insignia of the Bath, the Garter, St. Patrick, and the City arms, beauti- fully represented in stained glass. At the west end, raised on pedestals, stand two colossal figures, called Gog and Magog ; they are said to represent an ancient Briton and a Saxon. Models of them have occasionally made part of the procession on lord mayor's day, to the great delight of the assembled crowd. On crossing the hall, to the right, is the chamberlain's department, in which is a series of prints by Hogarth, and a fine painting of Sir James Shaw, Bart., the present chamberlain, by Mrs. Charles Pear- son; also arich and curious collection of the numerous votes of the corporation to the heroes who signalized themselves in the late war, framed and glazed, and splendidly illumi- nated on vellum. In the east wing are the city courts of law ; and opposite is the justice hall, where an alderman sits daily to hear and decide on complaints, charges, mis- demeanours, &c. The council chamber, next the hall, is decorated with a variety of paintings, presented by Alder- man Boy dell. It also contains a fine statue of George III. by Chantrey, and a beautiful portrait of Her Ma- jesty, (painted by Hayter,) presented to the Corporation GENERAL POST OFFICE. 51 to commemorate her visit in 1837. The apartments may be seen by giving a trifling fee to the officer in attend- ance, THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, St. Martin's le Grand, of which Sir Robert Smirke was the architect, is a magnificent building, erected in the latter end of the reign of George the Fourth, and opened for public business the 23d of September, 1829. It pre- sents a striking proof of the amazing extent of our inter- course with the world at large ; foreigners and strangers will regard it with pride and wonder. But however it may impress by its grandeur and the beauty of its archi- tecture, its interior arrangements are no less surprising, and well deserve attention. So far as the public are con- cerned, the arrangements have been formed with a view to convenience, the many different departments being made to communicate with the great hall, which forms a splendid thoroughfare from St. Martin's le Grand to Foster lane. An illuminated clock is placed under the portico. This hall, eighty feet in width, sixty in length, and fifty in height, is supported by six Portland 52 GENERAL POST OFFICE. stone columns of the Ionic order. On the north side are the newspaper, inland, and foreign offices ; on the south side are the money-order, receiver-general's, and account- ant's offices ; at the south-eastern end, in a line with the foreign office, is the London post department ; and at the western, on each side of the grand entrance, are hoards, containing lists of persons to whom letters have been ad- dressed, and whose abodes are unknown. A person seeing his name has only to write his address with a pen- cil on the remainder of the line, and the letter will be pre- sented at his residence the following day. North of the centre, is the hall where the bags are re- ceived from the mails, and this hall communicates with the inland sorters' office, and letter carriers' office. These offices are upwards of 100 feet long, and the im- mense number of drawers, boxes, and pigeon-holes with which they are fitted up, in order to meet the necessities of this department, must be seen to be duly appreciated. Under the great hall is a tunnel, in which is placed some very clever machinery, constructed by Mr. Barrow, for the purpose of conveying letters to and from the opposite offices of the establishment. At the eastern end of the hall, on the north side, is a staircase, leading to the letter bill, dead letter, mis-sent and returned letter offices, which, together with board room, secretaries' rooms, assistant secretaries' rooms, &c, occupy the first floor. The second floor and upper story contain, and are almost exclusively occupied by, sleeping rooms for clerks of the foreign department. In the basement story, which is rendered fire-proof by brick vaulting, is the mail guards' room and armoury. Immediately under the portico are two large gas meters, capable of registering 4000 cubic feet of gas per hour ; and some curious machinery has been introduced for supplying water to the upper parts of the building in case of fire, and for the raish g of coal from the cellars to the different floors. A stranger possessing any curiosity will find great pleasure in witnessing the departure of the mails for all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, which takes place GENERAL POST OFFICE. 53 every evening, at eight o'clock precisely. They generally collect in the enclosed space adjoining the building, a quar- ter of an hour earlier, to receive their bags, &c, so that, at the striking of the clock, their last parcel is handed up, and off they set, one after another, sweeping out in quick succession. Since the arrangements for the convey- ance of letters by the various railroads, much of the ac- customed bustle has been reduced. By a judicious cal- culation preserved through all the contracts, it is so arranged that the mails from all parts shall arrive at a certain early hour ; and severe fines are levied on the guard for any delay for which he is not able to assign a satisfactory cause : he is not only obliged to arrive in London at a fixed hour, but on his way-bill is marked the moment at which he should reach each place of any con- sequence on his route. Besides his weapons of defence, he is provided with a time-piece as his guide, by consult- ing which he is able to direct the speed of the driver, so as neither to overstep his time, nor over-fatigue the cattle. To accelerate the delivery of letters for distant parts of the Metropolis, the postmen are conveyed in long, light vehicles to the verge of their districts, at which they arrive fresh for their work. Each accelerator carries fourteen men, with their bags ; the man belonging to the nearest walk which they are to reach sits next the door, so as to descend without occasioning any stoppage. The doors are at the end of the vehicles, and are supplied with swinging handles, to prevent accidents. The operation of the new arrangements on rates of postage within the United Kingdom, is exhibited in the following Regulations : — Letters to pass by the inland mails can be posted at the receiving houses till five p.m.; by the letter carriers ring- ing bells, (on payment of one penny with each,) from four to five p.m. ; at the branch post offices, at Charing cross, Old Cavendish street, and 108, Blackman street, Borough, till three quarters past five p.m. ; and with a fee of one penny, (which must be paid by a stamp affixed to the letter), until a quarter past six p.m.; at the branch post f 2 54 GENERAL POST OFFICE. office in Lombard street, till six p.m. ; and till half-past six p.m., with a fee paid by means of a penny stamp affixed to the letter ; at the General Post Office, St. Mar- tin's le Grand, until six p.m., and until seven p.m., upon payment of a fee of one penny, (or an affixed stamp), in addition to the postage, which must then be paid in ad- vance, and from seven till half-past seven, upon payment of a fee of sixpence with each. Bates of Postage. — Not exceeding half an ounce in weight, One penny „ one ounce ,, Two-pence „ two ounces ,, Four-pence „ three ounces „ Six-pence And so on, two rates being added for every ounce up to sixteen ounces, beyond which, with some exceptions, no packet, whether subject to postage or not, can be re- ceived. Delivery of Letters. — The morning delivery of General post letters (including despatches from every post town and place in the United Kingdom, and those foreign, ship, and packet letters which have arrived in sufficient time) commences in every district, within three miles of St. Martin's le Grand, rather before half-past nine o'clock in the morning, and is completed in about two hours, except on Mondays, or on other days when there are large arrivals of Foreign or ship letters, when the period of commencing and concluding the delivery is unavoidably retarded for a space varying from thirty to sixty minutes. Letters from all those places to which despatches are conveyed by the Railway morning mails, likewise arrive about two o'clock in the afternoon. Bank Notes and Drafts. — Persons wishing to send bank notes and drafts by post are advised to cut such notes or drafts in halves, and send them at two different times, waiting till the receipt of one half is acknowledged before the other half is sent. The numbers, dates, and amounts should also be carefully taken down. The Money-order Office, now carried on, on the public GENERAL POST OFFICE. 00 account, at the General Post Office. The commission, chargeable for Money-orders, is three-pence on sums not exceeding two pounds, and on sums above two, and not exceeding five pounds, six-pence. No order will be given for sums beyond that amount. To prevent the robbery of persons receiving money by the post office orders, (the payment of which amounts sometimes to ^20,000 per day,) there is now an inclosed space in the hall, and none are admitted who have not money- orders ; officers being placed at the doors. Money-orders may be obtained at the General Post Office ; at the several branch offices, Lombard street, Charing cross, Old Cavendish street, and 108, Blackman street. Overcharges for letters returned between the hours of ten and four, on presenting the overcharged letters at the window in the hall of the General Post Office. Over- charges may likewise be obtained at the branch office, Lombard street ; or the letter may be sent to the office by the letter carrier of the district, and the overcharge will be returned with the letter in two days. The receiving houses for letters are no longer distinct ; letters may indiscriminately be put into any of them. By a new regulation, the number of the receiving house is affixed conspicuously near to it, and frequently to the gas light pillar. Letters may be posted at the principal office, St. Martin's le Grand, one hour later, up to twelve o'clock ; and three quarters of an hour later, from twelve to six o'clock, at each dispatch, than at the receiving houses. Letters posted at the receiving houses in London before six o'clock, are delivered at all places within the circle of three miles from the General Post Office the same evening; and by a recent regulation, an additional delivery has been extended to all places within six miles of the Post Office, so that all letters posted at the receiving houses in London before five o'clock, and at the principal office before six o'clock, are delivered the same evening. There are ten deliveries of letters in London daily. 56 GENERAL POST OFFICE. and within the circle of three miles from the Post Office, six deliveries daily. FOR TOWN DELIVERY LETTERS PUT IN — The Receiving Houses. The Principal Office. Sent for delivery at Hours. Hours. Hours. Morning. . 8 Morning , . 9 Morning. . . 10 Ditto . 10 Ditto , u Noon ... 12 Noon . 12 Afternoon , i before 1 Afternoon . . l Afternoon . l Ditto i i) 2 Ditto . . 2 Ditto . . 2 Ditto 1 a 3 Ditto . . . 3 Ditto 3 Ditto * 1 1 4 Ditto . . 4 Ditto . . 4 Ditto £ M 5 Ditto ... 5 Ditto 5 Ditto i »» 6 Ditto . . 6 Ditto . . 6 Ditto . 7 Ditto . .8 Ditto 8 Ditto • • 8 Next Morning . 8 FROM LONDON TO THE COUNTRY. The Receiving Houses.] The Principal Office. Hours. I Hours. 8 Morning . . 9 Morning Noon . Afternoon Ditto Ditto . Afternoon, £ before 1 Ditto i „ 4 Ditto i „ 6 Ditto . . 7 Are despatched at Hours. Morning . 10 Afternoon . 1 Ditto . . 4 Ditto 6 Ditto . . 8 Letters put in before eight o'clock on Saturday even- ing are delivered in the country on Sunday morning. The dated stamps, or if there are two, that having the latest hour, shows the time of day at which letters were despatched for delivery from the principal office. The postage of this office may or may not be paid at the time of putting in, at the option of the sender. Newspapers pass free by the London Post, except in those cases where they shall be posted and delivered within the limits, for the time being, of the General Post delivery, when the postage is one penny on each newspaper. Any irregularity in the delivery of letters, communi- cated to the comptroller, will be duly attended to ; and if the covers bearing the date stamp are produced, they will serve to discover where the fault lies. CITY COMPANIES. 57 CITY COMPANIES. There are ninety-one companies; twelve of which are called the chief, and are styled "The Honourable," of which the following are the names in their order of pre- cedency. 1. Mercers 2. Grocers 3. Drapers 4. Fishmongers 5. Goldsmiths 6. Skinners 7. Merchant Tailors 8. Haberdashers 9. Salters 10. Ironmongers 11. Vintners 12. Cloth workers Nearly fifty of the ninety- one have halls, some of which are noted for their splendour, and others for their antiquity, paintings, and curiosities. It will be useless to describe the whole, but we will endeavour to point out the principal worthy of a visit. Mercers' Hall, Cheapside ; has a richly sculptured front, adorned with figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity, and contains some interesting relics of the celebrated Whittington. Grocers' Hall, in the Poultry, contains portraits of Sir John Cutler, Lord Chatham, and his son, Mr. Pitt. Drapers' Hall, Throgmorton street; erected on the site of a mansion, inhabited by Cromwell, Earl of Essex. Here may be seen a portrait of Nelson, a portrait of Fitz- Alwyn, the first lord-mayor of London, and another of Mary, Queen of Scots. Fishmongers' Hall, close to London bridge, is a grand pile of building, erected in 1833, from designs by Mr. Roberts, in the place of the old hall, erected by Mr. Jarman, last pulled down in 1828, to form the approaches to the present London bridge. It consists of a granite basement devoted to offices, and the superstructure is of Portland stone. Nearly on a level with the road is the entrance to the hall, leading to the grand staircase, state rooms, &c. Over the centre of the building, which con- sists of two fluted Ionic columns with pilasters, the arms of the company are elaborately carved in stone. The 5S CITY COMPANIES river front, which is equally imposing, presents two ranges, the arched basement supporting columns bearing a pediment. On the grand staircase is a statue of Sir W. Walworth, whose right hand grasps the identical dagger with which he struck Wat Tyler. Merchant Tailors' Hall, Threadneedle street, one of the largest in London, contains portraits of the Duke of Wellington and of several distinguished indivi- duals. Ironmongers' Hall, Fenchurch street; it is en- riched with some exquisite carving. Barbers' Hall, Monkwell street, contains a fine painting by Holbein, representing Henry VIII. delivering the charter of the barber- surgeons to the company. Armourers' Hall, Coleman street, has a fine picture by Northcote, representing the entry of Richard II. and Henry Bolinbroke into London. Stationers' Hall, Ludgate hill, contains some good paintings in oil and stained glass. Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster lane, a handsome build- ing, erected under the superintendence of Mr. Philip CITY COMPANIES. 59 Hardwicke, the architect, on the site of the old one, which it has replaced. It consists of a noble entrance hall and staircase, leading to the banqueting room, drawing room, court dining room, court room, &c, &c. The style of architecture is modern Italian. The principal front, or facade, consists of six Corinthian columns, surmounted by a Corinthian entablature of great beauty, carried entirely round the building. To be seen only by an introduction of a member of the corporation. Gold and silver articles, manufactured in London, must be sent to this hall to be assayed and examined, under pain of criminal prosecution. Salters' Hall, St. Swithin's lane, contains portraits of several kings of England, and a fine one of Sir C. Wren. Here is also preserved a bill of fare for fifty people in the year 1506, the whole amount of which did not exceed two pounds. Painter-Stainers' Hall, Little Trinity lane, con- tains a view of the fire of London, several portraits, one of Camden the antiquary. 60 ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. CHURCHES AND CHAPELS. In London exists perfect toleration ; and its population being made up of the natives or descendants of all coun- tries, the places of public worship are not only various in character, but very numerous, amounting in all to several hundreds ; of which about 200 are Episcopal, several Roman Catholic, Foreign Protestant, and Jewish Syna- gogues ; the remainder, from 250 to 270, belonging to the different sects of Prostestant Dissenters. We com- mence our description with that noble structure, ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, Which, in point of size, extent, and magnificence of archi- tecture, forms an object of admiration second only to St. Peter *s at Rome. It is situated on a rising ground, nearly in the centre of the metropolis, but too closely surrounded to be seen to advantage; it is visible from all elevated parts of the suburbs for several miles round the metropolis. From Ludgate street, however, it presents a majestic and classi- cal appearance. It occupies the site of the ancient cathe- dral of the same name, which, after many vicissitudes, was ST. paul's cathedral. 61 so severely injured by the fire of 1666, that it was deemed advisable to remove it, and erect an entirely new edifice, which accordingly arose in its present towering magnifi- cence, a lasting memorial of the genius of its great archi- tect, Sir Christopher Wren.* Its dimensions are as follows : — Length from east to west, within the walls, 500 feet ; from north to south, 286 feet ; circuit of entire building, 2292 feet ; diameter of the ball, 6 feet; height of the cross, 30 feet; total height from the ground, 404 feet. There are 280 steps leading to the whispering gallery ; and to the ball, including the former, 616. The weight of the ball is 5600 lbs. ; of the cross, 3600. The building covers two acres, sixteen perches of ground. The form of the ground plan represents the Greek cross ; over the space where the lines of that figure intersect each other, rises a stately dome, from the summit of which springs a lan- tern, adorned with Corinthian columns, surrounded at its base by a balcony ; above the lantern is placed a ball of gilt copper, terminated by a cross, also burnished with gold. The whole building is surrounded by a dwarf iron rail- ing, separating an area, which is properly the church yard, from the carriage and foot way, so called. The railing is said to be 200 tons in weight, and to have cost ^1 1,200. The principal entrance or front, which looks westward, is adorned with a rich and beautiful portico, consisting of twelve lofty Corinthian pillars below, and above are eight Composite ones, ranged in pairs, supporting a triangular pediment, the entablature of which represents the conver- sion of St. Paul, sculptured by Bird, in low relief. On the apex of the pediment is a colossal figure of St. Paul, with two of equal size at each end, representing St. Peter and St. James ; and along the summit of the front are similar statues of the four Evangelists. The angles are surmounted by bell towers, of a chaste and uniform cha- * It is worthy of remark, that the erection of this cathedral, which occupied thirty-five years, was carried on under one architect, the work undertaken and prosecuted entirely hy one contractor, and the whole completed while one prelate filled the see of London. It cost the nation .^1, 500,000 sterling; which was collected by a small tax on coal. G 62 st. Paul's cathedral. meter. The marble statue in front of the portico, and facing Ludgate street, represents Queen Anne in her robes of state, holding in her hands the emblems of royalty. There are two other entrances to the body of the church, facing north and south, at each end of the principal tran- sept ; they correspond in their architecture, which consists of a semicircular portico of the Corinthian order, sur- mounted by statues of the Apostles. The tympanum of the one exhibits the royal arms and regalia, supported by angels ; that of the other, a phcenix rising from the flames, in allusion to the reconstruction of the cathedral after the conflagration. The east end of the church is semicircular. This portion of the cathedral was completed in the reign of William and Mary. On entering the building, the unexpected loftiness of the vaulting, and of the long range of columns and piers which burst on the sight, increases the impression which the vast magnificence naturally inspires. The great dome of the central area is based upon eight immense piers, four of the arches formed by which open into the side aisles. The view upwards is extremely grand, exhibiting every way a spacious concave, beautifully illustrated by Sir James Thornhill. The many gems of sculpture which have of late years been placed in this cathedral, as monu- ments of the brave and talented, add considerably to the interest of the edifice. Most of these monuments present inscriptions, which inform the observer to whom they are dedicated ; and in others, the devices and likenesses are equally explanatory. Over the entrance to the choir is a marble slab, bearing an inscription in Latin, of which the following is a translation : — " Beneath lies Christopher Wren, the architect of this church and city, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself alone, but for the public. Reader, do you seek his monument ? Look around !" The Library, about fifty feet by forty, contains a fine collection of ecclesiastical works and manuscripts. The floor is curiously inlaid with small square pieces of oak, to the number of 2,376, unaided by nail or peg ; the work- manship is particularly neat. st. paul's cathedral. 63 In the Model Room is still preserved Wren's original model of the cathedral, which, however, is in a sadly muti- lated and neglected state ; and another model which Mr. Britton has supposed to have been copied from a temple in Rome. The clock and great bell are objects of universal astonishment : the bell weighs four tons and a quarter, and is ten feet in diameter. The dial of the clock is fifty- seven feet in circumference, or nearly twenty feet in dia- meter, though, as seen from Ludgate street, its appear- ance is even less in circumference. The length of the minute hand is eight feet, and of the hour hand fixe feet five inches. The pendulum is fourteen feet long, carry- ing at its extremity a weight equal to one hundred and twelve pounds. The great bell is tolled only on the death of a member of the royal family, the lord mayor, the bishop of London, and the dean of the cathedral. The Whispering Gallery has long been famed for its extraordinary reverberation of sound. From this gallery is to be had the most advantageous view of the paintings, by Sir Thomas Thornhill, which adorn the in- terior surface of the dome, illustrative of the extraor- dinary events in the life of St. Paul. These are, how- ever, rapidly passing into oblivion. Parris, the celebrated artist who painted the greater part of the large panoramic view of London, shown at the Colosseum, made an advan- tageous offer for their restoration, but it was not accepted. The ascent to the ball is difficult, attended with some danger, and encountered by few. Its interior diameter is six feet, and eight persons may sit within it. Every intercepted stage in the ascent towards the top affords a different and interesting view of the Metropolis and its environs. When the day is clear, the view from the gallery at the base of the lantern is delightful, and affords the most favourable opportunity for judging of London en masse. In the Morning Prayer chapel on the north side, and the Consistory Court on the south; Divine Service is per- formed every morning (except on Sunday) at seven o'clock 64 st. paul's cathedral. throughout the summer, and at eight in the winter, aud in the latter the bishop of the diocese holds his visitation. The Choral Service is performed in the choir of the ca- thedral twice a day; at three quarters past nine in the morning, and a quarter past three in the afternoon, and sermons are preached by the Dean and resident Canons on Sundays and holidays, and on every Wednesday and Friday during Lent. At all other hours, when the building is closed, strangers may gain admittance by knocking at the doors of the northern portico ; and, on paying the stated fees, they are at liberty to view any or all the objects of curiosity which the place contains. From twelve to one is a very favourable time for visiting this building ; for then the light is stronger, and the atmosphere less chilly and damp. The Monuments. — The first statue erected here was that of the learned Dr. Johnson ; it is situated in an angle, opposite the north-east pier, which supports the dome. Opposite to this is the statue of Howard the philanthro- pist, executed by Bacon, at the cost of 1,300 guineas. In the south-west angle below the dome, is a similar figure, to the memory of Sir W. Jones, the orientalist. The base of the north-west pier is occupied by the statue of Sir Joshua Reynolds, by Flaxman. Between the dome and the choir is a beautiful monumental group to the me- mory of Nelson ; and in a panel above it, is a mural tablet in commemoration of Capt. Duff, who fell, like his great commander, at the memorable battle of Trafalgar. Opposite to the Nelson monument is one to the memory of the Marquis Cornwallis; above which, is another, in alto relievo, to the memory of Capt. John Cooke, of the Bellerophon. In the south transept, against the south- west pier, is a choice group, beautifully executed, to the memory of Capt. Burgess. Against the opposite pier, is a monument commemorating the fate and heroism of Capt. Faulknor ; and against the south side of this pier is placed the statue of Lord Heathfield. Under the east window of the south transept, is a monument to Earl Howe ; and against the south wall of the same transept is one erected 65 to the memory of Lord Collingwood. Adjoining the south door is a monument to the memory of Gen. Pakenham and Gen. Gibbs ; they are represented in full uniform, the arm of the one resting on the shoulder of the other. On the other side of the door is Gen. Gillespie's statue, exe- cuted by Chantrey. Under the west transept is the noble equestrian monument of Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who is represented in the act of falling from his horse, in conse- quence of a wound just received, and as being caught and supported by an attendant Highlander. Against the east pier of the north transept is a fine spirited group, executed by Bacon, to the memory of Major-general Dundas. Above is a tabular monument to Generals Mackenzie and Langworth. Opposite, a monument has been raised to the memory of Capt. Westcott, who fell in the battle of the Nile ; and above this is a tablet to the memory of Generals Crawford and Mackinnon. Against the same pier is a statue of Earl St. Yincent, resting on a telescope. The recess under the west window of the north transept is oc- cupied by a group to the memory of Lord Rodney. On the north side of this transept, is a monument to General Picton. Opposite the recess, under the east window of the north transept, is a monument to the memory of Lord Duncan, beautifully executed. Many others of minor in- terest are to be seen ; and are all executed in white marble. To these may be added, namely, Generals Gore and Sker- ret, and Sir W. Ponsonby in the north transept. Captains Mosse and Riou, under the east window. Major-general Bowes, leading to the choir. General Le Marchant, the opposite panel, leading to the choir. Bishop Heber, at the extremity of the south aisle. Major-general Ross, in the south-eastern ambulatory, over the door leading to the crypt. Colonel Cadogan, in the opposite panel to the above. Sir W. Hoste, near the south door. Sir John Moore, near the above. Major-general Brook, in the western ambulatory of the south transept. Bishop Mid- dleton, in the south-west aisle. Major-general Houghton, in the western ambulatory of the north transept. Lieut. Col. Myers, in the corresponding panel. Major-general g 2 66 st. Paul's cathedral. Andrew Hay, at the right hand, close by the entrance door. Captain Miller, and Captain Hardinge, in the south tran- sept. The lovers of the impressive and romantic will not fail to visit the vaults underneath the building, in which are deposited the remains of the wise and the brave. They are lighted at distant intervals by grated prison-like win- dows, throwing in gleams of light intersected by dark shades; vast piers and arches divide them into three awful and solemn avenues, of which the centre one is totally dark. The Crypt. — Descending from the body of the church, the visitor is conducted to the crypt, used as the place of sepulture for such as are interred in the cathe- dral. It is a large, dry, and well-lighted space, with massive arches, some of the pillars of which are forty feet square, forcibly illustrating, by their solidity, the immense weight and magnitude of the fabric they help to sustain. Here, besides the remains of the illustrious men whose monumental records we have transcribed, are preserved some fragments of the wreck of the old cathedral, which, having been thrown aside after the great fire, have since been recovered and placed in a recess under the east window of this subterranean vault. Among them is the effigy of John Donne, D.D., author of the well-known Satires. The figure of the poet is in a winding sheet, and was originally depicted rising from a vase. The sculptor was the celebrated Nicholas Stone, who executed it from a painting made by Donne's direction, who, it is said, when near death, wrapped himself in a shroud, and was so portrayed, as a corpse standing upon an urn. Here are also the effigies of Sir Nicholas Bacon, in full armour, with his head bare ; Sir John Wolley and his lady in a sitting posture; Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chan- cellor, in armour, with the robe of the Order of the Garter over it ; Sir Thomas Heneage, Knight, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, also in armour ; Sir William Cockayne ; and the mutilated bust of Dr. John Coles. The body of Sir Christopher Wren lies in the south st. Paul's cathedral. 6/ aisle of the crypt, on the spot said to be that over which the high altar of old St. Paul's stood. It is covered with a flat stone sunk into the pavement. On the adjoining wall is a tablet containing the Latin epitaph, a copy of which we have before given, as placed over the entrance to the choir. Near the grave of Sir C. Wren is a tablet, inscribed to the memory of Dr. Holder and his wife Susannah, the sister of Sir C. Wren. Against the oppo- site pier is a similar tablet, to the memory of the only daughter of the great architect. Adjoining to the last is a memorial to the wife of Christopher Wren, Esq. Near the same spot a flat stone is inscribed thus : — The remains of Thomas Newton, D.D., Lord Bishop of Bristol and Dean of this Cathedral, died February 14, 1782. The great painters, Reynolds, Barry, Opie, West, and Lawrence, are buried near each other. In the south aisle, within the recess of the first window, is an altar- tomb, inscribed : — To the memory of Robert Mylne, Architect, F.R.S. The late John Rennie, the celebrated engineer, has also an altar- tomb of beautifully polished Peterhead granite. In the middle aisle of the crypt, im- mediately under the centre of the dome, is the tomb of Nel- son, consisting of a sarcophagus of black marble, sur- mounted with a cushion and coronet. The sarcophagus was originally prepared by order of Cardinal Wolsey, for his own entombment in the chapel of St. George, Wind- sor. On the pedestal are the words " Horatio Viscount Nelson." The body of Lord Collingwood rests under an altar-tomb on one side of that of his illustrious com- mander, and on the other are deposited the remains of the late Earl of Northesk. In the middle aisle is a slab inscribed for Lord Chancellor Rosslyn. Dr. Boyce's grave is near to the above. At a short distance from the last is a tablet to the memory of Thomas Newton, Esq., Benefactor to the Literary Fund. There are also in- scriptions for George Dance, Esq., Architect, the last sur- vivor of the original forty Royal Academicians ; Henry Fuseli, Esq., R.A., Painter ; Dr. John Taylor, Chancellor 68 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. of Saint Paul's; Drs. Christopher Wilson and Thomas Jackson, and other deceased members of the Cathedral. To obtain a view of the respective departments of the Cathedral, the following fees are required, including a view from the outside galleries above and below the same : — .v. d. To view the monuments and body of the church . .02 To the Whispering Gallery and the two outside Galleries 6 To the Ball 16 To the Library, Great Bell, Geometrical Staircase, and Model Room 10 Clock 2 Crypt, or Vaults , . l Total . . . .44 There are two annual celebrations in the Cathedral of great interest to the stranger, those of " the Sons of the Clergy," and of " the Charity Children of the Metropolis and its vicinity." The first meeting is generally in May, combined with a grand performance of sacred music. The assembly of the charity children generally takes place in June, on which occasion the whole circle beneath the dome is, by a temporary scaffolding, converted into an amphitheatre, around which are ranged the boys and girls, between five and six thousand in number, and who join in the singing and choruses incidental to the service. To this celebration none are admitted without tickets. To the rehearsal, which takes place, on both these occa- sions, two days before the principal meeting, the public can gain admission on the payment of sixpence each. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, The early history of which it would be profanation to attempt in our circumscribed limits, was built by Henry III., and his successor Edward I. ; enlarged by the the abbots of subsequent reigns, and completed by Sir Christopher Wren. It is in the most splendid style of Gothic architecture ; and though inferior in the beauty of its architecture to many of the continental edifices of the WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 69 same period and school, is highly deserving of attention. The very mention of Westminster Abbey gives rise to an association of ideas to those who are acquainted with its history, which renders it an object of paramount interest and attraction. It was for ages the mausoleum of the kings and queens of England, and the place of rest where many of our greatest statesmen and poets could alone find an asylum from envy and malice. The choir is celebrated for a Mosaic pavement of in- imitable workmanship, formed of innumerable pieces of jasper, alabaster, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and serpentine marbles, all varying in size, and arranged with singular beauty. The Dean and Chapter have been at much expense in putting a roof to the lantern, and pews under it, in the room of those destroyed by fire on the 9th of July, 1803. It broke out while the plumbers were gone to their din- ner, who had been repairing the lead flat. This part, being the junction of four long timber roofs, it was a mer- ciful Providence the whole of this much-esteemed, august, and venerable pile, had not been utterly consumed. Awful was the sight, and every person greatly anxious for J*0 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. the preservation of the church. The young gentlemen of Westminster school highly distinguished themselves by their exertions. Nor was any other part of the building, or a single monument, the least injured. The roof is handsomely finished, and more suitable with the rest of the building than the old one. At coronations the throne is erected under it. What will principally engage the attention in viewing the outside of this building (the new towers excepted), is the magnificent portico leading into the north cross, which, by some, has been styled the Beautiful, or Solo- 7?ion's Gate. This portico is Gothic, and extremely beautiful ; and over it is a most magnificent window of modern design, admirably executed. The south window now has stained glass, to correspond with the north. In the buttress niches are four images remaining. The one nearest to the west tower is an abbot ; the others, some of the kings, who, with the abbots, built the church. To take an advantageous view of the inside, you must go to the west door, between the towers ; and the whole body of the church opens itself at once to your eye, which cannot but fill the mind of every beholder with the awful solemnity of the place, caused by the loftiness of the roof, and the happy disposition of the lights, and of that noble range of pillars by which the whole building is supported. These pillars terminate towards the east by a sweep, thereby enclosing the chapel of Edward the Confessor in a kind of semicircle, and excluding all the rest. On the arches of the pillars are galleries of double columns, fifteen feet wide, covering the side-aisles, and lighted by a middle range of windows, over which there is an upper range of larger windows ; by these and the under range, with the four capital windows, the whole fabric is so admirably lighted, that the spectator is never incommoded by darkness, nor dazzled with glare. The next things observable are the fine paintings in the great western window, of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; Moses and Aaron, and the twelve patriarchs ; the arms of King Sebert, King Edward the Confessor, Queen Eliza- WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 71 beth, King George, and Dean Wilcocks, Bishop of Rochester. This window was set up in the year 1735, and is very curious ; to the left of which, in a less win- dow, is a painting of one of our kings (supposed of Edward the Confessor) ; but the colours being of a water blue, no particular face can be distinguished. In the window on the other side the great window, it is con- jectured, from accurate drawings lately taken, that the figure represents Edward the Black Prince. The three windows at the east end contain each two figures. In the left window, the first figure represents our Saviour, the second the Virgin Mary, the third Edward the Confessor, the fourth St. John the Baptist, the fifth St. Augustin, and the sixth Melitus, Bishop of London, in the right- hand window. The beautiful north window was put up in the year 1722, and represents our Saviour, the Twelve Apostles, and Four Evangelists ; the latter, with their emblems, lie down, two on each side. The window of stained glass, in Henry the Fifth's chantry, is at the Dean's expense ; the arms are those of Edward the Confessor, King Henry the Third, King Henry the Fifth, the arms of Queens of England, and at the very top of the window, are those of the present Dean. Prayers are read here every morning from ten to eleven, and from three to four in the afternoon, during which time the choir of the abbey may be visited free of all expense. The names of the several chapels, beginning from the south cross, and so passing round to the north cross, are as follows :— 1. St. Benedict; 2. St. Edmund; 3. St. Nicholas ; 4. Henry VII. ; 5. St. Paul ; 6. St. Edward the Confessor; 7- St. Erasmus; 8. Islip's chapel, dedi- cated to St. John the Evangelist ; 9. St. John, St. Michael, and St. Andrew. The last three are now laid together. The chapel of Edward the Confessor stands in the centre, and is enclosed in the body of the church. On the right is the chapel of St. Benedict, adjoining the tombs'-gate. 1. The Chapel of St. Benedict. — In the chapel 2 WESTMINSTER ABBEY is an ancient tomb of stone, on which lies the effigy of Archbishop Langham, died 1376. Next is a curious monu- ment in memory of Lyonel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, by his relict Lady Anne ; died 1645. A tomb, to the memory of Dr. William Bill, Dean of Westminster, and Chief Almoner to Queen Elizabeth, died July 5, 1561. A mo- nument to the memory of the Countess of Hertford, wife to the noble "Earl of Hertford, son to the renowned Prince Edward, Duke of Somerset, died 15.98." A mo- nument to Dr. Gabriel Goodman, died 1601. A monu- ment to the memory of George Sprat, an infant, 1683. In this chapel lie Catherine Rochester, a Countess of Kildare, and Dr. John Spotswood, Lord Archbishop of St. Andrews, died 1640. Between this chapel and the next, is a monument of Mosaic work, erected for the children of Henry III. and Edward I. 2 The Chapel of St. Edmund. — A monument to John of Eltham, second son of King Edward II. A mo- nument to John Paul Howard, Earl of Stafford, died 1762. A small monument, on which lie the figures of William of Windsor, sixth son of Edward III. ; and of Blanche of the Tower, sister to William. A monument to Nicholas Monck, died 1661. On a tomb lies the effigy of Lady Frances, Duchess of Suffolk, in her proper robes. A monument representing a youth in Grecian armour, erected to Francis Holies, by John Earl of Clare, his father. On an altar-tomb, the figure of Lady Elizabeth Russel, daughter of Lord John Russel, in alabaster. She pricked her finger with a needle, which is supposed to have caused a locked jaw, and occasioned her death. Lord John Russel, and his son Francis, habited in his coronation robes, with his infant son at his feet. On the wall are two other monuments, one to Lady Jane Sey- mour, died 1560. The other to Lady Katherine Knollys, died 1568. An ancient monument, a Gothic chapel, in it the figure of a Knight in armour, with his feet resting on a lion's back. Sir Bernard Brocas of Baurepaire, Cham- berlain to Anne, Queen of Richard II. A monument of Sir Richard Peckfall, Knt., Master of the Buckhounds to WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 73 Queen Elizabeth. An ancient monument, on which is the figure of a Knight in armour, Humphrey Bourg- chier, son to Lord Berners. The ancient monument of William de Valence. In the year 1296 he was slain at Bayoime treacherously. A monument to the memory of Edward Talbot, eighth Earl of Shrewsbury, and his lady, Jane. He died 1617. On the floor is a tomb of Alianer de Bohun, daughter of Sir Humphrey de Bohun. Mary, Countess of Stafford, beheaded in the reign of Charles II. has also a monument here. Against the wall is a monu- ment to the memory of Mary, Countess of Stafford, and of Henry, Earl of Stafford, who died in 1719. In this chapel are interred some other persons of less note than those already described ; particularly Henry Ferae, D.D., Bishop of Chester, died March 16th, 1662. There is also an Archbishop of York buried here, Robert de Waldeby, died 1397. A gravestone on the west side of the chapel, of black marble, is sacred to Edward Lord Herbert, died in 1678. 3. The Chapel of St. Nicholas. — A monument of Lady Jane Clifford, died in 1679. A monument for Lady Cecil, daughter of Lord Cobham. Isabella Susan- nah, Countess of Beverley, died in 1812. A most mag- nificent temple, erected to the memory of Ann, Duchess of Somerset, wife of Edward, Duke of Somerset. She died 1587. A monument to Lady Elizabeth Fane, who died in 1618. An ancient monument over Nicholas Baron Carew, and the Lady Margaret, his wife, died 1470. On a gravestone is the portrait of Sir Humphrey Stanley, died 1505. One of the most costly and magni- ficent monuments in the Abbey, erected by Lord Bur- leigh, to Mildred, his wife, and their daughter, Lady Ann, Countess of Oxford, died 1589. A monument, erected to William de Dudley, Lord Bishop of Durham, died 1483. A stately monument, to Lady Winifred, wife to John Paulet, Marquis of Winchester. An ancient monument of Lady Ross, daughter of Edward, Earl of Rutland. An elegant monument, to the late Duchess of Northumberland, died 1776. A Gothic monument, H 74 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Philippa, married to Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York, and afterwards to Sir Walter Fitz- Walter, Knt., died 1 433. Two pyramids ; the largest to Nicholas Bagenall, a child of two months old, the other to Anna Sophia Harley, died in 1605. A fine raised monument to Sir George Villiers and his Lady, Mary Beaumont, Countess of Buckingham. She died 1632. As you leave this chapel, you tread upon the remains of the Countess of Derby, 1626; the Duke of Somerset, 1750; and his wife Frances Thynne, 1754 ; and their only child George, 1744. Also, that great and learned antiquary, Sir Henry Spel- man, who was buried at the door of this chapel, in 1641. 4. Henry the Seventh's Chapel, adjoining the east end of the abbey church, with which it communicates by a flight of steps, was erected at considerable expense, by the monarch whose name it bears, as a place of sepul- ture for himself and family. The first stone was laid with great pomp on the 24th January, 1503-4 ; and the whole was completed in nine years. Henry died before its com- pletion, after richly endowing the works. To whom the merit of the design is due cannot now be traced, — a some- what singular fact, particularly since it may be considered well calculated to bear the fame of genius down the stream of time. The decorations of this edifice are so beautiful as to have called forth this criticism from an eminent judge, " that it appeared as if the artist had intended to give to stone the character of embroidery, and to enclose his walls within the meshes of lace work." Leland calls it " Orbis miraculum ;" and, according to Hollinshed, it cost a sum equivalent to ,£200,000 of the present cur- rency. The roof and vaulting are supported by fourteen octa- gonal buttress towers, richly ornamented, in which the badges and supporters of the royal founder are variously displayed. This chapel had become so decayed externally, that fears were entertained for the safety of the whole fabric. It was therefore deemed necessary to renovate it completely ; and for this purpose Parliament granted va- rious sums of money, to the amount of nearly .£50,000, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 75 from the years 1809 to 1822, in which interval it was restored, in exact conformity with the original building, under the superintendence of James Wyatt, Esq. Great elegance is displayed in the forms and tracery of the win- dows, particularly that towards the west. They were originally filled with stained and painted glass, of which there only remains a figure of Henry VII. in the upper- most east window, and some small heraldic memorials. Within a screen, near the east end of the chapel, is the tomb of Henry and his queen, executed at vast expense by Pietro Torregiano. The figures of the deceased are designed with great simplicity : they are of cast cop- per, and were once resplendent with gilding. The pedestal is of black marble, variously ornamented, altogether forming a magnificent monument. A handsome monument to Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of Margaret, Queen of Scots, by the Earl of An- gus, died 1577. A very magnificent tomb to Mary Queen of Scots. A table monument of Margaret Countess of Rich- mond, mother of Henry VII., died 1509. A figure to Lady Walpole, died 173/. A monument to George and Christopher Monk, his son, both Dukes of Albemarle; also Elizabeth, Duchess Dowager of Albemarle and Mon- tague, relict of Christopher Duke of Albemarle. At this end is the Royal vault, in which the remains of King Charles II., King William III., and Queen Mary his con- sort, Queen Anne, and Prince George, are all deposited. From this aisle we enter the nave of the chapel, where are installed the Knights of the most Honourable Order of the Bath. Between the Knights' stalls, under a broad pave- ment, is the Royal vault, where King George II. and Queen Caroline are buried; the Prince and Princess of Wales, two Dukes of Cumberland, the Duke of York, Prince Frederick William, and the Princesses Amelia, Caroline, Elizabeth, Louisa, and Anne. The magnificent tomb of Henry VII. and Elizabeth his Queen, the last of the house of York who wore the English crown, stands in body of the chapel. At the head of this chantry lie the remains of Edward VI., grandson of Henry VII., who died 76 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. in the sixteenth year of his age, and seventh of his reign. On one side, in a small chapel, is a monument wherein are effigies of Lewis Stuart, Duke of Richmond, and Frances his wife; he died 1623, she died 1639. A pyra- mid of black and white marble, in which is contained the heart of Esme Stuart, son of the Duke of Richmond and Lennox ; he died 1661. On a small tablet is an inscrip- tion to Anthony Philip, Duke of Montpensier, second son of the Duke of Orleans, brother of the present King of the French. Monument to John Sheffield, Duke of Bucking- ham. On the north side, in a chapel, is a monument of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, the great favourite of King James I, and King Charles I. From hence you pass to the north aisle. A monument to Charles Monta- gue, the first Lord Halifax, died 1715. In front of this monument was buried Mr. Joseph Addison. There are likewise some monuments of less grandeur and magnifi- cence in this aisle. Here is the lofty and magnificent monument to Queen Elizabeth, erected to her memory by King James I., died 1602. Queen Mary, whose reign preceded that of Queen Elizabeth, was interred here like- wise. At the farther end is a vault, in which are deposited the bodies of King James I. and his Queen, Anne, died 1625. A small tomb, erected to Mary, third daughter of James I., died 1607- A monument erected to Sophia, fourth daughter of the same King. An altar, raised by Charles II., to the memory of Edward V. and his brother. 5. Chapel of St. Paul. — A monument to Sir Henry Belasyse, died 1717- Two monuments : one to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Macleod, aged 26 years; the other to Sir John Puckering, Knt., died 1596. Another of Sir James Fullerton, and his lady. A table monument, on which lie the effigies of Sir Giles Daubeny, and dame Elizabeth, his wife, died 1507 ; his lady 1500. A magnificent monument to Sir Thomas Bromley, died 1587. A stately monument, whereon sits the effigy of Sir Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester. To the east of this is a stately one of alabaster to Frances, Countess of WESTMINSTER ABBEY. // Sussex, died 1589. A monument of black touchstone, very remarkably differing from every other in the Abbey ; on the top of it is a bust of Ann, Lady Cottington, wife of Francis, Lord Cottington. A Gothic monument to Lewis Robert, or Robsart. A colossal monument is here erected to James Watt : the figure, by Chantrey, is par- ticularly expressive. Born at Greenock 1736; died at Heathfield, in Staffordshire, 1819. Ascend up a little stair- case, on the left hand side, that leads to 6. Edward the Confessor's Chapel. — In the centre of this chapel stands the venerable shrine of St. Edward, sadly defaced. Edward the First made an offer- ing to it of the Scotch regalia, with the celebrated stone, which monkish superstition relates to have been Jacob's pillow. It was brought from Scone, in Scotland, in 1267, by Edward the First. This stone has been the subject of treaties and kingly conferences, owing to a desire of the Scotch to regain possession of it. So great indeed is the superstitious reverence which they attached to this stone, that they are supposed to have become reconciled to a union with England from a prophetic distich cut upon it by King Kenneth, as follows: — " Where'er this stone is found (or fate's decree is vain) The Scots the same shall hold, and there supremely reign." The screen of the chapel is adorned with several sta- tues, and a number of legendary hieroglyphics, respecting the Confessor, executed in basso relievo. On the south side of this shrine, Editha, daughter of Goodwyn, Earl of Kent, and Queen of St. Edward, lies interred, died 1118. In this part was buried Matilda, Queen of England, daughter of Malcolm, King of Scots, and wife to Henry I. On the north side is an ancient tomb, with the effigy of Henry III. upon it. He died in 1272. At the feet of Henry III. is an ancient table mo- nument, on which lies the effigy of Eleanor, Queen of Edward I. A large plain coffin of grey marble, of five stones ; two make the sides, two the ends, and one the cover. This tomb enclosed the body of the glorious King H 2 78 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Edward I. Just by is a large stone to the memory of John of Waltham, the twenty-sixth Bishop of Salisbury. He died in 1395. Near that of Henry III. is a small monument, in memory of Elizabeth Tudor, second daughter of King Henry VII., died 1495. Another mo- nument, in memory of Margaret, daughter of Edward IV., by Elizabeth Woodville, his Queen. Age only nine months. Died 1472. The monument of Henry V. is next. Here also will be seen the magnificent tomb of the glorious and warlike Prince, Henry of Monmouth. Near this tomb lie enclosed, in an old wooden chest, the remains of Catherine, his Queen, which are put under ground, died 1457. An ancient tomb of black marble, to the memory of Philippa, third daughter of William Earl of Hainault, and Queen of King Edward III. She died August 15, 1369. The tomb of Edward III. On a table of grey marble lies the effigy of this Prince, died 1377- Another tomb, to Richard II. and his Queen. He was murdered on St. Valentine's Day, 1399. In the same tomb lies his Queen. Died 1394. Between the shrine of St. Edward and the tomb of Queen Philippa, lies the great Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, uncle of the before-mentioned Richard II., and murdered by him. He was murdered September 8, 1397. In this chapel was interred the heart of Henry d'Almade, son of Richard, King of the Romans, brother of Henry III. His heart was put in a cup and placed near St. Edward's shrine. In this chapel, in a wainscot press, is the effigy of Edmund Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. The Coronation Chairs. The most ancient of them were brought, with the regalia, from Scotland, by King Edward I., in the year 1297 (after he had overcome John Baliol, King of Scots, in several battles), and offered to St. Edward's shrine. The stone under the seat is re- ported to be Jacob's pillow : the other chair was made for Queen Mary II. At the coronation one or both of them are covered with gold tissue, and placed before the altar behind which they now stand, surrounded by several monarchs, who seem to guard them, even in death. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 79 7. The Chapel of St. Erasmus. — A monument to Mrs. Mary Kendall, died 1710. A monument to Sir Thomas Vaughan. A monument to Colonel Edward Popham. Thomas Cary, second son of the Earl of Mon- mouth, has a monument in this chapel erected to his memory. A tombstone of grey marble, to the memory of Hugh de Bohun, and Mary, his sister, grandchildren to King Edward I. Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, Privy Councillor to King James, has a large monument, whereon is his effigy. A monument to Henry Carey, first cousin of Queen Elizabeth, created Baron Hunsdon, died 1596. A monument to Elizabeth, Countess of Mex- borough, died 1821. An ancient monument, supposed to be Thomas Ruthall, Bishop of Durham, died 1524. William of Colchester, Abbot of Westminster, died 1420, has also an ancient stone monument in this chapel. An ancient monument of George Fascet, Abbot of West- minster, in the time of Henry VII., died 1500. 8. The Chapel of Islip (or St. John the Bap- tist). — In this Chapel of Islip there are but two monu- ments of note : that of John Islip, Abbot of Westmins- ter, the founder ; and that of Christopher Hatton, chan- cellor in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, died 1619. Wax Figures. In a chantry over this chapel are handsome wainscot presses, which contain the effigies of Queen Elizabeth, King William and Queen Mary, and Queen Anne, in their coronation robes ; with the Earl of Chatham, in his parliamentary robes. Here is a wax mo- del of Frances Theresa, relict of Charles Stuart, Duke of Richmond, who died in 1672, and daughter of Walter Stuart, M.D., who died October 13, 1702, and is interred in the Richmond vault. Adjoining is the wax model of Katharine, relict of John, Duke of Buckingham and Normandy. Also is placed here a very striking resem- blance of our departed hero, Lord Nelson, modelled in wax. 9. The Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, St. Andrew, and St. Michael. — On the left hand are four monuments : — one to Lieutenant- General W. A. 80 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Villettes, Colonel of the 64th regiment, and Lieutenant- Governor of Jamaica, who died near Port Antonio, 1808. A second to General Stuart, having a fine medallion of him. The third a delicate female figure holding a scroll. The fourth is to the memory of Richard Kempenfeldt, Esq., Rear- Admiral of the Blue, who was lost in his Ma- jesty's ship Royal George. A monument to Sir Francis Vere, died in 1608. A monument on which is repre- sented, in relief, the siege of a town — Nieuport, in the Netherlands, to the memory of Sir George Holies, nephew of Sir Francis Vere, and a Major-General under him, died 1626. A monument to Sir George Pocock, K.B. Admiral of the Blue. A monument, erected by the East India Company, to Captain Edward Cook. He died 23rd of May, 1/99. A monument to the memory of Joseph Gascoigne Nightingale, and his lady. The monument to the memory of the Earl and Countess of Mountrath. The next is a monument, representing a ship at sea, to Thomas Totty, of Cornist, died in 1802. A monument to Sarah, Duchess of Somerset, died 1692. Sir Henry Norris, his Lady, and six sons. A monument to Susanna Jane Davidson, died 1767- Another to Matthew Baillie, professor of Anatomy, died 1823. A colossal figure to Mr. Telford, by Bailey. A marble tomb to Anastatia, Countess of Kerry, died 1799. Francis Thomas, Earl of Kerry, died July 4, 1818, aged 78. An ancient grave- stone of Abbot Kirton, died 1466. A monument to the learned Dr. Young, M.D., died 1829. Of the Tombs in the Area. — In returning through the Area after visiting the chapels, are placed on the right and left, two magnificent monuments, to Field- Marshal John E. Ligonier, and Major-General James Wolfe. That on the right, to the memory of the Field- Marshal, died 1770. On the left, is the superb monu- ment to General James Wolfe. He was slain in 1759. A table monument to the memory of Bishop Duppa, tutor to King Charles II., died 1662. A monument to John Theophilus Beresford, Lieutenant in the 88th regi- ment, who died in 1812. A monument to Sir James WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 81 Adolphus Oughton, died 1780. On the floor in front of General Wolfe's monument, is the image of an abbot in his mass habit, curiously engraved on brass, representing John de Eastney, who died March 4, 1498. Adjoining this is a gravestone for Sir Thomas Parry, Knt., Trea- surer of the Household, Master of the Court of Wards to Queen Elizabeth, died 1560. A little to the left, the figure of an armed Knight, represents Sir John Harpe- don, Knt., died 1457. The monument of Dr. Barnard, Bishop of Londonderry, died 1708. A monument of Charles Holmes, Esq., Rear- Admiral of the White, died 1761. A monument to William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, died 1764. The next monument worth observing, is that of Esther de la Tour de Gouvernet, the Lord Eland's lady, died in 1694. There is affixed to the corner of Henry the Fifth's chapel, a neat monument of black marble, to Sir Robert Alton, Knt., died 1638. An an- cient flat stone in the pavement to the memory of Sir John Galofre, died 1366. Between the chapels of St. Nicholas and St. Edmund, is a fine bust of Richard Tufton, died 1631. There are many persons besides those mentioned, whose remains lie in this area, particu- larly Anne of Cleve, sister of the Duke of Cleve, died in 1557- A still more unfortunate Queen lies near this last, Anne, Queen of Richard III. Here are also the remains of an old monument of Sebert, King of East Saxons ; also of Athelgoda, his Queen, who died September 13, 615. South-East Transept or Poets' Corner de- rives its title from the number of monuments erected in it to commemorate poetic genius. It is a spot of exqui- site interest to the lover of human lore. Wits and states- men are here commingled, and form a shrine where ad- miration loves to pay its homage. The vaults beneath the chapel have received the re- mains of all our sovereigns since its foundation to George II. inclusive, except James II. who died in exile, and was buried at St. Germain, near Paris. Mr. Dry den, died May 1, 1700. Abraham Cowley. 