X''- 'K- .•>• V 4> ^ ^\-> -^ xO<=.. .«5 "^cJ. .^^ xO°„ %. -""< .^'^ %. ^^ .-*' lV r.'" A? \ .-^^ .V •/• .^V' ^^ •\.. ,.^ . .* ^o "bo^ . \^ .^-^ ■''c^_ "^. h./ \\K4 ^^. > » ^ "^ " f -- -/ ^■^ %. ,x^^ ■> ^^. ■S^'^. N^^ o°- ^^ '- '^^. "-<- A-' ^ .^^•% •^^ vis^ >^ '^■i-. ■i .^ s ** v^^ \ .^^^ ./ "^^ V 9- sO'^. ..xN^" ..s> -<> v^-^ -^ ■%. a' ,, ■'■■ x\- vC>0, «5 -'U- -.V p. .0 fi' if. -"in PREFACE. Theee is no proper place in history for the element of fiction. In the correct delineation of a landscape the artist judiciously employs both lights and shades; so the historian must need contrast the true and the false, that the eternal beauty and symmetry of truth apj^ear, but draw ui>on the imagi- nation, he may never. As in the landscape, the true outline of objects is obscured in the shadows, requiring the full blaze of day to bi-ing them into proper view, so histoi'y bi'ings out the facts partially obscured in the haze of tradition — itself never history. The history of the growth of any branch of knowledge has a doiible inter- / that which comes to it from the knowledge itself, and that which comes from its relations to the history of the operation of the human mind. Men think under the limitations of their times; they reason on such material as they have; they form their estimate of changes from the facts immediately known to them. What Matthew Arnold has written of man's thoughts, as he floats adown the " liiver of Time," is most true. Says he: " .\s is the world on the banks, So is the mind of man. Only the track \rhere he sails He wots of: only the thoug-hts Raised by the objects he passes, are his." Impressions thus received, the mind will modify and work upon, trans- mitting the products to other minds in shapes that often .seem new, strange and arbitrary, but which yet result from processes familiar to our experi- ence, and to be found at work in our own individual consciousness. And this is the necessity that renders history, as entirely distinct from tradition, imperative. Here the province of the historian begins. It is imperative on him that he record facts as they are, freed from the gloss given them by verbal transmissions. Davis county ranks among the first in political influence, and is not be- hind in the intelligence of its people and its jealous regard for education; its material resources are practically unlimited, and the promise for its fu- ture ever brightening. Now, to clearly understand this happy present, its glories and its greatness, its opportunities and its wonders, it is our duty to look back to their sources. We shall find that the seeds which have so au- spicioush' borne fruit in this jjresent generation, were sown by men tried and true; men who deserve to be remembered, not merely as historic names, PEEFACE. but as men in whose broad breasts beat the noblest hearts, and within whose rustic homes were to^be found the very bone and sinew of this "Western world; men whose sterling worth and integrity have contributed weyy largely to its present higli position. The whole history of this county is one of surpassing interest, and the more it is studied the clearer does it become that underlying its records are certain truths, which aiibrd a clew to the causes that have contributed so powerfully to bring it to its present marked prominence. They will be lound identical with those which have influenced the history of the nations during many centuries. To narrate these facts is the object of these pages; with what success this has been done, we do not presume to say. It has been our aim to learn and present the truth, without favor or prejudice. j.j It has heretofore been possible for the scholar, with leisure and a compre- hensive library, to trace out the written history of his county by patient re\ search among voluminous government documents and dusty records, some- times old and scarce; but tliese sources of information, and the time to study them, are not at the command of most of those who are intelligently inter- ested in local history; and there are many unpublished facts to be rescued from the failing memories of the oldest residents, who would soon have car- ried their information with them to the grave; and others to be obtained from the citizens best informed in regard to the various present interests and institutions of the county, which should be treated of in giving its his- tory. This service of research and record, which very few could have un- dertaken for themselves, the publishers of this work have performed. While a few unimportant mistakes may, perhaps, be found in such a multitude of details, in spite of the care exercised in the production of the volume, they still confidently present this result of many weeks' labor, as a true and or- derly narration of all the events in the history of the county which were of suflScient interest and value to merit such a record. Authenticity is always difficult in history. Much passes for history which is mere anecdote, and that domain is always doubtful. Other facts again, come to us through the prejudice and colors of personal narration. Great eare has, therefore, been necessary to prevent publishing misconceptions as history. There has been admitted no statement of fact without ample au- thority, and mentioned not even the slightest incident without the support of creditable testimony. Attention is called to one feature, considered of special value— the introduction of the original records for all transactions directly affecting the interests of the county. Concerning the first records, and the facts they teach, little or nothing need be said. Of this period in ; the county's history there have been explored for evidence, every known ear- PEEFACE. ly document, and, wliere not mutilated, they have been presented in full. If, among the pages devoted to early settlers and settlements, the sentences seem short and broken, and the method of treatment faiiltj^ it should be borne in mind that the nature of the data renders any other method of pre- sentment impossible. Accuracy, rather than finish, has been the object held steadily in view. In the preparation of this volume, the oldest residents and others have cheerfully volunteered their services in the undertaking, adding largely to the value of the results obtained. Special thanks are due to tiie following named persons, who have not only aided us by placing at our disposition much val- uable matter, but have themselves devoted much time to searching recoi-ds, and afforded every opportunity in their power to perfect the chronological sequence and accuracy of the (hda used: Col. S. A. Moore, M. H. Jones, A. H. Hill, Col. H. H. Trimble, William S. Stevens, county auditor; Dr. Sell- man, Dr. D. C. Greenleaf, William Taylor, county clerk; S. M. Eppley> county treasurer; A. C. Lester, county recorder; Crawford Davis, proprietor of the Lerjal Tender Greenback; J. J. Hamilton, editor of the RepuTMcan; T. O. Walker, editor of the Democrat; J. R. Anderson, ex-county superin- tendent; F. W. Moore, deputy