PC 2109 .U4 Copy 1 BENCH MADE EASY. AN ABRIDGED THEORETICAL ^ PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE ARRANGED ^S SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN AND BEGINNERS. BY BERNARD ULLMANN. THEORETICAL PART, CONTAINING : l8t. The reading rules. 2nd. A grammar of the French tongue. PRACTICAL PART, CONTAINING : 1st. Numerous exercises on French spelling and head- ing. 2nd. Exercises on the grammar, consisting of transla- tions from the English into French and from the French into English. 3r(l. Twenty easy and familiRr dialogues on objects of every day life. NEW YORK : WILLIAM E. DEAN, 2 ANN STREET. i«iii 1844. / li I / FRENCH MADE EASY. I \ AN ABRIDGED v N THEORETICAL & PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: ARRANGED ^N SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN AND BEGINNERS. BY BERNARD ULLMANN. THEORETICAL PART, CONTAINING : 1st. The reading rules. 2nd. A grammar of the French tongue. Ist. Numerous exercises on French spelling and read- ing. 2nd. Exercises on the grammar, consisting of transla- tions from the English into French and from the French into English. 3rd. Twenty easy and familiar dialogues on objects of every day life. NEW YORK : WILLIAM E. DEAN, 2 ANN STREET. 1844. Ji .Of -1 Entered According to the Act of Conj^s. in the year 1843. by BERNARD TJLLMANN, 1„ .he ClerV. Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. V' PREFACE. Long prefaces are never read, and short ones are usually skipt over. This fate mine will in all probability share, and I should certainly not have written it, had I not thought it necessary to excuse myself, for adding a drop to the Ocean, by increasing the number of French grammars, already before the public. There are tvvo kinds of grammars ; namely : those written exclusively for the English student, and those originally written for French children, and afterwards adapted to the use of foreigners. Among the former Levizac's Grammar deserv- edly occupies the first place ; a better one could not be recommended to persons of riper years, and by his system I have been frequently guided in the composition of this little book. But Levi- zac's work is too voluminous for the use of chil- dren, by whom so many rules cannot possibly be committed to memory. Teachers are therefore obliged to leave out the less important rules, at the risk of rendering most of the exercises unin- telligible to the -pupil. Many attempts have been made to adapt origi- nal French Grammars to the use of the English student, as : Nodier's, Noel and Chapsal's, but they have all turned out complete failures, as they contain a great number of abstract rules, but PREFACE. do not explain the differences between the two languages. These are the reasons which have determined me to write the present work, the principal fea- tures of which are, that : 1st, Tlie reading rules and grammar are ar- ranged in short questions and answers. 2nd. The usual exercises are given in Eng- lish, to which are added examples in French, to be translated by the pupil. 3rd. Each exercise has reference to but one rule, the attention of the pupil is therefore con- centrated on one object. 4th. The dialogues are strictly familiar and easy, having reference principally to objects of every day life. Lastly. Nearly all the syllables in the reading exercises are marked with numbers, correspond- ing to the reading rules, so that the pupil may consult them in the absence of the teacher. 1 will oidy add in conclusion, that my study throughout has been to render the acquirement of the French language as easy as possible to the pupil, and it now rests with the public to deter- mine, how far I have succeeded in my under- taking. ULLMANN. New York, December, 1843. X ( THEORETICAL PART. OF READING RULES. GENERAL RULES. Remark to the Teacher. — Practice without theory is as one-sided as theory without practice ; it is therefore quite wrong to believe in the pcssibiliiy of acquiring a knowledge of reading through mere practice. Any sci- ence, which can be condensed into rules, should be stud- ied by committing those rules to memory, and in this respect the French language has a great advantage over the English, as nearly all its sounds can be classified, there being but very few exceptions. The teacher cannot be too particular in directing the attention of the pupil to the different nature of long and short vowels. I have adopted in the reading exercises, the signs usually employed in Prosody : — for long vowels, ^-^ for short vowels. INTRODUCTION. OF CONSONANTS. 1. How many letters are there in the French language 1 Twenty-four. 2. How are the letters divided 1 Into consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. 3. Are the letters the same in French as in English ? The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different. 4. What consonants arepronounced alike both in French and English 1 f, 1, m, n, s. 5. What consonants are pronounced differently ? b, c, d,g, h, j, p, q, r, t, v, x, 2. 1* 6 OF VOWELS. 6. Pronounce them in French. bay, ssay, day, jay, ash, jea, pe, kih (deep), err, tay, vay, ix, zed- 7. Do the letters k and w exist in French 7 No, the letter k is expressed by means of qu, but the sound of w cannot be given at all. or VOWELS. 8. How many vowels are there in French 1 Six, a, e, i, o, u, y. They are pronounced very differently from the English vowels. 9. How do you pronounce the French a "i Like ah, as in the English word mamma, ami, ahme ; grand, grahn. 10. How do you pronounce the French e 1 Like the English a in man. IL How many e's are there in French 1 Two, e (e with an accent) and e without an accent. 12. What difference is there between e and e 1 e with an accent is long and is pronounced like a in fare. e without the accent is short and is pronounced like e in pen. gre, gray ; ete, atay. donner, donnay; belle, bell. 13. What do you call e without an accent at the end of a word 1 e mute. It is never pronounced, except in mo- nosyllables, comme, comra ; dame, dahmm. de, da ; me, ma, 14. How do you pronounce the French i*? Like the English i in stiff. griffe, griff; biere, be-are. 15. How do you pronounce the French o *? Like the English o in block, col, coll ; fol, foil. 16. How do you pronounce the French u*? This sound does not exist at all in English, jus, yeah (deep, through the nose). X / OF DIPHTHONGS, \ Remark to the Teacher. — It is impossible to give a cor- rect idea of this sound by means ol rules, it can only be acquired by practising it frequenily with the pupil. I have found my pupils acquire this most difficult sound very easily, by telling them to pronounce e and at the same time to push their lips forward. 17. How do you pronounce the French y (e grec) 1 y (e grec) is pronounced like the French i. pays, pa-e. 18- Pronounce the whole French alphabet. a b ah bay or g yay ahsh n enn o t u tay eah (deep) c d ssay day i J e jea P q ^l V X vay ix e f ay eff 1 m ell emra r s err ess y z e grec zed Remark to the Teacher. — The teacher should practice with the pupil the whole French alphabet, very slowly and distinctly, at least ten times in every lesson. OF DIPHTHONGS. 19. What is a diphthong ? Two vowels joined in one syllable form a diph- thong. 20. Is there any difference between the pronunciation of diphthongs and vowels 1 Yes, diphthongs are much longer than vowels. 21. How do you pronounce the French aif Like the English ai in fair, mais, may ; raison, ray-zone. 22. How do you pronounce the French au and eau % Like o in bone, saut, soh : beau, boh. 23. How do you pronounce the French ei % Like a in lane. reine, rain ; peine, pain, 24. How do you pronounce euand oeul Like a, long and deep. leur, lare (through the nose and deep). 8 - SPECIAL READING RULES. Remark to the Teacher. — This sound likewise cannot be given in English, but the pupil will easily acquire it by pronouncing the English a and at the same time pushing the lips forward. 25. How do you pronounce the French ie at the end of a word 7 Like the English e in be. pie, pe ; mie, me. 26. How do you pronounce ie in the middle of a word % Both vowels are pronounced separately and retain their original sounds- rien, re-an ; bien, be-an- 27. How do you pronounce the French oi ? Like o-ah. roi, ro-ah ; voix, vo-ah. 28. How do you pronounce the French ou ^ Like ou in the English word you. vous, vuh ; lourd, luhr. See reading exercises of the first degree. SPECIAL READING RULES. 29- How do you pronounce consonants when they are connected with vowels] The consonants are pronounced as in English, but the vowels retain their French sounds. 30. How do you pronounce ay*? Like a-e, or the English ay, pays, pa-e ; payer, pa-ya. 3L How do you pronounce chl Like sh in English. cher, share ; chose, shoze. 33. How do you pronounce gi '? The g in gi is pronounced soft, gilet, syea-lay. 33. How do you pronounce gue and gui 1 Like ga and gi in game and gift guet, gay; guide, gede. i X SPECIAL READING RULES. 9 34. How do you pronounce gn in one syllable % Like the ni in onion, rognon, ronion. 35. Do you pronounce the letter h in French? The h is generally silent, but there are a great many words where it is aspirated. The words, where the h is aspirated, are generally marked with an asterisk in the French dictionaries. homme, omra ; hache, hahsh. 36. How do you pronounce ill 1 Like the ill in the English word million, billet, bil-lyay. 37. How do you pronounce am and an 1 Like ahm and ahn. dame, dahm ; dans, dahn. 38. How do you pronounce em and en in one syllable 1 Abo like ahm and ahn, femme, fahm ; rempart, rahmpahr. entrer, ahntray. 39. What is the difference between am, an, and em, enl em and en are pronounced through the nose, and am, an, not. 40. How do you pronounce im and in in one syllable 1 Like the English em and en, but a little through the nose. impoli, ame-po-le ; lin, lane. Remark to the Teacher. — The numerous exceptions to the three preceding rules cannot possibly be specified, they must therefore be learned by practice. 4L How do you pronounce un at the end of a word 7 Nearly like the English an but deeper and through the nose, commun, com-mane (deep). 42, How do you pronounce qua, que, qui, quol Like kah, kay, ke, ko. qualite, kah-le-tay ; querelle, ka-rell ; quoi, ko-ah. qui, ke. 43. How do you pronounce r in French 1 Much stronger than in English, almost like rr, ver, verr ; berger, berr-yay. i 10 OF LETTERS AT THE END OF WORDS. 44. How do you pronounce s at the beginning of a word? Very sharp, like s.s. savant, ssah-vahn. 45. How do you pronounce s in the middle of a word 1 Very soft, like z. verser, verr-zay. 46. How do you pronounce sui. Like swe. suivant, swe-vahn. OF LETTERS AT THE END OF WORDS. 47. Are vowels pronounced at the end of words 1 Yes, e mute excepted, poli, poh-le; re9U, ra-ssih (deep). 48. What consonants are pronounced at the end of a word 1 c, f, 1, n, r, are pronounced at the end of a word, grec, grak; bref, braf; non, non; fiel, fe-el; cher, share. 49. Is r always pronounced at the end of a word '? No, it is not pronounced when it is preceded by e. donner, donnay ; berger, berr-yay. 50. What consonants are silent at the end of a word 1 d, g, p, s, t, X, z, are silent at the end of a word, grand, grahn ; trop, tro ; ses, ssay ; mort, morr ; fret, fra ; chez, shay. 51. Do you never pronounce d, g, p, s, t, x, z, at the end of a word 1 Yes, they are pronounced when they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute. gfrand^_^homnie, trop,^avant, tres^__^aimable, fort^^amcre, chez^^elle. 52. How do you pronounce s or x followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mutel Like z. grands^^hommes, grahn-zomm ; egaux^amis, a-go-zahme. 53. How do you pronounce the t in tion 1 Like ss. lotion, lo-sse-on. OF ACCENTS, THE CEDILLA, ETC. 11 54. When do you not pronounce ent at the end of a word 7 enl is never pronounced at the end of a verb, but is pronounced at the end of any other word, ils donnent, they give, il donn ; comment, commahn. 55. Do you pronounce es at the end of a word 1 Both the e and the sare silent at the end of words, except in monosyllables, where the e is pronounced, portes, porrt ; les, lay. OF ACCENTS, THE CEDILLA, AND THE APOSTROPHE. 56, What is an accent 1 An accent is a small line placed over the e, and sometimes over the other vowels. 57, How many accents are there in French 1 Three, the acute (aigu), grave (grave), and cir- cumflex (circonflex). 58, What is Ihe acute accent ? The acute accent is a small line from the right to the left, and is only placed over the e, as : ecu. 59- What is the grave accent 7 The grave accent is a small line from the left to the right, generally placed upon the e and some- times upon the a and u, pere, la, a, ou. 60. When do you put the grave accent upon the e 1 When one or two consonants are placed between two e's, the latter of which is silent, the grave ac- cent must then be placed over the first e. frere, seche, fidele. 61. What is the circumflex accent '? The circumflex accent is composed of the acute and grave and is placed upon all vowels. gateau, guepe, gite, bote, bruler. 62. What is a cedilla 7 A cedilla is a small round sign placed under the c to give it the sound of ss, before a, o, u. fran^ais, gar9on, re9U. 12 OF GENDER. 63. What is an apostrophe and when do you employ iti An apostrophe is a small comma, and marks the omission of a vowel in monosyllables, followed by a word, beginning with a vowel, or h mute, j'aime, I'homme. m'a, s'aime. Yery important remarks to the Pupil. 1st. The pupil must always read very slowly and dis- tinctly. 2nd. The pupil must pronounce all syllables equally, except the last, which must always be pronounced very long. SEE READING EXERCISES OF THE 2d AND 3d DEGREE. N. B. The Teacher should let the pupil commence with the nouns and verbs at the same time- FRENCH GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I. 1. How many parts of speech are there in the French language '? Nine. 1 Noun, 4 Pronoun, 7 Conjunction, 2 Article, 5 Verb, 8 Preposition, 3 Adjective, 6 Adverb, 9 Interjection. OF NOUNS. 2. What is a Noun 1 A Noun is a word, which serves to name a per- son, or thing, as : John, Jean; Man, Homme; peu, plume. OF GENDER. 3. How many genders are there in the French lan- guage 1 There are only two, the masculine and the fem- inine. OF NUMBER. 13 4. Does the neuter gender exist in the French language? No. 5. Are there any rules, by means of which you can learn the gender of nouns'? There are only few rules; the gender must be principally learned by practice. 6. How does the dictionary indicate the gender of a noun 1 If the noun is masculine, the letters " sm" are placed after it, but if feminine, it is followed by "sf." 7. What is the meaning of " sm" and " sf ' 1 "sm" means sub.stantive masculine, and "sf ' sub- stantive feminine. 8. What nouns are generally masculine"? Nouns ending in s, t, 1, ent and eux are generally masculine ; those ending in e, ie, ion, eur are gene- rally feminine ; but there are a great many excep- tions from this rule. OF NUMBER. 9. How many numbers are there in French 1 Two, the singular and the plural. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. GENERAL RULE. 10. How do you form the plural of french nouns ^ By adding " s" to the singular, as: le pere, les peres, the father, the fathers. 11. Does the s of the plural produce any change in the pronunciation 1 No, it does not. EXCEPTIONS. 12. How is the plural formed of nouns ending in s, x, or z — in the singular"? Nouns ending in s, x, or z remain unchanged, as, le bras, the arm, les bras, the arms, le nez, the nose, les nez, the noses, la noix, the nut, les noix, the nuts. 2 1 14 FRENCH NOUNS. 13. How do you form the plural of nouns, ending in u, preceded by a vowel 1 Nouns ending in u, preceded by a vowel, take an X, instead of s, as; le gateaa, the cake, les gateaux, the cakes, le feu, the fire, les feux, the fires, le joujou, the plaything, les joujoux, the play- things. 14. Are there any exceptions from this rule 1 Yes, as: clou, nail, trou, hole, fou, fool, matou, he-cat, verrou, lock, bleu blue ; these follow the general rule and take s in the plural, 15. How is the plural formed of nouns, ending in al and ail 1 Nouns ending in al and ail in the singular, change the al and ail into aux, as : le cardinal, the cardinal, les cardinaux, the cardinals, le travail, the labour, les travaux, the labours. 16. "What words ending in al, or ail follow the general rule'? bal, ball, carnaval, carnaval, detail, particulars, serail, seraglio, eventail, fan, portail, portal. These follow the general rule and take s in the plural. 17. What nouns have an irregular plural 1 le betail, the cattle, les bestiaux, the cattle. I'aieul, the ancestor, les aieux, the ancestors, le ciel, the heaven, les cieux, the heavens. Toeil, the eye. les yeux, the eyes. 18. Are there any nouns, which are only used in the plural '] les ciseaux, the scissors, les fian9ailles, the betrothal, les funerailles, the funeral, les mouchettes, the snuffers, les pincettes, the tongs, les richesses, the riches. MAKE EXERCISES, 1, 2. OF ARTICLES. OF CASES. laN \^ 19- How many cases are there in the French language? Four, the nominative, or subjective case, the genitive, or possessive case, the dative and the accusative, or objective case. CHAPTER II. OF ARTICLES. 20, What is an article 1 An article is a word, placed before nouns, to limit their signification. 21. How many articles are there in French 7 Three, the definite, indefinite, and partitive ar- ticle. OF THE DEFINITIVE ARTICLE. 22. 23. Tell me the definite article. Singular, masculine, le ; feminine, la; the. Plural, both genders, les . . . the. Decline a noun with the definite article, masculine, singular. the book of the book to the book the book. Nom, le livre, Gen. du (instead of de le) livre, Dat. au ( "a le) livre, Ace le livre, 24. Decline the following masculine nouns, with the definite article, sing. pere, father. fils, son. prince, prince. vin, wine, crayon, pencil. papier, paper. 