82 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. This monument, though apparently plain, is very ex- pressive ; buried August 3, 1667. John Roberts, Esq. Geoffrey Chaucer. Mr. John Phillips. The bust of this gentleman, in relief, is here represented, died at Here- ford, 1708. Barton Booth, Esq., the eminent actor; he died in 1733. Michael Drayton; the inscription and epitaph were formerly in letters of gold. Ben Jonson ; this monument is of fine marble; died 1637. Samuel Butler ; this tomb, as by the inscription appears, was erected by John Barber, Esq., Lord Mayor of London ; died 1680. Edmund Spenser. Beneath Mr. Butler's there was a rough decayed tomb of Purbeck stone, to the memory of Mr. Edmund Spenser, died in 1598. John Milton, author of "Paradise Lost," died in Bunhill fields, 1674. Sacred to the best of men, William Mason, A.M., died 7th of April, 1797. Thomas Shadwell; this monument, which is of curious marble, was erected by Dr. John Shadwell; died November 20, 1692. Matthew Prior; the bust was done by order of the King of France, and cut by Chevaux; died September 18, 1721. A monument to Granville Sharp, died July, 1813. A monument to Christopher Anstey, Esq., author of the " Bath Guide." A monument to Mrs. Pritchard, the actress. William Shakspeare ; both the design and workmanship of this monument are extremely elegant. The heads on the pedestal, representing Henry V., Richard III., and Queen Elizabeth, (three principal cha- racters in his plays,) are likewise proper ornaments to grace his tomb. James Thomson ; next is a monument erected to the memory of James Thomson, author of the "Seasons;" died August 27, 1748. Nicholas Rowe, Esq., poet laureat, and author of several fine tragedies, died 1718. John Gay; a monument erected to his me- mory by the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry ; died De- cember the 4th, 1732. Oliver Goldsmith, M.D. ; on this monument is the portrait of the Doctor in profile ; died April 14, 1774. John, Duke of Argyle and Green- wich, died October 4, 1743. A monument to Sir Archi- bald Campbell, died 1791. Edward Atkyns and his WESTMINSTER ABBEY. S3 Sons; he died in 1669. Joseph Addison, Esq., author of the " Spectator," died in his 48th year. George Frederick Handel, the Composer, died April 14, 1759. William Outram, D.D., died 1678. Dr. Stephen Hales, died 1761. Underneath is Isaac Barrow, died 1677. Edward Wetenhall, M.D., an eminent physician, who died August 29, 1733. A monument to Sir John Pringle, Bart., died 1782. A monument to Sir Robert Taylor, Knt., died 1788. Thomas Triplett, a great divine, died 1670. Sir Richard Coxe, died 1623. Isaac Casaubon, died 1614. John Ernest Grabe, died in 1711. To the me- mory of David Garrick, who died in the year 1779. William Camden, the antiquary, died November 9, 1623. Thomas Parr, of the county of Salop, born in 1483, died 1635. Under the pavement, near Dryden's tomb, lie the remains of Francis Beaumont, the dramatic writer, died in London in 1515. South Aisle or Area. — The tomb of Sophia Fair- holm, mother to the Marquis of Annandale, died 1716. A tablet to William Dalrymple, died 1782. A tablet to Rear- Admiral John Harrison, died 1791. Sir John Bur- land, Knt., LL.D., Baron of the Exchequer, died 1776. In this chapel are also monuments to Sir Cloudesley Sho- vell, Knt. ; William Wragg, Esq. ; Thomas Knipe, S.T.P., Head-Master of Westminster School, died 1711; Dr. Charles Burney, died 1818. Adjoining to Knipe's, one to George Stepney, Esq., of Prendergaft, in Pembroke- shire. Dr. Isaac Watts, born July 17> 1674, died Novem- ber 25, 1748; Sir Richard Bingham, died 1598; Major Richard Creed, killed at the Battle of Blenheim, 1704; Admiral George Churchill, died 1710 ; Martin Folkes, the President of the Royal Society, 1741, died June 1754; Major Andre; Sir Palmes Fairborne, Knt.; Sir John Chardin, Bart. ; Colonel Roger Townshend; Sidney, Earl Godolphin, died 1712 ; Sir Charles Harbord, and Clement Cottrel, Esq. ; Lieutenant- General William Hargrave, Go- vernor of Gibraltar, died 1748; Diana Temple; Ann Filding; Carola Harnset; John Smith, Esq., died 1718; Major-General James Fleming, died 1715; Charles Her- 84 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. ries, Esq., died 1819; General George Wade, died 1748; Rev. John Thomas, LL.D., Bishop of Rochester, died 1793 ; Katharine Bovey, died 1 726 ; Lord Viscount Howe ; Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester, died 1774. Dr. Joseph Willocks, Bishop of Rochester, died 1 756 ; Thomas Sprat, D.D., Bishop of Rochester, died in 1713. and the second inscription shows — " Thomas Sprat, A.M. (son of the Bishop), Archdeacon of Rochester," died 1720. Admiral Tyrell, died 1 760 ; Sir Lumley Robinson, Bart., died 1684; John Friend, M.D., 1728; William Con- greve,Esq., died 1728; Henry Wharton, died 1624. Above this monument of Wharton is a gallery, used by the Royal Family to see the procession of the Knights of the Bath. They enter at Poets' Corner door, and proceed round the west end, and up the north aisle, into Henry the Seventh's Chapel, where the installation takes place. The Right Honourable James Craggs, died 1720; Captain James Cornwall, died 1743 ; Sir Thomas Hardy, Knt., died 1732 ; John Conduit, Esq., died 1737- A stone arch has been turned over the west door, on which is erected a monu- ment, voted by the Parliament, to the memory of the Right Hon. William Pitt, who died January 23, 1806. Captain Montague ; he was the only Captain killed in Earl Howe's fleet on the 1st of June, 1794. The Right Honourable George Tierney, died in 1830; Lieutenant- Colonel Sir Richard Fletcher, killed at the storming of St. Sebastian. Major James Rennell, died 1830; William Horneck, Esq., died 1746; Hon. Charles Banks Stanhope, died 1809; Rear- Admiral Sir George Hope, K.C.B. ; Hon. George Augustus Frederick Lake, died 1808; Sir Godfrey Knel- ler, Bart., died in 1723; Penelope Egerton, died 1670; General Lawrence, died 1775; Anne, Countess Dowager of Clanrickard, died 1732; Martha Price, died 1678; Captain Hervey and Captain Hutt; John Woodward, M.D., died 1728; Heneage Twysden, died 1 709 ; William Levinz, Esq,, died 1765; Thomas Banks, Esq., R.A., died 1805 ; Colonel James Bringfield; Robert Killigrew ; Mrs. Mary Beaufoy, died 1705; Governor Loten, died 1789; Miss Ann Why tell, died 1788; John Stewart, Esq., Cap- WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 85 tain in the Royal Navy, died 1811 ; Mrs. Jane Hill, died 1631 ; Right Honourable Spencer Perceval; Richard Mead, M.D., died 1754; Gilbert Thornburgh, Esq., died 1677; Admiral Baker, died 1716; George Lindsay Johnstone, Esq. ; Henry Priestman, died 1712 ; Philip Carteret, died 1710 ; Sir James Stewart Denham, Bart., died 1780; Edward de Carteret, died 1677; Thomas Livingstone, Viscount Teviot, died 1710; Dr. Bell, LL.D., died 1832; Sir Isaac Newton, died in 1726; James Earl Stanhope, died in 1721 ; Philip (second) Earl Stanhope, died 1786; Charles (third) Earl Stanhope, died 1816. The New Screen at the Back of the Organ. — The monuments to Sir Isaac Newton and Lord Stan- hope are now in Gothic recesses, formed by a screen, designed by Mr. Blore, architect to the Abbey, and exe- cuted with great precision. Four pilasters, with deco- rated fihals, divide the nave into three compartments, the centre for the gate of entrance to the choir from the west ; the other two contain the above monuments, which orna- ment the back of those recesses, and heighten the general effect : on each of those pilasters are projecting pedestals, on which are the figures of Henry III. and Edward the Confessor, and those of Queen Eleanor, wife of Henry III., and Eleanor, the wife of Edward the First. This screen, at the Dean and Chapter's expense, is much admired. Thomas Thynne, Esq., died 1682. General Sir Thomas Trigge, died 1814. Thomas Owen, Esq., died 1598. Paoli, King of Corsica, died in this metro- polis, 180 7. Dame Grace Gethin, died 1697- Sir Thomas Richardson, died 1634. William Thynne, Esq., died 1584. Dr. Richard Busby, Master of Westminster College, died 1695. Between Dr. Busby and South, on a tablet, Dean William Vincent, died 1815. Underneath, a small portion of Anne of Cieve's monument is to be per- ceived. Robert South, D.D., died 1716. Charles Agar, D.D., died 1809. Richard le Neve, Esq., died 1673. Temple West, Esq., died 1757. Sir George Leonard Staunton, died 1801. William Croft, died 1727. John Blow, died 1708. Doctor Charles Burnev, died 1814. 86 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Philip de Sausmarez, Esq., died 1747- Dr. Boulter, died 1742. Samuel Bradford, S.T.P., died 1731. Richard Kane, died 1736. Percy Kirke, Esq., died 1741. Lord Aubrey Beauclerk. Dr. Warren, Bishop of Bangor, died 1800. Sir John Balchen, Knt., died 1744. General Guest. Admiral Watson, died 1747. Sir William San- derson, Knt., died 1676. George Montague Dunk, Earl of Halifax, died 1771- Sir Clifton Wintringham, Bart., M.D., died 1792. Major-General Coote Manningham, died 1809. Jonas Hanway, Esq., died 1789. Francis Horner, Esq., died 1817. General Hope, died 1782. Right Honourable Warren Hastings, died 1818. Lieu- tenant-General Sir Eyre Coote, K.B., died 1783. Ad- miral Sir Henry Blackwood, died 1832. Mr. John Kemble. Lord Robert Manners, Captain William Bayne, and Captain William Blair. William, Earl of Mansfield, died 1793. Right Honourable William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, died 1778. The Right Honourable William Pitt, Charles James Fox, the Marquis of Lon- donderry, Mr. Canning, Mr. Grattan, Lord Colchester, and Mr. Wilberforce, lie here very near each other. Sir Charles Wager, died 1743. Admiral Vernon, died 1757. John Holies, Duke of Newcastle, died 1711. William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, died 1676. Mr. Canning, died 1827. Clement Saunders, Esq., died 1695. Grace Scott, died 1645. Sir John Malcolm, died 1833. Sir Peter Warren, died 1752. Sir Gilbert Lort, died 1698. John Storr, Esq., died 1783. Charles James Fox. Sir Thomas Heskett, died 1605. Dame Mary James, wife of Sir John James, died 1677. Dr. Hugh Chamberlen, died 1728. Dr. Samuel Arnold, died 1802. Henry Purcell, the Composer, died 1696. Captain George Bryan, died 1809. Sir S. T. Raffles, LLD., F.R.S., died 1826. Almericus de Courcy, Baron of Kinsale, died in 1719. William Wilberforce, died 1833. Sir Thomas Duppa, died 1694. Dr. Plenderleath, died 1811. Dame Elizabeth Carteret, died 1717. The Monuments in the Cloisters. — Of these, the most ancient are in the south walk of the cloisters, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 87 towards the east end, where will be seen the remains of four Abbots, marked in the pavement by four stones. The first is of black marble, called Long Meg, from its extraordinary length of eleven feet ten inches, by five feet ten inches, and covers the ashes of Gervasus de Blois, natural son of King Stephen, who died 1106. The second is a raised stone, of Sussex marble, under which lies interred the Abbot Laurentius, who died in 1176, and is said to have been the first who obtained from Pope Alexander III. the privilege of using the mitre, ring, and globe. The third is a stone of grey marble, to the me- mory of Geslebertus Crispinus, who died 1114. His effigy may still be traced on his gravestone, by the frag- ments of his mitre and pastoral staff. The fourth is the oldest of all, and was formerly covered with plates of brass, inscribed to the Abbot Vitales, who died in 1082. All these seem to have had their names and dates cut afresh, and are indeed fragments worthy to be pre- served. About the middle of the north cloister was buried a king's scholar named Webber. To the left hath been lately erected a tablet, sacred to the memory of Walter Hawkes. Daniel Pulteney. To Charles Godol- phin, Esq., and Mrs. Godolphin, his wife, who died 1726. Near this place are deposited the remains of Benjamin Cooke, died 1793. Upon a tablet that has emblems of music — To the memory of James Bartleman, died 15th April, 1821. Near this is a small but very neat monu- ment, made of artificial stone, to the memory of Edward Wortlev Montague. In this walk is erected a monu- ment to W. Buchan, M.D., died 1805. The general dimensions of the abbey are — FEET Length from east to west, in- cluding Henrythe Seventh's chapel 530 Of the church in the clear . . 375 Vestibule before Henry the Seventh's chapel ] 8 Transept from north to south, in the clear 214 Cloister from east to west . . 141 north to south 160 Diameter of the chapterhouse 50 FEET Width church, west front .. 119 nave, interior 31 aisles 12 total in the clear .... 79 each arch 21 Height west towers, each . . 225 central tower 153 church exterior to up- per parapet 114 to ridge of roof .... 141 88 CHURCHES, Cloisters, Chapter House, &c. — The cloisters of this foundation remain nearly entire, and contain nume- rous monuments, both ancient and modern. The chapter house is an octagonal building, which originally was very lofty, and had a pillar rising from the centre of the floor to the roof, with arches springing from the walls of each angle, and meeting at the top. Only a part of the central pillar now remains, and the building has been fitted up for the reception of the crown records, which are now deposited here. Among them is the celebrated Domes- day book, compiled in the eleventh century. It is written on vellum, and in high preservation, being as legible as when first transcribed. Of Admission. — To view the whole of the abbey, enter at Poets' corner door, opposite the House of Lords. Guides are in attendance, from nine till six every day, except Sundays, Good Friday, Christmas Day, and gene- ral Fasts. For seeing all that is to be seen, the expense now is only sixpence each person. ST. MARGARET'S CHURCH, New Palace yard, is situated on the north side of Westminster abbey. It was erected by Edward the Con- fessor, in 1061, and re-built in the reign of Edward I. Over the communion table is a fine basso-relievo, repre- senting our Saviour and the disciples at Emmaus. The beautiful window was made by order of the magistrates of Dort, in Holland, and designed by them as a present to Henry VII.; having passed into several hands, it was afterwards purchased by the inhabitants of St. Margaret's parish for 400 guineas. This splendid painting represents the Crucifixion. The figures at the bottom of the two side panels, represent Henry VII. and his Queen. Sir Walter Raleigh, Knt., was buried here on the day that he was beheaded in Old Palace yard. ST. MARTIN'S IN THE FIELDS, St. Martin's lane, has long been an object of admira- tion to the lovers of architectural beauty. On the west CHURCHES. 89 front is a noble portico of eight Corinthian columns ; it supports a pediment, in which are the royal arms, and underneath, a Latin inscription respecting the erection of the church. The ascent to the portico is by a flight of very long steps. It has a fine arched roof, sustained by stone columns of the Corinthian order. The interior decorations are extremely fine. The organ was presented by George I., in 1726. Situated for years in the midst of a dense mass of the lowest class of dwelling houses, its beauties could not be sufficiently appreciated ; but it now stands boldly forth a prominent feature of the improve- ments in the neighbourhood of Pall Mall. ST. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER, Piccadilly. It was founded in the latter part of Charles II. reign, and consecrated in the first of James II. It was erected by Sir Christopher Wren. The font of white marble is finely sculptured. ST. GEORGE'S, HANOVER SQUARE, Erected in the reign of Queen Anne. The portico consists of six Corinthian columns, with an entablature i 2 90 CHURCHES. and pediment. The altar-piece, representing the Last Supper, is said to have been executed by Sir James Thornhill. Over the altar has recently been placed a fine specimen of an ancient stained glass window, formerly belonging to a convent at Mechlin. The subject is, the Genealogy of our Lord Jesus Christ. MARYLEBONE NEW CHURCH, New road, designed as an additional chapel-of-ease to the parish, but when finished, it was so much admired, that it was thought expedient to make it the parish church. The organ is over the altar, and stands at the south end of the church. The altar-piece, representing the Nativity, is by West, who presented it to the church. The interior is rendered remarkable by a double gallery. ST. PANCRAS NEW CHURCH, Euston square, one of the most attractive pieces of modern architecture, was raised a few years since at an expense of ^75,000. It is built of brick, entirely faced with Portland stone. The design of the building was formed by combining in one the beauties of the most CHURCHES. 91 celebrated Athenian temples, of which the relative parts are said to be just representations. The interior is ele- gant to a high degree ; the windows are composed of ground glass, with stained borders ; the galleries are supported by pillars, taken from casts of the Elgin mar- bles : the pulpit and reading desk have been made from the tree well known as " the Fairlop oak/' in Hainault forest. Beneath the church are large vaults, calculated to contain two thousand coffins. Within each of the porticos leading to these, is a sarcophagus, the entabla- tures supported by six female figures, holding ewers and inverted torches. The effect of the whole is very strik- ing ; and its situation on one side of an open square ad- mits of its being seen to the best advantage. ST. GILES'S IN THE FIELDS, Broad street, St. Giles's. At the west end is a tower of the Doric and Ionic orders. This church contains a monument of Sir Roger l'Estrange. Here likewise are interred Andrew Marvel, the inflexible patriot, Richard Pendrell, the conductor of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester, Chapman, the first translator of Homer, and Flaxman, the great sculptor. Over the north-west gate is a fine bronze representation of the Resurrection, exe- cuted about 1686. On this spot formerly stood an hos- pital, in front of which Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, was burnt for his religious opinions, in the reign of Henry V. ST. ANDREW'S, HOLBORN HILL, Erected in 1687, under the direction of Sir C. Wren. Over the altar-piece is a painted window, representing the Lord's Supper and the Ascension. ST. PAUL, COVENT GARDEN, Erected from designs by Inigo Jones. In the church- yard are the remains of Butler, author of Hudibras, Dr. Walcot, and Michael Kelly. This church has an illu- minated dial. 92 CHURCHES. ST. DUNSTAN'S, FLEET STREET. The demolition of the venerable relic which had stood here for ages, was completed in 1830. Since then a handsome pile of the Gothic order, designed by the late John Shaw, Esq., architect of Christ's Hospital, has been erected on its site. The freestone tower, by which it is crowned towards the south, rises 130 feet above the pavement, and is much admired. The interior, which is octagonal, is very elegant; the lower part consists of Gothic recesses, in which the monuments are placed, while the upper part is decorated with elegant stained windows. The one over the communion table represents the four Evangelists. The whole figure of the church has a new and original aspect. On the east side are the vestry and other rooms ; over the entrance is placed a statue of Queen Elizabeth, which formerly was on the west side of Ludgate. The present pile stands full 30 feet farther back than its cumbrous predecessor. CHURCHES. 93 ST. BRIDE'S, Fleet street, almost incomparable for the beauty of its spire, was built under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren. A paved court, of late years thrown open, com- municating opposite the church with Fleet street, affords a clear view of the church on the north side. The dial of the clock is illuminated at night. At the east end is a beautiful stained glass window, by the late Mr. Muss, representing the Descent from the Cross, after Rubens. CHRIST CHURCH, NEWGATE STREET, Was erected in 1687* by Sir Christopher Wren, on the site of a church of Franciscans, where, it is said, no fewer than 600 or 700 persons of distinction were interred. The present church is a beautiful structure, with a lofty square tower. The pulpit is carved with representations of the Last Supper and of the four Evangelists. The front is of stone, and is adorned with alto-relievos. The western window is ornamented with stained glass, and above are the royal arms. The Spital sermons are preached in this church in Easter week; and here, on St. Matthew's day, a sermon is annually delivered before the lord mayor, aldermen, and governors of Christ's Hospital. ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE GREAT, West Smith field, one of the most ancient churches in London, having been built in the middle of the twelfth century, contains the tomb of Rahere, the founder of the adjacent hospital. ST. MARY LE BOW, Cheapside, commonly called Bow church, was erected by Sir C. Wren, in 1673. The principal ornament of this church is its steeple of Portland stone, which is above 94 CHURCHES. 200 feet in height. It is surmounted by a vane in the form of a dragon. In this church is a monument to the memory of Dr. Newton, bishop of Bristol. The con- secration of the bishops of London takes place here. ST. OLAVE'S JEWRY, In the Old Jewry, built by Sir C. Wren in 1673, is adorned with three pictures, representing Queen Eliza- beth lying on a couch, Charles I., and a figure of Time, with emblematical devices. ST. STEPHEN'S, WALBROOK. The extreme plainness and simplicity of the exterior of this temple does not promise the observer that gratifica- tion which its beautiful interior must ever impart. The power of surprise in raising our enjoyments to a high pitch, is felt by every visitor the moment he pushes for- ward the folding doors and beholds this admirable work. The chasteness, simplicity, and seeming artlessness of the whole arrangement strikes his eye at once; but the astonishment thus excited soon gives way, and a feeling CHURCHES. 95 of reverence succeeds as he continues to examine the dif- ferent parts, and to discover the exquisite fitness and symmetry which they lend each other. The church seems much smaller than it is, in consequence of this exact proportion. This church was erected about the year 1675, from designs by Sir Christopher Wren, and is by many con- sidered as the master-piece of that great architect. The altar piece is a beautiful representation of the interment of St. Stephen, by West. The walls enclose an area of 82 feet by 59. ST. MARGARET'S, LOTHBURY, Built in 1690 by Sir C. Wren, contains a curious font, on the basin of which are carved representations of the Garden of Eden and Fall of Man, the Salvation of Noah and his family, the Baptism of Jesus, and Philip bap- tising the Eunuch. The cover is adorned with a figure of St. Margaret, accompanied by Faith, Hope, and Charity. ST. HELEN'S, GREAT ST. HELEN'S* Bishopsgate street, one of the few churches which escaped the fire of London. It is remarkable for several curious monuments, amongst which may be noticed those of Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Ex- change ; Sir Julius Caesar, master of the rolls to James I. ; Sir William Pickering, who had served four different sovereigns ; Sir John Crosby, a great benefactor to the church ; and Francis Bancroft, who left a considerable sum of money to the Drapers' company for the erection of alms houses. ST. GILES'S, CRIPPLECATE, Fore street, Cripplegate, erected about 1546. Over the south-east door is a beautiful figure of Time, with his scythe, &c. Above the altar is a window of stained glass. The church is remarkable as the burial- place of Foxe the martyrologist, Speed the historian, and 96 CHURCHES. Milton the poet. Oliver Cromwell was married in this church. ST. LEONARD'S, SHOREDITCH. The portico consists of four Doric columns, surmounted by a triangular pediment. At the eastern extremity of the interior is a painted window, representing the Lord's Supper, the reconciliation of Jacob and Esau, Jacob's Vision, and Jacob at prayer. ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, High street, Borough. Erected 1737- Over the altar is a painted window, representing our Saviour preach- ing in the Temple. Here Cocker the arithmetician, and Bishop Bonner, were interred. ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK. It formerly belonged to a priory founded before the con- quest. The Ladye Chapel, which was formerly let as a bakehouse by the corporation, is the most beautiful fea- ture of this edifice, and, owing to the spirited exertions of a few persons of taste, this relic has been restored to its pristine beauty. The ruinous portion of this church has been rebuilt to correspond with the other part. A beautiful altar screen has been placed at the east end. The princi- pal monuments are those to the memory of William Wykeham, Bishop of Lincoln, Bishop Andrews, Gower, the contemporary of Chaucer, and A. Newland, Esq., all of whom are buried in this church. ST. MARY'S, LAMBETH. The tower of this church was erected about 1375, and the edifice towards the end of the fifteenth century. In oue of the windows is the figure of a pedlar and his dog, painted on glass ; this person is said to have left to the parish the ground called Pedlar's acre. The chancel is ornamented with the monuments of archbishops Bancroft, Tenison, Hutton, Cornwallis, Moore, and Seeker. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS 97 Our space will not permit us to dwell on the peculiari- ties of each of so numerous a class of buildings as our religious edifices ; we have therefore selected some of the most remarkable. Several new ones have been erected within the last few years ; others have been determined on, and some are yet only in contemplation. The stranger will have opportunities sufficient in his transit through the town of viewing the exterior of many ; and, if so dis- posed, can judge of their interior arrangements at the hours when they are open for divine service. The following churches, not mentioned in the pre- ceding remarks, were erected under the superintendence of Sir C. Wren :— All Hallows, Bread street St. Peter, Cornhill St. Michael, Cornhill St. Mary, Aldermanbury St. Stephen, Coleman street St. Anne, Blackfriars St. Michael, Portemaster royal St. Magnus the Martyr, London bridge St. George, Botolph lane St. Alban, Wood street All Hallows the great and less, Thames street All Hallows, Lombard street St. Anne, Aldersgate street St. Anthony, Budge row St. Mary Somerset, Upper Thames street St. Matthew, Friday street St. Michael, Bassishaw, Basing- hall street St. Michael, Queenhithe St. Augustin, Watling street St. Benedict Fink, Threadneedle street St. Benet, Gracechurch street St. Clement, Eastcheap St. Dionis, back church, Lime street, Fenchurch street St. Edmund, Lombard street St. James's, Garlick hill, Thames street St. Magaret Pattens, Rood lane St. Martin, Ludgate street St. Mary, Abchurch lane St. Mary, Bow lane St. Mary-at-hill, Lower Thames street St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish st. St. Michael, Wood street St. Mildred, Bread street St. Mildred, Poultry St. Nicholas, Old Fish street St. S within, Cannon street We have not space in which to enumerate the respec- tive places of Protestant dissenting worship ; but, to the inquiring stranger, the subjoined indications may be useful : — ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS. Bavarian chapel, Golden square Bermondsey chapel, East lane Chelsea chapel, Sloane square French chapel, Portman square K Francis street chapel, Chapel place, Tottenham Court Road German chapel, Bow lane, city Greenwich chapel, Maize hill 98 FRIENDS 5 MEETINGS. — JEWS' SYNAGOGUES. Hammersmith chapel, King st. Hampstead, St. Mary's, Holly place Isleworth chapel, Shrewsbury place Kensington chapel, Holland st. London road chapel, St. George's fields Mary's, St. chapel, Woolwich Mary's, St. chapel, Moorfields Patrick's, St. chapel, Sutton st. Soho Patrick's, St. chapel, Stratford Poplar new chapel, Wade street Richmond chapel, Vineyards, Richmond Sardinian chapel, Lincoln's inn fields Somers town chapel, Clarendon square Spanish chapel, Spanish place, Manchester square Virginia street chapel, Ratcliff highway Westminster chapel, Marsham street German chapel, St. Thomas the Apostle, Queen st. Cheapside The vocal and instrumental music at many of the above chapels merits attention on Sundays and festivals, being conducted by men of eminence in the science, particularly at Moorfields and Spanish Place. Strangers are expected to pay a trifling compliment for their admission into the pews. The interior of the chapel in Moorfields deserves inspection : the altar is adorned by a number of fine marble columns ; directly behind it is a beautiful fresco painting of the Crucifixion; and the ceiling is ornamented with beautiful paintings, illustrating the birth of our Saviour, by Signor Aglio. The classical taste displayed in the construction of the chapel in Spanish place, by the late Mr. Rebecca, is deservedly praised. friends' meetings. Devonshire square, Bishopsgate Red cross street, Borough St. Peter's court, St. Martin's lane St. John street, Smithfield School house lane, Ratcliff White hart court, Gracechurch street JEWS SYNAGOGUES, Back alley, Denmark court, Strand Baker's gardens, Leadenhall st. Bevis Marks and Duke's place, (Portuguese) Bricklayers' hall, Leadenhall st. Carter's lane, Houndsditch Church row, Fenchurch street Dean street, Soho Duke's place, Houndsditch {German) St. Alban's place, St. James's square Queen street, Curzon street GENERAL CEMETERIES. 99 FOREIGN PROTESTANT CHURCHES, Butch. Austin friars St. James's palace French. Clement's lane, Lombard street Little Dean street, Soho St. John's street, Brick lane St. Martin's le Grand German. Little Alie street Little Trinity lane Savoy street, Strand St. James's palace Swiss. Moor street, Seven dials Swedish. Brown's lane, Spitalfields Prince's square, Ratcliff highway Most of the parish churches have portions of ground attached to them as burial grounds, and vaults within and under the churches. The dissenters have a large burial ground near Finsbury square, called Bunhill fields, where- in, at various periods, have been interred many men of great repute among the various sects. GENERAL CEMETERIES. It would conduce greatly to the health of the inhabitants of London, if the legislature would forbid all interments in its churches and burial grounds. In this view, general KENSALL GREEN CEMETERY. 100 GENERAL CEMETERIES. cemeteries in the neighbourhood of the metropolis had long been much wanting. At length an establishment of this nature has been formed at Kensall Green, about one mile and a half from Paddington church, on the road to Harrow. It is known by the name of the "General Cemetery," and encloses an area of nearly fifty acres. It is surrounded by an enclosure, consisting of a lofty wall, with occasional apertures, secured by iron railing of an equal height, to admit extensive views of the country, extending to the Surrey hills, over the rich and varied scenery of the western environs of the metropolis. This area is laid out as a sepulchral garden, after the manner of the celebrated cemetery of Pere la Chaise, near Paris, with gravel roads, sufficiently wide for carriages, and planted with forest trees, evergreen, and other shrubs and flowers. One portion of the ground on the western side has been consecrated by the Bishop of London, and a chapel erected thereon from the designs of Mr. Griffith, for the performance of the burial service, according to the rites and ceremonies of the church of England. Under and adjoining this is an extensive range of catacombs, capable of containing 10,000 coffins. The space thus occupied is bounded on three sides by a handsome colonnade, for the reception of tablets and other sculptured monuments. Along part of the boundary wall is another series of cata- combs, calculated to contain 2000 coffins, and surmounted by a handsome colonnade of Greek architecture. The other portion of the cemetery is appropriated for the interment of persons whose friends object to the ser- vice of the established church, where any minister or other person may officiate, and any burial service may be per- formed. In this part also is a chapel, with a colonnade and catacombs capable of extension. Offices of the Company, 95, Great Russell street, Bloomsbury. The success of the Kensall Green Cemetery has been such as to lead to several other undertakings, similar in their nature and principle. The first in order of these, AMUSEMENTS, 101 entitled the North London Cemetery, containing twenty acres, is deserving of attention. The extensive grounds allotted to this establishment are almost on the brow of the hill, near the new church, on the approach to High- gate. Another, now open, belonging to the same com- pany, is situated at Nun Head Hill, between Peckham Rye and the Kent Road. Amongst the other projects of this nature, may be mentioned the South Metropolitan, at Norwood; the West of London and Westminster Cemetery, Earl's Court, Brompton; Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington; and the City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery, South Grove, Mile End — are open daily from eight o'clock till sunset ; on Sundays after the morning service. AMUSEMENTS, So far as the mass of the people is concerned, the amuse- ments of this vast metropolis are less varied than in many continental towns of not more than one-tenth of its im» 102 AMUSEMENTS. portance in point of magnitude and population. Their quality, however, may be considered as furnishing some compensation for the smallness of their number, as they are in most cases on a scale of splendour unequalled throughout Europe. The greater part of these amuse- ments are intellectual, the frivolous being few in number, and confined to the lower order. Foreigners are apt to condemn London for its dulness in comparison with some continental cities, and not without foundation. Abroad, men frequently appear to make pleasure their business, while here business seems the reigning pleasure. Domes- tic and social intercourse constitute a great source of London enjoyment, which strangers have not always an opportunity of witnessing ; but when seen and partici- pated, they invariably draw forth their admiration. London amusements consist of balls, operas, masque- rades, theatres, concerts, exhibitions of arts and natural history ; and, to a considerable extent, of private parties, where music, dancing, cards, and conversation, agreeably engage their respective votaries. In addition to these more refined amusements, are diversions more imme- diately confined to the people of this country, such as horse-racing and hunting. Cock-fighting, though still occasionally resorted to, is gradually disappearing from our sports ; tennis, fives, billiards, cricket, sailing, rowing, and archery, are favourite recreations. THE QUEEN'S THEATRE, OR ITALIAN OPERA, Haymarket, is the most fashionable evening resort of our nobility and gentry. The performances consist of an Italian opera, followed by a ballet, in which the highest musical talent in Europe, and the most exquisite taste in dancing, are exhibited. The edifice, which took its present appearance in 1820, from a design by Messrs. Nash and Repton, stands nearly alone, and surrounded on all sides by a covered colon- nade, supported by cast-iron pillars, of the Doric order. The front is adorned with a long entablature, representing the origin and progress of music, in alti rilievo, by Mr. queen's theatre. 103 Bubb. The interior, by Novosielski, is magnificent, and falls very little short in dimensions of the celebrated La Scala, at Milan, being calculated to receive from 2500 to 3000 ' persons. There are five tiers of boxes, each box having a curtain before it, in the fashion of the theatre of San Carlos, at Naples. The boxes are let for the season to persons of rank and fashion. Each subscriber to a box receives ivory tickets, which may be sold on evenings when the subscriber does not wish to attend. When thus sold, the purchasers are admissible either to the box to which the tickets belong, or the pit. Persons attending the pit are expected to appear full dressed; that is, frock coats, coloured trowsers, &c, are not admissible. The season commences in February, and continues till August, the usual nights of performance being Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. The doors are opened at half- past seven o'clock, the performance commences at eight, and half an hour earlier on Saturdays. The prices of admission at the doors are half a guinea to the pit ; stalls, in front of the pit, twenty-one shillings ; gallery, three shillings and sixpence ; stalls in front of the gallery, five shillings. Boxes may be engaged by the 104 DRURY LANE THEATRE. season or night of many respectable booksellers at the west end of the town, of whom may be had pit tickets at eight shillings and sixpence. At most of the metropolitan theatres, places may be secured at their respective box offices ; a shilling being paid as a fee to the box-keeper for entering the name of the party, and the place is retained till the end of the first act. Single personal admissions, not transferable, admit- ting to all parts of the house, may be had at the theatres for a season. DRURY LANE THEATRE, Brydges street. The first theatre upon this spot was the celebrated cock-pit, wherein Sir William Davenant's company performed from 1658 till the restoration of Charles II., when he removed to his new theatre in Lin- coln's inn fields. It was destroyed by fire in 16/2; re- built in 1674 by Sir Christopher Wren ; pulled down in 1791 ; rebuilt in 1794 by Mr. Holland; again destroyed by fire on Feb. 24, 1809 ; and re-erected, as it now stands, in 1812, by Mr. Benjamin Wyatt. It is a substantial edi- fice, with a portico in front, supported by pilasters and surmounted by a figure of Shakspeare. Under the por- COVENT GARDEN THEATRE. 105 tico is the principal entrance to the boxes, within which is a beautiful statue of Shakspeare ; and two others of Garrick and Kean, the great histrionic illustrators of the bard. The audience part of the house is in the form of a horse-shoe. There are three tiers of boxes, besides pri- vate boxes, which, with the pit and two galleries, contain nearly 2/00 persons ; the pit has been lately enlarged and divided into stalls, each being numbered. The interior, designed by Mr. S. Beazley, is rich and tasteful, and im- parts a light and attractive appearance to the whole. The plays of Shakspeare and of our elder dramatists, as well as the best pieces of our living authors, operas, farces, and more showy dramatic representations, are ably per- formed; a very successful introduction of instrumental concerts and promenades have occasionally taken place here. A spacious saloon communicates with the box lobbies, and forms a promenade, under regulations which have been long wanting, to enable families to frequent it. There are rooms for coffee and other refreshments. Prices of admission — boxes, five shillings; pit, three shillings ; lower gallery, one shilling and sixpence ; upper gallery, one shilling. Opens at half-past six, commences at seven o'clock. Half price at nine o'clock — boxes, two shillings and sixpence ; pit, two shillings ; lower gallery, one shilling; upper gallery, sixpence. Places for the boxes may be taken at the theatre from ten till four. COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, Bow street. The first stone of this magnificent struc- ture was laid Dec. 31, 1808, and the building was rapidly constructed under the superintendence of Mr. (now Sir Robert) Smirke, and opened on the 18th September, 1809, less than nine months from its commencement. Considerable merit is due to the architect for the taste and grandeur displayed in this noble theatre. The portico is taken from the temple of Minerva, situated on the Acropolis at Athens. It consists of four fluted columns, 106 COVENT GARDEN THEATRE;. supporting a pediment, elevated on a flight of steps, which leads to the entrance of the boxes. Over the windows, on each side of the portico, are bassi relievi, emblematical of the ancient and modern drama. The north represents the ancient drama : in the centre sit three Greek dramatic poets, Aristophanes, Menander, and iEschylus, attended by the Muses, Hours, and Seasons, and under the inspi- ration of Minerva. Bacchus stands leaning on his fauns ; and behind Minerva is Melpomene, followed by the Furies in pursuit of Orestes, who supplicates the protection of Apollo. The basso relievo to the south represents the modern drama. Shakspeare, seated in the centre, appears summoning before him the airy characters of the Tem- pest — Caliban, Ferdinand, Miranda, Prospero, and Ariel : this part is terminated by Hecate, attended by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, followed by Remorse. Behind Shak- speare sits Milton, with his Samson Agonistes in chains at his feet ; and before him appear the characters of Co- mus, with their respective attributes. To the right and left of the grand portico are niches, containing statues of Tragedy and Comedy, by Flaxman. On each side of the grand entrance, leading to the ante- HAYMARKET — PRINCESS'S THEATRES. 107 room, is a number of Ionic columns, between which are suspended Grecian lamps, which give a beautiful effect to the whole. In the ante-room is a statue of Shakspeare. The interior is ornamented with emblematical devices : it consists of three tiers of boxes, a spacious pit, and one gallery; commanding an admirable view of the stage throughout. This is also a winter patent theatre. The company is selected from the first talent of the day ; and the perform- ances consist of the best dramatic productions of all ages. Doors open at half-past six ; performance commences at seven o'clock ; half-price at nine. The prices of admission are — To the dress boxes, seven shillings ; half-price, three shillings and sixpence ; first and second circles, five shillings; half-price, two shil- lings and sixpence ; pit, three shillings ; half-price, two shillings ; gallery, one shilling. Places for the boxes may be taken at the Box office, Hart street, Covent garden, open from ten till four o'clock. THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET, Rebuilt in 1821, from a design by Mr. Nash. It has a stately portico, supported by six columns of the Corin- thian order, above which are a number of circular win- dows. The interior is fitted up with three tiers of boxes, a commodious pit, an upper and lower gallery. The judicious construction of the house makes it an admirable conductor of the voice, so that every line is distinctly heard. Performances commence at seven o'clock. Boxes, five shillings ; pit, three shillings ; gallery, two shillings ; upper gallery, one shilling. Half-price commences at nine o'clock. Boxes, three shillings ; pit, two shillings ; gallery, one shilling; upper gallery, sixpence. PRINCESS'S THEATRE, Oxford street, opposite the Pantheon, formerly the Queen's Bazaar. It is open for the performance of ope- ras, ballets, musical and other dramatic entertainments. The construction is from the design of T. M. Nelson, 108 ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE- Esq., architect ; it is capable of containing upwards of 200 1 persons. There are twenty-six splendid private boxes the pit has backs and covered seats ; the boxes are fur nished with handsome chairs, and lined throughout witl chintz. It has been let on a long lease to J. M. Maddox Esq., under whose direction and management it at presen remains ; and for taste, decoration, brilliancy and beauty is allowed to be the most elegant and commodious theatr< in Europe. Doors open at half-past six ; performances commence at seven. Dress circle, five shillings; boxes, four shillings pit, two shillings ; gallery, one shilling. Half-price at nine o'clock. THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE, Wellington Street, North. — Its front elevation is on the west side of the new street ; the portico covering the footway of the street. This portico forms the entrance to the boxes ; the pit entrance is in the Strand ; and that of the gallery in Exeter street, at the back of the Strand. The interior of this structure is remarkably haudsome and compact; and it is very judiciously constructed for the conveyance of sound. The balcony, or dress circle oi boxes, presents a novel and most pleasing feature. Of late seasons Promenade Concerts, and Equestrian Performances, have taken place here instead of the regular drama, which generally have been well attended. THE PRINCE'S THEATRE, King street, St. James's, the property of the eminent vocalist Braham, was opened on the 14th of December, 1835. Mr. Beazley, the architect, has displayed great taste and judgment in its construction. It has been taken by Mr. Mitchell, of Old Bond street, upon a lease for a term of years, who having had it entirely redecorated, has opened it with one of the best selected companies for the performance of French comedies and vaudevilles, that have appeared in London for many years. Admission — Boxes, six shillings ; pit, three shillings and sixpence ; gallery stalls, three shillings; gallery, two shillings. Doors open at seven; performance commences at half-past seven. THEATRES. 109 THE ADELPHI THEATRE, Strand, is licensed by the Lord Chamberlain for the per- formance of burlettas, ballets, and pantomimes. This is a very favourite resort of the laughter-loving gentry dur- ing the winter and spring season. Most of the pieces represented here are written expressly for this theatre, and well supported by a judicious choice of comic votaries. The alterations in the front of this theatre have greatly added to its improvement ; its architectural appearance is striking, and the design good. The corridor has a pleas- ing effect. The interior is handsomely decorated. This is one of the most fashionably attended of the minor theatres. It opens half-past six, and commences at seven o'clock. Boxes, four shillings ;, pit, two shillings ; gal- lery, one shilling. Half-price at nine o'clock. ROYAL CITY OF LONDON THEATRE, Is situated on the western side of Norton Folgate, Bishops- gate. The stage is of ample size, and much convenience. The interior with two tiers of boxes, a good pit, and one gallery, is very commodious. Suspended from the centre of the dome-formed ceiling, is a chastely designed chan- delier, in imitation of porcelain. The company, as well as the pieces hitherto produced, promises well in all its departments. The performances begin at half-past six. Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shil- ling; gallery, sixpence. Half-price, boxes only, one shilling. SURREY THEATRE, Blackfriars Road, formerly devoted to equestrian exhibitions, under the name of the Royal Circus, was burned down in 1805. The present theatre, designed by Signor Cabanel, rose shortly after on the site of the former. Though originally confined to the summer months, this theatre is now open throughout the year, under the present manager, who has restored it to its wonted popularity, though in a somewhat different style. The performances commence at half-past six. Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. Half- price to the boxes only, at half-past eight o'clock. L 110 THEATRES. BATTY'S NEW AMPHITHEATRE, (late astley's), Westminster bridge road. Erected from a model made by Mr. R. Usher, clown of the late Astley's Amphi- theatre, and under whose superintendence the whole has been built. By great skill he has effected a full view of the stage and circle from every part of the house, and the comfort and accommodation of the public have been made his study throughout the undertaking. From the ceiling is suspended a magnificent crystal and gold chandelier. The arena for equestrian performance is 126 feet in circum- ference, and the theatre is calculated to accommodate 4000 persons. The proscenium represents a grand triumphal arch ; the extent of stage is 51 feet deep by 101 feet wide, and is capable of displaying the most splendid equestrian spectacles. Doors open at six o'clock; performances begin at half- past six. Boxes, dress circle, four shillings; second circle, three shillings; pit, two shillings; gallery, one shilling ; upper gallery, sixpence. Half-price at half-past eight o'clock. THE QUEEN'S THEATRE, Tottenham street, was originally built for the per- formance of concerts : it has, however, for some years past been classed with the minor theatres. This little theatre has experienced more vicissitudes, perhaps, than any other of the minors. The excellent situation in which it stands ought to ensure it a genteel and fashion- able audience, under the influence of good management. This theatre is generally open throughout the year. The performance commences a quarter before seven. Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. THE ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE, Wych street, Drury lane. Preceding the commence- ment of the season of 1837, the interior of the house was remodelled, and richly and most tastefully decorated, much in the style of the Prince's theatre. From the centre of the ceiling is suspended a beautiful chandelier. The entertainments, light, musical, and elegant in charac- THEATRES. Ill ter, are generally over at an earlier hour than those of the other theatres, no slight recommendation to many. Doors open at half-past six ; performance commences at seven. Boxes, three shillings ; half-price, one shilling and six- pence ; pit, one shilling and sixpence ; half-price, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. Second price at nine o'clock. STRAND THEATRE, Nearly opposite Newcastle street. The performances are attractive, consisting of burlettas and ballets, which are chiefly written for this theatre; and occasionally other exhibitions are to be seen here. THE ROYAL VICTORIA THEATRE, In the Waterloo road, designed by Signor Cabanel. It is of an oblong form, and well adapted for dramatic re- presentations. The performances are of the class usually presented at the minor theatres. It is open, at intervals, throughout the year. Doors open at half-past five ; per- formance commences at half-past six. Boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling; gallery, sixpence. Half-price, boxes only, one shilling. SADLER'S WELLS, St. John's street road, open with little intermission, throughout the year, presents a variety of minor enter- tainments, at times treating its visitors with a succession of Shakspearian and other dramas. Comic pantomimes are a species of entertainment for which this house has always been celebrated. It is open at half-past five, and commences at half-past six; boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. MARY-LE-BONE THEATRE, Church street, Paddington. One of the most com- modious and complete minor theatres in London, calcu- lated to hold 2300 persons. The performances are of a pleasing and entertaining description, and the characters ably supported. The house is fitted up with three tiers of public and private boxes. From the ceiling, which is of the most elaborate description, is suspended a brilliant or-molu chandelier. Doors open at six o'clock; per- formance begins at half-past six. Dress boxes, four and 112 CHINESE EXHIBITION. three shillings ; public boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. THE ROYAL PAVILION THEATRE, Whitechapel road, is a neat theatre at the eastern extreme of the metropolis; and, being subject to little competition, it has proved a successful speculation. The entertainments are much varied ; for, though under the same restrictions as other minor theatres, it is less liable to obstruction in consequence of its great distance from the patents. The performance commences at half-past six ; boxes, two shillings ; pit, one shilling ; gallery, sixpence. THE CARRICK THEATRE, Leman street, Goodman's fields. The interior, on a small scale, is exceedingly pretty ; the audience part is easy and convenient ; the embellishments are heightened in effect by the light issuing from five lustres, suspended round the front of the house. Over the proscenium is a well executed painting, representing Garrick between the comic and tragic muses — copied from Sir Joshua Rey- nolds' well known picture. Doors open at six ; perform- ance commences at half-past six; boxes, one shilling; pit and gallery, sixpence. No half-price. THE APOLLONICON, 101, St. Martin's lane, a curious musical instrument, invented and constructed by Messrs. Flight and Robson, now the property of Robson and Son. By a self-acting power, it performs any piece of music which may be arranged for it, with an effect equal to an orchestra. Six persons can perform on it at the same time. The won- derful power of this performance cannot be conceived without being witnessed. The performances are every Saturday at two o'clock ; admission, one shilling. THE CHINESE COLLECTION Is situated in St. George's place, Hyde Park corner. The exterior of the entrance to the building is in the style of Chinese architecture, taken from a model of a summer residence now in the collection. The apartment occupied by the collection is 225 feet in length, by 50 in width, with lofty ceilings, supported with numerous pillars. On CONCERT ROOMS. 113 passing through the vestibule, the visitor finds himself, as it were, transported to a new world. It is China in minia- ture. The view is imposing in the highest degree. The rich screen work, elaborately carved and gilt, at either end of the saloon ; the many shaped and varied coloured lanterns suspended through the entire ceiling; the native paintings which cover the walls ; the Chinese maxims adorning the columns and entablatures; the embroidered silks, gay with a hundred colours, and taste- fully displayed above the cases containing the figures ; and the multitude of smaller cases crowded with rare and in- teresting objects, form a tout ensemble, possessing beauty entirely its own, and which must be seen by the visitor before it can be realized. Admittance, two shillings and sixpence ; children, one shilling. During the fashionable season, from November to June, morning and evening concerts, balls and masquerades, are frequently given through town at the various public rooms; they are previously announced, as to time and place, in the public papers. The prices vary from ^\e shillings to a guinea. WILLIS'S ROOMS, King street, St. James's, are the most fashionable seat of this style of entertainment. Here are given the weekly balls known by the name of Almacks, under the patronage and management of several ladies of distinction. To gain admittance it is necessary that the name of the visitor should be inserted in one of these ladies' books, for the purpose of canvassing, so that the company may be as select as strict regulations can make it. THE QUEEN'S CONCERT ROOMS, Hanover square. The concerts of the Philharmonic Society, and of the Ancient Concerts, are held here. The grand concert room, which is 90 feet by 35 feet, and capable of containing about 800 persons, has been beauti- fully decorated ; the panels between the pilasters are filled with handsome plates of looking glass ; the panels of the l2 114 TEA GARDENS. ceiling with paintings by Cipriani, The orchestra, at the west end of the room, has a fine organ ; and the royal box, at the opposite end, is hung with crimson, and contains the portraits of eminent musical composers. — When not thus engaged, the rooms are let for private concerts, fancy bazaars, balls, lectures, &c. THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC, Tenterden street, Hanover square, incorporated by royal charter. All branches of music are taught in the academy. The particular branch for which the students enter is at their choice ; and all the students will receive instruction in harmony. THE CONCERT ROOM, Queen's theatre, admirably adapted to the purpose, is also a fashionable scene for the display of musical abilities. This species of entertainment varying so much in kind, and so uncertain as to time, does not admit of our fixing any precise rules for the guidance of strangers. Publicity is invariably given. TEA GARDENS Are places of summer recreation much frequented by the middle classes of both sexes, particularly on Sunday after- noons and evenings. They consist of large gardens, well laid out in walks and parterres, and containing cool and shady harbours, fitted up with tables and seats, wherein parties are accommodated with tea, coffee, and other re- freshments. These gardens are generally attached to houses regularly licensed as taverns. Situated at the extreme points of London, they afford an agreeable walk to families whom business engages during the week within the close, compacted parts of the metropolis, and approximate to that species of Sunday rural recreations for which the Parisian middle classes are celebrated. The amusements are innocent, the indulgence temperate, and a suitable mixture of female society renders it gay and pleasing. Such of these gardens as are frequented during the evenings of the week, have large rooms for vocal and instrumental music, affording entertainment to visitors while indulging in their social refreshments. BRITISH MUSEUM. 115 THE BRITISH MUSEUM, Great Russell street, Bloomsbury. This great and useful national institution owes its rise to the libe- rality of Sir Hans Sloane, who is therefore deservedly considered as its founder. The bequest which he made upon certain conditions, of his museum to the nation, first gave rise to a public receptacle for the wonders of art and nature, where the liberal antiquary or naturalist, after years of delight spent in acquiring, might deposit his fancy's idol, and secure the reward of public gratitude. Sir Hans Sloane died in 1753, and Parliament imme- diately acceded to the conditions of his will, and vested the museum in a corporation of trustees. Shortly after- wards was purchased for its reception one of the most spacious mansions in the metropolis; built about the year 1680, by Ralph, first Duke of Montagu. In addition to the collections of Sir Hans Sloane, which had cost him ^50,000, but for which the nation paid no more than ^20,000, Parliament, by the original act of incorporation, vested in the same trustees, the valuable library of manuscripts collected by Sir Robert Cotton, a small collection of English, French, and Italian books, formed by Major Arthur Edwards, and the numerous and valuable library of manuscripts formed by Edward 116 BRITISH MUSEUM. Harley, Earl of Oxford. The new museum was first opened for public inspection, on the 15th of January, 1579. It has since been considerably increased by donations and purchases ; and stands an unrivalled monument of our nation's taste and extent of influence. The library is now an extensive, valuable, and curious collection of books, pamphlets, and manuscripts. In addition it comprises The important library of printed books and MSS., gradually collected by the Sovereigns of these realms, from Henry VII. The Hargrave collection of ancient law books and MSS. The MSS. of the late Marquis of Lansdowne. Mr. Halhed's oriental MSS. Dr. Burney's library of books and MSS., which cost ^13,500. The Maddox collection of MSS. The library of Dr. Birch, who also bequeathed the annual dividends of ^522. 18*. Mr. T. Tyrwhitt's select library of the classics. Sir W. Musgrave's collection of books and MSS. The munificent donation of books and prints, by the Rev. Mr. Crache- rode, who also bequeathed a select collection of coins, medals, minerals, and gems. Sir Joseph Bankes's extensive library of books on Natural History. A Collection of pamphlets published from the breaking out of the civil war under Charles I. to the Restoration, presented by George II. The extensive, well selected and valuable library formed by George III. consisting of 65,000 volumes, presented by George IV. in 1823. A large collection of books, chiefly Italian, presented by Sir R. Colt Hoare. The library has been further increased by numerous other purchases and bequests, and by the books received in virtue of the Copyright Act, which obliges all persons to deposit in it a copy of every book published by them, within the British dominions. It now contains not less than 300,000 volumes, being probably the most valuable collection in the world. On entering the gate of the Museum from Great Russell street, a quadrangle presents itself, with an Ionic colonnade on the south side, and the main building on the north ; the side buildings being allotted for the dwellings of the officers. The house itself measures two hundred and sixteen feet in length. The architect, Peter Puget, a native of Mar- seilles, and an artist of the first eminence in his time, was BRITISH MUSEUM. 117 sent over from Paris by Ralph, first Duke of Montagu, for the sole purpose of constructing this splendid mansion. In the eastern wing of these new buildings, on the ground floor, is deposited the collections of MSS. and the Royal Library ; in the northern wing, the General Library of Printed Books. The whole range of rooms on this floor allotted to Books and MSS., is not less than 900 feet in length. On the upper floor of the east wing are arranged the collections of botany, of mammalia, birds, and shells; on that of the north wing the fishes, reptiles, mollusca, and corallines, with a few Crustacea and insects. In a series of rooms on the same floor, and parallel to those containing the fishes, &c, are deposited the very splendid collections of minerals and of fossil organic remains, occupying galleries 400 feet in length. The west wing is assigned to the collection of antiquities. On the upper floor are exhibited the smaller Egyptian an- tiquities, comprising the mummies, coffins, idols, house- hold furniture, objects of dress and the toilet, vases, bronzes, implements of husbandry and the arts, baskets, playthings, &c, and in rooms further to the south are deposited the Terra Cotta Vases, in considerable number and variety from Etruria, Magna Graecia, Attica, and other parts of Greece or its colonies, and in addition to these, a portion of the Greek and Roman bronzes. The lower floor of the west wing contains the collections of statuary. Beginning from the north, the visitor will observe disposed in order the Egyptian statues, sarcophagi, and tablets, antiquities from Persepolis, Etruscan sarcophagi, the Phigaleian marbles, casts of those found at iEgina, and, in a fine gallery appropriated to it, the collection of exquisitely beautiful and precious marbles brought from Athens by the Earl of Elgin. Returning from this gallery the visitor finds in the saloon containing the Phigaleian and Elgin etan marbles, a large collection of freizes, pediments, and other architectural statuary, some of great antiquity, recently brought from Xanthus in the ancient Lycia. He then passes on to the collection of Roman cinerary urns deposited for the present in a recess of the ante-room ; and in a temporary passage beyond, several miscellaneous 118 THE UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION. antiquities from Mexico, the East Indies, and China. This passage conducts into the Townley Gallery, contain- ing a large and valuable collection of Greek and Roman sculptures. In a room attached to this gallery is also deposited a large collection of architectural casts ; and in rooms on the upper floor, the celebrated Barberini or Portland Vase, with a considerable collection of bronzes, objects in terra cotta, glass, and the precious metals, being the smaller Greek and Roman antiquities. According to the existing regulations, first issued in the spring of 1837, the Museum is open for general inspec- tion on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from ten to four, from September 7 to May 1 ; and from ten to seven, from May 7 to September 1. The Museum is closed between the 1st and 7th of January ; the 1st and 7th of May; the 1st and 7th of September; and on Ash Wed- nesday, Good Friday, Christmas day, and all special fast and thanksgiving days. The reading rooms are now open every day, except on Sundays, on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Christmas day, and general fast and thanksgiving days ; also, be- tween the 1st and 7th of January, the 1st and 7th of May, and the 1st and 7th of September. The hours are from 10 till 7, during May, June, July, and August ; and from 1 till 4 during the rest of the year. They are not open to the public generally. Persons desirous of admittance must forward their name, rank, and profession, to the principal librarian, accompanied by the recommendation of one of the trustees or officers, when permission is usually granted to frequent it for six months, at the end of which time the ticket is renewed for a similar period, if no abuse be made of the privilege. Persons visiting the Museum inscribe their names and residence in a book kept for that purpose. The number of visitors during last year was 547,718. Descriptive catalogues, Is. THE UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION, In Middle Scotland yard, Whitehall place, was founded as a central repository for objects of art, science, and SIR JOHN SOANE'S MUSEUM. 