auditor; Samuel Russell; S. B. Downing, rep- resentative; James Jordon, the oldest resident of the county, and other old settlers in the various townships of tiie county. Throughout the county are many impossible to name here, who have freely given what of history they had. The clergy and other church officers, and those of civic associations, have been universally obliging in placing at our command the needed statis- tics of their several societies. Under the sway of cause and efi^ect, historic events cannot stand alone; they form an unbroken chain. This liistory of so limited a territory as a county in Iowa, has its roots not only in remote times, but in distant lands, and cannot be justly written out without consulting the influence of such a foreign ele- ment; nor can such a county history be understood in all its relations, without a historic review of at least the State of which the county is a part; hence, we feel that in giving such an outline we have been more taithful to the main purpose of the work, while we have added an element of independent interest and value. We little doubt that this book will be a welcome one to the in- habitants of the county, for all take a just pride in whatever calls to mind the scenes and incidents of other days. It is presented in the belief that the work done will meet with the heartiest approval of our readers ; and if, through that commendation, it awakens an earnest spirit of enterprise and emulation among the younger citizens of the county, it will be a source of just pleasure and congratulation to The Publishers. CONTENTS. The Northwest Territory 19 Geographical position 19 Early explorations 20 Discovery of the Ohio ■ 32 English explorations and settlement 34 American settlements 59 Division of the Northwest Territory 65 Tecumseh, and the War of 1812 69 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 73 Present condition of the Northwest 79 The Early History of Illinois. . . 88 Early discoveries 88 Fii'st French occupation 91 Genius of La Salle 92 Early settlements 94 The "Compact of 1787" 95 Physical features of prairie States. . 99 Progress of development 101 Material Resources of the State 102 Coal is king 103 The religion and morals 106 Education 107 TuE State of Iowa 109 Geographical situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage system 110 Rivers Ill Lakes 118 Springe 119 Origin of the prairies 120 Geology 120 The Azoic system 121 Lower Silurian system 122 Upper Silurian system 123 Devonian system 123 Carboniferous system 124 ■■ Subcarboniferous system 124 The Coal-measure group 127 Cretaceous system 129 Peat 130 Gypsum 131 Minor deposits of Sulphate of Lime 135 Sulphate of Strontia 136 Sulphate of Baryta 137 Sulphate of Magnesia 137 Climatology 137 History of the State op Iowa 139 Discovery and occupation 139 The original o%vners 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 The Black Hawk War 157 Indian purchases, reserves and treat- ies 159 Spanish Grants 163 The Half-breed Tract 164 Early settlements 166 Territorial history 173 The boundary question 177 State organization 181 Growth and progress 185 The Agricultural College and Farm. 186 The State University 187 State Historical Society 198 The Penitentiary 194 Additional Penitentiary 195 Iowa Hospital for the Insane 195 Iowa College for the Blind 197 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. • 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble-minded Children 201 The Reform School 202 Fish Hatching establishment 203 The public lands 204 The public schools. 218 Political record 223 War record 229 Infantry 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery 247 Miscellaneous 248 Casualties among officers of Iowa regi- ments during the war 250 Casualties among enlisted men of Iowa regiments during the war 252 Number of troops furnished by the State of Iowa, etc 254 Population of Iowa 255 Illinois 257 Indiana 259 Iowa. 260 Michigan 263 Wisconsin 264 Minnesota 266 Nebraska 267 Constitution of the United States and its Amendments 269 Vote for governor 1879, and president, 1876 ._ 283 Vote for congressmen, 1876 283 Practical i-ules for every day use 284 U. S. government land measure 287 Surveyor's measure 288 How to keep accounts 288 CONTENTS. Names of the States of the Union, and their significations 290 Population of the United States — 291 Population of fifty principal cities. . 291 Population of principal countries of the world 292 Abstract of Iowa State Laws. ... 293 Bills of exchange and notes 293 Interest 293 Descent 293 "Wills and estates 294 Taxes 295 Jurisdiction of courts 297 Limitations of actions 297 Jurors 297 Capital punishment 298 Married women 298 Exemptions from execution 298 Estrays 299 Wolf-scalps 300 Marks and brands 300 Damages from trespass 300 Fences 300 Mechanics' lien 301 Roads and bridges 302 Adoption of children 303 Surveyors and sui-veys ,303 Support of poor 303 Landlord and tenant 304 VV eights and measures 305 Definitions of commercial terms... . 305 Notes 306 Orders 306 Receipts 306 Bills of purchase 306 Confession of judgment 306 Articles of agreement 307 Bills of sale 308 Notice to quit 309 Form of will .309 Codicil 310 Satisfaction of mortgage 310 Forms of mortgage 311 Form of lease 312 Form of note 313 Chattel mortgage 314 Warranty deed 314 Quitclaim deed 315 Bond for deed 815 Charitable, scientific and religious associations 316 Intoxicating liquors 317 Suggestions to those purchasing books by subscription 319 Statistics of agriculture of Iowa (census of 1875) 320 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Introduction 323 Name and location 325 Name 325 Location 327 Physical features 328 Streams 328 Timber 331 Coal and stone 331 Soil 332 Climate 337 Table of temperature from 1839 to 1869 339 Number days rain and snow, period of thirty years 340 Observations of Miss Hamilton 341 Geology 345 Alluvium 346 Drift 347 Coal-measures 348 Economical resources 350 Natural history .351 AvidiE — birds 352 Notes .361 PlantiB 367 General flora 367 Medicinal plants 373 Reptilia 374 Ophidia 375 Batrachia 376 Mollusca 378 Fresh- water mollujks ... 378 Land mollusks 379 PAGE.. Mammals 380 The red man 381 The pioneers — their settlements and careers 385 The Pioneer 388 The Hairy Nation 39S First United States land entries 395 County organization _ 39ft History of county and township or- ganization 399 Organizing act 40O Act to amend the militia law 401 Fixing terms of court 402 Territorial roads 403 Mail route 405 Constitutional convention 405 Early courts and judges 406 First murder case ■ 408 First divorce case 408 First grand jury 408 Petit jurors 409 Circuit court 409 County court 412 Early recorded events 412 Kirst marriage license 412 Quill pens 413 Public well 413 Whiskey 414 Town lot agency 415 Official salaries 416 The first judgment 418 First town lot deed 419 CONTENTS. First chattel mortgage 419 First real estate mortgage 420 Cemetery 420 County commissioners 421 Township oi'ganizations 427 Connty institutions 431 "The old log court-house" 431 New court-house to be erected 433 Description of new court-house. . . . 