GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI WITH AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE AKRANGED FOR SUPPT.FMENTARY PEAOfNG PURPOSES J. M, GK '■■■■-\''-)0:>, A. M., SWBRINTENDENT OF P --, K.ir>',A.~. ClTk', MISSOURI F E. H. BUTLER AND COMPANY PHILADJ.l.PHIA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf .VX UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ['^ GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE ARRANGED FOR SUPPLE^IENTARY READING PURPOSES BY J. M. GREENWOOD, A.M., SUPERINTENbENT OF PuBLIC ScHOOLS, KANSAS CiTY, MISSOURI *4SH!HGT0W- -' / E. H. BUTLER AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA PREFACE. During the preparation of the manuscript for the Missouri Supplement of Butlers Geography, it oc- curred to the author that some additions would make it a useful hand-book for the people of the state, par- ticularly teachers and those interested in the Plistor)^ and Geography of Missouri, and that such a manual could be very appropriately used by Fourth and Fifth Reader pupils as a Supplementary Reading Book. After consultation with several leading teachers of the state in regard to the matter, he was assured that the plan was an excellent one, since there had not been published any similar treatise that is easily accessible to all classes of readers. With the hope that this small contribution will awaken a deeper interest in the History of Missouri, it is submitted to the public. J. M. GREENWOOD. Kansas City, Mo., May, 1890. Copyright, 1890, by E. H. Butler & Co. :ate the an- lis- •rth ^est ith, ad- nk- are the ex- ois, the on ms, ys, and ■ in •led 'ith een Loiiyright, 1889 by r Mis cun it a ticu and cou Re£ Aft< Stat plai pub to J V awa it is Ka MISSOURI [ The notes to referettces in text will be found at the end.'\ 1. Position and Extent. — Missouri, the eleventh state to unite her destiny to that of the "original thirteen " in the formation of our great Republic, possesses the natural advan- tage of occupying a central position in the Valley of the Mis- sissippi. Lying between the parallels of 36° and 40° 30' north latitude, and between the meridians of 89° 2' and 95° 51' west longitude, it has a length oi 280 miles from north to south, and varies in breadth from 208 miles in the north, till it grad- ually attains its greatest width of 312 miles in the south. 2. In size, Missouri surpasses thirty of her sister states, rank- ing twelfth in point of area. Included within her confines are 6^735 square miles of land and 680 square miles of water, the land surface comprising about 44,000,000 acres. This vast ex- tent of country is bounded by Iowa on the north ; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee on the east ; by Arkansas on the south ; and by the Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska on the west. 3. Surface. — To the mind appreciative of nature's charms, Missouri appeals with every diversity of surface. Level valleys, rolling prairies, graceful knolls, and terraced hillsides ; bold and precipitous bluffs ; isolated peaks ; ridges, sterile and rocky in one locality, arable and timber-clad in another; vine-tangled forests, and grassy and flower-strewn uplands, alternate with one another in rapid sequence and pleasing effect. 4. Taking the Missouri River as the dividing-line between 3 4 MISSOURI. the two sections of the state essentially different in physical contour, we find the part north of the river to be generally level or slightly undulating, and sloping gradually upward toward the river-bluffs, which nowhere attain an elevation of more than 330 feet above the surrounding country. There is, however, in this section a height of l"and called the " Grand Divide," the water-shed separating the waters flowing into the Mississippi from those that empty into the Missouri River. The predominance of prairie in this part of Missouri renders it pre-eminently the grass-growing region of the state. 5. That portion of the state lying south of the Missouri River derives its distinctive physical features from the Ozark Moun- tains, which extend ^ver one-half of its surface. These mountains in the greater part of their course through the state might be properly characterized as a succession of"high table-lands, reach- ing their greatest altitude of 1500 feet in Greene and Webster Counties. Farther east, however, they assume more of the mountainous nature, breaking up into narrow ridges, detached conical peaks, and abrupt declivities, and eventually losing them- selves in the low regions toward the swamp-lands which owe their formation to the great earthquake of 1811-13, and which are not more than 275 feet above the sea-level. North of the Ozark range, in Cass and Johnson Counties, lies an important spur of these mountains, notable as the divide betv/een the waters of the Osage and those of the Missouri. 6. Valleys. — In point of size and richness, the broad alluvial plains on either side of the Missouri stand avowedly unsurpassed by any other agricultural section of the United States ; while those of the Mississippi are scarcely less fertile. Supplementing these two great valleys, we find in the north the Grand River valley, and contiguous to it the valley of the Chariton. In the south, the valleys, equally productive, are even more beautiful, intersecting, as they do, the mountainous regions, and being in many cases flanked by rugged hills and overhanging bluffs. 7. Drainage. — The eastern limit, throughout its entire ex- tent, is washed by the waters of the Mississippi River, thus MISSOURI. 5 giving to the state a water-front of 560 miles; while the Mis- souri River, following the western border from the extreme northwest to Kansas City, sweeps thence across the heart of the state, numbering in its tortuous course many hundreds of miles of navigable waters, which unite with those of the. Mis- sissippi at a point just above St. Louis. 8. Many noble tributaries to these two majestic rivers are distributed throughout the state, the principal branches of the Mississippi being the Fabius, Salt, Cuivre, Meramec, St. Francis, Current, and Black ; while those of the Missouri are the Nod- away, Platte, Grand, and Chariton on the north, and the Osage and Gasconade on the south. Innumerable minor affluents to these streams drain the surface, vying in picturesqueness with the countless springs whose crystalline waters sparkle in the sunlight of the meadows or bubble in perennial beauty from the hill-sides. 9. Mineral Springs. — Few sections of country excel Missouri in the quantity and quality of her medicinal springs. Sweet Springs in Saline County, Excelsior Springs in Clay County, and Eldorado Springs in Cedar County, justly celebrated as delight- ful summer resorts, have likewise attained considerable notoriety for the curative properties of their respective waters. Monagaw Springs in St. Clair County are sulphur springs, and there are numerous other springs of this character to be found in the western counties. 10. Climate. — Climate is the result of geographical posi- tion, elevation above the sea-level, and the topographical config- uration of a country. Missouri being a portion of the great plain which extends eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River, its climate, unmodified by high mountain- ranges, ocean-currents, or constant winds, presents all the extremes of heat and cold, moisture and drought, peculiar to this latitude. 11. The Ozark Mountains in their highest points attain an elevation of 1500 feet above the level of the sea; yet this, while it exercises some degree of influence locally, has no 6 MISSOURI. direct effect upon the general climate of the state. Owing to the rapid evaporation which takes place, the atmosphere is rarely loaded with moisture, and the climate may be regarded as chiefly a dry one, though the distribution of rain is amply sufficient for agricultural prosperity.^ 12. Soil. — Missouri is pre-eminently an agricultural country, with successful cultivation doubly insured by excellence and variety of soil. Accepting the popular classification of lands into " timber lands " and " prairie lands," with the subdivisions in each of " uplands " and " bottom lands," we may indicate the sec- tion of Missouri possessed by each by a line drawn diagonally across the state from the northeast corner to the extreme south- west corner.^ 13. All that portion west of the line is mainly prairie, not entirely devoid of arboreal vegetation, yet stretching for many miles in a vast expanse of treeless plains, whose rich soil is indicated by the luxuriant growth of grass and herbs. East of the line, on the contrary, we find the forest regions of Mis- souri, justly celebrated for their magnificence and extent, and emulating the prairies in fertility and exuberance of plant-life. 14. Vegetation. — Missouri is abundantly supplied with the best varieties of forest trees indigenous to this climate and lat- itude. No language can adequately depict the beauty and mag- nificence of these forests in their original grandeur, nor can words sufficiently express the regret that should be felt at their wanton destruction within the last quarter of a century. In many localities, however, extensive groves, still remain intact, and in them are to be found every species of wood necessary to human comfort and need.^ 15. The principal forest trees of Missouri are pine, cherry, wal- nut, ash, hard and soft maples, birch, lind, cottonwood, poplar, sweet-gum, black-gum, yellow-gum, cedar, cypress, sycamore, coffee-bean, pecan, chestnut, tulip-tree, beech, willow, hackberry, mulberry, tupelo, catalpa, ironwood, hornbeam, box-elder, elm, three species of locust, six of hickory, and eighteen of oak."* 16. Some of this timber, as the walnut, maple, cypress, pop- MISSOURI. 7 lar, birch, and cherry, is exceedingly fine, and susceptible of the very highest polish, and is, therefore, much used in ornamental and elegant workmanship. Other kinds, as hickory, ash, oak, and lind, are desirable on account of their durable and useful qualities, and are consequently largely used in the manufacture of wagons, carriages, and agricultural implements. From the oak, pine, cedar, mulberry, hickory, locust, and elm is also ob- tained an excellent quality of lumber extensively used for build- ing purposes and fencing ; while many of the larger farms have their well-kept fields protected by impenetrable hedges of osage- orange, willow, cedar, thorn, and cottonwood. 17. The cultivated vegetation — cereals, fruits, and vegetables — favored by the soil, climate, and seasons, yields such ample returns to the labors of the agriculturist as to place Missouri among the leading food-producing states. The vine flourishes luxuriantly in many localities, and the state is pre-eminently a land of orchards. 18. Minerals. — In the development of her mineral resources Missouri is as yet in her infancy ; but sufficient labor and cap- ital have been expended in the mining districts to prove the state rich beyond estimation in its abundance of coal, iron, lead, zinc, and other valuable minerals. The total amount of wealth de- rived from the mineral resources of Missouri for the year 1887 is estimated at over ten million dollars. 