119 natural history; for books and documents relative to those studies; and for general information connected with the naval and military services of the empire. Her Majesty and Prince Albert are the patrons ; the Duke of Wellington is vice patron. A member's annual subscrip- tion is 10s. ; and a single payment of ,£6. constitutes a member for life. The number of members are 4141 ; of whom 798 are life subscribers. The library and museum are already very extensive in their collections ; and philo- sophical lectures are occasionally delivered in the rooms, some by the most distinguished professional men of the day. Visitors are admissible by a member's order. The number of visitors admitted within the last year, was 21,550. ROYAL ADELAIDE GALLERY. This institution was originally formed by a party of scientific gentlemen for the purpose of affording the means of intellectual recreation and scientific improve- ment ; it contains upwards of three thousand models of machinery, steam boats, sculptures, paintings by the old masters, and modern artists. It is worthy of remark, that this institution was the first of the kind, and consequently has the peculiar merit of being the parent of a number of institutions of a similar tendency throughout the kingdom. Every facility is afforded to parties interested in the investigation of any branch of natural philosophy, either in the form of advice or practical illustration. The morning exhibition is ex- clusively scientific ; the evening exhibition is of an enter- taining as well as of an instructive character. Open from 1 1 in the morning to 5 o'clock in the afternoon, and from 7 to 10 o'clock in the evening. Admittance, one shilling; catalogue, sixpence. SIR JOHN SOANE'S MUSEUM, 13, Lincoln's Inn Fields. — To the admirer of archi- tectural and other antiquities, relics of ancient art, models, natural and artificial curiosities, fine paintings, &c, this museum will be found highly interesting; it was be- queathed to the nation by the late Sir John Soane, R.A. 120 THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. Here, in particular, is a celebrated Egyptian sarcophagus, of alabaster, covered with hieroglyphics, and ascertained to be about 3400 years old. There are also some excel- lent paintings by Canaletti, a few original Hogarths, and many designs by Sir John Soane. It is open to the public on Thursdays and Fridays, during the months of April, May, and June, when tickets of admission may be obtained on application at the museum. Foreigners may obtain admission at other times, by special application to the curator, G. Bailey, Esq., at the museum. ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, 309, Regent street, for the advancement of the arts and practical science, and other branches of industry. In the hall of manufactures are to be seen in operation the most interesting works. A public laboratory. In the theatre new and varied lectures are given daily, which in- clude all the most recent scientific discoveries. Amongst the other exhibitions are to be seen an oxy-hydrogen microscope, the largest ever constructed ; the science of Electricity is demonstrated by a colossal electrical ma- chine ; a dissolving orrery, dissolving views, &c. In the great hall there is a surface of 700 feet of water, and a diving bell, with air pumps, for four or five persons to descend with comfort ; and other objects worthy of notice. Open daily from half-past ten to half-past five ; in the evening, from seven till half-past ten o'clock. Admission, one shilling each. Catalogue, one shilling. the missionary museum, Blomfield street, Moorfields, contains a numerous collection of idols, and other appendages of heathen wor- ship and ceremonies, of the various regions to which the influence of the Missionary Society extends. It is open from ten to dusk daily. Admission by tickets, to be had at the museum. THE ZOOLOCICAL GARDENS, At the north-east part of the Regent's park, form at this time one of the most rational and attractive objects of SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 12l curiosity which London contains. The collection of wild and domestic quadrupeds, birds, &c, is very numerous, and comprises many curious specimens of the animal kingdom not to be met with elsewhere. The animals are here placed in circumstances approximating as closely as possible to their natural habits and manners. The gar- dens are in themselves an object of attraction, from their situation and style of arrangement, and promise to rival the fame of the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. The gardens are open from ten in the morning till sun- set, Sundays excepted, when they are open to members only. Admittance free, when introduced by a member personally, or one shilling for each person unintroduced. Parties visiting these gardens must provide themselves with a member's order, which may be had of Mr. Cruchley, Map seller, 81, Fleet street. SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. This delightful promenade was first opened to the pub- lic in August, 1831, under the immediate patronage of her Majesty, Queen Adelaide ; and so great has been the progress made in forming the vast collection of animals, and the erection of suitable buildings, enclosures, and paddocks, for their accommodation, that at this time it stands an almost unrivalled resort of the public, combining one of the most amusing and instructive recreations in this great metropolis. It is upwards of fifteen acres in extent, with a fine natural piece of water, of nearly three acres, sur- rounded with large standard trees, of beautiful foliage and growth. On the borders of this lake is generally a mag- nificent and interesting exhibition, accompanied with fire- works, which renders the gardens very attractive. The buildings are upon a most extensive and novel construc- tion ; that for the collection of carnivorous animals is a circular glazed cupola of 300 feet in circumference, pre- senting the largest continued surface of glass in the king- dom. A smaller building contains the monkey tribe. Here is a large rustic building and- paddock for the ele- phant ; a semi-circular enclosure, with a raised terrace, M 122 NATIONAL GALLERY. commanding a most extensive view of the gardens, for bears ; with various aviaries, paddocks, &c, for the differ- ent species of birds and quadrupeds. Many additions have been made to the previously unrivalled menagerie. These gardens have met with the most encouraging pa- tronage and support ; and include, among the numerous subscribers, a distinguished list of the nobility and gentry. The most favourable time for viewing this superb collec- tion of animals is during the feeding, at four or five in the afternoon ; at which time the tremendous powers of those rapacious creatures are fully displayed ; and we con- fidently recommend to our readers a visit to this interest- ing exhibition. Independently of the zoological exhibition, morning fetes, with balloon ascents, flower shows, &c, are fre- quently given at these gardens. Admission is obtained by the orders of subscribers, on the payment of one shil- ling each person. Orders may be had of Mr. Cruchley, map seller and publisher, 81, Fleet street. ITINERANT MENAGERIE. On the Surrey side of Waterloo and South wark bridges, a man of the name of Austin frequently takes his stand with a cage containing different animals of adverse na- tures, living all together, in perfect harmony, in one apartment. They generally consist of two cats, a rat, several mice, a hawk, a rabbit, a hare, guinea pigs, an owl, pigeons, a starling, and a sparrow — creatures which in common life are the natural prey of each other, but which, in this instance, display the wonderful influence produced on animal feeling by judicious training or edu- cation. They are exhibited openly to the curious, the re- muneration depending on the ability and liberality of the passengers. NATIONAL GALLERY, Trafalgar square, Charing cross. This gallery ori- ginated, only a few years since, in the purchase of the NATIONAL GALLERY. 123 collection of the late Mr. Angerstein, for the sum of ^40,000. The collection has since been increased both by purchase and by the donations of private individuals. It includes some of the finest works of Claude, the Pous- sins, the Caracci, Correggio, Parmegiano, Rembrandt, Rubens, with some gems by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Ho- garth, Benjamin West, Sir G. Beaumont, Wilkie, Gains- borough, &c. This gallery is open gratis to the public the first four days of each week, from ten to four, from November to April, and from ten to six, from May to Sep- tember, and the whole of Christmas, Easter, and Whit- suntide weeks, except Saturday (being closed during Oc- tober), and to the private study of artists, under certain restrictions, on the other two. Catalogues one shilling. The gallery consists of a centre and two wings ; the length being 461 feet, and the greatest width 56 feet. It occupies nearly the whole of the north side of the square. The main feature of the building is the central portico, in which have been employed the fine Corinthian columns from the portico of Carlton House. In order to render the present work, as far as possible, 124 NATIONAL GALLERY. of the greatest utility as a guide to strangers, the subjects of the paintings and their artists are inserted. 1. The Resurrection of Lazarus, Sebastiano del Piombo. — 2. The Reconciliation of Cephalus and Procris, Claude (Lorraine) .—3. Ma- estro de Capella instructing his Pupils, Titian.— 4. The Holy Family,. Titian. — 5. An Italian Sea-port at Sunset, Claude (Lorraine) . — 6. Sinon brought Prisoner to Priam, Claude (Lorraine). — 7. A Study of Heads, Correggio.— S. Michael Angelo's Dream, M. A. Buonarotti.—Q. Christ appearing to Simon Peter, Annibale Caracci. — 10. Mercury instructing Cupid in presence of Venus, Annibale Caracci.— 11. St. Jerome, Guido. — 12. Rebecca halting with her attendants, awaiting the arrival of Isaac to celebrate their marriage, Claude {Lorraine). — 13. The Holy Family, Murillo.— 14. The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, Claude {Lorraine). — 15. The " Ecce Homo," Correggio— \6. St. George de- stroying the Dragon, Tintoretto. — 17. The Holy Family, Andrea del Sarto. — 18. Christ disputing with the Doctors, Leonardo da Vinci. — 19. Narcissus viewing himself in the Water, Claude (Lorraine) . — 20. Cardinal Hippolito de Medici and Sebastiano del Piombo, Sebas- tiano del Piombo. — 21. Portrait of a Lady, Bronzino. — 22. A Dead Christ, with Angels. Guercino. — 23. The Holy Family, Correggio. — 24 . Portrait of Giulia Gonzaga, a lady of Florence, Sebastiano del Pi- ombo. — 25. St. John in the Wilderness, Annibale Caracci. — 26. The Consecration of St. Nicholas, Paulo Veronese. — 27. Portrait of Pope Julius II., Raffaelle di Urbano. — 28. Susanna and the Elders, Ludovico Caracci. — 29. The Holy Family, Baroccio. — 30. The Embarkation of St. Ursula, Claude {Lorraine). — 31. Abraham preparing to Sacrifice his son Isaac, Gaspar Poussin.— 32. The Rape of{ Ganymede, Titian. — 33. The Vision of St. Jerome, Parmegiano. — 34. Venus and Adonis, Titian. — 35. Bacchus and Ariadne, Titian. — 36. A Land Storm, Gas- par Poussin.— 37. A Study of Heads, Correggio. — 38. The Abduction of the Sabine Women, Rubens. — 39. The Nursing of Bacchus, Nicholas Poussin. — 40. A Classical Landscape. Phocion, Nicholas Poussin.— 41. The Death of Peter the Martyr, Georgione. — 42. A Bacchanalian Scene. Silenus, Nicholas Poussin. — 43. Christ taken down from the Cross, Rembrandt. — 44. Charity, Julio Romano.— 45. The Woman taken in Adultery, Rembrandt. — 46. Peace and War. An Allegory, Rubens. — 47. The Adoration of the Shepherds, Rembrandt.— 48. Tobias and the Angel (a Landscape), Domenichino.— 49. The Portrait of Ru- bens, Vandyck. — 50. The Emperor Theodosius refused admittance into the Church by St. Ambrose, Vandyck. — 5 1 . Portrait of a Jew Mer- chant, Rembrandt. — 52. Portrait of a Gentleman. Gevartius, Van- dyck. — 53. A Landscape (Horses, Cattle, and Figures), Cuyp. — 54. A Woman Bathing, Rembrandt.— 55. A Landscape, Claude {Lorraine). — 56. A Landscape, with Figures, Annibale Caracci. — 57. St. Bavon, Rubens. — 58. A Landscape (Cattle and Figures), Claude {Lorraine). — 59. The Brazen Serpent, Rubens.— 60. The Building of the Tower of Babel, Leandro Bassano.—6l. A Landscape, with Figures, Claude (Lorraine). — 62. A Bacchanalian Dance, Nicholas Poussin. — 63. A Landscape (Horsemen and Figures), Annibale Caracci. — 64. A Land- scape, Sebastian Bourdon. — 65. Cephalus and Aurora, Nicholas Pous- sin.— 66. A Landscape (old Flemish Chateau), Rubens.— 67. The Holy Family, Rubens. — 68. A Landscape. A view near Albano, Gaspar Poussin.— 69. St. John Preaching, Pietro Francisco Mola.—70. Cor^ NATIONAL GALLERY. 125 nelia and her Children, Paduanino.—7l. A Landscape, John Both.— 72. A Landscape. Story of Tobias and the Angel, Rembrandt. — 73. The Conversion of St. Paul, Ercolede Ferrara.—74. A Spanish Peasant Boy, Murillo.—75. A Landscape, Domenichino. — 76. Christ Praying in the Garden, Correggio. — 77. The Stoning of Stephen, Domenichino. — 78. The Holy Family, Sir Joshua Reynolds.— 79. The Graces, Sir Jo- shua Reynolds. — 80. The Market Cart, Thomas Gainsborough. — 81. The Vision of St. Augustin, Garofalo.— 82. The Holy Family, Mazzolino de Ferrara. — 83. Phineus turned to Stone, Nicholas Poussin. — 84. Mer- cury and the Woodman, Salvator Rosa. — 85. St. Jerome with the Angel, Domenichino. — 86. The Entombment of Christ, Ludovico Ca- racci. — 87. Perseus rescuing Andromeda, Guido Rent. — 88. Ermenia discovering the Shepherds, Annibale Caracci. — 89. Portraits. Ferdi- nand, Duke of Tuscany, and his Wife, Victoria Delia Rovere, Heiress of the Dukes of Urbino, Velasquez. — 90. Venus attired by the Graces, Guido Rent.— 91 . Sleeping Nymph, with Cupid and Satyrs, Nicholas Poussin. — 92. Cupid and Psyche, Alessandro Veronese. — 93. Silenus, Annibale Caracci. — 94. Pan teaching Apollo to play on the Pipes, An- nibale Caracci.— 9b. Dido and ^Eneas sheltering themselves, Gaspar Poussin. — 96. The " Ecce Homo," Ludovico Caracci.— 97. The Rape of Europa, Paulo Veronese. — 98. A View of Larici, or L'Aricia, Gaspar Poussin.— 99- The Blind Fiddler, Sir David Wilkie.— 100. The Death of Lord Chatham, J. S. Copley.— 101, 102, 103, 104. The Four Ages of Man, Lancret. — 105. A small Landscape, Sir Geo. Beaumont. — 106. A Man's Head, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 107. The Banished Lord, Sir Jo- shua Reynolds. — 108. View of Maecenas' Villa, at Tivoli, Wilson. — 109. A Landscape, with Cattle and Figures, Gainsborough. — 110. A Landscape, representing the Story of Niobe, Wilson. — ill. Lord Heathfield, Governor of Gibraltar, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 112. His own Portrait, William Hogarth.— 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118. The "Mar- riage a la Mode," William Hogarth. — 11 9. A Landscape, Sir George Beaumont. — 120. Portrait of Joseph Nollekens, Sculptor, Sir William Beechey. — 121. Cleombrotus ordered into banishment by Leonidas, Benjamin West. — 122. The Village Festival, Sir David Wilkie. — 123. A Landscape, with Figures, by Moonlight, P ether. — 124. Rev. William Holwell Carr, John Jackson. — 125. Portrait of Izaak Walton, James Housman. — 126. Pylades and Orestes, B. West. — 127. A View in Ve- nice, Antonio Canal Canaletto. — 128. The Right Honourable William Windham, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 129. Portrait of Mr. Angerstein, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 130. A Landscape. The Corn Field, John Con- stable. — 131. Christ healing the Sick in the Temple, B. West.— 132. The Last Supper, B. West. — 133. Portrait of Mr. Smith, a Comic Actor of Drury Lane Theatre, Hoppner. — 134. A Landscape; Buildings and Figures, Decker. — 135. Ruins and Figures, Antonio Canal Canaletto. — 136. Portrait of a Lady, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 137. Landscape, with Figures, John Van Goyen. — 138. Ancient Ruins, with Figures, Paulo Pannini. — 139. Religion attended by the Virtues, Angelica Kaufman. — 140. Portrait of a Lady, Vander Heist. — 141. The Palace of Dido ; ^Eneas presenting himself before the Queen, Henry Stein- wick. — 142. Hamlet apostrophising the Skull, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 143. Portrait of Lord Ligonier, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 144. Portrait of Benjamin West, Sir Thomas Lawrence. — 145. A Man's Portrait, Van- der Heist. — J46. A Sea-port (Rotterdam), Storck. — 147. Cephalus and Aurora. (A Cartoon), Annibale Caracci. — 148. Galatea. (A Cartoon), M 2 126 THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS. Annibale Caracci.— 14Q. A Calm at Sea, W. Vandervelde (the younger), — 150. A Fresh Gale at Sea, W. Vandervelde (the younger).— 151 . Leda, Pietro Francisco Mola. — 152. A Landscape. Evening", Vander Neer. — 153. The Cradle, Maes.— 154. A Musical Party, David Teniers.— 155. The Misers, David Teniers. — 156. A Study of Horses; the horses of Achilles, Xanthus, and Balius, the offspring of Zephyr, Vandyck. — 15/. A Landscape. Sunset, Rubens.— 458. Dutch Boors regaling, Da- vid Teniers.— \5g. A Dutch Housewife, Maes. — 160. The " Riposo," Pietro Francisco Mola. — l6l. Italian Landscape, with a Cascade, Gaspar Poussin.—l62. The Infant Samuel, Sir Joshua Reynolds. — 163. A View on the Grand Canal, Venice, Canaletto.— \Gl. The Holy Family, Jacob Jordaens. — 165. The Plague at Ashdod, Nicholas Pous- sin. — 166. Portrait of a Capuchin Friar, Rembrandt. — 167. The Adora- tion of the Kings. (A Drawing), Buldassare Peruzzi. — 168. St. Catha- rine (of Alexandria), Raffaelle —\§§ . St. Francis adoring the Infant Christ, Mazzolino de Ferrara.— 1/0. The Holy Family with St. John, accompanied by Saints and Angels, Garofalo. — 171. Portrait of Sir John Soane, Architect, John Jackson. — 172. Christ and his Disciples at Emmaus, Caravaggio. — 173. Portrait of a Gentleman, Jacopo Bassano. 174. Portrait of a Cardinal, Carlo Marratta. — 175. Portrait of John Milton, Vander Plaas. — 176. St. John, Murillo. — 177. The Magdalen, Guido Reni. — 178. Serena rescued by the Red Cross Knight, Sir Calepine, William Hilton. — 179. The Virgin, Infant Saviour, and St. John, Francesco Francia. — 180. The Dead Christ, attended by Angels, Francesco Francia. — 181. The Virgin with the Infant Jesus, Pietro Perugino. — 182. Studies of Angels, Sir Joshua Reynolds. THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS, East end of the National Gallery, Trafalgar square, was established by royal charter, in 176*8, Sir Joshua Reynolds receiving the honour of knighthood on being appointed its president. It was instituted for the encouragement of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and consists of forty members, called royal academicians, and twenty-six asso- ciates. Nine of the royal academicians are annually elected for the purpose of superintending the studies ; they set the figures, examine the works of the students, and im- part instruction. Sir M. A. Shee, president. The annual exhibition, commencing on the first Monday in May, and terminating in July, presents a just specimen of the style of the arts in this kingdom. No work is here exhibited that has ever publicly appeared before. The number of paintings, prints, busts, models, and pieces of sculpture, generally amounts to about 1,200 or 1,300. Admission, from eight in the morning till dusk, one shilling. Catalogues one shilling. SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS. 127 THE BRITISH INSTITUTION, 52, Pall Mall, was established in 1805, for the encou- ragement of native artists, and is liberally supported by the nobility and gentry. There are two exhibitions an- nually ; one presenting the productions of living artists, the other containing pictures of all ages. The former are for sale ; and at the close of the exhibition they are deli- vered to the respective purchasers. The gallery was originally erected by Alderman Boy- dell, to exhibit the paintings which had been designed for his beautiful edition of Shakspeare. The sculpture in front, designed by Banks, represents the immortal bard, accompanied by Painting and Poetry. In the hall is a colossal figure of Achilles bewailing the loss of Briseis, by Banks. Open during the summer months from 10 till 4 o'clock ; admittance, one shilling ; catalogues, one shilling. SOCIETY OF BRITISH ARTISTS, Suffolk street, an offspring of the Royal Academy, in a series of galleries designed by Mr. Elmes, com- menced its public exhibitions in 1824, and annually pre- sents an interesting display of native talent. It admits the works of artists generally, whether members or not ; and is open during the months of May, June, July, and August. Admittance, one shilling ; catalogues, one shilling. WATER COLOUR DRAWINGS. An exhibition of this nature in Pall Mall East, presents a chaste and exquisite display of the softer branches of the art. It is much frequented, and affords encouragement to those who are gifted to excel in this department. Ad- mission, one shilling; catalogues, sixpence. NEW SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS, 53, Pall Mall. — Similar in character to the parent society mentioned above, and contains from three hundred and fifty to four hundred drawings; open generally in 128 THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. April, May, June, and July, daily, from 9 o'clock till dusk Admittance, one shilling ; catalogue, sixpence. MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, Craig's court, Charing Cross. This establishment i under the department of her Majesty's Woods and Forests and Sir H. T. de la Beche is charged with its direction being assisted by Mr. Richard Phillips as Chemist am Curator, and Mr. T. B. Jordan as keeper of the Mining Records, and superintendent of the Model department. The collections illustrate the applications of geology tc the useful purposes of life, and consist of: — 1. Britisl granites, marbles, and ordinary building stones, with the various cements employed in architecture and engineering. 2. The ores of the various metals, British and Foreign, their mode of occurrence in mineral veins or lodes, and the different stages of the metallurgical processes for the reduction of the ores. 3. Coal, salts, and other non- metallic substances employed in the arts and manufactures. 4. Models of mines, mining machinery and implements, and of furnaces for the reduction of the useful metals. In this institution the application of geology to agriculture is illustrated, and attached to the museum is a laboratory and mining record office. In the former, analyses of mineral substances are made for the public at regulated and moderate prices, and pupils are received for instruc- tion in analytical chemistry ; and in the latter, pupils are taught mining, plan, and colour drawing. The public are admitted free on application from 10 till 4 o'clock. THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, John street, Adelphi. The chief object of this society is the promotion of the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the kingdom ; this is done by giving honorary or pecu- niary rewards, as may be best adapted to the case, for all useful inventions, discoveries, and improvements tending to that purpose. The interior of the edifice is peculiarly elegant, and very commodious for the use of the society. The great room is a finely proportioned apartment ; it is lighted at the top MISS LINWOOD S EXHIBITION 129 by a dome. The walls are ornamented with a series of exquisite pictures by Barry, designed to illustrate this maxim; "The attainment of happiness, individual and public, depends upon the cultivation of knowledge." The pictures are six in number ; the subjects are : i( Orpheus civilizing the inhabitants of Thrace." " A Grecian Har- vest Home." " The Victors at Olympia." " An allego- rical representation of the Thames, typifying England and Commerce." "The Society for the Encouragement of Arts distributing its annual Prizes," and " Elysium, or the state of Final Retribution." The latter, and the " Victors at Olympia," are the two great pictures of the series; in the ante-room, Barry's fine painting of our First Parents. Open every day in the week, except Wednesday. Admittance by order from a Member. DULWICH GALLERY, Dulwich, about five miles from town, contains nearly 400 pictures, the greater part of which are by the old masters; they were bequeathed to Dulwich college by the late Sir Francis Bourgeois. The gallery is open to the public every day except Fridays and Sundays ; from March until November from ten to five, and during the other months from eleven to three. — Tickets of admission may be had (gratis) of Messrs. Graves and Co., Pall Mall; Colnaghi, Cockspur street ; Lloyd, Harley street ; Car- penter, Old Bond street ; Moon, Threadneedle street ; Albright, Newington Causeway; Hughes, Richmond, and Markly, Croydon. Entrance to the gallery at the south end of the college, the right hand road. No person can be admitted without a ticket, and no tickets are given in Dulwich. Catalogues, one shilling. MISS LINWOOD'S EXHIBITION, Leicester square, is an extraordinary effort of human ingenuity, taste, and judgment, consisting of copies, in needle- work, of a variety of the finest paintings of the British and foreign schools ; the whole so exquisitely finished as to create a doubt of their character. They have occupied the leisure hours of this lady, who for 130 THE COLOSSEUM. years kept a boarding school in the town of Leicester. The exhibition is open every day. Admission, one shil- ling ; catalogues, sixpence. THE COLOSSEUM, Regent's park, is a colossal building on the eastern side of that splendid assemblage of mansions. It consists of a vast polygon of sixteen sides, with a glazed cupola, and massive Greco-Doric portico of six columns. The whole exterior is covered with Roman cement, tinted to represent stone. It contains a panoramic view of London (which has been beautified and restored) and the surrounding country, as far as the eye can reach ; taken from the upper part of St. Paul's cathedral, and covering 46,000 square feet of canvass. It is viewed from galleries of various altitudes. A curious ascending and descending room conveys parties up and down, with little perceptible motion. The Saloon of Arts contains works of Phidias, Canova, Michael Angelo, and Flaxman ; Reinagle's picture of the Death of Nelson ; conservatories extending 300 feet in length ; a Swiss cottage; jet d'eau; waterfalls from rocks, and distant view of a lake amid the mountains of Switzerland. MADAME TUSSAUD'S WAX-WORK. 131 An open gallery, commanding an extensive prospect, surrounds the top of the building ; on reaching which, is seen the identical copper ball which for years occupied the summit of St. Paul's, and a fac simile of the cross by which it was surmounted. Open from ten till dusk. The panorama, saloon, ball, and cross, one shilling ; conserva- tories, Swiss cottage, fountains, one shilling. CLACIARIUM AND FROZEN LAKE, Baker street Bazaar, Portman square. A most novel, extraordinary exhibition is shown at this establish- ment, consisting of a surface of 3000 square feet of arti- ficial ice, which is opened to the public for skating at all seasons, and on which skaters may be seen performing their elegant evolutions, amidst Alpine scenery covered with snow and hoar frost, forming a beautiful and faithful Panorama of Lucerne and its lake frozen, taken expressly on the spot, by Mr. P. Phillips. Admittance, one shilling; skating, one shilling per hour. MADAME TUSSAUD'S WAX-WORK, Baker street, Portman square. There are few exhi- bitions where the visitor to this metropolis can spend a more agreeable evening, than at this highly pleasing and now fashionable promenade. It would be difficult to particularize the numerous groups of public characters here exhibited ; as any description of ours would fail of doing justice to it. This collection, always beautiful, but most brilliant of an evening, consists of groups of figures, tastefully and elegantly disposed; one in particular, illustrative of an historical event, consisting of the most celebrated charac- ters who figured in the late war, is an effective, impressive, and interesting group. The monarchs of England, from George the Third to Queen Victoria, the royal dukes, together with her great naval and military heroes, inter- spersed with figures of the leading members of the British senate ; her most distinguished literary writers, authors and actors, display the skill and surpassing talent of the artist. 132 DIORAMA. — COSMORAMA. The coronation groups are works of sterling merit, and the likenesses are faithfully preserved. George the Fourth in the robes worn by him at the coronation banquet, is in itself an exhibition of surpassing splendour, and the artist has produced an excellent likeness of the king, the attitude and features being from the well known picture of Sir Thomas Lawrence. A new room lately added, contains relics of the Emperor Napoleon. It must be visited to be duly appreciated. Admittance to the large room, one shilling ; second room, sixpence ; catalogue, sixpence. THE DIORAMA, Regent's park, exhibits a happy improvement in the representation of scenic illusions. The spectators are placed in a saloon, arranged in the style of a theatre, the floor of which turns on a pivot, so as to bring them suc- cessively opposite to openings similar to a proscenium, behind which are placed the paintings, with lights so dis- posed above and behind as to form the most perfect optical deception that can be conceived. — The painting may be made to represent a landscape varying through all the hours of the day, from the clear and vivid light of morning to the dull, still dusk of evening ; and, with the same facility, to display the glare of the sun, or the heavy tinge of rain. Admission, two shillings. BURFCRD'S PANORAMA, Leicester square. Exhibitions of paintings on a large scale are here presented to the public. The scenes repre- sented are always such as respond to the popular interest of the day. Admission to either circle, one shilling ; descriptive catalogues, sixpence. THE COSMORAMA, 209, Regent street, for the exhibition of various de- lineations of cities, edifices, and remains of antiquity. The views are seen through convex lenses, which con- siderablv heighten the effect, and give them all the ap- ^ PRIVATE GALLERIES. 133 pearance of reality. Open from eleven till dusk ; admis- sion, one shilling ; descriptions, sixpence. Other inter- esting exhibitions are generally to be seen in this estab- lishment. FANCY CLASS EXHIBITION, Strand. The room contains numerous designs in glass, of great ingenuity ; such as birds, beasts, fruit, baskets, flowers, ships, &c. The process by which they are made is shown to each visitor. An extraordinary exhibition of Industrious Fleas is shown with the above. Admis- sion, sixpence. PRIVATE GALLERIES. Judging from the limited number and extent of our public galleries, exhibitions of pictures, &c, strangers might be led to imagine us deficient in a proper taste for the arts. Such, however, is by no means the case : our artists are numerous, highly talented, and deservedly patronized ; their works forming rich features of private collections. That want of taste is an unjust accusation, may be argued from the fact, that England possesses the largest share of the most valuable productions of the an- cient Italian, Flemish, and Dutch masters, purchased at various periods by our nobility and gentry, at enormous prices. The true connoisseur and admirer of fine specimens of the arts, will seek to gratify his taste by a view of the different collections of the nobility and gentry, which are numerous and splendid. In most cases, permission is given at certain periods to such as can procure a recom- mendation from any party known to the proprietor. To artists, however, great facilities are afforded ; and a note from any member of the Royal Academy is always re- ceived with due courtesy. The principal collections are — The Grosvenor Gallery — Marquis of Westminster's, Upper Grosvenor street. 134 EXETER HALL — BURLINGTON ARCADE. The Bridgewater or Stafford Gallery — Lord F. Eger- ton's, Belgrave square. Stafford house, Duke of Sutherland's, St. James's. Lord Ashburton's collection, Piccadilly. Sir Robert Peel's, Whitehall gardens. Mr. Samuel Rogers's, 12, St. James's place. Mr. Vernon's, 50, Pall Mall. Mr. Hope's, Duchess street, Portland place. Mr. H. Bevan's, Connaught place. Mr. C. Bridel's, Eaton square. EXETER HALL, Strand. Public meetings, which are very frequent in London, are generally held in the various spacious rooms of the principal hotels and taverns. The time, place, and object, are advertised previously in the public prints. Till recently, there was no place exclusively devoted to public meetings, but an edifice has been erected for that purpose in the Strand. Political associations, however, are ex- cluded ; and most of the meetings held here partake of a religious character. The front of the building has a bold appearance, and consists of a portico, formed by two pillars and two pilasters. The entrance is majestic, and of the Corinthian order ; opposite which a flight of steps leads to the grand hall. The ground-floor is occupied by offices, committee rooms, &c. Over the front entrance is a Greek inscription, orted on pilasters. Various exhibitions, of a more temporary nature than ;hose which we have enumerated, are from time to time Dpened in London, of which due notice, as to their nature md place of exhibition, are announced in the public papers. CURIOSITIES AND ANTIQUITIES. THE TOWER OF LONDON, Situated at the eastern extremity of the City. It covers a surface of twelve acres, within a strongly fortified wall, and the whole surrounded by water. It was originally the palace and castle of the early monarchs of England. The lofty square building adorned with turrets, so con- n 2 138 THE TOWER OF LONDON. spicuously surmounting the rest of the fortress, is the most ancient part of the edifice, and for many years formed of itself " The Tower of London ;" it is called the White Tower, and was erected by William the Conqueror. Its height is ninety-two feet, and the walls are fourteen feet in thickness. On the second floor of the White Tower is a beautiful sample of Norman architecture, the chapel of St. John, in which our first kings performed their devotions. A portion of the national records are at present kept here. On another story is the Council Chamber, where the Protector Gloucester ordered Lord Hastings to be led to execution. Below the chapel is a prison, said to have been the place of confinement of Sir Walter Raleigh. It is now occupied by the Queen Elizabeth Armoury. A large range of vaults underneath the White Tower have also been occupied as prisons. Numerous inscriptions are still remaining on the walls ; one carved by the unfor- tunate Bishop of Rochester, John Fisher, who was be- headed for his opposition to the Reformation, under Henry the Eighth. The entrance is through four successive gates at the west of the Tower, which are opened at five in the morn- ing in summer, and at daylight in winter, with great formality, and as much precaution as if an army lay in its vicinity prepared to attack it. The middle tower gate, and the one on the further side of the moat (the Byward Tower), were strongly fortified, and provided each with a double portcullis. A drawbridge formerly united them. These towers, and all those of the outer ward, are of the age of Henry III. There is here a narrow street on the left, which extends entirely round the fortress, di- viding the outer from the inner ward, or ballium. The tower on the left is called the " Bell Tower," and contains the alarm bell of the garrison. This tower is said to have been the prison of Queen Elizabeth. Further on is a water-gate to the right, called the Traitor's Gate, through which state prisoners were brought to the Tower, and the Inner Ballium Gate to the left. The square tower THE TOWER OF LONDON. 139 opposite the water-gate is the " Bloody Tower," the scene of the murder of the two infant princes by their uncle, afterwards Richard III. The round tower adjoining is named the " Wakefield, or Record Tower/' and formed part of the additions of William Rufus. The upper story is said to have been the spot where Henry VI. was murdered. Passing through the gateway of the Bloody Tower, we come in front of the spot formerly occupied by the Grand Storehouse (or arsenal of small arms), which was de- stroyed by fire on the night of October 30, 1841. On the left is the church of St. Peter, interesting only as the burial place of many who lost their lives on Tower hill. Among the most conspicuous of these are the two queens of Henry VIII., Anna Boleyn and Katharine Howard ; the two Earls of Essex, Cromwell and Deve- reux ; Lady Jane Grey and her husband, and others. Opposite to the church, in the residence of the go- vernor, is a room called the Council Chamber, in which the commissioners met to examine Guy Fawkes and his accomplices ; an event which is commemorated by a curious monument, with inscriptions in Latin and He- brew. Between the Lieutenant's lodgings and the church stands the " Beauchamp Tower." This is perhaps the most interesting building of the whole range, the White Tower not excepted. Employed for many years as a prison, its walls are covered with the carved memorials of its unfortunate occupants. Among those who have re- corded their sorrows, are John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, 1553; Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, 1587; Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and many others. The upper chamber of the Beauchamp Tower is said to have been the prison of Queen Anna Boleyn : the lower is now used as a mess-room by the officers of the garri- son, but may be seen by applying in the early part of the day to the person left in charge of the apartments. To the north of the Beauchamp Tower stands the " Develin Tower," from the lower chambers of which 140 THE TOWER OF LONDON. were passages communicating with the vaults of the neigh- bouring chapel of St. Peter. Eastward of this are the remains of three others, the " Flint," the " Bowyer," and the " Brick Towers." In the last, Lady Jane Grey is said to have been imprisoned, and the Bowyer Tower is the reputed scene of the murder of the Duke of Clarence, by drowning in a butt of Malmsey. It was in a work- room over the Bowyer Tower, too, that the fire originated which destroyed the Grand Storehouse, in 1841. At the north-east angle stands the " Martin Tower," formerly a prison, but afterwards occupied as the depo- sitory of the Crown jewels, thence obtaining the name of the Jewel Tower. The inconvenience of this building for the exhibition of the regalia led to the erection of the present Jewel House, which was completed in 1841. On the eastern side of the White Tower there are two other buildings, formerly used as prison lodgings, the " Broad Arrow " and the u Salt Towers." The south side of the White Tower is occupied by the Ordnance Office and its storehouses. The Tower of London has been, from the earliest ages of our monarchy, the place of deposit for the national arms and accoutrements. The Horse Armoury. — At the south-west corner of the White Tower is the entrance to the Horse Armoury ; it forms in its interior a single apartment, 150 feet by 33. The centre is occupied by a line of equestrian figures, twenty-one in number, clothed in the armour of various reigns, from that of Edward I. to that of James II. Over these will be seen a series of banners, each bearing a date, and the name of some king or knight whose person is re- presented by the effigy below. The walls of the room, and the ceiling, are ornamented with a great variety and number of arms and pieces of armour, ingeniously put up in picturesque forms and devices, among which is a cu- rious representation of St. George and the Dragon. Having given a general view of this interesting recep- tacle, we shall proceed to a short description of its cu- riosities : — THE TOWER OF LONDON. 141 Edward I., King of England, A.D. 12/2. This monarch is represented in the act of sheathing his sword. Henry VI., King of England, A.D. 1450. Edward IV., King of England, A.D. 1465. In a com- plete suit of tournament armour. A Knight of the time of Richard III., clothed in the armour worn by the Marquis of Waterford at the Eglintoun Tournament. Henry VII., King of England, A.D. 1508. A fluted suit of elegant form. Henry VIII., King of England, A.D. 1520. This monarch appears in a suit of plate armour, gilt. Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, A.D. 1520. He also is represented in plate armour. Edward Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, A.D. 1535. This nobleman's armour is very elegantly gilt, and his right hand rests on a mace. Edward VI., King of England, A.D. 1552. This figure is particularly deserving of notice. Francis Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, A.D. 1555. This is a suit of plate armour, richly gilt. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, A.D. 1560. Sir Henry Lea, Master of the Armoury, A.D. 15 70. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, A.D. 1585. This is a fine suit of armour, inlaid with gold. James I., King of England, A.D. 1605. Sir Horace Vere, Captain General, A.D. 1606. Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, A.D. 1608. Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., A.D. 1612. In a beautiful suit of armour, and highly deserving the attention of the curious. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, A.D. 1618. Charles, Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles J., A.D. 1620. Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, A.D. 1635. Charles I., King of England, A.D. 1640. The surface of this suit of armour is entirely gilt. James II., King of England, A. D. 1685. This completes the series of equestrian figures occupy- ing the centre of the room. Ranged along the wall are 142 THE TOWER OF LONDON. other suits of armour and ancient weapons, displayed on figures, or formed into trophies. A recess on the south side contains a magnificent suit worn by Henry VIII., and two small figures of the princes Henry and Charles, son of James I., both clad in armour. Near to these is a man-at-arms, of the year 1530. This gigantic armour is calculated for a man seven feet in height. Turning to the right is a small room. On each side is a glass case : that on the left contains specimens of the prin- cipal kinds of hand fire-arms in use from the first invention of gunnery ; that on the right contains some curious Chinese military dresses, taken in the recent capture of Chusan; an elegant Mameluke saddle and stirrups ; a Turkish bridle and breastplate from Grand Cairo. Also three swords, a helmet, and girdle, which belonged to Tippoo Saib. At the north-east corner is placed the equestrian figure of Hector, Count of Padua : the date attached to it is 1 600, and the armour is considered as fine a specimen as any extant of that period. It is a recent addition to the armoury, and to those interested in the inspection of ancient armour is an object worthy of attention. Under an ornamental canopy formed of ramrods, supported by pillars of gun barrels, is an effigy in a suit of engraved armour of Queen Elizabeth's time. Staircase leading to Queen Elizabeth's Ar- moury. — This is at the north-east corner of the Horse Armoury. On each side of the entrance is an armed figure. That on the right hand is a suit of the time of James I., on the left in the time of Charles I. Around are various arms, halberds, pikes, pistols, &c. At the top of the stairs are two figures rudely carved in wood, formerly fixed over the buttery of the old palace at Greenwich ; they were called " Gin and Beer," and probably served to illustrate some adage or maxim of sobriety. Near to these is a matchless brass gun, which was taken from Malta by the French, and recaptured by Captain Foote. The ornaments upon it are exquisite in workmanship as well as design. Also on the same landing a glass case, which contains the sword and sash of the late Duke of York, Commander- in- THE TOWER OF LONDON. 143 Chief of the British army ; and near it are two figures in Japanese armour. Queen Elizabeth's Armoury. — Entering the White Tower, through a passage formed in the eastern wall, which is here fourteen feet in thickness of solid masonry, is the apartment assigned by tradition as the prison of Sir Walter Raleigh. The dark closet adjoining is said to have been his sleeping room. As the spectator enters the room, he will observe placed on each side near the entrance, specimens of the various spears in use in Europe previously to the general intro- duction of fire arms. Here are the bill, the glaive, the gisarme, the ranseur, the spetum, the partizan, the spon- toon, the boar-spear, halberds, pikes, &c. On the right on entering, in the first compartment, are a variety of battle-axes, two of them having hand guns combined with the staff of each ; a sword and an iron buckler, time of Elizabeth. In this compartment, the entrance to the prison cell is seen ; the architectural ornaments may be put aside, so as to allow the inscriptions cut upon the stone to be examined. In the second compartment, are some highly orna- mented halberds of the time of Elizabeth ; a Jedburgh axe, or Joddart staff, time of Henry VIII. ; a two-handed battle-axe, time of Henry IV. ; several other targets and battle-axes. In the third compartment, are two immense swords of the fifteenth century, used for purposes of state, and tw T o two-handed swords, time of Henry VIII. A shield of brass, embossed in four divisions, representing the Labours of Hercules, date 1379. An oblong shield of wood, of the time of Henry VI. A shield carried by the guard of King Henry VIII. and two broad- swords of his time. A target of steel engraved and gilt, time of Charles I. Upon the pillars are some exceedingly curious swords. In the fourth compartment, are beautiful halberds of the time of Elizabeth. A handsome bright target, weigh- ing 42 J lbs. Its great weight indicates that it was for defence resting upon a rampart. Cross-bows, viz., the stirrup-bow, with its moulinet for bending it ; the latch- 144 THE TOWER OF LONDON. bow, with a beautifully engraved latch. Two swords, time of James I. ; also several other shields and interesting articles. In the fifth compartment, are a group of short spears, two targets of wood covered with leather ; two prodds, used for shooting animals ; a mazuelle, or English little mace, and a variety of poniards. Upon the pillar is* an interesting sword ; on the blade is a cross and a Latin inscription, signifying " the sword of Autcarius." Upon the last pillars are weapons used by the rebels at the battle of Sedgmoor, in the year 1685. At the end of the room is a figure of Queen Elizabeth seated upon a cream-coloured horse, held by a page : she is in a dress in imitation of that worn by her in the pro- cession to St. PauPs, when she went there in great state, to return thanks for deliverance from Spanish thraldom. In the recesses of the windows, besides a variety of spears of a common description, are the following: — Linstocks, with spears ; the former to hold the live match of the gunner, and the spear for his personal protection in case of attack. Battle-axe spears, of the time of Eliza- beth. Specimens of hollow-head spears. A fashion pre- vailed about the time of Hemy VIII., of making the steel portion of the spear hollow, of which these are various examples. A matchlock fowling-piece, of the time of Henry VIII. A matchlock arquebus of the same period. Two musket rests. When the arquebus or musket was first invented, it was so heavy, that a rest was indispensable. A matchlock gun and a matchlock petro- nel, the latter of which belonged to King Henry VIII., and both are made to load at the breech. A hand-gun of the time of Edward IV., combined with a tuck or four- sided pike. Military forks, the weapons of the sergeants, time of Charles I. Over the spears placed against the massive piers be- tween the windows, are pavoises, or two-handed shields, which were carried by a serf before his master, while the latter shot from his cross-bow. In various parts of the room the following instruments of torture will be seen : — The thumb-screw. The collar THE TOWER OF LONDON. 145 of torment, taken from the Spaniards in 1588. The bilboa or yoke. The cravat, or scavenger's daughter — an engine for locking together the hands, feet, and neck. A very curious battle-axe, combined with three "gonnes," called a "holy water sprinkle." This is said to have been the staff with which King Henry VIII. was walking the streets of London at night, when, refusing to give an account of himself to the watchman, he w r as put into the Poultry Compter, where he remained till the following morning. Cannon shot, chiefly made of wrought iron, namely, spike shot, star shot, chain shot, and saw shot. A beheading axe, of singular form. This has long been named as the axe which took off the head of Queen Anne Boleyn ; but the tradition has but slender support. It is also said to have beheaded the Earl of Essex, which seems more probable. In different parts of the room are shields of the time of Henry VIII. , each of which is furnished with a small matchlock " gonne," and a small grating through which the soldier was to take aim. They are constructed of wood, and covered with iron, and have a lining of woollen cloth stuffed. On returning from Queen Elizabeth's Armoury, the visitor will proceed along the north side of the Horse Ar- moury. Passing onward, are seen upon a long platform, a variety of suits of armour in rows, w 7 hich afford an idea of a line of soldiers, consisting of cavaliers, curassiers, and pikemen of the times of Charles the First and Second. Below them are arranged a number of interesting helmets, from a very early date down to the time of James II. in chronological order. Against the central part of the north wall is a Norman Crusader, said to be 700 years old. Near to this is a model representing the encounter of the Duke of Cla- rence, brother to Henry V., and Garizo de Fontaine, a French knight, in which the former was slain. Under an ornamental canopy formed of ramrods, supported by pil- lars of gun-barrels, is an effigy in a suit of armour, of Henry Ill's time. 146 the tower of london. In the recess, in glass cases near the entrance, are de- posited a number of highly interesting pieces of armour, which are too numerous to mention in detail. On leaving the horse armoury, the visitor will pass the place where stood the Grand Storehouse, destroyed by fire in 1841. From the following official return made to the Board of Ordnance, of the military and naval stores de- stroyed during the fire — it appears that at this period the number of arms was considerably below the average amount, viz., 600,000 stand. Percussion muskets 11,000, with bayonets, 26,000 ; flint locks, 22,000 ; percussion locks, 7,000; 12,158 pistols; 75 double barrelled pistols, with moveable butts; 1,376 swords; 2,271 sword blades ; 2,026 plug bayonets ; 192 spears ; 95 pikes; 210 musque- toons ; 709 carbines ; 3 wall pieces ; 279 cuirasses ; 276 helmets, and 52 drums. The Board of Ordnance have given orders that the large cannon and other trophies which are injured, shall be sent to Woolwich, where models will be taken and the same metal recast into their original form. The loss sustained by the fire is estimated at ,€250,000. The Regalia have been deposited in the Tower since the reign of Henry III. They were formerly preserved in the Martin Tower, but are now r removed to the new Jewel House, a building much better suited to public con- venience. This superb collection of State Jewels consists of the new T Imperial Crown, made for her present Majesty. The cap is of purple velvet, enclosed with silver hoops, covered with diamonds ; on the top of these hoops is a ball, ornamented with small diamonds, bearing a cross formed of brilliants, in the centre of which is a unique sapphire : in the front is the heart-formed ruby, said to have been worn by Edward the Black Prince. — The Queen's Sceptre with the Cross is of beautiful work- manship, and richly ornamented with precious stones. — The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle; this vessel is of pure gold, and of great antiquity ; at the coronations of our sovereigns, it contains the oil with which they are anointed. — The Anointing Spoon, also of gold, and of similar antiquity. — The Royal Spurs, used in the coro- THE TOWER OF LONDON. 147 nation ceremony, curiously wrought in gold. — The Ar- millae, or Coronation Bracelets, are of gold, and chased with the rose, the fleur-de-lys, and harp, edged with pearls. — The Orb is about six inches in diameter, edged with pearls and ornamented with precious stones, and surrounded by roses of diamonds. This orb is placed in the sovereign's left hand on the coronation ceremony. — The Queen's Orb is of smaller dimensions than the pre- ceding, but composed of the same splendid materials and ornaments. — The Queen's Ivory Sceptre belonged to the consort of James II. ; it is mounted in gold, and bears on the top a dove of white onyx. — The Golden Salt-cellar of State is placed on the table at coronation banquets. It is of gold, set with jewels, adorned with grotesque figures, and is shown as a model of the White Tower ; to which, however, it bears but slight resemblance. — St. Edward's Staff is of pure gold, 4 feet 7 inches in length, and three quarters of an inch in diameter : on the top is an orb and a cross, shod with a steel spike : a fragment of the real cross is said to be deposited in the orb. — Two massive Tankards, Banqueting Dish, and other Dishes and Spoons, all of gold, and used at coronations. — Twelve small Salt- cellars of gold, used on similar occasions, are interspersed. — The great Sea Diamond. — The Baptismal Font with Stand, of silver gilt, used at the baptism of Her present Majesty, and at that of the Prince of Wales : this magni- ficent piece is upwards of four feet high. — The ancient Imperial Crown, made for Charles II., to replace the one said to have been worn by Edward the Confessor, which was broken up and sold during the civil wars. Its arches, flowers, and fillets, are covered with large jewels of every colour, surrounding a cap of purple velvet, faced with ermine. — The Prince of Wales's Crown is of plain gold, without any jewels. It is placed before his seat in the House of Lords, on a velvet cushion. — The ancient Queen's Crown is of gold, set with diamonds of great value, intermixed with pearls and other costly jewels : the cap is of purple velvet, faced with ermine. — The Queen's Diadem, or Circlet of Gold, was made for the consort of James II. It is adorned with large diamonds, curiously 148 THE TOWER OF LONDON. set ; the upper edge of the border is banded with a string of pearls. It has been estimated to have cost ^1 1 1,000. — The Royal Sceptre with the Cross is also of gold, and 2 feet 9 inches in length. The staff is plain, but the pommel is ornamented with rubies, emeralds, and dia- monds. This sceptre is adorned with golden leaves, bearing the rose, shamrock, and thistle : the cross, covered with jewels of various kinds, has in the centre a large table diamond. — The Royal Sceptre with the Dove or Rod of Equity. The cross whereon this symbol of peace reposes is, together with the centre and pommel, richly covered with jewels ; the sceptre itself is of gold, and 3 feet 7 inches in length. — The beautifully wrought Ser- vice of Sacramental Plate, used at coronations, and in the chapel of St. Peter in the Tower. — The Swords of Justice, ecclesiastical and temporal, are of steel, ornamented with gold. — The Sword of Mercy is also of steel, gilt, but pointless. — A large Golden Wine Fountain, presented by the Corporation of Plymouth to Charles II. : this is used at coronation, and other state banquets. The estimated value of this magnificent collection is <£3,000,000. Tickets of admission, price sixpence, are obtained at the Armoury Ticket Office, within the entrance gates. The visitors then proceed to the refreshment or ante-room, where a warder attends every half-hour, between ten and four, to conduct them over the Armouries. To see the Regalia, tickets, sixpence each. The demolition of the monasteries, &c, in the reign of Henry VIII., was so general and effectual, that few relics remain. They are — St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield; St. Helen's, Bishopsgate street; Christ's Hospital; St. John's, Clerkenwell; St. Mary Overy's; and St. Augustin's. Relics of the ancient wall of London are to be seen in some places ; the most perfect of these occurs between the north of Bull and Mouth street, and St. Botolph's churchyard; and on the south side of Cripplegate churchyard. CURIOSITIES AND ANTIQUITIES. 149 In Panyer alley, Newgate street, is a small figure in low relief, of an infant Bacchus in a basket or panyer, beneath which may be read, " When ye have sought the Citty round, yet still this is the highest ground." Over the entrance of Bull's-head court, in the same street, is a stone, having figures sculptured on it, to represent Wil- liam Evans, the gigantic porter of Charles I., and Geoffrey Hudson, the dwarf. At the corner of Warwick lane, Newgate street, is a basso relievo of an armed figure, which marks the site of the old mansion of the Earls of Warwick. The General Dispensary, Aldersgate street, forms part of what once was the mansion of the Earls of Shaftesbury, which was built by Inigo Jones. In the Borough, near St. Saviour's, are the remains of the ancient palace of the Bishop of Winchester. Since the formation of the new approach to the southern foot of London Bridge, the ancient " Ladye Chapelle," St. Saviour's, has been repaired ; and, in the finest taste, restored to all its pris- tine beauty. On the north side of Lambeth palace, at the top of one of the towers, is the prison in which the Lollards were formerly confined ; and in the churchyard is the tomb of the Tradescants, who so highly contributed to excite a taste for the study of natural history. Stow's monument is a curious composition in imitation of stone, in the parish church of St. Andrew Undershaft. The figure, which appears seated and writing, is well executed. Gerrard's, or Gisor's hall, Basing lane, is a part of a curious relic of ancient architecture. It is re- markable for its vaults, supported by sixteen pillars, brought from Caen. No. 75, High street, Borough, is the Talbot inn ; over the entrance formerly was the following inscription : — " This is the inn where Geoffrey Chaucer, knight, and nine and twenty pilgrims, lodged in their journey to Can- terbury, in 1383." In the yard is a representation of then* entrance into Canterbury. At the end of Buckingham street, Strand, are the only remains of a splendid mansion, belonging to Villiers, o2 150 LONDON STONE. Duke of Buckingham. For this beautiful specimen of architecture, Inigo Jones has received much posthumous praise. On the south side are the arms of the Villiers family ; and on the north, their motto, " Fidei coticula crux." The last house in the street, next the river, was occupied by Peter the Great, during his residence in London. In Fenchurch street is the King's head tavern, where the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth dined on her liberation from the Tower. The dish in which her repast (pork and peas) was served, is still shown in the coffee room, together with her portrait, and are placed over the fire-place. ST. JOHN'S GATE Forms the south entrance to St. John's square, Clerken- well. It consists of a large pointed arch, with a Gothic window over it, and a large square tower on each side. Its antiquity and associations render it attractive. It was formerly a part of the ancient priory of Clerkenwell ; and subsequently the residence of Cave, the originator and publisher of the Gentleman's Magazine, at which time it was often visited by Dr. Johnson, Garrick, and other eminent characters. It is now occupied on one side as a tavern, and on the other as a coal-shed. " To what base uses may we come at last !" LONDON STONE, Cannon street, is the most ancient relic of the past in London, supposed to be the stone whence the Romans measured their distances to the several stations over the island. It is now imbedded in the outer wall of St. Swithin's church. On this stone it is that Shakspeare represents Jack Cade as striking his sword, when he ex- claimed, " Now is Mortimer lord of London." CROSBY HOUSE, Crosby square, was built in 1470, by Sir John Crosby, then sheriff of London. It became the residence of the TEMPLE BAR. 151 Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. The west side has some curious Gothic windows, and the roof is adorned with curious carving. This house was at one time the loftiest in London. It was granted by Henry VIII. to an Italian merchant : during Elizabeth's reign it was appropriated to the reception of ambassadors; and after the Restoration it became the property of the Non- conformists, who retained it many years. TEMPLE BAR, Built in the years 1670-1-2, by Sir Christopher Wren, is the only City gate now remaining, and marks the west- ern point of corporate influence. The building, which is of the Corinthian order, and entirely of Portland stone, consists of a large centre arch, with gates, having on each side an arched postern for foot passengers. Over the centre arch, facing the east and west, are two Gothic* windows, the one having to its right and left statues of James I. and Queen Elizabeth ; and the other, those of Charles I. and II. in Roman costumes. On particular and state occasions, the gates are closed against the official agents of royalty. Permission to enter the city is then 152 THE MONUMENT. requested, in the Queen's name, of the lord mayor, who issues his special order to that effect. If the Queen visit the city in person, she is here met by the lord mayor, who delivers to her the sword of state ; this being returned to the lord mayor, he precedes the Queen to her destination. Formerly, the heads of persons executed for high treason were exhibited on this gate, 11 To fright the souls of fearful adversaries." THE MONUMENT, On Fish street hill, was erected by Sir Christopher Wren, to commemorate the great fire of 1666, which broke out at a house distant about 200 feet (the height of the co- lumn) from this spot. It was commenced in 1671, and finished in 1677- By the recent improvements in forming the approaches to the new London bridge, this beautiful structure is now seen to great advantage. The column exceeds in height the famous pillars of Trajan and Antoninus, at Rome, and contains upwards of 20,000 square feet of Portland stone. It is fluted, of the THE MONUMENT. 