25. Decline a noun with the definite article, feminine, singular. Nom. la plume, the pen Gen. de la plume, of the pen Dat. a la plume, to the pen Ace. la plume, the pen. L^. 16 OF ARTICLES. 26. Decline the following feminine nouns, with the defi- nite article, sing. mere, mother. sceur, sister, fille, daughter. cousine, cousin, terre, earth. robe, frock. 27. Decline a noun with the definite article, plural. Nom. les livres, the books Gen, des (instead of de les) livres of the books Dat. aux ( "a les) livres to the books Ace. les livres, the books. 28. Decline the following nouns with the definite article, plural. pere, fils, sceur, prince, mere, cousine, crayon, fille, robe. 29. Before what nouns do you employ the articles le and la 1 Before nouns, beginning with a consonant. 30. What article do you employ before words, begin- ning with a vowel or h mute ? 1'; (1 apostrophe.) 31. Decline a noun beginning with a vowel, with the definite article, sing. Nom. I'arbre, the tree Gen. de I'arbre, of the tree Dat. a I'arbre, to the tree Ace. I'arbre, the tree. 32. Decline a noun beginning wdth h mute with the de- finite article, sing. Nom. I'habitude, the custom Gen. de I'habitude, of the custom Dat. a I'habiiude, to the custom Ace. I'habitude, the custom. 33. How do you decline nouns, beginning with a vowel, or an h mute in the plural 1 With les, des, aux, les. MAKE EXERCISES 3, 4. 91 INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 17 SYNTAX OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 34. "When do you employ the definite article in French? 1st. When the article " the," is placed before ihe noun, in English. 2nd. When I speak in a general way, although I do not employ the article "the," in English, as: la vertu est noble; virtue is noble, because all virtue is noble. 35. What article do you place before the quarters of the globe, names of countries, rivers and moun- tains 1 Always the definite article, as: I'Amerique, America. I'Europe, Europe, la France, France. I'Angleterre, Ergland. le Missouri, the Missouri, le Danube, the Danube, les Alpes, the Alps. les Cordilleras, the Cordil- [leras. MAKE EXERCISES, 5, 6. OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 36. Tell me the definite article. Masculine, un; Feminine, une; a or an. 37. Decline a noun with the indefinite article masculine. Noiii. un pore, a father Gen. d'un pere, of a father Dat. a un pere, to a father Ace. un pere, a father. 38. Decline the following masculine nouns, with the in- definite article, arbre, t^'ee. frere, brother. ami, friend. garden , boy. enfant, child. village, village. 39. Decline a noun with the indefinite article feminine. Nom. une mere, a mother Gen. d'une mere, of a mother Dat. a une mere, to a mother Ace. une mere, a mother. 2* ,Vs liiiilri 18 OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 40„ Decline the following feminine nouns with the in- definite article, chambre, room, porte, door, chaise, chair. table, table, maison, house. ville, city. 41, Has the indefinite article a plural 'I No. 42. When do you employ the indefinite article in french 1 When the article " a or an" precedes a noun in English, MAKE EXERCISES 7, 8. OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 43. Name the Partitive article. Sing. Masc. du, Fem. de la ; some. Plur. Both Genders, des, some. 44. Decline a noun with the partitive article, Mas. Sing. Nom, du papier, some paper Gen. de papier, of some paper Dat. a du papier, to some paper Ace. du papier, some paper 45. Decline the follov/ing masculine nouns with the par- titive article, Sin^. ble, grain, citron, lemon, fruit, fruit. gateau, cake, pain, bread, vin, wine. 46, Decline a noun with the partitive article, Fem, Sing. Nom. de la biere, some beer Gen, debiere, of some beer Dat. a de la biere, to some beer Ace de la biere, some beer 47. Decline the following feminine nouns with the parti- tive article, Sing. creme, cream. pomme, apple, moutarde, mustard, salade, salad. 48. Decline a noun with the partitive article, Plural. ^. 'V -.. < OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 19 Nom, de.s citrons, some lemons Gen. de citrons, of some lemons Dat. a deii citrons, to some lemons Ace. des citrons, some lemons 49. Decline the following nouns with the partitive arti- cle plural. poire, pear. prune, plum, soupe, soup. sel, salt. 50. Before what nouns do you employ the articles du and de lal Before nouns, beginning with a consonant. 51. What article do you employ before nouns, beginning with a vowel or h mute 1 De r, (de 1 apostrophe.) 52. Decline a noun beginning with a vowel, with the partitive article. Nom. de 1' or, some gold Gen, d' or, of some gold Dat. a de 1' or, to some gold Ace. de r or, some gold 53. Decline a noun, beginning with h mute, with the partitive article. Nom, de l' huile, some oil Gen. d' huile, of some oil Dat. a de 1' huile, to some oil Ace. de r huile, some oil 54. How do you decline nouns, beginning with a vowel or h mute, in the plural 1 With des, d', a des, des. 55. Decline the following nouns with the partitive arti- cle, singular and plural. ble, fruit, creme, citron, gateau, salade, MAKE EXERCISES 9, 10. ^ f 20 PARTITIVE ARTICLE. '/ SYNTAX OF THK PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 56. When do you employ )he partitive article in French 1 1st. When the word "some" (partitive) is placed before a noun in English, as, du pain, some bread. 2d. When there is no article placed before a noun in English, yet, the word. " some" (partitive) maj be added, as : give me paper and ink, donnez-moi du papier et de I'encre. MAKE EXERCISES, 11, 12. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE THREE ARTICLES, 57. What have you to observe about the article connect- ed with a noun 1 The article must agree with its noun in gender and in number. 58. What does this mean, " the article must agree with its noun in gender and number V It means, that when the noun ismasc. or fern., the masc. or fern, article must be placed before it. 59. What does this mean, "the article must agree with its noun in number V It means, that when the noun is in the singular or plural, the article must be likewise in the singular or plural. 60. Can a noun be used in French without an article 1 No ; every noun (proper name of persons except- ed,) must be preceded by one of the three articles. 61. What must you do, when there are several nouns in one phrased The article must be repeated before every noun, as; J'ai le livre et le papier, I have the book and paper. MAKE EXERCISES, 13, 14. . \ 21 X 'V CHAP. III. OF ADJECTIVES. 62. What is an adjective 1 An Adjective is a word added to a noun or pro- noun and generally expresses quality. 63. What have you to observe about adjectives connect- ed with nouns 1 Adjectives connected with nouns must agree with them in gender and number. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES. 64. Where do you place adjectives'? Generally after the noun ; as, une aveniure desagreable, an unpleasant adventure. 65. Do you not place some adjectives before the noun 1 The following adjectives only are always placed before the noun : beau, handsome. jeune, young. bon,good. mauvais, bad. brave, brave. mechant, wicked, cher, dear. petit, small, grand, great. vrai, true, gros, big. vieux, old. as, un beau gar9on, a handsome boy. 66. Are there any adjectives which can be placed both before and after the noun 1 Yes ; a knowledge of them is best acquired by practice, as, un aimable gar^on, or, un gar9on aimable. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 67. How do you form the plnral of Adjectives 1 The formation of the plural of adjectives is regu- lated by the same rules as those applied to nouns. (Seepage 13.) MAKE EXERCISE 15. -I T ^ . - i .^ ii ^ -pmy ^ 22 FORMATION OF THE FEMININE OF ADJECTIVES. GENERAL RULE. 68. How do you derive the feminine of an adjective from its masculine 1 | By adding e mute ; as, | Masc. Fem. ' grand grande great. ". constant constante constant, vrai vraie true. 69. How do you form the feminine of an adjective, the masculine of which ends in e mute. Adjectives ending in e mute, remain unchanged in the feminine ; as : Masc. Fem. aimable aimable amiable, jeune aimable young. , 70. How do you form the feminine, when the masculine ends in e ? (e with an accent.) Adjectives ending in e, (e with an accent,) follow the general rule, by taking e mute, grave m. gravee f, engraved. MAKE EXERCISE 16. EXCEPTIONS. 71. How do you make the feminine of adjectives ending in c 1 Adjectives ending in c, change the c into che ; as : Masc. Fem. franc franche frank, sec seche dry. 73. How do you make the feminine of adjectives, ending in f? Adjectives ending in f, change f into ve ; as : Masc. Fem. vif vive lively, bref breve short. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 23 \J 73. What adjectives double the last consonaat before e mutel 1st. Adjectives ending in el and ul 76. 2d. ( ( ( on 3d. 1 ( ( OS and as 4th. ♦ ( ( ( et Masc. Fern. as cruel cruelle cruel nul nulle void. bon bonne good. gros grosse big. bas basse low. net nette neat. 74. How do you make the feminine of adjectives ending in X and eur 1 Adjectives ending in x and eur, change the x and r into se ; as Masc. Fem. heureux heureuse happy. jaloux jalouse jealous. flatteur flatteuse flattering. What adjectives ending in eur , follow the general rulel Masc. Fem. exterieur, exterieure, exterior. interieur, interieure, interior. superieur, superieure, superior. inferieur, inferieure, inferior. raeilleur, meiileure, better. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. Name the a 26 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE. ;. grand, great, moins grand, less great, /! belle, handsome, moins belle, less handsome, :l egaux, equal, moins egaux, less equal, j« • 87. How do you form the superlative of inferiority % 1^ By placing the definite article before moins, as Hi le moins grand, the least great, *'*• ' la moins belle, the least handsome. 01 les moins egaux, the least equal. COMPARISON OF EQUALITY. 88. How do you form the comparison of equality 1 By placing aussi, as, before the adjective and que, as, after it ; as aussi bon que vous, as good as you. MAKE EXERCISES, 21, 22, 23. SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE. 89. In what number and gender must you place an ad- jective belonging to two or more masculine nouns 1 In the plural masculine ; as le pere et le fils sont grands, father and son are great. 90. In what number and gender must you place an ad- jective belonging to two or several feminine nouns 1 In the feminine plural ; as la mere et la fille sont grandes, mother and daughter are great. 91. In what number and gender must you place an ad- jective belonging to two or several nouns of different genders 1 In the masculine plural : as la mere et le fils sont grands, mother and son are great. 93. What have you to observe about the article of the superlative 1 1st. When the superlative is placed before the noun, the article of the superlative belongs likewise to the noun ; as le plus grand homme, the greatest man. OF ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER, / 27 \ 2d. When thesuperlaiiv^e is placed after the noun, the article must be repeated before the noun ; as rhomme le plus grand, the greatest man. MAKE EXERCISE, 24. OF ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER. 93. How many adjectives of number are there in French- Two, cardinal and ordinal numbers. 94. CARDINAL NUMBERS. Tell me the cardinal numbers. 1. un, une 70. soixante-dii 2. deux 71. soixante-onze 3. troi.s 72. soixanie-douze 4. quatre 73. soixante-treize 5. cinq 74. soixante-quatorze 6. six (pronounced ssiz) 75. soixante-quinze 7. sept (ssett) 76. soixante-seize 8. huit (wit) 77. soixante-dix-sept 9. neuf 78. soixante-dix-huit 10. dix (diz) 79. soixante-dix-neuf 11. onze 80. quatre-vingt 12. douze 90. quatre- vingt-dix 13. treize 91. quatre-vingt-onze 14. quatorze 92. quatre-vingt-douze 15. quinze 93. quatre- vingt-treize 16. seize 94. quatre-vingt-quatorze 17. dix-sept 100. cent 18. dix-huit 101. cent-et-un 19. dix-neuf 102. cent deux 20. vingt (van) 103. cent trois 21. vingt-et-un 200. deux cents 22. vingt-deux 300. trois cents 30. trenie 1,000. mille 31. trente-et-un 1,200. douze cents 40. quarante 10,000. dix mille 50. cinquante 100,000. cent mille 60. soixante 1,000,000. un million Auk 28 ORDINAL NUMBERS. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 95. Tell the ordinal numbers. 1st. premier, premiere 2d. second, seconde 3d. troisieme 4th. quatrieme 5th. cin qui erne 6th. sixieme 7th. septieme 8th. huitieme 9th. neuvieme 10th. dixieme 11th. onzieme 12th. douzieme 13th. treizieme 14th. quatorzieme 15th. quinzieme 20th. 21st. vingt-et-unieme 22d. vini^t-deuxieme 30th. trentieme 40th. quarantieme 50th. cinquaniieme 60th. soixantieme 70th. soixante-dixieme 80th. quatre-vingtieme 90th. quatre-vingt-dixieme 100th. centieme 200ih. deux-centieme l,0i»0th. millieme l,200ih. douze centieme 10,000th. dix millieme vingticme 100,000th. cent millieme 1,000,000th. millionieme 96. How do you say in French, once, twice, three times'? une fois, deux fois, trois fois, dix fois, vingt fois, cent fois, &c. 97. Tell the principal nouns of number. rentier, la moitie, le quart, une paire, le double, le triple, the whole, the half, the quarter, a couple, double, treble. une douzaine, a dozen, unedemi-dou-^^j^^^^^^^ zaine, une quinzaine, a fortnight une vingtaine, a score. 98. What numbers do you use in naming the days of the month 1 The cardinal numbers, except in naming the first day. Dimanche le premier Janvier, Lundi le deux Fevrier, Mardi le trois Mars, Mercredi le quatre Arril, Jeudi le cinq Mai, Vendredi le six Juin, Saraedi le sept. Juillet, Dimanche le huit Aout, (oo) Lundi le neuf Septembre, Sunday the 1st of January. Monday the 2d of February. Tuesday the 3d of March. Wednesday the 4rh of April. Thursday the 5th of May. Friday the 6th of June. Saturday the 7th of July. Sunday the 8th of August. Monday the 9th of September. / \ OF PRONOUNS. 29 Mardi le dix Octobre, Tuesday the 10th of October, Mercredi le onze Novembre, Wednesday llth of November. Jeudi le douze Decembre, Thursday the l:ith of December 99. How do you say Geors:e the 1st, 2d, 3d, &c. "? Georges premier, Georges deux, irois, dix, &c. MAKE EXERCISES, 25, 26. CHAPTER IV. OF PRONOUNS. 100. What is a pronoun 1 A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 101. How are pronouns divided 1 Into personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns. 102. How many persons have pronouns ] Three — the first person, who speaks ; the second, who is spoken to ; and the third, who is spoken of. 103. Have pronouns the same modifications as nouns '? Yes, two numbers, two genders, and four cases. 104. What have you generally to observe about pro- nouns 1 Pronouns must agree with their nouns, in person, number, and gender. OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 105. How many personal pronouns are there in French? Three — conjunctive, disjunctive, and reflected personal pronouns. 106- What is a conjunctive personal pronoun '? A personal pronoun immediately connected with a verb. 107. What is a disjunctive personal pronoun '? A personal pronoun, which is either connected with a preposition, c r standing alone. 108. What pronouns are I, it, to you, in the phrase? I give it to you, je vous le donne. 3* 30 CONJUNCTIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. [ ' Je, vous, and le, are conjunctive personal pro- nouns, because they are immediately connected with the verb donne, give. 109. What pronouns are je, le, vous, in the phrase, je le fais pour vous, I do it for you 1 Je, le, are conjunctive, because they are immedi- ately connected with the verb fais, but vous is dis- junctive, because it is connected with the preposi- tion pour. TABLE OF CONJUNCTIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE PERSO- NAL PRONOUNS. 110. Decline the first person of the personal pronouns. Conjunctive, Disjunctive. Sing. Nom. je, moi, I. Gen. en, de moi, of or from me. Dat. me, m' a moi, to me. Ace. me. m' moi, me. Plur. Nom. nous, nous, we. Gen. en, de nous, of or from us. Dat. nous, a nous, to us. Ace. nous, nous, us. 111. Decline the second person. Sing. Nom. tu, toi, thou. Gen. en, de toi, of or from thee. Dat. te, t' a toi, to thee. Ace. te, t' toi, thee. Plur. Nom. vous, ' vous, you. Gen. en, de vous, of or from you. Dat. vous, a vous, to you. Ace. vous, vous, you. 112. Of what gender are the first and second person of personal pronouns 1 Of both genders. 113. Decline the third person masculine. Sing. Nom. il, lui, he or it. Gen. en, de lui, of or from him or it Dat. lui, a lui, to him or it Ace le, r lui, him or it I REFLECTED PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 31 Plur. Nom. ils, eux, • they. Gen. en, d'eux, of or from them. Dat. leur, d eux, to them. Ace les, eux, them. 114. Decline the third person feminine. Sing. Nom. elle, elle, she or it. Gen. en, d'elle, of or from her or it Dat. lui, a elle, to her or it Ace. la, r elle, her or it Plur. Nom. elles, elles, they. Gen. en, d'elles, of or fromlhem. Dat. leur, a elles, to them. Ace. les, elles, them. REFLECTED PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 115. How do you make reflected personal pronouns 1 By merely adding the word meme, self, to the disjunctive personal pronouns ; as moi-meme, myself ; toi-meme. thyself ; lui-meme, himself or itself ; elle-meme, herself or itself ; nous- memes, ourselves ; vous-memes, yourselves ; eux- memes, elles-memes, themselves ; and soi-meme, himself, herself, and itself. 116. How do you decline the reflected personal pro- nouns! With de in the genitive and a in the dative. 117. Does there not exist any reflected personal pronoun, which cannot be declined *? Yes ; se, himself, herself, itself, and themselves. SYNTAX OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 118- Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns ? Immediately before the verbs by which they are governed; as: I love you, I you love, Je vous aime. I give it to you, I to you it give, Je vous le donne. 119. Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns in interrogations 1 32 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. In interrogations the nominatives are placed after, but the other cases before the verb ; as: Have you seen him 1 him have you seen 1 1'avez- vous vu 1 120. Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns in the imperative mood 1 When the imperative is affirmative, the conjunc- tive personal pronouns are placed after the verb, as in English ; as : Give it to him, donnez-le lui. 121. Can you employ me and te in the affirmative im- perative 1 No; but moi andtoi; as: donnez-moi, give me, instead oP donnez-me, tue-toi, kill thyself, instead of tue-te. 122. Where do you place the conjunctive personal pro- nouns, when the imperative is negative 1 Before the verb, according to the general rule ; as: give it not to him, not it to him give, ne le lui donnez pas. 123. When there are several conj. pers. pronouns in one sentence, in what order do you place them 1 Je, me, tu, te, il, elle, se, nous, vous, ils, elles, are placed before le, la, les ; le, la, les, before lui leur ; lui, leur before y, and y before en, as: Je vous le donne, I give it lo you. In this sen- tence, for ininstance vous is placed before le. Remark to the teacher. — The teacher should give the pupil a great many examples on these very important rules. 1st. I have divided the personal pronouns into conjunc- tive and disjunctive afferDe Porquet, having found this division, the best adapted to the capacities of children. 2nd. The pupil will much easier learn the proper po- sition of personal pronouns, by first placing them in English according to the preceding rules, and then translating the sentence into French ^ o. Pos,.s.v. P.0.0... 33 . ^ 124. Where do you place disjunctive personal pronouns T After the verb to which they belong. MAKE EXERCISES 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 125. How many possessive pron, are there in French "i Two, conjunctive and disjunctive. 126. What are conjunctive possessive pronouns'? Those which are connected with and stand before nouns ; as ; mon livre, my book. 127. What are disjunctive possessive pronouns "? Those which have only reference to a noun ; a:s quel livre avez-vous trouve *? le mien, what book have you found 1 mine. CONJUNCTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 128. Tell me the conjunctive possessive pronouns. Masc. Fern, both Gend. Sin, gular Plural. 1st Person mon ma mes my 2d ton ta tes thy 3d « son sa ses his, her 1st " notre notre nos our 2d " votre votre vos your 3d « leur leur leurs their 129. How do you decline conj. possessive pronouns'? With de in the genitive and a in the dative. 130. Decline the first person of conjunctive possessive pronouns. Masc. Sing. N. mon livre, my book G. de mon livre, of my book D. a mon livre, to my book A. mon livre, my book. Fern, Sing. N. ma fleur, my flower G. de ma fleur, of my flower D. a ma fleur, to my flower A- ma fleur, my flower 34 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Plur. N. mes livres, G, de mes livres, D. a mes livres, A. mes livres, my books of my books to my books my books. The teacher must let the pupil decline all the persons. 131, Do you employ ma, ta, sa, before a feminine noun beginning with a vowel or h mute 1 No ; mon, ton, son, must then be made use ; as: son absence, his or her absence, not, sa absence. 132. With what must the conjunctive possessive pro- noun agree in number and gender 1 With the noun, before which it standing^. MAKE EXERCISES 33, 34. OF DISJUNCTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 133. Tell me the disjunctive possessive pronouns. Plur. les miens 1st Pers. Masc. 2d 3d 1st " 2d 3d Sing, le mien le tien le sien le notre le votre le leur les tiens les siens les notres les votres les leurs 2d 3d 1st 2d 3d (I , of or from mine Dat. a la mienne, aux miennes, to mine Ace la mienne, les miennes, mine The teacher must let the pupil decline all the other persons. 135. With what must the disjunctive possessive pro- nouns agree 1 With the noun to which it has reference. 136. What is the difference between notre and votre, (conjunctive) and notre and votre, (disjunctive.) 7 Notre and voire, (disjunctive) have a circumflex accent over the o. Notre and votre, (conjunctive,) are written without an accent. MAKE EXERCISES 35, 36. OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 137. How many demonstrative pronouns are there in French. Two, conjunctive and disjunctive. 138. What are conjunctive demonstrative pronouns 1 Those which are connected with and stand before nouns ; as: ce livre, this, or that book. 139. What are disjunctive demonstrative pronouns 1 Those, which have only reference to nouns ; as : quel livre, which bookl celui-ci, this, or that here- 140. With what must demonstrative pronouns agree 1 Willi the noun, before which they are standing, or to which they have reference. CONJUNCTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 141. Tell me the conjunctive demonstrative pronouns. Sing. Mas. ce, cet ; Fem. cette, this or that. Plu. ces, these or those. L 36 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. I !i : u 1 142. When do you employ ce and when cet 1 Ce before nouns beginning with a consonant, and cet before a vowel, or h mute. 143. Sing. How do you decline these pronouns'? With de in the genitive and a in the dative. Masc. Nom. ce livre. Gen. de ce Jivre, Dat. a ce livre, Ace. ce livre, Sing. Fern. Nom. cette fleur, this or that book, of this or that book, to this or that book, this or that book, this or that flower. Gen. de cette fleur, of this or that flower, Dat. a cette fluer, to this or that flower, Ace. cetie fleur, this or that flower, Plur. Both Gend. Nom. ces livres, these or those books. Gen. de ces livres, of these or those books, Dat. a ces livres, to these or those books, Ace. ces livres, these or those books, MAKE EXERCISE 37. DISJUNCTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Sing. Masc. 144. Tell me the disjunctive demonstrative pronouns. Fern. celai celle this celui-ci ce.Ue-ci this or that here celui-la celle-la this or that there Masc. and Fern, ceci this or that here this or that there these or those these or those here these or those there 145. How do you decline the disjunctive demonstrative pronouns 1 With de in the genitive and a in the dative; as, N. celui this G, de celui of this D. a celui to this A. celui this MAKE SXEHCISES 38, 39. cela Plur. Masc, Fem. ceux celles ceux-ci celles-ci ceux-la cel!es-la c INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 37 OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 146. How many relative pronouns are there in French 1 Two, relative pronouns which are declined with de in the genitive and a in the dative ; and relative pronouns, which are declined with the definite article. 147. Decline the first class of relative pronouns. Masc. and Fern. Sing, and Plural. N. qui who, or which G. de qui or dont whose, of whom, or which D. a qui to whom A. que whom. 148. Decline the second class. Sing. Plural. Masc. N. lequel lesquels wlio, or which G. duquel desquels of whom, or which D. auquel auxquels to whom, or which A. lequel lesquels whom, or which Sing. Plural. Fern. N. laquelle lesquelles who, or which G. de laquelle desquelles of whom, which D. a laquelle auxqnelles to whom, which A. laquelle lesquelles whom, which MAKE EXERCISES 40, 41, OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. I 49- How many kinds of interrogative pronouns arc there 1 Two, interrogative pronouns declined with de in the genitive and a in the dative, and those declined with the definite article. 150. Tell me the interrogative pronouns, which are de- clined with de and a. qui, who ; quoi, what; for both genders. Masc. Sing. quel. Plur. quels. Fern. Sing, quelle. Plur. quelles, which. 4 I ^ 38 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 151. Tell me those declined with the definite article. lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles, who or which. 152. Decline them. see page 37. 153. What is the difference between quel, quelle and lequel, laquelle. GLuel, quelle must be always connected with a noun, and lequel, laquelle stand alone. MAKE EXERCISES 42, 43. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 154. How many kinds of indefinite pronouns are there 1 Two. indefinite pronouns declined with the defi- nite or indefinite article, and those declined with de in the genitive and a in the dative. 155. Tell me the first kind of indefinite pronouns. autre, other. certain, certain, meme, same. tel, such. 156. Tell me the second class of indefinite pronouns. aucun, nobody, autrui, others, chaque, each, chacun, every, quelqu'un, somebody, quiconque, whoever, quelque, some. 157. Can you decline the indefinite pronoun " on" 1 On — one, somebody, people, they, can never be declined. 158. In what person and number must you put the verb after "on?" In the third person singular ; as on parle, they speak. MAKE EXERCISES, 44, 45. qui que, quoique, nul, whoever, whatever, no, none. personne, plusieurs nobody, , several. tout. all, every. un, a, an. OF VERBS. 39 CHAPTER V. OF VERBS. 159. What is a verb ? A verb is a word, which signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon. 160- How are the verb.s divided 1 Into auxiliary, regular, and irregular verbs. 161. How many moods have verbs 1 Five — the infinitive, the indicative, the condition- al, the imperative, and the subjunctive mood. 162. How are the tenses divided'? Into simple and compound tenses. 163. Name the simple tenses. The present, the first imperfect, the second imper- fect or preterit, the future, and the conditional pre- sent. 164. Name the compound tenses- The perfect, the first and second pluperfect, the future compound, and the conditional past. 165. How many numbers have verbs 1 Two, the singular and plural. 166. How many persons 1 Three persons in each number. OF THE PARTICIPLE. 167. Can the participle past be changed 1 When the participle past is connected with the auxiliary verb avoir it always remains unchanged: as — my sisters have spoken, mes sceurs ont parle. But when it is connected with the auxiliary verb etre, it must agree with its^noun or pronoun in number and gender ; as my sisters are gone out, mes sceurs sont sorties. 40 AUXILIARY VERBS. - 168. Does the participle always remain unchanged, when it is connected with the verb avoir 1 When the accusatives me, if, se, le, la, les, (not the article but the pronoun) nous, vous, que, are placed before the participle, then it must agree with them in number and gender ; as the city which I have seen, la ville que j'ai vue. she has hurt herself, elle s'est blessee. 169. In what mood do you find the verb in the diction- aries 1 In the infinitive mood present. The verb is al- ways followed by the letter v, which means verb. Remarks to the Teacher. — The following plan will be found very useful in teaching the conjugations of the verbs : 1st. — The pupil must tell the whole verb, simple and compound tenses, without interruption, from beginning to the end. 2d. — The teacher must ask the pupil the tenses sep- arately. 3d. — The teacher must ask the pupil separate persons, alternately in French and English. AUXILIARY VERBS. 170. How many auxiliary verbs are there in French 1 Two — avoir, to have, and etre, to be. 171. Conjugate the auxiliary verb ** avoir." AVOIR, to have. INFINITIVE. Present, avoir, to have. Past. avoir eu, to have had. PARTICIPLES. Present. ay ant, having. Past. eu, had. (pronounce u.) Compound, ayant^^eu, having had. AUXILIARY VERBS. 41 INDICA Present. I have, ihou hast, he or she has we have. you have. they have. j'ai, tu as, il ou elle a, nous^avons, vous^^avez, ils^ou elles v_,ont, First Imperfect. ^ j'avais, I had, '"' tu avals, thou hadst, ^ il avait, he had, S: nous^avion.s, we had, s- vous^aviez, you had, ils^avaient, they had. Second Imperfect or Preterit. j'eus, 1 had. tu eus, thou hadst, il eul, he had. nous^eumes, we had. vous^euies, you had. ils^eurent, they had. Future simple. j'aurai, ^ '^i'l'^' ""^^^ •" ' have. tu auras, thou wilt have. il aura, he will have. nous^aurons, we shall have. vous^aurez, you will have. ils^^auront, they will have. TIVE. Perfect. j'ai eu, tu as^eu, il ou elle a eu, nous^avons^eu, vous^avez^eu, ils_ou elles^ont^eu, First Pluperfect. j'avais^eu, tu avais^ eu. fcr* H^ il avait^eu, avions^eu, ,aviez^eu, .eu. nous vous_^ ils,^avaient^v,»^, Second Pluperfect. j'eus^_^eu, tu eus^eu, il eut^eu, nous^eumes^^eu, vous^eutes^eu, ils^eurent^eu, Future compound. *-^ fcf P p J aurai eu, tu auras^eu, il aura eu, nous^aurons^eu, vous^aurez^^eu, ils^auront^eu, Conditional Past. j'aurais^eu, tu aurais^eu, Conditional Present. ; ■ I should, could, J aurais, ^^ ^^^j^ j^^^^ .„ o„,.„;o thoushouldst tu aurais, u ' have. il auraif, he should have- nous^aurions, weshould have, vous^auriez, you should have vous^auriez^eu, ils auraient, they should have ils auraient^eu, 4* il aurait^eu, nous^aurion.s. p ST- P IS- II < o ft. ^ eu ^=. P-o f 42 AUXILIARY VERBS. IMPERATIVE. aie, qu'il ait, ayoDs, ayez, qu'ils aient, have (thou), let him have, let us have, have (you), let them have. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Perfect. que j'aie, that I may que j'aie eu, que tu aies, that thou mayst que tu aies^eu, qu'il ait, that he may ?» qu'il ait^eu, que nous ayons,that we may q que nous ayons eu, que vous^ayez^eu, qu'ils^aient^eu. Perfect. que j'eusse eu, tu eusses^^eu, il eut^eu, nous^eussions^eu vous^eussiez^eu ils^eussent^ eu, que vous ayez,that you may qu'ils aient, that they may Imperfect- que that j'eusse, I might tu eusses, thou mightst tr* il eut, he might % nous^eussions, we mig:ht ^ vous. eussiez you might they might ils^eussent, MAKE EXERCISES, 46 5 47, 48. < '^ CO t_| s-3 fx3r<3 172. Conjugate the auxiliary verb " etre. ETRE, to be. Present. Past. INFINITIVE. etre, avoir ete. to be. to have been. PARTICIPLES. Present etant, Past. ete Compound, ayanl^ete, having being, been. been. 1 AUXILIARY VERBS. 43 INDICATIVE. Present. Perfect. je suis, 1 am. j'ai 6te, tu es, thou art. tu as^ete, il est, he is. il a eie, nous sommes, we are. nous^avons^ete, vous^etes, you are. vous^avez_,eie, lis sont, they are. ils^ont^et^. First ImperfecU First Pluperfect. j'etais, I was. j'avais^ete, tu etais. thou wast. tu avais^ete. il eta it, he was. il avait^ete, iious_^etions5 we were. nous^avions^cte, vous^etiez, you were. vous^aviez^ete, ils^etaient, they were. ils^avaient^ete, '2d Imperfect or Preterit. 2d Pluperfect. je fus, I was. j'eus^ete. tu fus, thou wast. tu eus^ete, il fut, he was. il eut^etc, nous fumes, we were. nous^eumes^ele. vous futes, you were. vous^eutes^ete, ils furent, they were. ils^eurent^ete, Future Simple. Future Compound je serai, I shall be. j'aurai ele, lu seras, thou wilt be. tu auras^ete, il sera. he will be. il aura ete, nous serons, we shall be. nous^aurons^ete. vous serez, you will be. vous^aurez^ete, il seront, they will be. ils^auront^et^, cr CO n 3 cr P p ro 3 P9 < o cr A P Conditional Present. Conditional Past. je serais, I should be. j'aurais^ete, tu serais, thou would'st be.tu aurais^ete, il serait, he would be. il aurait^ete, nous serions, we should be. nous^aurions^etc, vous seriez, you would be. vous^auriez^ete, ils seraient, they would be. ils^auraient^6te, a> P ' P- P < SI 44 REGULAR VERBS. IMPERATIVE. SOIS, qu'il soit, soyons, soyez, qu'ils soient, be (thou), lei him be. let us be. be (you), let them be. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Perfect. que that que je sois, I may be. j'aie ete, tu sois, thou may'st be. tu aies^ete, 11 soit, he may be. il ait^ete, nous soyons, we may be. nous^ayons^ete, vous soyez, you may be. vous^ayez^ete, ils soient, they may be. ils^aient^ete, Imperfect. Pluperfect- que that que je fusse, I might be. j'eusse ete, lu fusses. thou might'st be.tu eusses^ete, il fut, he might be. il eOt^ete, nous fussions, we might be. nous^eussions^ete, vous fussiez, you might be. vous^eussiez^ete, ils fussent, they might be. ils^eussent^ete, MAKE EXERCISES 49, 50, 51. ts- H p Sr < P fD ^^ cr 1-^ fD R tJ P3 ^ to < H P CD HH cr B rti 3 'CfQ • !=r REGULAR VERBS. 173. How many conjugations have regular verbs 1 Four: — the first conjugation of verbs ending in er asdonner, the second " " " ir as finir, the third " " *•' oir as recevoir. the fourth " " " re as rendre. FIRST CONJUGATION. FIRST CONJUGATION. 174. Conjugate the verb " donner." 45 DONNER, to give. INFINITIVE. Present, donner, to give. Past. avoir donne, to have given. Present. Past. CompouTid. PARTICIPLES. donnant, en donnant, donne, ayant donne, giving, given, having given. INDICATIVE. Present je donne, I tu donnes, il donne, nous donnons, vous donnez, ils donnent, give, ihou givest. he gives, we give, you give, ihey give. Pirst Imperfect. je donnais, lu donnais, il donnait, nous donnions, vous donniez, ils donnaient, I did thoud he did we did you did they did OTQ 2d Imperfect or Preterit. je donnai, I gave, tu donnas, thou gavest. il donna, he gave, nous donnames, we gave, vous donnates, you gave, ils donnerenl, they gave. Perfect. j'ai donne, tu as donne, il a donne, nous avons donne, vous avez donne, ils ont donne, First Pluperfect. j'avais donne, tu avals donne, il avait donne, nous avions donne, vous aviez donne, ils avaient donne, '■2d Pluperfect. j'eus donne, tu eut donne, il eut donne, nous eiimes donne, vous eutes donne, ils eurent donne, < n orq a> J3 p orq S3* P CI' I I I « 46 FIRST CONJUGATION. 