19. Coal. — Missouri contains within her subterranean maga- zines bituminous coaP sufficient to supply the world's de- mand for a thousand years. Yet only a pittance of this great wealth is she called upon to deliver up each year : the only mines as yet constantly worked are those lying chiefly along the lines of railroad, in Randolph, Ray, Macon, Audrain, Linn, Grundy, Caldwell, Adair, Putnam, and Carroll Counties, north of the Missouri River, and south in La Fayette, Johnson, Henry, Bates, Barton, Vernon, and Cooper Counties. 20. Iron. — No less important than the coal-fields are the deposits of iron throughout the state. With the exception of those in Callaway County, all the principal iron-mines lie south 8 MISSOURI. of the Missouri River in a belt extending from the Mississippi River on the east to the Osage River on the west, and covering an area of not less than 25,000 square miles. The iron-ores found are of two kinds — specular and limonite. These ores, together with red hematites, are found in many localities, being distributed, in fact, over thirty-four counties of Missouri, thus rendering- the state one of the richest in the Union in this most useful mineral.^ 21. Lead and Zinc. — The lead-producing regions of Missouri may be grouped into three separate districts, — the southeast, the middle, and the southwest,^ The annual yield from all these districts will average at least 30,000,000 pounds, giving Missouri first rank in the United States in the abundance of this mineral, and placing her in this respect without a rival in the known world.^ Associated with the lead in many districts are immense deposits' of zinc, the most important being in Jasper County; and large quantities of nickel and cobalt are found in many other localities. 22. Building-stone in unlimited quantities form.s a considerable item in the mineral wealth of Missouri. Granite is exposed to view over an area of more than 400 square miles in Madison, St. Frangois, Iron, Ste. Genevieve, and Wayne Counties, being represented in all its diversity of colors from gray to red, and unexcelled in puality and beauty of appearance. 23. Marble, in white, black, drab, bluish-drab, and variegated kinds, is extensively quarried in some parts of the state. One species of porphyry," found in the granite localities, is thought to be of the same quality as the valuable antique variety so highly prized. * 24. Limestone beds cover an area of 25,000 square miles, and the stone is excellent, and much used in private buildings and in the construction of public works. Large deposits of sand- stone available for architectural purposes abound in Johnson, Barton, Vernon, Carroll, and other counties, but, being little in demand, it is at present not extensively quarried. 25. Animals. — The domestic animals of Missouri, num.bered MISSOURI. 9 by millions, constitute a large portion of the wealth of the state. Of the larger wild animals but (qw remain. Bears and wolves are occasionally met with, and in many sections deer are plen- tiful. Among the smaller animals are foxes, raccoons, opossums, minks, weasels, and otters. Rabbits and squirrels are every- where abundant. 26. Wild turkeys, grouse, woodcock, prairie-chickens, and quail are found in great numbers, and water-fowl of various kinds frequent the streams. Black bass, buffalo-fish, suckers, perch, pike, catfish, and sunfish are the principal varieties of native fishes. The most common reptiles are turtles and snakes, of which there are several species. 27. People. — By the United States census of 1880 the pop- ulation of Missouri was 2,168,380, an average of 32 to the square mile. Of these less than one-tenth were of foreign birth, prin- cipally Germans and Scandinavians. The native American pop- ulation is mainly descended from immigrants from Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia, and Missouri in her turn has contributed largely to the pioneer settlements of the Pacific states. Descendants of the early French settlers are still found in some localities near the Mississippi River. 28. Industries. — Blessed with a fruitful soil and favoring- climate, with vast mineral resources, great natural commercial advantages, and an active, enterprising population, Missouri must of necessity rank high in the leading industries of the world. Her agricultural, manufacturing, mining, and commer- cial interests — already immense — bid fair in a few years to surpass those of many of the older and more thickly-settled states. 29. Agriculture. — Of her forty-four millions of acres, Mis- souri withholds from the husbandman not more than a million acres of unproductive land. And though not more than one- fourth of the tillable area is at present under cultivation, still the agricultural products of the state far exceed those of the mines in value, and are surpassed in this respect only by the manufac- tured products.^ Even in the very heart of the mining districts, 10 MISSOURI. field upon field of waving grain, orchards of luscious fruits, and smiling vineyards flourish above the mineral-laden earth, yield- ing more profit in a year than has ever yet been gathered in the same space of time from the underground treasury. 30. Of the cereals, corn is the most abundantly produced ; and, though the harvest may vary with the season, a total failure is unknown. The wheat crop ranks next in importance. In the central and southern sections of the state, and along the white- oak ridges that adjoin the bluffs of the larger streams, wheat of a superior grade is raised, which commands the highest prices in the market ; while in the counties near the Iowa line, spring wheat is raised, but only to a limited extent. 31. Oats are grown in all parts of the state sufficient for home consumption ; but in the soils of the northern counties that cereal attains its fullest development, and the yield is large and profitable. The soils of Missouri are well adapted to the growth of both native and cultivated grasses ; of the former the most nutritious species growing wild upon the prairie is the " upland blue stem," and of the cultivated grasses, timothy, clover, and blue-grass are the best ; though orchard-grass, red-top, millet, Hungarian grass, and English blue-grass are also cultivated, and furnish excellent food for horses, cattle, and sheep. 32. The potato succeeds well in this state, producing the abundance requisite for home supplies, with a large amount for shipment elsewhere. The sweet potato is also largely cultivated. Among the miscellaneous agricultural products which receive considerable attention and grow well in this climate are hemp, flax, cotton, sorghum, buckwheat, and broom-corn. Peas, beans, turnips, onions, tomatoes, cabbages, watermelons,- pumpkins, and squashes yield bountiful crops, the value of which each year amounts to several millions of dollars. 33. Orchard Products. — Throughout the greater portion of the state the very best varieties of apples are grown, the fruit ma- turing well during the long season. The pears, though not so large and fine as the varieties imported from the Pacific coast, are more delicately flavored. The hilly regions of the south con- MISSOURI. 1 1 stitute the " peach lands " of the state, and on them are pro- fusely grown the finest qualities of that delicious fruit. 34. Next in importance to apple and peach culture must be ranked that of the grape. Wine-making is undoubtedly des- tined to become one of the most extensive and profitable interests in the state. The climate, soil, and seasons all concur to render Missouri one of the finest grape-growing regions of the world. Cherries and plums seldom fail ; while of the smaller fruits, blackberries, gooseberries, strawberries, and currants are plentiful enough for all local demands, 35. Live-Stock. — As a stock-raising country, Missouri ranks high. Its generally level surface, its abundance of pure water, its proximity to other extensive cattle-ranges, its large, unfail- ing crops of corn, grass, and hay, and its climate, a happy mean between the extremes of the northern winters and the long, hot, southern summers, all combine to exalt this industry to the plane of high economic value to the farmers of this state.^'^ 36. The stock-raising industries are largely on the increase,^ the great demand for all kinds of live-stock in the chief markets of the state being clearly indicated by the annual receipts and shipments at the stock-yards. Immense quantities of dressed beef and pork are shipped to all parts of the United States, and even to European markets ; and the indications are that at no very distant day Missouri will lead the Union in this great industry. 37. Manufactures. — With her abundance of coal and wood for fuel, her inexhaustible yield of iron and lead, and her unfail- ^ ing supply of lumber, with unsurpassed facilities for navigation, and a net-work of railroads penetrating to every important sec- tion of the state, Missouri seems destined to become the cen- tre of the manufacturing industries of this continent. Even at the present day her rank in these industries is eighth in the Union. The chief manufacturing centres are St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Hannibal, Lexington, and Joplin.^^ 38. Mining. — Although the mining interests of Missouri are not fully developed, it is the first state of the Union in the pro- 12 MISSOURI. duction of lead and zinc. The coal mines employ annually 8000 men and yielded in 1888 nearly three million tons. In the value of iron ore mined, Missouri is surpassed by only three or four states. 39. Commerce. — From her geographical position Missouri possesses great natural commercial advantages over most inland states. The Ohio, the Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi afford cheap transportation to remote points, while the Lower Missis- sippi is a convenient highway to southern and foreign markets. 40. Railroads. — The manufacturing industries so rapidly in- creasing and expanding in all directions, the important agri- cultural and mineral wealth, the amount of live-stock demanding shipment, and the thriving local, inter-state, and foreign trade, coupled with the enterprising spirit of a commercial, intelligent, and progressive people, are some of the reasons which may be assigned for the construction of so many lines of railroad within the state. 41. Fully one hundred and ten lines and branch lines have been completed, representing at least 6763 miles of road, and establishing means of rapid inter-communication between the most distant parts of the state, thereby consolidating their inter- ests. This was accomplished at an expenditure of two hundred millions of dollars, and these roads are owned and controlled by thirty-six separate companies or organizations, employing a force of thirty thousand men, and representing an annual income of $30,000,000.^^ 42. Government. — Missouri has had three State Constitu- tions : the first was adopted in 1820; the second, in 1865; and the third, in 1875. Under each Constitution the powers of the government were divided into three distinct departments, — the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. 43. Legislative Department. — The Legislative Depart-* ment is vested in a Senate and a House of Representatives, and is called *' The General Assembly of the State of Missouri." This assembly is composed of thirty-four senators and one hundred and forty-three representatives. A member of the House of MISSOURI. 