153 Doric order, and stands on a massy pedestal, forty feet high, having on the north and south sides Latin inscrip- tions, descriptive of the desolation and restoration of the City. That on the north is to the following effect : — " About midnight, on the 2d of September, in the year 1666, a most terrible fire broke out within about 200 feet eastward from this place ; and being driven by a high wind, wasted, with incredible noise and fury, not only the adjacent parts, but also places very remote. It con- sumed eighty-nine churches, the City gates, Guildhall, many public structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, a vast number of stately edifices, 13,200 dwellings, and 400 streets. Of twenty-six wards, it utterly destroyed fifteen, and left eight others shattered and half burnt. The ruins of the City were 436 acres, from the Tower by the Thames, to the Temple church, and from the north-east gate along the City wall to Holborn bridge. To the estates and fortunes of the citizens it was merciless, but to their lives very favourable. That in all things it might resemble the last conflagration of the world, the destruction was sudden ; for, in a small space of time, the same city was seen most flourishing, and reduced to nothing. Three days after, when this fatal fire had baffled all human counsels and endeavours, in the opinion of all, as it were by the will of Heaven, it stopped, and on every side was extinguished." The inscription on the south side runs thus : " Charles II., son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Eritain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, a most gracious prince, commiserating the deplorable state of things, whilst the ruins were yet smoking, provided for the comfort of his citizens and the ornament of his City. He remitted their taxes, and referred the petitions of the magistrates and inhabitants to the parliament, who immediately passed an act, that public works should be restored to greater beauty with public money, to be raised by an imposition on coal ; that parish churches and the cathedral of St. Paul should be rebuilt from their foundations, with all magnificence; that the bridges, gates, and prisons, should be new made; the sewers cleansed ; the streets made straight and regular, such as were steep levelled, and those too narrow made wider; markets and shambles removed to separate places. They also enacted that every house should be built with party walls ; and all in front raised of equal height, and their walls, all of square stone or brick ; and that no man should delay beyond the space of seven years. Moreover, care was taken by law to prevent all suits about their bounds. Also, anniversary prayers were enjoined ; and, to perpetuate the memory hereof to posterity, they caused this column to be erected. The work was carried on with diligence, and London is restored, but whether with greater speed or beauty may be made a question. Three years saw that finished, which was supposed to be the business of an age." On the west side is an emblematical alto and basso relievo, representing Time raising London from its de- spondency, under the patronage of Charles II. and the 154 CHARING CROSS. — NELSON MONUMENT. Duke of York, attended by Imagination, Ichnographia, and Liberty. Below the King, is Envy ; and behind him arc Fortitude and War. In the back ground, to the left, is the City in flames ; and to the right, workmen erecting new buildings. To the east of the pedestal is a door, opening on a flight of 345 black marble steps, leading to the balcony, near the top, from which may be taken a beautiful view of the metropolis and the adjacent country. The whole is surmounted by a blazing urn of gilt brass, forty- two feet in height. Admittance to the balcony, sixpence. CHARING CROSS. The cross erected by Edward I. to the memory of his Queen, Eleanor, which occupied this spot, was removed in the reign of Charles I., and replaced by a bronze eques- trian statue of that monarch, cast by Le Sueur, remark- able as being the first equestrian statue in England. During the civil wars it was sold by the parliament to a brazier, with strict orders to have it destroyed; but he, having too much sagacity to obey these directions, con- cealed it under ground during the whole time of the Revolution, and at the Restoration of Charles II. brought it from its hiding-place, to the wonder of every one. The statue was then placed on its present pedestal, executed by Gibbons, and ornamented with the royal arms, trophies, &c. — From this spot heralds proclaim the accession of a new monarch to the throne. NELSON MONUMENT, Trafalgar Square. This long neglected memorial to the memory of our great naval hero, consists of a fluted granite pillar, with a beautiful Corinthian capital, cast in gun metal, surmounted with a colossal statue, 18 feet high, executed by E. H. Baily, Esq. The whole being 17b* feet 6 inches. The square pedestal is 36 feet high; on the sides of which are represented in bassi relievi the battles of Aboukir, St. Vincent, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar. At each angle are placed couchant lions. The whole forms a striking feature in the splendid improvements in this part of the metropolis. SQUARES. 155 EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF GEORGE HI. In an open space near the bottom of the Haymarket, Pall Mall, East, is an equestrian statue of his Majesty George the Third, cast in bronze, erected in 1836. The money for carrying this respectful tribute of loyalty into effect, was raised by subscription. M. C. Wyatt, Esq., was the artist employed on this occasion. The bronze horse here exhibited will be found to constitute the finest specimen of its class in existence. The figure of the king, " in his habit as he lived," is also as nearly as possible, a fac simile of the original. To this fidelity of costume, however objectionable it may be thought in itself, the artist was strictly bound by his contract. top THE QUADRANT. This fashionable promenade extends from Piccadilly to the continuation of Regent street, and is ornamented by handsome colonnades, supported by 140 cast-iron pillars of the Doric order. SQUARES, ETC. No object in London is so likely to strike and please the stranger as these vast and beautiful spaces for the recrea- 156 SQUARES. tion and health of the inhabitants. They are peculiar to this country, the "places" of continental towns not being relieved by gardens in the centre. TRAFALGAR SQUARE. The ornamental centre of this splendid square is from the designs of Charles Barry, Esq., Architect to the New Houses of Parliament ; it has the appearance of having been hewn from a solid rock of granite, and forms a base to the National Gallery, considerably raising that building in appearance. The balustrades are of Aberdeen granite, beautifully carved; the Terrace in imitation of Roman pavement, presents a noble promenade, with broad flights of steps at each end, leading to the area of the square and its splendid fountains. On the south side stands the Nelson memorial ; and on the north-eastern end of the terrace is a noble equestrian statue of George IV., by Chantrey. CROSVENOR SQUARE Is situated on the south side of Oxford street, and con- tains six acres of ground, in the centre of which is a gilt equestrian statue of George I. by Van Nost, and erected in 1726, by direction of Sir R. Grosvenor. The buildings are handsome, and the ground within the railing well laid out. It derives its name, as do the adjoining streets, from being built upon the estate of Earl Grosvenor. RUSSELL SQUARE, One of the largest and most uniform squares in London, has its interior laid out with great taste and variety. In the centre of the south side, facing Bedford place, is a full-sized statue in bronze of Francis, Duke of Bedford, in his parliamentary robes. Immediately opposite to this, in Bloomsbury square, is a statue of that eminent states- man, C. J. Fox. He is represented seated, in the robes of a senator, his right hand extended, holding Magna Charta. Both these statues are by Westmacott, to whom they are highly creditable. SQUARES. 157 SOHO SQUARE, One of the oldest in London, was built in the reign of Charles II., whose statue adorns the centre area. It was formerly called King's square, and took its present title from the watchword of the party of the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth, at the battle of Sedgmoor. In the centre is a large area within a railing, enclosing trees and shrubs, and a pedestrian statue of Charles II. ; at the feet are emblematical figures of the rivers Thames, Trent, Severn, and Humber. ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, Pall Mall, is celebrated for its distinguished residents. In this square, at the house of one of the nobility, George the Third was born. In the centre is a statue of William III. on a pedestal, erected in the centre of a piece of water. LEICESTER SQUARE Is a spacious square, between St. Martin's lane and the Haymarket. It derives its name from the mansion of the Earls of Leicester on the north side, the residence of the mother of George the Third when he ascended the throne. In the centre is a fine gilt bronze equestrian statue of George I., which originally stood in the park at Canons, in Hertfordshire. It is now occupied by the exhibition of Miss Linwood's pictures, &c. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, The interior of which is of the same extent as the base of the largest Egyptian pyramid, has been the residence of many eminent statesmen. That distinguished artist, Inigo Jones, formed a plan for the buildings, but the two centre houses (formerly one) on the west side, are the only specimens erected. On its south side stands the Royal College of Surgeons; on the north, Sir John Soane's museum. It was in this square that Lord Russell was beheaded. ^ . 158 SQUARES. QUEEN SQUARE Consists of three sides, with a small enclosed garden to the south, and is adorned with a statue of Queen Anne, whence it derived its name. The houses on three of the sides were erected about 1/20; the fourth is open to Guildford street. In the south-west corner is the church of St. George the Martyr. PORTLAND PLACE, Famed for its width and regularity, is 125 feet from side to side, and terminates at Park crescent. It is faced by a statue of the late Duke of Kent, erected by public sub- scription as a tribute to his patriotic virtue. The statue is of bronze, and is placed upon a granite pedestal. The likeness is considered excellent — the costume that of a field marshal, over which are the ducal robes and the collar of the order of the garter. BELCRAVE SQUARE, Pimlico, was commenced in 1825, on the estate of the Marquis of Westminster, and is now one of the most distinguished ornaments of the metropolis, being 864 feet long, and 617 broad: the houses, large, handsome, and uniform, are adorned with Corinthian columns. EATON SQUARE, Situated to the south-east of Belgrave square, is a parallelogram, 1,637 feet by 371. At the north end is St. Peter's church, designed by Mr. Hakewill. BLOOMSBURY SQUARE, On the north side of High Holborn ; it is 408 yards in circumference. Bedford House formerly occupied the north side. To forward the improvements, this house and gardens were sold, and the whole site is now built on, by the formation of Russell, Tavistock, and Euston squares. Opposite the monument of the Duke of Bedford is a fine co^os^l statue of the Rt. Hon. Charles James SQUARES. — ALBANY. 159 Fox, executed in bronze by Westmacott, and elevated on several steps resting on a pedestal of granite. EUSTON SQUARE, New road, situated to the north of Tavistock square ; it is 143 yards by 248. The north side is a uniform range of building, erected about 1812. On the east side is St. Pancras New Church. FITZROY SQUARE, Near the Regent's park. The houses on the south and east sides are faced with stone, and have a greater pro- portion of architectural excellence and embellishments, than most others in the metropolis. HANOVER SQUARE, Built soon after the accession of the house of Hanover. On the east side of the square is a colossal bronze statue of Pitt, by Chantrey, 12 feet in height, placed on a granite pedestal 15 feet high. PORTMAN SQUARE, Consists of large and elegant mansions. It was begun in 1764, and was not completed for twenty years. The north-west angle is closed by the late Mrs. Montague's residence. Several of the nobility reside here. THE ALBANY, Piccadilly, formerly the residence of the Duke of York, was erected by Sir W. Chambers. After his royal highness left it, it was partly taken down, and its site and gardens were covered with buildings, forming the present establishment. Apartmeuts are here let to the nobility, and others having no town establishment. The building extends to Burlington gardens, and has a porter's lodge at each end, but is not a public thoroughfare. 160 CLUB HOUSES. SUBSCRIPTION, OR CLUB HOUSES, Are establishments frequented by political, naval and military, literary and scientific, and fashionable characters, who meet for the purposes of reading, conversation, refreshment, &c. No one can be admitted who has not been elected according to the regulations of the society. The usual terms of entrance, are from ten to twenty guineas ; annual subscriptions, from five to ten guineas. There are about thirty-six principal clubs in London, embracing probably, not fewer than 20,000 members. These clubs are in addition to a great number of literary and scientific associations in the metropolis. UNIVERSITY CLUB HOUSE, Suffolk street, Pall Mall East, erected in 1824, from the designs of Messrs. Wilkins and Derings. It has the advantage of two fronts, one to Suffolk street, the other to Pall Mall East, which is the principal. The edifice is ornamented by a series of antae above the rusticated base- ment, surmounted by an entablature cornice and parapet, in the form of a continued pedestal. The staircase is CLUB HOUSES. 161 particularly handsome ; the walls are adorned with casts from the frieze of the Parthenon, and the light is intro- duced in a novel and admirable manner. The apartments, which are fitted up with elegance, comprise breakfast, coffee, and dining rooms, a saloon, and library. The University Club is composed of members of the universi- ties of Oxford and Cambridge, elected by close ballot, for the purpose of keeping the society select. TRAVELLERS' CLUB, 106, Pall Mall, rebuilt in 1832, by Mr. Barry, is a beautiful elevation, at once simple and imposing, the back front presenting a Palladian design of great elegance. THE LITERARY UNION, 12, Waterloo place, now remodelled under the title of the Clarence Club. THE ATHEN/EUM CLUB, Pall Mall, on the site of Carlton Palace, from designs of Mr. Decimus Burton, was instituted in 1824, for the association of individuals known for their scientific or p 2 162 CLUB HOUSES. literary attainments, artists of eminence in any class of the fine arts, and noblemen and gentlemen distinguished as liberal patrons of science and literature. It is an elegant edifice of Grecian architecture. The frieze is an exact copy of the Panathenaic procession, which formed the frieze of the Parthenon. Over the portico is a copy of the statue of Minerva by Bailey. The house is open to the members every day, from nine o'clock in the fore- noon till two in the morning. THE JUNIOR UNITED SERVICE CLUB HOUSE, Corner of Charles street, Regent street, is adorned with a basso relievo, representing Britannia distributing rewards to naval and military heroes. It was built by Smirke. UNITED SERVICE CLUB HOUSE. Numerous as are the splendid specimens of architecture which adorn the western end of the metropolis, few surpass, either in their external or internal embellish- ments, the club houses, among which the United Service Club House may rank as a building of the first magnitude. CLUB HOUSES. 163 It is of the Doric order, and consists of a rusticated base- ment, upon which rises the principal story. The windows lighting the grand apartment, are beautifully executed with architrave and frieze, surmounted by triangular pedi- ments. The entrance is by a noble portico of eight double Doric columns, having their entablature adorned with try glyphs, and running round the building. In Trafalgar square are the Junior University and the Union ; in St. James's street, Arthur's, Boodle's, White's, the St. James's, and the Junior St. James's; the Conser- vative, the West India, Brookes' s, the Guards, the Albion, Graham's, and CROCKFORD'S CLUB HOUSE, St. James's street. This building was erected from designs by Messrs. Wyatt. It consists of a lofty ground story, lighted by five Venetian windows ; from this rises the principal story, containing the same number of French windows, ornamented by entablatures. A splendid staircase, panelled with scagliola of various colours, and adorned with Corinthian columns, leads to the upper rooms. These con- sist of an ante-room, a saloon or drawing-room, a cabinet or boudoir, and a supper-room, all adorned with curious 164 THE REFORM CLUB HOUSE. panelling, gilding, looking glasses, &c., in a style of great splendour. The entrance to the building is by a flight of steps to the level of the ground floor; beneath is an extensive basement story, comprising the domestic apartments and offices, which is separated from the street by a handsome stone balustrade, on the pedestals of which are raised a series of bronzed tripods, supporting as many octagonal lanterns. In St. James's square, the Wyndham, Colonial, and the Army and Navy Clubs. The Clarence, Waterloo place; the Oriental, Hanover square ; the Portland, Stratford place, Oxford street; the Royal Naval, New Bond street; the Alfred, Albemarle street ; the Parthenon and the " Cercle des Strangers," Regent street. Proceeding eastwards, we find the Westminster Chess Club in the Strand; theGarrick, in King street, Covent Garden; the City Conservative, in Threadneedle street ; the City of London, in Broad street ; and the Gresham, in King William street. THE JUNIOR CONSERVATIVE CLUB HOUSE, St. James's street, occupies the site of the Thatched House Tavern, and forms a prominent architectural feature; the design is by Mr. S. Smirke, and Mr. G. Basevi, Jun. It has the largest facade in the metropolis ; the front consists of two stories or orders; the lower rusticated and without columns, except at each wing; the upper is Corinthian, and has entire but attached columns upon the podium; the entablature is surmounted by a balustrade ; in the inner intercolumniations are windows with enriched dressings and pediments ; over the windows, and ranging with the capitals of the columns, is a frieze of sculptured foliage, for the most part of a classical character, but having the imperial crown encircled by an oak wreath occasionally introduced. The front is of uniform height, but the wings are slightly advanced ; in each wing the lower order is Roman Doric; the front of the building is of Caen stone. the reform club house, Pall mall, is a large and handsome stone building, with Ionic columns, in the Italian style of architecture, surrounded by a stone balustrade : the entrance is ap- APSLEY HOUSE. 165 proached by a flight of stone steps to a most magnificent hall, the gallery of which is supported by twenty fluted scagliola columns, in imitation of Sienna marble, of the Ionic order, with red porphyry bases. The centre of the hall has a tesselated pavement in imitation of the old Roman mosaic. The gallery contains a portrait of Lord Holland, and is approached by a splendid staircase of white veined marble covered with rich carpeting. The other panels in the gallery are intended to contain portraits of the leading Reformers. The dome above is supported from the gallery with twenty columns of the Corinthian order. The walls are of scagliola, in imitation of various rare and an- tique marbles, and are richly ornamented. The drawing room occupies the whole of the south side, the ceiling and walls of which are superbly ornamented. In the hall, opposite the entrance, is a bust of her present Majesty. APSLEY HOUSE, Hyde park corner, is the town residence of the Duke of Wellington, who in 1828 and 1829, caused it to be enlarged and re-modelled by B. Wyatt, Esq., so as to harmonize with the beauties which had sprung up around 166 MANSIONS. APSLKY HOUSE. it. The ornamental architecture is Corinthian ; the whole enclosed by a rich bronzed palisade. The ball room, ex- tending the whole depth of the mansion, and the picture gallery, are superb. The banqueting room is elegantly decorated, and richly gilt. The celebrated colossal statue of Napoleon, by Canova, is at the foot of the grand staircase. SUTHERLAND HOUSE, At the corner of the Green park, was commenced in the year 1825, from designs by Benjamin and Philip Wyatt, and was intended as the residence of the late Duke of York, at whose death it was purchased by the Duke of Sutherland. It is a beautiful quadrangular building, three stories in height, well situated for effect, and sur- mounted by a lantern in the roof, which serves to illumine the grand staircase. The ornamental part of its architec- ture is of the Corinthian order. The ground or basement floor contains the ordinary family apartments, fitted up with taste and elegance. The first floor contains the state apartments, which are most magnificently furnished and adorned. MANSIONS. 167 NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, Charing cross, was built in the reign of James I. The bold front is surmounted by a lion, the crest of the Percy family. On entering the first gate, the four sides of the inner court are seen, faced with Portland stone ; and two wings, above 100 feet in length, extend from the garden front towards the river. A splendid marble staircase leads to the principal apartments, which consist of several spacious rooms, fitted up in the most elegant manner. They contain a large and valuable collection of pictures by the great masters; among them are the works of Raphael, Titian, Rubens, Vandyke, and others. The whole building lately underwent a thorough repair ; and the splendid interior contains furniture and decorations of modern taste and elegance. BURLINGTON HOUSE, Piccadilly, was the first noble mansion erected in Piccadilly. The front of this beautiful mansion is of stone, in two stories, the lower one rusticated, upon which rises the principal story, ornamented by three- quarter columns of the Ionic order. The apartments are 168 MANSIONS. finished with great taste, and the staircase is painted by Sebastian Ricci. The whole of the building is obscured from public view by a lofty brick wall or screen. MELBOURNE HOUSE, Whitehall. This mansion is peculiarly distinguished by its large circular hall, probably the first of the kind in the metropolis. The back front of the edifice looks into the park, from which it is separated by a very agreeable garden. The portico, on the Whitehall side, is evidently unfitted for the building, to which it forms a principal entrance. SPENCER HOUSE, St. James's place, the family mansion of Earl Spencer, is a noble Palladian edifice, faced with Portland stone. The pediment of the front towards the Green park, is adorned with statues and vases very judiciously disposed. The principal ornament of the interior is the library, an elegant room, containing one of the finest collections of books in the kingdom. MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, Pall Mall, was erected in the reign of Queen Anne, as a testimonial of public approbation in favour of the great duke of that name. It is now the residence of the Queen Dowager. The wings are adorned with rustic stone work, and the interior is splendidly furnished. In the vestibule is a painting of the battle of Hochstet, in which the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene, and Marshal Tallard, are represented. LANSDOWNE HOUSE, Berkeley square, with a gallery of antique statues, busts, &c, 100 feet in length, is one of the finest mansions in the metropolis. It is the residence of the Marquis of Lansdowne. LITERATURE. 169 CHESTERFIELD HOUSE, South Audley street, contains a splendid staircase, brought from Canons, in Hertfordshire, and is one of the handsomest architectural elevations in London. It was designed and built by the celebrated Earl of Chesterfield. ANGLESEY HOUSE, A beautiful stone-fronted building in Burlington gar- dens, built originally for the Duke of Queensbury, by Leoni, an Italian. The town residences of the nobility are very numerous, but externally few can be called either grand or beautiful. Convenience and splendid decorations in their internal arrangements, are their chief claims to admiration. LITERATURE Has, of late years, made more sensible progress among the body of the people of this country, than within double that time at any known period. Men of all principles and political opinions, men of every shade of religious per- suasion, have joined hand in hand to create and encourage institutions tending to the diffusion of useful information, at the lowest possible expense, to the community at large. Their efforts have been crowned with the most gratifying success, and the degree in which they have secured the object more immediately in view — to create a taste for the acquirement of knowledge among the mechanical and labouring classes — has surpassed their expectations. The taste for reading works of permanent interest has given a new impulse to intellect; and the London press now teems with thousands of works, which become gradually dispersed among the industrious classes. Literary and scientific institutions are established in different parts of the metropolis (and, indeed, in almost Q 1/0 PUBLIC PRESS. every town throughout England), upon a principle of co-operation that secures to all a variety of advantages, not one of which could be attained by an individual at twenty times the expense. In almost all parts of the metropolis, book societies and public libraries have been established upon judicious principles, tending to give a wholesome direction and a salutary stimulus to the minds of their members ; while circulating libraries, purged, to a great extent, of trashy novels, have, comparatively, little dependence but on a just selection of works of merit and of moral influence. The establishment of parochial libraries by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, under the direction of ministers of parishes — the efforts of the Bible Society — the indefatigable labours of the Church Mission- ary Society, and the Religious Tract Society — and various other institutions of similar character, have all tended to keep alive and to increase the moral spirit, which urges the people to oppose a praiseworthy resolution to the evils of poverty which surround them. History and science are the leading objects of inquiry at the present time : the latter is considerably facilitated and encouraged by the delivery of lectures, accompanied with experimental illustrations, at all public and private institutions. General literature is also greatly promoted by the extended influence of the periodical press. Reviews, magazines, journals, &c, have increased almost beyond belief; and as science has reduced the mechanical ex- penses of the press, the gain has been directed to the improvement of its intellectual department. PUBLIC PRESS. There is no place in the world where so much import- ance is attached to the public press as in London, as well perhaps from commercial as from political causes. The first talent in the kingdom is devoted to its support ; and the leading journals receive gratuitous contributions from the chief men of all parties. There are about seventy PUBLIC PRESS. 171 papers published through the week — six daily morning and six daily evening papers ; from twenty to thirty Sa- turday and Sunday papers ; and the remainder on different days in the week. The price varies according to size, &c, from threepence-halfpenny to tenpence, stamped. All hotels, taverns, and coffee houses, take in a variety of these papers for the use of those who frequent their rooms. There are in most neighbourhoods news-venders, who will supply any paper at your house without addi- tional charge ; or lend it to read to such as do not wish to preserve the papers, at the rate of twopence per hour. The London papers possess one great quality in com- mon — that of detailing all the principal events that are transpiring in our own and other countries ; and differ chiefly in their speculative conclusions from the facts. We may, however, just remark, that the Times and Morn- ing Herald are on the largest scale of the daily papers, and vie with each other in giving the earliest news from abroad — the Times, however, invariably taking the lead ; and both of them attached to the Conservative interest. The Morning Post, Conservative also, has rather a fashionable celebrity, from its account of the movements of the court, and of families of rank. The Morning Chronicle is considered as the organ of the Whig party ; and the Morning Advertiser is devoted to the " Liberals." The evening papers are less distinct ; the Sun, rather fa- vourable to the Whigs, is on the largest scale, and gives the leading articles of the morning papers, with a con- siderable City and money article, and a detail of the state of the markets. It is a desirable paper for the country, and for foreign mercantile houses. The Courier and the Globe are understood to be immediately under the guid- ance of the Treasury ; and the Standard is the devoted organ of the Conservative party. The expenses of a morning paper are very considerable. The salaries of the editor, sub-editors, translators, par- liamentary reporters, collectors of general information, foreign and domestic correspondents, agents and clerks, compositors, cost of machine work, &c, amount, in some 172 CIRCULATING LIBRARIES. cases, to from ,£500 to £600 weekly. All stamped papers may be sent, post free, to any part of the king- dom, in covers open at each end, for eight days after publication. To a stranger who may have some knowledge of the ordinary manner in which printing presses are worked, a visit to the printing room of the Times office will be a high treat. From five to eight o'clock in the morning, the steam press is at work, carrying on the process with magical speed, and with inconceivable neatness and regu- larity ; piles of plain sheets are in a few minutes trans- formed into well-printed papers, and without any human agency beyond the placing of the sheets near the rollers, and carrying them off as they descend. Great courtesy exists among the members of this flourishing establish- ment ; and a polite request to visit it will be met by a ready acquiescence. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, between three and five o'clock, will be found most fa- vourable, the entire establishment being then in active employment. Parties either in town or country should order their papers through one or other of the many newsvenders : regularity and dispatch will be thereby insured. Country Papers. — For information, or to see copies, we refer the stranger to the general agents, and to the Chapter coffee house, St. Paul's; Peele's coffee house, 177* Fleet Street; Deacon's, 3, Walbrook; Newton and Co.'s, 2, Warwick square ; and Barker's, 33, Fleet street. Foreign Papers may be had regularly, and with a trifling extra charge, by application to Messrs. Cowie and Co., St. Ann's lane, St. Martin's le Grand. CIRCULATING LIBRARIES, First established in Great Britain in 1725, by Allan Ramsay, of Edinburgh, have since so universally spread, that there is now scarcely a town or village through the country unprovided with one or more. In London they are very numerous, and of every scale as to price and ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE. 173 utility, from fifteen or twenty shillings a year, up to as many pounds. These libraries are on a system that, while it advances the interests of the proprietors, contributes to the comfort and convenience of parties, whose visits are temporary. The following are well conducted, and can be recom- mended : — Andrews, Bond street ; Booth, Duke street, Portland place ; Bull, Holies street, Cavendish square ; Cawthorn, Cockspur street; Lowe, Lamb's Conduit street; Cotes, Cheapside; Churton, Holies street, Ca- vendish square ; Creswell, Crawford street ; Ebers, Bond street ; Hookham, Bond street ; Hodgson, Great Maryle- bone street ; Home, Cheapside ; Hebert, Cheapside ; Mitchell, Bond street; M'Clary, St. James's street; Ollivier, Pall mall; Paine, High street, Marylebone; Sams, St. James's street ; Seguin, Regent street ; Saun- ders and Otley, Conduit street; Spencer, Holborn; Swale, Great Russell street ; and IJicks, Crawford street. READING ROOMS Are numerous. Clubs, institutions, and coffee houses have them attached. Many of the public subscription libraries have also rooms, where the newest publications, papers, reviews, magazines, &c, are to be found. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE, St. Martin's place, Trafalgar square, com- menced proceedings, under the patronage of George IV., and the superintendence of the Bishop of Salisbury, in June, 1823. Its design is the advancement of literature, as conducing to the interest and happiness of mankind, by the publication of inedited remains of ancient litera- ture, and of such works as may be of great intrinsic value, but not of that popular character which usually claims the attention of publishers, — by the promotion of discoveries in literature, — by endeavouring, as far as prac- ticable, to fix the standard, and to preserve the purity of our language, — by the critical improvement of lexico- graphy, — by the reading, at public meetings, of interest- ed 2 174 THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. ing papers on history, philosophy, philology, and the arts, and the publication of such of those papers as shall be approved of in the society's transactions, — and by estab- lishing a correspondence with learned men in foreign countries, for the purpose of literary inquiry and informa- tion. Meetings are held at four o'clock, every other Thursday in the year, with the exception of a short re- cess during the summer. Attendance by the clerk daily, from one to five o'clock. THE LITERARY FUND SOCIETY, 73, Great Russell street, founded 1790, incor- porated by royal charter in 1818, for the relief of authors of learning or genius, who may be in temporary want or distress, and of their widows and orphans. The president is the Marquis of Lansdowne. The sum actually applied to the relief of authors from its first foundation to the present time, is upwards of ^27,800. THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN, 21, Albemarle street, founded for the promotion, diffusion, and extension of science and useful knowledge, in the year 1800. Patron, Her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria. The objects of the Royal Institution are to diffuse the knowledge and facilitate the introduc- tion of useful inventions and improvements ; and to teach, by courses of lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life. Its principal features are : — 1. A theatre for public lectures, intended to convey that kind of information which cannot be readily gained from books or private instruction alone, not only in the physical sciences and arts of life, but in literature and the fine arts. Of these lectures there are several courses in each season, by the professors of the institution, and by other eminent individuals. — 2. A laboratory, for the pro- motion and advancement of chemical knowledge, as ap- plicable to the great purposes of life in arts and manu- factures, by experiments and original investigations, and LONDON LITERARY INSTITUTION. 175 by courses of practical lectures. — 3. A copious library, richly furnished with the best authors in all languages, containing not only the important scientific works of every age, but the treasures of ancient and modern litera- ture, of art and antiquity. — 4. A museum, containing a mineralogical collection, chiefly composed of British spe- cimens, calculated to afford the means of acquiring mine- ralogical and geological information, and to promote the knowledge of, and search after, the subterraneous riches of the British islands. — 5. Weekly meetings of the mem- bers of the institution, which are held on every Friday evening, during the season, and to which the members have the privilege of introducing by tickets two of their friends. Prospectuses may be had at the institution. THE LONDON INSTITUTION, Finsbury circus. The objects contemplated by this in- stitution were the formation of an extensive miscellaneous library of the most valuable works in all languages, an- cient and modern — the establishing of reading rooms for periodicals, and foreign and domestic journals — and the diffusion of knowledge by means of lectures and experi- ments. Proprietors have each a transferable ticket, ad- mitting the bearer to all parts of the premises. THE RUSSELL INSTITUTION, 55, Great Coram street, Russell square, was founded in the year 1808, for purposes similar to those of the London Institution. It has a library, a newspaper room, and a theatre for lectures. In the library is a fine picture of the first sight of the sea, in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, painted by Haydon, and presented by the Duke of Bedford, the patron of the institution, in 1836. THE CITY OF LONDON LITERARY INSTITUTION, 165, Aldersgate street, established in 1825, is based upon similar principles to the Royal Institution, and con- sists of library and reading rooms, public experimental 176 THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. lectures, and classes for instruction in languages. Sub- scription, two guineas per annum. THE WESTERN LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION, 47, Leicester square, established in 1825. This in- stitution was founded for the purpose of diffusing useful and entertaining knowledge among persons engaged in commercial and professional pursuits. The method by which it accomplishes these objects are the following : — Lectures, by distinguished professors of art, science, and literature. — Reading rooms, supplied with the morn- ing and evening newspapers, magazines, reviews, and all the leading periodicals. — A library of circulation and re- ference, containing upwards of 7000 volumes. — Classes, for the acquisition of the sciences and languages, under the instruction of competent professors. — Discussion meetings, to facilitate the art of public speaking. Terms of subscription: half-yearly, one guinea; annually, two guineas. THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION, 29, Southampton buildings, Chancery lane, established in 1823, by the late George Birkbeck, Esq., M.D. This institution is established for the purpose of enabling mechanics and others to become acquainted with those branches of science and art that are of practical ap- plication in the exercise of their trades and professions. The library for circulation contains upwards of 6000 vo- lumes, including works on every branch of science as well as general literature : and the most important reviews and periodicals are regularly supplied. The reading room is open from ten o'clock in the morning until ten in the evening ; and, in addition to the accommodation which it affords for the perusing of works in the library, it is sup- plied with morning and evening newspapers, for the read- ing of which the room is opened at nine o'clock in the morning. Classes are conducted on the principle of mutual in- struction, by the members delivering lectures on the various branches of the physical sciences, and by illus- LAW INSTITUTION. 177 trating the principles with suitable apparatus. The literary composition class meets on Tuesday evenings, for the purpose of reading essays and discussion. — French con- versation class. Those members who wish to extend their knowledge of the French language may join this class, on application to M. Ragon, on Tuesday evenings. The museum is furnished with extensive collections of speci- mens, arranged to illustrate the sciences of mineralogy, geology, &c, as well as with suitable apparatus and in- struments for illustrating the mechanical and chemical sciences, &c. &c. There is also a modelling class, which has a collection of casts in plaster, which may be referred to by those members w 7 hose trades are connected with design. — Two evenings in every week are appropriated to the delivery of public lectures, which comprehend com- plete series of the sciences, pure as well as mixed, by professors of acknowledged reputation and talent. The theatre, consisting of a spacious pit and gallery, capable of accommodating one thousand persons, may be engaged for public meetings : terms may be obtained on application to the secretary of the institution. The subscription is one pound four shillings yearly, or six shillings quarterly, and two shillings and sixpence entrance, paid in advance. Members may also be ad- mitted at the half-quarter. Sons and apprentices of members have the privilege of attending either the even- ing classes or the lectures, at three shillings per quarter. Ladies are admitted to the lectures and use of the circu- lating library, at five shillings per quarter ; or to attend the lectures only, at three shillings per quarter. A sub- scription of ten pounds constitutes the donor an honorary member for life. Similar institutions have been formed in Marylebone, Islington, Camberwell, Lambeth, Chelsea, Stepney, and other places in the metropolis. LAW INSTITUTION, Chancery lane, established in 1825. In 1829, a splendid building was commenced for the purposes of this 17» CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. institution, from designs by Mr. Vulliamy. It is capa- cious and elegant. The front portico, supported by six columns of the Ionic order, forms a striking and rather singular feature in the dingy aspect of Chancery lane. The interior, which is judiciously arranged, comprises a grand hall, library, club room, office of registry, room for com- mittee meetings, and lecture room> The building occu- pies a frontage of 60 feet, with a depth of 1 40. Besides these, there are many other institutions of con- siderable interest, on limited principles. The Linnean Society, 32, Soho square. The Royal Asiatic Society, 14, Grafton street, Bond street. The Entomological Society, 17, Old Bond street. The Horticultural Society, office, 23, Regent street. The Medico-botanical Society, 32, Sackville street. The Geological Society, Somerset house. The Royal Geographical Society, 3, Waterloo place. The Phrenological Institution, 8, King William street, Strand. The Mathematical Society, 37, Crispin street, Spitalfields. The Medical Society, 3, Bolt Court, Fleet street. The Royal Medical-chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street. The Society of Civil Engineers, Cannon row, Westminster. The Philharmonic Society, Queen's concert rooms, Haymarket. Societa Armonica, for concerts, Hanover square rooms. The Society of British Musicians, Hanover square rooms. The Sacred Harmonic Society, Exeter hall. CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. Society for the Suppression of Vice, 57, Lincoln's-inn fields. for the Extinction of the Slave Trade, 15, Parliament street, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Lincoln's-inn fields. Naval and Military Bible, 32, Sackville street, for Enlarging and Building Churches, St. Martin's place, Trafalgar square, for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, Exeter Hall, Strand, of Guardians for the Protection of Trade, 2, Charlotte row, Mansion house, for Distributing Religious Books to the Poor, 19, Paternoster row. for propagating the Gospel in Foreign parts, 67, Lincoln's inn fields, for Sunday Schools, 60, Paternoster row. for providing Parochial Libraries, 19, Paternoster row. for propagating Christianity in the Highlands of Scotland, 25, Fenchurch street, for the Relief of Foreigners in Distress, London Wall, for the Relief and Discharge of Persons Confined for Small Debts, 7, Craven street, Strand. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 17$ Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, 18, Aldermanbury. Royal Humane, 3, Trafalgar square, for the Suppression of Mendicity, 13, Red Lion square. Baptist Missionary, 6, Fen court, Fenchurch street. Church Missionary, 14, Salisbury square, Fleet street, London Missionary, 8, Blomfield street, Finsbury. Hibernian, Exeter Hall. Wesleyan Missionary, Bishopsgate street. Religious Tract, 56, Paternoster row. Moravian, 97, Hatton garden, and 33, Ely place. Prayer Book and Homily, Exeter Hall, Strand, for the prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Exeter hall. Protestant Association, Exeter hall. Caledonian, Caledonian road, Islington, EDUCATION, In its widest sense, is spread over the metropolis. Schools amply endowed for the gratuitous education of many thousands already existed ; — parish schools, supported by voluntary contributions, were also numerous ; seminaries and preparatory schools abounded, but from all such the pupil was ushered forth " but half made up," and the higher walks of learning could only be attained by a course at Oxford or Cambridge, at an expense far beyond the means of many who only required proper cultivation of mind to render them stars of the first magnitude in the literary firmament. To remedy this evil, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Gower street, was established. The first stone of this edifice was laid by the Duke of Sussex, on the 30th of April, 1827. The building consists of what is ulti- mately to form the central part, from which will project two wings of appropriate style and proportion. It is 430 feet in length, by, in some parts, 200 in width. In the centre is a bold portico, of the Corinthian order, elevated on a plinth to the height of the first story. The approach is by a flight of steps of the full width of the portico, ter- minated by twelve Corinthian pillars, supporting a pedi- ment, in which is a basso relievo, emblematical of Science and Literature. Behind the portico, in the centre of the 180 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE building, rises a cupola, surmounted by a lantern, in imi- tation of a Grecian temple. To the north is the museum of natural history, 118 feet by 50, communicating with the museum of anatomy, which contains an excellent collection of preparations, several mummies, a valuable series of designations of morbid structure, &c. To the south of the vestibule is the library, of the same dimen- sions as the museum of natural history. There are also numerous rooms for professors, apparatus, theatres for lectures, laboratories, museums, &c. The plan of educa- tion comprises public lectures, examination by the pro- fessors, mutual instruction, with the aid of tutors. The professors derive their income principally from the fees paid by their pupils. Connected with the institution is a preparatory school, where the early branches of educa- tion are acquired on moderate terms. This college is exclusively of a literary and professional character, and offers its advantages to all the various denominations of religion, no subscription to articles being required, nor any theological principles taught within its walls. Persons of respectable appearance are freely admitted to inspect the building. LANCASTERIAN AND NATIONAL SCHOOLS. 181 KING'S COLLEGE, Strand. The building, from designs by Sir Robert Smirke, forms the east wing of Somerset house, with an entrance from the Strand. The opening of the University College, Gower street, gave rise to this establishment, the object of which is to supply a liberal education, blended with instruction according to the principles of the church of England. It is patronised by the dignitaries of the church and a great number of the nobility, and has received a royal charter; Government having presented the ground on which the building is erected. Comprising all that is necessary in a public college, it consists of three departments. 1st. General literature and science. 2d. Engineering, architecture, arts, and manufactures. 3d. Medical. The school comprises religious and moral in- struction, in conformity with the principles of the estab- lished church. The general age of admission is from nine to sixteen years. There is annually a public distri- bution of prizes. NATIONAL SOCIETY SCHOOLS. This Society was incorporated by royal charter in 1817, " for promoting the education of the poor in the principles of the established church." The object is to provide, if possible, for every parish in the kingdom, the means of daily instruction in sound Christian principles; and to realise the hope expressed with so much Christian feeling by the venerable George III., " that a time might come, when every poor man in his dominions would be able to read his bible." Total number of National Schools in the metropolis, amounts to about 250, instructing 40,000 children. The principal school is in the Sanctuary, Westminster, which may be visited by any person of respectability. BRITISH AND FOREIGN SCHOOL SOCIETY. Central school, Borough road, Southwark, is open at all times to visitors. The object of the society is the pro- motion of daily instruction among the children of the labouring poor. There are at present 167 schools, in- structing 23,823 children in London and its vicinity. 182 CHRIST S HOSPITAL. SUNDAY SCHOOLS Extend the blessing of education to nearly 100,000 chil- dren, whose time, being fully occupied in labour during the week, leaves them no other opportunity to receive in- struction than by devoting a portion of the Sabbath to its attainment. They regularly attend public worship ; and are taught to entertain a proper sense of religion and morality. The teachers visit the children at their homes during the week days, and endeavour to impress upon the parents' minds the necessity of their co-operation in watching over their conduct, and encouraging them in their application to study. There are within the limits of the metropolis, 487 schools, and 9,507 gratuitous teachers, who perform their labour from a sense of duty, engendered by a true spirit of Christianity. CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, Newgate street, commonly called the Blue Coat School, from the long blue garment, in lieu of coat, worn by the boys, was founded by Edward the Sixth, for " the innocent and fatherless." There are on the foundation Christ's hospital 183 nearly 1300 children, 500 of the younger of whom are educated at an establishment in the town of Hertford. The lord mayor and corporation of London are governors of this institution, which is one of the five royal hospitals that are under the guardianship of the corporation of London. The building is very irregular, and occupies the site of the ancient friary of Franciscans, founded in 1225, the ancient cloisters of which, serving as a place of recreation for the boys in wet weather, have been lately replaced by others, occupying nearly the same site. The masonry of these is remarkably fine. The south front, adjoining Newgate street, is ornamented with Doric pilasters, and a statue of the young founder. A new and commodious hall has lately been built, from designs by John Shaw, Esq. It is of the Tudor style of architecture, and is one of the noblest buildings in the metropolis. Several houses in Newgate street have been removed, so as to make the hall a striking feature in the public eye. This may now be considered the principal entrance to the establishment. Several of the wards, and other portions of the structure, have been rebuilt in a style beautifully corresponding with the more ancient parts of the edifice. In the spacious apartment where the governors meet, are portraits of Edward VI. by Holbein, and of the prin- cipal benefactors to the institution. The annual expenditure exceeds ^40,000. The dress of the boys consists of a long dark blue cloth tunic, made close to the body down to the waist, and descending loosely and open in front, to the ankles; yellow under coat ; yellow worsted stockings ; drab knee breeches ; a small, round, flat worsted cap, which is more frequently carried in the hand than worn on the head ; and a leathern belt round the waist. Their food is plain but wholesome, and their dormitories spacious and cleanly. They are principally instructed so as to fit them for merchants' counting houses and trades. Four boys are annually sent to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. A most interesting ceremony takes place at the meeting of the 184 CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL. boys to supper, every Sunday evening, during Lent, at six o'clock, to which strangers are admitted by tickets, easily obtained from persons connected with the institu- tion. When the supper is terminated, they retire " procession, bowing to the company. in THE CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL. This new and handsome structure, is in the rear of the houses facing Bow church, in Cheapside. It was opened for the benevolent and important purposes for which it was designed, in February, 1837. The design of the school, by James Bunstone Bunning, Esq., architect to the Foundling Hospital. It is an imposing building, in what is familiarly termed the old English style, of the Elizabethan age, the principal windows and entrance being of an earlier period, and more enriched character. With the exception of the chief part of the centre com- partment of the principal front, which is nearly all stone, it is executed in brick, with stone dressings. The porch of the centre is novel, and well followed out. The interior is highly effective, the entrance being by a splendid hall. THE GRESHAM COLLEGE. 185 This school was established by the corporation of Lon- don, in the year 1834, and was erected at their expense on the site of ground formerly occupied by Honey lane market, Milk street, Cheapside. It is endowed with an annual sum towards its maintenance, derived from estates left by John Carpenter, town clerk of the city in the reign of Henry VI., and is under the government of the corporation and a committee chosen by them. The object of the school is to furnish a liberal and useful education for the sons of respectable persons who are engaged in professional, commercial, or trading pur- suits, without the necessity of removing them from the care and control of their parents; the general plan of instruction includes the English, Latin, Greek, French, and German languages; besides writing, arithmetic, book- keeping, geography, mathematics, history, and other incidental subjects. In honour of the founder, and as a further incentive to emulation amongst the pupils, eight free scholarships have been established, which are conferred as rewards for pro- ficiency and good conduct. A scholarship, called " The Times Scholarship/' is also attached to this school, for the benefit of pupils proceeding to the Universities of Oxford or C ambridge . The appointment to these f oun dation scholar- ships is also determined at the annual examination ; the candidates must be between eleven and fifteen years of age, and have been at least three years in the school ; the advantages of each scholarship are equal to £35 per annum, besides a premium of j£50 on leaving the school, if the pupil has continued therein three years after gain- ing the scholarship, and has maintained a certificate of merit and good conduct during that period from the head master. THE GRESHAM COLLEGE, Cateaton street, for the delivery of lectures, insti- tuted by Sir Thomas Gresham, on divinity, astronomy, music, geometry, law, physic, and rhetoric, during the law Terms, by Professors appointed by the Mercers* Com- pany and the Corporation of the City of London, as joint 186 trustees. The terms are five in each year, and are announced by advertisements in the daily journals. The present beautiful building is from the design of George Smith, Esq., architect to the Gresham Trust, and is of the Roman style, with an attached Corinthian portico. It contains a large Library, a Theatre capable of holding nearly 500 persons, together lvith separate apartments for the professors, housekeeper, and apparatus. The salary of each professor is £ 1 00 per annum. Admission gratuitous. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, Dean's yard, Westminster, is a royal foundation, richly endowed and of great antiquity, under the name of St. Peter's College, where forty boys, called Queen's Scholars, and an unlimited number of other boys, are educated and prepared for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In addition to a first rate classical education, this school has the advantage of four studentships to Christchurch, Oxford; and three or four scholarships to Trinity College, Cambridge, each year ; the emoluments arising from which, the students retain as long as they continue unmarried. The candidates for Queen's Scholars (who alone are eligible for the presentations to the universities) are elected from amongst the boys in the school, no patronage, except ability and good conduct, being necessary. After the Reformation, this school was refounded by Queen Elizabeth, and has produced men in each succeed- ing age, who by their talents have shed lustre upon their country, and done honour to the foundation from whence their education was derived. ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, St. Paul's churchyard, founded 1509, by John Colet, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's, for 153 boys, all of whom receive their education gratuitously; and those who are admitted before the age of ten years, are eligible to exhibitions in the University of Cambridge, of which one, founded by Lord Camden, of the value of ^100 per annum, and two or more of ^.'75, are given away yearly, SlON COLLEGE. 187 after a strict examination of the whole school by two examiners. The court of assistants of the mercers' company are the trustees and governors of the school. The system of instruction is chiefly classical. The building is from designs by G. Smith, Esq., consisting of a centre and wings, ornamented with a Corinthian portico. THE CHARTER HOUSE, Charter house square, was founded by Sir Walter Mauny as a priory for monks of the Carthusian order ; but, in 1611, Thomas Sutton converted it into an hospital for a master, preacher, second master, forty boys, and eighty pensioners, and endowed it with lands, at that time worth about ^5,000 per annum. The boys in the school are instructed in classical learning, and receive exhibitions on going to the universities. The pensioners have pro- visions, fire, lodging, a gown of black cloth, and an allowance in money. The buildings have an ancient appearance, and retain traces of the ancient monastery, and also of the improvements which were made during the reign of Elizabeth. In the hall is a full length portrait of the founder. His effigy is placed upon his tomb in the chapel; above which is represented a preacher in the act of addressing his auditory. MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, Suffolk lane, Cannon street, founded 1567, and rebuilt 1675. Agreeably to the statutes, two hundred and fifty boys are educated at two guineas each per quar- ter. The present building consists of the school, a house for the head master, library, and a chapel, erected after the great fire in 1666, at the expense of the Merchant Taylors' Company, on the site of the former school, which had been destroyed. Several scholars are sent from this establishment to St. John's college, Oxford. SION COLLEGE, London wall, was founded by the Rev. Thomas White, in 1631, for the advantage of the clergy of London, the 188 ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. whole body of whom, within the City, are fellows thereof. The edifice consists of brick buildings, surrounding a square court. In the hall and library are a curious piece of antique plate, several portraits, and other paintings. Under the library are alms-houses for twenty poor persons. THE COLLEGE OF ARMS, Or Heralds' Office, is situated on the east side of Rennet's Hill, Doctors' Commons. The present building — a brick edifice, adorned with Ionic pilasters — was erected in the reign of Charles II. The corporation, founded in 1484, consists of thirteen members, under the control of the Duke of Norfolk, as hereditary Earl Marshal of England. These members are three kings of arms, six heralds, and four pursuivants. The kings are Garter, Clarenceux, and Norroy. The college contains a court of honour, a library, and apartments for the members, whose business it is to attend the queen on particular state occasions, to arrange state processions, make procla- mations, &c. The charges for searching for armorial bearings, &c, are moderate. THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, Pall Mall East, was established by a charter granted by Henry the Eighth. The present structure was erected from designs by Sir R. Smirke. The portico, formed by six columns of the Ionic order, leads to a spacious hall and staircase. In the dining room, the floors of which are of polished oak, is a fine collection of portraits of eminent physicians. In the censor's room are portraits of Henry VIII., Cardinal Wolsey, and Linacre, the founder of the college; and marble busts of Sydenham, by Wotton, Mead, by Roubilliac, Baillie and Sir Henry Halford, by Chantrey. In the library is a fine bust of George the Fourth, by Chantrey, a present from the late Duke of York, and portraits of Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, and Radcliffe. The walls of the theatre are ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. 