1 Future Simple. je donnerai, I shall '^. tu donneras, thou wilt % il donnera, he will nous donnerons, we shall vous donnerez, you will ils dunneront, they will Conditional Present. je donnerais, I should tu donnerais, thou would'st ildonnerait, he would nous donnerions, we should vous donneriez, you would ils donneraient, they would Future Compound. j'aurai donne, tu auras donne, il aura donne, nous aurons donne, vous aurez donne, ils auront donne. Conditional Past. on? CD ^3. j'aurais donne, o tu aurais donne, il aurait donne, IMPERATIVE. donne, qu'il donne, donnons, donnez, qu'ils donnent, give (thou), let him give, let us give, give (you), let them give. nous aurions donne g vous auriez donne, * ils auraient donne. rr o c_ ar- J SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. que that je donne, I may give. tu donnes, thou may'st give. il donne, he may give, uousdonnions, we may give vousdonniez, you may give ils donnent, they may give. Imperfect, que that je donnasse, tu don n asses, Perfect. que j'aie donne, tu aies donne, il ait donne, nous ayons donne, vous ayez donne, ils aient, donne, Pluperfect. que il donnar he miffht 3 ■ P 09 < CD nous donnassions, we might vous donnassiez, you might ils donnassent, they might I might ^.j'eusse donne, thou might'st ^ tu eusses donne, ^ il eut donne, < nouseussions donne g vous eussiez donne, ils eussent donne. org >5i FIRST CONJUGATION. 47 MAKE EXERCISES, 52, 53, 54, 55. 175. Conjugate the following verbs. chanter, to sing. parler, to speak, sauier, to spring. ecouter, to listen. 176- "What have you to observe about verbs ending in ger ? Verbs ending in " ger" always preserve the e be- fore a and o. je mange, tu manges, I eat. thou eat'st 11 mange, he eats. nous mangeons, we eat. vous mangez, ils mangent, you eat. they eat. 177. What have you to observe about verbs ending in cer 1 In verbs ending in cer, a cedilla must be placed below the c, before a and o. je force, I force, tu forces, thou forcest. 11 force, he forces, nous for9ons, we force, vous forcez, you force, ils forcent, they force. MAKE EXERCISE 56. SECOND CONJUGATION. 178. Conjugate the verb " Finir." FINIR, to finish. INFINITIVE. Presenty finir, to finish. Past^ avoir fini, to have finished. 48 SECOND CONJUGATION. PARTICIPLES. Present^ finissanl, en finissant, finishing. Past^ fini, finished. Com^ow7j.(/,ayantfini, having finished- INDICATIVE. Present. Perfect. Je finis, tu finis, il finit, nousfinissonSjWe finish, vous finissez, you finish, ils finissent, they finish I finish. J'ai fini, thou finishest.tu as fini, he finishes, il a fini, nous avons fini, vous avez fini, ils onl fini, First Imperfect. Je finissais, I did finish. tu finissais, thou didst finish. il finissait, he did finish, nous finissions, we did finish, vous finissiez, you did finish, ilsfinissaient, they did finish, '2d Imperfect or Preterit. Je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finimes vous finites, ils finirent. I finished. thou finished'st. he finished. we finished. you finished First Pluperfect. J'avais fini, tu avals fini, il avait fini, nous avions fini, vous aviez fini, ils avaient fini, '2d Pluperfect. J'eus fini, tu eus fini, il eut fini, nous eumes fini, vous eutes fini. CD P- =3 ^ Ihey finished, ils eurent fini, Future Simple. Je finirai, I shall finish. Future Compound. J'aurai fini, tu auras fini, il aura fini, tu finiras, thou wilt finish. il finira, he will finish. nousfinirons, weshallfinish. nous aurons fini, vous finirez, you will finish, vous aurez fini, ils finiront, they will finish, ils auront fini. C/5 p Vl' D- O ET O. P • < a '\ SECOND CONJUGATrON. 49 Conditional Present. Conditional Past. Je finirais, I should ^ J'auraisfini, ^ tu finirais, thou would'st 2. lu aurais fini, c»»gf il finirait, he would §- ilauraitfini, 2. c, nous finirions, we should ' nous aurions fini, ^^ vous finiriez, you wouli vous auriez fini, p-p* ils finiraient, they would lis auraient fini, ^ IMPERATIVE. Finis, finish (thou), qu'il finisse, let him finish, finissons, let us finish, finissez, finish (you), qu'ils finissent, let them finish. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Perfect. que that que Je finisse, I may -ihJ'aie fini, tu finisses, thou mays't 5.tu aies fini, il finisse, he may finish S-il ait fini, nous finissions, we may nous ayons fini, vous finissiez, you may vous ayez fini, ils finissent they may ils aient fini. Imperfect. Pluperfect'. que that que Je finisse, I might j-^. Jeusse fini, tu finisses, thou might'st °. tu eusses fini, '< ^ il finit, he might ~- il exit fini, & t-n nous finissions, we might " nous eussions fini, 2. g tf p r* < t3* n P » f-* 3 HH H^* I-. C/1 a CJ' p '<: p t^* vous finissiez, you might vous eussiez fini, B'aq' ils finissent, they might vous eussent fini, cu'?t MAKE EXERCISES 57, 58, 59, 60. Remark. — The pupil must pay particular attention in conjugating the present and imperfect subjunctive, these tenses being alike in all persons except the third person singular. 5 50 THIRD CONJUGATION. 179. Conjugate the following verbs : punir, to punish flechir, to soften choisir, to chose reussir, to succeed THIRD CONJUGATION. 180. Are there many verbs belonging to the third con- jugation ? No, a few only. N. B. A cedilla must be placed under the c when- ever it is followed by o or u. 181. Conjugate the verb recevoir. RECEVOIR, to receive. INFINITIVE. Present, recevoir. to receive. Past. avoir re9U, to have received. Present- Past. Compound. PARTICIPLES. recevant, en recevant refu, ayant re9U, , receiving, received, having received. INDICATIVE. Present. je re^ois, I receive, tu re^ois, thou receivest. il re9oit, he receives, nous recevons, we receive, vous recevez, you receive, ils re^oivent, they receive. Perfect. j'ai re^u, tu as refu, il a re9u, nous avons re9U, vous avez re9U, ils ont re9U, < a —i n n n ft) Ik THIRD CONJUGATION. 51 F^irst Imperfect' First Pluperfect. je recevais, I did receive. j'arais re^u, lu recevais, thou did'st receive. tu avais refu, ii recevait, he did receive- il avail re^u, nous recevions, we did receive. nous avions reru, vous receviez, you did receive, vous aviez recu, ils recevaient, they did receive, lis avaient re9U, "I O n 'id Imperfect or Preterit. je re^us, I received, tu rei;.us, thou received'st. il re9ut, he received, nous rei;-iimes, we received, vous refutes, you received. ils re^urent, they received. 'Hd Pluperfect. j'eus refu, tu eus refu 11 eut refu, nous eumes re^u, vous eutes recu, ils eurent re^u, ■-» n> rs n ■«? ft) Future simple. je recevrai, I shall tu recevras, thou wilt il recevra, he will nous recevrons, we shall vous recevrez, you will ils recevront, they will Future compound. j'aurai re^u, tu auras re9U, il aura refu, nous aurons rcQU, vous aurez re^u, ils auront re9U, ft) £3- CO Conditional present. je recevrais, I should a tu recevrais, thou would'st^ il recevrait, he would < nous recevrions, we should '^ vous recevriez, you would ils recevraient, they would Conditional past. j'aurais re9U, tu aurais re9U, il aurait re9U, nousaurions re9U vous auriez re9U, ils auraient re9U, CD ar' P' pa • < IMPERATIVE. re90is, qu'il re9oive, recevons, recevez, receive (thou), let him receive, let us receive, receive (you). qu'ils re9oivent, let them receive. 52 FOURTH CONJUGATION. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Perfect. ♦ que that que &- je resolve, I may n j'aie re9U, % ^ tu refoives, thou may'st a tu aies re9U, ^ ^ il re9oive, he may < il ait re9U, g Z, nous recevions, we may ^ nous ayons 1690, 2. g vous receviez, you may vous ayez re9U, « ^» ils re9oivent, they may ils aient re9U, P* Imperfect. Pluperfect. que that que je re9usse, I might ^ j'eusse re9U, ^ ^ tu re9usses, thou might'st ^ tu eusses re9U, « S- il re9ut, he might '^' il eut re9U, 5 ^ nous re9USsions, we might ? nouseussionsre9U g 3. vous re9ussiez, you might vous eussiez re9U, <'^ ils re9ussent, they might ils eussent re9U, •"' •^ MAKE EXERCISES 61, 62, 63. 182. Conjugate the following verbs, ape rce voir, to perceive, concevoir, to conceive. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 183. Conjugate the verb " rendre." RENDRE, to render. INFINITIVE. Present, rendre, to render, Past, avoir rendu, to have rendered. PARTICIPLES. Present, rendant, en rendant, rendering, Past. rendu, rendered, Compound, ayant rendu, having rendered. ^' FOURTH CONJUGATION. 53 Present. INDICATIVE. Perfect. Je rends, tu rends, il rend, nous rendons, vous rendez, ils rendent, I render, thou renderest, he renders, we render, you render, they render, J' ai rendu '-' tu as rendu, ^^ il a rendu, ^ ^ nous avons rendu, 9' ;^ vous avez rendu, ils ont rendu. 3 Pirst Imperfect. Je rendais, I did tu rendais, thou didst il rendait, he did nous rendions, we did vousrendiez, you did ils rendaient, they did IT D CO First Pluperfect. J' avais rendu, tu avals rendu, il avail rendu, nous avions rendu, vous aviez rendu, ils avaient rendu. CD 'v, n 2d Imperfect Preterit, 2d Pluperfect. Je rendis, I rendered, J' eus rendu, tu rendis, thou rendered'st,tu eus rendu, il rendit, he rendered, il eut rendu, nous rendimes, we rendered, nous eumes rendu, vous rendites, you rendered, vous euies rendu, ils rendirentj they rendered, ils eurent rendu. fD a Ct> Future Simple. Je rendrai, tu rendras, il rendra, nous rendrons, vous rendrez, ils rendront. I shall Ihou wilt he will we shall you will they will fD 3 (0 Conditional Present. I should Future Compound. J' aurai rendu, Ux auras rendu, il aura rendu, nous aurons rendu, nous aurez rendu, ils auront rendu, Conditional Past. thou would'st ^ Je rendrai?, tu rendrais, il rendrait, he would nous rendri'ins,we should vous rendriez, you would ils rendraient, they would •-8 fti I* J aurais tu aurais il aurait nous aurions vous auriez ils auraient n> a a, fn tr" t3 JO -I tr 9-< n ST 54 FOURTH CONJUGATION. IMPERATIVE. if : in Rends, qu'il rende, rendons, rendez, qu'ils rendent, render (thou) let him render let us render render (you) let them render. SUBJUNCTIVE. que J'e rende, tu rendes, il rende. Present. that Perfect. que J' aie rendu I may render, thou may'st render, tu aies rendu he may render, il ait rendu nous rendions, we may render, vous rendiez. you may render, ils rendent, they may render. nous ayons rendu § g vous ayez rendu S^ p Imperfect. que that Je rendisse, I might tu rendisses, thou mig il rendit, he might nous rendissionSjWe might vous rendissiez, you might ils rendissent, they might ht'st == ils aient rendu Pluperfect. que J'eusse tu eusses il eut nous eussions vous eussiez ils eussent >-< CD C p 3 P-orq •1-=" p,^ MAKE EXERCISES 64, 65, 66, 67. h. 184. Conjugate the following verbs. vendre, to sell. perdre, to loose, pendre, to hang. actendre, to wait. Important Remark. 185, Can you for instance say in French, " I do give or I did give" '? No ; I must say, " I give, I gave, Je donne, Je donnais. PASSIVE VERBS. 55 186. Can you say in French, " I am giving or I have been giving" ] No ; I must say, " I give, I have given," Je donne, J'ai donne. PASSIVE VERBS. 187. How do you conjugate passive verbs 1 By joinins: the participle past to the auxiliary verb 6tre, and conjugating them. INFINITIVE. Present, etre aime, to be loved. Past, avoir ete aime, to have been loved- PARTICIPLES. Present, etant aime, being loved. Past, ete aime, been loved. Compound, ayant eie aime, having been loved. INDICATIVE. Present. Perfect. Jesuisaime, m J'ai ete aime, i-t tu es aime, g tu as ete aime, ^^ il est aime, ^ il a ete aime, "o <> nous sommes aimes, ^ nous avons eie aimes, « ^ vous etes aimes, g^ vous avez ete aimes, • g ils sont aimes, • ils ont ete aimes, p 188. Conjugate all the four conjugations. MAKE EXERCISES 68, 69. PRONOMINAL VERBS. 189. "With what auxiliary verb do you conjugate pro- nominal verbs in compound tenses'? With etre. 56 VERES. Presetit. Je mepromene, tu te promenes, il se promene, nous nous promenons, vous vous promenez, ils se promenent, 190. Conjugate the whole verb Perfect. Je me suis, tu t' es, il s' est nous nous sommes vous vous etes ils se sont >-t O 3 C6> SO p p »— ' f* PTP • ?r P MAKE EXERCISES 70, 71. IMPERSONAL VERBS. P«i i 3|- 191. Inf. Part. Ind. Conjugate the impersonal verb y avoir, there to be. Sub. Pr. Past Pr. Past Pr. Perf. 1st Imp. 1st Plu. 2d Imp. 2d Plu. Fut. sim. Fut. comp Con. Pr. Con. Past. Pres. Perf. Imp. Plu. y avoir y avoir ea yayant y ayant eu il y a il y a eu il y avait, ily avait eu il y eut il y eut eu il y aura il y aura eu il y an rait il y aurait eu il y ait il y ait eu il y exit there to be there to have been there being there having been there is, are there has or have been there was, were there had been there was, were there had been there will be there will have been there would be there would have been there may be there may have been there might be there migfht have been il y eut eu Conjugate il neige, it snows, il semble, it appears arrive, it happens, il gele, it freezes. MAKE EXKRCrSES, 72, 73. -;ii.x CONJUGATION OF VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 192. What are the negations in French 1 ne-pa^, no or not ne-jamais, never ue-personne, nobody. ne-pomt, no or not ne-rien, nothing VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 57 193. Where do you place negations in simple tenses 1 Ne before the verb, and pas, point, jamais, rien, personne after it. Je ne re^ois pas, Je ne re^ois point, Je ne re9ois jamais, Je ne re(;;ois rien, Je ne re^ois personne. 194. Where do you place the negations in compound tenses 1 Ne before the auxiliary verb, and the second part of the negation between the verb and participle. Je n'ai pas, or point re9U, Je n'ai jamais re9U, Je n'ai rien reru. 195. Conjugate the auxiliary verbs and the four conju- gations with all the negations. MAKE EXERCISES, 74, 75. VERBS CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. 196. How do you conjugate a verb interrogatively *? By putting after the verb the nominative of the pronoun, which is commonly before it, and con- necting them with a small line. tu donnes, thou givest. donnes-tu, givest thoul 197. What must you do if the verb before je ends in e mule 1 An acute accent must be placed over the e. parle-je, do I speak. 198. What must you do if the verb before 11, ils, elle, elles ends with a vowel 1 A t must be placed between the verb and the pronoun- parlera-t-il, will he speak 1 199. Conjugate the verb donner with interrogations. Present. Perfect. donne-je, §- ai-je donne, g* donnes-tu, i-h as-tu donne, < donne-t-il, era a-t-il donne, hh donnons-nous, ^ avons-nous donne, 03^ donnez-vous, ' avez-vous donne, < donnent-ils, ont-ils donne, 3 MAKE EXERCISES, 76, 77. 58 IRREGULAR VERBS. VERBS WITH NEGATIONS INTERROGATIVELY CONJUGATED. 200. Conjugate the verb donner with negations and interrogations. Present. Ne donne-je pas,' Ne donnes-tu pas, Ne donne-t-il pas, Ne donnons-nous pas, Ne donnez-vous pas, Ne donnent-ils pas. o O eyons-nous, asse- yez-vous, s'asseyent, Sub. Pres. je m'asseye, asseyes, asseye, asvseyions, asseyiez, asseyent. Sub. Imp. je m'assise. DEVOIR, to owe, ought, must. 241. Conjugate the verb devoir. Infinitive, devoir, to owe, ought, must. Part. Pres. devant. Past. du. Ind. Pres. je dois, dois, doit, devons, devez, doivent 1st Imperf. je devais. 2d Imperf. je dus. Future. je devrai. Cond. je devrais. 1 IRREGULAR VERBS. 67 Imperative, dois, cloive, devons, devez, doivent. Sub. Pres. je doive, doives, doive, devion.s, deviez, doivent. Sub. Imp. je dusse. FALLOIR, to be necessary. 242. Conjugate the verb falloir. Falloir is an impersonal verb. Infinitive, falloir, to be necessary. Part. Pr. fallant. Past, fallu. Ind. Pres. il faut. 1st Imp. ilfallait. 2dlmp.il fallut. Future. il faudra. Cond. il faudrail. Sub. Pres. qu'il faille. Sub. Imp. qu'il fallut. MOUVOIR, to move. 243. Conjugate the verb mouvoir. Infinitive, mouvoir, to move- Part. Pr, mouvant. Past. mu. Ind. Pres. je meus, meus, meut, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent. 1st Imperf. je mouvais. 2d Imperf. je mus. Future. je mouvrai. Cond. je mouvrais. Impera. meus, meuve, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent Sub. Pres. je meuve, meuves, meuve, mouvions, mouviez, meuvent. Sub. Imp. je musse. 244. Which verb is conjugated after mouvoir"? emouvoir, to move. MAKE EXERCISE 87. PLEUVOIR, to rain, 245. Conjugate the verb pleuvoir. Pleuvoir is an impersonal verb. Infinitive, pleuvoir, to rain. Part. Pr. pleuvant. Past. plu. 68 IRREGULAR VERBS. Ind. Pres. il pleut. 1st Imperf. il pleuvait. 2d Iraperf. il plut. Future. il pleuvra. Cond. il pleuvrait. Sub. Pres. il pleuve. Sub. Imperf. il plut. POUVOIR, to be able. 246. Conjugate the verb pouvoir. Infinitive, pouvoir, to be able. Part. Pr. pouvant- Past. pu. Ind. Pres. je puis or peux, peux, peut, pouvons, pou- vez, peuvent. 1st Imperf. je pouvais. 2d Imperf. je pus. Future. je pourrai. Cond. jepourrais. Sub. Pres. je puisse, puisses, puisse, pouvions, pou- viez, puissent. Sub. Imp. je pusse. MAKE EXERCISE 88. SAVOIR, to know, to have a knowledge of. 247. Conjugate the verb savoir. Infinitive, savoir, to know. Part. Pres. sachant. Past. su. Ind. Pres. je sais, sais, sait, savons, savez, savent. 1st Imperf. je savais. 2d Imperf. je sus. Future. je saurai. Cond. je saurais. Imp. sache, sache, sachons, sachez, sachent. Sub. Pr. je sache, saches, sache, sachions, sachiez, sachent. Sub. Imp. je susse. VALOIR, to be worth. 248. Conjugate the verb valoir. Inf. valoir, to be worth. Part. Pr. valant. Past. valu. Ind. Pr. je vaux, vaux, vaut, valons, valez, valent, 1st. Imp. je valais. 2d Imp. je valus. IRREGULAR VERBS. 69 Future. je vaudrai. Cond. je vaudrais. Imperative, vaux, vaille, valons, vakz, vaillent. Sub. Pr. je vaille, vailles, vaille, valions, valiez, vaillent. Sub. Imp. je valusse. 249. Which verb is conjugated after valoir 1 equivaloir, to be equivalent. 250. How do you conjugate " prevaloirl" Prevaloir, to prevail, is conjugated after valoir, except in the Subj. Pres. which is, je prevale, pre- vales, prevale, prevalions, prevaliez, prevalent. MAKE EXERCISE 89. VOIR, to see. 251. Conjugate the verb voir. Infinitive, voir, to see. Part. Pr. voyant. Past. vu. Ind. Pr. je vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient. 1st. Imp. je voyais. 2d. Imp. je vis. Future- je verrai. Cond. je verrais. Imperative, vois, voie, voyons, voyez, voient. Sub. Pr. je voie, voies, voie, voyions, voyiez, voient. Sub. Imp. je visse. 252. Which verbs are conjugated after voir 1 Pre voir, to foresee, re voir, to see again, pourvoir, to provide. 