13 Representatives must be twenty-four years old, a male citizen of the United States, two years a voter in Missouri, and a resident of the county or district which he represents. A State Senator must be thirty years of age, three years a voter in Missouri, and possessed of all the other qualifications required for a representa- tive. Representatives are elected for two years. Senators for four : the apportionment for determining the number of each is made after each United States Census. In the Congress of the United States, Missouri is represented by two Senators and fourteen Representatives. 44. Executive Department. — This department is com- posed of seven officers, — the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Secretary of State, the State Auditor, the State Treasurer, the Attorney-General, and the State Superintendent of Public Schools. They are elected by popular vote, and each holds office for four years. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor must ea'ch be thirty-five years old, seven years a resident of Missouri, and ten years a citizen of the United States. The other state officers must each be twenty-five years old, and five years a resident of the state prior to election. In addition to these executive officers of the state, there are the Register of Lands, three Railroad Commissioners, and a Commissioner of Labor Statistics. 45. State Board of Equalization. — The following officers constitute the State Board of Equalization to determine the valuation of the real and personal property among the sev- eral counties of the state : Governor, State Auditor, State Treas- urer, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General. 46. State Board of Education. — The State Superin- tendent of Public Schools, the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney-General constitute the State Board of Education. 47. Judicial Department. — This department is composed of the Supreme Court, St. Louis Court of Appeals, Kansas City Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Criminal Courts, Probate Courts, County Courts, and Municipal Corporation Courts. Five judges constitute the Supreme Court; three each the Courts of Appeal for St. Louis and Kansas City; one judge for 14 MISSOURI. each judicial circuit ; one for each Criminal Court ; County Court, three judges; Probate Court, one judge; Justices of the Peace, provided for by statute. 48. Territorial Divisions of the State. — These spring primarily from the boundaries of the state, as fixed by the general government, which divides its territory into toivnships and sections. The state makes another division, that of counties. Subdivisions of these are made by individuals or corporations. For carrying on the duties of the government, and exercising the privileges of citizenship, political divisions are made of the territory within the boundary of the state. The divisions are as follows: I. School Districts; 2. Municipal Townships; 3. Vil- lages ; 4. Towns; 5. Cities;'^ 6. Counties; 7. Representative Dis- tricts; 8. Senatorial Districts; 9. Judicial Circuits; 10. Congres- sional Districts; ii. Courts of Appeal. 49. The School District is the lowest and simplest kind of municipal corporation, having the fewest officers and the least authority. Just above this is the Municipal Township, with its justices of the peace and a constable. A Village is defined by statute to be an unincorporated town of less than five hundred inhabitants. After a village is incorporated, it constitutes a Tozun, and a Board of Trustees is elected, usually composed of five mem- bers, who appoint an Assessor, a Collector, a Marshal, and a Treasurer. The president of the Board is also vested with the powers of Justice of the Peace. 50. State and county officers, and nearly all the municipal officers of incorporated villages, towns, and cities, are elected by a vote of the people. County officers are elected at the gen- eral elections in November every two years ; municipal officers and school officers, unless otherwise provided, on the first Tues- day in April each year. State and county taxes are levied by the judges of the county court; school taxes, by the school direc- tors ; town and city taxes, by the Common Council or the Municipal Assembly. 51. Education. — It has always been the policy of Missouri to foster the cause of education, by encouraging whatever would MISSOURI. 15 tend to promote the acquisition of knowledge. The State Con- stitution says, "A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the General Assembly shall establish and maintain free public schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this state between the ages of six and twenty years." 52. The present school system of the state is popular and very efficient, and embraces five distinct kinds of schools, namely, ungraded schools ; graded schools ; high schools ; normal schools; and the State University, including the School of Mines. 53. The ungraded schools are those of the county, each county being divided into school districts, and each district being under the control of three directors. The graded and high schools are those of the villages, cities, and towns, and, except in special cases, are under the supervision of six directors, and are gov- erned by a separate law granting special privileges. 54. The normal schools are more liberally provided for in Mis- souri than in any other state in the Mississippi Valley. There are four State Normal Schools designed for the training of teachers : one at Kirksville ; one at Warrensburg ; one at Cape Girardeau ; and one, the Lincoln Institute, for colored teachers, at Jefferson City. The State University at Columbia stands at the head of the state system of public instruction.^^ 55. In addition to the public institutions, there are in the state more than thirty private seminaries, academies, and denomina- tional colleges, some of which are of a high order of excellence, and among which may be mentioned Washington University, St. Louis University, and Christian Brothers' College, all located at St. Louis ; Central College, at Fayette ; Drury College, at Spring- field ; William Jewell College, at Liberty ; Christian Female Col- lege, at Columbia ; Hardin College, at Mexico ; Westminster College, at Fulton ; and Christian University, at Canton. 56. Religion. — The early French and Spanish settlers of Missouri were members of the Roman Catholic Church, which is now one of the leading denominations in numbers. Most of the Protestant Churches are well represented, the Baptists and Meth- 1 6 MISSOURI. odists being the most numerous. There are also many Hebrews in the state.^^ 57. Cities AND Towns. — St. Loms, the metropoHs of Mis- souri, and one of the greatest commercial centres of the United States, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 1270 miles above New Orleans. The city has a river front- age of more than nineteen miles, is beautifully located, regularly laid out, and substantially built, being adorned with many hand- some public buildings, as well as elegant private residences. It is justly noted for its varied and extensive manufactures of cloth- ing, harness, wooden ware, machinery, sugar, molasses, tobacco, iron, and steel, and is also one of the leading grain and live- stock markets in the country. Being most advantageously located for "general commerce, it has become the natural dis- tributing point, not only for its own manufactures, but also for those of the East, to the vast agricultural and mineral region surrounding it. The products of this immense section are mainly grain, wool, cotton, tobacco, live-stock, iron, lead^ and zinc ; and St. Louis is the commercial emporium through which they must pass to reach the Eastern markets. 58. The commercial and manufacturing interests of the city to-day are of vast proportions, and the volume of trade trans- acted there is constantly on the increase. St. Louis, as a great railroad centre, enjoys superior facilities for connection with the North, East, South, and West; and radiating from it is a vast net-work of railroads leading in all directions. One of the most notable features of the city is the great bridge across the Mississippi, — a specimen of the very finest structure of engineer- ing skill. It is a magnificent steel tubular bridge, connecting St. Louis with East St. Louis, and is 6227 feet in length. It con- tains a double roadway, one above for foot and passenger travel, and the other for railroad-trains, the latter passing as a tunnel west under Washington Avenue, and thence south, under Eighth Street, to the Union Depot, a distance of about 5000 feet. 59. The educational facilities are of a high character, the pub- lic schools ranking among the foremost in America, and there MISSOURI. 17 are also many excellent private institutions of learning. The city is admirably supplied with libraries, two of them, the Pub- lic and the Mercantile, being models in all their appointments, carefully managed, and containing large and valuable selections of general literature. In addition to these two libraries there are perhaps a dozen others of less note. 60. St. Louis has an excellent system of parks, numbering eighteen in all, and covering an area of 2095 acres. Much at- tention has been given to beautifying these parks, and they are tastefully laid out and exquisitely kept. Shaw's Botanical Gar- den, regarded as one of the most charming retreats in the city, contains specimens of all plants that can be grown in these lati tudes, as well as many rare and costly exotics. The church edi- fices are among the chief architectural attractions of the city, being numerous, and many of them expensive and magnificent. The population of St. Louis is 450,000, or about one-sixth of the entire population of the state. 61. Kansas City, located in the extreme northwest corner of Jackson County, at the junction of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, is the second city in size in the state. Its growth has been phenomenal since 1865, at which time the population was less than 4000. In 1 870 the population was 32,268, increasing to 55,785 in 1880, and at present numbering at least 160,000. Kansas City is situated in one of the finest agricultural, stock- raising, and fruit-growing regions in the Mississippi Valley. As a grain and live-stock market it is one of the best in the country, and in beef- and pork-packing is surpassed only by Chicago. 62. Railroads enter the city from all directions, and two ele- gant railroad bridges span the Missouri at this point. It is geographically the natural channel of traffic between the East and the West and Southwest, and possesses unsurpassed nat- ural advantages conducive to the immense volume of business yearly transacted ; and as the resources of the country are more fully developed and utilized, the commercial relations will be extended and multiplied. The city is noted for the extent and excellence of its cable-car system, which is one of the most com- 2 1 8 MISSOURI. plete in the world. It is a city of churches and of pubHc schools, the latter being deservedly popular at home, and highly and favorably acknowledged by the best educators in the land. 63. St. JosepJi, the third city in size, and so named in honor of its founder, Joseph Robidoux, is beautifully situated on a sloping plain at the bend of the Missouri River, and is the county-seat of Buchanan County. A large wholesale and retail commercial business is carried on here with the West and North- west, railroad connection with all parts of the country affording all facilities for easy and rapid transportation. Grain- and stock- trading are important interests, and manufacturing is extensively carried on. The city has an efficient system of public schools, established under a special charter. In 1880 the population of the city was 32,431, and it is now estimated at 62,000. 