189 also adorned with portraits, and a bust of Harvey by Scheemakers. Lectures are delivered annually, on Wednesday and Friday evenings, between Christmas and Easter. The Harveian oration is delivered annually on the twenty-fifth of June. The college consists of fellows and members ; the former are chosen from the body of members at an annual election. The college is empowered to examine, and grant licences to all persons duly qualified to practise physic in England and Wales, unless a licentiate in medicine of the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge, without which, no one can legally practise in these countries ; their jurisdiction, however, is principally con- fined to London, and within seven miles of the same. The qualifications for a candidate for examination as a member of the college, are, that he shall have been engaged for five years in the study of medicine, including three years' attendance on the physician's practice of a general hospital. ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, Lincoln's inn fields. Incorporated by royal charter in 1800. The building presents in front a neat portico of the Ionic order. The splendid museum contains, among many valuable and curious subjects, the collection of the cele- brated anatomist, John Hunter, whose design, in his collection of comparative anatomy, was to exhibit the gradations of nature, from the most simple state in which life is found, to the more complex state of animal existence, by preserving in a dried state or in spirits, all the corresponding parts, so that the various links in the chain of a perfect being might be readily followed and easily understood. This collection, purchased by govern- ment, was committed to the care of the college, with the understanding that twenty-four lectures, illustrative of some of the preparations, should be delivered annually. Admittance may be obtained by an order of a member of the college ; Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs- 190 INSTITUTION FOR THE INDIGENT BLIND, days, between twelve and four o'clock, except the month of September, when it is closed. THE VETERINARY COLLEGE, College street, Camden town, was established in the year 1751. The grand object of the institution has been, and is, to form a school of veterinary science, in which the anatomical structure of quadrupeds of all kinds, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, &c, the diseases to which they are subject, and the remedies proper to be applied, might be investigated and regularly taught. An association is held in the theatre of the college, every Tuesday evening, at seven o'clock, when various interesting subjects are discussed. Lectures are given daily. The buildings are extensive and well divided ; the stables are scientifically arranged ; and the theatre for dissection and the delivery of lectures exhibits, with the museum, a curious and nu- merous collection of anatomical preparations. THE INSTITUTION FOR THE INDIGENT BLIND, St. George's fields, was established in 1799. Here the most humane attention is paid to a number of our afflicted fellow- creatures, from twelve years of age and MAGDALEN HOSPITAL. 191 upwards. They are taught to make baskets, cradles, clothes, boots, shoes, mats, and various other articles, which are sold at the school. The articles manufactured entirely by the hands of the blind persons last year, was sold for ^1743. lis. Sd. Strangers are admitted (gratis) to view the progress of the pupils, and to examine the nature of the institution. There are, usually* about seventy inmates of both sexes. The original building has lately been replaced by one upon a larger and more mag- nificent scale : the design of the new structure is Gothic, executed chiefly in white brick. The tower is rich, beau- tiful, and imposing ; not only a highly ornamental feature in itself, but imparting a sort of equilibrium to the entire composition, as, by breaking the long line of the front, it prevents it from appearing so low as it otherwise would, and gives positive loftiness to the centre. THE MAGDALEN HOSPITAL, Black friars road. Its object is the relief and re- formation of wretched outcasts from society. It was instituted through the benevolence of Mr.Douglas, in the year 1758, since which time more than two-thirds of the persons admitted to its benefits have been reconciled to their friends, or placed in respectable situations of life. Nearly five thousand unfortunate females, most of whom were under twenty years of age, have been restored to society and to the blessings of domestic peace, through the instrumentality of this laudable foundation. Persons desirous of visiting this building are admitted on applica- tion to the treasurer, or to the committee, who meet every Thursday. Service is performed in the chapel every Sunday morn- ing at a quarter after eleven, and in the evening at a quarter after six. A collection is made previously to ad- mission, the produce of which goes towards the mainte- nance of the institution. Few places of worship in Lon- don are more frequented. 192 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. THE FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM, Westminster bridge road, was instituted for the reception of destitute female orphans, by Sir John Field- ing, in the year 1758, since which period 2323 orphans have been sheltered and educated ; they are admitted between the ages of eight and ten, and, under a most ex- cellent system, they are fitted for respectable domestic ser- vants : they are taught the first four rules of arithmetic, writing, and all branches of useful needlework, until they attain the age of fourteen ; they are then placed in the duties of household work, taught washing, ironing, cook- ing, and every description of housework. After they at- tain the age of fifteen, they are apprenticed to private families as domestics. The establishment is at present in a most healthy condition, and has the full number of one hundred and sixty children. The asylum is open to visitors on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, between the hours of eleven and two o'clock, on other days by special order. This useful charity is supported by voluntary subscriptions, donations, &c. Divine service is performed in the chapel every Sunday. THE FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, Guilford street, was founded through the exertions of Captain Thomas Coram, in the year 1739, by royal charter, granted by George II., for the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted young children : they are not, however, as in some foreign establishments of a similar nature, received indiscriminately. Application must be made personally by the mother, who must be able to prove her previous good conduct, the desertion of the father, and also that the reception of the child, with the secresy observed, may be the means of restoring her to virtuous conduct and an honest livelihood. Private donations, liberal bequests, and endowments, constitute the absolute property of the foundation. The interest of this property, with the collections in the chapel, the pro- duce of the children's work, benefactions, legacies, rents, LONDON ORPHAN ASYLUM. 193 &c, produce an annual income of about <^ 10,000, which provides for the maintenance and education of about 460 children, nearly one-half of whom are reared in the country, from the tender age of one to five years, after which they are removed to town. The boys at fourteen, and the girls at fifteen years of age, are advantageously placed, by the care of the committee, with a view to their prospects. On leaving the hospital, their masters receive with them clothes, money, &c, at the discretion of the committee, to an amount not exceeding ten pounds. The edifice is spacious and convenient ; the chapel forms the centre : the east wing is appropriated to the girls, and the west to the boys ; and a good garden and an extensive play-ground complete the accommodations of the establishment. Divine service is performed every Sunday at eleven in the forenoon, and at seven in the evening. The hymns and anthems are performed in a scientific manner, and render the chapel very attractive to the neighbouring families. The organ was presented by Handel, who, for some years, performed his celebrated Messiah annually, for the benefit of the institution. The altar-piece, by West, is a noble work ; and, in dif- ferent parts of the building, paintings by Hogarth and other eminent artists are to be found in considerable num- bers. The hospital may be seen on Sundays and Mon- days, in the middle of the day. THE LONDON ORPHAN ASYLUM, Clapton, under the immediate patronage of her most gracious Majesty. Its object is to afford maintenance, instruction, and clothing, to destitute orphans of both sexes, of respectable parents, and to see them placed out in situations where they may have the prospect of an honest livelihood. Children are admitted from seven to eleven years of age. The present building, erected in 1825, is capable of accommodating nearly 400 inmates. It forms three sides of a quadrangle, the centre containing the dining rooms, and the wings being occupied by the sleeping apartments. In the middle is a chapel connected 194 DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. with the wings by a colonnade. Office, 10, St. Mary Axe. THE PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, London road, St. George's fields, instituted 1788, for the prevention of crime, by the admission of the off- spring of convicts, and for the reformation of criminal male children ; it consists of three distinct establishments — an extensive manufactory, a spacious female school, and a house of reform, separated from each other by walls of considerable height. The sons of convicts, not having themselves been criminal, are received at once into the manufactory, which is very extensive, containing, besides accommodation for 120 boys, workshops for carrying on trade; these are conducted by master workmen in the service of the society. The profits of the trades are car- ried to the account of the society, and a portion given as reward for the boys' earnings. The girls are brought up for domestic servants, in ad- dition to making their own clothing, shirts for the boys, &c, &c. Persons are allowed to visit the manufactory and schools. THE DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM, Kent road, is indebted for its origin to the humane feelings of the Rev. John Townshend, and the Rev. Henry Cox Mason, M.A., formerly rector of Bermondsey church. The building, erected in 1807, was enlarged in 1819, and made capable of receiving 200 children. It has since been greatly enlarged, and is now capable of receiving 300 pupils. The pupils are not admitted before the age of eight, nor after fourteen : they are taught to read, write, and cipher ; to comprehend the grammatical arrangement of words; and, in some cases, to articulate so as to be understood. The period for each pupil's stay in the asylum is five years, the whole of which time is oc- cupied in education. Upon a pupil's leaving the asylum, a small sum is granted by the committee towards an ap- prentice fee, when the parents or friends are not in a con- dition to assist in obtaining a trade for the child. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL. 195 ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, West Smithfield, founded by Rahere, in 1102, and incorporated in the reign of Henry VIII., in 1546, is a handsome and capacious edifice of stone, after the designs of Gibbs, surrounding a square, and situated between Christ's hospital and Smithfield, on the site of the ancient priory of St. Bartholomew. The principal entrance, in Smithfield, is through a large arch in a rustic basement, over which stands a statue of Henry VIII. Above is an interrupted semicircular pediment, on the segment of which recline two emblematical figures, representing Lameness and Sickness. The whole is surmounted by a triangular pediment, the tympanum of which is orna- mented with the royal arms. Indigent persons, maimed by accident, may be taken to this hospital at any hour of the day or night, without previous recommendation. Dis- eased persons are received on presenting a petition signed by a housekeeper. The interior arrangements are con- venient and ample ; the professional attendance is able, well divided, and abundant; the nurses and attendants kind, humane, and numerous ; and the greatest order and propriety reign throughout the whole. This institution affords an excellent practical school of medicine and sur- 196 st. thomas's hospital. gery for young men who " walk the hospitals." There is also a theatre, where lectures are delivered to the students by eminent practitioners. The grand staircase was painted gratuitously by Ho- garth ; the subjects very appropriate — The Good Sama- ritan ; the Pool of Bethesda ; Rahere (the founder) laying the first stone ; and a Sick Man carried on a bier attended by Monks. In the great hall is a portrait of Henry VIII. and another of Dr. Ratcliffe, who left ^200 per annum towards improving the diet and linen of the patients ; also a picture of St. Bartholomew, with the symbol of his martyrdom in his hand. One of the windows is illustrated by the representation of Henry VIII. delivering the charter to the Lord Mayor. The number of in-patients received in one year has been nearlv 5000. ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, Wellington street, Southwark, is another royal foundation, endowed for purposes similar to the pre- ceding. The edifice, built of brick, consists of four hand- some squares, the last of which was completed in 1 732. Though no estates appear to have been originally an- guy's hospital. 197 nexed to it, yet the bounty of the corporation of London and other benefactors has accumulated such a fund as will ensure its permanency, and extend its power of doing good. It contains nineteen wards, and 485 beds. The annual expenditure is ^10,000. Persons meeting with accidents are admitted here as at St. Bartholomew's hospital, at all hours, day and night. Diseased patients admitted by the recommendation of a governor. Admission days, Tuesdays, at ten o'clock. Considerable additions have recently been made, and are now making, to this hospital, which is being pulled down and rebuilt by degrees. GUY'S HOSPITAL, St. Thomas's street, South wark, founded in 1/21, is a noble testimony of the industry and humanity of one individual. Mr. Guy commenced business as a book- seller, in Cornhill, with a stock of about i?200 value : by proper attention to his trade, and some fortunate specula- tions in the South Sea scheme, he amassed a colossal fortune, which he finally devoted to humane purposes. Besides various charitable gifts and benefactions, he ex- gifts and benefactions, s 2 198 NEW BETHLEM HOSPITAL. pended ,£18,700 on the building of this hospital, and at his death endowed it with the munificent bequest of ,£219,499. It contains medical, anatomical, and operating theatres, a museum, a library, a laboratory, a collection of anatomical preparations (considered to be the finest in Eu- rope), with models in wax of diseases in the skin, by Mr. Towne. Twenty-two large wards, and upwards of 530 beds for in-patients; besides whom it relieves nearly 70,000 out-patients annually. The method of admission is by petition, to be presented every Wednesday. In the centre of the front area is a bronze statue of the founder, by Scheemakers, standing on a pedestal, the four sides of which are appropriately embellished. In the chapel, where service is performed daily, is another sta- tue, representing him holding out one hand to raise a recumbent figure, and pointing with the other to a se- cond, whom two persons are carrying into the hospital. It is finely executed by Bacon, at a cost of <£1,000. THE BETHLEM HOSPITAL, Lambeth, presents a noble exterior, nearly 700 feet in length, consisting of a centre and two wings. A lantern MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. 199 cupola rises from the middle of the building, four stories in height, and chiefly constructed with brick. In the hall are the celebrated statues by C. G. Cibber, representing Raving and Melancholy Madness, which formerly sur- mounted the piers of the gateway of the hospital in Moor- fields. This building cost upwards of 000. ST. GEORGE'S HOSPITAL, Hyde park corner, presents an imposing aspect. The grand front, facing the Green park, is 180 feet in length : in its centre is a vestibule, thirty feet high, surmounted by lofty pilasters. The theatre for the delivery of lec- tures is well adapted for hearing, and will accommodate 160 students : immediately adjoining it is the museum, containing a judiciously arranged assortment of anatomi- cal preparations. The entire edifice, which is three stories high, and from its situation remarkably airy, is faced with Roman cement, coloured, and pointed, to imitate stone. This hospital contains sixteen wards and 317 beds. It is from the designs of W. Wilkins, Esq., R A. THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, Charles street, Cavendish square, was instituted for the reception of the sick and lame, the relief of lying- in married women, and the supply of the indigent and 200 WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. labouring poor with advice, medicine, diet, and lodging, when incapable of supporting themselves and families. Two extensive wings have been added to the original building. In 1792, through the munificence of Samuel Whit- bread, Esq., an establishment was provided for patients afflicted with cancer, who are allowed to remain during their lives, unless they desire to be discharged. The hos- pital is capable of containing 300 patients : the average number in the hospital is about 230 — out-patients about 400. Lying-in women are attended at their homes. ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL, Grays-inn roa-d, instituted 1828, is patronized by her Majesty. The principle of this hospital is to receive all destitute sick and diseased persons, to whatever nation they may belong, who may choose to present themselves as out patients, and as great a number of in-patients as the state of the charity will permit. Previously to the founding of this hospital, there was no medical establish- ment in the metropolis, where the destitute stranger, when overtaken by sickness or disease, could find an asylum for his immediate reception. 20,754 patients have been under medical treatment during the last year ; and upwards of 100,000 patients have been relieved since the foundation of this valuable institution. It is supported by voluntary subscriptions. THE LONDON HOSPITAL, Whitechapel road, was established originally in 1740, and removed to its present healthy situation in 1759. The patients of this hospital are mostly sick and wounded seamen, watermen, and labourers employed in the Docks and on the various quays, or engaged among the shipping. THE WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey, under the patronage of her Majesty, is the oldest hospital sup- ported by voluntary subscriptions, and is open to the sick and needy from all parts. Instituted in 1719. Capable of containing above 200 patients. FEVER HOSPITAL. 201 THE CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL, Ktng William street, Strand, the first stone of which was laid by the Duke of Sussex, in 1831, is a charity subscription for general purposes of relief. The architect was Mr. Decimus Burton. This hospital owes its commencement to the meritorious exertions of Dr. B. Golding, who contemplated by its establishment the hitherto untried but very useful combination of a dis- pensary, for supplying attendance and medicine to the sick poor at their own homes, with an hospital for receiv- ing and providing with clean domestic comforts the more dangerous cases, as in-door patients. THE SMALL-POX HOSPITAL, King's Cross, was originally established by public sub- scription, and opened at a house in Windmill street, Tottenham court road, in 1746; and in 176*7 was removed to the present building, erected expressly for it. Its design is twofold ; first, to shelter and relieve those who have the misfortune to be attacked by the natural small pox, and secondly, to prevent that dreadful malady, by means of vaccination. In 1802, a part of the premises was appro- priated to the relief of patients labouring under typhus and scarlet fevers. The hospital is open, at all times, for the admission of patients ; and, by application to the re- sident surgeon or matron, the friends of poor persons so afflicted are informed in what manner to proceed. Every facility towards admission is given, especially to strangers arriving in London, and to those foreigners in distress who may chance to require the assistance of this charity. Vaccination is performed every morning from ten to one o'clock, gratuitously. THE LONDON FEVER HOSPITAL, King's Cross, adjoining the above, was established in 1802, for the cure and prevention of contagious fever in the metropolis, and is entirely supported by voluntary con- 202 HOSPITALS. tributions. It is capable of accommodating about 140 patients. All poor persons (not being paupers or domestic servants of non-subscribers) are admitted gratuitously at all hours. Governors' servants, when attacked with con- tagious fever, are also admitted gratuitously. A donation of ten guineas, or an annual subscription of one guinea, constitutes a governor. The Right Hon. the Earl of Devon is the present president of the institution. Hospital or Asylum for poor French Protest- ants and their descendants, by petition to the governor and directors, forms of which may be had of the steward at the hospital. Incorporated in 1718. Bath street, City road. Seamen's Hospital Society, instituted 1801 ; In- corporated 1833, for the relief of sick and diseased seamen of all nations in the port of London, who are received without any recommendation, on board the Dreadnought, moored off Greenwich. Admission daily, from nine to three ; accidents at all hours. Office, 74, King William street, City. Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. Admission without any order or recommendation, on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, by the surgeons, and every Wednesday by the assistant physician. Moorfields ; instituted 1805. Royal Sea Bathing Infirmary, for the benefit of the diseased poor. Patients admitted by recommendation of a governor, according to vacancies in the infirmary, and to the order of recommendation. Westbrook, near Margate, 1/94. London office, 16, Walbrook. Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye. Patients admitted on the recommendation of subscribers. Out-patients relieved without recommendation. Cork street, Burlington gardens. 1704. RoyalWestminster Ophthalmic Hospital. Out- patients admitted on their own application, and if thought necessary by the surgeons, are admitted as in-patients. Days of attendance, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, LYING-IN HOSPITALS. 203 from twelve to two o'clock; urgent cases at all hours. Instituted 1816. Chandos street, Charing Cross. Infirmary for Asthma, Consumption, and other diseases of the lungs. Patients admitted on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at twelve o'clock, by recommendation of subscribers. Established 1814. Ar- tillery street, Bishopsgate. University College Hospital, for the relief of the sick poor, and for the delivery of poor married women. Admission by governor's letter. In-patients, Tuesdays, at half past eleven ; out-patients every day, except Thursday, at twelve o'clock. Founded 1834. Gower street, north. King's College Hospital, for the sick poor. Ad- mission by governor's or subscriber's letter. Instituted 1839. Portugal street, Lincoln's inn fields. Royal Metropolitan Hospital, for sick children. Open daily at one o'clock ; no introduction or recommen- dation required. 11, Broad street, Golden square. Metropolitan Free Hospital, for the gratuitous relief of the sick poor, without letter or other introduction. Established 1836. 29, Carey street, Lincoln's inn fields. No description of distress is more extensively provided for than that which arises from the helpless condition of poor lying-in women. The establishments are numerous. In some of these the patients are amply provided with every comfort, whilst others provide medical attendance, medicine, and linen, gratuitously, to indigent females at their own houses. The following are the principal insti- tutions, but there are many others in different parts of the town. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S LYING-IN HOSPITAL, Lis son green, established in 1752, for married and unmarried females, is computed to have relieved upwards of 70,000 patients. THE BRITISH LYING-IN HOSPITAL, Brownlow street, established in 1749, has spread its kindly influence and relief far and wide. 204 DISPENSARIES. THE CITY OF LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL, City road, has relieved, since its establishment, in 1/50, upwards of 60,000 poor married women. GENERAL LYING-IN HOSPITAL, York road, Westminster bridge. An annual subscrip- tion of three guineas entitles the subscriber to recommend three in-patients, and three patients at their own habita- tions. THE LYING-IN INSTITUTION, Little Knight Rider street, is a society for the purpose of delivering poor married women at their own habitations. One guinea per annum, or a benefaction of ten guineas, constitutes a governor, who is privileged to recommend eight objects annually. During the first fifty years of this society's being established, the deliveries amounted to 178,913. DISPENSARIES. General Dispensary, for the relief of the poor at the institution and at their own homes. Patients admitted by governor's letter daily, at half past twelve. 36, Alders- gate street. Instituted 1/70. Westminster General Dispensary, for supply- ing advice and medicine to the poor. Patients admitted by subscriber's letter. Instituted 1774. 9, Gerrard street, Soho. London Dispensary, for supplying the poor with advice and medicine. Physicians attend Mondays, Tues- days, Thursdays, and Saturdays; surgeons, Mondays and Thursdays. Patients admitted by recommendation of a governor. Instituted 1777- 21, Church street, Spitalfields. Finsbury Dispensary, for administering advice and medicines to the poor at the dispensary, or at their own habitations, gratis. Patients admitted every day (except Sunday) before one o'clock, by letter of recommendation from a governor. Instituted 1 780. 36, Rosoman street, Clerkenwell. ALMSHOUSES. 205 ALMSHOUSES, For aged and infirm persons who have seen better days, are numerous in the metropolis and its vicinity. The following are among the most extensive. Morden College, Blackheath, erected and en- dowed in 1695, for the support of decayed merchants. The Haberdashers' Almshouses, or Aske's Hospital, Hoxton, maintains twenty poor members of the Haberdashers' Company, besides supporting and educating the same number of boys. Drapers' Almshouses, Greenwich, endowed by W. Lambarde, in 1576. The Drapers' Almshouses, Coopers' row, is the oldest establishment of this nature, and the building probably the most ancient in the city. The Trinity Company have endowed Almshouses in Mile end road, founded in 1695; they originally con- sisted of twenty-eight tenements, surrounding a quad- rangle, and appropriated to decayed commanders of ships, mates, or pilots, with their wives. Within these few years, several equally commodious tenements have been added. At Vauxhall is an establishment founded by the Dutch Ambassador, in 1662; its inmates are aged women of Lambeth parish. It is said to owe its origin to the con- trition of the Ambassador for an amour with a milk maid. East India Company's Almshouses, Poplar, for the widows of officers and seamen in the company's service. Edwards's Almshouses, Christ church, Sur- rey, were established in 1717. Emanuel Hospital, Tothill Fields, was founded by Lady Dacre, in 1661, for decayed inhabitants of St. John's Westminster. The Ironmongers' Almshouses, Kingsland road, comprise a chapel, fourteen houses, and a dwelling house for the chaplain. The establishment supports about forty persons and their families. 206 HOTELS, INNS, ETC. WHiTTiNGTON'sCoLLEGE,or Almshouses (founded as early as 1415, on College hill), are remarkable for their appearance and the salubrity of their present situation, at the bottom of Highgate hill. After passing the tunnel, they form the first striking feature on entering London from the north road. London Almshouses, Brixton, erected to com- memorate the passing of the Reform Bill in 1833. Watermen and Lightermen's Almshouses, for aged, maimed, and decayed watermen and lightermen, and their wives and widows, Penge, near Sydenham. Societies for the relief of every species of suffering are to be met with in all quarters, and every union, consisting of several parishes, is provided with a workhouse for the relief of its poor parishioners, who cannot find suf- ficient employment to provide for themselves and families. Of miscellaneous establishments too numerous to detail, one of the most deserving of mention is the " Refuge for the Destitute," in Hackney road, instituted in 1806, for the purpose of providing for persons discharged from prisons or the hulks, unfortunate and deserted females, and others who, from loss of character and extreme in- digence, can not, though willing to work, obtain an honest maintenance. HOTELS, INNS, LODGING AND COFFEE HOUSES. London abounds with every accommodation a stranger can*require, varying in price and kind as much as taste can wish. There are in the metropolis several hundred inns, hotels, and taverns, many of them magnificent, all of them more or less spacious and extensive establish- ments. The number of fashionable hotels, where every thing is on the highest scale of elegance and expense, is about thirty ; all situated at the west- end of the town. Mivart has two hotels ; one in Brook street, Grosvenor square, the other in Davies street, Berkeley square; Warren's hotel in Regent street ; Fenton's in St. James's street ; Limmer's in George street, Hanover square ; the Clarendon, both in New Bond street and Albemarle street; HOTELS, INNS, ETC. 20/ the Burlington, in Old Burlington street ; Wright's hotel, in Dover street, Piccadilly; Morley's hotel, Trafalgar square ; York hotel, and Radley's hotel, Bridge street, Blackfriars ; and several others. More scattered about London, are the commercial inns ; many of which, though not aspiring to the elegance of the fashionable hotels, are long-established and comfortable houses. Amongst those from which the mail-coaches run are the Golden Cross, at Charing Cross ; the Bolt-in-Tun, Fleet street ; the White Horse, Fetter lane ; the Bell and Crown, Holborn ; the Saracen's Head, Snow-hill; the Swan with two Necks, Lad lane ; the Spread Eagle, Gracechurch street ; the Belle Sauvage, Ludgate hill; and the Bull and Mouth, opposite the General Post-office, in St. Martin's-le- Grand. There are other inns in Piccadilly, Oxford street, Holborn, Leadenhall street, Aldgate, Whitechapel, &c, which, though not running mail-coaches, are coach-establish- ments ; and many others which are eminent as waggon- inns. — Some of the taverns are well known, as connected with political, charitable, or festive meetings ; as the Lon- don tavern, in Bishopsgate street ; the Albion, in Alders- gate street ; the Crown and Anchor, in the Strand ; the Freemasons' Tavern, in Great Queen street, Lincoln's inn fields; the British Coffee-house and Tavern, in Cockspur street ; the London Coffee-house and Tavern, on Ludgate hill ; the Cocoa Tree, in St. James's street, &c. On the other hand, Lloyd's Coffee-house, 80|, Bishops- gate street, and Garra way's, 'Change alley, are associated with marine intelligence, underwriters, stock-jobbing, and auctions ; the Chapter Coffee-house, in Paternoster row, St. Paul's, is much dedicated to the business of book- sellers; and Peele's, in Fleet street, and Deacon's, in Walbrook, are sought for by those who wish to consult numerous files of newspapers of every description. It would be impossible to state any precise scale of charges at these establishments, as they vary much according to situation and style. At some of the hotels in the City, at a charge of 6s. per day, strangers are pro- vided with every comfort a reasonable man can desire — 20S FURNISHED LODGINGS. good bed, use of coffee-room, dinner, breakfast, and supper. At an inn or hotel, the best plan is to call for your bill on the first day after your arrival, and decide according to your own judgment. Wines of every kind and quality are generally charged according to a printed list, which the waiter will supply on demand. BOARD AND LODGING HOUSES Vary generally from one to three guineas per week for each person. Some are to be found at the moderate charge of one pound in the city, where they have been opened for the accommodation of young gentlemen having situations in the bank and other commercial establishments, public or private, and where comfort is found combined with economy. At the western end of the town such houses are prepared for the accommodation of gentlemen visiting London for pleasure, members of parliament, public functionaries, &c, and are proportion- ably higher, varying from 1/. lis. 6d. to four pounds per week. The society is agreeable, and for single persons, being strangers, offers the pleasantest species of retreat in London. The recommendation of a friend is the best criterion by which to form a judgment ; but should that not be convenient, the trial of one, if unsatisfactory, need not last beyond a week. For the accommodation of persons who visit London for a few days only, and who wish to avoid the expense and bustle of an inn, there are lodging-houses, perfectly respectable in character, where gentlemen may sleep at so much per night, and have their breakfast, and such other meals or refreshments as they may choose, on very moderate terms. FURNISHED LODGINGS Are to be found all over London, varying from 12s. to five guineas per week, for bed room and sitting room on a first floor, in which is included the requisite attendance necessary for breakfast, tea, and the keeping the apart- ments in proper order. Single gentlemen are generally CIGAR DIVANS. 209 expected to dine out ; but arrangements may be made to dine at home, should they prefer it, at a trifling additional charge. It is advisable to be explicit as to what may be expected ; and, should the parties fail to fulfil their pro- mises, a week may be the extent of the disappointment. DINING ROOMS AND COFFEE HOUSES Have of late years so much increased, that there are now considered to be about two hundred and fifty of the former, and three hundred of the latter, that are not licensed to sell spirituous liquors. They are very conve- nient for persons in business, or strangers whose division of time is not fixed. Tea and coffee, with the necessary appendages to form a breakfast, may be had in comfort for Is. or Is. 6d., with meat. Dinners are to be procured at all hours from one to six, the bill of fare varied and abundant. The persons attending are generally females, who, instead of receiving remuneration from the respective proprietors for their services, generally pay a weekly sum for the privilege of waiting, as it is the practice of persons dining to bestow a donation over the amount of their bill as a compliment for their attendance : one penny is the usual sum, but liberality may increase it at will. Each room is supplied with the daily papers, and some also with pamphlets and magazines. The coffee houses have generally a variety of periodical literature for the amuse- ment of visitors. CIGAR DIVANS. Of these lounges, the principal are : — at No. 101, Strand, and 42, King street, Covent Garden. The first of these consists of a long room, formerly the Repository of Arts, fitted up in a style of oriental taste, which, when lighted, is very brilliant ; large looking-glasses decorate each end of the room ; the walls present tasteful scenes and land- scapes ; the furniture, consisting of ottomans and couches, covered with leather. On the tables are scattered the leading journals of Europe, with chess, draughts, &c. t 2 210 BATHS. Entrance one shilling, which entitles the party to a cup of coffee and a cigar. Others, though less luxurious, are much upon the same principle. BATHS, Though pretty numerous, are, for the most part, in re- tired situations ; we shall therefore give a list of the prin- cipal, in all of which the convenience of the visitor is consulted, and every attention is bestowed. St. Agnes le clair, Old street road, is a medicinal spring of consider- able efficacy in rheumatic and nervous cases. 14, Bath street, Newgate- street. Fenton's hotel, St. James's street. 25, Cold bath square. 56, Coram street, Woburn place. CulverwelTs, No. 5, New Broad street. George street, Adelphi. C. Whitlaw's, medical vapour baths, 30, Argyle street, Regent street. Metropolitan swimming baths, cold and tepid, Shepherdess walk, City road. National baths, Westminster bridge road. Peerless Pool, City road, the most commodious bathing establish- ment in the Metropolis. 23, Queen's row, Pentonville. 75, Harley street, Cavendish square. 34, St. Mary axe. The Hummums, Covent garden. Suffolk place, Pall mall, a very complete establishment of warm, cold, shower, vapour, and general medicated baths. St. Chad's wells, Gray's inn lane road. National Baths, 218, High Holborn. Oxford street, 72 ; — portable bath company. Waterloo bridge road, swimming baths. Albany baths, York road, Lambeth. York baths, New road, near the Regent's park. Single baths, cold fresh water, is. Od. Sea water, 3s. 6d. , warm do. do 3 6 , 7 6 Plunging and swimming baths, from sixpence to one shilling. These are the general charges for single baths ; but by subscribing for a quarter or longer, the expense of each is less on the average. Floating baths are also upon the river, between the bridges, for the accommodation of those who prefer a current of water. CAUTIONS TO STRANGERS. 211 CAUTIONS TO STRANGERS. Strangers cannot be too careful in avoiding the snares and practices of professed sharpers, swindlers, prostitutes, and pickpockets, who are prowling about in all directions to entrap the unwary : discretion and resolution will be frequently called upon, and woe to them in whom they are found wanting. Thousands of the frail sisterhood are distributed through the metropolis, offering as many temptations to sin as danced before the spirit of St. Anthony. Crowds should be avoided, as in many cases they are purposely excited to afford pickpockets an opportunity to practise their nefarious art. Cigar, tea, and brandy smugglers should be peremp- torily shunned ; they offer great bargains as an induce- ment to a stranger to accompany them to their haunts, where robbery and ill treatment may terminate the trans- action. In some cases, the smuggler himself has laid the information against his credulous purchaser. Mock auctions are another species of imposition that cannot be too severely condemned : they are generally held in public situations, where the goods and puffers are within sight and hearing of the passers by. The holder- forth is always expert in the art of gaining attention. Persons, purposely present, seem to catch at each suc- ceeding bargain, till, confidence being excited, the un- initiated stranger falls a prey to the grossest imposition. Ring droppers are still met with, though not fre- quently : they are persons provided with some showy but worthless piece of jewellery, who, watching their oppor- tunity, stoop and pretend to pick it up near the person of one likely to prove a victim. They cleverly feign surprise and satisfaction at their good fortune, appear to have a very slight knowledge of its value, too much humility themselves to wear it, and generously offer to resign their chance for some small sum, much below its apparent, but greatly beyond its real value. On the subject of gambling no advice need here be 212 MARKETS AND SUPPLIES. given ; its baneful effects are well known, and its avoid- ance justly forms a branch of moral education. Gaming houses are numerous ; some of which hold forth inducements to young men who are resolutely bent on abstaining from play ; such as balls, suppers, &c, to which are invited females of prepossessing appearances but doubtful characters, the most dangerous company into which a young man in the spring of life can be in- troduced. The consequences of time, place, and associ- ation, may be readily supposed to be an abandonment of the best resolutions and a dereliction of duty, which may expose the unhappy sufferer to years of vice and misery. Write in your tablets, in letters of gold, that wholesome maxim — " Avoid temptation." MARKETS AND SUPPLIES. London is perhaps better supplied with every article of domestic consumption than any other town in England, both as to quality and quantity ; consequently, provisions are almost as cheap in the heart of the metropolis, as in those towns more nearly surrounded by the productions. This supply is much increased by means of steam vessels from Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent. Considering the amazing extent of surface which London itself occu- pies, the large portion of its environs devoted to rural dwellings, and the absence of all productive cultivation for miles around, the stranger might be inclined to ask whether the inhabitants are averse to the wholesome luxuries of fruit and vegetables ; whether milk be an article known amongst them ; and whether horses are ever in- dulged with their natural food. But, in truth, these arti- cles are in the greatest abundance, and at very reasonable prices ; while, at the same time, nine-tenths of the inha- bitants have not the least conception whence they spring. The market-gardener, at some miles' distance, toils the whole day in rearing the sources of his support, and at night-fall loads his cart, and wends his way to town, EGGS, BUTTER, AND CHEESE. 213 where he arrives in time to unload, dispose of his goods, mostly by contract, and retrace his way homeward before the bustle of the day begins. The lazy Londoner, rising at eight or nine o'clock, is in the daily habit of seeing the market well stocked with a fresh succession of vegeta- bles, without inquiring whether they have grown there, or dropped from the moon. 10,000 acres of ground, oc- cupied in kitchen gardens, would not suffice for the con- sumption of London, did not art lend its assistance, and ingenuity prompt measures to render the soil as pro- ductive as nature could allow. MILK. The Metropolis is supplied with milk by upwards of 11,000 cows, supposed to yield a daily average of eight quarts each, making a total of 8,030,000 gallons annually. This is sold by contract to the retail dealers at an average of Is. lOd. per "barn gallon/' (8qts.) making a sum of upwards of ,€736,500. It is supposed that the charge to the consumers for milk is more than one million annually. It is conveyed round town in tin pails, by men who go their rounds twice a day. Dairies are also situated in different parts of the town, where good milk may be had. It is chiefly brought to these dairies in large pails, placed on spring carts. ECCS, BUTTER, AND CHEESE. Eggs are a favourite article of consumption; and they may be had fresh laid at all the dairies ; some, the late produce of the neighbouring farms, principally of the cow-keepers in the vicinity. Great quantities are brought from distant seaport towns on the coast, and some from France, Belgium, and Holland. Ireland also sends over hundreds of crates annually; yet, notwithstanding the distance whence they come, and their being rather brittle and subject to spoliage, they are often retailed as low as 6d. per dozen, and seldom reach more than Is. 6d. At the scarcest times of the year, as Easter and Christmas, the consumption is incredible. 214 FISH. The annual consumption of butter is estimated at 40,000,000 lbs., and 38,000,000 lbs. of cheese, the largest portion of each being the produce of our inland counties, and the remainder imported from Ireland, Holland, and other places. Butter varies in price from \0d. to Is. 6d. retail, and cheese from 4d. to Is. BREAD, MEAT, AND POULTRY. About 1,500,000 quarters of wheat per annum supply the inhabitants of London with bread and flour. Poultry, being at times of high price, are attainable but by the more wealthy ; but the meat market is well supplied at a reasonable price. Large quantities of meat arrive in London ready slaughtered, not only in the steam vessels from Scotland and Ireland, but in carts from the adjoin- ing counties. This quantity is increasing, and may be estimated at one-eighth of the whole consumption. The completion of different railroads will constitute a medium of still further increase. It may be worth while to remark, that, about the year 1 /00, the average weight of the oxen sold in the London market was 370 lbs. ; of calves, 50 lbs. ; of sheep, 28 lbs.; and of lambs, 18 lbs.; the present average weight is, of oxen, 800 lbs. ; of calves, 140 lbs. ; of sheep, 80 lbs. ; and of lambs, 40 lbs. The hogs reared for the London markets are mostly kept by the malt distillers, who feed them on grains, and thus produce fine meat. The poultry consumed in the Metropolis are estimated to amount annually to ^90,000 ; and to this must be added game, pigeons, rabbits, &c, which amount to as much in price, though the supply is less in quantity than the product of the farm-yard. FISH. The situation of London, placed on its beautiful river, enables the fish markets to be well supplied. The supply of the Metropolis is confined to two wholesale markets, NURSERY GROUNDS. 215 Billingsgate and Hungerford, and the rivalry has been advantageous to the public. Spring vans are employed between London, Margate, and Dover, for the purpose of conveying fresh fish by land. They travel at the rate of eight miles per hour, and keep up a certain supply for the tables of the great and the demands of the hotels. Salmon from the Tay and the Tweed arrive in large cargoes, almost as fresh as when drawn from the river. The following is a division of 120,000 tons of fish brought to Billingsgate in a year : — Fresh Salmon 45,446 Turbot 87,558 Cod 447,138 Herring 3,366,400 Maid, Plaice, Skate, Sprat, and Sole (bush.) . . 1 15,215 Haddock 90,604 Mackarel 482,492 Lobster 3,076,700 Whiting 1,954,600 Eel , . ..(cwt.) 1,500 Crab , 500,000 The quantity of spirits and compounds consumed in London of late years, is supposed to amount to 15,000,000 gallons, of which by far the largest portion is gin : Scotch and Irish whiskey, with rum and brandy, make up the total. Porter and ale form the chief beverage of the working order, and are more or less consumed by all classes. The coal brought up the river for the consumption of the Metropolis, amounts to above 3,000,000 tons. NURSERY GROUNDS, To gratify the growing refinement of taste, may be men- tioned here, as furnishing a portion of the supplies ; since flowers of fragrance, and plants of rarity and beauty, are much in demand. The principal nursery grounds are Loddiges, Hackney ; Low, Clapton ; Knight, King's road ; Adams, King's road, Chelsea ; Milne, Newington ; Chandler, Vauxhall ; the owners of which spare neither pains nor expense in collecting the greatest variety of the choicest plants, shrubs, &c, from all quarters of the globe. They are reared in numerous places in the immediate vicinity of the Metropolis, where our native gardeners have attained such celebrity for the cultivation of exotics. 2U) FARRINGDON MARKET. that we are enabled to command a considerable export trade in them to various parts of Europe. Many of the suburban florists will supply residents, who are fond of flowers, by the year, exchanging them as they go out of bloom or become sickly. MARKETS. Smithfield Market is the great metropolitan mart for the sale of cattle, &c, which are brought from all parts of the country. The present extensive steam com- munication by rail-roads and steam vessels has opened new facilities for supplying London with cattle. The fol- lowing average number of cattle are annually brought to this market: — Sheep and lambs, 1,350,000; calves, 25,000; pigs, 450,000; oxen, 180,000. Market days for cattle, Monday and Friday — and on Friday afternoon for the sale of horses. For hay and straw, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. A large market, commodious, and re- plete with convenience, was some time since finished at Islington, near Ball's pond : it was open, for a short time ; but, being opposed by the great dealers, it soon completely failed. LEADENHALL AND NEWGATE MARKETS, In streets of the same name, are the principal places in London for the sale of country-killed meat and hides. Retail butchers, who have no slaughter houses, purchase the carcasses entire at these markets, where families are also accommodated with joints. These markets are like- wise well supplied with poultry, fresh butter, eggs, &c. Leadenhall is a great skin market ; to which trade, another at Bermondsey has recently been appropriated. FARRINGDON MARKET, Farringdon street, is a dark, inconvenient structure, erected for the sale of meat, fruit, and vegetables, instead of the old Fleet market, which was removed for the pur- pose of throwing open Farringdon street. This market occupies a space of an acre and a half. A roofed avenue, COVENT GARDEN MARKET. 217 with shops on each side, extends ronnd three sides of a quadrangle, and embraces a square, partly covered, and terminated bv an iron railing, with gates for the entrance of wagons. There are entrances to the market on three of the sides. COVENT GARDEN MARKET Is in the centre of the Metropolis, for fruit, flowers, shrubs, seeds, and vegetables ; it was re-constructed from designs by Mr. Fowler, at a cost of ,€50,000. It consists of three sides of a quadrangle, with a Doric colonnade running round it, supported by granite pillars. The wings have shops towards the square, and others looking towards the open market. In the centre, facing Great Russell street, runs a line of buildings collateral with the wings ; these are roofed in, and form a passage, with shops on each side, through to St. Paul's church. Over the build- ings are two conservatories, stocked with choice plants and flowers; they are approached by a flight of steps, from each corner of the wings. The present market was built at the expense of the Duke of Bedford, on whose estate it stands; its yearly returns are nearly €15,000. u 218 HUNGERFORD MARKET. BILLINCSCATE, At the western extremity of the Custom house, is the principal fish market for the Metropolis. The fishing smacks moor alongside the market, where they dispose of their cargoes. The business of this place is generally commenced and terminated early in the morning. The female dealers are celebrated for a peculiar volubility of tongue, and a strange choice of expressions, which, how- ever, are kept in tolerable order by the clerk of the market. HUNGERFORD MARKET Has been completed, on a magnificent scale, from the designs and under the superintendence of Mr. C. Fowler. The part next the river is appropriated to the sale of fish and vegetables, and is below the level of the general market, with which it communicates by a flight of broad stone steps. The upper part of the market consists of a nave and two aisles, the whole roofed in, the centre roof rising above the other parts, and supported by open arches, for the better supply of light and air. From the Hungerford wharf numerous steam-boats arrive and de- part every quarter of the hour during the season, for the FAIRS. 219 various places up and down the river. The Hungerford and Lambeth suspension foot bridge is now being rapidly formed. FINSBURY, NEWPORT, AND BOROUGH MARKETS, Are severally supplied with the necessary variety for do- mestic purposes — meat, vegetables, butter, eggs, fowls, &c. The principal market for hay and straw, for many years, disgraced the neighbourhood of Pali Mall; but it has been removed to Cumberland market, in the vicinity of the Regent's park. There are also markets for these com- modities at Paddington, Smithfield, Southwark, White- chapel, &c. Besides the markets already enumerated, others are held weekly in Middlesex: at Barnet, on Monday; South- all, on Wednesday; Uxbridge, Hounslow, Brentford, and Edgware, on Thursday ; Staines, on Friday ; and Enfield, on Saturday. At Hounslow, there is generally a fine show of fat cattle ; and those not disposed of are sent to London. Distance from a market, however, need not cause dis- appointment in obtaining any thing required ; shops for the sale of every consumable article being opened in all parts of London, where, generally, the best goods are to be found. FAIRS In and near London. Fairs or markets are appointed to be held at stated places on certain days. These fairs, which are arranged so as not to interfere with each other, are generally established for the sale of every species of commodities, and are attended with various kinds of amusement, which some might term vulgar merriment. The queen appoints both time and place for holding these fairs or markets, the charter of establishment specifying the duration of each, beyond which time it is held illegal to continue it. The principal fans held in London and its immediate vicinity are — Greenwich, three days at Easter, and three at Whitsuntide Battersea, ditto ditto Barnet, three days, Sept. 4th 220 WATER. Brentford, three days, from 2d or 3d of May Ham common, ditto ditto Twickenham, two days, Holy Thursday, and day following Ealing green, threedays, June 24th Wandsworth, ditto July 1st Isleworth, two days, ditto Fairlop, one day, First Friday in July Chiswick, three days, July 15th Bromley, two days, August 5th Mitcham, three days, 12th Camberwell ditto 18th Deptford, three days, Trinity Monday Bartholomew, four days, September 3d Enfield, three days, 23d Northall, one day, 27th Twickenham, two days, 29th Croydon, three days, October 2d Charlton Horn fair, three days, 1 8th Greenwich fairs are perhaps the best deserving a visit. The situation, the steam-boats down the river, and con- veyance by the railroads from London bridge, or by the Blackwall railway, and various local attractions, induce the attendance of a greater numbers of a more respect- able class. The sports on the hill are highly amusing. SUPPLY OF WATER. Notwithstanding the extent and irregular shape and surface of this vast Metropolis, there is not a city in the world so amply and well provided with this important necessary of domestic life. The works by which it is obtained and distributed have been erected by companies, and are numerous and curious. The water is conveyed by means of cast-iron pipes, which run beneath the surface of the streets, and smaller pipes, communicating with the main, carry it into each house. The companies supplying it are : the New River, Chelsea, Grand Junction, West Middlesex, East London, South London, Lambeth, and Southwark. The first attempt to supply London with water, by means superior to those of conduits, pumps, &c, was made by Peter Morrys, a Dutchman, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He contracted with the corporation to raise water by an engine, to be erected in an arch of London bridge, and to send it through pipes into the city. GAS. 221 Four arches of the bridge were successively assigned to him and his descendants for the purpose ; and the London bridge water-works were in existence and operation till within these few years, not having been removed till the old bridge was taken down. To increase its force, the water is raised, by means of steam engines, above the level of the reservoirs, whence it is propelled into the upper stories of many houses. The houses supplied by these companies pay a yearly sum for the accommodation. In the winter season, during hard frosts, great precautions are used to prevent the water from freezing in the smaller pipes. This general distribution of water through all the streets of London is, moreover, often the salvation of many lives and much property. In case of fire, large bodies of water may be raised into the street to supply the fire engines. Boards at certain places mark the precise spot where the fire plugs may be found, so as to prevent loss of time. Besides this supply of water, which is mostly intended for domestic and culinary purposes, pumps are erected in convenient stations all through the town, supplied from springs, some of which are at immense depths. Aldgate pump, St. Bride's pump, known in ancient days as the holy well of St. Bride, and St. Bartholomew's pump, are celebrated for the exquisite purity of their water. It is strong and clear, and, in the height of summer, icy cold. CAS-BUDE LIGHT, Being naturally light and volatile, and readily flying to any opening prepared for it, has, within a very short time, been distributed in all directions. The mains and pipes for conveying the gas from the different companies' works, through each street and into many of the houses, are upon the same principles as the water conductors. The street lamps are all supplied with this gas, which is also burnt in most of the shops, warehouses, and counting houses, and even in the halls and kitchens of many pri- vate houses. Its light is clear, strong, and free from dirt; it occasions little trouble, and its only defect (smoke) u2 222 FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES. may, with slight attention, be avoided. Many thousand tons of coal are consumed annually in making gas. The principal companies are : the City of London — the Lon- don — the Imperial — the Chartered — the Equitable — the Phoenix — the South Metropolitan — the British — the In- dependent. The improved Bude Light, which is a new mode of burning common coal gas, is now coming into general use, and will remove the objections to the introduction of gas into private apartments. It is already used in the House of Commons, several churches, &c. FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES Are establishments of great wealth and greater utility. They are carried on in buildings on a splendid scale, erected expressly for them, in various parts of the Metro- polis, but principally in the City ; and are conducted by directors, chosen from among the shareholders. Their capitals are large enough to cover any engagement they may make. Their business is to insure (for a trifling per centage) against any loss by fire, and to grant annuities, or to insure a payment of a certain sum on the death of any given individual. The first of these institutions (the Hand in Hand) was founded as a fire office in 1696. The absolute expense of insurance, which at present is not very heavy, would be comparatively trifling, were it not for a Government duty levied upon each policy. The tax of one year upon the London fire offices alone has amounted to upwards of ^655,382. The principal offices are : the Hand in Hand — the Equitable — the Globe — the Phoenix — the Royal Exchange — and the Sun. What may be termed the Fire Police of the Metropolis has lately been much improved. To obviate a variety of evils, resulting from the former imperfect system, a London Fire Brigade has been organized, and is sup- ported at the expense of all the offices, with the exception of the County and West of England. This establishment is embodied under the direction of a superintendent, with foremen and engineers under him, appointed to certain PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 223 stations, where there is constant attendance day and night. The men are clothed in a uniform of dark grey, with their numbers in red on their left breasts. They wear strong leather helmets on their heads, which are serviceable in protecting them from accidents occasioned by the falling of walls, &c. SAVINGS' BANKS, Which owe their origin to the perseverance of Sir George Rose, are under the sanction of parliament, and have been very successful. There are at present, in dif- ferent parts of Great Britain, about 451 of these banks, where the poor may deposit their savings and derive a benefit from them. Deposits are received from one shil- ling upwards, but are not entitled to interest till they reach one pound sterling ; if withdrawn before they have been in one month, they are not entitled to any interest. Notice of withdrawal must be given a week before hand. According to the latest returns, the sum invested in these banks, in England alone, amounted to nearly £1 7,000,000 PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. NEWGATE, Old Bailey, the general criminal prison for the city and county, is of great antiquity, being mentioned as a re- 224 PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. ceptacle for prisoners as far back as the year 1218. It underwent alterations in the commencement of the fifteenth century, and was afterwards rebuilt with greater strength and convenience, extending over Newgate street, with a gate and postern beneath it. It was taken down in 1777, and a new and more solid structure raised on the present site, still bearing the original name, and con- sisting of two wings, with the keeper's house as the centre. During the riots of 1780, the interior was burnt by the mob, but it was speedily restored. The plan of the prison is quadrangular. The untried prisoners are kept separate from the tried, and the young from the old. It was built originally without sleeping cells for separate confinement, except the condemned cells ; the number of night rooms is 33, in each of which there are at night from 15 to 30 persons; the number of day rooms, or wards, is 10; 129 sleeping cells might be got by dividing these large rooms, but 462 additional cells would still be want- ing, for which the prison affords no space. In the portion adjoining Newgate street are the condemned cells, in which persons under sentence of death are confined. They are narrow and dark, with a small grated aperture in each, receiving light from the court in which the criminals are permitted to walk during the day. The prisoners against whom sentence of death is recorded sleep on a mat in these cells during the night. The number of prisoners under confinement varies according to circumstances ; it has sometimes amounted to upwards of 800, though about 400 is computed to be the most it should at any time contain. Great and important improvements have re- cently been made, and others are yet in progress, in the arrangements and discipline of the prison. Here is a neat chapel, where the ordinary of Newgate reads prayers twice on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, preaches every Sunday morning, reads private prayers with those under sentence of death on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and after the report attends criminals twice a day, and on the morning of execution. The City allowance to the pri- soners is fourteen ounces of bread per day, and two PRISONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 225 pounds of meat without bone per week. A fund was raised in 1807, to afford an allowance of potatoes and other necessaries to all the poor prisoners and their families; and boxes have been put up at all the doors, inviting benevolent contributions with a view to add to the means of the above fund. Strangers wishing to view this or other prisons of the Metropolis, will obtain admittance on procuring an order from the sheriffs, or other official persons. Formerly, the sessions for the trial of prisoners at the Old Bailey used to be held eight times a year. These sittings were found insufficient in number. There were irregularities, too, in the jurisdiction of the court. A person committing an offence on the Middlesex side of the river, on being committed to Newgate, would probably be tried in five or six weeks ; but if he crossed the water, and committed the offence at Lambeth or at Greenwich, he would be transferred to the Surrey or Kent assizes, and might lie in prison five or six months before trial. The Middlesex grand juries were assembled at the county sessions house in Clerkenwell, and there were frequent delays in the finding the bills of indictment, and sending them up to the Old Bailey. To remedy these inconve- niences, an Act was passed in 1834, establishing a " Central Criminal Court." The jurisdiction of this court extends to all places within ten miles of St. Paul's, and thus, besides Middlesex, runs' into three counties, Surrey, Kent, and Essex. It has also an Admiralty juris- diction, by which offences committed on the high seas can be tried in it. The lord mayor, the aldermen, the re- corder and common serjeant of the corporation, and the judges of the land, are the judges in this court ; the sessions of which are held once a month at the Old Bailey, and generally last from five to six days or more. In the Old Bailey there are two court-rooms, termed the Old and the New Courts, in which, during the ses- sions, the trials are carried on. The Old Court is the one in which the queen's judges sit, and in which all the 226 GILTSPUR STREET COMPTER. more serious crimes are tried. When the business is not of such a nature as to require the presence of the superior judges, the city judges (recorder, common serjeant, &c.) sit in the Old Court ; but on the arrival of the queen's judges (one, two, or three of whom attend each session) they retire to the New Court, and try the lighter kinds of offences. During the greater part of the session the grand jury are busily employed in investigating the grounds on which accused persons are committed ; so that, at the Old Bailey, there are three court-rooms, in which judicial in- vestigations are going on during each monthly sitting of the Central Criminal Court. The Old Court is an oblong room; along one side is ranged the bench, the central seat of which is an arm-chair, having a canopy over it, like the sounding-board of a pulpit : under this canopy, on the crimson lining of the wall, is fixed the sheathed sword of justice. To the right of the bench is the jury box ; and facing the bench is the dock, the front of which is technically termed the bar, into which the prisoners are brought. Round a table in the centre of the room sit the counsel in their official costume. The accommodation for an audience in the court is much confined. A slight fee to the doorkeeper will admit a stranger to hear the trials. GILTSPUR STREET COMPTER, Is a brick building, with the front cased with rustic stone work, designed by Mr. Dance. It is under the regula- tions of City prisons, and appropriated to persons com- mitted before trial or further examination. There are nine wards, so arranged as to be capable of dividing pri- soners into as many classes. Night charges originating in the city are received here. It is perhaps the neatest and most conveniently arranged of all places of detention in London. Each prisoner has a bed, stuffed with straw, and two or three rugs, according to the weather. All the rooms are accommodated with fire places ; and there are warm and cold baths, of which prisoners may have the benefit when necessary. uueen's PRISON. 