434 Thejail 435 Poor-house and farm 436 Deed of the poor farm 439 Political record 444 Othcial canvass, election of 1881. . . 467 Financial review 468 Ta.Kation — general remarks 468 Tax levies from 184.'') to 1880 473 Abstract of assessment foi- 1881 .... 478 Swamp and saline lands 478 |The railroads in the county 483 North Missouri 485 Burlington & Southwestern 486 Chicago & Southwestern 486 Des Moines Valley. 487 Length and valuation, January 1, 1881 487 The press of Davis county 487 General newspaper histoiy 487 List of papers living and dead 494 Davis County Republican 494 Legal Tender Greenback 495 Bloomfield Democrat 495 Educational progress 496 Table showing condition of schools in 1862...." 502 Table showing condition of schools in 1879 503 Table showing condition of schools inl880 503 Statistical table for 1881 504 Religious advancement 505 The temperance cause 508 Criminal history 510 Execution of William Hinkle 512 War recoi'd 514 Proclamations 515 Second Infantry 516 Fourth Infantrv 519 Sixth Infantry 519 Thirteenth 1 nfantry 520 Fourteenth Infantry 520 Fifteenth Infantry 521 Seventeenth Infantry 521 Nineteenth Infantry 521 Twenty-fourth Infantry 522 Twenty- fifth Infantry 522 Thirtieth Infantry 522 Thirty-sixth Infantry 525 Thirty-seventh Infantry 525 First Cavalry 525 Third Cavalry 526 Seventh Cavalry 5:34 Eighth Cavalry 585 Ninth Cavalry .536 PAGE, Fourth Battery 537 Additional enlistments: Second Iowa Cavalry 537 Third Iowa Cavalry 537, 543 Fifteenth Iowa Infantry .544 Seventeenth Iowa Infantry 538 Thirtieth Iowa Infantry .5.38 Thirty-sixth Iowa Infantry 545 Forty-fifth Iowa Infantry 538 Forty-seventh Iowa Infantry 539 Southern Border Brigade 545 Tenth Missouri Infantry 546 Twenty-fii'st Missouri Infantry. . . 547 Seventh Missouri Cavalry 547 Second Cavalry, M. S. M 648 Veteran re-enlistments : Third Cavalry 539 Second Infantry 542 Thirteenth Infantry 542 Fourteenth Infantry 542 Fifteenth Infantry 542 Seventeenth Infantry .543 History of Davis county soldiers 549 Southern border troubles 554 Townships, towns and their growth. . -567 Bloomaeld City 567 Named 567 Order of the board of supervisors. 568 Deed conveying title 569 Adoption of charter 570 Election of officers 570 Business houses in 1858 571 Officers from 1866 to 1881 572 Additions 573 Churches 574 Lodges 576 Infirmary.... 579 Schools .581 Southern Iowa Normal School . . . 582 Banks .582 Public library 582 Hotels .582 Foundry 583 Wagon factory 583 Plow factory .583 Lawyer's jokes 583 Bloomfield township .585 History 585 Early officers 585 First birth 586 First physician -586 Drakeville township 586 Geography 586 Name .586 Early settlers 586 L. N. English 586 First death 586 Other "first things'' -587 Christian Church 587 Lodges 587 Drakeville... 589 Fabius township 589 Description 589 Pioneers 589 10 CONTENTS. Monterey 589 Early events 589 Fox River township 590 Composition 590 Historical beginnings 590 Grove township 590 Place and name 590 Stiles 591 Stilesville Christian Church 591 Lodges 591 Lick Creek township 582 Name 592 Floris post-office 592 Miscellaneons matters 592 Chequest Union Baptist Church. 593 Marion township .593 For whom named 593 Railroads 593 Belknap 593 First marriage, etc 593 Wesley Chapel 594 Perry township 594 Hero of Lake Erie 594 Early settlers 594 Other matters 594 Prairie township 595 Physical geography 595 First happenings 595 Pulaski .596 Roscoe township 59'( Population and location 597 Ajax 59i: Miscellaneous events 59S Soap Creek township 598 Name 598 Early settlers, etc 598 Salt Creek township 59f Name, etc 595 Cliristian Church 60( Mr. Jordan and the centennial . . 60( Union township 60( Early settlers, mDls, etc 601 Churches 605 Lodges 605 Stringtown 60.'- Troy 60£ Troy Academy 60c West Grove township 60;! Name, etc 60i West Grove 604 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 604 Christian Church 604 Wyiicondah township 604 Description 604 The Hairy Nation 60f Savannah 60E Martinsville 606 Springville 606 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE. Explanatory. . .' 607 Bloomfield'City 608 Bloomfield township , 642 Drakeville township 656 Fabius township 659 Fox River township 665 ■Grove township 668 Lick Creek township 675 Marion township 680 PAOE. Perry township 688 Prairie township 695 Roscoe township 701 Salt Creek township 706 Soap Creek township 71C Union township 715 Wyacondah township 727 West Grove township 738 PORTRAITS. FAGE. H. H. Trimble Front. C.F.Davis 227 W. A. Duckworth 261 J. W. Beauchamp 279 James H. Jordan 321 E. J. Shelton, M. D 355 W. H. Shelton, M. D 389 R. W. Anderson 423 Samuel Rnssell opposite 457 J. C. Dooley " 489 P. H. Bence " 521 J. W. Young, M. D " 553 D. N. Uooley, M. D " 685 The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Teiritory uas ceded to the United States hy Virgiuiii in 1784, it embraced only the tenitory lying between the 41) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Noilhwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake S.uperior. Tins visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, Vv'ho perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built tlie earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Nortliwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and .lames Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two vears afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for jM. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, ex[)lored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as f.ir south as tlie present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During ]\I. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to \\hora the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE KOUTHWEST TERRITGitY. 21 request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or tlie Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joiiet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, tlie explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gatheied to witness their dci)arture, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from tlieir purpose by representing the tribes on tlie Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their c;!noes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of tlie town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and ariows, which these good pt'nple had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank liiuj for the [)ity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving tliem an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to ■which Dablun and Allouez liad extended their missionary labors the } ear previous. Here ALirquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root wliich cuies tlie bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to •liiliet, said: "■ My friend is an envov of France, to discover new coun- ti ies, and I am an ambassador fnuii God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gosj)el." Two Miami guides were here fuinished to conduct lliem to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Lidiau village on tlie 10th of June, amidst a great e;owd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 22 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKY. Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand "reminded tliem of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of Fi'ance." By-and-hy, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of iidiab- itants yet presenting tlie appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly jjroprietors. SOUKCE OF THE SllSSISSIPrl. On June 2 J, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in (he boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, Avithin a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to iiliout latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course THE NOnriiWKST TKKRITOllY. og up the river, and ascending the stream to tlie mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and piocuied guides from that point to the hikes. " Nowhere on this journey." says Marquette, "'did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, huEFaloes, deer, wildcats, bustaids, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even heavers, as on the Illinois River." The partjs without loss or injury, reached Green Bay iu Septemlier, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, liut of which no i-ecoi'd was preserved save Marquette's. Joliet losing his iiy the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Qael)ee. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by tlieir request, and niiinstered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked ; to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, : he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at ' prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found tire waters had retreated tioni the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace, Tiie river has since been called Marquette. • While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Henneiiin. •After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see ' the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French ' trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He ap[)lied to Frontenac, Governor General cf Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great iak3s by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestl}^ hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- '24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. alier returned to Canada, and liusily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Micliillimackinac, where LaSalle founded r fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans " of the French, where he found ,1 large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded tlie Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. Started her on her return voyoge. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, liear- mg nothing from the Griffin, he collected ail tiie men — thirty working men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, c.dled liy the Indians, "Thcakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians calhd by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankake<3. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment THE NORTHWEST i liliRI I OKY. 25 no inhabitants. The Seui- de LaSalle being- in want of some bieadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of whicli he found concealed iu holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. Tiie corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4t]i day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must liave been the lake of Peoria. This was called b}' the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he liad heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes weie trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men '. were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the tiavel.' i He called this fort " Crevecoeur " (broken-heart), a name expressive of ilie very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship. Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on tlie part of tiie Indians, and of mutin)'- among- his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the .Winter wore awa}^ the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to exjilore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u iknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reach'id Cana Ja, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 1G80. Wlien LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely' deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the i"}- stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by tlie 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a hand of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies."' Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony Z6 THE NORTHWEST TEKKITOKY. in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to ttieir villages. Here they were kept about three months, weic treated kindly by chaiu captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pen&- ;;-ated thus far bj' the route of Lake Superior ; and with these felloAT- couutrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after wen: to France, where he published an account of his adventures. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 2T The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue lliem- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brig- aulines, in wliich they embarked, and descending tiie river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the eountiy, \ and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. I To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving tlie ' first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of I explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed tlie Portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February readied the banks of the Mississippi. On the loth they commenced their downward course, wliich thej^ pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March tliey dis- covered tlie three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event: " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de La Salle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found tlie main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the eighth we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was h'ere about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to tlie column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : " Louis Le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme April, 1682." The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after a salute and cries of '■'■Vive le Roi,'' the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the autliorit}' of the King of France. La Salle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois ; thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which lie was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along tlie shore of the gulf. On the third voyage he was killed, through the 1:8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. treachery of liis followers, and tlie object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1G90, when D"Iberville, nnder the authority of the crown, discovered, on tlie second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." .This majestic stream Avas called by the natives '■'■ MaUiouflua'' and by the Spaniards, '■'■la Palissade,'''' from the great V /^ *.