64. Hannibal, in the southern corner of Marion County, is an important railroad terminus and manufacturing city. It is one of the best lumber markets on the Mississippi, the lumber from the pineries of the north being rafted down the Mississippi in vast quantities to Hannibal, and thence shipped west and south over the railroads, into Missouri, Kansas, and other states and territories. Hannibal has a substantial railroad bridge across the Mississippi ; and its public schools are thoroughly organized and well conducted. The population in 1880 was 11,074, which has increased now to 14,000. 65. Scdalia, the county-seat of Pettis County, is a beautiful inland city, finely situated on rolling prairie, and occupying the centre of one of the most fertile regions of the state. It is an important railroad centre, two great systems intersecting at this point. Large machine-shops and other manufacturing estab- lishments are located here, and much trade is carried on with the surrounding country. Great attention has been given to church and school facilities, and the citizens feel a commendable pride in both. In 1880 the population of Sedalia was 9561, and it is now estimated at 18,500. t6. Jefferson OV;', the capital of tlie state since 1826, is 1 20 miles from St. Louis, and 156 miles from Kansas City. Though MISSOURI. 19 the general appearance of the city is broken and abrupt, it is not without attractive features. The State-House is built on a beautiful eminence on the south bank of the Missouri River. The other principal public buildings are the Governor's mansion, the Supreme Court Rooms, Lincoln Institute, and the State Prison. The public school system is excellent. In 1880 the population was 5271 ; at the present time it is about 7500. 67. Moberly is a thriving inland railroad city, located in the eastern part of Randolph County, and having as its chief feature large machine-shops, in which a great number of persons find constant employment. Tobacco is also extensively manufac- tured, and a profitable retail business is carried on. The public schools are very popular and are well sustained. The census of 1880 showed the population to be 6071 ; it is now at least 1 1,000. 68. Springfield, in Greene County, is the metropolis of South- western Missouri. The city is pleasantly situated on the Ozark table-lands, the climate is mild, and the air bracing and health- ful. Railroad-shops and various manufacturing enterprises give employment to many hands, and a brisk trade is conducted with the surrounding country. Drury College, one of the leading educational institutions of the state, is located in this city. The public school system is well supported, and is the pride of the citizens. The population in 1880 was 6522 ; it is now estimated at 25,000.. 69. CJiillicotJic is the county-seat of Livingston County, and is situated in the midst of a fine agricultural region. It encourages manufactures, and carries on a large shipping trade in live-stock, lumber, and grain. The public schools are organized under a special charter, and are well graded and efficient. The popula- tion is 8000. 70. Mexico, the county-seat of Audrain County, is a prosper- ous town of 5500 inhabitants. The school system is excellent. Hardin College, a popular institution of learning, so named in honor of Governor Charles H. Hardin, is located here. 71. Trenton, on Grand River, in Griindy County, is one of the most thriving business towns in North Missouri. The public 20 ' MISSOURI. schools rank high, and are among the best in the state. The population has doubled since 1880, and is now about 8000. 72. Cohimbia^ **the Athens of Missouri," is noted chiefly as an educational centre. Here are located the State University, Christian College, and the Baptist Female College, all oi which are excellent and flourishing institutions of learning. Columbia is a pretty, quiet town, containing many beautiful, comfortable homes. The population in 1880 was 3326; it is now fully 4500. 73. Kirksville, in Adair County, is situated at the edge of a slightly undulating prairie, in a cultivated and productive section of the state which excels as an agricultural and stock-raising region. The first State Normal School of Missouri was estab- lished in this city in 1 87 1. The public schools are well sup- ported. The population is 3300. 74. Warrcnsbiirg^ in Johnson County, is noted principally for its valuable rock quarries and as the seat of the second State Normal School established in Missouri ; this school is now the most prosperous Normal School in the state. The population of Warrensburg is 5373. 75. Cape Girardeau, on the west bank of the Mississippi, pos- sesses superior advantages for manufacturing industries, many of which have already received much attention. The third Nor- mal School is located here, and the population of the town is about 5300. j^. St. Charles, the county-seat of St. Charles County, on the north bank of the Missouri River, twenty miles above St. Louis, is one of the oldest cities in the state, and is noted for its manufactures of railroad-cars, flour, woolens, starch, and earthen- ware,- and for its facilities for bridge-building. It is the seat of St. Charles College. The population is about 8000. 77. Nevada, the county-seat of Vernon County, is an active railroad town of about 6000 inhabitants, and is rapidly growing. Its industries are varied. Church and educational advantages are good. 78. Joplin, in Jasper County, is noted chiefly for its extensive mines of lead and zinc, which are among the most remarkable in MISSOURI. 21 the world. The pubHc schools are well managed. The growth of the city has been very rapid, the population being now more than 10,000. 79. RicJi Hill, in Bates County, is an important railroad town of 5000 inhabitants, and is situated in the vicinity of extensive coal-fields. The public schools are liberally sustained. 80. Rolla, the county-seat of Phelps County, is an important shipping-point for flour, grain, and live-stock. It is the seat of the School of Mines, and has a population of 2000. 81. Carrollton, the county-seat of Carroll County, is located in one of the best agricultural regions of the state. The grain and live-stock trades are important industries. The public schools are well graded and popular. Population, 4000. 82. Booneinlle, i\\Q county-seat of Cooper County, situated on the south bank of the Missouri River, is a thriving town of 5000 inhabitants. The chief manufactures are those of brick, iron, earthenware, wooden vessels, and wine. Both public and pri- vate schools are well supported. d>^. Holden, in Johnson County, is an important railroad town on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. It has a large traffic in live- stock, and is an important grain-depot. The educational inter- ests are advancing. 84. Independence, the county-seat of Jackson County, is beau- tifully located in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Its manufactures are varied and important, including flour, woolen goods, brooms, and wagons. Its educational advantages are ex- cellent. In addition to its public schools there are two female seminaries and a college for males. The population is about 6000, and is rapidly increasing. 85. Maryville, the county-seat of Nodaway County, is a pros- perous town of 4000 inhabitants. Wheat, corn, hay, and live- stock are shipped in large quantities. The public schools are well organized and excellently managed. d>6. Glasgow, in Howard County, ships large quantities of grain, flour, tobacco, live-stock, and wagons. It is an educa- tional centre in which are located Lewis College and Pritchett 22 MISSOURI. Institute. Connected with the latter is the famous Morrison Ob- servatory, the director of which is Professor Carr W. Pritchett, one of the most distinguished astronomers of this country. Population, 2500. Sj. Ftdton^ the county-seat of Callaway County, has an active trade in grain, coal, tobacco, and live-stock. Higher education is provided for in two colleges, — Westminster and Fulton Synodical College. Here are also located an insane asylum and the State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Population, 4000. ZZ. Macon, the county-seat of Macon County, is a beautiful town of 4000 inhabitants. A good trade in grain, stock, coal, and tobacco is carried on. The public schools are well graded and popular. 89. Carthage, the county-seat of Jasper County, is a beautiful city of 9000 inhabitants. It is admirably located for manufac- turing industries, including woolen-mills, foundries, and machine- shops. The chief exports are furniture, wagons, flour, grain, and live-stock. The public schools are excellently conducted. 90. Clintoil is the county-seat of Henry County; its chief manufactures are flour, woolen goods, wagons, and carriages. An active trade in grain and live-stock is carried on with the surrounding country. The people take a lively interest in the cause of education. 91. Lexington, the county-seat of Lafayette County, is a pros- perous town of 5000 inhabitants. Large quantities of furniture are manufactured here, and it is a good shipping-point for coal, lumber, q-rain, and live-stock. It is noted for its excellent schools. 92. Marshall is the county-seat of Saline County, one of the best agricultural counties in the United States. It is a beautiful town of 5000 inhabitants, and is an important market for grain and live-stock. It enjoys excellent educational advantages. 93. Among the other thriving towns of Missouri that may be mentioned for their enterprise, trade, and general prosperity are Albany, Brookfield, Brunswick, Bethany, Bowling Green, Cameron, Canton, Cahoka, Danville, Edina, Fayette, Gallatin, MISSOURI. 23 Grant City, Huntsville, Hamilton, Kingston, Louisiana, La Grange, Lancaster, Liberty, Linneus, Milan, Memphis, Mays- ville, New London, Oregon, Palmyra, Paris, Plattsburg, Rich- mond, Rockport, Savannah, Shelbina, Shelbyville, Troy, Union- ville, Warrenton, and Weston, all lying north of the Missouri River. 94. South of the Missouri River are Butler, Bolivar, Bloom- field, California, Carterville, De Soto, Fredericktown, Farming- ton, Greenfield, Granby, Hermann, Harrisonville, Hillsborough, Iron Mountain, Ironton, Kirkwood, Lamar, Lebanon, Neosho, Pleasant Hill, Pierce City, Pilot Knob, Perryville, Potosi, St. Genevieve, Steelville, Tuscumbia, Versailles, West Plains, Wash- ington, and Webb City. 95. History. — To the Spanish nobleman Hernando de Soto belongs the honor of having first explored Missouri. In the early part of the sixteenth century, an inordinate desire for wealth seems to have been the ruling passion of the Spanish adventurers, who, renouncing the attractions of court life and the pleasures of home and friends, braved the dangers of a stormy sea to wander amid the perils of an unknown land and grapple in deadly combat with a savage foe. 96. The gratification of this national cupidity was the purpose which brought De Soto and his followers to the New World. Still fresh in their minds were the glory of Pizarro' in the con- quest of Peru, the triumph of Cortez in the Mexican invasion, t J gain to De Leon in the subjugation of Porto Rico ; yet to the north of these lands was another compared with whose fabu- lous riches the wealth of the Indies, the coffers of Montezuma, and the opulence of the Incas were to be as naught. To this won- der-land of treasure, then, was De Soto destined. Landing at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539, with a superbly equipped force of six or eight hundred men, nearly all of whom were knights and peers of the Spanish realm, De Soto began his journey north- ward through pathless woods and lonely wilds, across noxious swamps and dreary wastes, on to the solitary, boundless, western plains. 