22/ DEBTORS' PRISON, Whitecross street, was built between 1813 and 1815, for the exclusive reception of debtors, who had previously been crowded together with criminals and malefactors in Newgate and the Compter. The accommodations exceed those formerly possessed by this class of prisoners, though the area is still far too much contracted. It is built on the site of the old Peacock brewhouse. The first stone was laid by Alderman Wood. The building is calculated to contain 400 prisoners. QUEEN'S PRISON, Southwark, is of great though uncertain antiquity. It is employed as a place of confinement for debtors, and those sentenced by the Court of Queen's Bench to suffer imprisonment for libels and other misdemeanors. The building, consisting of 224 rooms or apartments, is surrounded by a brick wall 50 feet high, surmounted by a chevaux de frize. Within the walls are several pumps of pure spring water. The number of persons passing to and fro, or engaged in various amusements, give an appearance diametrically opposite to what might be expected from a place of incarceration. Debtors were allowed to purchase what were called "the rules/' which enabled them to have houses or lodgings outside the walls, within a pre- scribed area of about three miles in circumference. These liberties were purchaseable at so much per cent, on the amount of the debts, and good security to the governor. Day rules could also be obtained in term time, permitting the party to go out on certain conditions. These advantages rendered the Queen's Bench the most desirable debtor's prison in England ; for which reason, persons in different prisons of the kingdom, occasionally removed themselves hither by writs of Habeas Corpus. Persons enjoying the rules sometimes lived in luxury for years in defiance of their creditors; while in other cases large properties were thus preserved to their innocent heirs. By a late Act of Parliament these privileges were con- 228 THE NEW PRISON. siderably abridged and altered ; and the two other prisons — The Fleet and The Marshalsea — incorporated with this establishment, under the designation of "The Queen's Prison." THE MIDDLESEX HOUSE OF CORRECTION, Cold Bath fields, was built on a plan recommended by Howard, and may be considered both in construction and discipline as an experiment, on severe principles, to correct and reform convicted felons and hardened of- fenders. It cost the county of Middlesex between <£70,000 and ,£80,000 : its yearly expenses are about ,€20,000. It was first opened in 1 794, and was then designed as a kind of bridewell, but with suitable accommodations for crimi- nals. On entering, the governor's house is on the right hand, standing in the middle of a large area; on the left are workshops ; and farther on is the office in which the business of the prison is transacted, and a committee room, with perhaps the best chapel belonging to any prison in the Metropolis. The cells are 520 in number, each of them about eight feet three inches long, and six feet three inches wide. There are nearly twenty tread- mills erected here for the punishment of prisoners sen- tenced to hard labour. TOTHILL FIELDS BRIDEWELL Is a capacious and well-designed prison, to which the magistrates of Westminster, in general, commit provi- sionally for imputed crimes ; and it is also a receptacle for thieves and vagrants. It was rebuilt in 1831, after the designs of Robert Abrahams, Esq. the new prison, Clerkenwell, occupies a considerable area between St. James's walk and Corporation row. The different wards are large and convenient, and the prisoners are properly classed. A neat chapel and school room are added to the whole. THE PENITENTIARY. 229 THE SURREY COUNTY CAOL, Horsemonger lane, is a large strong building, sur- rounded by a high wall; it is for the confinement of felons and debtors. The keeper's house is on the west side of the building. Criminals sentenced to death are executed on the top of the prison. BRIDEWELL, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, is a house of correction for dissolute persons, and idle apprentices com- mitted by the chamberlain of the city, and for the tempo- rary maintenance of distressed vagrants, till they can be passed to the place of their settlement. The building consists of a large quadrangle, one side of which is occu- pied by a spacious hall, in which is a picture by Holbein, representing the presentation of the charter of the hospital to the corporation of London by King Edward, arid some other paintings. The house of the super- intendents, and the prison, occupy the remaining sides of the square. A building, called the house of occupations, forming a branch of this establishment, was erected, a few years since, in St. George's fields. the penitentiary, Millbank, chiefly for the punishment, employment, and reformation of offenders, formerly punished by transpor- tation. The external wall encloses no less than eighteen acres of ground, in the centre of which stands a large chapel, with an infirmary and other conveniences. Punish- ment and reformation are sought through the operation of labour, and religious instruction. The whole is under the management of a committee, appointed by the Queen in Council. To see the interior, it is necessary to procure an order from the Secretary of State for the Home Department. 230 THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC. PENTONVILLE PRISON, On the Caledonian road, leading from King's cross to Holloway, was built by order of Government, under the superintendence of Major Jebb, Royal Engineers, for the purpose of carrying into effect the separate system of prison discipline, and likewise as a model for the construc- tion of other prisons. It occupies about seven acres of ground, and is calculated to hold 520 prisoners. It is enclosed within a boundary wall, and comprises the follow- ing distinct features : — an entrance building, central hall and connecting passages, four wings containing the cells, besides houses, &c, for the officers of the prison. The central hall and corridors that radiate from it through the prison wings, are open from the floor to the roof; the cells being arranged on each side of the corridors, the doors can be seen from nearly the same point. The cells, which are thirteen feet long by seven feet broad, and nine feet high, have every convenience of water, gas, light, &c. They are likewise warmed and venti- lated upon an improved plan, by means of which a constant circulation of air, from twenty to forty feet per minute, is kept up. The prisoners exercise in the open air, in yards that diverge from a central point, round which there is a passage commanding a view of each yard, which have an open railing on the outside, in order to promote free circu- lation of air. Great ingenuity is shown in the arrange- ment of the chapel, which is fitted up with separate sittings, so that each prisoner can see and be seen by the chaplain, without seeing any of his fellow-prisoners. The prison is governed by eleven commissioners, appointed by the Queen in Council, and it can only be seen by an order from the Secretary of State for the Home department. Several important and extensive prisons are being built on this principle ; Prussia and other continental states have adopted the plan. THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC., The Thames, which flows through London, and has been the main spring of the wealth and consideration to THE RIVER, DOCKS, SHIPPING, ETC. 231 which this country has risen, takes its rise in Gloucester- shire, whence it winds its undulating way by Oxford, Henley, Abingdon, Reading, Marlow, Maidenhead, Wind- sor, Kingston, Richmond, Brentford, Fulham, and Bat- tersea, to the Metropolis. After passing through London, it divides Kent from Essex, and widening in its course, falls into the sea at the Nore. The stream is broad and gentle in its course, and the bed of the river of such depth as to render it navigable for vessels of large burden even to the metropolis, a distance of sixty miles from its mouth, and for boats and barges to nearly double that distance nearer to its source. It has a number of tribu- tary streams, from which it derives additional body as it descends, increasing its speed, enlarging its width, and enriching its flow. The tide flows at fifteen miles above London bridge, and, at every flux and reflux, bears a floating mass of speculative industry, the main prop of British influence. From the earliest period at which mention is made of Britain, we find London recorded as a place of consider- able trade. Tacitus, in speaking of it, calls it the Nobile Emporium and great resort of merchants, and a city of commercial celebrity. Subsequent writers allude to it as a great and wealthy city : and as early as 359 it is mentioned as of such extensive commerce, that in the export of corn alone the port of London employed 800 vessels. From this period we find succeeding writers alluding to it as surprisingly on the increase, till in the reign of James and Charles it enjoyed the reputation of being the chief emporium of the world, and surpassing all ports in the number of its shipping and extent of its influence. We have, in our introductory chapter, alluded to the increase of commerce at this period, by the formation of various companies, the advantages and encouragement thrown out to foreign commerce, and the influence occa- sioned by the late discoveries of spirited navigators. It would be an endless task to trace the gradual in- crease up to the present time. 232 THE PORT OF LONDON. The following statement is taken from the official ac- counts just published by authority of Parliament : — VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Entered Inwards. Cleared Outwards. United Kingdom and Ships. I Tonnage. I Ships. I Tonnage, its dependencies. 14,419 I 2,900,749 | 14,243 | 2,624,680 VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE COASTING TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Entered Inwards. Cleared Outwards. Employed in the inter-"] Ships, course between Great ^ 1 0,005 Britain and Ireland. J Other Coasting Vessels 120,397 Tonnage. 1,200,457 9,6/6,293 Ships. 16,520 127,357 Tonnage. 1,628,358 10,121,796* The number of packages annually received and dis- charged in the port have been estimated at 4,000,000, supposed to be worth from 19 to 20,000,000/. sterling. 1200 revenue officers are constantly on duty at different parts of the River ; 4000 men are employed in shipping and unshipping goods ; and 8000 watermen navigate the small craft and wherries. About 40,000 wagons and carriages, including their repeated journeys, arrive and depart, laden in both instances with articles of domestic, colonial, and foreign merchandize. THE PORT OF LONDON, Generally so called, extends from the North Foreland in the Isle of Thanet, northward to the Naze on the coast of Essex, and so westward through the Thames to London bridge ; but the proper port is from Bugsby's hole, near Blackwall, to London bridge. From London bridge to Deptford, a distance of four miles, the River presents an increasing succession of vessels of all burdens, and from all nations, moored on either side, and busily engaged in loading or discharging. The intervening channel is at all times occupied by steam boats, small craft, or richly laden * Last year upwards of nine hundred steam vessels belonged to England, and principally to the port of London, comprising more than 200,000 tons and 100,000 horse power, the capital invested in which exceeded ^4,000,000. THE PORT OF LONDON. 233 vessels, dropping down, or bearing up, according as the tide ebbs or flows. The usual daily number of collier ships discharging cargoes is about 150; and there is usually, also, from 350 to 400 coal barges, or craft, re- ceiving coal from the ships for the purpose of carrying it up the river to the different coal wharfs, or going down empty. There is always a greater or less number of col- liers in the river, waiting their turn to go up to the Lower Pool, as well as empty ones waiting for ballast, or going down the river. To obviate the obstructions thus occa- sioned, collier docks, for the reception and unloading of colliers, have been repeatedly projected; but without meeting the views of the coal merchants. One has been sometime in contemplation on the south side of the river. Several hundred steam boats ply on the River, a great many of which are in constant communication with foreign ports, and communicating with the towns above and below the bridges, as Richmond, Gravesend, &c. They employ an amazing number of hands in loading, unloading, and navigating the small craft in communica- tion with them. The port is under the management of a board of harbour masters, a surveyor, and other officers. To form a practical idea of the amount of the shipping of the port of London, a trip by one of the steamers to Gravesend, Heme bay, or Margate, in favourable weather, is recommended. From the moment of embarking to the time of landing, the interest of the stranger will be kept constantly alive by successive objects of wonder and ad- miration. From any of the heights about Gravesend which command a view of the windings of the River, as many as 1000 vessels will frequently be seen wending their way up or down, or quietly waiting a return of the tide. These vessels are all fitted up with great neatness, and with a view to the comfort of passengers. The accommodation consists of a fore and aft or chief cabin, the latter of which, in the boats for Scotland, the Conti- nent, &c, is divided into comfortable berths for sleeping, ranged along the sides, leaving a space in the centre for x 2 234 the st. katherine's docks. tables and chairs. In some there is also an elegant saloon or drawing room raised on the deck, fitted for all sorts of amusement, as music, cards, &c. Each boat is provided with every necessary or luxury that can be desired on a voyage, on moderate terms. The boats which are confined to the River, have no necessity for berths ; consequently the fore and aft cabins are thrown entirely open and interspersed with seats, while the windows on every side afford a view of each bank of the River. There are also a few private cabins on deck, with windows open to the shores, where a party may enjoy the pleasure of the sail without mingling with strangers. These boats have generally on board a band of music, which, playing at frequent intervals, enlivens the scene. 1000 passengers sometimes go and return on a fine Sunday, in several of the Gravesend boats. The fares are very moderate, but constantly changing. The various docks lie east of the Tower, on the left or north side of the River ; the latest added are THE ST. KATHERINE'S DOCKS, Of which the first stone was laid in May, 1827, and partly opened with great ceremony in 1828. They are situated just below the Tower, and are the nearest of any of the docks to the City, Custom House, and other places of business ; they consist of two docks, called East and West, a basin, and a connecting lock canal; a portion of the frontage of these docks has been converted as a steam packet wharf, where passengers embark and land without the risk of small boats. The space included within the outer wall is nearly twenty-five acres, ten of which are occupied by the water. The lock leading from the river is so constructed that vessels of 600 tons burden may pass in and out three hours before high water, the depth of water at the entrance being greater than any other dock in the port of London. The warehouses and vaults are partly built upon pillars close to the water's edge, so that goods are hoisted directly from the vessels to the warehouse in which they are to bo THE WEST INDIA DOCKS. 335 deposited; they are well protected from the weather. This establishment reflects great credit on the public spirit of those by whom it is managed. The principal entrance is through a handsome gateway at the north west corner of the warehouses, nearly opposite the Mint. THE LONDON DOCKS Are situated at Wapping, lower down the river than the former. They were begun in 1802 and opened in 1805, and consist of two large docks communicating with each other, a basin, and canal. The western dock covers a space of twenty acres. The tobacco dock is upwards of one acre in extent ; immense warehouses are built for the reception of goods, and are both capacious and magnifi- cent. That called the Tobacco Warehouse stands on upwards of four acres of ground, and is considered the finest building of its kind in the w r orld, calculated to contain 24,000 hogsheads of tobacco. Beneath the ware- houses are numerous and excellent vaulted cellars, which have stowage for nearly 70,000 pipes of wine and spirits. The eastern dock, added a few years since, occupies near seven acres. Recently another entrance has been opened nearly a mile down the river, and is a great improvement. The board of directors consist of twenty-five members, of whom the Lord Mayor, as conservator of the River Thames, is one. THE WEST INDIA DOCKS Were executed and constructed by means of a fund raised by subscription, the principal receiving interest being ^1,380,000. These were the first and the most extensive establishments in the port of London. They were commenced in 1800, and partly opened in 1802. They consist of two large docks, each communicating by means of locks, with a basin at each end, both basins communicating with the Thames. Recently the company have added the south dock, 1,183 yards long, formerly the City canal, and which is now used for the wood trade, with an addition of a pond of thirteen acres for the re- ception of bonded timber. The export dock is 870 yards long by 135 yards in width. The import docks is the 236 BRIDGES. same length, and 166 yards wide : the whole will contain upwards of 600 vessels from 200 to 300 tons. The ware- houses on the four quays are of great extent, and well contrived. The whole area occupied by the docks, ware- houses, &c, is nearly 300 acres. These docks are situated across the narrowest part of the Isle of Dogs, which is formed by a circuit of the river, and communicates at Blackwall and Limehouse. THE EAST INDIA DOCKS Are situated at Blackwall, were commenced in 1803, and completed in 1806. There are two docks, the import and export : the import dock contain eighteen acres and the export about nine acres. The entrance basin, which con- nects the docks with the river, contains nearly three acres : the entrance lock is 210 feet in length and 48 feet in width. From the depth of water, these docks can accommodate ships of greater burden than any other docks on the river. Attached is a splendid quay nearly 700 feet in length, the depth of water at all times being sufficient to float the largest steam ships. These docks are 3 J miles from the City, and can be reached in the short space of ten minutes by means of the Blackwall railway. The management of the docks is committed to the care of twelve directors. THE COMMERCIAL DOCKS Are on the south side of the river Thames ; the docks are of great extent, the outer wall being nearly 50 acres, of which 38 acres are water ; they are intended for the reception of vessels, timber, corn, and other commodities. They have but trifling accommodation for warehousing, and are not constructed to bond all goods. The Surrey Canal Company admit vessels to be docked in the basin of their canal. BRIDGES. Formerly there were few bridges over the Thames, and those few constructed on rude and inferior principles; but these defects are now remedied. The bridges are not only numerous, but form objects of particular attraction for architectural and classical beauty. THE NEW LONDON BRIDGE. 237 THE NEW LONDON BRIDGE Is a work of great magnitude and science, which embraces the whole span of the river ; and on each side a large dry arch is thrown over the streets running east and west; a plan well adapted to that busy part of the town, as it obviates the inconvenient obstruction which formerly occurred from two constant channels of industry crossing each other. This bridge stands considerably higher on each side than the old bridge, and is supported to its level by small dry arches. The first pile of the works was driven in March, 1 824 ; the first stone laid by the Lord Mayor, (Alderman Garratt,) June 15th, 1825. This noble structure was opened 1831 ; on which occasion William IV., with a numerous retinue, honoured the city with their presence. The design was by the late Mr. Rennie, and the superintendence of it devolved on his sons, Sir John and Mr. George Rennie. It was exe- cuted by Mr. Jolliffe and Sir Edward Banks. The bridge, which is executed in Scottish, Peterhead, and Derbyshire granite, consists of five elliptical arches ; the centre arch is very generally considered the finest ever executed. The piers have massive plinths and Gothic pointed cutwaters. The arches are surmounted with a bold projecting block cornice, which corresponds with the line of road way, covered with a plain blocking course, by way of parapet, which give the whole a simple, grand appearance. The approaches to the bridge, on both sides of the river, are now finished, and have a noble appearance. Those on the south side, called Wellington street ; the arm running eastward to Tooley street is named Duke street, and leads to the Greenwich, Croydon, and Brighton railways. On the north side, King William street forms part of the grand connecting line from the bridge to Islington, by Princes street ; the buildings on the west side of which now form noble public buildings, a continuation of the line being formed by the opening of Moorgate street to 238 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE. the City road, and from thence to Islington. Tims far, utility and beauty have gone hand in hand. SOUTHWARK BRIDGE. This grand fabric, of cast iron laid upon stone piers, was commenced in 1814. It consists of three arches, the centre one having a span of 240 feet, said to be the largest span of curve in the world, and that on each side 210. The weight of metal employed exceeds 5,300 tons. The foundations of the piers are twelve feet below the bed of the river ; and the boxes of the immense wooden piles on which these foundations rest, are 26J feet lower ; the distance between the two abutments is 708 feet. The expense of the construction was ^800,000. It was completed and open for public use in March, 1819, from the designs of the elder Mr. Rennie, and cast by Messrs. Walker, of Rotherham. Recently a steam boat pier has been erected here, for the embarking of passengers, who pass free from the steam boats which call here. Foot passengers pay a penny on crossing this bridge. BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE Was built between the years 1760 and 176.9, by Robert Mylne, Esq., at an expense of <£l 52,840. It consists of nine elliptical arches. This beautiful bridge has been rescued from destruction, to which it was hastening, and invested with more than its original beauty, durability, and strength, while the carriage and waterways have been rendered safe and commodious without interrupting the navigation of the river or the traffic of the bridge. The splendid struc- ture which the public now witness, shows what can be done by the exertions of an able, intelligent, and inde- fatigable chairman (Mr. Prior), by raising each end of the bridge to meet the lowering of the crown, thus giving the gradual ascent for horses and carriages. From this bridge the stranger has a fine view of a part of St. Paul's, crowning the amphitheatre which rises from the river's border ; — the Tower, Somerset house, West- minster abbey, and upwards of thirty churches, are also WATERLOO BRIDGE. 239 seen to advantage, affording an excellent opportunity of comparing the various styles of architecture. WATERLOO BRIDGE. As a speculation it has failed ; but as an ornament, it has even surpassed the expectations of the projectors. This noble structure was commenced in 1811, under the super- intendence of Mr. G. Dodd, and finished in 1817, under that of Mr. Rennie. It was opened on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. The arches are elliptical, and all of equal size ; consequently this bridge represents a level road raised fifty feet above the river, so as to bring it level with the Strand. The style of the architecture is plain, but noble, and the materials of the most durable kind, the outside courses being of Cornish and the balus- trades of Aberdeen granite. At each extremity are hand- some steps leading down to the river. The width of the river in this part is 1 ,326 feet at high water, and is covered by nine elliptical arches, of 120 feet span, and 35 feet high, springing from piles 20 feet wide. The entire length of this bridge is 2,456 feet : the bridge and abutments being 1,380 feet, the approach from the Strand 310 feet, and the causeway on the Surrey side, as far as supported by the land arches, 766 feet. M. Dupin, the celebrated engineer, calls this bridge, in his Memoir on the Public Works of England, "a colossal monument worthy of Sesostris and the Caesars." At the extremities of the bridge, where the toll is paid, are erected neat Doric lodges, at each of which is a curious contrivance for the purpose of checking. The iron turnstiles, which admit only one person to pass at a time, touch in the progress some machinery inclosed in the lodges of the nature of clock-work ; the index advances with each revolution, and thus indicates the number of persons that has passed. Foot passengers pay one half- penny on crossing the bridge. Waterloo bridge is a pleasant promenade in the summer evenings, being elevated considerably above the river, and open to every breeze that floats along. 240 THE THAMES TUNNEL. WESTMINSTER BRIDGE Crosses the Thames from Old Palace yard to the oppo- site shore in Surrey, and bears a high character for sim- plicity of architecture. On each side is a fine stone balustrade, six feet nine inches high, with here and there large sheltered recesses, accommodated with seats. Four- teen piers support this bridge, forming fifteen arches, the centre one 76 feet in span, the others gradually decreasing four feet in width, as they reach the abutments, and its whole length 1,223 feet. The first stone was laid in a caisson, by the Earl of Pembroke, on the 29th of January, 1739, and the last stone by Thomas Ledyard, Esq. on the 10th of November, 1750; and opened on the 17th of the same month by a procession of gentlemen, and much ceremony. It was designed by, and executed under the direction of M. Labelie, a Swiss architect of much celebrity. It has long been undergoing a substantial repair, as some of the piers were found defective. VAUXHALL BRIDGE, A very elegant structure, thrown over the Thames, from Pimlico to a little eastward of the Southwestern Railway, at an expense of ,£150,000, to be defrayed by the tolls levied for crossing it. The first stone was laid in 1813, by the Duke of Brunswick, and the whole completed in 1816. It consists of nine cast iron arches, with piers faced with Kentish ragstone bedded in Roman cement as a founda- tion. It contributes in general to the beauty of the Metropolis, and in particular to the convenience of the inhabitants of Vauxhall, Lambeth, and their vicinity, affording them an easy communication with the houses of parliament, courts of law, Pimlico, Chelsea, &c. THE THAMES TUNNEL Was projected by Sir I. Brunei, and forms a subterraneous road of communication under the bed of the river, from Rotherhithe to Wapping ; it consists of a square mass of brick work, 37 feet by 22, containing in it two arched pas- sages, each sixteen feet, four inches in width, with a path of three feet for pedestrians ; the length of the tunnel is HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. 241 'iilMMiiiliiiiiifl"!., ■iiiinlii 1200 feet, and the whole brilliantly illuminated with gas. Conveyance may be had every half-hour, by omnibus, from Piccadilly, Charing cross, Fleet street, and Grace- church street; also, every quarter of an hour by the Woolwich and Greenwich steam-boats, from Hungerford and other steam wharfs. HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, AND OMNIBUSES. Until the early part of the present century, hackney coaches and sedan chairs were the only public vehicles used in the streets of London. The latter, introduced by Charles the First, on returning from his visit to Spain, though still occasionally employed at some of our watering places, have disappeared in the metropolis. Hackney coaches seem to have been established about the year 1623. Like post chaises, they were to be had at the principal inns. Street stands of coaches originated in 1634. In 1637, there were, in London and Westminster, fifty hackney coaches. After these vehicles, with the addition of chariots, had been in use two centuries, cabriolets, vulgarly called " cabs/' started up in rivalry. Great improvements have been effected in their construc- Y 242 HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. tion ; and we have them now greatly varied both in form and principle. The number of hackney coaches and cabriolets now licensed in London are 2,0(>0, each paying a duty of 10.9. per week. The fares of these vehicles are either according to distance, of Is. per mile, and 6d. for every additional half mile ; or according to time, of Is. for half an hour, and 6c?. for every additional quarter of an hour ; the fares of cabriolets are two-thirds of those of hackney coaches. Omnibuses, constituting one of the most beneficial accommodations for " the people" ever introduced, are of French origin, and made their first appearance in London in 1830. They were first tried on the New road, from Paddington to the Bank, and soon extended to all the great thoroughfares. The great lines of streets — those which, coming down from the east end of the city, from the East India House, the Bank, and the Royal Exchange, lead to the west end, through Cheapside, Ludgate hill, Fleet street, and the Strand, to Charing cross, and up the Haymarket, to Regent street and Piccadilly ; or striking from Cheapside, down Newgate street, through Holborn and Oxford street — are constantly crowded with omni- buses passing to and fro. On the road from Paddington to the Bank and Royal Exchange — a great thoroughfare, which, passing by Islington, connects the west end of London with the city. The mail and stage coaches, going by the north roads, generally call at the Angel inn and the Peacock tavern, which are near to each other, in Islington ; and those going south, call at the Elephant and Castle inn, at Newington. These two northern and southern points, therefore, are great gathering places and stations for short stages and omnibuses. The omnibuses start from Islington to the Elephant and Castle. There are two roads, meeting at a point at the Angel, which lead into the city — one called the City Road, which leads direct to the Bank and Royal Exchange; the other, termed the Goswell street road, which keeps a little more south than the City road, and leads into St. Martin's le HACKNEY COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC. 243 Grand, past the General Post Office, down Newgate street, through Farringdon street, and across the Thames by Blackfriars bridge. In addition to the omnibuses plying between the Angel inn and the Elephant and Castle inn, there are others plying between the latter and Charing cross, King's cross, Paddington, &c. Bishopsgate street, in the city, is awell-known place for Short Stage Coaches and Omnibuses. In Gracechurch street, which is a conti- nuation of Bishopsgate street, stage coaches and omni- buses ply chiefly to Camberwell and Clapham, Dulwich, Peckham, Norwood, Mitcham, &c, and to Deptford, Greenwich, Blackheath, Lewisham, &c, in Kent. This entire neighbourhood swarms with stage coaches and om- nibuses, starting at all hours of the day to every quarter of London and its vicinity. In all the leading thorough- fares of the metropolis, omnibuses are to be met every few minutes proceeding in all directions, from eight o'clock in the morning till twelve at night. It is computed there are nearly 700 omnibuses for London and 200 for the environs, and they are said to have upwards of 70,000 passengers each day. The omnibuses are generally constructed to carry from twelve to fourteen inside passengers, and one or two out- sides. For short distances, of not more than four or five miles, the fare is usually sixpence ; the entire fare, how- ever, being taken, whether the passenger go the whole or only part of the distance. At several of the principal om- nibus stations, there are time-keepers appointed by the proprietors to regulate their movements. The stranger, on his first visit to the metropolis, will be amazed at the immense number of all descriptions of vehicles, wagons, carts, &c. &c, to be seen in every di- rection, and how they all find sufficient employment must fill him with astonishment. The wagons and carts mostly display in front the City arms, consisting of a white shield and a dagger, which shows the owner to be a free- man of the City of London, and, consequently not liable to the City toll collected from all carts, &c, in passing through the City. At times he will be much annoyed by 244 STEAM BOATS. the great noise which is always heard in the leading streets of the metropolis. STEAM BOATS. It was no further back than the year 1815, that the first vessel propelled by steam, upon the Thames, was brought from Glasgow, by Mr. G. Dodd ; and now there are several hundreds of these delightful conveyances in daily transit, up and down the river. In proportion to their increase has been the accommodation and enjoyment of the inhabitants and visitors of the metropolis, who, by their means, may now regulate their movements by water with the same precision as by land. The advantage of water excursions to health — the salutary impetus which they impart to the animal spirits — can be appreciated only by those who may be confined to the busy town by mecha- nical, trading, or professional pursuits. There is no safer mode of conveyance than by steam, when under the con- duct of careful and scientific men. The number of acci- dents which happen by steam, whether upon the water or upon railroads, is small, when compared with that occur- ring by stage coaches ; and, were but one simple measure of precaution resorted to, the risk would be almost anni- hilated. Steam carriages in general, and, without excep- tion, ought to be placed under a duly authorised inspec- torship, as to the safety and soundness of their engines and machinery ; and no man should be appointed to the office of engineer unless he had passed a regular exami- nation, with reference to the sobriety of his character, and his scientific knowledge of the power of steam. There are now steam boats from London to almost all the ports round the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland ; and to those of France, and other parts of the continent. The principal company occupying the stations is the General Steam Navigation, 69, Lombard street; 35, Leadenhall street; and 37, Regent Circus, Piccadilly, whose splendid, conveniently arranged, and powerful steam ships leave London according to their printed RAIL ROADS. 215 monthly circular, to be had at their offices, and at Mr. Cruch ley's, 81, Fleet street. This company offers peculiar advantages to the continental tourist from their extensive connexions, and more particularly with the Dusseldorf and Basle Eagle Steam Boat Companies, which traverse between Rotterdam and all places on the Rhine. The Margate, Ramsgate, and Gravesend boats go mostly from the wharfs immediately below London bridge, on the north side of the Thames, and a few calling at Blackwall ; — the Greenwich, and Woolwich boats, which are very numerous, starting every quarter of an hour, from Hungerford, Queenhithe, Dyer's wharf, Old Swan, and London bridge; — and to Richmond daily. From the spirit of competition which universally pre- vails, the steam boat fares are constantly fluctuating ; but, generally, they are exceedingly moderate; and, invariably, the accommodations and refreshments have the combined merit of being "good and cheap;" the charges for break- fast, dinner, wine, spirits, &c, not exceeding those of moderate coffee houses. RAILROADS. The London and Grenwich Railway, the first exe- cuted of its class, having its commencement in the metro- polis, connects the city of London with the populous towns of Deptford and Greenwich, by a line which shortens the distance nearly one- third. Commencing at the south side of London bridge, it is carried in nearly a straight line to the High street of Deptford, whence it is continued with a gentle curve across the Ravensborne river to its ter- minus, about 200 yards from the church at Greenwich. The rails are laid throughout on a viaduct, composed of about 1,000 arches, each of eighteen feet span, twenty- two feet high, and twenty-five feet in width, from side to side. A parapet wall, about four feet high, ranges on each side. A branch railway, 2,250 feet in length, is about to be carried from the main line at the High street, Deptford, to the river side, where a pier has been con- structed to facilitate the embarking and landing of pas- sengers by steam vessels. y2 246 RAIL ROADS. The railway trains start every quarter of an hour, from eight o'clock in the morning till ten o'clock at night. Fares, 6d. and 9d. each. London and Birmingham Railway is close to Euston square, New road, Somers town. The trains run several times daily the whole distance on this important line from London to Birmingham; with a continuation by the Grand Junction Railway, to Manchester and Liverpool, calling at the principal towns in the whole line. Great Western Railway commences at Praed Street, Paddington, and proceeds to Bath and Bristol, and from thence to Bridgewater; and the railway is in progress for a continued line to Exeter. London and Blackwall Railway commences at 60, Fenchurch street. It is worked by stationary engines, similar to the Birmingham line from Euston square to Chalk Farm, which is calculated to be a great saving to the company. Fares, sixpence and fourpence. London and South Western Railway com- mences at Nine Elms, Vauxhall. Steam boats start from London bridge and the intermediate steam wharfs to this railway, and arrive in time for the various trains. The Croydon and Brighton Railways commence at the Greenwich terminus, London bridge. This likewise is the terminus of the South Eastern Railway or London and Dover. Eastern Counties and Northern and Eastern Counties Railways. — Part of these railways are open at the terminus, 41, Shoreditch ; the Eastern to Brent- wood, the Northern and Eastern to Spelbrook and Stortford. Particulars of the various railways may be obtained at the principal inns and booking offices, from whence omni- buses run to the commencement of the various railways. Fares, 6d. and Sd. each. PLAN FOR VIEWING THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTS fox tty flfletropolte IN THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS MANNER AND SHORTEST TIME. The following brief, and it is hoped, Comprehensive Plan, for viewing the principal objects of this great metropolis, in the short time of seven daps, has been compiled from an actual survey, taken with a view to render the Foreigner, who can read our language, and the Stranger of our own country, independent of relations or friends, by pointing out a manner in which the most conspicuous objects may be viewed without the trouble, and, consequently, loss of time, of going over the same ground twice. It being advisable, in a work of this nature, to start from a given point, and Charing Cross being centrically situated with regard to the City and West end, it was thought best suited for that purpose ; but the several Routes may be fallen into where most convenient. Of course, much will depend upon the season of the year ; and, where circumstances will admit, we would recommend our visitor to commence his perambulations in the Spring, nature and art combining at that period, to enhance the plea- sure of such an undertaking ; and, merely recommending an inspection of the Map previously to each excursion, we trust the simplicity of our Plan will speak for itself, and that his gratification will prove equal to his most sanguine expecta- tions. 248 FIRST DAY'S ROUTE. FIRST DAY'S ROUTE. ON THE LEFT HAND. Craig' s court, Museum of Economic Geology.. In Scot- land yard, Palace Court of law. Whitehall chapel, in the rear a fine bronze statue of James II.. Whitehall place, Metropolitan Police Office Middle Scotland yard, United Service Institution . . White hall gardens, Sir R. Peel, bt., M.P. Richmond ter. . 43, Clerks of the House of Commons office . . 43, Parliamentary Journal office . . 40, Clergy Mutual Assurance Society.. Bridge street, AVestminster. Charing cross. Statue of Charles I. Whitehall. Parliament st. OS THE LEFT HAND. 49, Drummond and Co., Bankers.. 41, Salopian Coffee House.. 45, Snip Hotel, and general booking office. The Admiralty, Horse Guards, entrance to St. James's park . . Dover house. . Home office.. Alien office.. Privy Council Office.. Trea- sury and Board of Trade. New Houses of Parliament (building) . . Westminster Hall, Courts of Law.. 1, Ex- chequer Hotel. House of Commons, and House of Lords. 15, Society for the extinc- tion of the Slave Trade.. Great George street, leading to St. James's park. New Palace yard The South end of the new Houses of Parliament (build- ing) . . Parliament stairs. The Horse Ferry, and on opposite side of the river, Lambeth palace and church. Millbank stairs .. Vauxhall bridge. Equitable Gas Works. . Wil- low walk, leading to the Monster Tea Gardens. Grosvenor Canal Bridge. Old Palace yard Abingdon street. Millbank street. Millbank. Turn to the right to Vauxhall bdg. rd leading to Pimlico. LEFT Victoria road. Statue of Canning. . Guild- hall of Westminster.. New Westminster Hospital . . St. Margaret's church.. Henry the Seventh's chapel, and Westminster Abbey. Poets' Corner. . entrance tc Westminster Abbey. 32, Parliamentary Paper Sale Office.. 28, Privy Seal and Signet Office . . College street, leading to Westmin- ster School. In Church street, church of St. John the Evangelist. Penitentiary. Ranelagh Grove, leading t( RanelaghHouse andGrounds, the site of Ranelagh Gar- dens. Queen street. Penitentiary . . Edward st. leading to Vincentsquare, th( Play ground for the West minster scholars. StreetsleadingtoBelgrave Eaton, and Chester squares. Streets leading to Belgrave Eaton, and Chester squares. FIRST DAYS ROUTE 249 OX THE LEFT HAND. Chelsea Pensioners' Burial Ground. ChelseaHospitalandGrounds, Botanical Gardens. Hospital Grounds. 74 and 75, Cadogan Hotel. . Hans place. Albert gate, new entrance to Hyde Park, Triumphal entrance to Hyde Park . . Apsley House, the Duke of Wellington's. Green Park. The Mall. Cannons from Egypt. Grosvenor row. Jews' row. The New Walk. Paradise row. Return through the New Walk to Franklin rorv. Whitelands. RIGHT. King's Road. Sloane square. Sloane street. RIGHT. Knightsbridge. Hyde Park. Corner. St. James's park. down Constitution hill The Palace and left to The Enclosure. The Parade. Through Th e Horse G uards LEFT Charing Cross. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Celebrated Chelsea Bun House. Franklyn row, leading to the Royal Military Asylum. Grounds belonging to the Hospital. Turk's row.. Entrance to the Royal Military Asylum. *** Persons of respectable appearance are admitted gra- tis. The boys go through the gymnastic exercises, and the juvenile band practise in the open grounds every Fri- day afternoon. Trinity church .. Chelsea National Schools . . Cadogan place. . and square. . Glouces- ter Tavern . . Belgrave and Cadogan Literary and Scien- tific Institutions. Foot Guards Barracks. St. George's Hospital. . Tri- umphal arch (a police station) and carriage entrance to St. James's Park. Palace gardens, and Buck- ingham Palace. Lodge. . New Barracks for the Foot Guards. . Ornitholo- gical Society's cottage. Treasury and other offices. . Large mortar from Spain. 250 SECOND DAY'S ROUTE. SECOND DAY'S ROUTE. ON THE LEFT HAXD. Spring: gardens, and En- trance to St. James's Park. 27, British Coffee House. Duke of York's Column, entrance, St. James's Park.. 116, United Service Club.. 107, AthenseumClub.. 106,Travel- lers'Club. . 104, Reform Club. . Qi,CarltonClub. . 86, Ordnance Office.. 71, Oxford and Cam- bridge Club. 88, Conservative Club.. 87, Graham's Club.. 85, Albion Club. . 69, Arthur's Club. .61, Brookes's Club. . 69, West In- dia Club. . 50, St. James's Club ..49, Guards' Club. 156, Bath Hotel . . Old White Horse Hotel and Coach Office . . Green Park . . Reservoir. . Triumphal arch. The Conservatory, &c. The Swan. . Crown Hotel. . Hyde Park Gardens, and splendid improvements.. St. George's burial ground. Streets leading to the Re- gent's Park. 72, Auction Rooms .. 18, Stevens' Hotel . 16, Long's Hotel. 21, Auction Rooms .. 17, Entomological Society.. 10, Western Exchange and Ba- zaar. Charing Cross. Cockspur street. Pall Mall RIGHT St. James's street, LEFT Piccadilly. RIGHT Hyde park. King's Private road, Kensington gdns. along the path to the left to Kensington palace Principal path to the JJxbridge road. RIGHT Oxford road. Oxford street. RIGHT New Bond street. Old Bond street. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Equestrian statue of Km\ George III. 41, Union Hotel. Hay market, Opera House. Waterloo place .. 29, Roy? Exchange Assurance .. 52, British Institution.. 53, So- ciety of Painters in Watei Colours.. 57, Zoological So- ciety. Princes Theatre, and in King street, 16, Farquhar and Co. Bankers. . 28, Boodle's Club. , 41, York Chambers. . Willis' Assembly Rooms. 67, Hatchett's, and 76, Glou- cester Hotels and Coach Offi- ces. . 78, Dukeof Devonshire. 94, Duke of Cambridge.. 148 Baron Rothschild. . 149, Duke of Wellington .. Triumphs arch. . Entrance to Hyde Park Statue of Achilles. Cascade, Conduit, Serpen- tine River, and the New Bridge. The Mount. The Basin. Entrance to Kensington gardens. . New Victoria Gate ..Hyde Park.. Cumberland Gate. Streets leading to Grosve- nor square. 94, Blenheim Hotel.. 160, Royal Naval Club.. 169, Cla- rendon Hotel. 25, Sir W. Call and Co., Bankers.. 28, Sale Rooms.. Temporary exhibitions open- in this street occasionally. THIRD DAYS ROUTE, 251 ON THE LEFT HAND. Burlington Arcade Burlington House. and No. 10, Polish Association and Sussex Chambers. Princes Theatre Rooms. . Almacks. Willis's 11, Wyndham Club House . . York street, whence we see St. James's church . . Erich- theum Club.. No. 21, Norfolk House, Duke of Norfolk. Piccadilly. Duke street King street. St. James' ssquare. John street and Pall Mall, to Charing cross. ON TH E RIGHT HAND. Egyptian Hall .. Exhibi- tions of a temporary nature are generally to be seen here. 15, Colonial Club. . 16, Army and Navy Club.. 17, Duke of Cleveland .. In the centre statue of William III. THIRD DAY'S ROUTS. ON THE LEFT HAND. 12, Clarence Club House. l, Warren's Hotel.. 11, St. Philip's church .. 15, Club Chambers ..21, Horticultural Society .. 27, Cercle des Etrangers Club. Steam Navigation Office. . General Coach Offices. 65, Arundel Chambers. . 77 York Chambers .. 169, White Horse Tavern . . 209, Cosmo- rama and other exhibitions. . 234, Hanover chapel. 271, Castle Tavern.. 309, Polytechnic Institution. LanghamHouse. . Countess of Mansfield. 38, Lord Denman.. 51, Duke of Richmond .. 61, Sir W. Curtis, Bt. Saint Mary-le-bone New church. 7, Sir Peter Laurie. Charing cross. Cockspur street. Waterloo place. Regent street. Regent circus, Cross Piccadilly. Quadrant. Regent street. Regent circus. Cross Oxford street. Regent street. Langham place. Portland place. Park crescent. Bear to the right and cross PaddingtonNewRoad to Park square. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Royal GeographicalSociety Junior United Service Club . . Carlton Chambers. . 14, Par- thenon Club. Bull and Mouth Coach Of- fice. . and Steam Packet Com- panies. County Fire Office, gent Chambers. 52, Re- ArchbishopTennison's cha- pel and school. . Argyll place, leading to Marlborough street and Police Office... 12, Union Bank. All Souls' church. 26, Lord Radstock. . 19, Lord Teignmouth. Statue of the Duke of Kent. Trinity church. 16, Tricoupi, M. S., Greek Minister. . 18. Diorama. 252 THIRD ON THE LEFT HAND. The Regent's Park, through which is a road in a line with Portland Place, from Park square to the eastern corner of the Zoological gardens.. Sir Herbert Taylor's Villa.. Southern portion and en- trance to Zoological gardens . . Marquis of Hertford's Villa ..The Lake. Regent's Park. Proceed along the road and through Clarence gate, and cross Park road ON THE RIGHT HAND. 10, Marques Lisboa, Brazi lian Minister.. 15, Bernard Hebeler, Prussian Consul. Portman Chapel.. 11, L. de Florez Pampillo, Spanish Em- bassy. 17, Duke of Newcastle. . 12, Duke of Hamilton. St. Mark's church. 31 , Earl of Westmoreland. . 36, Marquis of Exeter.. 39 ; Earl of Harrowby . . 40, Arch- bishop of York. Mount street, leading to Berkeley square. . South Aud ley chapel. . Curzon House. Earl Howe Chesterfield House, Earl of Chesterfield. "~ T6rSir~H7Halford. .17, Lord Bruce. Upper Baker st. York place. Baker street. Portman square Orchard street. Cross Oxford st., to North Audley st. Grosvenor square. Colosseum. . Cambridge Ter. I . . Chester Ter . . Cumberlandl Ter.. St. Catherine's ch. and! Alms Houses .. Gloucester Lodge, road to Camden Town . . The Regent's canal, Zoolo- gical gardens . . Macclesfield Gate, road to Finchley . . Han- over Lodge, Earl of Dun- donald.. Hanover Gate. 58, Madame Tussaud's Ex- hibition . The square .. At opposite corner Montague house, Lord Rokeby. 8, Lord G. Somerset Earl of Poulet. 9, South Audley st. LEFT Curzon street RIGHT Clarges street. Enter Green Park. 26, Lord Foley. . 25, Lord Poltimore..24, Earl of Shaftes- bury.. 17, Earl Fortescue. Stanhope street, leading to Stanhope Gate, Hyde Park. 30, Princess Sophia of Glou- cester. . Curzon chapel. Mansion of Earl Spencer.. Sutherland House, Duke of Suther l and. Stable yard.. St. James's Palace.. Marlborough House Terrace. . Carlton House Ter- race (the site of Carlton House).. Duke of York's co- lumn, and wa y to Pall Mall. 37, Bishop of St. David's. 47, Duke of Grafton. Reservoir. Queen's Mews and Riding School. Queen's walk. LEFT The Mall. Through Spring Garden Passage to Cock spur st. and Charing Cross Green Park. St. James's Park. FOURTH DAY'S ROUTE. 253 FOURTH DAY'S ROUTE, ON THE LE FT HAND. Trafalgar sq. . Union Club. . College of Physicians . . Na- tional Gallery. . Royal Acade- my of Arts. . Barracks. 101, Apollonicon. cour's Hotel. 82, Fri St. Martin's court, leading to Leicester square, in which is the Panorama, &c. 27, Westminster Fire Office . . 29, Eccentric Club. . 35, Gar- rick Club. . 43, Grand Hotel Richardson's Hotel. . Piazza Coffee-house. . Tavistock Ho- tel . . Russell Coffee-house . . Bedford Hotel. . Piazza. 26, Albion Tavern.. Bow st. in which is the Police Office. , Covent Garden Theatre. Broad court.. 22, Wrekin Tavern and Tavistock chapel Charing Cross. St. Martin s lane. RIGHT New street. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Branch of the General Post Office. . l, Morley's Hotel.. 3, Humane Society .. St. Mar- tin's church. 68, Mitre Tavern. 14, Swan Hotel. British Museum. . 95, Gene- ral Cemetery Office .99, Scien- tific Society. Bedford place, and statue of the Duke of Bedford .. 6, Orthopedic Institution. .3, Sir John Soane's Museum Lincoln's Inn Garden's. 39, White Hart Tavern.. 25, Castle Tavern. . 20, Gray's Inn Coffee-house.. Holborn court, entrance to Gray's Inn.i King's street. Covent Garden. Conservator^/. Great Russell st Little Russell st LEFT Drury lane. Cross Holborn to Museum street. RIGHT Great Russell st Rloomsbury sq. Southampton st. Cross High Holborn to Little Queen st. to the LEFT Lincoln slnnfields TO THE LEFT Turnstile, at end of which Holborn. 3, Rainbow Hotel. 3, Gordon Hotel.. 17, Rus- sell Hotel .. Southampton street, leading to the Strand. 11, New Hummums Tav. Charles street, and new street from Waterloo Bridge. Drury lane Theatre. In Great Queen street, 62, Freemasons'Tavern, 63, Free- masons' Hall. . Wesleyan cha- pel. Hart street, in which is the church of St. George's, Bloomsbury. 73, Literary Fund Society. Statue of C. J. Fox. Trinity church. 67, Christian Knowledge Society.. 31, Green's Hotel. 33, Insolvent Debtors' Court . . 35, Architectural Society. . , College of Surgeons. Chancery lane and Inns of Law, Holborn bars (a bound- ary of the city) a little past which are Staple's, Furnival's, and Bernard's Inns. 254 FOURTH DAYS ROUTE. ON THE LEFT HAND. Gray's Inn, Law Court, aud Gray's Inn Gardens. Lamb's Conduit leading to Holborn. street, Sidmouth street, leading to Regent's square.. St. Peter's andNationalScotch churches. Liverpool street and Liver- pool chapel. Mabledon place, leading to Burton crescent, in which is a statue of Major Cartwright ..St. Pancras New church.. Euston square. University College, Univer- sity Hospital.. Gower street chapel. Streets leaning to Gordon, Woburn, and Torrington squares. Charlotte street, in which is Percy chapel . . Rathbone place, leading to Oxford street and Soho square and Bazaar . . Newman street. 7, Berners Hotel. Church of St. Ann, Soho. Cranbourn street, leading to Leicester square, in which are Miss Linwood's Gallery, Pa 11 orama, and other exhibitions ~2°7Coffee Rooms. T30, Din ing Room. g, Cafe" de 1' Europe. . Hay- market Theatre ..At 6£ in Suffolk street, is the British Artists Society. To the LEFT Gray's Inn lane. To the LB FT Guilford street* Return to Gray's Inn lane. King's Cross. New road. LEFT Gower street. RIGHT University street, LEFT Tottenham Court Road. RIGHT Goodge street. Charles street. LEFT Berners sii^eet. Cross Oxford street to Wardour street. Princes street. Coventry street. LEFT Hay market. Cockspur street. Charing Cross. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Calthorpe street, and back of the Middlesex House of Cor- rection. Foundling Hospital. St. Andrew's Burial ground, and Welch school . . Trinity church .. Seddon's Cabinet Manufactory. . Cubit, builder. Maiden -lane, leading to Highgate .. Small Pox and Fever Hospitals. Streets leading to Somers* town. . Euston square, to the Birmingham Railway Station . Tottenham Court chapel. British and Foreign School. Charlotte street, leading to Fitzroy square. Middlesex Hospital. 53, Royal Medical and Chi- rurgical Society. Chamberlain and Co.'s Royal Porcelain Show rooms. 48, Giraudier's Hotel.. 56, Steam Packet Office. . 58, Ho- tel de Paris. . Opera House. FIFTH DAYS ROUTE. FIFTH DAY'S ROUTE. OK THK LEFT HAND. St. Martin's lane, Post Of- fice, Morley's Hotel, 452, Gol- den Cross Hotel . . Lowther Arcade, Adelaide Gallery. 411, Adelphi Theatre. . South- ampton st. leading- to Covent garden Market and church. . 3/5, Exeter Hall Hotel, 372, Exeter Hall . . 345, Courier Newspaper . Catherine St., leading to Drury lane Theatre, Church of St. Mary- le-Strand Pickett st. . . 265, Angel Inn 263, Vestry Hall. Streets leading to Lincoln's Inn. . Chancery lane. 18Q,Praedand Co., Bankers ..187, Law Life Assurance.. St. Dunstan's Church and Clifford's Inn.. 177, Peele's Coffee-house. . 166, Johnson's court.. 164, Anderton's Hotel ..156, Portugal Hotel.. 142, Kings and Key. . Farringdon St.. Obelisk to Aid. Waithman. Belle Sauvage Inn and coach office. . Old Bailey. . 24, Lon- don Coffee-house. St. Martin's church . . 35, Stationers' court, leading to Stationers' Hall. St. Paul's Cathedral. Paul's school. St. St. Antholin's cji . . 62, Po- lice Station.. 68, Fire Engine Station. Great St. Thomas Apostle, leading to Cloak lame, in which is the Skinners' Hall. Suffolk lane, in which is Merchant Taylors' school.. Streetleadingto King William street, and steps up to Lon don Bridge. Charing Cross. West Strand. Strand. St. Clement's ch, Temple Bar. Fleet street. Ludgate hill. Ludgate street. South side of St. Paul's Ch. Yard, Watling street. RIGHT Queen street. LEFT Upper Thames st, ON TF1E RIGHT HAND. Northumberland House . HungerfordMarketandSteam Wharf. . Buckingham st. lead- ing to Adelphi terrace. . John street, Society of Arts. Savoy street, leading to German Lutheran chapel . . Wellington street an d Water- loo Bridge. . Fancy Glass Ex-! hibition . . Somerset House. . King's College. 102, Somer- set Hotel.. Strand Theatre.. 189, Crown and Anchor Tav. Essexstreet. . Dr. Priestley's chapel, and entrance to the Temple.. 213, George Hotel. 1, Childs &Co. Bankers.. 8, Dick's Coffee-house.. Temple Church, Hall, Gardens, &c. 15, Rainbow Tavern.. 19, Gosling and Co., Bankers.. Serjeants' Inn . . 64, Bolt-in- Tun, one of the oldest hotels in London.. 81, the Publisher of this Guide. . St. Bride's ch. . . New Bridge street (in which is Bridewell Prison) leading to Blackfriars bridge .. Obelisk to Alderman Wilkes. Albion Insurance Company ..9, Harvey and Son's new splendid shop. Pilgrim street, leading to Apothecaries' Hali and the Ti mes newspap er office. 