253. How is the future of pre voir and pourvoir 1 je prevoirai and je pourvoirai. * VOULOIR, lobe willing. 254. Conjugate the verb vouloir. Infinitive, vouloir, to be willing. Part. Pr. vou- lant. Past, voulu. Ind. Pr. je veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, veulent. 1st Imp. je voiilais. 2d Imp. je voulus. I 70 IRREGULAR VERBS. Future. je voudrai. Cond. je voudrais. Imperative, veux, veuiile, veuillons, veuillez, veu- illent. Sub. Pr. je veuiile, veuilles, veuiile, voulions, vouliez, veuillent. MAKE EXERCISE 90. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 255. Which are the irregular verbs of the fourth con- jugation 1 battre, to strike. mettre, to put. boire, to drink. naitre, to be bom. conclure, to conclude. paraitre, to appear, conduire, to conduct. peindre, to paint, connaitre, to know. plaindre, to pity, coudre, to sew. plaire, to please, craindre, to fear. prendre, to take, croire, to believe. rire, to laugh, dire, to say. resoudre, to resolve, ecrire, to write. suffire, to suffice, faire, to make. suivre, to follow, feindre, to sham. se taire, to be silent, joindre, to join. vaincre, to vanquish, lire, to read. vivre, to live. BATTRE, to strike or beat. 256. Conjugate the verb battre. Infinitive, battre, to beat or strike. Part. Pr. bat- tant. Past, battu. Ind. Pr. je bats, bats, bat, bations, battez,battent. 1st Imp. je battais. 2d Imp. je battis. Future. je battrai. Cond, je battrais. Imperative, bats, batte, battons, battez, battent. Sub. Pr. je batte, battes, batte, battions, battiez, battent. Sub. Imp. je baltis^e. r IRREGULAR VERBS. 71 257. Which verbs are conjugated after batlre 1 abattre, to pull down ; combattre, to fight ; d^bat- tre, to debate. I BOIRE, to drink. 258. Conjugate the verb boire. Infinitive, boire to drink. Part. Pr. buvant. Past. bu. Ind. Pr. je bois, hois, boit, buvons, buvez,boivent. 1st Imp. je buvais. 2d Imp. je bus. Future. je boirai- Cund. je boirais- Imperative, bois, boive, buvons, buvcz, boivent. Sub. Pr. je boive, boives, boive, buvions, buviez, boivent. I I CONCLURE, to conclude. 259- Conjugate the verb conclure. Inf. conclure, to conclude. Part. Pr. con- cluant. Past, conclu. Ind. Pr. je conclus, conclus, conclut, concluons, concluez, concluent. 1st Imp. je concluais. 2d Imp. je conclus. Future. je conclnrai. Cond. je conclurais. Imperative, conclus, conclue, concluons, concluez, concluent. Sub. Pr. je conclue, conclues, conclue, conclu- ions, concluiez, concluent. Sub. Imp. je conclusse. 260. Which verb do you conjugate after '' conclure V Exclure, to exclude. CONDUIRE, to conduct. 261. Conjugate the verb " conduire." Inf. conduire, to conduct. Part. Pr. condui- sant. Past, conduit. kind. Pr, Je conduis, conduis, conduit, conduisons, conduisez, conduisent. 72 IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 1st Imp. Je conduisais. 2d Imp. Je conduisis. Fut. Je conduirai. Cond. Je conduirais. Imp. conduis, conduise, conduisons, conduisez, conduisent. Sub. Pr. Je conduise, conduises, conduise, condui- sions, conduisiez, conduisent. Sub. Imp. Je conduisisse. 263. Which verbs are conjugated after " conduire T* reduire, to reduce ; deduire, to deduct ; instruire, to instruct, &c. MAKE EXERCISE 91. CONNAITRE, to know. 263. Conjugate the verb " connaitre." Inf. connaitre, to know. Part. Pr. connais- sant. Past, connu. Ind. Pr. Je connais, connais, connait, connaissons, connaissez, connaissent. 1st Imp. Je connaissais. 2d Imp. Je connus. Fut. Je connailrai. Cond. Je connaitrais. Imp. connais, connaisse, connaissons, connais- sez, connaissent. Sub. Pr. Je connaisse, connaisses, connaisse, con- naissions, connaissiez, connaissent. Sub. Imp. Je connusse. 264. Which verbs are conjugated after " connaitre 1" Reconnaitre, to know again ; raeconnaitre, to mistake; paraitre, to appear; apparaitre, to appear; disparaitre, to disappear. COUDRE,tosew. 265. Conjugate the verb '' coudre." Inf. Coudre, to sew. Part. Pr.cousant. Past, cousu. Ind. Pr. Je couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, cousent. 1st Imp. Je cousais. 2d Imp. Je cousis. ( I IRREGULAR VERBS. 73 Future, Je coudrai. Cond. Je coudrais. Imp. Couds, couse, cousons, cousez, cousent. Sub. Pr. Je couse, cou.ses, couse, cousions, cousiez, cousent. Sub. Imp. Je cousisse. CRAINDRE, to fear. 266. Conjugate the verb craindre. Inf. craindre, to fear. Part. Pr. craignant. Past, craint. Ind. Pr. Je crains, crains, craint, craignons, craig- nez, craignent. 1st Imp. Je craignais. 2d Imp. Je craignis. Fut. Je craindrai. Cond. je craindrais. Imp. crains, craigne, craignons, craignez, craig- nent. Sub. Pr. Je craigne, craignes, craigne, craignions, craigniez, craignent. Sub. Imp. Je craignisse. 267. Which verbs are conjugated after craindre 1 Feindre, to sham ; joindre, to join; paindre, to paint; se plaindre, to complain ; plaindre, to pity; teindre, to dye ; eteindre, to extinguish. CROIRE, to believe. 263. Conjugate the verb croire. Inf. croire, to believe. Part. Pr. croyant. Past, cru. Ind. Pr. jecrois,crois, croit,croyons, croyez,croient. 1st. Imp. je croyais. 2d Imp. je crus. Future, je croirai. Cond. je croirais. Imp. crois, croie, croyons, croyez, croient. Sub. Pr. je croie, croies, croie, croyions, croyiez, croient. Sub. Imp. je crusse. 7 74 IRREGULAR VERBS. 269. Which verb is conjugated after croire *? Accroire, to make believe. MAKE EXERCISE 92. DIRE, to say. 270, Conjugate the verb dire. Inf. dire, to say. Part. Pr. disant. Past, dit. Ind. je dis, dis, dit, disons, dites, disent. 1st Imp. je disais. 2d Imp. je dis, dis, dit, dimes, diies, dirent. Fut, je dirai. Cond. Je dirais. Imp. dis, dise, disons, dites, disent. Sub. Pr. je dise, dises, dise, disions disiez, disent. Sub. Imp. je disse- 271. Which verbs are conjugated after dire. Predire, to foretell; iniredire, to forbid; medire, to slander, &c. are conjugated after dire ; except in the 2d person plural, Ind. Pres. which is predisez, me- disez, &c. ECRIRE, to write. 272. Conjugate the v^erb ecrire. Inf. ecrire, to write. Part. Pr. ecrivant. Past, ecrit. Ind. Pres. J'ecris, ecris, ecrit, ecrivons, ecrivez, ecri- vent. 1st Imp. J'ecrivais. 2d Imp. J'ecrivis. Future. J'ecrirai. Cond. J'ecrirais- Impera. ecris, ecrive, ecrivons, ecrivez, ecrivent. Sub. Pres. J'ecrive, ecrives, ecrive, ecrivions, ecri- viez, ecrivent. Sub. Imp, J'ecrivisse. 273. Which verbs are conjugated after ecrire 1 Decrire, to describe ; prescrire, to prescribe ; sou- se rire, to subscribe, &c. IRREGULAR VERBS. 75 FAIRE, to do, to make. 274. Cunjuo:ate the verb faire. Infinitive, faire, to make. Part, Pr. faisant. Past. fait. Infl- Pres. Je fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font. Isi Imperf. Je faisais. 2nd. Impf. Je fis. Future. Je ferai. Cond. Je ferais. Imp. fais, fasse, faisons, faites, fassent. Sub. Pres. je fasse, fasses, fasse, fassious, fassiez, fassent. Sub. Imp. je fisse. 275. Which verbs are conjugated after faire "? Satisfaire, to satisfy ; defaire, to undo ; contre- faire, to counterfeit ; refaire, to do again ; surfaire, to overdo. LIRE, to read. 276. Conjugate the verb lire. Infinitive, lire, to read. Part. Pr. lisant. Past. lu. Ind. Pres. je lis, lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent. 1st Imperf. je lisais. 2d Imperf. je lus- Future. je lirai. Cond. je lirais. Imp. lis, Use, lisons, lisez, lisent. Sub. Pres. je Use, Uses, Use, lisions, lisiez, lisent. Sub. Imp. je lusse. 277. Which verbs are conjugated after lire. elire, to elect. relire, to read over again. MAKE EXERCISE 93. METTRE, to put. 278. Conjugate the verb mettre. Infinitive, mettre. to put. Part. Pres. mettant. Past. mis. Ind. Pres. je mets, mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent 1st Imperf. je mettais. 2d Imperf. je mis. 76 IRREGULAR VERBS. Future. je mettrai. Cond. je mettrais. Imp. mets, mette, meltons, mettez, mettent. Sub, Pres. je mette, mettes, mette, mettions, mettiez, mettent. Sub. Imp. je misse. 279. Which verbs are conjugated after mettre 1 Admettre, to admit ; coramettre, to commit ; omet- Ire, to omit ; permettre, to permit; soumeitre, to subject, &c. NAITRE, to be born. 280. Conjugate the verb naitre. Infinitive, naitre, to be born. Part, Pr, naissant. Past. ne. Ind Pres. jenais, nais, nait, naissons, naissez,naissent 1st Imperf. je naissais. 2d Imperf. je naquis. Future. je naitrai. Cond. je naiirais. Imp. nais, naisse, naissons, naissez, uaissent. Sub. Pr. je naisse. Imp. je naquisse. PARAITRE, to appear. 281. Conjugate the verb paraitre. Paraitre and apparaitre, to appear ; and dispa- raitre, to disappear ; are conjugated after connaitre. PEINDRE, to paint. k 282. Conjugate the verb peindre. " Peindre, to paint, is conjugated after craindre. I PLAINDRE, to pity. 283. Conjugate the verb plaindre. Plaindre, to pity; and se plaindre, to complain ; are conjugated after craindre. MAKE EXERCISE 94. '■U> IRREGULAR VERBS. 77 r PRENDRE, to take. 284. Conjugate the verb prendre. , Infinitive, prendre, to take. Part. Pr. prenant. ' Fast. pris. Ind. Pres. je prend.--, prends, prend, prenons, prenez, prenueni. 1st Imperf. je prenais. 2d Imperf. je pris. Future. je prendrai. Cond. je prendrais. Imp. prends, prenne, preaons, prenez, prennent. Sub. Pres. je prenne, prennes, prenne, prenions, pren- iez, prenneni. Sub. Imp. je prisse. 285. Which verbs are conjugated after prendre 1 Apprendre, to learn ; comprendre, to understand ; entrepreudre, to undertake ; surprendre, to surpriise. RIRE, to laugh. 286. Conjugate the verb rire. Infinitive, rire, to laugh. Part. Pr. riant. Past, ri* Ind. Pres. je ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient. 1st Imperf. je riais- 2d Imperf. je ris. Future. je rirai. Cond. je rirais. Imp. ris, rie, rions, riez, rient. Sub. Pres. je rie, ries, rie, riions, riiez, rient. Sub. Imp. je>i.sse. 287. Which verb is conjugated after rire 1 Sourire, to smile. RESOUDRE, to resolve. 288. Conjugate the verb resoudre. Infinitive, resoudre, to resolve. Part. Pr. resolvant. Past, resolu. Ind. Pres. je resous, resous, resout, resolvons, resol- vez, resolvent. 1st Imperf. je resolvais. 2d Imperf je resolus. Future. je r^soudrai. Cond. je resoudrais. 7* 78 IRREGULAR VERBS. Imp- resous, r6solve, resolvons, resolvez, resol- vent. Sub. Pres, je resolve, resolves, resolve, resolvions, re- solviez, resolvent Sub. Imp. je resolusse. 289. Which verb is conjugated after resoudre "? Absoudre, to absolve. MAKE EXERCISE 95. SUFFIRE, to suffice. 290. Conjugate the verb suffire. Infinitive, suffire, to suffice. Part. Pr. suffisant. Past, suffi. Ind. Pres. je suffis, suffis, suffit, suffisons, suffisez, suf- fisent. 1st Imp. je suffisais. 2d Imp. je suffis. Future, je suffirai, Cond. je suffirais. Imper. suffis, suffise, suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. Sub. Pr. je suffise, sutfises, suffise, suffisions, suffisiez, suffisent. Sub- Imp. je suffisisse. SUIVRE, to follow. 591. Conjugate the verb suivre. Inf. suivre, to follow. Part. Pr. suivant. Past, suivi. Ind. Pr. je suis, suis, suit, suivons, suivez, sui- vent. 1st. Imp. je suivais. 2d Imp. je suivis. Future. je suivrai. Cond. je suivrais. Imper. suis, suive, suivons, suivez, suivent. Sub. Pr. je suive, suives, suive, suivions, suiviez, suivent. Sub. Imp. je suivisse. 292. Which verb is conjugated after suivre *? Poursiuivre, to persecuie. MAKE EXERCISE 96. 1 I IRREGULAR VERBS. 79 SE TAIRE, to be silent. 293. Conjugate the verb se taire. Se taire is conjugated afier plaire. VAINCRE, to vanquish. 294. Conjugate the verb vaincre. Vaincre is generally used in compound tenses. Inf. Vaincre, to vanquish. ' Part, Pr. vain- quant. Past, vaincu. Ind. Pr. je vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent. 1st. Imp, je vainquais. 2d Imp. je vainquis. Future. je vaincrai. Cond. je vaincrais. Imperative, vaincs, vainque, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent. Sub. Pr. je vainque, vainques, vainque, vainqui- ons — iez— ent. Sub. Imp. je vainquisse. 295. Which verb is conjugated after vaincre 1 Convaincre, to convince. VIVRE, to live, 296. Conjugate the verb vlvre. Inf. vivre, to live. Part. Pr. vivant. Past. vecu. Ind. Pr. je vis, vis, vjt, vivons, vivez^ vivent. Isi Imp. je vivais. 2d. Imp. je vecus. Future. je vivrai. Cond. je vjvrais. Imperative, vis, vive, vivons, vjvez, vivent. Sub. Pr. je vive, vives, vive, vivions, viviez, Vivent. Sub. Imp. je vecusse. 297. Which verbs are conjugated after vivre ? Survivre, to survive, and revivre, to revive. MAKE EXERCISE 97. so OF ADVERBS. CHAPTER VI. OF ADVERBS. 298. What is an adverb 1 An adverb is a word, added to a verb, participle, adjective, or another adverb ; and generally ex- presses lime, place, degree, or manner. 299. How are adverbs divided ? Into adverbs, derived from adjectives and original adverbs, 300. How do you derive adverbs from adjectives ending in a vowel 1 By simply adding " raent" to the adjective, as : modeste, modest ; modestement, modestly. A few adjectives ending in e mute require an ac- cent over the e, before being changed into adverbs, as : conforme, conformement, conformably. 301. How do you derive adverbs from adjectives ending with a consonant 1 By making the adjective feminine and adding " ment." grand, grande, grandement. 302. Can adverbs be declined 1 No. 303. Can adverbs be compared 1 Some adverbs can be compared like adjectives, as souvent, often; plus souvent, le plussouvent. 304. Are there any adverbs, which have an irregular comparison 1 Yes ; the following three adverbs have an irregu- lar comparison. bien, well. mieux, belter- le mieux, best, mal, bad. pis, worse. le pis, worst, peu, little. moins, less. le moins, least. OF ADVERBS. 81 SYNTAX OF THE ADVERBS. 305. Where do you place adverbs in simple tenses'? Always al'ier the verb, as: He often speaks, il parle sou vent. 30G. Where do you place adverbs, in compound tenises? Between the auxiliary verb and the participle, as He has ofien spoken, il a souvent parle. But compound adverbs are placed after the par- ticiple, as He has spoken with the greatest possible modesty. II a parle le plus modestement possible. ORIGINAL ADVERBS. 307. Tell me the principal original adverbs. apres, after maintenant, ^..-^ Ar,^..;^ after to mor-mieux, apres-demain, ^^^^ ^^,^^' a, present, a peu pres, assez de, aussi, autant de, autrefois, avant-hier, beaucoup de, bien, certes, d'abord, ensuite, hier, ici, jamais, la, de, at present peu de, nearly peut-etre, enough pis, as plus de, as many plutot, formerly point de, the day beforepres, yesterday partout, much well certainly at first afterwards yesterday here never there badly quelquefois, rien, si, souvent, oil, lot, tard, trop de, volonliers, y, now better less little, few perhaps worse more rather no near everywhere sometimes noihmg so often where soon late too much willingly there mal, 308. What adverbs require the partitive article de before the noun with which they are connected 1 82 OF PREPOSITIONS. assez, autant, beaucoup, moins, peu, plus, point, trop : as — assez d'argent, enough money, beaucoup de livres, many books. MAKE EXERCISE 98. CHAPTER VII. OF PREPOSITIONS. 309. What is a preposition ? A preposition is a word used :o express some re- lation of diflferent things to each other. 310. Where are prepositions placed ? Generally before a noun or a pronoun : as — apres mon frere, after my brother, apres vous, after you. 311. Tell me the principal prepositions. apres, after hormis, except avant, before malgre, in spite of avec, with moyennant , by means o chez, at nonobstant notwithstar contre, against outre, besides dans. in par, by depuis, since pour. for des, since pendant. during derriere, behind parmi, among devant, before sans. without durant, during selon, according en, in sous, under entre. between suivant, according envers, towards sur. upon, on excepte, excepted touchant, concerning hors, save vers, towards MAKE EXERCISE 99. OF CONJUNCTIONS. CHAPTER VIII. 83 OF CONJUNCTIONS. 312. What is a conjunction'? A conjunction is a word used to connect words and sentences. 313. Tell me the principal conjunctions. a condition, on condition neanmoins, however ainsi. thus ou, or a moins que , unless outre que, besides au moins, at least parceque, because car, for pour que, in order that cependant, however puisque. since c'est-a-dire, that is pourtant, yet comme, as quoique. although d'ailleurs, besides savoir, that is de plus, moreover si que. as du moins, at least sinon que. unless enfin, at last si. if et, and toutefois, although mais, but tantot, now » MAKE EXERCISE 100. • CHAPTER IX. 1 OF INTERJECTIONS. 314. What is an interjection 1 An interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind. helas, alas hola, hallo ah, ah halte la, stop fi, fy ouais, lackaday chut, silence aliens, let us go. END OF THE GRAMMAR. cr o^ cr '^ cr ^ o o CD p p o o c o P o Ooccfcpf''tfo»-"^p (-; SS. <-; !-• r- I--- H-K, Xr ""^ >-^ J-i-, ooppc;o r^' p crq Crcj cfQ crq Qpq uq oo'^ft>PP!=ioizL:® p oo^cDPPciotri-CDp ^. ^- e §• g §• 5 3 ::^ B 3 3 ^ OOfDcDPPiiO'-' g 3- g 5- g 5- ^ ^ ^ » 5 CD p ooa)CDPPi:iO':;-CDp ^ ^-^ ^-^ ^-^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ OOCDCDPPiiOC"'^P r- i-.r-! H-.rr t'-.-i f-i "^ i-S >-< c ^' c: -• g E^- c» CB «» c» OB "■' CO '^ C» P OOCDCDPPtfOS-'OP o f > O z Q a; O O Z Z K CS H IS o H a o z CO O Z Z H CO O w o P3 w X! w O I— I w (72 O Pi t?J t> o I— I O O O CD CD P p d o 5" C5 P "=! <5 <^ ccrccrcrcT'cr cccrcra- OoOOCOOoOOOO OOST'COPPCO^-Cti P p: ^. CD j2 -. ^ ►-. orq o oof;;"o-• O o 51 c» o 2; >• H OS O O z 2: t4 o H w o 333333553333 00 f^<:i>2f"^^®'"' OP p ►-. ^" ci ^ j:; ^• g- 2. CD O P OoS^rtmpp5CO'-"CDfjj O CD CD CD I— ' • ^^ r-i h^ . OOmCDCDppCO'^'CD b 1—. CD «-♦■ CD CD P P s < CD CD c < CD O O o Q «) 8 86 Whenever the pupil has any doubt about the pronunciation, the teacher, before correcting him, should refer him to the rule corre- sponding with the number placed upon the syllable. SECOND DEGREE. EXERCISES ON THE SPECIAL Rule 12. READING RULES 22 12 9 12 9 22 beau-te clar-te par-le 42 14 12 10 12 9 22 quan-ti-te res-te Rule 13. van-te 15 13 15 13 9 13 don-ne for-te gran-de 15 13 9 13 28 13 hom-me par-le Rule 16. rou-le 16 16 16 du glu jus 16 28 16 16 lu mou-lu Rule 21. plus SI 21 45 21 faim mai-son nain 21 21_ 45 21 pain rai-son Rule 22. vain 22 41 9 22 22 au-cuti ba-teau beau 22 45 22 13 9 22 cau-ser chau-ve Rule 23. gk-Xeau 9 23 13 23 13 23 13 ba-lei-ne pei-ne nei-ge 23 23 13 15 23 peint rei-ne so-leii SPECIAL RRADING RULES. 