24 MISSOURI. 97. Everywhere he found hostile savages eager to impede his progress, — now engaging him in fierce and bloody conflict, now burning his camp and destroying his supplies, but oftener de- luding him into traversing remote sections of country, under promise of there securing the undiscovered riches. For two years De Soto continued his wanderings in search of the new El Dorado, *'the Land of Gold," till in April, 1541, he found himself on the banks of a mighty river which the Indians called the Mississippi, — " Father of Waters." Here, desiring to cross to the other side, he had barges constructed sufficient to transport his entire retinue ; then he resumed his fruitless expedition, jour- neying first north, then west, until at last, disheartened by re- peated failure and disappointment, exhausted by continued hard- ships and disaster, with only a remnant of his bold and fearless companions left, he retraced his steps southward to reach the sea. Arriving again at the Mississippi near the mouth of Red River, he was attacked by a malignant fever, to which his already weakened vital powers quickly succumbed ; and he died May 21, 1542. 98. Nothing was left for his few survivors, bereft of the guidance of their brave and honored leader, but to make their way, as best they could, back to the Spanish settlements in Mex- ico ; and, fearing that the Indians, did they become aware of the death of De Soto, would make an attack upon their weakened force and utterly destroy them, they resolved to sink his body in the Mississippi, in order to conceal his death from the savages, who had always ascribed to him something of supernatural power, believing that he could not die. In the stillness of night, with noiseless lips and muffled oars, they conveyed the body to the middle of the stream, and there in the gloomy solitude, with no light save that of the distant stars and a single wavering torch, they wrapped his body in his soldier's cloak for a wind- ing-sheet, and, chantincr with hushed voices the burial service of the dead, they sank his body in the waters of the noble river which his dauntless energy had discovered. 99. For more than one hundred and thirty years after the de- parture of De Soto's men the rivers and valleys of the " Great MISSOURI. 25 West" remained in undisputed possession of the savage red man ; the blue smoke wreathing aloft in the still air rose from the wigwams of his rudely-formed villages ; the fiendish shout resounding through the dark and dismal forest was his war- whoop as he wreaked his vengeance on a fallen foe ; the faint gray streak outlined against the dim horizon showed the hunts- man pursuing his fleeing prey, while the track of ruffled waters marked the wake of his canoe as it glided down the river ; and the memory of the " pale-face " lived only in the war-songs and traditions of his race. Then other claimants arrived to contest his heirship to this fair and fruitful land. 100. The French, already established in Nova Scotia and Quebec, and with settlements along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, desired to penetrate farther into the unexplored interior of the country, to establish missions for -the conversion of the Indians to the Catholic faith, and to fix beyond all controversy the claim of France to this region by actual colonization and possession of the country. To this end, two eminent men, Louis Joliet and Father Marquette, were chosen to explore the Upper Mississippi and trace its passage to the *' South Sea." With a small force of five men, a few frail canoes, and a meagre supply of corn and dried meats, these two brave men started upon their long and hazardous journey. 1 01. Leaving the Great Lakes at Green Bay, they carried their effects across the " Grand Divide " which separates the waters of the St. Lawrence Basin from those of the Mississippi, launched their little barques upon the head-waters of the Wisconsin River, and rowed down to its confluence with the Mississippi. Con- tinuing their explorations southward, charmed by the pleasing prospect everywhere presented, and happily without accident or' incident of importance occurring, they reached the mouth of the Arkansas, whence they resolved to retrace their steps northward toward Canada. 102. This was in the summer of 1673 : hence Marquette and his men were the first Europeans to set foot upon the eastern border of Missouri. Soon after this, the noble Marquette, whose 26 MISSOURI. magnanimity of mind and heart commanded alike the homage of the savage and the respect and love of his countrymen, under- took another expedition to the Illinois Indians, but, failing in health before its accomplishment, he died, and was laid to rest upon the bank of a little stream which bears his name. Lonely and lowly that single grave, yet there were not wanting among the dusky dwellers of the forest gentle hands to guard and to tend the resting-place of him whose very name became to them the spell by which to exorcise the evil spirits of the storm, the tempest, or the whirlwind. 103. Still the great work of exploration and colonization was vigorously carried on. The discovery that the Missis- sippi did not flow into the Pacific occasioned much excite- ment among the French of both Europe and Arnerica; and that nation, desiring to establish a chain of settlements from the Great Lakes to the mouth of the Mississippi before either the English or the Spanish could obtain possession of the country, fitted out an expedition for that purpose, which they placed un- der the command of Cavalier La Salle, in 1682. Descending the Mississippi to its mouth, he named the " Great River " St. Louis, and the country through which it flowed Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., reigning king of France ; he also solemnly pro- claimed the right and title of the French throne to all that vast extent of territory drained by the Mississippi and its numberless tributaries. 104. Two years later. La Salle attempted to colonize Louisi- ana, but without success ; however, during King William's War, from 1689 to 1697, many adventurous Canadians established themselves along the shores of the Mississippi, drawn thither by the prospect of the rich mineral resources of the country. These settlements were mainly on the east side of the river, and it was not till a rumor was started of the discovery of gold and silver in Missouri and Arkansas that the French turned their attention to the west. In 1705, a party of explorers ascending the Mis- souri River to the mouth of the Kansas River — the present site of Kansas City — established a little trading-post there, and en- MISSOURI. 27 gaged in friendly intercourse with the Indians of that section. Notwithstanding these efforts to people the new territory, it is estimated that as late as 17 12 there were not within the entire Mississippi Valley more than four hundred Europeans; and manifold and varied were the hardships which befell the settlers in this wild uncivilized region. 105. It will be remembered that the Spanish also claimed the territory of Louisiana by virtue of De Soto's discovery, and that they had for many years been permanently established at Santa Fe, New Mexico, and in various other localities in the southwestern part of what is now the United States. Becoming alarmed at the rapid increase of the French in this territory, the Spaniards determined to drive them out. Accordingly, in 1720 a Spanish force started from Santa Fe with the avowed intention of expelling the French settlers and exterminating their Indian allies the Missouris, 106. Arriving in the country of the Missouri Indians, and mis- taking them for the Osage Indians, who spoke the same language, the Spanish disclosed to the Missouris their designs against themselves and the French. The wily foes, concealing their identity, showed every attention to the Spaniards, whom they in- duced to rest with them for a few days. Meanwhile the Indian warriors were assembled, a council was held, and at an early dawn the Indians fell upon the Spaniards and massacred all except an aged priest, whom they regarded as a man of peace. This priest, finally escaping, made his way back to the Spanish authorities, and bore to them, the news of the disastrous termina- tion of the expedition, which, though it wrought no direful con- sequences to the French, yet aroused them to the necessity of establishing a military post in Missouri. 107. M. Burgamont was therefore sent from Mobile to Mis- souri, where he built a fort above the mouth of the Osage River, garrisoned it, and gave to it the name of Fort Orleans. Finding that hostilities existed among the several tribes of Indians in Missouri, in consequence of which they were constantly en- gaged in warfare among themselves, M. Burgamont desired to 28 MISSOURI. effect a general peace, to further the interests of trade between the settlers and the natives. This he accomplished in 1724. Shortly afterward, Fort Orleans was attacked and totally de- stroyed, and the garrison massacred ; though who were the per- petrators of this foul outrage has ever remained a mystery. 108. Although as early as 1 720 the lead-mines of St. Francis, near the present site of Fredericktown, had been discovered, and, soon after that, the Renault mines north of Potosi, yet the first permanent settlements were not made until the founding of Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon in 1763. About the same date a village was built upon the Missouri where St. Charles now stands, and named by the French Village du Cote (" town on the hill"). In February, 1764, St. Louis was founded by Auguste Chouteau, under the direction of Pierre Laclede Liguest, and for many years it was considered the capital of Upper Louisiana. Potosi, in Washington County, was settled by Francis Breton in 1765, and two years later the present site of Carondelet was first occupied. 109. Shortly after this occurred an event significant in the annals of the French settlers of Louisiana and causing them much apprehension and regret : this was the removal of French authority from the territory and its supersession by the Spanish rule. In reality it was effected in 1762, when, on November 3 of that year, the French government by secret treaty ceded to Spain all that part of Louisiana ** which lay on the western side of the Mississippi River, including the island and city of New Orleans on the eastern," but it did not become known in Louisi- ana till 1768, when a Spanish officer named Rios arrived to assume control, and in 1771 appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Louisiana Don Pedro Piernas. 1 10. Fortunately, he and his successors were excellent officers, and their just and liberal policy added greatly to the prosperity of the country. Immigration increased rapidly, and settlements were made at various places along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the most important being at New Madrid in 1 78 1, in St. Francis County in 1796, in Mississippi County in 1800, and MISSOURI. 