6,St.Paul's Hotel.. Doctors C ommons. Allhallows church. . St. Mary Aldermary. Maiden lane, leading to' St. James's chur. . Vintners* Hall. . South wark bridge. Allhallows church. . Dyers Hall Steam Wharf. . Old Swan Steam Wharf .. The Shades.. London Bridge. 256 FIFTH DAY S ROUTE. ON THE LEFT HAND. Fish street hill, and Monu- ment.. 128, Poole's Hotel.. 96* Coal Exchange.. 84, City Gauger's Office.. 77, Custom House Tavern . 66, Havre Steam Packet Office. Trinity house and Square. Minories.. Black wall Rail way crosses. The Royal Mint. Well street, in which is the Destitute Sailors' Institution . . Neptune street, leading to Wellclose square, and Danish church. Cannon street, in which is church of St. George's in the East. Lower Thames st Great Tower hill. Postern row. Cross Little Tower hill. Upper East Smithfield Parson 9 s street. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Cross Swivel bridge, be- longing to London Docks. Execution Dock. New Dock of the London Docks, and Swivel bridge. Ratcliffe Highway. New Road. East India Company 'sTram Road, and streets leading to Ratcliffe Highway. Ratcliffe highway RIGHT Old Gravel lane. RIGHT Wapping street. Cross the Thames at Execution Dock to Elephant stairs. LEFT Church Passage, Rotherhithe. Recross the Thames from Hanover stairs to New Crane stairs. New Gravel lane. Cross High street, Shadwell. TO Union street. Cross street. Dean street. at end of which Commercial road. St. Magnus the Martyr ch. . . Fresh wharf. . London br. steam wharf .. Nicholson's steam wharf. . Billingsgate. . Custom House and Quay.. Hull steam packets. The Tower. The Tower. St. Katherine's Dock Office, and entrance to warehouses . . St. Katherine's Docks. Entrance to London Docks. Streets leading to Ware- houses of London Docks. Cross Swivel bridge, be- longing to London Docks. Church of St. Mary, Ro- therhithe. . Entrance to the Thames Tunnel. Dock and Swivel bridge. A little distance to the right, church of St. Paul, Shadwell. New road leading to the Commercial road. Philpot street, in which is the Scotch church, Stepney new church, and at end Lon- don Hospital. FIFTH DAY'S ROUTE. 257 OY THE LEFT II AVI). Ailie St., leading to Leman St. and the Garrick Theatre. Minories. Jewry St., leading to Tower . 5, Saracen's Head Hotel 23, East India Chambers. 35, Steam Packet office.. East India House .. Leadenhall Market. St. Peter's church . . St. Michael's church. . 35, British Commercial Company . . 34, Waghorn's Office (India). . 30, General Maritime Assurance ..21, Westminster Life Assu- rance.. . 7, Globe Fire Office. The Mansion House. Bow church. . In Friday st. St. Martin's church. 40, King's Head Tavern.. 25, Grapes Tavern 24, Rain bow Tavern. . Newgate Mar- ket. . Newgate Prison. Farringdon street. St. Andrew's church.. Thavies'Inn..Bernard'sInn. . 20, Bernard's Inn Coffee-ho. . 7, Blue Posts. . Staples Inn. 59, Law Association . . 22, Chichester Chambers.. 15, Palace Court office. . Common Pleas Office.. Symond's and Serjeant's Inns. Ch. of St. Clement's Danes Lyon's Inn, Church lane ; end of which Whitechapel. High street. LEFT Aldgate High St. Aid gate. Leadenhall street. CornhilL Mansion House st Poultry. Cheapside. Newgate street. Skinner street. Holborn bridge. Holborn. Holborn bars. LEFT Chancery lane. RIGHT Temple bar. Pickett street. Wych street. LEFT Newcastle street Strand. Charing cross. l 2 ON THE RIGHT HAND. Union St., leading to Sion chapel and Whitechapel ch. Duke St., in which isthe prin- cipal synagogue of the Jews. St. Catherine Cree church 102, Shipowners' Towing Company.. 108, East India Military Stores.. 187, Steam Pack et offices. 69, Bengal Military l-rphan Asylum. .70, Asylums, Foreign &c. 72, General Shipowners' Society.. 76, Hanseatic Con- sulate Office.. 81, Union As- surance Office.. 83, General Telegraph Office. 30, Blue Boar. . 25, Bull Inn . . 1 1 .Three Nuns..St.Botolph ch Bank of England. St. Mildred's church. 92, Atlas Assurance Com- pany. . City of London school . Sadlers' Hall. St. Martin's le grand. . Post Office.. Entrance to Christ's Hospital and church . . In Gilt- spur street the Compter. St. Sepulchre's church .. Saracen's Head Hotel. Opening to goto Islington. 122, Black Bull Tavern. 123, Old Bell Tavern.. 133, Bell and Crown Tavern . . Fur- siival's Inn.. 139, Brett's Hot. Six Clerks' Office. . Lincoln's Inn.. 89, Rolls Chambers.. 109, Incorporated Law Society Entrance to Clement's Inn. New Inn. . Olympic Theatre. 258 SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE. ON THE LEFT HAND. Adelphi Terrace. . Waterloo bridge . . Somerset House . , King's College. . Temple Gar dens and buildings. . City Gas Works.. Blackfriars Bridge.. Queenhithe Steam Wharfs.. Southwark bridge .. Fish- mongers' Hall .. London bridge. To Duke street, in which are the Greenwich, Croydon, and Brighton Railway Stations. . St. Thomas's and Guy's Hos- pitals.. 75, Talbot Inn. 97, Spur Inn. . 150, Marshal- sea Prison. St. George's ch. Trinity street, Trinity square and church .. Court of Re- quests for Southwark . . In Union road, Horsemonger lane Goal and Sessions House. Hungerford Steam Wharf, as Fifth Day, and by Steam Boat to London bridge. Landing on north side, proceed across to Wellington st. Borough High st. Blackman street. British and Foreign School Society, Central Establish- ment. 92, London road chapel.. 82, St. John's chapel. Elephant and Castle Hotel and General Coach Office. In Cross street, Drapers Alms Houses. At the end of the Walworth road. ON THE RIGHT HAND. New Suspension foot bridge building. Patent Shot Factories , Waterloo bridge. . Patent Shot Factory .. Blackfriars bridge . . Southwark bridge. . London bridge. Bridge House Hotel . . St. Saviour's church.. The Lady chapel.. Town Hall. In Union street, Union Hall. Borough road. St. George's Circus. London road. NewingtonButts High street Newington. LEFT Francis street. Manor Place. Surrey Zoological Gardens, leaving them by the New street Gate. In Great Surrey street, Sur- rey Theatre, Magdalen Hos- pital, Surrey chapel, &c. Streets leading to South- wark bridge. Queen's Bench Prison. Blind Asylum.. 15, Philan- thropic Society. Fishmongers' Almshouses. Church of St. Mary, New- iugton. SIXTH DAY'S ROUTE, 259 ON THE LKPT HANI). Doddington Grove, leading to Kennington common. Kennington common and St. Mark's church. Grammar School. . Licensed Victuallers' School.. Devon- shire place, leading to Ken- nington Oval. Vinegar Distillery . . Gas Works. Church of St. Mary, Lam heth, and Palace. New Catholic Chapel. Astley's Theatre (building). New street* Kennington road. LEFT Newington place, BIGHT Princes square. LEFT Kennington cross, Kennington lane. Bridge street. Vauxhall. Vauxhall row. Princes street. High street. RIGHT Church street. RIGHT Lambeth road. LEFT Westminster road Westminster Bridge road. Bridge street. Westminster bridge. Bridge street. Parliament st. and to Charing cross, as First Day. ON THE RIGHT HAND. St. Paul's chapel. . The late Vauxhall Gardens. . Vauxhall bridge. Archbishop Tennison's School. Vestry Hall. New Bethlem Hospital. Blind School. Asylum for Female Orphans. In Lambeth Marsh, Lam- beth New Market, Victoria Theatre, Lying-in hospital. 260 SEVENTH DAYS ROUTE. SEVENTH DAY'S ROUTE, O.V TIIK LEFT HANI). Pavilion Theatre (in Os borne street the Court of Re quests for Tower Hamlets) . . Dr ape rs' Alms Houses. Skinners', Trinity, and Vintners' Alms Houses. Church of St. Dunstan, Stepney .... Brewers' Alms Houses. Barron's Chain Cable Fac- tory.. Bridge over the Re- gent's canal. . Bridge over the Lea cut .. East India Dock road. Burial Ground and chapel Blackwall Railway (crosses,) and terminus . . Brunswick Steam Wharf and Hotel. King'sArmsTavern. . Plough Tavern. . Artichoke Tavern. The Thames, and on oppo- site side Bugsby marshes. From Charing cross by Omnibus to Whitechapel church. Whitechapel Road. Mile end. RIGHT. Rowland's row. Stepney green. Pass Stepney church. White Horse st. Commercial road. West India docks. King street. High street. LEFT Newby place. RIGHT East India dock road. East India docks. LEFT Robin Hood lane. Brunswick street. BLACKWALL. High street. Cross the bridge over West India dock Entrance, ON THE RIGHT HAND. Megg's Alms Houses Loudon Hospital. King John's Palace. Mercers' Alms Houses. The East India Company's Tram Road. . Bridge over the Regent's canal, and Lock, and Basin.. Bridge over Lea cut. Church of St. Ann, Limehouse. Gas Works. Limehouse Poor House. Church of All Saints, Lime- house. Basin and Dock. SEVENTH DAYS ROUTE. 261 ON TH E LEFT HAND. West India Dock Tavern. Canal Thames. entrance from the Road leading to Limehouse. Billingsgate. . Deptford Gas Worksand Creek. . The King's Dock Yards . . Boat Houses, Victualling Offices and Yards . . The Thames Ship Builders Company's Yard.. Entrance to East Country and Commer- cial Docks.. Tunnel. Lower Thames street. The Old Post Office, and church of St. Mary Woolnoth . . End of King William street, now extending to London bridge. The Mansion House. See Fifth Day's Route. St. Paul's School. Cross Canal bridge and enter Isle of Dogs. Pass through Toll hatch. Blackmail road. Ferry house. Thence by Ferry to Greenwich Hospital. Thence by Steam boat, which leaves Green wich every £ hour to the Tower stairs. Great Tower hill, LEFT Great Tower st, Little Tower st. Little Fast cheap. RIGHT. Gracechurch st. LEFT Lombard street. Mansion house st. Poultry. Cheapside. LEFT East side of St. Paul's church yard. and thence to Charing cross, as fifth Day. ON THE RIGHT HAND. Chapel House. This Ferry being private property, the charge is 2d. each person. The Isle of Dogs .. En- trances to Ship Canal, West India and Limehouse Docks, Lea cut, and Regent's canal, and to the London and St. Katharine's Docks.. St. Ka- therine's Wharf. Entrance to the Tower. Church of Allhallows Bark- ing. Churches of Allhallows and St. Edmund the King. Bank of England. St. Mildred's church. See Fifth Day's Route. St. Paul's Cathedral. PLACES IN THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON, WORTHY THE ATTENTION OF STRANGERS. WINDSOR CASTLE, The most splendid palace of our kings, 21 miles west by south from London, is situated on an eminence, commanding a charming prospect of the surrounding country. It is a noble structure, of great antiquity, originally built by Wil- liam I., and enlarged by his successors till the reign of Edward III., who caused the greater part to be pulled down and rebuilt. Subsequent monarchs considerably enlarged it, to the reign of Charles II., from which period it remained untouched to the reign of George III. Many great improve- ments were effected in the reign of George IV., whose latter years were almost exclusively spent here. The alterations and improvements, conducted by Sir Jeffry Wyatville, com- prise the greater part of the old edifice. The Castle is divided into two courts, called Upper and Lower Wards, separated from each other by the Round Tower, or Middle Ward. The Lower Ward is more extensive than the Upper, and contains the following towers : — The Win- chester Tower, forming the western end of the North Ter- race ; the Store Tower or Wardrobe Tower, nearly opposite the Deanery, and presenting a venerable appearance ; the Towers at the entrance gateway ; Salisbury Tower, Garter Tower, and Julius Caesar's or the Belfry Tower. The Castle occupies about 32 acres. Opposite Church-street is the entrance to the Lower Ward of the Castle. Passing under King Henry VIII. 's Gateway, the south front of the beautiful building of the Collegiate Church of St. George immediately presents itself to the notice of the spectator. On entering the interior, the admiration of the spectator is excited by the grandeur of its architecture, which surpasses many of our cathedrals. The great west window, a fine specimen of stained glass, contains the figures of Edward the Confessor, Edward IV., Henry VIII., several of the patri- archs, the primitive bishops, and other ecclesiastics, inter- spersed with heraldic bearings, among which the cross and insignia of the order of the garter are frequently displayed. The east window, in the south aisle, represents the Angel ap- pearing unto the Shepherds with the Annunciation of the WINDSOR CASTLE. 263 Nativity, and the western one depicts the Birth of the Redeemer. The subject of the west window, in the north aisle, is the Adoration of the Magi. The designs of these windows were furnished by West, and were executed by Forest. The stone roof is an ellipsis, supported by pillars of Gothic architecture, whose ribs and groin sustain the ceiling with admirable beauty and elegance. The organ possesses an extremely fine tone, particularly in its swell, and was erected by George III. at an expense of one thousand guineas. A pair of beautifully carved folding doors form the entrance to The Choir. — This part of the chapel is appropriated to the performance of Divine service, and the ceremony of in- stalling the Knights of the Garter. The richness of the roof and carved work, the beautiful effect of the great painted window above the altar, at the west end, and the banners of the knights surmounting their respective stalls, combine to present to the eye an almost unrivalled union of sublimity and grandeur. The floor is paved with marble, in alternate diamond-shaped squares of black and white, and the com- munion table is approached by an ascent of four steps. The stalls of the knights are ranged on each side of the choir, and those of the Sovereign and the Princes of the blood -royal under the organ-gallery ; foreign potentates members of the order, are the next in succession, the knights ranking accord- ing to the date of their investiture. Over each stall, under a canopy of carved work, are the sword, mantle, helmet, and crest of each knight ; above these is the banner, on which are his armorial bearings, and at the back of the seat an en- graved brass plate records his name, style, and titles. The stall of the Sovereign is distinguished by a canopy and curtains of purple velvet, embroidered with gold fringe ; on the pedestals of the stalls the life of our Saviour is represented in uncommonly rich carved work, and on those under the organ gallery are the history of St. George. The great painted window over the altar was designed by West, and executed by Jarvis and Forest. The subject is the resurrection of our Saviour. A painting of the Lord's Supper, above the communion table, was executed by West. Adjoining the altar, on the north side of the choir, is a gallery, now termed the Queen's Closet, which is fitted up for the accommodation of her Majesty when attending Divine Service ; the curtains, chairs, and other appurtenances are of garter blue silk, and the windows are ornamented with several pieces of ancient stained glass ; directly underneath is the tomb 264 WINDSOR CASTLE. of Edward IV., a beautiful work of art in hammered steel, by Quintin Matsys. On quitting the choir, at the north east door, you proceed to take a survey of the various monuments and recesses called chapels, which were erected at the expense or in honour of some particular family, whose name or title they bear. Fee, 6d. each person, or less for a party. The Royal Cemetery. — The vault is 70 feet long, 28 wide, and 14 high. The places destined to receive the bodies are formed by octagonal Gothic columns, supporting four ranges of shelves, each of which, in the space included between the columns, has been prepared for two coffins: the centre row in each will admit 32. At the east end are five niches, which will receive as many coffins. The pillars are of Bath stone, and the shelves of Yorkshire stone. This ceme- tery has already received the remains of the Princess Amelia, the Duchess of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte, Queen Char- lotte, George III., the Duke of York, the Duke of Kent, George IV., William IV., and Princess Augusta. The public entrance to the Upper Ward is under a portcul- lised archway, near the entrance to the Round Tower, flanked by two towers with corbelled battlements, called the Norman Gateway. Opposite, on the left, is the part of the edifice erected by Queen Elizabeth and James I., beneath which a postern gate forms a public entrance for strangers, and leads to the North Terrace, where the splendid prospect for which it is so cele- brated at once bursts upon the view, and is justly considered the most beautiful walk in the world; it is 1870 feet in length, and is faced with a rampart of stone. The East Terrace is connected by a flight of steps with the garden. This beautiful spot is adorned with many statues both of bronze and marble; there are also two vases, the work of Cibber, the father of the poet. This garden is surrounded by a pentagon terrace, under part of which is an extensive orangery. State Apartments. — This splendid suite of rooms are enriched with a suitable collection of paintings, by the first masters, originally made by Charles II., and considerably augmented in the reign of George III. Entering by a door under a Gothic porch, adjoining to King John's tower, a stair- case conducts the visitor to a small open vestibule. From this spot is seen a splendid portrait of the late Sir Jeffry Wyatville, the architect, by whose unrivalled talent this princely residence of British monarchs has been restored to its present state ; surpassing in grandeur and magnificence all the castellated buildings in Europe. WINDSOR CASTLE. 265 By the new arrangement, the rooms are shown in the fol- lowing order : — Queen's Audience Chamber. — The walls of this apart- ment are hung with tapestry; the subject is from Queen Esther. On the ceiling, painted by Verrio, Queen Catherine, personified as Britannia, is represented sitting in a triumphal car, drawn by swans, and attended by Flora, Ceres, Pomona, and other Goddesses ; the Temple of Virtue forms her desti- nation, and the painting is decorated by several ornaments heightened with gold. The Queen's Presence Chamber. — The walls are wainscoted with oak, and decorated with four large and splendid specimens of the Gobelin Tapestry ; the subject is from Queen Esther. The ceiling is painted by Verrio : Catherine, Queen of Charles II., is the principal figure, seated under a canopy spread by Time, and supported by Zephyrs, while Religion, Prudence, Fortitude, and other Virtues are in attendance on her ; Fame is proclaiming the happiness of the country, and Justice is driving away Sedition, Envy, and Discord. The Guard Chamber. — This spacious chamber is 78 feet long, 21 feet wide at one end, 26 at the other, and 31 feet high. The ceiling is groined, the massive mouldings of which rest on corbels, supported by grotesque heads, and richly flowered bosses over the principal intersections. The arms and specimens of ancient armour deposited in this room are very ingeniously disposed ; there are four whole- length figures clothed in armour, with their lances, standing on brackets, two on each side of the room, and two also at the south end. At the south end of this room, on a part of the foremast of the Victory, through which a cannon ball passed at the battle of Trafalgar, stands a splendid colossal bust of the immortal Nelson, by Sir F. Chantrey, and near this is suspended a massive chandelier of bronze of a beautiful Gothic design. A bust of the Duke of Marlborough occupies a station to the left, and on the right the Duke of Wellington, over which are the annual tributary banners from Blenheim and Strathfieldsaye. On either side of Nelson's bust is a beautiful piece of ordnance, taken at the battle of Seringapatam. The beautiful silver shield inlaid with gold, by Benvenuto Cellini, presented by Francis I. to Henry VIII., when they met on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, is fixed in a glass case, and revolves in a pivot over the mantel- 2 a 266 WINDSOR CASTLE. piece. In the centre of the room is placed a table presented to her present Majesty, made from the wreck of the Royal George — likewise a glass-case containing other relics. St. George's Hall is 200 feet long, 34 feet broad, and 32 feet high. The new ceiling to this splendid Hall is in the Gothic style, from a design by Sir JefFry Wyatville; in form, it is a flat Gothic arch, and the ribs, or mould- ings which divide its compartments, spring from corbels on the walls. The entire ceiling is divided into thirteen bays, each of which is subdivided into twenty-four smaller ones, and these contain each two shields, emblazoned with the armorial bearings of all the Knights of the Garter, from the institution of the order down to the present time, an elapse of nearly 500 years. The south side of the room is entirely occupied by windows, thirteen in number; on the side panels, under the windows, are engraved the name of the knight, and the number corresponds with those at the bottom of the several shields on the ceiling ; and on the opposite side are recesses, in which are placed full-length portraits of the last eleven Sovereigns of England. At each end is a music gallery, and against that at the east end is the Sovereign's throne, the ascent to which is by oak steps. Along the sides of the room, at the height of about seven feet from the ground, are panels containing plain shields, on which the armorial bearings of those knights who may here- after be admitted into the order will be emblazoned ; several of these are already occupied. In the spaces between the portraits are large brass shields, with the cross of St. George encircled by the garter and motto. From the sides of the shield project small brackets supporting lamps, and above the shields are placed steel helmets, with crossed spears ; the hel- mets are of various designs, and are such as were used in the time of Edward III. The furniture is of oak, covered with scarlet cloth. The chair of state is also of oak, richly carved in style similar to the coronation chair at Westminster Abbey, embroidered with the garter and cross of St. George. The chimney-piece of this apartment is much admired. The carpet is of oak pattern, in panels, with the cross in the centre. The Ball Room. — The walls to this splendid room are hung with a fine specimen of Gobelin tapestry, in six compartments — the subject, the History of Jason and the Golden Fleece, and which, from their superior workmanship and freshness of colour, may at a cursory view be readily WINDSOR CASTLE. 26/ mistaken for oil paintings ; while large and splendid look- ing-glasses and the costly carved work occupy other por- tions of the room. Magnificent French doors open into the Throne Room, the Waterloo Gallery, and St. George's Hall. The ceiling is divided into five panels, the mouldings and centre-pieces of which are elaborately wrought in various devices in high relief ; this ceiling is supported by a large and richly ornamented cove, which forms part of the cornice, and this again is enriched with ornamental scroll-work of the most beautiful description, in parts with birds, in the centres with the royal arms, and over the two fire-places and the doors with the initials G. R. IV. At the north end of the room is a splendid Gothic window of plate glass, from which a beautiful and extensive prospect over the parks and the adjacent country is seen. The style of the room, excepting this window, which is necessarily Gothic, to correspond with the exterior of the building, is that of the time of Louis XIV. The floor is of oak, parquet, the oak being inlaid with fleur- de-lis in ebony. The furniture is of the most splendid de- scription, and in style uniform with the room, solidly gilt and covered with crimson damask ; upon state occasions, the floor is covered with a rich carpet of Axminster manufacture. From the ceiling, four splendid chandeliers are suspended, and are of the most beautiful design and workmanship, composed of or-molu, interspersed with cut glass, branches and pendants. A vase, similar to the one in the King's Drawing-room, is in this apartment, and two smaller ones. The Throne Room.- — That portion of the ceiling imme- diately over the throne is extremely rich in decoration ; the cove contains the British lion, surrounded with palm branches, large scrolls of foliage support trusses upholding a bold margin of oak leaves and acorns ; these decorations are all in high relief and splendidly gilt. The other part of the ceiling and cove are highly embellished, the centre is com- posed of large circles formed of the collar of the Order o the Garter; small medallions of St. George and the Dragon, richly embossed in variegated gold and silver, connect the large circles, the centres of which display the star of the Order of St. George, the rose, &c. The walls are partly of oak, highly polished, and relieved by carvings of fruit and flowers, by Grinling Gibbon. The larger panels of the walls contain velvet of garter blue, with the badge and star of the Order of the Garter, and the smaller ones looking-glass ; a raised dais is placed at the western end, on which the throne is placed. 263 WINDSOR CASTLE. The Waterloo Chamber is 45 feet high, 98 feet long, and 47 feet broad, and finished in the Elizabethan style of architecture ; it contains 37 portraits of the sovereigns who reigned, the most celebrated commanders who fought, and the statesmen who were at the head of affairs at the period of the battle of Waterloo, principally painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence. This gallery receives light from a lan- tern of ground glass, and is divided into five compartments, by light and elegant arches, terminating in pendants of extreme beauty ; from the centre of the side arches are suspended five massive chandeliers of or-molu. Lions, masks, and grotesque heads holding wreaths of flowers and fruit, embellish all the mouldings ; at the end of the room, stars with the initials W. R., the rose, shamrock, and thistle, fill the various panels ; the whole of the ceiling and part of the walls are of a light stone colour, the lower part of the walls are wainscoted with beautiful light oak. The panelling, doors, chimney-pieces, and picture-frames, are adorned with carvings by Gibbon ; galleries, formed of oak, richly carved, project several feet into the room at either end. The furniture is entirely of oak, with seats of crimson plush. The carpet, of dark morone, is panelled and figured with the stars of the Order of the Bath. The Grand Vestibule is 47 feet long, 28 feet wide, and 45 feet high, exclusive of the octagonal lantern ; clusters of slender columns occupy the angles of the vestibule, supporting a vaulting of rich fan-work, ornamented with tracery, and ter- minating with the royal arms, encircled with the garter, in the centre of the lantern ; also six suits of armour in the time of Elizabeth and Charles I. From the vestibule you view The Grand Staircase, which communicates with the hall beneath, and from thence under the portico to the quadrangle, and forms an approach worthy of so splendid an edifice. The ceiling and lantern are of wood, painted in imitation of stone, and formed into panels by massive mouldings, the interstices covered with boldly-carved bosses and shields ; the walls and staircase of Bath stone, with Portland steps. In a deeply recessed arch is placed a noble statue in marble of George IV., by Chantrey. The Vestibule is embellished with the star and oak wreath, richly gilt, the walls partly wainscoted with polished oak. The ceiling is ornamented with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, the star being entwined in a wreath of oak. This room contains five splendid paintings by West. WINDSOR CASTLE. 269 Two fine busts, in terra cotta, of Edward III. and Queen Philippa, occupy the angles of this room, and a specimen of carving by Grinling Gibbon. The King's Drawing Room. — The ceiling of this room is in panels, the centre embellished with a star and oak wreath : a broad and bold margin, composed of the rose, shamrock, and thistle, surrounds the room. The cove dis- plays fourteen circles entwined with palm, laurel, and oak wreaths, enclosing G. R., the royal arms, stars, &c. The silk hangings are ornamented with the arms of England, which are encircled in the collar of the Order of the Garter. The paintings in this room are by Rubens. A large oriel window terminates the north end of this room, and commands a splendid prospect of the park and adjacent country. Four magnificent pier glasses ornament the sides of the room. In this apartment is placed a vase, composed of Prussian granite, which was presented by Frederick III., of Prussia, to the Sovereign of England ; and also a curious chair, made from the roof of Alloway kirk, mentioned in Burns' poem of Tarn O'Shanter, having that poem engraved and fixed on the chair out of respect to the poet, and presented to George IV. when he visited Scotland. At the opposite end of the room is a splendid cabinet of elaborate mosaic work. The Council Room. — The ceiling of this apartment is enriched with the arms of Charles II., on a circular shield with a garter and motto. Four small medallions, with the initials C. R., the crown and 1660, encompassed with oak branches, are placed at the quartering^ of the shield : a broad circular bending of wreathed palm encircles the whole. Richly embellished tridents springing from foliage, are placed in the panels at the angle of the ceiling ; in the cove are the royal arms fully emblazoned, and C. R. surrounded with oak branches. This room contains 35 paintings by the old masters. The King's Closet. — This small apartment is distin- guished by trophies emblematical of our maritime superiority — the anchor and trident forming conspicuous ornaments of the ceiling. In the centre is a small panel surrounded by a cable, containing the star of St. George, with oak branches ; in the cove are the initials W. R. surrounded with oak ; in panels at the sides, shields with the royal arms fully emblazoned, with branches of palm and laurel ; and in the angles of the ceiling, anchors entwined with a cable. Upon the crimson silk hangings are beautifully interwoven 2 a 2 270 WINDSOR CASTLE. the rose, shamrock, and thistle, entwining the initials W. R. This apartment contains 40 paintings by the old masters, among them the celebrated painting of the Two Misers. The Queen's Closet. — A small oblong room, the ceiling enriched with festoons of fruit and flowers : medallions in the cove contain the words " Adelaide Regina, 1833," surmounted with the royal crown: the whole delicately etched with gold. Two large glasses, with massive silvered frames, distinguish this apartment ; the hangiDgs are of light blue silk, upon which are displayed, in damask silk, the initials A. R. and crown. This room contains 25 paintings by the old masters. The Queen's Drawing Room. — The ceiling is of stucco, embellished with margins of oak and palm entwined ; in the centre, a large octagon panel surrounded with the oak, sham- rock, rose, and thistle. In the centre of the cove are richly emblazoned shields, containing the arms of England and Saxe Meiningen, surmounted with the royal crown. Other shields at the end of the room contain the initials W. R. and A. R. Scrolls of foliage and wreaths of flowers, all richly etched with gold, complete the decorations of this room. There are in this room six landscapes of Italian scenery, all of large dimensions, by Zuccarelli, and a few others. The Vandyck Room. — This room is of considerable length, but plain and unostentatious in its decorations. The ceiling is of stucco, formed into panels, of lozenge form, the border and margins composed of the shamrock ; the centres display the rose and thistle, round the principal margin ; the royal arms, the initials G. R. III., surrounded with palm branches, are displayed, the whole of a warm tint, and slightly etched with gold. This room contains upwards of thirty paint- ings, all portraits by Vandyck. The hangings of this room are composed of rich crimson silk damask, ornamented with the insignia of the Orders of the Garter, St. Patrick, the Bath, and the Thistle, interspersed with the rose, shamrock, and thistle. Fee, 6d. each person. This closes the tour of the apartments shown to the public. The other rooms being the private apartments of her Majesty, are rarely shown ; and then only by an order from the Lord Chamberlain. The state apartments are open on Wednesday and Saturday from eleven o'clock till four o'clock ; and on Sunday from half-past one till four o'clock. The Quadrangle. — The state apartments form the north WINDSOR CASTLE. 271 side of the quadrangle, the Hound Tower is on the west, and the Queen's private apartments and those of theroyal household on the east and south side. On a lofty pedestal, at the base of the Round Tower, is an equestrian bronze statue of Charles II., erected by one of his servants. The principal entrance to the state apartments is immediately opposite the new gateway, and is remarkable for its beautiful square tower, the lower part of which is sufficiently arched to allow carriages to drive close to the doors ; this Tower is also entirely new. In this quadrangle are the Devil Tower, the ^ork and Lancaster Towers, Black Prince's, Clarence, Chester, and King's Towers. The Round Tower. — Between the two wards of the Castle stands the Keep or Round Tower, which is built on the summit of a lofty artificial mount. This stately structure is the residence of the Governor or Constable of the Castle. A flight of 100 steps, at the summit of which a piece of ordnance is let into the wall, commanding the whole range of the staircase, forms the ascent to the main body of the build- ing. At the top of these an arched gateway leads into the principal apartments of the Tower, and at the sides are posterns opening upon a curtain battery. A view of great extent, and replete with variety and beauty, is seen from the battlements, the winding of the Thames among the level country, with the succession of villages, mansions, and detached farm houses, the luxuriant landscape of the Parks and Forest, the bird's eye view of the town, and the far-stretched extent of prospect over the more distant hills and counties, combining to form a panorama almost unequalled for its magnificence and beauty. Fee, 4d. each, or less for a party. Whenever her Majesty is residing at Windsor, the royal standard is displayed from a flag-staff on the leads of the Tower. Its dimensions are eight yards by twelve. The Little or Home Park contains that large expanse of lawn which extends round the north and east sides of the Castle to the bank of the Thames, nearly four miles in cir- cumference, and contains upwards of 500 acres. There are some noble and interesting trees in this park, particularly the one called Heme's Oak, and mentioned in the Merry Wives of Windsor ; it may be seen a little on the right of the path leading to Datchet, near which is a neat and elegant cottage, called Adelaide Lodge ; a foot path leads to it from the Castle. From this part the Castle is seen to great advantage from various positions. 272 WINDSOR CASTLE. The Great Park, the scenery of which is both varied and picturesque, contains about 1800 acres, and is stocked with several thousand deer. It lies on the south side of the town, and includes the beautiful avenue of trees, called the Long Walk, which is nearly three miles in length to the eminence, called Snow Hill. The view from the Castle to the end of the Long Walk is grand and imposing, and is termi- nated by a colossal equestrian bronze statue of George III., by Westmacott. Another avenue of considerable length, called Queen Anne's Ride, extends from Hudson's gate, at the bottom of Sheet-street, to the boundary of the park near Ascot Heath. About half-a-mile from the end of the Long Walk is the Royal Lodge, the grounds to which are tastefully laid out. At the back of it is Cumberland Lodge, possessing an extensive range of gardens. On the east side of Cumber- land Lodge is a road forming the best approach to Virginia Water. Descending through a valley, the road crosses an embankment at the head of the lake, near which the road has been formed across a portion of the lake by a bridge, termi- nating at the Fishing Temple, an elegant summer pavilion, having a neat garden in front with a fountain in the centre ; facing the lake is a gallery which was erected by George IV., for the purpose of taking the diversion of fishing ; the roof is of various colours, and ornamented with dragons and other grotesque figures ; the interior comprises a large spacious apartment and two smaller ones. On the lake are placed several miniature vessels, with pleasure boats ; the one used by George IV. resembles a splendid Moorish tent, crowned with the Mahometan crescent. Several bridges cross this fine piece of water, the largest of which is on the road to the vil. lage of Blacknest. On an island above, is a summer room fitted up after the Chinese style. Over another part of the lake is a bridge of one arch, on a mount beyond which stands a stone obelisk surmounted by an image of the sun, designed for a point of view from Cumberland Gate. Near the high road to Southampton the water of the lake forms a beautiful cascade, by the side of which is a cave made of fragments of large-sized stones brought from Bagshot Heath ; at the bottom of the fall the water becomes a running stream, and falls into the Thames at Chertsey. The banks of the lake and grounds are laid out in plantations, with a number of walks and drives. On the top of a small eminence stands the Belvidere, a trian- gular building in the Gothic style, having a battery of brass guns. There are likewise several lodges to this park ; the ETON. 273 most conspicuous are the Middle or Double Gate Lodge, •Hardiman's Lodge, and Hudson's Lodge. Frogmore Lodge is divided from the Little Park by the London road ; the grounds comprise nearly 13 acres, and are tastefully laid out by a succession of lawns, flower parterres, and walks, interspersed with several ornamental buildings. The quickest way of reaching Windsor is by the Great Western Railway. Omnibuses from various parts of the city convey passengers to the station in Praed-street, Paddington. The trains arrive at Slough, a distance of 18 miles, generally in about 30 minutes. From Slough, the distance to Windsor is about two miles ; the fare by omnibus is sixpence. ETON, A village near the Thames, 21 miles from London, adjoining Windsor, famed for its royal college, founded in 1440 by Henry VI. The establishment consists of a provost, vice- provost, six fellows, a head master, under master, two assist- ants, seventy scholars, seven lay clerks, and ten choristers, besides inferior officers and servants for the domestic offices of the collegians. The scholars on the foundation are called King's Scholars, and wear black cloth gowns ; the others, upwards of 600 in number, whose education and maintenance are paid for by their friends, are styled Oppidans, and reside in private houses within the precincts of the college. At this college some of our greatest statesmen, philosophers, and poets have received their education. It is divided into two courts or quadrangles ; in the first are the chapel, the upper and lower schools, the apartments of the head and second masters, and those set apart for the scholars on the founda- tion ; in the centre of the principal court is a bronze statue of Henry VI. In the other quadrangle are the lodgings of the provost and fellows, the great dining hall, and the library. The chapel is a fine old Gothic structure, and contains some interesting monuments ; at the west end of the ante-chapel there is a fine marble statue of the founder of the college in his royal robes, by Bacon. The library contains a curious and valuable collection of books, likewise some Oriental and Egyptian manuscripts, with some beautiful illuminated missals and other literary curiosities. The college may be seen on application to the attendant. The singular custom observed here once in three years, on Whit-Tuesday, called the Mont em, appears to have been ob- served from the foundation of the college, although both its 27^ ETON. design and manner of observance have been entirely changed since that time. It consists of a procession, formed by the whole school, to a small mount, called Salt Hill, near the road to Bath. The chief object of the ceremony at present, is to make a collection for the captain of the scholars, preparatory to his leaving the college for the University of Cambridge, which is effected by levying contributions from all the specta- tors and passers-by, as money for " salt." The spectacle partakes somewhat of a military array, the greater portion of the boys being habited in uniforms, and the senior boys wear- ing the costumes of a marshal, captain, lieutenant, and ensign, the latter of whom bears the college flag, inscribed with the motto, " Pro More et Monte," which is waved with great form on the top of the mount at Salt Hill. The two principal collectors are called Salt-bearers, and are aided in their duties by several of the upper boys, who are called Servitors ; their costumes, being chosen according to the taste of the wearers, are rich, fanciful, and varied, it being by no means unusual to see dresses of all ages and countries grouped together, presenting a very brilliant and lively spectacle. The Montem is attended not only by numbers of the neighbouring gentry and nobility, and the friends of the boys, but has been for several years honoured with the presence of the Sovereign and other branches of the royal family. The collection has amounted to the sum of £1300, but generally amounts to about ,£1000. The origin of this custom, notwithstanding much research, has not been clearly ascertained ; but it has been supposed to derive its title from a monkish procession having annually taken place to this mount, at which time consecrated salt was sold to the spectators. ASCOT HEATH, About twenty-six miles from London and six miles from Windsor, is celebrated for its race -ground, which is allowed to be one of the finest in England. The races are held here annually for three or four days in the second week in Whitsun- tide, and have long been noted for the patronage they have received by the royal family, who generally attend them. A grand stand was built for the accommodation of George IV. and his suite ; and her present Majesty has caused another large and elegant apartment, with suitable offices, to be built for the convenience of her suite ; and more recently a large and splendid stand has been erected, by subscription, from all parts of which the whole of the course can be viewed. HAMPTON COURT. 2/5 HAMPTON COURT Is a royal Palace, thirteen miles from London, on the north bank of the river Thames, erected by Cardinal Wolsey, and presented by him to his royal master, Henry VIII. It became the residence of the various royal families to the reign of George III. The building consists of three principal quadrangles ; the western court is 167 feet by 162 feet, and is divided into several suites of apartments, occupied by private families ; the middle quadrangle is 134 feet by 134 feet, and is called the Clock Court, from a curious astronomical clock being placed over the gateway ; the third quadrangle, or Fountain Court, erected for William III. by Sir C.Wren, is 110 feet by 117 feet; on each side of the court is a beautiful colonade of the Ionic order, with dupli- cate columns ; on the north side, over the windows, are the twelve labours of Hercules, by Laguerre ; and in the area is a jet-d'eau; on the north side is the Queen's staircase, and on the west is a passage leading to the public entrance to The Grand Staircase, painted by Verrio, ascending which he enters the guard chamber, which contains arms for one thousand men, disposed in various fanciful forms ; the panels round the rooms contain eight paintings on military subjects. The King's first presence chamber— the second pre- sence chamber — the audience chamber — the King's drawing room — these rooms contain numerous fine paintings, among Which are full length portraits of the female beauties of the court of William and Mary, by Kneller ; our Saviour in the rich man's house — Christ healing the sick — the woman taken In adultery — the woman of faith — the woman of Samaria*— by S. Ricci ; George III. reviewing the 10th Light Dragoons — William III.'s bed room, in which is now placed the state bed of Queen Charlotte ; the furniture is a most beautiful specimen of embroidery, executed at an institution for the orphan daughters of clergymen, which was under the patronage of her Majesty ; round the room are the celebrated portraits of Charles II. 's court. The King's dressing room — the King's writing closet — Queen Mary's closet — her Majesty's gallery — all these rooms have paintings of various interest. The Queen's bed room, where is now placed the state bed of Queen Anne, the rich velvet furniture and hangings of which were wrought at Spitalfields — the chairs and stools are covered to correspond. The Queen' s drawing room — the Queen' s audience chamber — the public dining room / this room is hung with 276 HAMPTON COURT. Arras tapestry, the subject, the history of Abraham. In this room is a model of a palace, the residence of his Highness the Nabob Nazin at Moorshedabad, in Bengal. The Prince of Wales' 1 s presence chamber — the Prince of Wales 1 8 drawing room — the Queen's private chapel — the closet near the chapel — the private dining room ; the Queen's private chamber contains a model of a palace intended by George III. for Richmond gardens, but never executed. The King's pri- vate dressing room — George II.' s private chamber; in the next closet is a model of a palace intended by George II. for Hyde Park. The Cartoon Gallery contains the cartoons of Raphael ; these drawings were designed to serve as patterns for tapestry; they were painted about the year 1520, and the tapestry was executed at the famous manufactory at Arras, in Flanders ; the subjects are — the death of Ananias — Elymas, the sorcerer — the lame man restored by Peter and John — the miraculous draught of fishes — Paul and Barnabas at Lystra — Paul preach- ing at Athens — Christ's charge to Peter. The ante-room — the portrait gallery — the Queen's stair- case — the Queen's guard chamber — the ante-room to the Queen's presence chamber ; these rooms contain paintings on various subjects of more or less interest. From this room the visitor will return to the Queen's staircase, and descend into the middle or clock court on the right ; in the archway between the first and second court, a flight of stone steps leads up to Wolsey's Hall, a splendid gothic room, the roof of which is very elaborately carved, and richly decorated with the arms and badges of Henry VIII. The walls are hung with a fine specimen of Arras tapestry in eight compartments ; the subject the history of Abraham. At the west end of the hall, over the gallery, is a group of armour, halberds, pikes, and ban- ners ; at the east end, on a carved stone bracket, stands a figure of our patron saint in armour, vanquishing the dragon, ornamented with a scroll of swords and ramrods ; on each side is a whole length figure in armour of the time of Eliza- beth and Charles I. At the upper end of the south side is a large oriel window, the compartments of which are of stained glass, containing the arms and initials of Henvy VIII. and his Queen. The next apartment is called Wolsey's Withdrawing Room. — The ceiling is de- corated with pendant ornaments, between which are cog- nizances of the fleur-de lis, the rose, portcullis, and other badges. The fine oriel window has lately been enriched by RICHMOND. 277 ten compartments of stained glass ; the walls of this room are covered with tapestry, in seven compartments, which are much injured by time; above the tapestry are seven car- toons, by Carlo Cignani ; in the centre of the carved oak mantel-piece is a portrait of Cardinal Wolsey. After viewing Cardinal Wolsey'' s hall, the extensive plea- sure grounds will be found highly deserving of notice. At the south end of the east front is a door which opens into the private garden, where may be seen the celebrated vine, the largest in Europe, if not in the world, being one hundred and ten feet long, and the principal stem nearly thirty inches in circumference ; in fruitful seasons it bears nearly three thousand bunches of grapes, which are kept exclusively for the Queen's table. On approaching the vine two large green- houses are passed, which contain orange trees and other plants ; at the opposite end of the palace is a large space of ground, called the Wilderness, planted and laid out by William III. In this place is a labyrinth or maze of extraordinary intricacy ; its walks are said to amount to half-a-mile, though the whole extent covered is not more than a quarter of an acre, and forms a pleasing puzzle, in which many a fair Ariadne has twined herself in search of a Theseus. The state apartments are open to the public, gratis, ~every day of the week except Friday, when they are closed for the purpose of being cleaned. The hours are from ten o'clock in the morning until six o'clock in the evening, from the 1st of April till the 1 st of October, and the remainder of the year from ten to four o'clock. On Sundays after two o'clock. The best way of proceeding to Hampton Court is by the Southampton Railway, from Nine Elms, (at which the Chelsea steam boats call, fare 4d.) ; the trains stop at Esher, a distance of two miles, where omnibuses are in waiting, fare 6d. Coaches, also, run from St. Paul's Churchyard and Piccadilly. RICHMOND, A village on the south bank of the Thames, nine miles from London, is a place of great resort on account of its beautiful situation. The view from the summit of the hill presents a most luxuriant prospect, not surpassed by any other part of the kingdom. An elegant stone bridge crosses the river at this place ; and a park of great beauty and extent, (which was formerly a favourite residence of several of our monarchs,) offers delightful walks to the visitor. Steam-boats during the 2 B 278 WOOLWICH, summer months leave London Bridge and Hungerford Wharf every morning ; and coaches run every hour from St. Paul's churchyard and Piccadilly. K E W, A village in Surrey, seven miles west-south-west from London, is rendered remarkable by its royal residence. The house possesses few attractions, but the gardens are of great value. They have been decorated by Sir William Chambers, with a variety of edifices in the Chinese style ; but their pro- minent feature is the valuable collection of exotics, commenced in 1760, and fondly continued by George III., assisted by the valuable services of Sir Joseph Banks. The new house, built expressly for the exclusive reception of African plants, is 110 feet in length. A superb pagoda decorates the centre of the wilderness, built in imitation of the Chinese Taa. The other conspicuous objects are various temples, theatres, mosques, and ruins, all built from designs of antique edifices, and in commemoration of certain events. The pleasure-grounds are open on Thursdays and Sundays, from Midsummer to Michael- mas, from nine till dusk. The Botanic Gardens are open daily from one to six, when any well-dressed person will be freely admitted. The interior of the palace may be seen at any time, on a polite request to any one in attendance. Omni- buses every half hour from St. Paul's churchyard, fare 1*. WOOLWICH, Situated on the south side of the Thames, about nine miles from London, will be visited by strangers on account of its many objects of attraction, which are of a nature peculiar to this kingdom. On reaching Woolwich, the first place to visit should be The Royal Arsenal,* situated at the end of Beresford- square. At the entrance gates are two spacious lodges, the right for the gatekeepers to the establishment, and the left for the bombardier of the Royal Artillery, to whom visitors apply for admission to view the Arsenal. After entering in a book the name and address of the parties, he accompanies them to the captain of the guard, who gives orders to hand the visitors a card, on which is a plan of the Arsenal and the situations of * Orders were given directly after the fire at D evonport dockyard not to admit any persons into the interior of the buildings, but they are allowed to walk over the grounds. Permission to view the interior of the building must be obtained by application to the commandant of the Arsenal. WOOLWICH. 270 thevariousbuildings,with guide lines and directions pointing out the best method to view the various departments ; this card must be returned on leaving the Arsenal at the gate first entered. Opposite the entrance gates is a splendid piece of ordnance taken from the French. The first place seen is the Foundry for casting brass guns and howitzers, which was erected by Sir John Vanburgh in 1719 ; it contains three furnaces, with extensive means for making moulds and weighing the materials used in forming the ordnance ; the largest furnace will melt about seven- teen tons of metal at one time. At the back of the foundry is a building for boring cannon ; this operation is also performed in another building on the right, the entrance to which is through a gateway on the West Parade ; here is a workshop where the brass guns are bored, and, after being proved and found perfect, are polished inside, and turned and polished on the outside in the most beautiful manner ; in another shop is a machine for boring or enlarging the calibre of iron ordnance. On leaving this place, the visitor turns to the right and passes through an avenue of trees to the Laboratory on the left ; in this department every kind of ammunition is prepared for use; in one of the buildings is a machine, invented by Napier, for making balls by compression ; in the centre is a building con- taining two large model rooms — that on the left is used for specimens of wood, charcoal, sulphur, &c, for making gun- powder ; grinding mills, sifting machines, and all necessary implements for the manufacture of gunpowder are also shown. Moulds for casting balls and bullets of various sizes, chain, grape, and canister shot, and shells from one pound to two hundred and thirty pounds are placed on tables and on the floor of the room ; also specimens of every description of rocket and port fires and cartridges used in the service. In the space opposite to the building are representations of fire- works which have been used on grand occasions ; in the room on the right are a number of the transparencies, with a model of the Temple of Concord, exhibited in St. James's Park during the illuminations and rejoicing in commemoration of the cen- tenary of the Brunswick family. This room likewise contains many curiosities used in naval and military warfare. On leaving the Laboratory, and keeping to the left in the direc- tion of the river, will be seen the immense quantity of ord- nance, shells, and shot, on the ground, intended for ships and batteries ; ranged in regular order behindare many thousand guns and several millions of shot and shells, of all sizes, formed into pyramids. 280 WOOLWICH. On the left, is a large range of buildings containing a variety of military stores and accoutrements for nearly 1 0,000 cavalry, ready for use at a moment's notice ; to the eastward of these buildings is another department, where metal fusees are made and fitted to shells. A great portion of the heavy work of proving shells is performed by convicts. At the north east end of the Royal Arsenal is the butt formed for the purpose of being fired into when pieces of ordnance are proved. Further to the north east is a small canal connected with a number of buildings containing magazines for powder, which forms a boundary to the Arsenal in this direction. On returning, visitors proceed by the road through the field of ordnance ; on the left is a steam sawmill for sawing trees and rough timber into any size required. In one of the wings of this building is a steam planing machine which revolves with the rapidity of lightning, and forms, in a short space of time, the most shapeless logs into useful articles. On the left, towards the entrance gate, is a handsome range of buildings, in which the commandant and officers of the establishment reside. The public are admitted free from nine to eleven o'clock in the morning, and from one to four o'clock in the afternoon. The stranger, after seeing the Arsenal, crosses Beresford- square, from thence to the new road, and on the right are The Sappers' Barracks, which afford ample room for upwards of 300 men. This duty consists in constructing field fortifications and superintending the erection of buildings for the reception of troops ; a library and museum are attached, containing models and specimens of wood. Strangers may visit the same on application. A short distance beyond, in the new road, is a large depot for field artillery always ready for service, with all kinds of muskets and ammunition for the supply of recruits ; and further on are The Ordnance Hospital, which is a spacious building, and finely situated with a splendid view of the surrounding country ; it can accommodate upwards of 700 invalids with offices for the attendants and dispensing of medicines. On top of the hill are The Royal Artillery Barracks. This extensive range of buildings is nearly 450 yards long, and contains a chapel and guard-rooms, officers' library, reading-room, and residences for the officers, &c. In front of the grand entrance to the barracks, on the Parade, are placed five pieces of ord- nance mounted on handsome bronze carriages ; the centre WOOLWICH. 281 gun was taken at the siege of Bhurtpore, in India, and is a magnificent piece of workmanship. During the summer months, of an evening, the band of the Royal Artillery per- form various pieces of music. To the west of the building is a park of guns on which the recruits are exercised ; these guns and appendages are kept in such order that they are always ready for immediate use. On the south side is the howitzer and mortar battery, where prac- tice is generally carried on every week during summer ; the object aimed at is a flag staff at a distance of 850 yards, and the proficiency of the men and cadets is such that they often cut the flag-stafF in two. Near this place is a building used for astronomical purposes, and as a lecture-room, where interesting subjects are explained by officers of the Royal Artillery. Proceeding by a road on the left at the end of the Barracks, we reach the grounds of the Royal Military Repository. Visitors enter the gate and proceed to a range of buildings, where the bombardier on duty will write their name and address in a book. They then generally first proceed to the Rotunda, which was presented by the Prince Regent after having been used in the garden of Carlton Palace at the visit of the Allied Sovereigns in 1814. This building has a singular and pleasing appearance, and is upwards of 40 yards in diameter. Near the entrance, on a pedestal, is placed a few relics of the fire at the Tower, and on the tables placed in the Rotunda will be observed, amongst many others, models of Deptford dock- yard ; Woolwich dock- yard ; Fort William, in Bengal ; Brimstone Hill and citadel ; Sheerness dock-yard ; town of Quebec ; a machine showing the method of printing and numbering notes in the Bank of England ; in a glass case, close by, is a cinder, the residue of 56,160,000 Bank of England one pound notes ordered to be destroyed by the Bank ; Chatham dockyard, Portsmouth dockyard, St. James's Park, Carlton House garden, Horse Guards and bridge over the ornamental water, and the Rotunda ; Royal George sunk at Spithead ; fire-ship ready for being sent among the enemy's vessels ; the rock of Gibraltar and a great variety of models of bombs, guns, howitzers, Congreve rockets, scaling ladders, and various implements used in modern warfare. Near the door, on going out, the visitor are shown some curious relics of ancient British artillery and ammunition About the grounds will be observed a number of old guns lying about, some of them possessing considerable interest from the 2b2 282 woolwich. events connected with them. After leaving the Royal Military Repository, on the upper part of the common, is the Royal Military Academy, a handsome and commodious structure, the interior arrangements of which are excellent, affording accom- modation to nearly 150 sons of officers in the army, who are instructed in the use of the musket and sword exercise, and twelve handsome three -pounders brass guns are placed in front of the building, on which they acquire a thorough know- ledge of their use on the field of battle. They are admitted at the age of fifteen to seventeen years, and are designated Gentlemen Cadets. Returning from the common, in a straight line, are the Royal Marine Barracks, which have been erected in a pleasant situation , and command extensive views of the town of Woolwich, the River Thames, and the surrounding country. The Royal Marines are stationed here ; their duty principally is to mount guard on the convicts in the dock- yard ; their band marches with the men every morning to relieve guard, and likewise plays favourite airs every evening during the summer on the Parade fronting the barracks ; at the end of the road is the entrance to The Royal Dockyard, said to be the oldest in Eng- land, having been used as such in the year 1512. Visitors, on entering the gate, pass into the Dockyard police office, where they insert their names and address ; a card is then given to view the establishment. The residence on the right is for the director of the police. The blacksmith's shop will be found to deserve the attention of the stranger, as it con- tains some ponderous hammers, which are moved by steam power, for making anchors and bolts of the largest size in use in the navy ; likewise several furnaces and forges supplied with wind from powerful fanners in lieu of bellows ; generally about 150 men are employed in this department. To the east of the above are several dwelling houses, and at the end the store boat-house ; directly opposite, on the river, is the warrior Hulk, to which the convicts, amounting to between 500 and 600, are conveyed for the night, after being employed during the day in the Dockyard. A new dock has lately been formed, of the largest dimensions, adequate for the reception of the largest ships in the royal navy; a considerable space is likewise here used for the reception of several hundred anchors, some of which are of the largest size, weighing 45 cwt. In the centre of the yard, fronting the entrance, are the offices for the principals of the establishment ; behind are GREENWICH. 