87 Rule 24. 24 coeur 9 24 mal-heur 16 24 fu-reur 24 moeurs Rule 25. 15 24 hor-reur 15 24 vo-leur 14 25 fi-nie 15 10 25 mo-des-tie 15 25 gros-sie 22 25 pe-rie Rule 26. 15 9 25 mo-nar-cliie 16 25 u-uie 26 bien 26 lien 26 chien 26 48 vau-rien Rule 27. 43 26 gar-dien 26 viens 10 27 de-voir 27 loi 27 roi 9 28 sa-voir Rule 28. 28 48 pou-voir 27 48 voi-sin 14 28 bi-joii 28 48 niou-rir 23 13 gour-de 28 21 pour-rai Rule 30. 28 28 jou-jou 28 50 ou-vert 30 ay ant 50 pays Rule 31. 30 payer 31 13 char-me 31 13 cho-se 31 13 chai-re 31 4y chauf-fer 31 31 cher-cher 10 cher 88 SPECIAL READING RULES. Rule 32. , 14 50 gi-let 14 50 gi-got Rule 33. 14 50 gi-sant 10 13 guer-re 33 13 gui-de 12 48 gue-rir , Rule 34. 9 34 ba-gne 43 48 lor-gnon 43 13 bor-gne 15 14 34 ros-si-gnol Rule 35. 14 49 i si-gner 10 34 48 es-pa-gnol 9 50 ha-bit 9 13 ha-che 24 13 heu-re 14 38 hi-bou Rule 36. 15 13 hom-me 15 13 h6-te 14 50 bil-let 14 13 fil-le 9 36 13 ba-tail-le 13 mail-le 14 28 36 13 ci-trou-il-le 14 13 vil-le , Rule 38. 38 9 49 em-bras-ser 38 dent 38 13 fem-me 38 50 en-fant Rule 40. 38 61 13 tem-pe-te 38 50 veu-dant 40 21 im-pair 31 40 che-min 40 13 . sin-ge 40 cinq Rule 41. 40 9 13 tim-ba-le 40 48 din-don 22 41 au-cun 31 41 cha-cun 15 41 com-mun SPECIAL READING RULES- 89 Rule 42. 9 13 9 42 48 qiiat-re quart que-rir 40 13 40 42 42 13 quin-te quin-quet Rule 44, 45. quoi-que 44 48 9 13 14 38 13 sau-mon sa-ge si-len-ce 9 45 12 22 12 14 49 ra-ser re-seau Rule 46. re-si-gner 28 46 13 46 46 50 pour-sui- -vre suis Rule 48. sui-vant 9 48 31 arc bon chef 21 44 48 clair sel Rule 49. turc 15 49 15 14 26 44 49 dori-ner of-fi-cier Rule 50. soii-ner 9 50 50 28 a-mis bord bourg 9 31 12 50 bras chaux e-tat 28 50 9 50 loup trop Rule 51. tan-tot 16 26 43 J3 duca-t-ancien tro-p-aimable 9 13 31 50 regar-d-affable che-z-eux 8* yM 3PECIAL READING RULES. Rule 52. 22 50 44 38 faux-(z)- amis Rule 53. sans-(z)argent 9 53 48 15 53 48 12 15 16 53 48 ac-ti-on po-ti-on Rule 54. re-vo-lu-ti-on 9 54 24 54 16 54 avaient eurent furent 21 38 38 28 38 au-vent lent Rule 55. sou-vent 43 22 55 14 certes faus-ses Rule 60. rires 31 13 44 31 14 60 13 che-re se-che Rule 62. fi-de-le 9 43 16 9 62 13 9 G2 a-per-9U fa-Qa-de fa-Qon MONOSYLLABLES. 9 48 55 38 a bal tes gens 50 50 55 50 an has ses pris 60 50 50 50 arc car tel lis 9 13 42 48 ma ce quel il 9 50 33 14 ta cerf lent cri 9 55 38 40 sa mes prend cinq MON'OSYLLABLES. 91 32 48 24 27 git snr neuf roi 40 16 24 27 ^ crin dru peur croix 40 48 24 28 vingt dur jeu lout 48 16 33 28 bloc lu gueux clou 50 21 24 28 blond bain moeurs bourg 13 21 24 28 comme vain coeur lourd 48 21 26 28 mon mais bien pour 48 21 26 . 28 ton chair rien nous 44 21 26 28 son sain lien vous 50 21 26 16 dont lait liens buis 50 21 31 16 plomb frais chien cuit 16 21 26 16 fus gain viens cuir 16 23 27 16 cru ceint bois nuit 16 23 27 28 bu sein loi oui 16 24 27 brut bleu moi 50 24 27 plus eux loi 48 24 44 due fleur soi 92 WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. 9 24 12 21 22 24 ac - teur e - clair * hau - teur 9 22 10 50 9 21-50 an - neau ef-fet ja - mais 9 48 12 16 28 49 ac - tif e - cu jou-er 9 48 12 28-50 16 13 ba- ton e - poux ju-ge 9 40 9 22 9 42-50 ba - din far - deau la-quais 21 45 15 50 14 42-24 bai - se fo - ret li - queur 9 48 14 48 15 33-24 bal - con fri - pon Ion - gueur 9 12 16 24 40 13 ca - fe fu - reur lin - ge 9 48 9 13 9 13 ca - rion ga-ge mar- bre 9 13 32 50 24 13 cal - me gi - got meu - ble 9 48 33 13 38 13 cap -tif guer - re mem - bre 31 48 33 13 28 42 char - bon gui - de moiis - quet 31 40 35 50 9 49 che - min ha - bit nat- ler 10 14 35 24 14 23 de- mi hor - reur ni- veau 12 59 21 13 14 22_50 de- j^ * hai - ne ni - gaud 14 28-50 35 14 15' 24 dis - cours * har-di nom - breux ^_lgglggll WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. 93 43 13 9 28-50 28 22 or - dre ra - gout trou - peau 15 13 21 48 16 14 om - bre rai - son u - ni 15 13 38 14 16 12 on - cle rem - pli u - se 9 21 10 34 9 37 pa- lais re - gne va - cant 23 13 22 13 14 34 pei - ne sau- ce vi - gne 15 31 21 14 10 48 po - che sai - si ve - nir 15 50 44 34 27 12 pro - gr6s si - gne voi - 16 42 13 44 50 12 12 qua - Ire sue - c^s ze - le 42 13 9 48 quel -que ta - bac 42 48 15 22 que - rir torn - beau WORDS OF THREE SYLLABLES. 9 37 48 10 38 37 a - ban - don ce - pen - dant 9 14 13 15 15 16 a - bl - ine con -fo n - du 9 53 48 16 45 13 ac - ti - on cui - si - ne 28 36 13 37 10 24 bou - teil - le dan -ge - reux 28 10 13 10 16 13 brou - et - te des -po - te 22 53 48 12 14 49 cau - ti - on de- cli. ■ ncr 94 WORDS OF THREE SYLLABLES. 12 31 49 28 9 26 e - chan - ger jour - na - lier 38 10 24 16 13 54 em - pe - reur ju - ge - ment 38 23 34 37 9 13 en - sei - gne Ian - ga - ge 9 14 42-13 14 9 62 fa - bri - que li - ma - 9on 14 9 13 15 13 54 fi - las - se lo - ge - ment 24 14 13 9 32 50 fleu - ris - te ma - gis - trat 9 37 48 12 15 13 ga - ran - tir me - tho - de 33 22 13 12 14 12 gui - mau - ve ne - gli - ge 28 43 24 15 14 50 gou - ver - neur o - bli - geant 35 14 50 15 23 36 ha - bi - tant o - reil - le 43 15 13 15 38 49 hor - lo - ge of- fen - ser 43 14 54 9 10 24 bar - di - ment pa - res - seux 35 24 45 28 14 60 hon - teu - se pous - si - ere 14 15 49 16 12 48 im - mo - ler pu - e - ril 40 14 49 42 43 13 im - pri - mer qua - tor - ze 14 38 45 42 37 13 im - men - se quit - tan - ce 24 10 13 21 45 12 jeu - nes - se rai - son - ne WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES. 95 10 45 12 re - ser - ve 44 13 54 sa - ge- nient 44 37 13 se - an - ce 28 21 49 sou - hai - ter 16 12 49 sue - ce - der 38 10 13 ten - dres - se 38 12 12 tern - pc - re 16 45 13 u - sa - ge 9 37 13 va - can 27 16 vol - tu 12 14 ze phi ce 13 re 33 re WORDS OF 9 37 15 49 a- ban - don - ner 9 14 16 12 as - si - dui - te 22 9 43 37 au - pa - ra - vant 43 9 13 54 bar - ba - re - ment 16 9 13 54 bru - ta - le - ment 15 16 21 48 con - ju - gai - son 15 10 15 37 cor -res - pon -dant 15 14 53 48 con - vie - ti - on 9 37 9 13 (la - van - ta - ge 14 10 13 54 di - rec - te - ment FOUR SYLLABLES. 38 14 45 12 em - pri - son - ne 10 9 9 13 es - da - va - ge 10 12 38 13 es - pe - ran - ce 9 14 13 54 fa - ci - le - ment 14 60 13 54 fi - de - le - ment 28 43 37 13 gou - ver - nan - te 35 14 16 13 ha - hi - tu - de 35 24 45 54 * hi - deu - se - ment 14 34 37 13 i - gno - ran - ce 9 28 24 13 ja - lou - si - e 96 WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES. 9 34 14 13 9 15 15 49 ma ■ • gni - fi - que ra - com - mo - der 10 23 36 13 10 12 13 54 mer - veil - leu - se se - ere - te - ment 12 14 38 54 44 14 14 24 ne - gli- gem - ment so - ]i - ci - teur 28 10 13 55 16 14 37 50 ou - ver - te - ment suf - fi - san - ce 9 23 36 54 9 16 53 48 pa- reil - le- ment tra - due - ti - on 15 15 12 58 9 42 13 54 pro - fOR -de- ment tran - quil - le - ment 42 14 ls 49 16 14 10 45 qiies - ti - on - ner u - ni - ver - sel 10 15 37 49 12 14 9 13 re- com ■ ■ man - der ve - ri - ta - ble THIRD DEGREE. 50 41 38 50 AVIS A UN EN-FANT. 10 28 50 13 12 15 13 9 9 21 48 50 1. Re-tour-nez de I'e-co-le a la mai-son sans 28 50 9 43 49 43 55 55 15 10 13 vous^_^ar-re-ter par les rues ; mo-des-te- 54 63 9 14 13 50 ' 26 49 14 15 38 49 ment ; c'est-a-di-re sans cri-er ni of-fen-ser 43 15 13 22 15 21 13 14 63 28 50 40 per-son-ne, au con-trai-re, si I'on vous^_^in- 16 25 50 15 38 45 38 16 50 13 28 9 ju-rie et of-fen-se, en-du-rez-le pour I'a- 28 13 26 24 50 15 55 38 28 61 13 mour de Dieii, et di-tes^_,en vous me-me ; 26 24 28 15 13 9 9 13 13 28 10 38 Dieu Yous don-ne la gra-ce de vous re-pen- THIRD DEGREE. 97 48 13 15 13 22 13 50 28 43 15 13 15 tir de vo-tre fan te et vous par-don-ne, com- 13 13 28 43 15 13 me je vous par-don-iie, 42 28 38 15 10 50 42 13 43 15' Quand vous ren-con-tre-nez quel-que per-son- 13 13 15 13 15 21 37 13 9 16 50 9 13 ne de vo-ue con-nais-san-ce ; sa-lu-ez-la le 10 26 43 13 13 62 16 13 9 53 48 pre-mier, par-ce-que c'est_u-ne ac-ti-on 63 16 14 14 12 d' hu-mi-li-te. 42 28 38 10 50 31 28 28 50 3. Quand vous_en-tre-rez chez vous, ou dans 42 13 22 13 21 48 44 16 50 24 42 quel-que au-tre niai-son, sa-lu-ez ceux que 28 17 28 10 50 VOUS y trou-ve-rez. 14 24 42 50 28 27 16 28 28 15 Si ceux qui ont pou-voir sur vous, vous com- 37 54 42 13 31 13 42 27 35 61 13 man-dent quel-que cho-se, qui soit hon-ne-te 13 42 28 16 26 21 13 15 12 14 50 24 et que vous puis-siez fai-re, o-be-is-sez-leur 15 15 26 50 15 13 54 vo-lon-tiers et promp-te-ment. 14 63 28 14 9 21 13 14 13 42 13 Si Ton vous com-man-dait de di-re quel-que 9 15 13 28 13 21 13 12 13 9 53 48 22 pa-ro-le, ou de fai-re quel-que ac-ti-on mau- 21 13 12 14 58 42 28 13 13 28 50 vai-se, re-pon-dez, que vous ne le pou-vez 40 21 13 22 50 42 13 9 12 21 9 point fai-re, d'au-lant que ce-la de-plait^_^a 24 Dieu. 43 50 28 26 9 9 13 28 36 24 13 Gar-dez-vous bien, a ta-ble, ou ail-leurs de 9 98 THIRD DEGREE. 10 9 43 13 38 13 10 13 28 21 13 de-man-(ler, de pren-dre et de sous-trai-re 38 9 31 13 28 22 13 54 13 63 48 22 en ca-chet.-te, ou au-tre-ment, ce qu' on au- 9 44 14 13 61 13 28 13 13 10 50 50 ra ser-vi, et me-me vous ne le de-vez pas 10 43 49 9 48 38 25 re-gar-der a-vec en-vie. 42 48 28 15 10 9 42 13 31 13 10 7. Quand on vous don-ne-ra quel-que cho-se, re- 13 50 10 9 48 10 50 50 10 43 14 50 10 ce-vez le a-vec res-pect et re-mer-ci-ez ce- 16 18 10 13 42 28 22 9 14 12 lui, au cel-le, qui vous I'au-ra don-ne. 13 28 9 12 50 40 9 9 13 14 63 13 8. Ne vous^_^as-se-yez point^^a tab-le, si Ton ne 28 17 40 14 13 vous,^^y in-vi-te. 9 50 50 16 13 28 13 54 50 15 63 13 9. Man-gez et bu-vez dou-ce-ment et hon-ne-te- 54 50 9 14 14 12 50 10 50 ment, sans.,^a-vi-di-te et sans^^ex-ces. 13 43 50 '0 13 15 13 21 48 50 38 10. Ne sor-tez point de vo-tre mai-son sans^_^en 10 9 49 50 50 9 27 15 10 16 9 41 de-man-der et sans^^a-voir ob-te-nu la per- U 14 48 mis-si-ou. 63 50 40 9 48 55 38 50 14 14 28 11. N'al-lez point^^a-vec les^_^en-fans vi-ci-eux 50 12 31 • 48 50 28 54 28 16 13 et me-chans ; car ils peu-vent vous nui-re 28 13 50 50 28 62 13 pour le corps et pour I'a-me. 42 28 22 50 38 16 12 42 13 12. Quand vous^_au-rez em-prun-te quel-que THIRD DEGREE. 99 31 13 38 50 13 22 16 50 50 63 38 50 cho-se, ren-dez-le au plu-tot et n'al-ten-dez 50 63 28 13 10 37 10 pas qu'on vous le de-man-de. 43 13 28 22 50 9 43 49 9 42 13 13. Lors-que voiis^_^au-rez^_^a par-ler a quel-que 43 15 13 42 44 9 15 16 13 12 38 50 per-son-ne, qui se-ra oc-cu-pee, pre-sen-tez 28 9 48 10 50 50 9 38 50 03 13 voiis^_^a-vec res-pect et at-ten-dez qu' elle 21 13 27 45 13 28 43 49 50 63 13 28 ait le loi-sir de vous par-ler, et qu' elle vous 10 37 13 13 42 28 16 28 50 de-man-de ce que vous lui vou-lez. _ 14 42 63 41 28 10 38 28 28 15 13 14. Si quel-qu' un vous re-prend, 6u vous don-ne 42 13 9 43 50 13 54 10 43 14 50 13 quel-que a-ver-tis-se-ment, re-mer-ci-ez-le 9 48 16 14 14 12 a-vec hu-mi-li-te. 9 50 22 10 50 13 24 42 39 54 " 50 15. Al-lez,^_^au de-vant de ceux, qui en-trent chez 28 28 55 44 16 49 VOUS, pour les sa-lu-er. 14 42 63 41 51 28 21 38 15 13 12 16. Si quel-qu' un dit^_^ou fait^^^en vo-tre pre- 38 13 42 13 31 13 40 14 34 41 12^ sen-ce, quel-que cho-se in-di-gne d'un chre- 26 10 10 27 34 9 23 13 42 28 38 ti-en, te-moi-gnez la pei-ne, que vous^_^en 10 38 50 res-sen-tez. 43 55 22 55 10 37 54 9 14 13 17. Quand les pau-vres de-nian-dent^^a vo-tre 100 THIRD DEGREE. 43 13 25 50 9 50 13 24 21 22 por-te pri-ez vos pa-rens, de leur fai-re I'au- 15 13 28 63 28 13 24 mo-ne pour I'a-mour de Dieu. 13 27 9 50 13 28 51 49 28 49 10 18. Le soir a-vant de vous,^_^al-ler cou-cher, raet- 50 23 51 10 28 50 14 55 15 13 26 J 3 tez-vous^^a ge-iioux et di4es vo-tre pri-ere 9 48 9 33 53 50 12 15 53 a-vec at-ten-tion et de-vo-tion. 13 9 40 38 23 12 50 14 55 12 15 13 19. Le ma-tin, en vous le-vant, di-les de-vo-te- 54 9 26 60 16 9 40 38 46 13 28 ment la pri-ere du ma-tin. En-sui-te sou- 21 50 13 48 28 9 50 60 13 50 60 13 hai-tez le bon jour a vos pe-re et me-re. 43 50 28 26 13 38 48 38 42 13 20. Gar-dez-vous bien de men-tir en quel-que 9 26 60 13 42 13 27 9 55 33 24 ma-ni-e-re que ce soit ; car les men-teurs 44 55 38 50 16 12 48 42 50 13 60 sont les, ^cn-fans du de-mon, qui est le pe- ls 16 38 45 13 re du raen-son-ge. 17 28 50 63 9 9 49 9 12 13 9 21. Soyez tou jours pret^_^a al-ler a I'e-cole ; ap- 10 50 27 34 13 54 55 31 55 42 pre-nez soi-gneu-se-ment les cho ses, que 50 21 55 28 38 23 34 17 50 vos mai-tres vous ^en-sei-g-nent, so vez- 24 26 15 12 14 50 50 10 10 16 34 leur bien o-be-is-sant et res-pec-tu-eux. AMOUR d'uNE mere. 101 STORIES BY MAD. DUFRENOY. AMOUR d'uNE mere. Elizabeth Eberts, fiUe 1 de Sebastien Eberts, sergent 2 veteran 3 au regiment 4 royal, epousa 5 le 3 Avril, 1780, Henri Gabel, grenadier au meme regiment, la veiile 6 de son embarquement 7 pour TAmerique. Elle donna le jour 8 a une fille le 20 Mars, 1781, a Rhode Island. Le regiment partit 9 au mois 10 de Mai pour I'expedition de York Town en Virginie. Pendant la route, 11 Elizabeth poriait 12 son enfant, tantot 13 sur le bras, 14 tantot sur les epaules ; 15 elle fut aper- Que 16 par des Americains, qui accouraient 17 en foule 18 pour voir 19 passer les troupes Fran- daises. Plusieurs'd'entre 20 eux penetres d'ad- miration pour la bonne mere, lui propotj^rent d'acheter 21 son enfant, elle refusa toujours, quelque 22 fut la somme, qu'ils lui ofTrissent. Le regiment arriva a Hartford, capitale 23 de la province de Connecticut, ou I'armee se rassem- bla, et oil elle sejourna. 24 Phisieurs families americaines y 25 firent 26 a Elizabeth la meme proposition. Je ne donnerais pas mon enfant 1 daughter. 2 sergeant. 3 veteran, 4 regi- ment. 5 married. 6 the day before. 7 embar- cation. 8 gave birth. 9 departed. 10 month. 11 road, journey. 12 carried. 13 now. 14 arm. 15 shoulders. 16 perceived. 17 came running. 18 great number. 19 see. 20 amongst. 21 buy, 22 whatever. 23 metropolis. 24 sojourned. 25 there. 26 made. 9* i02 LE BON FILS. pour toiite votre Amerique. Enfin un riche parti- culier 27 de Hartford et sa femme, 28 maries 29 depuis long-tems et sans 30 enfants, demanderent a Elizabeth d'adopter sa fille 31 et de lui assurer leur fortune. Elizabeth persista dans ses refus 32 et porta son enfant de Rhode Island en Virginie, et de la Virginie a Boston, dans un espace 33 de 650 lieux. 34 Les generaux et les chefs 35 du regiment, touches 36 de ce trait 37 d'araour 38 maternel, firent present 39 de vingl-cinq louis 40 a I'enfant et a la mere. Notre amour pour nos parens 41 n'est qu' 42 un juste retour 43 de ce qu' 44 ils font 45 pour 46 nous. 27 private gentleman. 28 wife, lady. 29 mar- ried. 30 without. 31 girl, daughter. 32 refusal. 33 a space. 34 french miles. 35 chiefs, heads. 36 touched. 37 act. 38 love. 39 made a pre- sent. 40 a french gold piece. 41 parents. 42 only. 43 return. 44 for what. 45 do. 46 for. LE BON FILS. Un paysan 1 d'un village pres 2 d'Agra, pour- suivi 3 par ses creanciers 4 etait oblige 5 sous peine 6 de prison 7, de payer vingt-qnatre florins 8 dans I'espace 9 de vingt-quatre heures. Son fils, soldat 10 dans le regiment de Strasbourg, de- 1 peasant. 2 near. 3 persecuted. 4 cred- itors. 5 obliged. 6 under punishment. 7 pri- son. 8 a german coin. 9 within the space. 10 LE BON IILS. 103 sespere 11 de la situation, ou 12 se trouvait 13 son pere, lui proposa de deiioncer 14 iin de ses camarades 15, qu'il savail IG devoir deserter 17 le soir m6me 18 arin 19 d'avoir 20 la gratificaiion 21,qu'on accorde 22 an delateur 23; gratifica- tion, qui se trouvait 24 precisement 25 de vingt- quatre florins. Le pere, homme naturellement ^ 26 droit 27 et honneie 28, rejeta 29 d'abord 30 avec une esp^ce 31 d'indignaiion un moyen 32 si odieux 33 dc se derober 34 a la justice. Cepen- dant 35 I'horreur de son sort 36 vint s'offrir 37 a ses yenx sous 38 les plus vives 39 et sous les plus affligeantes 40 couleurs 41. La voix 42 du malheur 43 etouffe 44 en lui celle de la probile. L'infortune paysan souscrit 45 enfin, en rougis- sant, 46 et les yeux baignes 47 de larmes 48 k cette proposition, qu'il avait d'abord envisagee 49 coinme le comble 50 de la perfidie. Des que 51 la nuit 52 fut venue 53 le fils courut 54 se poster 55 dans le lieu 56 oil le pre- soldier. 1 1 in despair. 12 in which. 13 found himself, was. 14 denounce. 15 comrade. 16 knew. 17 desert. 18 same evening. 19 that. 20 might have receive. 21 reward. 22 is grant- ed, 23 informer. 24 found itself, was. 25 pre- cisely. 26 naturally. 27 upright. 28 honest. 29 rejected. 30 at first. 31 kind. 32 means. 33 odious. 34 escape. 35 however. 36 fate. 37 offer itself. 38 under. 39 liveliest. 40 af- flicting. 41 colours. 42 voice. 43 misfortune. 44 chokes, drowns. 45 subscribes, yields. 46 blushing. 47 bathed. 48 tears. 4 9 looked upon. 50 height. 51 as soon as. 52 night. 53 come. 54 run. 55 put. 56 place. 57 sup- 104 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. tendu 57 deserteur devait 58 se trouver ; arrete 59 comme tel, il fut conduit 60 a son regiment. Tandis 61 que le paysan re^oit d'une main trem- blante 62 les vingt-quatre florins, son fils est condanine 03 a recevoir trois cents coups de fouet 64, et soutient 65 avec fermete 66 les pre- miers deux cents ; mais alors 67 la rigueur 68 du supplice 69 arrache 70 a son innocence un cri 71 Jnvolontaire : 72 tout est decouvert 73. Le roi 74 informe de cet acte 75 de piete 76 filiale, accorde 77 au soldat une lieutenance 78 et une pension de cent florins. posed. 58 ought. 59 arrested. 60 conducted. 61 whilst. 62 tremhling. 63 condemned. 64 lashes, 65 endured, sustained. 66 firmness. 67 then. 68 rigour. 69 punishment. 70 to tear violently, to force. 71 a cry. 72 involuntary. 73 discovered. 74 king. 75 act, deed. 76 piety, love. 77 grants. 