29 in Callaway County in 1801. In October, 1800, by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, Spain ceded back to Napoleon all the territory acquired from France in 1762, and French commissioners arrived to take possession in July of 1802. I IT. The new regime under French administration was of short duration, for on the 30th of April, 1803, the United States pur- chased from France, for ;^ 1 5 ,000,000, all the territory of Louisi- ana. During the thirty-eight years of Spanish occupancy of the country, no accession of Spanish citizens took place, and the population remained essentially French in manners and customs, — a character still readily discernible in the people of the eastern and southeastern sections of the state. Thus it will be seen, from this brief history, that the title to Missouri was first vested- in the natives, then by right of discovery was claimed by France till 1762, when it was transferred to Spain, whose authority lasted till 1800, when the country again came under the control of France and remained so until obtained by our government in 1803. 112. Missouri as a Territory. — It was not until the loth of March, 1804, that Captain Amos Stoddard took formal pos- session of Upper Louisiana in the name of the United States ; and on the 26th of the same month, Louisiana was divided by act of Congress into two territories, the southern, called the Ter- ritory of New Orleans, and the northern, the District of Louisi- ana. By the same act of Congress the governor and judges of Indiana were given jurisdiction over the whole territory. 113. General W. H. Harrison, being Governor of Indiana, had, at the time of the conveyance of Louisiana to the United States, published an address to the inhabitants, setting forth the nature of the transfer, and explaining that a territorial government would be accorded them by Congress. - The aggregate popula- tion up to this date was 10,120, of whom 3760 were French, in- cluding a few Spanish families, 5090 Americans, and 1270 col- ored, — showing an increase of more than 4000 over the popula- tion of 1799. 1 114. By a subsequent act of Congress, March 3, 1805, the 30 MISSOURI. District of Louisiana was regularly organized into a territory, with the legislative power invested in a Governor, a Secretary, and two judges. General James Wilkinson was chosen first ter- ritorial Governor, and Frederick Bates, Secretary. In 1807, Captain Merriwether Lewis, famous as one of the leaders in the celebrated Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Columbia River, succeeded to the gubernatorial office; he died before the expiration of his term, and Benjamin Howard was appointed his successor. Governor Howard, however, shortly afterward re- signed to accept a commission in the army, serving in the war of 18 12; and William Clark, the companion of Captain Lewis, was next appointed to the office of Governor, and continued to administer the affairs of the territory till Missouri was admitted as a state into the Union. 115. Though exposed to all the hardships incident to the set- tling of a new country inhabited by hostile tribes, yet thousands of people flocked into Missouri during the territorial administra- tion, to secure homes amid her pleasant, fruitful, healthful lands. In 1 8 10 the population had increased to 25,000, although it was confined almost exclusively to the sections around St. Louis, St. Charles, New Madrid, Cape Girardeau, and Washington. There were a few settlements up the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers ; and, to protect the frontier from Indian depredations, citizens were organized into military companies, called " Rangers." 116. With the close of the war with England in 1815, a new tide of immigration set in, and the territory increased rapidly in population and material prosperity. The first newspaper, the Misso7iri Gazette^ now the St. Louis Republic, was printed in 1808 ; the Bank of Missouri was chartered in 1 8 17, and the same year a charter was granted for establishing an academy at Potosi, and a board of trustees was incorporated for superintending the schools in the town of St. Louis. About this time, also, steam- boats began to ply the waters of the Ohio, Mississippi, and Mis- souri Rivers, and a new and vigorous impetus was thus given to all kinds of business. 117. In 1818, application was made to Congress by the terri- MISSOURI. 31 torial legislature for admission as a state into the Federal Union. A bill was prepared in the usual form, authorizing the citizens of the several counties to elect delegates to a territorial conven- tion for the purpose of forming a state constitution. When the subject came up for consideration in the House of Representa- tives, an anti-slavery restriction was introduced, and passed that body by a majority of twelve. This unexpected turn produced heated discussions and bitter controversies, not only in Congress, but also throughout the entire country, which continued for more than two years, and finally resulted in the passage of the Mis- souri Compromise, March 3, 1820. 118. This bill stipulated for the admission of Missouri as a slave state, but prohibited the extension of slavery in the future into any territory north of the parallel of 36° 30' and west of Missouri. On the loth of August, 1821, Missouri was formally admitted into the Union, and an election for state officers resulted in the appointment of Alexander McNair for Governor ; W. H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor ; and John Scott, Representative to Congress. By an act of the Legislature, in 1820, the capital of the state, which had hithefto been at St. Louis^ was located at St. Charles, where it remained till 1826, when it was removed to Jefferson City. 119. Missouri AS A State. — During the session of the Legislature of 1822-23, ^^ ^^t was passed constituting the in- habitants of St. Louis a corporate body and investing the power in a mayor and nine aldermen. By the census of 1820, the popu- lation of the territory was 66,586; and at the time of the incor- poration of St. Louis the population of that town alone was 5500. In 1824, Frederick Bates, who had been secretary to the first territorial governor of Missouri, was elected to succeed Alexander McNair as second governor of the state, but he died soon after his election, and John Miller was elected to fill the unexpired term. 120. The most noted social event that occurred in Missouri at this time was the arrival, in 1825, of the Marquis de La Fayette, accompanied by his son George Washington La Fa}'ette. Gen- 32 MISSOURI. eral La Fayette, now an old man of sixty-eight, was joyfully received and honored as the nation's guest, and everywhere ereeted with demonstrations of the wildest enthusiasm ; his journey through the several states was one grand ovation, — a heartfelt tribute of the American people to one who, half a cen- tury before, had expended his fortune and shed his blood in defence of their country in its struggle for existence. 121. For several years the Indians had ceased to trouble the frontier settlers by their depredations; but in July, 1829, a diffi- culty, originating over the ownership of some cattle, occurred in Adair County between the settlers and a part of the Iowa and Sac Indians, and a skirmish took place, in which a few of the settlers were killed. At the time of Miller's re-election as Gov- ernor, in 1828, the population of Missouri was 112,409, and in 1830 it had increased to 140,455 ; and other statistics indicate as great progress in the various pursuits in which the people were engaged. Unfortunately, in 1832 the Black Hawk War, then being waged in Illinois against the Sacs and Foxes, greatly alarmed the frontier settlers, causing many to desert their homes and flee to the older settlements fir protection. 122. To prevent aggressions on the part of the Indians, Major-General Gentry was placed in command of a thousand mounted infantry and dispatched to the protection of the northern border of the state. Within a few months, how- ever, this excitement had died away, only to be followed by a great calamity ; this was the appearance in St. Louis of that ter- rible scourge known as Asiatic cholera. Numbers of the panic-stricken inhabitants fled from the city to escape the dread disease, and many who remained succumbed to its malignance. 123. The election of Daniel Dunklin to the head of the state government took place in 1832; and the census of the same year showed the population of the state to be 176,236. The next year the Mormons, who had settled in Jackson County, and whose presence there had become extremely distasteful to the citizens, were ordered to leave the county. After consider- able hesitancy and opposition, causing much annoyance to the MISSOURI. 33 settlers, the Mormons finally obeyed the command, and the sect moved to Illinois. 124. Lilburn W. Boggs was elected Governor in 1836; the most important public events during his administration were the erection of a new State- House, and the concession by the Legis- lature of a charter granting the right to build a railroad from St. Louis to Iron Mountain,' a distance of seventy miles, — the first line of railroad built within the state of Missouri. 125. It was also during Governor Boggs's term of office that the "Platte Purchase" was consummated. By this act Missouri acquired from the Sac and Fox Indians a right to all that north- western part of the state, then a part of the Indian Territory, and now embraced in the counties of Atchison, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, Nodaway, and Platte, — an important acquisition, since the section contains some of the very richest land in the state. 126. In 1837, Missouri being called upon to furnish her quota of soldiers for the suppression of the Seminole War, then raging in Florida, a regiment was raised by Colonel Gentry, and has- tened to the seat of war. On the voyage from New Orleans to Tampa Bay the fleet was overtaken by a furious storm, and sev- eral of the ships were lost. Those that escaped reached their destination on the 15th of November; and on the ist of De- cember, at Okeechobee Lake, a battle was fought with the In- dians, in which Colonel Gentry was mortally wounded while valiantly leading his men to the charge; and of the one hundred and twelve wounded and killed in this battle the greater number were soldiers of the Missouri regiment. 127. The year 1839 witnessed a large influx of population to Missouri, it being estimated that 40,000 persons moved into the state that year, the majority of whom settled upon the fertile lands on either side of the Missouri. Thomas Reynolds was elected Governor in 1840, and was succeeded in 1844 ^7 John C. Edwards. The boundary-line between Iowa and Missouri having been in dispute for some time, the matter was referred to the Supreme Court; it was taken under advisement by that body, and subsequently fixed permanently as it now is. 3 34 MISSOURI. 