283 sheds in which all anchors, chains, and cables, are proved by the most powerful hydraulic engines ; on the wharf are steps for the convenience of landing, and where distinguished per- sons land or embark on their visit to this country. The largest ships and steam vessels in the British navy have been built here ; several large vessels are now building, which are well worth inspection. An additional basin has lately been added to the establishment, and a manufactory for the making, fitting, and repairing of the various engines belonging to the steam ships of the royal navy. A new dock has been added, the largest in the kingdom, and is to be used for building the largest description of war steam vessels. The last building approached before the gate, is the Guard Room, used by the officers and men of the regiment on duty here. The public are admitted free to the Royal Arsenal, Royal dockyard, and Royal Military Repository, every day from nine to eleven o'clock, and from one to four o'clock. Foreigners must obtain an order from the Admiralty to view the dockyard, and from the Ordnance Office to view the Arsenal and Repository. Conveyances from Gracechurch street and Charing cross by omnibuses, by steam boat from Hungerford wharf and London bridge, and by Blackwall railway, Fenchurch street. GREENWICH, A town in Kent, five miles from London, is celebrated all over the world as the meridian whence all English astronomers make their calculations. The Royal Observatory, supplied with instruments considered the best in Europe, was built by order of Charles II. On one of the cupolas is a ball, which is elevated daily to the top of a pole, down which it slides pre- cisely at one o'clock, to enable masters of vessels in the river to regulate their chronometers. The park is remarkable for the beauty of its scenery, and the prospects commanded from its hills of London and the adjacent country ; it is a favourite resort of the lovers of fun and frolic, during the first three days of the Easter and Whitsun weeks, and is at all times much frequented by parties, who come here provided with supplies for the day, which they enjoy in the open air under the spreading boughs of the beautiful trees. The Hospital is allowed by all to be one of the most beau- tiful modern buildings in Europe, devoted to charitable pur- poses. It is seen to great advantage from the river as you arrive in front of it, being elevated on a terrace, 865 feet in 284 GREENWICH. length, and consists of five distinct piles of buildings, distin- guished by the names of King Charles's, Queen Anne's, King William's, Queen Mary's, and the Asylum, or Royal Hospital Schools. The interval between the two northern buildings, viz., King Charles's and Queen Anne's, forms the grand square, which is 273 feet wide. In the centre of the grand square is placed a statue of George II., by Rysbrach. King Charles's building is on the west side of the great square. On the other side of the square, towards the east, is Queen Anne's building, having its north, west, and south fronts nearly similar to King Charles's. King William's building contains the great hall, vestibule, and dome, designed and erected by Sir Christopher Wren. " The tambour of the dome is formed by a circle of columns duplicated, of the Composite order, with four projecting groups of columns at the quoins. The attic above is a circle without breaks, covered with the dome, and terminated with a turret. In the tympanum of the pediment, on the eastern side of King William's square, is an emblematical representation of the death of Lord Nelson, in alto-relievo, designed by West. On the east stands Queen Mary's building, containing the chapel, with a vestibule ; and having a dome corresponding with that on King William's. The colonnades adjoining these buildings are 115 feet asunder, and are composed of upwards of 300 duplicated Doric columns, and pilasters of Portland stone, 20 feet high, with an entablature and balustrade. Each of them is 347 feet long, having a return pavilion at the end, 70 feet long. In different parts of the institution, apartments are provided for the Governor and principal officers, and a sufficient number of wards are fitted for the comfortable accommodation of 2,710 pensioners, and 105 nurses, being the numbers at present established in the Hospital, the vacan- cies in which are filled up twice in every month. The Pen- sioners' Dining Halls are under the Painted Hall and Chapel; and in King Charles's building there is an excellent library for their sole use, in which is placed a bust of Dibdin, the author of the celebrated Naval Ballads. King Charles's Ward, over the Library, is open during the day, to the inspection of the public. The fifth pile of buildings is the Royal Hos- pital Schools, lying to the southward of the great road leading to Woolwich, and extending to the Park wall. It is about 110 feet square, has a handsome loggia of the Ionic order to the front next the Park, and the Entrance Hall, 39 feet square, is of good design, two stories high, and has a GREENWICH. 285 gallery round it, two wings, 315 feet long, with handsome facades of the Doric order, and connected with the centre building by colonnades 180 feet in length, having two rows of Portland stone columns of the Tuscan order. The wings contain the School-rooms, Dormitories, Refectory, and Chapel. There are also suitable apartments for the superintending offi- cers, masters, &c. of the schools ; and convenient play- grounds for the boys, one of which is properly fitted for instructing them in the gymnastic exercises. The Upper School consists of 400 boys, the sons of officers and seamen in the royal navy and of marines, and the sons of officers and seamen in the merchant sea service, who receive an excellent practical education in navigation and nautical astronomy. 400 boys, the sons of seamen in the royal navy, or of non-commis- sioned officers and privates of the royal marines, are also received into the Lower School, and instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic; and have oth^r occasional useful instruction. Painted Hall. — The painting of which is executed in a masterly manner, by Sir James Thornhill, in 1703. In the cupola of the vestibule is represented a compass with its proper points duly bearing ; and in the covings, in chairo- oscuro, the four winds, with their different attributes. At the base of the windows, around the interior of the cupola, are suspended the ancient colours of the several battalions of royal marines, placed therein 1827, by order of William IV., then Lord High Admiral, on George IV. presenting new colours to that distinguished corps. Also several flags taken during the last war. Within the vestibule are placed casts from the public monuments of Nelson, Howe, Duncan, and St. Vincent. From the vestibule a large flight of steps leads into the Saloon, or Grand Hall, which is 160 feet long, 56 wide, and 50 feet high, ornamented with a range of Corinthian pilasters, standing on a basement, and supporting a rich entablature above. From each side of the Saloon, between the pilasters, are suspended portraits of celebrated naval characters, and paintings commemorative of distinguished naval actions, the name, as well as the name of the donor, being attached to each. Another flight of steps lead into the Upper Hall, the ceilings and sides of which are adorned -with different paintings ; in the centre is placed a design for a monument to Lord Nelson. The coat worn by Nelson in the battle of the Nile, on the 1st of August, 1798, is depo- sited in a glass case in this Upper Hall ; and there are 286 GREENWICH. also several models of ships, presented to the Hospital by William IV. Open, every day, from nine o'clock in the morning till dusk ; admittance threepence each person. An appointed attendant always in waitiDg to conduct visitors to the other parts of the building, who receives a trifling com- pliment. The Chapel. — Immediately before the entrance is an octangular vestibule, in which are four statues of Faith, Hope, Charity, and Meekness, from designs by West. From this vestibule a flight of steps leads to the Chapel ; which is 111 feet long, and 52 broad, and capable of accommodating about 1,400 persons. The portal consists of an architrave, frieze, and cornice of statuary marble, the jambs of which are 12 feet high, in one piece, and enriched with excellent sculpture. The frieze is the work of Bacon, and consists of the figures of two angels, with festoons, supporting the sacred writings. The great folding-doors are of mahogany, highly enriched ; and the whole composition of this portal is not surpassed in this or any other country. Within the entrance is a portico of six fluted marble columns, 15 feet high. The capitals and bases are Ionic, after Greek models. These columns support the organ-gallery, and are crowned with an entablature and balustrade. The communion-table is a slab of statuary marble, eight feet long, supported by six cheru- bim, standing on a marble step of the same dimensions. The ascent is by three steps of black marble, on which is fixed an ornamental railing, representing festoons of ears of corn and vine foliage. Above is a beautiful painting by West, in a superb carved gilt frame, representing the Preservation of St* Paul from Shipwreck on the Island of Melita. The whole number of persons resident in the Institution amount to about 4000. When we consider the beauty, solidity, and magnificence of this superb structure, and the excellent uses to which it is appropriated, it must ever be contemplated with reverence and admiration, as a work of national grandeur, and a noble monument of wisdom and benevolence. ^ There are several ways of proceeding to Greenwich, viz. : The Greenwich Railway, Duke street, London bridge, fares 6d. and 9d. each, the Blackwall Railway, Fenchurch street, fares Ad. and 6d. each, crossing the river to Greenwich, 4d. ; by steam boat from London bridge and Hungerford market, fares 6d, and 9d. ; or by omnibus, fares Is. CHELSEA. 287 CRAVESEND, In Kent, twenty-two miles from London, is the first port in the Thames. Affording an agreeable trip by the steam-boat, in two or three hours, it is much resorted to in the summer. It enjoys a healthy and pleasant site, has good accommodation for bathing, and from the heights above the town, especially that called Windmill hill, the view of the windings of the river is so extended as to present at one view as many as 1000 vessels, bearing up or down, or lying at anchor. As many as 7000 persons frequently resort thither on a Sunday ; to ac- commodate whom, new and handsome piers have been built, one of which opens to a pleasant terrace on the banks of the river. The steam-boats leave Hungerford Wharf, London bridge, and Brunswick Wharf, Blackwall, several times a day, and the fares are very moderate. CHELSEA, A village on the north side of the Thames, two miles from London, has been the residence of many noted charac- ters ; among whom are the celebrated Sir Hans Sloane, the founder of the British Museum, and the great Sir Thomas More. The former gentleman bequeathed his botanical garden, in this parish, to the company of Apothecaries, who have erected a marble statue, by Rysbrach, of their benefactor in the centre. In this garden are two large cedars of Libanus, which were planted in 1685. Tickets may be had on applica- tion at Apothecaries , Hall. The old church contains many curious monuments. The Hospital or College, founded by Charles II., was built by Sir C. Wren, and cost i?150, 000, is intended to form an asylum to sick and superannuated soldiers. It is a handsome brick structure, 790 feet in length ; and, together with the ground belonging to it, occupies a space of forty acres. The principal edifice forms three sides of a quadrangle, in the centre of which is a bronze statue of the founder, by Grinling Gibbon. The state room in the governor's house is adorned with many royal portraits. The chapel is 110 feet in length and 30 feet in width, paved with black and white marble, and wainscoted with Dutch oak. The altar piece represents the resurrection of our Saviour, and was painted by Sebastian Ricci. Standards taken from the Americans, Algerines, French, Genoese, and Indians, during the wars, decorate the sides of the chapel. The hall is 110 feet in length and 30 feet wide ; at the entrance is a gallery supported by ornamental cantalivers, on 288 the centre of the gallery a large ornamented guideron shield, with the royal arms of Charles II. most exquisitely carved ; opposite the gallery is a noble painting of Charles II. on horseback in costume armour, on one side various figures of treason and anarchy which his fate had overcome. In addi- tion to this noble institution is another no less creditable to the feeling of our rulers — The Royal Military Asylum for the Children of Soldiers of the Regular Army of Great Bri- tain, where about 850 boys are maintained and instructed according to the system of Dr. Bell. The building was erected in 1801, by Mr. Copland, the first stone of which was laid by the late Duke of York ; it is environed with high walls, and a handsome iron railing opens towards the grand front ; the ground is laid out in grass plots and gravel-walks, and planted with trees ; the edifice forms three sides of a quadrangle, is built of brick, with an elegant stonebalustrade ; the centre of the western front is ornamented with a noble portico of the Doric order, consisting of four columns, which support a large and well-proportioned pediment. The establishment is conducted according to a strict system of military discipline ; on the top of the building is a telegraph communicating with the Admi- ralty. Friday is the best day for seeing the children parade, with their military band. Open from ten till four. The boys dine at one o'clock. EPSOM, A town in Surrey, fifteen miles from London, is celebrated for the races held here every May and October, which are always very numerously hd fashionably attended. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS. This Society was incorporated by royal charter, 1809; its object being the improvement of horticulture in all its branches, ornamental as well as useful ; the Society has an extensive garden at Chiswick, open from nine o'clock to six o'clock every day except Sunday, for the inspection of fellows of the Society, and visitors introduced by the fellows ; three exhi- bitions are annually held at the Garden, at which medals are awarded to the best exhibitors ; on these occasions fellows are entitled to purchase tickets for the admission of their friends. The public can only purchase these tickets by being known to any fellow of the Society. Office, 21, Regent-street. INDEX. Academy, royal, of arts, 126 of music, royal, 113 Achilles, statue of, 37 Adelaide gallery, 118 Adelphi theatre, 108 Admiralty office, 28 Albany, the, 159 Albert gate, Knightsbridge, 38 Alien office, Custom house, 47 Almacks, 113 Alms houses, list of, 205 Amusements in London, 101 Ancient concerts, 113 Anglesea house, 169 Antiquaries, society of, 31 Antiquities, 137 Apollonicon, the, 112 Apsley house, 165 Arthur's club house, 164 Ascot heath, and Races, 274 Aske's hospital, 205 Astley's amphitheatre, 109 Athenaeum club, 161 Auctions, mock, 211 Balls and concerts, 113 Bank of England, the, 41 Bank notes and drafts, 54 Banks for Savings, 223 Bartholomew fair, 220 's hospital, 195 Baths, list of, 210 Bazaar, Soho, 135 Western exchange, 135 Bazaar, King street, 135 Belgrave square, 158 Bethlem hospital, 198 Billingsgate market, 218 Birmingham railway, 246 Blackfriars bridge, 238 Blackwall railway, 246 Blind school, indigent, 190 Bloomsbury square, 158 Blue coat school, the, 1 82 Board of Control, 30 Board of Trade, 30 Boarding houses, 208 Borough market, 219 Bread, meat, and poultry, 214 Bridewell hospital, 229 Bride's, St., pump, 221 British artists' society, 1 27 institution, the, 127 lying-in-hospital, 203 British museum, the, 115 admittance to, 117 Brighton railway, 246 Buckingham palace, 13 street, 149 Bude light, 20-34 Burlington arcade, the, 134 house, 167 Butter and cheese, 213 Cabriolets, 241 -, fares, 242 Cautions to strangers, 211 Cemeteries, general, 99 Abney park, 101 City of London, 1-01 Highgate, 101 Kensall green, 99 Norwood, 101 West of London, 101 — Nun head, 101 Central criminal court, 225 Chamberlain's office, 50 Chapter house, the, 88 Charing cross, 154 hospital, 201 Charitable societies, list of, 178 Charter house, the, 187 Chelsea, 287 ; hospital, 2S7 Chesterfield house, 169 Christ's hospital, 182 Churches and chapels, 60 St. Andrew's, 91 St. Bartholomew's, 93 St. Bride's, 93 Christ church, 93 St. Dunstan's, 92 St. George's, 89 St. George the M arty r, 96 2.90 INDEX. Churches, St. Giles's in the fields, 91 St. Giles's, 95 St. Helen's, 95 St. James's, 89 St. Leonard's, 96 St. Margaret's, Westmin- ster, 88 St. Margaret's, 95 St. Martin's, 88 St. Mary-le-bow, 93 Marylebone, 90 St. Mary's, Lambeth, 96 St. Olave's, 94 St. Pancras, 90 St. Paul's, Covent Gar- den, 91 St. Saviour's, 96 St. Stephen's, 94 built by Sir C. Wren, 97 Foreign Protestant, 99 Circulating libraries, list of, 172 City, the, 39 — boundaries, 2 — companies, 57 — of London lying-in-hospital, 204 — of London school, 184 — theatre, 109 — wards, 3 Clarence club, 161 Club houses, list of, 160 Coffee houses, 209 Commerce of London, 232 Collection of coins, 129 Colosseum, 130 Commercial hall, the, 48 Commons, house of, 19 Compter, Giltspur street, 226 Concert rooms, 113 Concerts and balls, 113 Corn and coal exchange, 48 Corporation of London, 39 Cosmorama, 132 Covent Garden market, 217 theatre, 105 Country newspapers, 172 Court of Admiralty, 24 Bankrupts, 24 Chancery, 24 Common pleas, 24 Ecclesiastical, 24 Exchequer, 24 Insolvent debtors, 25 Court of Queen's bench, 24 Marshalsea, 24 Requests, 25 Rolls, 24 Vice Chancellor's, 24 Crockford's club house, 163 Crosby house, ] 50 Croydon railway, 24 Cumberland terrace, 38 Curiosities and antiquities, 137 Custom house, the, 45 Deaf and dumb asylum, 194 Debtors' prison, 227 Delivery of letters, 54 Dining rooms, 209 Diorama, the, 132 Dispensaries, 204 Divans, 209 Docks, the, shipping, &c. 230 Commercial, 236 Drapers' alms houses, 205 Drury lane theatre, 104 Duke of York's column, 34 Dulwich gallery, 129 Dutch Ambassador's almshouses, 205. East India docks, the, 236 house, the, 44 Company's alms houses, 205 Eastern Counties railway, 246 Eaton square, 158 Education, 179 Edwards's alms houses, 205 Eggs, 213 Egyptian hall, 120 Elgin marbles, 1 1 7 Emanuel hospital, 205 English opera house, 107 Epsom, 228 Eton montem, 273 Euston square, 159 Exchange, royal, 42 Excise office, 43, 47 Exeter hall, ] 34 Exhibitions, 133 Extraordinary features of Lon- don, 11 Fairs, list of, 219 Fancy glass exhibition, 133 Farringdon market, 216 INDEX. 291 Female orphan asylum, 192 Fever hospital, 202 Finsbury dispensary, 204 Finsbury market, 219 Fire insurance offices, 222 — brigade, 222 Fish, 214 Fitzroy square, 159 Floating baths, 210 Fleet prison, the, 228 Foreign hospital, 202 newspapers, 172 trade, 232 Foundling hospital, 192 • Free hospital, 200 French theatre, 1 1 1 Friends' meeting houses, 98 Frogmore, 273 Furnished lodgings, 208 Gallery of the British institu- tion, 127 Galleries, private, 133 Gaming houses, 212 Garrick theatre, 112 Gas companies, 221 General dispensary, 204 lying-in-hospital, 204 post office, 51 steam navigation com- pany, 244 Geological society, 32 Goldsmiths' hall, 58 Government, 16 Government offices, 28-32 Gray's inn, 26 Gravesend, 237 Greenwich, 283 hospital, 283 ' — observatory, 283 railway, 245 Great Western railway, 245 Green park, the, 35 Gresham lectures, 185 Grosvenor square, 156 Guildhall, 48 Guy's hospital, 197 Hackney coaches, 241 coach fares, 242 Hampton Court palace, 275 Hanover square rooms, 113 Hanover square, 159 Haymarket theatre, 107 Heralds' college, 188 Hippodrome, 112 Horse guards, 29 Hotels, inns, coffee houses, 206 House of correction, 228 lords, 18 Houses, club, 160 in the metropolis, 9 of the nobility, 165 of parliament, 16 Hudson Bay company, 45 Hungerford market, 218 Hyde park, 37 Indigent blind school, 190 Infirmary for asthma, 203 Infirmary for diseases of the eye, 202 Inner temple, 25 Inns of chancery, 26 — Hotels, &c, 206 Institution, British, 127 — indigent blind, 190 the London, 175 the Russell, 175 the Western, 176 the Mechanics, 176 the Literary, 175 the royal, 174 Institutions, various, 178 Insurance offices, 222 Ironmongers' alms houses, 205 Italian opera house, 102 Itinerant menagerie, 122 Jews' synagogues, 98 Judges' chambers, the, 26 Junior united service club, 162 Kew gardens, 278 Katherine, St. docks, the, 234 Kensington palace, 14 gardens, 14 King's college, 181 King's college hospital, 203 Lambeth palace, 16 Lancasterian schools, 181 Lansdowne house, 168 Law, courts of, 24 - institution, the, 26, 177 Leadenhall market, 216 Leicester square, 157 Life insurance offices, 222 Lincoln's inn, 26 292 INDEX, Lincoln's inn fields, 157 Linwood's (Miss) exhibition, 129 Literary fund society, 174 Literature, 169 Literary union, the, 161 Livery of London, 40 Lloyd's coffee house, 42 Lodgings, 208 Lollards' tower, 16 London bridge, 237 institution, 175 stone, 150 Lords, house of, 18 Lord Mayor, the, 39 London almshouses, 206 bridge, 237 docks, the, 235 hospital, the, 200 dispensary, 204 fever hospital, 201 ophthalmic hospital, 202 retrospective view of, l situation of, 2 salubrity of, 9 great fire of, 4 gradual increase of, 6 improvements in, 9 extent of, 1 1 the port of, 232 population of, 10 amusements in, 101 institution, 1/5 stone, 150 ■ university, 31 literary institution, 175 orphan asylum, 193 Lowther arcade, the, 136 Lowther bazaar, 135 Luke's, St., hospital, 199 Lying-in hospitals, 204 institution, 204 Madame Tussaud's, 131 Magdalen hospital, 191 Magna charta, 3 Mail coaches, 53 Mansion house, the, 40 Markets and supplies, 212 weekly, 219 Marlborough house, 168 Marshalsea prison, the, 228 Meat and poultry, 214 Mechanics' institution, 1/6 Melbourne house, 168 Menagerie, itinerant, 122 Merchant taylors' hail, 58 Merchant taylors' school, 18/ Metropolitan hospital, 203 Metropolitan free hospital, 203 Middlesex hospital, 199 Middlesex house of correction, 228 Middle temple, 25 Military establishment, 28 Milk, 213 Ministry, the, 18 Mint, the, 48 Model prison, 230 Monument, the, 152 Morden college, 205 Municipality, the, 39 Museum, economic geology, 127 the Soane, 119 the missionary, 120 National gallery, the, 122 schools, 181 Naval asylum, Greenwich, 284 Nelson's monument, 154 Newgate, prison of, 223 market, 216 Newport market, 219 New prison, Clerkenwell, 229 New London bridge, 23/ New River company, 220 Newspapers, 171 Northern and eastern counties railway, 246 Northumberland house, 167 Nursery grounds, 215 Observatory, Greenwich, 283 Old Bailey, 223 Olympic theatre, 110 Omnibuses, 242 Opening parliament, 17 Opera house, Italian, 102 , English, 107 Ornithological society, 33 Orphan asylum, the London, 193 Painted hall, Greenwich, 285 Palace court, 24 Panoramas, Burford's, 132 Pantechnicon, the, ISA Pantheon, the, 136 Panyer alley, 149 Parks, promenades, &c, 32 Parliament, 16 Pavilion theatre, 1 1 1 Penitentiary, 230 I N D E X. 293 Peers of the realm, 16 Periodical publications, 170 Peter the Great, 150 Philanthropic society, 194 Plan of viewing- London in seven days, 247 Physicians, college of, 188 Picture galleries, 1 33 j private, 133 Plague, the great, 4 Poets' corner, 81 Police, metropolitan, 26 city, 27 Polytechnic institution, 120 Population of London, 9 Portland place, 158 Portman square, 159 Post office, the general, 5 1 rates of postage, 54 ■ delivery of letters, 54-56 ■ bank notes & drafts, 54 money order office, 54 Poultry, meat, &c, 214 Press, the public, 1/0 Primrose hill, 39 Prince's theatre, 108 Princess's theatre, 1 1 Printing, introduction of, 3 by steam, 172 Private galleries, 133 Privy council, the, 17-30 Promenades, 32 Quadrant, the, 155 Queen's bench prison, 227 square, 158 theatre, 102 Queen Charlotte's lying-in hospi- tal, 203 Queen Elizabeth's dish, 150 Railroads, 245 Reading rooms, 1 73 Recorder, the, 40 Reform club, 164 Regent's park, the, 38 Refuge for the destitute, 206 Residence, temporary, 10 Richmond, 277 Roman Catholic chapels, 97 Routes for viewing London, 247 Royal Academy, 126 of music, 113 Astronomical society, 32 Adelaide gallery, 118 Botanical society, 39 Royal Exchange, 42 institution, 174 military asylum, 288 naval asylum, 284 society, 31 standard, 14 Russell institution, 175 Russell square, 156 Russia company, 45 St. George's hospital, 199 St. John's gate, 150 St. James's palace, 12 park, 33 — square, 157 St. Katherine docks, 234 St. Luke's hospital 99 St. Paul's cathedral 60 library, the, 62 whispering gallery, 63 monuments, 64 — crypt, the, 66 admittance to, school, 186 St. Thomas's hospital, 196 Sadler's wells theatre, 111 Savings' banks, 223 School, the Charterhouse, 187 City of London, 184 of design, 31 Lancasterian, 181 Merchant taylors' 187 National, 181 St. Paul's, 186 Sunday, 182 Westminster, 186 Sea bathing infirmary, 202 Seamen's hospital society, 202 Senior united service club, 162 Sessions house, 225 Serpentine, the, 37 Shipping, docks, &c, 230 Sion college, 187 Small pox hospital, the, 201 Smithfield, 216 Soane museum, 1 19 Societies, book, 170 list of, 178 Society of antiquaries, 31 of arts, 128 of British artists, 127 literary fund, 174 of royal literature, 1 7'i Soho square, 157 bazaar, 135 204 I X D E X, South sea company, 45 Southwark bridge, 238 South western railway, 246 Spencer house, 168 Squares, list of, 156 Statue of the Duke of Bedford, 156 Charles I., 154 C. J. Fox, 158 George I., 157 George III., 155 Guy, 198 Steam boats, 244 printing press, 172 Strand theatre, 110 Stock exchange, the, 44 Streets of London, 9 lengths of, 11 Subscription houses, 160 Sunday schools, 182 Surrey county goal, 226 Surgeons, college of, 189 theatre, the, 109 Sutherland house, 166 Synagogues, Jews', 98 Talbot inn, 149 Taverns, 206 Tea gardens, 114 Temple, the, 25 Temple, inner, 25; middle, 25 Temple bar, 151 Thames, the river, 239 tunnel, 240 Theatres, list of, 102 Tilbury fort, 250 Times newspaper, 172 Tothill fields, Bridewell, 229 Tower of London, the, 137 horse armoury, 140 queen Elizabeth's armoury, 143 loss by fire at the, 146 jewel room, 146 admission to, 148 Trafalgar square, 156 Travellers' club, 161 Treasury, the, 29 Trinity house, the, 47 Trinity alms houses, 205 Turkish piece, 33 United service club, junr., 162 club, 162 institution, 118 University, London, 31 college, 179 college hospital, 203 club house, 160 Vauxhall bridge, 240 Veterinary college, 190 Victoria gate, 38 theatre, lji Victoria park, 39 Walls of London, 2 Walbrook church, 94 Water colour drawings, 127 Water companies, 220 Watermen's almshouses, 206 Waterloo bridge, 239 Western exchange, 133 literary institution, 176 West India docks, 235 Westminster abbey, 68 admission to, 88 bridge, 240 hall, 23 hospital, the, 200 school, 186 general dispensary, 204 ophthalmic hospital, 202 Whispering gallery, St. Paul's, 63 Whitehall chapel, 15 palace, 15 Whittington's alms houses, 206 Willis's rooms, 113 Windsor, 262 Woolwich, 2/8 Workhouses, 206 Yeomen of the guard, 28 Zoological gardens, Regent's park, 120 gardens, Surrey, 121 1. MASTERS, PRINTER, ALDERSGATH -STREET. G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, 81, FLEET STREET, LONDON. CATALOGUE OF iBapsL General antr County atlases, HAND BOOKS AND GUIDES FOR TRAVELLERS ON THE CONTINENT, OR THROUGH ENGLAND, IRELAND, AND SCOTLAND. THE ORDNANCE MAPS. A SELECTION OF GLOBES ALWAYS ON SALE. Note. — G. F. C, in submitting to the Public the following extensive Cata- logue of Maps, Guides, 8fC s begs to observe, that it contains not only his own publications, but the principal works of Messrs. Arrowsmith, Gary, Vfyld, Smith, Laurie, and other publishers. ATLASES New General Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto OF THE WORLD. I s. d. I Atlas, 56 maps . 315 | 6l maps . 210 | 30 maps . 126 | 47 maps . 105 67 maps . 94 6 60 maps . 73 6 60 maps . 63 51 maps . 52 6 45 maps . 45 47 maps . 31 6 35 maps . 210 31 maps . 16 36 maps . 12 14 maps . 9 12 maps . 4 6 ATLASES OF ENGLAND. CLASSICAL ATLASES. New Classical Atlas, 22 maps . 38 Ditto 21 maps . ISO Ditto 21 maps . 12 Ditto 22 maps . 4 s. d. County Atlas 168 Ditto . . 147 Ditto 126 Ditto . . 63 Ditto 48 Ditto . 34 Ditto . 17 o Ditto • 8 MAPS OF THE WORLD. Case. Rol. Globular ft. in. ft. in, s. d. s. d. World 8 10 by 4 6 94 6 115 6 Ditto 6 8 by 3 6 60 73 6 Ditto 5 10 by 3 2 35 44 Ditto 5 2 by 2 8 14 18 Ditto 4 5 by 2 4 24 30 Ditto 4 7 by 3 2 18 24 Ditto 3 4 by 1 10 10 15 Ditto 1 11 by 1 1 6 10 Ditto l 2 by 10 2 G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, MAPS OF THE WORLD. Case Rol. ft. i n. ft. in. s. d. s. d. Mercator's World 8 7 by 5 3 105 126 Ditto 6 4 by 4 5 63 70 Ditto 5 10 by 3 2 35 44 Ditto 4 7 by 2 10 18 26 Ditto 3 6 by 2 5 16 21 Ditto 2 3 by 1 10 6 10 Ditto 1 2 by 10 2 Ancient World 4 7 by 2 10 18 26 Ditto 2 3 by 2 2 11 o 17 GENERAL MAPS OF EUROPE. Europe . 7 1 by 5 5 55 63 Ditto . 5 2 by 4 40 52 Ditto . 5 1 by 4 2 18 25 Ditto . 4 2 by 3 3 25 31 6 Ditto . 4 by 3 6 21 28 Ditto . 3 by 2 8 18 24 Ditto . 2 8 by 2 9 13 18 Ditto . 2 6 by 2 10 6 17 Ditto . 2 2 by 1 9 6 10 Ditto . 1 2 by 10 2 GENERAL MAPS OF ASIA. Asia . . 7 1 by 5 5 84 105 Ditto 5 2 by 4 40 52 Ditto . . 3 Oby 2 8 18 24 Ditto . 2 8 by 2 9 13 18 Ditto . . 2 6 by 2 10 6 17 Ditto . 2 2 by 1 9 6 12 Ditto . . 1 2 by 10 2 GENERAL MAPS OF AFRICA. Africa . 7 1 by 5 6 84 105 Ditto . . 5 3 by 5 6 52 6 63 Ditto . 5 2 by 4 40 52 Ditto . . 3 by 2 8 18 24 Ditto 2 8 by 2 9 13 18 Ditto . . 2 6 by 2 10 17 o Ditto 2 2 by 1 9 6 12 Ditto . . 1 2 by 10 2 GENERAL MAPS OF AMERICA. America . 7 1 by 5 6 84 105 Ditto . . 5 2 by 4 40 52 Ditto 3 by 2 8 18 24 Ditto . . 2 8 by 2 9 13 18 Ditto 2 6 by 2 10 6 17 Ditto . . 2 2 by 1 9 6 12 Ditto . 2 by 10 2 DIVISIONS OF EUROPE. Case s. d. Central Europe . . . . 30 Post Map of ditto . . . 14 Central Europe. . . 10 f France and Belgium . . 115 t France 48 ( France 26 ( France 18 1 France, Switzerland, &c. . 21 ( France (Northern part), Bel- gium, &c 10 ( France (Southern part) . 10 ( France, with the Post Roads . 13 ( France (Post Map) . . 12 ( France 10 ( France 6 ( France 4 ( France and Belgium . . 2 ( France and part of Germany . 17 C France, Germany, and part of Italy 15 r France, Belgium, and Switzerland 9 ( Holland 94 £ Holland and Belgium (Post Map) 26 ( Holland and Belgium . . 12 C Holland and Belgium . 6 ( Holland and Belgium . . 2 C Switzerland . . . . 12 C Switzerland . . . . 10 Switzerland . . . 9 < Switzerland .... 5 Switzerland .... 2 Italy and Germany (Southern part) 30 Italy 18 o Italy 15 Italy 12 Italy 10 Italy 5 Italy (North) ... 63 Italy (North) . . . .11 Italy (North). ... 5 (( Italy (North) .... 2 Italy (South) . . . .84 Italy (South) . . . . io Italy (South) .... 5 Italy (South) .... 2 Italy and Switzerland . .13 Spain and Portugal . . 94 Spain and Portugal . . .66 Spain and Portugal . . 10 Spain and Portugal ... 5 Spain and Portugal . . 2 Pyrenees 105 DIVISIONS OF EUROPE (Continued.) Case, s. d. Portugal . . . . 18 6 Portugal . . . . . 10 6 Portugal .... 50 Germany 115 6 Germany (Post Roads) . . 12 Germany (Western) . . . 11 Germany .... 90 Germany 2 Sweden and Norway . . 9 6 Sweden and Norway . .20 Denmark .... 96 Denmark 2 Poland 10 6 Russia in Europe . . . 73 6 Russia in Europe . . . 10 6 Russia in Europe . . .20 Russian Empire . . . 10 jreece and part of Turkey . 63 3reece and part of Turkey . 26 Vtorea and Livadia . . . 16 Greece and the Ionian Isles . 16 3reece and the Ionian Isles . 10 Greece 5 Greece 2 Turkey in Europe . . . 10 Turkey in Europe . . .20 DIVISIONS OF ASIA ndia .... ndia .... ndia .... :ndia and China ;ndia (Overland Route to) ndia and Burmah Empire ndia (Central) .ndia Ceylon .... Ceylon .... Punjab .... Burmah Empire . 3urmah, Siam, and Cochin Ch Burmah Empire Afghanistan . Afghanistan China .... China .... China .... Persia, Asia Minor, &c. . Persia .... Persia, Cabul, Afghanistan Persia .... Persia and Arabia Northern Asia 136 6 88 21 15 12 10 6 8 2 14 2 2 12 na 9 6 12 5 12 10 2 115 6 46 6 11 8 2 11 DIVISIONS OF ASIA (Continued.) Asia Minor . 10 Japan 2 Asiatic Archipelago . . 9 6 Discoveries in Australia 9 6 Western Australia . . 11 South Australia 10 South East Australia 10 Australia .... 15 Australia .... . 10 Australind .... 9 o Australia and New Zealand 6 Australia .... 5 Australia .... 3 6 Adelaide (district of) 8 New Zealand . 16 New Zealand . 3/(5 & 9 New South Wales . . 36 New South Wales . 14 New South Wales . 5 New South Wales . 2 Van Diemen's Land . 25 Van Diemen's Land 12 Van Diemen's Land . 9 Van Diemen's Land 6 Van Diemen's Land . 2 Pacific Ocean 10 Pacific Ocean . 2 Asia Minor .... 18 (j Asia Minor, Syria, &c. IS 6 Asia Minor, Persia, &c. 2 Khivah and Caspian Sea . 9 Syria SO Syria 16 Syria 2 Palestine .... 36 Palestine .... 16 Palestine .... 6 Palestine .... 1 6 DIVISIONS OF AFRICi \. Cape of Good Hope . 36 Cape of Good Hope 18 6 Cape of Good Hope . 10 Cape of Good Hope 2 North Western Africa 10 Nubia and Abyssinia . 9 6 Nubia, &c 2 Abyssinia .... 2 Egypt .... 30 Egypt 96 Egypt (Lower) . 30 Egypt (Lower) 2 Egypt (Upper) . 18 6 G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, DIVISIONS OF AMERICA North America North America (British) North America North America North America South America South America South America South America South America Colombia . Colombia Peru and Bolivia Peru and Bolivia . Brazil Brazil La Plata and Chili . La Plata and Chili United States . United States United States- . United States United States . Texas Texas Upper Canada Upper Canada . Upper Canada Upper Canada . Lower Canada Lower Canada . Canada . Canada Atlantic Steam Boat Companion Mexico .... Mexico Mexico and Guatemala Mexico and Guatemala Mexico and West Indies Mexico Guatemala British Guiana . West India Islands West India Islands . West India Islands West India Islands (separate) West India Islands . West India Islands Jamaica Jamaica Case. s. d. 52 6 11 10 6 5 2 115 6 26 10 6 9 6 2 9 6 2 6 9 6 2 6 10 o 2 6 10 2 6 18 15 10 5 2 9 2 6 40 25 10 6 9 10 6 9 16 5 10 6 52 15 9 6 8 4 2 12 6 42 12 10 6 6 5 2 10 6 5 MAPS OF BRITISH GEOCRAPHY. British Isles British Isles British Isles British Isles ft. in. ft. 5 5 by 4 6 2 by 5 3 6 by 4 Caie. 8. d. 73 6 46 26 6 Rol. b. d. 90 60 36 10 IMPROVED MAP OF ENGLAND, Consisting of 65 Sheets on a scale of Half-an-inch to the Mile ; half-bound in Russia, 15/. 15s. Separate Sheets, mounted in Case, 7s. 6d. each. England England England England England 6 by 7 6 7 1 by 5 3 6 by 4 5 3 4 by 4 3 2 3 by 3 3 73 6 115 6 45 52 6 34 28 18 10 6 England and Wales England, Wales, & Scotland 6 England (Roads of) . .60 England, with pt. of France 6 England and Wales . 2 Wales ... 10 North Wales . . . 10 6 North Wales . . 5 South Wales . . . 10 6 South Wales . . 5 RAILWAY MAPS OF ENGLAND. England 7 by 5 45 52 6 Ditto 5 10 by 3 6 45 52 6 Ditto 2 7 by 3 3 13 21 Ditto 6 10 Ditto . 2 MAPS OF THE COUNTIES. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Lancaster, Norfolk and Suffolk, York- shire, North Wales and South Wales . . . Case Essex, Norfolk, Lancaster, and Kent .... Case Hants, Dorset, Suffolk, Somer- set, Sussex, Lakes of Cum- berland . . . Case s. d. 76 12 10 6 Most of the Counties of England can be had on a scale of One Inch to the Mile and some on a larger scale if wanted. t*l, FLEET ST11EET, LONDON* MAPS OF THE ENGLISH COUNTIES. (2s. 6d. and 5.9. each in cases.) Bedford Herefordshire Oxford Berkshire Hertfordshire Rutland Buckingham Huntingdonshire Shropshire Cambridge Kent Somerset Cheshire Lancashire Staffordshire Cornwall Leicestershire Suffolk Cumberland Lincolnshire Surrey- Derbyshire Middlesex Sussex Devonshire Monmouthshire Warwick Dorsetshire Norfolk Westmoreland Durham Northamptonshire Wiltshire Essex Northumberland Worcestershire Gloucester Nottingham Yorkshire Hampshire MAPS OF IRELAND. ft. in. ft. 7 1 by 5 4 Oby 3 Ireland . 7 1 by 5 Ireland . 4 by 3 4 Ireland Ireland Ireland Case, s. d. 45 24 10 6 6 2 Roller, var. 6. d. 52 6 34 17 10 OF SCOTLAND. 7 1 by 5 45 52 6 MAPS Scotland . Scotland . 3 9 by 3 5 24 34 Scotland . . . 10 6 17 Scotland . . . 6 10 Scotland ... 20 GEOLOGICAL MAPS, ETC. England . 6 by 6 2 126 147 England . 5 by 3 6 52 6 England . 3 6 by 2 4 25 England and Wales 16 Ireland . 6 5 by 5 4 66 Scotland . 7 1 by 5 84 British Isles . . 19 British Isles . . . 7 6 Central & Western Europe 42 Rivers and Mountains in the World 16 Ditto ditto ditto 8 View of the Water Falls in the World .... 80 View of the Hills in England . 15 Stream of Time . . . 28 General Chart of History . 14 A Moveable Planisphere . 9 Ditto ditto coloured 10 6 Planetary System, coloured . 31 6 Ditto ditto plain . 21 63 31 6 21 o 7Q 6 94 6 42 LONDON & WESTMINSTER; Wherein every Dwelling House is described and numbered, consisting of 40 Sheets ; half- bound in Russia, with the Parishes coloured and an Index Map, 13?. 13s. Separate Sheets, plain, of the above Map, Is. THE CITY OP LONDON (Only) , showing the Boundaries of the various Wards, &c., in Case, 21. 2s. MAPS OF LONDON. London London London London London London London 6 3 by 4 2 4 7 by 4 2 4 7 by 2 5 84 45 11 8 5 s. d. 105 55 18 14 10 3 6 2 ENVIRONS OF LONDON. Case. Scale 5 inch to mile (6 miles) 45 Ditto 2 inch to mile (9 miles) 12 Ditto l£ inch to mile (12 miles) 13 Ditto l inch to mile (30 miles) 30 Ditto 1 inch to mile (15 miles) 15 Ditto 1 inch to mile (12 miles) 9 Ditto % inch to mile (30 miles) 20 Ditto I inch to mile (15 miles) 10 Ditto £ inch to mile (60 miles) 30 Ditto £ inch to mile (24 miles) 6 Ditto | inch to mile (12 miles) 2 The Environs of London, half an inch to the mile, may be had to any extent round London. G. F. CRUCHLEV, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, HAND-BOOKS, GUIDES, INTERPRETERS, 6rc. ENCLAND. s. Road Book, England, (half-bd.) 21 Pocket Road Book, ditto . 9 with County Maps 12 Itinerary through England . 8 American in England, 2 vols. 21 Passavant's Tour through Eng- land 21 Spas of England, 2 vols. . 24 Owen's Book of Roads . . 2 Book of Fairs . . 1 Pleasure Tours in England . 6 Dover Road Book . . 3 Excursions to the English Spas 5 Guide to the Lakes . 3/ 5/ & 6 Arundel ... 2 the Watering Places 3/6 & 15 British Isles (in French) 9 Birmingham . . 3 the Border . . 4 Brighton . 1/ 2/ & 2 Map of Brighton (case) 5 Cambridge Chester Canterbury . Dover Hampton Court Hull Isle of Thanet Liverpool 3 . 2 . 2/&3 2/6 & 6 . 2 1 . 4 2/ &4 Margate, Ramsgate, &c. 2 Manchester . . 5 Malvern ... 1 Newcastle Netley Abbey Southampton Windsor York Yorkminster Coast Companion 1/6 & 6 . 1 1/ 1/6 & 2 . 1/&5 3 . 1 3 LONDON. Guide to London with Costumes 15 24 ditto . .12 with 111 Views 9 without Views 6* (in Spanish) . 5 Port of London . 4 Hackney Coach Fares . , l Views and History of London 8 Ditto, and its Environs . . 8 Hand Book, Westminster Abbey 2 LONDON. s. d. Picture of London, with 59 Views and Coloured Map 5 without Map . 3 with 59 Views & Coloured Map (in French) 5 with Views with- out Map (in French) 3 WALES. North Wales . 2/6 5/ & 25 South Wales . . 2/6 & 25 Cambrian Tourist . . 20 Guide to Wales . . 3/6 5/6 & 9 Welsh Interpreter ... 3 6 Guide to the River Wvc . . 12 SCOTLAND. Scottish Tourist ... 8 Pocket Road Book ... 9 Picture of Scotland Pleasure Tours in Scotland . 5 Tourist Guide through Scotland 5 Itinerary of Scotland . . 4 Stranger's Guide to Scotland 6/ & 8 Guide to the Highlands . 10 ditto ... 2 Economical Guide to Edinburgh 3 through Scotland 3 Guide to Edinburgh, 48 views . 8 ditto ... 4 ditto ... l Glasgow . . 2 IRELAND. New Guide through Ireland . 1 2 Pocket Road Book, Ireland . 10 Guide to Wicklow . . .5 Killarney . . 2/ & 5 Giant's Causeway . 5 Dublin ..." ■ ditto . . . .2 ISLE OF WICHT. Illustrations of the Isle of Wight 10 6 Historical Guide to the Isle of Wight ; . . . .60 Guides to the Isle of Wight 1/ 1/6 2/6 & 6 Beauties of the Isle of Wight . 3 Isle of Wight Illustrated 10 6 81, FLEET STREET, LONDON. RAILWAY GUIDES. 8. Birmingham Railway, with pis. 16 Grand Junction Railway, ditto 14 8 2 1 2 2 4 4 1 2 Hand Book to the Railways . Birmingham Railway Guide Birmingham Railway Map *Grand Junction Railway Guide * ditto Map *These Eooks bd. together Great Western Railway Guide ditto Map South Western Railway Guide ditto Map Railway Companion Railway Time Table (Monthly) The various published. Railways as soon CONTINENTAL CUIDES. Hand Book North of Europe . 12 Inglis's Norway and Sweden 9 Reichard's Denmark, &c. . 7 Guide to Moscow . . .8 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. Saunter in Belgium . . 12 Guide through Holland . . 6 Holland, Belgium, and North Germany . . . .10 Guide to the Field of Waterloo 5 Boyce's Belgium Traveller . 9 Belgium, Historical and Pic- turesque .... 8 Belgium Railway . . .5 Guide through Belgium . 6 Romberg's Guide to Brussels . 8 Guide to Brussels ... 2 FRANCE. A Ramble through France Reichard's Guide to France Inglis's Ditto .' Guide to Boulogne 10 10 10 8 2 3 Hand Book up the Seine Guide to Calais PARIS. American in Paris, 2 vols. . 21 Planta's Guide to Paris , . g — = with Costumes 12 Galignani's Guide to Paris . 8 with plates 12 Guide to Paris . . 3/6 & 6 How to enjoy Paris . . 2 Hand Book to Paris . . 2 PARIS (Continued.) Plan of Paris^case) Fortifications round Paris . GERMANY. Hand Book of North Germany Hand Book of South Germany Maps to illustrate these Hand Books Read Book of Germany Spas of Germany Germany and the Germans . German Tourist SWITZERLAND. Hand Book of Switzerland . Inglis's Guide through Swit- zerland 10 the Tyrol 12 Excursions through Switzerland 21 Tour through Switzerland . 10 Guide through Switzerland . 9 Companion through Switzerland 6 ITALY. Stark's Travellers' Guide Travels in Europe . Valery's Guide to Italy Boyd's Guide to Italy Reichard's Guide to Italy Vasi's Rome Vasi's Naples . » Hand Book, North Italy . Hand Book, Central Italy A Scamper through Italy RHINE. Rhenish Album 8. d. 18 4 3 6 12 10 12 15 3 Schreiber's Rhine Guide to the Rhine Hand Book to the Rhine 10 15 13 15 4 10 6 15 12 6 9 6 3 6 PYRENEES. Sketches in the Pyrenees . 24 Rambles through the Pyrenees 10 6 Inglis's Pyrenees, France, &c. 10 6 SPAIN. Spain Revisited . . . 21 Reichard's Spain ... 7 PANORAMAS. Panorama of London . 6/& 12 o Thames . 28/ & 56 . Richmond 6/ & 12 Switzerland 12/ & 24 o 8 G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER. PANORAMAS (Continued.) s, d. Panorama of the Rhine 3/6 10/6 & 21 Maine . 6/ & 12 Rome . 31/6 & 52 6 Constantinople 20/ & 34 INTERPRETERS, CONVERSA- TIONS, DICTIONARIES, ETC. French Interpreter . . .66 Italian Interpreter . . 6 6 Conversational Preceptor . 6 6 Le Precepteur Conversationnel 4 Manuel de Voy ageur, 6 Ian guages 9 4 languages English and German English, French, and Italian . English, German, and French French Grammar French and English Conversa- tions Dialogues French and German Dialogues French and Italian Dialogues . Introduction to the Italian Lan- guage Le Echo de Paris . Parisian Elements Rouillon's Tourist's Companion Porquet's Nouvelles Conversa- tions English and Foreign Ready- Reckoner .... Rowbotham's Introduction to the French Language . Ditto Spanish Language Sadler's Manuel de Phrases English and German Dictionary French and English Dictionary French and English Dictionary French and English Dictionary Porquet's French & English Dictionary .... German Reading . Italian Reading French and German Dictionary French and Italian Dictionary French and Spanish Dictionary French Dictionary 6 6 5 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 7 6 4 6 3 6 2 6 3 4 1 6 3 6 8 7 6 4 5 3 6 3 6 6 7 6 7 4 VARIOUS GUIDES, ETC. Belgium, Rhine, Switzerland, &c Johnson on Change of Air . A Summer's Tour . Diary of an Invalid Guide to the Isle of Man . Guide to Jersey and Guernsey Map of Jersey (Case) Map of Guernsey (Case) Guide to the Channel Islands Map of Channel Islands (Case,) Hand Book to the East Hand Book to India and Egypt 12 Notes — Overland Journey to Bombay 10 Guide to the Levant Channel Islands, Illustrated . Gifford's Ionian Isles . Reminiscences of a Traveller . Tour to the Highlands and Hebrides .... Tour on the Continent, 2 vols. Sea Side Bijou Sherer's Foreign Travel . Travelling Opinions of Russia Table of Swiss Coins, &c. Manual Steam Boat Traveller Post Roads of Europe Romberg's Brussels Continental Traveller Dates and Distances Inglis's Channel Islands . Western Australia Emigrant's Friend to Canada . Emigration to North America History of Jamaica . Journal of a Tour through America 3 Notes of a Journey through Canada 7 Picture of Australia Pym's Adventures . Rambles through America . Universal Steam Boat Com- panion Newton on the Globes . Young Astronomer . Keith on the Use of the Globes Howe's Lessons on the Globes Anderson's Mercantile Com- panion 5 10 6 9 6 6 7 6 2 6 5 4 4 10 6 5 15 12 10 6 9 10 6 12 6 7 6 25 6 9 6 7 6 l 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 8 6 12 5 6 2 1 6 5 6 10 6 7 10 6 i G 3 4 8 5 7 CRUCHLEY'S PROGRESSIVE MAPS, IN FOUR DIVISIONS OF EIGHT MAPS EACH, FOR THE USE OP SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION. SIZE OF EACH MAP, 19 INCHES BY 15. This valuable and extensive Series contains One Hundred and Fifty Maps, drawn and engraved from the most recent Surveys and latest Discoveries, and forming altogether the most useful Assort- ment ever published. FIRST DIVISION CONTAINS Europe; Asia; Africa; America; Mercator's World; England; Ireland; and Scotland. With each Map in all the Divisions three others are published, consisting of a Hair-line of the General Map— an Outline of the Rivers, Boundaries, Sfc— and the Projections of the Lines of Latitude and Longitude, forming together Twenty- four Maps. SECOND DIVISION CONTAINS France; Germany; Spain and Portugal ; Russia; Holland and Belgium ; Italy ; Norway and Sweden ; and Syria. Accompanied by Twenty-four Maps, as in the First Division. THIRD DIVISION CONTAINS Eastern Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere; British Isles]; India; Canaan; Palestine; West Indies; Australia; New Zealand; and East India Islands. Accompanied by Twenty-four Maps, as above. FOURTH DIVISION CONTAINS Switzerland; Austria; United States and Canada ; China; Persia; Arabia, fyc.; Egypt; Turkey and Greece; and engraved Title-page. Accompanied by Twenty-one Maps, as above. \Brtce of tf)c €tgi;t J^taps in eatf) Btfcision of tty aoooe Series. General Maps, plain, 2s. 6d., full coloured, 4s. — Hair-line Maps, plain, 2s. 6d., full coloured, 4s.— Outline Maps, plain, 2s., full coloured, 3s. 6d. — Projections of Maps, plain, 2s. EACH MAP MAY BE HAD SEPARATELY, PRICE SIXPENCE, PLAIN-FULL COLOURED, NINEPENCE. On Millboard, plain, Is.; on Millboard, /m// coloured, ls.3d.; on Cloth in Case, Is. 6d. ; Dissected, 5s. 10 G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, The Hair-line Maps Nos. 3 and 5 of this New Series repre- sent Pencilled Maps, intended for the Pupil to trace over with a Pen, and forming an entirely new feature in School Maps ; which will be found of great importance to the Student in enabling him to produce a better finished Map than on any other plan. Also may be had Two other parts, one containing Twelve Hair- line Maps (No. 3) of the Outline Map (on the same plan as the Hair-line of the General Map) ; the other, Twelve Maps, showing the Coast Line (No. 2) (to be filled up by the Pupil) of the various Countries as follows — England, Ireland, Scotland, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, France, Holland and Belgium, Mercator's World, Eastern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere. Price 3s. each Part. These Maps are not continued on the same plan to any other in the Series. These Maps are likewise published in Thirty-one Parts — Twelve First Parts contain Six Maps each, price 2*. 6d. ; and Nineteen Parts, Four Maps, (omitting Nos. 2 and 3,) price 2*., on the following much improved plan : — No. 1. Lines of Latitude and Longitude. No. 2.* Ditto ditto with Outline of the Coast. No. 3.* Ditto ditto the Hair-line Map of No. 4. No. 4. Finished Outline of the Coast, Rivers, and Boundaries of the Map. No. 5. Hair-line of the General Map— No. 6. No. 6. The General Map, Engraved in a superior style, forming a finished copy of the others. * These Nos. are omitted in Parts 13 to 31. THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE PARTS : — 1. England. 2. Ireland. 3. Scotland. 4. France. 5. Europe. 6. Holland and Belgium. 7. Asia. 8. Eastern Hemisphere. 9. Western Hemisphere. 10. Africa. 11. Mercator's World. 12. America. 13. Syria. 14. Italy. 15. Canaan. 16. British Isles. 17. Palestine. 18. Spain and Portugal. 19. China. 20. India. 21. United States and Canada. 22. Australia, NewZealand,&c. 23. Germany. 24. Norway, Sweden, &c. 25. Russia in Europe. 26. Persia, Arabia, Cabul, &c. 27. West India Islands. 28. Austria. 29. Egypt (Upper and Lower). 30. Turkey and Greece. 31. Switzerland. (The above Maps are in the Supplementary Catalogue of the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge.) 81, FLEET STREET, LONDON, 11 CRUCHLEY'S SCHOOL ATLAS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION, CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING THIRTY-ONE SUPERIOR ENGRAVED MAPS. Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Mercator's World Europe (General Map) British Isles England Scotland Ireland Norway and Sweden Russia in Europe Holland and Belgium France Spain and Portugal Germany Switzerland Italy Austria Turkey in Europe and Greece Asia (General Map) Canaan Palestine Syria Persia, Arabia, Afghanistan, Cabul, Etc. India China Australia, New Zealand, and East India Islands Africa (General Map) Egypt America (General Map) United States, with Upper and Lower Canada West India Islands. SIZE OF EACH MAP, 19 INCHES BY 15 INCHES. Full Coloured, Half-bound, Sixteen Shillings; or, Elegantly Bound in Embossed Leather, Gilt, One Guinea. FORMING A HANDSOME PRESENT for the younger branches of families at any season. CHEAP AND SPLENDID MAPS, BY MR. ARROWSMITH, hydrographer to his late majesty. G. F. CRUCHLEY, Mapseller and Publisher, 81, Fleet Street, London, having purchased from the Executors of the late Mr. Arrowsmith, the valuable copyrights of some of his large and splendid Maps, most respect- fully offers them to the notice of the Public, at such a great reduction from the original published prices, that an extensive sale only can recompense for the great outlay in purchasing them. They will be found to contain every improvement to the present time, and are well adapted for all Public Institutions, Libraries, Bankers', Solicitors', and Merchants' Offices, &c. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF EUROPE, Size, 7 feet by 5 feet 6 inches, (the largest Map of Europe published,) on Rollers and Varnished for THREE GUINEAS, recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Six Guineas. 12 G. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSELLER AND PUBLISHER, ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF ENGLAND, (reduced from the Ordnance Maps,) on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Fiv* Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF IRELAND, (reduced from the Government Surveys,) with the proposed Railways, on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF SCOTLAND, constructed from Materials afforded by the Parliamentary Commissioners, on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF ; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. *** These large and splendid Maps (of England, Ireland, and Scotland) form the largest set of Maps of the BRITISH ISLES published, and the set of Three Maps may be had for SIX GUINEAS; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Fifteen Guineas. ARROWSMITH'S GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SCOTLAND, Made by order of the Lords of the Treasury, by Dr. M'Cur.LOCH; size, 7 feet by 5 feet, on Rollers and Varnished for FOUR GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Seven Guineas. The only Geological Map of Scotland published. ARROWSMITH'S NEW GENERAL ATLAS, Comprehending the following Forty-five Maps, delineating the Principal Physical Features, Political Divisions, Main Roads, &c. This superior en- graved Modern Atlas, (allowed to be the best published,) is the result of a careful investigation, and minute research of the most authentic and valuable documents of Mr. Arrowsmith, price TWO POUNDS FIVE SHILLINGS, recently sold by him for Three Guineas. World— Globular World — Mercator's Europe England Scotland Ireland Sweden and Norway Russia in Europe Denmark Holland Belgium France Spain and Portugal Switzerland Germany North Italy South Italy Turkey in Europe Greece Asia Asia Minor, &c. Syria Persia and Arabia Punjab India Ceylon China and Burmah East Indies New South Wales Van Diemen's Land Japan Pacific Ocean Africa Lower Egypt Nubia, &c. Abyssinia Cape of Good Hope America North America United States Mexico West Indies Darien South America Rivers and Mountains. The above Maps may he had mounted in neat French Cases, for the Pocket, adapted for Travelling, price Two Shillings each. 81, FLEET STREET, LONDON. 13 THREE SERIES OF MAPS, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION, UPON A CLEAR AND ENLARGED SCALE. These New Series of Maps have been engraved for the use of Public Schools, Seminaries, and Private Families, to aid in the all- important work of Education. For this purpose they are constructed with bold outlines, to immediately impress on the mind of the young- student the physical form of each portion of the Earth exhibited to his view. The names of the prin- cipal places only are given, thus securing greater clearness to theMaps, and avoiding confusion to the eye and mind of the Pupil. MAPS OF GENERAL AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, ON A LARGE SCALE. Width. Depth. Pr. in Shts. Roller*, ft. in. ft. in. a. d. £, s. d. The World (Globular) . . . 6 8 by 3 6 14 110 Europe 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 l6 Asia 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 16 Africa 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 America 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 England 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 Scotland 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 Ireland 44 by 58 10 6 16 Ancient or Scripture World . . 58 by 44 106 0160 {comprising The Land of Canaan") —The Land of Promise— Holy }. 4 4 by 5 8 10 6 16 Land— Plan of Jerusalem. Orbis Veteribus Notus . . .58 by 44 10 6 16 Italia Antiqua, with Plan of Rome . 58 by 44 10 6 16 Grsecia An tiqua, with Plan of Athens 5 8 by 4 4 10 6 016 Asia Minor Antiqua . . . . 4 4 by 2 10 6 10 Terra Sancta, combining the Old and New Testaments . . . . 2 10 by 4 4 6 10 MAPS OF GENERAL AND SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. Width. Depth. Shts. Col. Rol. R. & V. ft. in. ft. in. s. d. s. d. s. d. The World (Mercator's) . . .42 by 28 80 120160 The World (Globular) . . . 43 by 22 60 100 14 Europe 2 10 by 2 2 3 6 8 Asia 2 10 by 2230 6080 Africa 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 America 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 Australia and New Zealand . .210 by 22 30 60 80 England 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 Scotland 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 Ireland 22 by 2 10 30 60 80 14 (i. F. CRUCHLEY, MAPSKLLKR AND PUBLISHER. MAPS OF CENERAL AND SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY (continued.) Width. Depth. Shts. Col. Rol. R.&V ft. in. ft. iu s. d. i. d. t. d. The British Isles, on one Map . . 3 5 by 4 3 8 14 18 The Journeyings of the Children of Israel 2 10 by 2 2 3 6 8 i The Land of Canaan prior to its Conquest 22 by 2 10 30 6 8 I The Land of Promise, as divided amongst the Twelve Tribes . 22 by 2 10 30 60 81 Palestine, or Holy Land, in the time of our Saviour . . . .22 by 2 10 30 60 80 St. Paul's Voyages and Travels . 2 10 by 2 2 30 60 80 Jerusalem, or the City of the Lord .22 by 2 10 30 60 80 LARGE OUTLINE MAPS, CORRESPONDING WITH THE ABOVE. The World (Globular) . . .43 by 22 40 80 Europe 210 by 22 20 60 Asia 2 10 by 2220 50 Africa 22 by 2 10 20 50 America 2 2 by 2 10 2 5 England 22 by 2 10 20 60 Scotland 22 by 2 10 20 50 Ireland 22 by 2 10 20 50 These Outline Maps not coloured are 6d. each less. SMALLER MAPS OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. Western Hemisphere 2. Eastern Hemisphere 3. Mercator's World 4. Europe (General Map) 5. British Isles 6. England 7. Scotland 8. Ireland 9. Norway and Sweden 10. Russia in Europe 11. Holland and Belgium 12. France 13. Spain and Portugal 14. Germany 15. Switzerland 16. Italy 17. Austria 18. Turkey in Europe & Greece 19. Asia (General Map) 20. Canaan 21. Palestine 22. Syria 23. Persia, Arabia, Afghanis- tan, Cabul, &c. 24. India 25. China 26. Australia, New Zealand & East India Islands 27. Africa (General Map) 28. Egypt 29. America (General Map) 30. United States with Upper and Lower Canada 31. West India Islands. The above Series is 19 Inches by 15.— Price 6rf. each, Plain— gd. Full Co- loured— 1*. 3d. on Millboard— Mounted in Case, Is. 6d— and 5s. Dissected, inclosed in a neat Box, accompanied by a duplicate Map. *** Outline, Hair-line, and Projections may be had to correspond with these Maps— (see Prospectus, Cruchley's Progressive Maps). The advantage* offered by these Outlines, fyc. 8fc. are twofold, since they may be used as a Preparatory Exercise, and as successors to the other Maps. THE FOLLOWING MAPS ARE IMPROVED TO THE PRESENT TIME, And can be recommended as forming the most useful, and the best adapted for general reference and use in the Office or Library of the JfWercijant, Sanlur, Solicitor, ov public fctftttutton*. CRUCHLEY'S NEW PLAN OF LONDON, extending Six Miles round St. Paul's, on a scale of near Six Inches to a Mile, including the Villages of Highgate, Hampstead, West End, Wilsden Green, Kentish Town, Holloway, Islington, Dalston, Stoke Newington, Clapton, Stamford Hill, Laytonstone, Bromley, Stratford-le-Bow, Kensington, Hammersmith, Walham Green, Fulham, Putney, Wandsworth, Battersea, Brixton, Stockwell, Clapham, Balham Hill, Camberwell, Heme Hill, Dul- wich, Peckham, Deptford, Greenwich, Blackheath, Lewisham, Lee Green, Newington Butts, Vauxhall, &c. Also, showing the Boundaries of the Parishes, and the Stations of the various Railways. Rollers and Varnished, Two Pounds Fifteen Shillings. FROGGETT'S MAP OF THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON, extending Thirty Miles round St. Paul's, drawn and engraved from the Ordnance Survey of England, on a scale of One Inch to the Mile, on which is shown every Town and Village, Turnpike and Cross Roads, Rivers, Canals, Parks and Gentlemen's Seats ; also the various Lines of Railways, taken from the official Surveys of the Railway Companies, pointing out the various Stations, Tunnels, Cuttings, Embankments, &c.; likewise showing the Boundaries of the various Unions, carefully com- piled by permission of the Poor Law Commissioners, from their own Official Map. Rollers and Varnished, Two Guineas. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF EUROPE ; size, 7 feet by a feet 6 inches, (the largest Map of Europe published,) on Rollers and Varnished for THREE GUINEAS, recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Six Guineas. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF ENGLAND, (reduced from the Ordnance Maps,) on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF IRELAND, (reduced from the Government Survevs,) with the proposed Railways, on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF , recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. ARROWSMITH'S LARGE MAP OF SCOTLAND, con- structed from Materials afforded by the Parliamentary Commissioners, on Rollers and Varnished for TWO GUINEAS AND A HALF ; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Five Guineas. Size, 7 feet by 5 feet. *** These large and splendid Maps (of England, Ireland, and Scotland) form the largest set of Maps of the BRITISH ISLES published, and the set of Three Maps may be had for SIX GUINEAS; recently sold by Mr. Arrowsmith for Fifteen Guineas. G. F. CRUCHLEY, BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER, 81, FLEET STREET. THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES ARE ALWAYS O.V SALE : — Bibles and Prater Books, in Roan, Morocco, and Velvet bindii Church Services, Pietas, and Companions to the Altar, in plain and elegant bindings. Mordan's and Riddle's ever-pointed Silver Pencil Cases. — Ditto, Leads. Ditto Drawing and all other Pencils of the best quality. Ditto Pen Holders, with plain and elegant handles. Bramah's and Mordan's Pen Nibs, in boxes of various prices. Pens and Quills. — Pens, in Boxes.— Perry's and other Steel Pens. Ink- Stands, Instantaneous Lights, Passport Cases, Journals, &c, &c. Writing Papers of superior quality. Ditto, Black bordered and edged. Drawing Paper, various sizes. Envelopes, all sizes, in cases or by the hundred. Sealing -Wax, by weight or in fancy boxes. Wafers, plain, transparent, initial, and medallion. Letter Springs, in Russia and Morocco. Pen Knives, with Ivory, Pearl, and Silver Handles. Pen and Pencil Cases, all sizes, in Cloth and Roan. Ivory and Pearl Paper Knives, and ditto Reading Hooks, plain or carved. Pocket Books, with Ivory Tablets. Ditto, with Porcelain Tablets. — Porcelain Slates. Ditto, with Skin, all sizes. Ca rd Cases, in Ivory, Pearl, Tortoiseshell, Porcelain, Russia and Morocco. Blotting Cases, in Roan and Morocco, in great variety, with or without locks. Bankers' Bill Cases, Spanish and Roan leather. Manuscript Books, with or without lock, in plain and elegant binding. Music Books and Paper, various sizes. Playing Cards, from 6d. to 4s. 6d. •& pack.— Cases for ditto, from 6d. Ladies' Companions, plain and elegant, containing every article suitable for a Lady's Work-table. Pearl and Ivory Needle Books, ditto winders and counters. Memorandum Books, various, from Id. upwards. Ditto, with clasp, for the pocket. Ditto, with metallic paper and pencil. Account Books, Ledgers, Journals, &c, in various bindings. Annual Pocket Books, Almanacks, Diaries, Housekeeping Books, &c. Bill Books, Portfolios, Sermon Cases, Washing Books, Note Cases, Wafer Seals, India Rubber, Marking Inks, &c. A Choice Collection of elegantly bound Books, Dissected Maps, Puzzles, &c, suitable for Christmas presents or New Year's gifts.— Albums, Scrap Books, Annuals, &c. School Books and Stationery in all its branches. A CHOICE AND SELECT JUVENILE LIBRARY. i! Address Cards engraved, and 100 Superfine Cards for Five Shillings. ENGRAVING AND PRINTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. — | London : Cruchley, Printer, Fleet Street.