78 lieutenancy. EXERCISES ON THE GRAMxMAR. Remark to the Teacher. — 1st. The pupil ought to make ond^ exercise every day and afterwards correct it in the presence of the teacher. ]n case there should be anv mistakes, the pupil should make it again, without being allowed to consult the corrected copy. 2rid. It is recommended that the pupil should first read the rules, corresponding to the numbers, placed at the head of each exercise, before trans- lating it. N. B. The signification of the words occur- M.^^kH*^ailMiha EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 105 ring in the French translations, is always to be found in the preceding English exercises. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 12, 13, 15. 1. — The house 1 ; the men 2 ; the kings 3; the brothers 4 ; the princesses 5 ; the si.^ters 6 ; the cousins 7 ; the voices 8 ; the woods 9 ; the sons 10; the countries 11 ; the cakes 12; the tables 13 ; the generals 14 ; the women 15 ; the boys 16; the cities 17; the officers 18; the husbands 19. 1 maison f. 2 homme ni. 3 roi 4 frere 5 prin- cesse 6 soeur 7 cousine 8 voix f. 9 bois m. 10 fils 11 pays m. 12 gateau m. 13 table f. 14 general 15 feinme 16 gar^on 17 villa f. 18 officier 19 mari. 14, 16, 17, 18. 2. — The scissors ; the balls ; the heavens ; the locks ; the riches ; the portals ; the betrothals ; the holes ; the fans ; the cattle ; (plu.) the tongs ; the particulars ; the fools ; the nails ; the serag- lios ; the ancestors ; the funerals ; the eyes. (OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33. 3. — The son 1 ; the fruits 2 ; the house ; the sisters ; the friend ; the shame 3 ; the souls 4 ; the horrors 5 ; of the boy ; of the sister; of the sons ; of the mothers ; of the altar ; of the trees ; of the error 6 ; of the souls ; to the table 7 ; to the books 8 ; to the wood 9. Ik 1 fils 2 fruit m. 3 honte f. 4 ame f. 5 horreur f. 6 erreur f. 7 table f. 8 livre m. 9 bois m. 106 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 4. — De la maison ; au fils ; I'arbre ; de I'ami ; a la honle ; le livre ; au bois ; des ames ; les arbres ; aux maisons ; des erreurs ; a la maison ; du Jivre ; des livres ; aux amis ; du bois. SYNTAX OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 34, 35. 5. — Spain 1 ; Asia 2 ; gratitude 3 is a vir- tue 4 ; Ohio ; the Volga 5 ; the Mississippi Russia 6 ; from England 7 ; to the Danube 8 from Europe 9; friendship 10 is a duty 11 vice 12 is frightful 13 ; of the Alps. 1 Espagne 2 Asie 3 gratitude f. 4 vertu f. 5 Volga f. 6 Russie f. 7 Angleterre 8 Danube m. 9 Europe 10 amitie f . 1 1 devoir m. 12 vice m. 13 affreux. 6. — Du Danube ; la joie 1 ; est rare 2 ; de I'Asie ; aux Alpes ; de la Volga ; la vertu est un devoir; le Danube ; le jeu 3; est affreux. 1 joy. 2 rare. 3 gambling. OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 37, 39, 42. 7. — A man ; a mother ; of a brother ; of a child ; of a sister ; to a garden 1 ; from a tree ; to a vi^ord 2 ; to a table ; a nut 3 ; of a pencil 4 ; to a tree. 1 jardin m. 2 parole f. 3 noix f. 8. — D'un jardin ; a un liomme ; d'une mere ; a un arbre ; d'une parole ; a une noix ; un frere ; un enfant ; a une soeur. ^ EXERCISES OX THE GRAMMAR. 107 PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 44, 46, 48, 52, 53, 54. 9. — Some bread ; some cream 1 ; some gold ; some oil ; of some fruit ; of some soup ; of some water 2 ; of some pears 3 ; of some cakes 4 ; to some wine ; to some mustard 5 ; to some ink 6 ; to some silver. 1 creme f. 2 eau f. 3 poire f. 4 gateau. 5 moutarde. 6 ericre. 10. — De gateau ; a de I'eau ; de creme ; de la moutarde ; des poires ; de I'eau ; des gateaux ; de soupes ; a des fruits ; de I'huile ; de la poire. SYNTAX OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 56. 1 1 . — Books, pens and paper ; I have bread and wine ; 1 like 1 gold and silver ; some water and milk 2 ; plums, 3 apples and pears are sweet 4 ; of love and friendship ; books and engravings 5. F 1. j'aime 2 lait m. 3 prune f. 4 douces. 5 gravure f. 12. — Du pain ; de I'eau et du vin ; d'or et d'ar- gent ; a des poires et a des pommes ; de I'amour et de I'amitie ; a de I'encre et a du papier. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ARTICLES. 57, 60, 61. Jk 13. — The books, pens and paper; I like 1 gratitude and friendship ; the mother, daughters and sons ; of the father and son ; the leaves 2 and fruits of the trees and plants 3 ; a brother and friend. 1 j'aime 2 feuille f. 3 plante f. 108 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 14. — Au pere et au fils ; d'lin frere et d'lin ami ; au livre ; a la plume ; le papier et la plume ; des fruits et des feuilles sur les arbres. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 67. 15. — The good sons; the pretty 1 children; the equal 2 friends ; the general officers 3 ; the new 4 books ; the envious 5 children ; the jeal- ous 6 husbands ; the royal palaces 7 ; the beau- tiful gardens. 1 joli. 2 egal. 3 officier. 4 nouveau. 5 en- vieux. 6 jaloux. 7 palais m. ^ FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES. 68, 69, 70. 16. — The pretty girl ; the great girl ; the be- loved 1 girl; the dark night; a pleasant night ; an amusing 2 story 3 ; a prudent 4 mother ; a dear 5 mother; a true 6 friend ; (fem.) an in- structed 7 girl. 1 aime. 2 amusant. 3 histoire f. 4 prudent. 5 cher. 6 arbre m. 7 instruit. 71, 72, 73, 74, 75. 17. — A dry 1 apple ; a good apple ; a big apple ; a frank girl ; a lively girl ; a natural 2 girl ; an immortal 3 tragedy ; a delightful 4 tra- gedy ; a white 5 flower 6 ; a virtuous 7 girl ; a better girl ; an inferior tragedy ; a superior mother. 1 sec. 2 naturel. 3 immortal. 4 delicieux. 5 blanc. 6 fleur f. 7 vertueux. EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 109 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES, 76. 18. — An accusing letter ; a benign provi- dence 1 ; a decrepit woman ; a sweet girl ; a false wife; a favorite flower; a fresh flower; along letter ; a red flower ; a treacherous queen 2 ; a Turkish girl ; a twin sister. 1 providence f. 2 reine." 77, 78. 19. — A beautiful book; a beautiful altar; a beautiful woman ; a beautiful expression ; a mad cousin 1 ; a mad friend ; a mad comedy 2 : a mad story ; an old father ; an old man ; an old house. 1 cousin m. 2 comedie. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES, 79. 20. — Of a good book ; to the good brother ; of the general officers ; to the general officers ; of the great boys ; to the great girls ; an amusing story ; to an immortal tragedy ; of a noble 1 virtue ; the populous 2 cities ; from a natural 3 position 4. 1 noble. 2 populeux. 3 nature). 4 position f. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 83, 84, 85, 86, 87. 21. — Lively; livelier; less lively; the liveli- est ; the least lively (masc, and fem.) ; the most amusing story 1 ; the least pleasant 2 city ; the 10 110 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. best Story ; the better story; the worst (fern, plu.) ; the smallest boy. 1 histoire f. 2 agreable. COMPARISON OF EQUALITY, 88. 22. As great as you ; the brother is as bad as the sister ; she is as accomplished 1 as good ; Milton is as great a poet 2 as Dante ; New-York is as populous 3 as Naples 4 ; the Mississippi is as rapid 5 as the Danube 6. 1 accompli. 2 poete. 3 populeux. 4 Naples. 5 rapide. 6 Danube m. 23. — Plus amusant ; I'homme le plus agreable ; aussi agreable, qu' amusant ; la moins accomplie ; le garQon est aussi petit, que lafille; la meilieure histoire ; I'Amerique est plus grande, que I'Europe. SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 89, 90, 91, 92. 24. — The king 1 and the beggar 2 are 3 mor- tal 4 ; the officer and the soldiers 5 are beaten 6 ; the sister and the governess 7 are gone out 8 ; the wives and the daughters are virtuous ; the books and the engravings 10 are lost 11 ; the sis- ter and the brothers are lively. 1 roi. 2 mendiant m. 3 sont. 4 mortel. 5 soldat. 6 battu. 7 gouvernante. 8 sorti. 9 vertueux. 10 gravures f. 11 perdu. EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. Ill ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99. 25.-4 books ; 76 cents 1 ; 23 boys ; 2468 dol- lars 2 ; the tenth street 3 ; the 89lh page 4 ; 99 pounds 5 ; a dozen (of) apples ; a quarter of a dollar ; Charles the second ; Thursday the 26th November, 1843 ; March the 5th, (the fifth March) ; January the 1st ; the 3d year 6 ; Sunday the 4th of May, 1679; 36,450; 156,703; 194,367; 1,094,277. 1 sou. 2 gourde. 3 rue f. 4 page f. 5 livre. 6 annee f. 26. — A la sixieme page ; une demi-douzaine de gourdes ; vendredi, le irois Avril ; mille qua- torze cents ; dans une quinzaine ; la quatrieine annee ; un million ; quinze cents ; quatre-vingt treize. CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 123. 27. — I give 1 him ; I give her ; I give them ; 1 give you ; I see 2 it ; 1 see him ; I see her ; I see them ; I see you ; 1 love him ; I love her ; 1 love them ; I love you ; I give it to him ; 1 give her to them ; I give them to thee ; I give thee to them. 1 je donne. 2 vois. 110, 111, 113, 121, 124. 28. — Tome; of you; to them ; from them (f.); 112 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. to ihem (m.) ; I give thee ; near 1 (of) you, him, her, them ; for 2 me ; for her ; for them- ; for you ; as for 2 (to) her, him, us, them ; give him. 1 pres. 2 quant a. 115,116,117. 29. — I speak 1 to myself; they love 2 them- selves (se) ; to ourselves ; from himself; he loves himself (se) ; from themselves (m.) ; he hurts himself (se) ; to thyself ; from herself; ourselves. 1 je parle. 2 ils aiment. 119, 120, 122, 123. 30. — Have I spoken ? have I spoken to him ? have I spoken to them? shall they give 1 ? shall they give to me ? give her to them ; do not give her to them ; give it to me ; do not give it to me ; there is 2 some 3 for 4 you ; finish 5 it ; do not finish it. 1 donnent. 2 il y a. 3 en. 4 pour. 5 finissez. 31. — Je vous le donne ; je le lui donne ; je la leur donne ; vous le donnerai-je ? ne le lui don- nez pas ; donnez-le lui ; donnez-la raoi ; la lui donnerez-vous 1 il lui donne ; elle le lui a donne. 32. — Je pense a vous ; parlez pour moi ; ne parlez pas pour lui ; parlerai-je pour elle, ou cen- tre elle, ou contre eux ? quant a moi, a lui ; pres d'eux, d'eiles. vN ■ "l^ ■ ll )H 'HHWB^ht have happened : there will have been : it will freeze. 73. — II me semble : il aura neige : il aurait pu arriver : il y en a : il neigera : il y eut eu : il semblait : il neigea, 11 122 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 192, 193, 194. 74. — I do not speak : he never spoke : lie be- trays nothing: you never choose : you have not sold : you might not have perceived : do not betrav. 75. — N'ayant pas vendu : je ne donne pas : je n'ai pas fini : ne parlez pas : je n'avais pas cru : qu'il ne finisse pas : je n'aurais pas rendu. VERBS WITH INTERROGATIONS. 196, 197, 198, 199. 76. — Am I ? did you speak ? will he receive ? do I speak ? do I finish ? shall 1 have received ? may 1 choose ? will you betray ? will you have betrayed ? did I give ? 77. — Parle-je ? finira-t-il? regutes-vous? avez- vous rendu ? donnerai-je ? donnera-t-elle ? ai-je change ? rendiez-vous ? recevrez-vous ? donner- ont-ils. VERBS WITH NEGATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS. 200. 78. — Shall I not judge ? did I not consult ? should he not have loved ? may I choose ? may I not place ? did I play ? had I played ? might I not have played T shall 1 not choose ? 79. — N'aurai-je pas joue 1 ne parle-je pas ? n'eut-elle pas re^u ? n'avais-je pas fini 1 ne ren. riMMHidH EXERCISES OX THE GRAMMAR. 123 drai-je jamais ? n'aimeriez-vous personne ? nc donnais-je point ? IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 1 204, 205, 206, 207. 80. — I shall go ; he sends away ; she did go away ; he goes ; we send ; you should go away ; I go away ; they send ; you send away ; I may go ; she might go away. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 209,210, 211,212. 81. — I assist ; yon did acquire ; thou wilt come running ; we shall inquire ; they request ; he runs ; we may acquire ; you might run ; I shall assist ; run ; let him request. 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219. 82. — I cover ; you discover ; I shall cover ; she may gather ; let him receive ; he gathers ; you may cover ; we sleep ; you might sleep ; they shall gather ; he did cover ; let her discover. 220, 221, 222,223,224. 83. — He flies ; he did run away ; I shall fly ; let us fly ; we lie ; you may fly ; he may lie ; she might die ; we revoke ; you could die ; let us die ; you shall revoke. 225, 226, 227. 84. — He ofl'ers ; you may ofl'er ; they did ofl^er ; let him ofl'er ; he opens ; you will open ; she 124 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. might open ; we opened ; depart thou; he departs ; we did depart ; you may depart. 228, 229, 230, 231, 232. 85. — He repents ; I did repent ; you will re- pent; we feel ; they did feel ; I shall feel ; we go out ; they went ; you may go out ; he will go out ; I serve ; he might serve ; you would suffer ; they sufler. 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238. 86. — I hold ; he did hold ; you will sustain ; he may contain ; he comes ; you came ; they agreed ; you will prevent ; they may hold ; you will remember ; we assail ; they tremble ; you as- sailed ; I shall tremble. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 240, 241, 242, 243, 244. 87.— He sits down ; I shall sit down ; you must ; he did owe ; it is necessary ; it will be ne- cessary ; you move ; they will move ; you may owe ; they might sit down. 245, 246. 88. — It rains ; it will rain ; it might rain ; it rained ; let it rain ; he is able ; you will be able ; they were able ; it did rain ; I may be able ; he might be able. 247,248, 249, 250. 89. — We know; you did know; they will know ; let him know ; you may know ; he is worth ; you were worth ; you may prevail ; we will be worth ; he may be worth. EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 125 251, 252, 253, 254. 90. — I saw ; you did see ; he will foresee ; see (you) ; we see ; you may see ; they will ; I was willing ; they shall he willing ; lei him be wil- ling ; you may be willing; 1 might see. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 256, 257, 258, 259, 2G1, 262. 91. — You beat ; we may beat ; he did beat; let us beat; he p^ulls down; I shall drink; he drinks ; we drink ; I conclude ; we shall con- clude : you may conclude : we conduct : you may conduct: he will conduct. 263, 261, 265, 266,268. 92. — You are sewing : he will sew : you may sew : we know : they will remember : vou may appear : you fear : they feared : he did fear : she should fear : we believe : vou believed : they did believe : he may believe. 270, 272, 274, 276. 93. — You say : they did say : you said : he will say ; we write : you did write : they wrote : you should write : he makes : they make : we did make : you will make : they may make : he reads : we may read. 278, 280, 281, 282, 283. 94. — We put : you did put : they shall put : we may put: he is born : he will be born : you ap- pear : they did appear : you may appear : they paint : you painted : he will paint : you com- plain : let him complain : he did complain. 11^ 126 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 284,286,288. 95. — He takes : we take : you may take : they will take : we laugh : he did laugh : you shall laugh : we resolve : they resolved : he shall re- solve : you might resolve : he will resolve. 290, 291. 96. — We suffice : they may suffice : he suf- ficed ; it will suffice : it might suffice : you fol- low : let him follow : he might follow : they will follow : he will follow. 293, 294, 296. 97. — Be silent: he will be silent: he did van- quish : he will vanquish ; you live : they lived : you may live : live : he should live : they might live. 298, 308. 98. — Lively : much money : late : more books : few books: better: the worst: latest: after- wards : enough books : commonly : truly : exces- sively : greatly : willingly : where. 310, 311. 99. — Against him : before her : during sum- mer : upon him : towards her : except the book : according custom : in spite of him: without him : besides that. 312. 100. — At least: but : now-now : because : al- thousrh : since : however : unless : at last : and : yet : if. END OF THE EXERCISES. ■iSifci!^- 127 REMARKS TO THE TEACHER. 1st. The pupil ought to read over every dia- logue several times, before committing it to memory. 2nd. The teacher should ask the pupil the sig- nification of each word, as it is not possible to translate some French phrases literally. 3rd. Weekly repetitions are strongly recom- mended, so that the pupil may never forget a dia- logue when once learned. DIALOGUES. I I. Bon jour, Monsieur. Comment 9a va-t-il ? Merci, 9a va bien ; et vous ? Pas trop bien. Qu' avez-vous ? J'ai ete a Staten Island, ou j'ai attrape un rhume II faut vous tenir chaud. II faut vous coucher de bonne heure. Vous faut-il encore une couverture ? Non, merci, j'ai assez chaud. Good day, sir. How are you ? Thank you, I am well. How are you ? Not very well. What is the matter with you ? I have been to Staten Island, where I caught cold. You must keep yourself worm. You must go to bed early. Do you ivant another blanket ? No, I thank you, I am warm enouQ-h. 128 DIALOGUES. Comme vous etes obli- geant. (te) Mainteuarit, je vous con- seille de dormir. Je pense, que 9a me fera du bien. Sans doute. Bon soir, Monsieur. J'espere, que vous serez rnieux demain. II. Ou allez-vous si vite ? Je vais al'eglise de Saint Paul, pour assister a I'office divin. J'irai avec vous. Eh bien, depechons-nous II y a loujours tant de nionde. Cela ne fait rien, il y aura de la place pour tous. En Irons. Quel beau sermon ! Monsieur N. est un cel- ebre predicateur. Pourriez-vous me chan- ger un billet de cinq gourdes ? Je suis fache de ne pas pouvoir vous servir. How obliging you are, I would advise you now, to go to sleep. I think, that it will do me good. Undoubtedly. Good night sir. I hope you will be better to-morrow. II. Where are you going so fast? I am going to Saint PauVs church, to assist at the divine ojffice. I will go with yuu. Well, let us make haste. There are always so many people there. That does not matter., there is always room for all. Let us go in. What a beautiful sermon. Mr. N. is a celebrated preacher. Can you change a five dollar bill for me ? I am sorry that I cannot serve you. -■^ ^'-^V^i iMMi*!