128. In 1846, war arose between the United States and Mexico, caused by the annexation of Texas, and the subse- quent dispute over the boundary between that state and the Mexican possessions, the latter claiming to the Rio Nueces, the former to the Rio Grande. Missouri was called upon for volunteers to join the Army of the West for the invasion of Mexico. Men were mustered into service, and started for Santa Fe, under the command of General Stephen W. Kearney, the first Missouri regiment being commanded by Colonel Alex- ander W. Doniphan, and a second, raised in the summer, by Sterling Price. Battles occurred with the Mexican forces in New Mexico, California, and Chihuahua, in all of which the Americans were victorious. When the war closed, the army was disbanded, and the survivors returned to their homes, cov- ered with glory, "end conscious that their deeds had reflected truest valor and heroism. 129. Austin A. King was elected Governor in 1848. He was a man of marked ability and of unselfish interest in the public good, as is shown by his inaugural message, in which he advo- cated the more efficient organization of the public schools, a geological survey of the state, the drainage of the swamps in the southeastern part of the state at the expense of the gen- eral government, and the construction of a railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Sterling Price was elected to the gubernatorial office in 1852, and he zealously devoted himself to the completion of the public improvements commenced by his predecessor. 130. Missouri's next Governor was Trusten Polk, who was elected in 1858, but who, upon being chosen United States Sen- ator, resigned the office, his unexpired term being filled by Robert W. Stewart. Hancock Jackson became the next gov- ernor; and in i860, Claiborne F. Jackson succeeded to the office. This brings the history of Missouri down to the beginning of the Civil War, from which time up to the present date the following tabulated list shows consecutively the Governors of Missouri, with the dates of their inauguration : MISSOURI. 35 Hamilton R. Gamble Provisional Governor, 1864 Thomas C. Fletcher Governor, 1864- 1868 Joseph W. McClurg '' 1868-1870 B. Gratz Brown " 1870-1872 Silas Woodson " 1872-1874 Charles A. Hardin " 1874-1876 John S. Phelps " 1876-1880 Thomas T. Crittenden " 1880- 1884 John S. Marmaduke " 1884-1888 Albert P. Morehouse " 1888-1889 David R. Francis " 1S89- 36 MISSOURI. NOTES TO REFERENCES IN TEXT. 1 The greatest annual rainfall recorded at St. Louis was 68 inches, and the least 25 inches; the mean average is 41 inches, slightly decreasing westward, and increas- ing correspondingly in the southeast ; 38 inches may be given as a close approxima- tion of the average rainfall annually throughout the state. Missouri unquestionably merits the distinction of being a " fair-weather state ;" for of the 365 days of the year, on an average 143 are clear or nearly so, 173 partially clear or variable, and on 49 only does the sun remain completely obscured during the entire day. The atmospheric pressure as indicated by the barometer is much more uniform than in many other localities, — notably on the Atlantic coast in the same lat- itude. This pressure is highest in January, from which time it gradually falls till May, then rises again till January ; the greatest variation being from November to March, and the least from June to August. Throughout the greater part of the state southerly winds prevail (including south, southeast, and southwest winds) ; yet in some sections, as near Brunswick, the prevailing winds are from the north. Professor F. H. Snow, of the Kansas University, has estimated the percentage of winds from each point of the compass to be as follows : From the north, — 7.8 per cent. From the northeast, — 10.3 per cent. From the south, — 14.3 per cent. From the southeast, — 11.7 per cent. From the east, — 6.4 per cent. From the northwest, — 22 per cent. From the west, — 4.4 per cent. From the southwest, — 20.9 per cent. Callfi,— 2,2 per cent. 2 Classification of Soils. — For agricultural and horticultural purposes, a more minute classification of the soils is necessary in order to indicate the different and special productive qualities of each. The " hackberry " and " crowfoot " lands are the finest upland soils of the state, the former representing timber-land, the latter its correspond- ing prairie-soil. These soils characterize the western half of the Missouri River Val- ley, extending as far south as Cass County, and eastward into Saline and Howard Counties, and are unsurpassed in productiveness in this or any other state in the Union. It is estimated that these lands alone are capable of sustaining upon their seven millions of acres a population almost equal to that of the entire state. Next in the order of importance may be ranked the " elm " and " resin-weed " lands, also timber and prairie, remarkably fertile, comprising Marion, Monroe, Boone, Cooper, and Greene Counties. The " hackberry " lands and " mulatto " soils prevail in the central and eastern counties north of the Missouri, and are good soils for the production of the staple crops, fruit, blue-grass, timothy, and clover. MISSOURI. 37 The "white-oak" lands denote a thinner soil; yet with their richer sub-soil they produce, under proper cultivation, the very best qualities of wheat, fruit, grapes, and tobacco. They predominate on many of the ridges north of the Missouri River, and east and west of the Chariton, reaching south to the Osage. South of the Osage we find the "post-oak" lands, whose soil in the matter of pro- ductiveness excels not so much in the quantity as in the quality of the tobacco and the various fruits grown upon it. The inferior soils of the state are represented by the " black-jack " lands and " pine " lands, and abound in the rocky ridges, barren hill-sides, and sterile plateaus of South Missouri ; yet even these lands may be largely utilized for grazing and pasturage, and, with due care, vineyards thrive upon them. By far the greater part of the state south of the Missouri is occupied by the " mag- nesian limestone " lands, whose millions of acres extend over fertile valleys, deep and romantic ravines, beautiful hill-sides, and many ridges susceptible of tillage; and in these localities the cultivation of the grape and the peach is brought to the highest degree of perfection. Such, in full, are the upland soils of Missouri, The "bottom-lands" are distinguished as " prairie " and "timber." The prairie bottoms, if high enough not to be overflowed, are slightly subject to the variations of drought and wetness ; yet their deep, rich soil is sufficiently productive to yield abundant harvest to the thrifty farmer, and in many localities they constitute the great meadow- lands of Missouri, assuming magnificent proportions in Carroll, Clark, Marion, St. Charles, and other counties, and existing to less extent in many of the smaller river- valleys. Of the "timber bottom" lands, farmers usually make the following classification: First, "high bottoms," or those which are not subject to overflow, and whose rich, sandy, porous soil gives evidence of its wonderful fertility in the gigantic forests which climbing plants and interlacing vines in wild profusion make almost impenetrable to the foot of man. Second, the •' low bottoms," similar in soil to the foregoing, but, owing to their liability to overflow, little suited to cultivation, except in such places as can be protected from inundation. Large areas of these lands along the larger water- courses will doubtless in time be reclaimed by skillful engineering and thus transformed into profitable farming-lands. Third, "swamp and cypress" lands, covered with water during the greater part of the year, and useless for agricultural purposes, yet bearing a heavy growth of timber, and furnishing an inexhaustible supply of wood for domestic use and lumber valuable for all manufacturing purposes. For agricultural and horticultural purposes the soils of Missouri may be grouped as follows : Hackberry and crowfoot (also called buttercup) soils . . . 7,000,000 acres. Elm lands and resin-weed lands 3,000,000 " Hickory lands or mulatto soils 6,500,000 " White-oak lands 2,000,000 " Post-oak lands 3,500,000 " Black-jack lands 3,000,000 " Pine lands 2,000,000 " Magnesian-limestone lands 10,000,000 " 38 MISSOURI. Bottom lands (prairie) 1,000,000 acres. Bottom lands (timbered) 3,000,000 " Low bottoms (subject to overflow) 2,000,000 " Swamp and cypress lands 1,000,000 " 3 Professor G. C. Brodhead gives a classified list of fifty-two different species of trees, shrubs, and vines which he found in Adair County ; on Grand River, in Daviess County, he enumerated thirty-five, and in Madison County, seventy-five different kinds of trees. * Some of these trees attain gigantic proportions, as the following measurements indicate : Sycamore 130 feet high, and 43 feet in circumference. Cypress 130 " "29 Cottonwood 125 « "30 Walnut no " "22 White oak 100 « "29 Spanish oak 90 " "36 " " Lind 100 " "23 Catalpa 90 " "10 " Grape-vines . .160 feet long, and 33 inches in circumference. 5 Coal is of vegetable origin, and the epoch of its formation is one of the greatest interest to the student of geology. It is estimated upon the best authority that to pro- duce a bed of coal i foot in thickness would require 10 feet of vegetable matter, or twice as much as the most exuberant vegetation of the present day could yield in a dozen centuries ; yet we have beds of coal from 65 to 90 feet in thickness, and the human mind cannot form an adequate idea of the magnitude of those carboniferous jungles of gigantic mosses and colossal ferns, which, submerged by the waters of the primeval ocean, have lain concealed through the lapse of centuries that they might prove at last repositories of exhaustless wealth for the use of man. 6 The " Iron Region " may be divided into three grouj^s : first, included between township lines 25 and 35 north, and range lines i and 10 east of the fifth principal meridian; second, between township lines 36 and 42 north, and range lines 15 and 27 west of the fifth principal meridian. The specular ores are concentrated chiefly at two points,— namely, the Iron Mountain district, comprising limited areas in St. Frangois and Iron Counties, where enormous deposits are found, principally at Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, the former being a mass of pure iron 200 feet high and covering 200 acres of ground ; the second deposit is confined chiefly to Crawford, Phelps, and Dent Counties, though extending considerably into Washington, Franklin, Maries, and Shannon Counties. The limon- ite ores are found from the Mississippi to the Upper Osage, but may be grouped into three districts: first, the easternmost, in Bollinger, Wayne, and Madison Counties; second, in the southern part of Franklin County ; and tliird, in Benton, Morgan, Cam- den, Miller, St. Clair, and Henry Counties. 7 The southeast district is embraced chiefly m the counties of Franklin, Jefi"erson, Washington, St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, and Madison ; the total area covered j^rob- ably exceeding 2500 square miles. The middle division comprises principally the MISSOURI. 39 counties of Morgan, Cole, Miller, Moniteau, Camden, Hickory, and Benton ; with the best-paying mines in this district located in the first four counties mentioned. The southwest division is confined mainly to Jasper, Lawrence, Newton, Dade, Christian, Stone, Barry, and McDonald Counties. 