(.. s: ^— tt ^ < V L4 :'? '« i ' ^J^^ TR.'iPPING. number of trees aijout its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by THE NORL'HWEST TERRITORY. 29 the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat; and deatli, he h.ul not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and tlie world an immense and most valuable country; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement ( iiere. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Pe(uia, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecceur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored."' Tlie French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionarv station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- l.iges, the other two being Caliokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel IMarest, dated " Au.x; Cascaskias, autrement dit de llmmaculate Conception dc la Saintc Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoenr. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (lironounced Wa-ba, meaning »iimmer cloud movlmj swiftly') was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In Jnl\', 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartraiii were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those establislied further nortli, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occujiy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 171S. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous MississijDpi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so (piickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme s-o quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated • There is consider.ible dispute .-ibout this dale, some asserting It was founded as late as 1742. When the new ourt house at Vini-enue.s was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and J /OS fixed upou as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. 30 THR NOUTHWEST TEKRITORY. injuries, cut oif tlie entire colony at Natchez. Although the compnny did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it Avas not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Anx Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the Frencli till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seajDort town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the countiy found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says: "For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 work them as thej^ deserve." Father Slarest, writing from the post at Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Yivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this countrj-, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in*what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Jose])h's on the St. Josejih's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were jjossessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 32 THK MORTHWEST TERRITOR;;,, iind hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, liowever, had ancither claim to tliis country, niimely, liie DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful" river was discovered hy Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before tlie discovery of the Mississipj>i by Joliet and Marquette. WJiile LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, lie found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that tlie great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in tlie enterprise of discovering a route across the conlaient to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with thq expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of Julj% 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in tins they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly' to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they licard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving' ^M.^-^^-::::^L,^- iiiGii nnrDGK, lake eluff, lake county, Illinois. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawauee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to hi Louis Juliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. Ha 34 THE KORTHWEST TERRITORY. had been sent by the Canadiein Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, tliey found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying tlie field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him" their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal tlie following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie,' he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on tlie Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman'found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Fatlier of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ousl}' about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States^ of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were ye™ under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 35 conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, hiid commenced movements to secure the country west of the AUeghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to tliis unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to tlie colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes lai-ge tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord Howard, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. Tliese were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederac}', and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which tlie Indians received .