^ DIALOGUES. 129 A quoi vous faut-il de \a\What do you want monnaie? change for ? line quete sera faite ala'T'A«'^6 will be a collection fin du service. at the end of the ser- Eh bien, je vous prete- rai une gourde. Je vous en serai bien oblige. III. Broadway est une char- nnante promenade. L'eau de Crolon tient la rue fort propre. II y a toujours une grande foule. Comme dans chaque grande ville. Les omnibus sont tres nombreux. Cette rue est en grande faveur aupres les dames. Elles se metteni fori bien. Cela fait preuve de bon goiit. Les boutiques sont fort riches. On y trouve tout ce que I'on veut. II commence a pleuvoir. vice. Well, I will lend you a dollar. I shall be much oUised to you. III. Broadway is a charming ■promenade. The Croton Water keeps the streets very clean. There are always a great \ many people there. As in every great city. The omnibusses are very numerous. This street is in great fa- vour with the ladies. They dress very well. That is a proof of good taste. The stores are very rich. One finds there whatever one wants. It begins to rain. 130 DIALOGUES. Montons dans un omni- bus. Voila un qui vient. Celui-ci est tout plein. Attendons un moment. Ilfaisait si beau le matin. Je n'ai pas de parapluie. Voila un autre, qui arrive. AUons. IV. Bon jour, mon pere. Bon jour, ma filie. Comment avez-vous dor- mi. Tres mal, les mosquitoes m'ont fort incommode. Voila votre journal. »I1 est encore tout hu- mide. Voulez-vous, que je le seche ? C'est 9a, assez. Est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose de nouveau ? II ne vaut pas la peine d'en parler. Y a-t-il un compte-rendu des elections ? Oui, mais on ne peut pas Let us get into an omnibus. There is one coming. This one is quite full. Let us wait a moment. It was so fine this morn- ins . / liave no umbrella. There is another coming. Let us go. IV. Good mornings Father. Good morning, my daughter. How did you sleep ? Very badly, the mosqui- toes troubled me very much. Here is your newspaper. It is still quite damp. Shall I dry it 1 That is it, enough. Ts there anything new in it? There is nothing worth speaking of. Is there any account of the elections? Yes, but one cannot yet ^ ^^"^ DIALOGUES. 131 encore jiiger Ju re-i judge of the result. sultat. I En faveur de qui est la In wJiose favour is the majorite 1 ; majority ? Les votes sont presque The votes arc almost egalement partages. Etes vous vvhig, ou clem- ocrate ? Je suis independant. V. la Ou avez-vous passe soiree. Je suis alle au musee Americain, Avez-vous vu Tom Thumb ? equally divided. Are you a whig or a dem- ocrat ? I am independent. V. Wliere did you spend the evening ? I went to the American Museum. Have you seen Tom Thumb ? I Oui, c'est un nain \\hs-\Yes, he is a very amusing dwarf What do you say of the negroe extravagances ? amusarit. Que dites-vous des ex- travagances des ne- gres They are very comical. What is the price of ad- Elles sont tres-comiques. De combien est le prix d'entree ? mission J'ai paye vingt-cinq sous. / paid tvjenty-five cents. Lequel des deux musees' Which of the two muse- preferez-vous ? urns do you like best ? J'aime mieux le musee / prefer the American Americain. II est plus instructif. Museum. It is more instructive. Mais, en revanche, le But., on the other hand, prix d'entree au musee the price of admission 132 DIALOGUES. Peale est seulement de douze sous. YI. Comment vous 6tes-vous amuse aii spectacle (theatre) ? Tres-bien en effet. Aviez-vous une place de loges ? Non, Monsieur, j'etais au balcon. Que dites-vous de la musique ? La musique n'etait pas si bonne comme la piece. Comment trouvez-vous le jeu de Macready ? C'est un acteur de pre- miere force. Les gestes me parais- sent d'etre un peu outres. C'est plutot I'effet de I'inspiration. C'est dommage qu'il ne soit pas mieux se- conde. Y avait-il beaucoup de monde ? La salle etait pleine. Ou pensez-vous aller ce soir ? to Peale*s museum is only a shilling. YL How did you amuse your- self at the theatre? Very well indeed. Did you have a place in the boxes ? No, sir, I was in the dress circle. What do you say of the music ? The music was not so good as the piece. How do you fnd Mac- ready^ s acting ? He is a first rate actor. His actions appear to me to be a little overdone. That is rather the e^ect of inspiration. It is a pity, that he is not better supported. Were there many people there ? The house ivas full. Where do you think of going this evening 1 DIALOGUES. 133 All theatre de Chatham, ou au cirque. Je vais vous accom- pagner au cirque. II n'est que sept heures un quart. On ne commence qu' a huit heures. II nous faut trois quarts d'heures pour y aller. VII. Avez-vous ete a la re- union de temperance ? Oui, jV etais jusqu' k dix heures. Monsieur B. a prononce un discours tres-moral Avez-vous vu la proces- sion de ce matin ? Oui,les bannieresetaienl fort bien peintes. Cotnbien de personnes y avait-il ? Trois mille, a peu pres. Tout s'est passe de la meilleuremani^re pos- sible. Toutes ces sortes de re- unions devraient etre encouragees. Leur bon effet est vis- ible. To the Chatham theatre or to the circus. I loill accompany you to the circus. It is only a quarter past seven. They do not begin till eisht o\lock. We want three quarters of an hour to go there. VII. Have you been to the Temperance meeting ? Yes, 1 was there till ten o'clock. Mr. B. made a very moral speech. Did you see the proces- sion this morning ? Yes, the banners were very loell painted. How many persons were there ? About three thousand. Every thing passed off in the best possible manner- All this sort of meetings ought to be encouraged. Their good effect is visi- ble. 12 134 DIALOGUES. VIII. On celebrera demain I'anniversaire de I'in- dependance Ameri- caine. Avez-vous vons vu le feu d'artifice ? II etait brillant. II y avail trop de bruit a la derniere detonation. Coinbien avez-vons paye Douze sous, la consora- mation y indue. Cela n'est pas cher. Ma foi, non. Que dites-vous de nos gardes nationaux ? lis out I'air tres pitto- resque. Leurs differents uni- formes ofiVent un beau coup-d'oeil, L'effet general etait fort imposant. II exalte I'esprit de la liberte et I'amour de nos institutions glo- rieuses. IX. Savez-vous la musique ? J'apprends le Piano. Est-il difficile de toucher le Piano ? VIII. The anniversary of the American independ- ence will he celebrated to-morrow. Did you see the fireworks? They were brilliant. There was too much noise at the last explosion. How much did yuu pay ? A shilling, refreshments included. That is not dear. No, indeed. What do you say of our National Guards ? They have a very pictu- resque appearance. Their different uniforms make a fne sight. The general effect was very imposing. It exalts the spirit of lib- erty and the love of our glorious ifistitutions. IX. Do you know music ? I learn the Pianoforte. Is it difficult to play the Pianoforte ? DIALOGUES. 135 I C'est im instrument tres- facile, qiiarid on esi attentif. Comhien de morceaiix avHZ-vous deja a[)pri.s I J'etude maintenant le sixieine. Mais il y a loiiglemps, que voiis apprenez le Piano ? Un an seulement. Combien d'lieures Ira- vaillez-vous par jour ? Entre deux a trois heures. Jouez-vous beaucoup de gammes ? Je las etude continuelle- ment. Lisez - vous facilemeni les notes ? Pas trop bien a livreou- vert. Comptez-vous toujours en jouant 1 Je ne joue jamais sans compter. X. Que pensez-vous des foritaines de New- York ? Ce sorit, sans aucun doute, les plus belles It is a very easy instru- ment, when one is at- tentive. How many pieces have you already learnt ^ I am nou^ studyino- the sixth. But it is a long time since you learn the Piano- forte ? A year only. How many hours a day do you practise ? Between two and three hours. Do you play many scales? I study them continually . Do you read the notes easily ? Not very well at Jirst sight. Do you always count in playing ? I never play without counting. X. What do you think of the New-York fountains ? They are, without any doubt, the most heauti- 136 DIALOGUES. Fontaines du monde. Laquelle des deux, trou- vez-vous mieux, celle du Pare, ou celle du boulingrin ? La Fontaine du boulingrin est plus pittoresque, mais celle du Pare a un jet d'eau plus riche. Ne pensez-vous pas que cette ville s'ameliore de plus en plus tous les jours ? Certainement. Comment trouvez-vous le pave ? Pas trop bien. Le prix du travail est trop haul, pour Faire repaver les rues si souvent, comme en Europe. Le trottoir est assez large. Mais trop glissant en hiver. II n'y a pas d'ombre en ete. XL J'ai Faim. ful fountains in the world. Which of the two do you like best, that in the Park or that in the howling green ? The fountain in the bow- ling green is more pic- turesque, hut that in the Park has a richer jet of water. Do you not think that this city improves more and more every day 1 Certainly. How do you find the pavement 1 Not very well. The price of labor is too high to repave the streets so often, as in Europe. The sidewalks are large enough. But too slippery in win- ter. There is no shade in summer. XL / am hungry. DIALOGUES. 137 Nous aliens diner dans! iin moment. Je me meiirai a c6te dt vous. I Je serai charme de volrci socic'te. Desirez-vous de la soLipe ? S'il vous plait. Jeari, changez I'assiette de Madame B. Un morceau de poulet. Madame ? Un lout petit morceau, s'il vous plait. Une cuisse, ou une aile ? Tout ce que vous voud- rez. Voulez-vous que je vous donue des legumes ? Des pornmes de terre, s'il vous plait. Preferez-vous des ca- rottes ? Un verre d'eau pour Monsieur N. Un couteau, une four- chette, une cuillere. Une petite cuillere. XII. On a Sonne pour le de- jeuner. We shall dine in a mo- ment. I shall place myself next to you. I shall be deliohted with your company. Would you like some soup ? If you please. John., change Mrs. B^s plate. A piece of fowl, Madam ? A very small piece, if you please. A leg, or a wing ? Which ever you like. Shall I give you some veoretables ? Some potatoes if you please. Do you prefer some car- rots 1 A glass of water for Mr. N. A knife, a fork, a spoon. A tea-spoon. XII. They have rang for break- fast. 12* 138 DIALOGUES. Du cafe, ou du the, Mon sieur ? Voulez-vous me donner un peu de hachis ? Des oeufs a la coque, des oeufs sur plat ? Les petits pains sont en- core trop frais. Passez-moi le beurre. Permeitez,queje change ma place, je suis trop pres du feu. Voulez-vous prendre la mienne ? Vous etes bien bon, Monsieur, Jean, donnez-moi un peu d'eau chaude. Je me suis bruleela main avec la theiere. Donnez-moi une servi- ette. Sonnez au domestique, ma fiUe. II n'a pas entendu. Voulez-vous passer au salon ? Nous sommes a vos or- dres. Madame. Permetlez, que je vous offre mon bras. Allons. Some coffee or tea, sir ? Will you give me a little hash ? So?ne boiled eggs, or some poached eggs ? The rolls are still a little too fresh. Pass me the butter. Allow me to change my seat, I am too near the fire. Will you take mine ? You are very kind, sir. John, give me a little hot water. I have burnt my hand with the tea pot. Give me a napkin. Ring for the servant, my daughter. He did not hear. Will you walk into the drawing-room 1 We are at your service, madam. Allow me to offer you my arm. Let HS go. DIALOGUES. I3y XIII. I XIII. Aiaiez-vous la danse ? Do yuu like daticing 1 Passionriement. Passionately. Est-ce que vous valsezDw you wallz in two or en deux ou en trois three steps? temps ? Cela depend de mon par- tenaire. II est plus facile de garder la mesure Voulez-vous me faire I'honeur de danser avec moi ? Je suis f^chee ; mais je suis engagee pour celte conlredanse. Pour la prochairie alors? Avec beaucoup de plai- sir. Yoila voire partenaire. qui vous reclame. On nous attend, Je suis prete. XIV. Quelle heure est-il ? II est midi et demi. II est dix heures, moins vingt. II est trois heures un quart. II est cinq heures, moins un quart. J'ai manque le convoi. That depends on my part- ner. It is easier to keep time. Will you do me the honor to dance with me ? I am sorry, but I am en- gaged for this cotil- lion. For the next then ? With much pleasure. Here is your partner^ who claims you. They are waiting for us. I am ready. XIV. What time is it 1 It is half-past twelve. It is twenty minutes to ten. It is a quarter past three. It is a quarter to five. I have missed the train* t\J DIALOGUES. Le trajet a ete fait en dix minutes. Nous allons partir im- mediaiement. Est-ce qu'il y a eu un accident ? Nous aiJons arriver a la station. Le bruit d'un chemin de fer m'est insurpporta- ble. Mais on en est dedom- mage par la vitcsse. Nous y voiia. XV. Je vols deja la fumee du bateau a vapeur. Youlez-vous descendre a la cabirie ? Non, j'aime mieux Tes- ter sur le pont. Avez-vous peur du mal de mer ? Non, je suis bon marin. Je suis moins heureuse. 11 ne faut pas y penser. Vous changez de couleur C'est que j'ai mal au coeur. Courage, dans un quart d'heure nous serons arrives. The passage has been done in ten minutes. We shall depart immedi- ately. Has there been an acci- dent ? We shall arrive at the station. The noise of a railroad is intolerable to me. But one is compensated by the celerity. We are there. XV. / see already the smoke of the steamboat. Will you walk down into the cabin ? No, I like better to stay on deck. Are you afraid of sea sickness ? No, I am a good sailor. I am less fortunate. One ought not to think of It. You change color. Because I am sick. Courage, in\a quarter of an hour we shall have arrived. ^tammtii^ DIALOGUES. 141 Je vols deja la terre. '/ see land already. Nous approchons de We approach the landing I'embarcaddre. j place. Montons. Let us go up. Tout est fini. XVI. Qu'est-ce quevous faites la? J'ourle un mouchoir. Aimez-vous a coudre ? Quand on n'a rien de luieux a faire. J'ai laisse tomber mon de. Permettez que je le ra- masse. Cette aiguille est trop fine. Voulez-vous du fil ou de la soie ? Une epingle, s'il vous plait. Vos ciseaux ne coupent pas bien. II faut les faire aiguiser, A vec quelle adresse vous enfilez. Force de I'habitude. Mille fois merci, Made- moiselle. All is over. XVI. What are you doing there ? I am hemmins a handker- chief. Do you like sewing? When one has nothing I better to do. {/ have let my thimble fall. Allow me to pick it up. This needle is too fine. Will you have some thread or some silk ? A pin, if you please. Your scissors do not cut well. You ousht to let them he set. With what dexterity you thread a needle. . Mere custom. A thousand thanks. Miss. 14-2 DIALOGUES. XVII. • La campagne est c^ar- mante. Et les fleurs sentent si bien. Quel joli bouquet. Quelles sont vos fleurs favorites ? Les roses, les oeillets, et les tulipes. Comme il fait chaud. II fait du soleil. Quel coup de tonnerre, II fait de I'eclair. II fait du brouillard. II fait obscur. II fait du vent. Je grelotte. Je vais me chauffer. J'ai un rhunie de cer- veau. XVIII. De quel pays 6tes-vous? Je suis Americain. Et moi, je suis Fran9ais. Je suis de New-York. Les elats unis de I'Ame- rique du nord. Moi je suis du midi, el vous du nord. Les Indes orientales. Les Indes occidentales XVII. The country is charming. And the flowers smell so well. What a pretty bouquet. What are your favorite flowers ? Roses, pinks, and tulips. How warm it is. The sun shines. What a thunderclap. It is lic^htejiinn;. It isfogfry. It is dark. It is windy. I am shiverinor. / will vaarm myself. I have a cold in the head. XVIII. What country are you from 1 I am an American. And I am a Frenchman. I am from New-York. The United States of North America. I am from the south, and you from the north. The east Indies. The west Indies. > DIALOCUES. 113 Oil (lemeurez-vous ? Je demeiire rue Walker, niin»ero deux, au pre- mier. J'ai une chambre au rez- de-chaussee. j Pourrit'z-vous lue dire,! ou est le Pare de I'un- ioii ? Prenez la premiere a gauche el la troisieme a droite. ' Where (in yon live ? I live at number Irro Wal- ker-islTect^ 07i the first Jioor. I haoe a room on the ground jloor. Could you ttll me where the Union Park is 1 Take the frst to the left and the third to the right. XIX. Je vais me coucher (me lever). Donnez-moi une carafe d'eau. Pour me laver la figure et les mains. Voiia votre serviette pour vous seclier. Jean, mes pantoutles. lis sont sous le lit. Ou est ma robe de cham bre ? Sur la chaise, v^'est trop etroit. Ma robe est sale. Brossez mon manteau. Mettez mon peigne et la I brosse a denls dans le tiroir. Faiies mon lit. XIX. 1 am going to lay dov:n {to get up). Give me a bottle of wa- ter. To wash my face and hands. Here is your towel to dry yourself. John, my slippers. Thfy are under the bed. Where is my dressing gotcn ? On the chair. Ft is too tight. My frock is dirty. Brush my cloak. Put my comb and tooth brush in the drawer. Make my bed. 144 DIALOGUES. XX. Avez-vous du pgpier a lettres et une plume d'acier ? Passez-moi une regie el un crayon. Yous trouverez tout 9a sur le pupitre. Je ne vols pas de crayon. Yous le trouverez dans mon portefeuille. Allumez une chandelle, je veux cacheter ma lettre. Yous faut-il un pain a cacheter ? Non, de la cire a cache- ter. Lesallumettes sontmau- vaises. Mettez cette lettre a la poste. Elle doit etre afFranchie. L'avez-vous mise dans la boite ? Non, le bureau etait fer- me. AUez a la grande poste. XX. Have you some letter pa- per and a steel pen ? Hand me a ruler and a pencil. You will find all that on the desk. I do not see any pencil. You will find it in my pocket hook. Light a candle^ I will seal my letter. Do you want a wafer ? No, some sealing wax. The matches are bad. Put this letter into the post ofiice. It must be pre-paid. Have you put it into the box ? No, the ofiice was shut. Go to the general post office. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 117 615 3 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS nil 003 117 615 3