8 Lead has been mined in Missouri for more than one hundred and seventy years, having been first discovered in 17 17 by Cruzat in what is now Washington County four years prior to the first permanent settlement in that county. At this time galena was found in such large quantities on the surface of the ground that but little labor was neces- sary to secure any desired supply; and it was not until 1798, when Moses Austin & Sons sunk the first lead shaft in this same county, that efforts were begun to obtain this valuable metal after the more prescribed and laborious methods of mining. Later on, other important discoveries of lead were made, notably that by Thomas Sheperd and Simpson Oldham in Newton County in 1847; ^^^ eight years later, in the same county, were found the celebrated lead- and zinc-mines at Granby, at which place, also, the largest furnace for the reduction of this ore ever erected in this country was completed in 1858. The lead-mines in Jasper County were j^artially developed in 1 87 1, and those at Joplin are the most remarkable in the world on account of their seemingly inexhaustible richness. At the present day, however, the most productive lead-mines in the state are in St. Fran(;ois County, where, at the lowest estimate, the output is fully 480,000 pounds each week. ^ Some idea of the extent of farming in Missouri may be gained from the census of 1880, when the area in farms was 27,879,276 acres, valued at ^375,633,307; and the improved area in farms, 16,745,031 acres. For the same year Missouri raised 202,414,413 bushels of corn, being surpassed only by Iowa and Illinois ; 24,966,627 bush- els of wheat; 20,670,958 bushels of oats ; 1,077,458 tons of hay; 4,180,604 bushels of potatoes; 12,015,657 pounds of tobacco ; and $1,812,873 worth of orchard-products. ^° The United States census of 1880 gives the following official figures for the live- stock in Missouri: 2,080,932 head of cattle, of which 661,405 were milch-cows; 667,776 horses; 192,027 mules; 4,553,123 swine; and 1,4-11,298 sheep. Com- pared with the other leading stock-raising states, Missouri may be ranked first in the number of mules ; third in swine ; fifth in horses and catttle ; sixth in the production of wool ; eighth in sheep ; and ninth in the production of butter. ^^ Some idea of the extent of the manufactured products may be derived from the statistics of 1880, which place their value at $165,386,205, or $69,473,546 more than the value of the agricultural products of that year. In the pursuit of these industries the total steam-power employed was equal to 80,749 horse-power, and water-power equivalent to 8162 horse-power. Principal Matrnfactiired Articles, and the Value of Each. 1. Flouring and grist-mill products $32,438,831 2. Slaughtering and meat-packing 14,628,630 3. Foundry and machine-shop products 6,798,832 4. Tobacco, "chewing, smoking, and snuff" 5,286,338 5. Lumber, sawed and planed 5,265,617 6. Liquors, malt, 5,048,077 40 MISSOURI. 7. Sugar and molasses, refined $4,475,740 8. Printing and publishing 4,452,962 9. Gold and silver, reduced and refined 4,158,606 10. Saddlery and harness 3)976,175 11. Men's clothing 3,822,477 12. Bread and bakery products . 3,250,192 13. Paints 2,825,860 14. Carnages and wagons ...,.,.... 2,483,738 15. Furniture 2,380,563 ^2 The principal railroad systems are : Missouri Pacific ; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy ; St. Louis and San Francisco ; Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis ; Chi- cago and Alton; Atchison j Topeka and Santa Fe; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul ; Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs ; St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern ; Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific ; Union Pacific ; St. Louis and Iron Mountain. ^^ Cities are classed as follows : A city of the fourth class contains from 500 to 5000 inhabitants ; a city of the third class, from 5000 to 20,000 ; a city of the second class, from 20,000 to 100,000; and a city of the first class, 100,000 or more. ^* There are 9301 school districts in Missouri ; 205 graded schools ; 11,744 school- houses ; 13,677 public-.school teachers; 852,430 persons of school age ; and 610,550 pupils enrolled in the public schools. At the state institutions of learning for the last year, the enrollments were — at Kirksville Normal, 490 students ; at Warrensburg, 649 ; at Cape Girardeau, 277; at Lincoln Institute, 194; and at the State University, 585. Missouri possesses a larger available school fund than any other state ; it amounts to $10,731,244.61, while the total value of public-school property is $9,803,786, and the annual expenditure for schools is $4,647,205.40. There are 12,000 students receiving secondary instruction in the high schools and colleges of the state, while 4000 more are preparing for a more advanced course. IS Religious Denominations. Roman Catholic. — Many of the early explorers of the Mississippi Valley were patient. God-fearing, French Catholic priests, who by their just treatment and benevo- lence won the confidence and respect of the red man. At every trading-post estab- lished, and every settlement formed, there were these holy men faithful to their duty of ministering to the spiritual needs of the settlers and laboring to convert the natives by interpreting to them the divine law. Hence Catholicism is coeval with the earliest history of the French occupation of the Mississippi Valley. When the territory passed under Spanish control in 1762, the Roman Catholic continued to be the established religion, the priests receiving their appointment and compensation from the Spanish government. The official records of the Church date back nearly one hundred and fifty years ; and under all political changes Catholicism has prospered, until the entire Church connection is to-day nearly a quarter of a million. Protestant — Baptist. — In the early days of the Spanish occupancy of Upper Louisiana, many Protestant families settled in the province. Among them were Bap- tists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and members of other denominations. The Span- MISSOURI. 41 ish commandants were tolerant in their religious views, and Protestant clergj-men came over from the Territory of Illinois and preached to the settlers in their homes undisturbed. It was not until 1806, however, that a Protestant church organization was effected in the territory, near Jackson, Cape Girardeau County, under the ministration of Rev. David Green, who was a native of Virginia and a preacher of great power, influence, and zeal. He united the scattered settlers into one common cause, and through his agency a little log church was built for the congregation. This unpre- tending edifice was the first Protestant structure erected west of the Mississippi, and received the name of the Bethel Baptist Church. About the same time Rev. L. R. Musick, of the same faith, organized a church at St. Louis ; and in 18 1 6 the first Bap- tist Association was formed, the denomination consisting of seven churches. This Church organization still continues to be a leading one in the state, and has a mem- bership of 125,000, Methodist. — According to reliable authority, Methodism was introduced into Mis- souri by ministers from the Southern States ; although at a much earlier date, and while the Spaniards still held possession of the territory, a Mr. Clark was in the habit of crossing at night in a skiff from the American Bottom to St. Louis, and conducting joint services for the Methodists and Baptists whom he had gathered into a congi'ega- tion. On September 15, 1806, the first Methodist Conference was convened at Ebene- zer Meeting House, in Greene County, Tennessee ; and at this Conference a young man named John Travis was appointed to the Missouri circuit, the district of his labors extending from what is now Pike County down to the southeastern corner of the state. He organized a number of small classes, and at the next conference was able to report a membership of 106 persons, and two circuits, the Missouri and the Meramec. From this small beginning Methodism has continued to prosper and increase rapidly in the state, till in point of numbers it now ranks next to the Baptist denomination, represent- ing a total membership of more than 110,000 persons. Christian Church. — This denomination began its labors in Missouri shortly after the admission of the state into the Union. The first preachers who came to Missouri were Thomas McBride and Samuel Rogers; and during the ten years from 1825 to 1835 many able and eloquent preachers from Kentucky traveled through the country, doing effective work as evangelists, and as a result of their earnest faithful efforts many persons embraced the religion. The year 1836 witnessed the establish- ment of the first Christian church in St. Louis, under the direction of Elder R. B. Fife; but several years earlier, in 1829, churches had been organized in many other counties, and congregations grew rapidly in all sections of the state. At present the Church claims a membership of 80,000. Presbyterian. — This denomination in Missouri dates from 1 814, at which time two eminent divines, S. J. Mill and Rev. David Smith, first preached in St. Louis. Two years later a church was organized at Concord, Bellevue Settlement, eight)' miles from St. Louis, and another at Bonhomme. This denomination erected the first Protestant house of worship built within the limits of the city of St. Louis; it was begun in 1819, but not completed till 1826. In 1820 missions were established among the Osage Indians living in Bates and Vernon Counties; and effectual and self-sacrificing were the labors of these pioneer evangelists to bring the savages within the benign influence 42 MISSOURI. of Christianity. In the same year the Cumberland Presbyterians organized their first presbytery in Pike County, Missouri, only four ministers being present, two of whom lived in Missouri, one in Illinois, and one in Arkansas. From this diminutive begin- ning has arisen one of the most influential Churches in the state, numbering a congre- gation of 23,000, which together with the 15,000 Northern Presbyterians in the state, and the 9000 Southern Presbyterians, makes the total number of adherents to this faith fully 47,000. Protestant Episcopal. — On the 24th of October, 1 819, this Church held its first ser- vice vnthin the state; and the following month a parish was organized in St. Louis, with the Rev. John Ward, of Lexington, Kentucky, as first minister. With the increasing population, churches have been established in nearly all the larger towns and cities, the total number of communicants being about 7000. Congregational. — Prior to 1 86 1 but two churches of Congregationalists had been organized in Missouri, — one of these at St. Louis in 1852, and the other at Hannibal in 1859. Since the close of the war in 1865 many churches have been formed, and rep- resentatives of this religion are now to be found in nearly every section of the state, Hebrew. — In every town of any size Jewish families are found to reside, and in several of the cities and towns congregations have been established. The first one was organized in St. Louis in 1838; and there are now probably 15,000 members con- nected with this Church. Other Denominations. — Among the other church organizations that are well repre- sented may be mentioned the Evangelical Lutheran, organized in St. Louis in 1839, and showing a membership of 20,000; the German Evangelical, with 10,000 mem- bers ; the United Brethren ; the Adventists ; the Universalists ; and the Friends.