£.200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across tlie mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the AUeghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in 1' ^ West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. settling upon it, Ijut in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon tlie lOlh ot" May, 1774, Vaud- reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences tliatmust arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1719, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 17-52, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the iuscription partly defaced. It bears date August IG, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to exa.nine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one Imndred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for tlie Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were buined. Tliis fort or post was called by the Englisli Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- .tory between the Ohio and tlie Wabash. Tlie name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following'l3 a traiislatioa of the inscription on the plate: "In tlie year 1749. reign of Louis XV., ICiiij; of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment l)y Monsienr the ISIarfiuis of Gallisoniere, cuia- niander-in-chief of Is'cw rrance, to estal>li9li tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried tins phite at the conflunice of the Toradalioin. this twenty- ninth of July, near tlie river Ohio, otherwise Reautiful River, as a monumt- nt of renewal of possession wMiich we have taken of the said river, and all its triljutaries; inasniuch as the prerediii^i Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintaiued it by their arms auU treaties; especially by those ol Ryswicli, Utrecht, aud Aix La Cbapelle." THE NORTHWEST TEUUITCSJ. 37 This was the first l>lood shed between tli8 French and Englisli, and occurred near the present City of Piqna, Oliio, or at least at a i)oint about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation l)ecanie now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. Tlie English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occup3% and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the I'ed men at Logstown, a little village. on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles Ijelow the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for ni:iny years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the LUh of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to but-nianojuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. . The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them Avith arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758: " The Indians on the Ohio left 30U because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindl}-, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng-^ lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the ciiain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- J8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ing the positions and jjurposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them anotlier messenQer and learn from them, if possible, tlieir intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, wlio then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as liis guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went t: Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the Freneli, and also lieard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Foit Machault. Through the rum and flattery of tlie Frencli, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here lie delivered Governor Dinv/iddie's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians wlio still remained true to him, notwithstanding tlie endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, 3-et they reached liome in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned tliat the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, wliile the French finislied the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines o'f fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. Tlie Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the iieigliboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were eulisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were ECathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of fortj-one men, who were THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The fi\st birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled hy the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen e3"es had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river; and upon the morning of the ITth of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight thnt made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Forlc, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from tlieir possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those -10 ':'!1^ NOKTHWESX TEERITOET. acquainted v.-ith Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. Tiiis occurred on tlie morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through tlie years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, tlieii Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Tliree expeditions were planned ior this year: one, under General Amlieist, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 2Gth of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point witiiout a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraliam, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the ISth, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolra and Wolfe Ijoth lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and tliere, on the 28th of tlie following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defe.xt of tlie French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. Tlie Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the Avar, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on t '3 10th of February of tliat year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On tlie 13th of September, 1760, Maior Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre. refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the THE NORTHWEST TERRrTORY. 41 French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. Tliis answer conciliated tiie savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one montii on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to tiie fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort SanduskN^, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town " on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henrj^ who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom lie considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in tiiis feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 42 THE NORTHWEST TEKUITORY. PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43 upon the frontier Britisli posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was tlie marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and jNIingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176?'. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indiari chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to tiie fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his countr\' and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henr}- went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 44 THK NORTHWEST TERRITORY. yet conquered us ! AVe are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and Ijeef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon tliese broad lakes and in these mountains." He tlien spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no piesents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Sucli were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after tiie English took possession of their countr)'. Tiiese feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French aims might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. Tiie next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty yeai's still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half centur}', from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle. in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on tlie American Bottom, a large tract of liuh alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Ciiartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country Avith their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen, It was shortl)' after the occupancy of the West by tiie British that the war with Ponti'ac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 tnent in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 17G4, wlien, failing to captui-e Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiae abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterwaid lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. Tliis was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to tlie mou'h of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This jSame year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-f.ve dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and lit Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and fldur found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement witliout the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 17G9 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother ountry ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and -were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on Juno 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often ca;ne in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseveranceof individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and wester::> land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River southof the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the "Wabash Land Company. " On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 17fcO, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 Btrenuous efforts to have these giants sanctioned by Congress, but all siyiially failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though tliere were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated tliat at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 Avhite and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and SO negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appeals to have contained nearly eiglity families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve lamilies in a small village at la Prairie dii Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one liundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained .so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there Were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 176G to 17G8, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled fci' more than twenty miles, although poorl}- cultivated — the people being engaged in t!ie Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1X78, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first tkree of these 48 THE NOltTHWERT TERRITORY. gate;* were block lidines provided with four guns apiere, each a, bix- pouiider.. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and iu a parallel divectiou with the blo^k jiouses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and tlio rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from tenj to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by ]Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the' enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the p/esent northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten oflBcers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1T7S, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. Tliey were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid ajj^jcarance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. Tiiere were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and ihe other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock, Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the da}', who per- formed strict dutj'. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset, even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the kej-s were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened, in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any -weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantl}'. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by lire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present •' new" town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in tlie West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of V'irginia, and the sturdy jjioneers of the West, alive to their interests, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of tlie New Wojld, hekl steadily to tlieir purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Itichard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the fiist court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the connnander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in tliis far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British tiiroughout the Nortiiwest, and understood tlieir whole plan. Ht saw it was through tlieir possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, lie repaired to the Capital of Virginia, wliicli place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been ■agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to liis orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the coiintiy. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W, B. Smith to Hoi- 50 THE NORTHWEST TERUITORY. ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. Tiie settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the projDosed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 2-l:th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the- most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become fi-iendly if treated with unexjjected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the toAvn reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or bj^ killing any of the enemy. After sufficientl}^ working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through tiieir influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ")'. the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw tiiat, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians witiiin its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, wiio had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Goveinor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Deti'oit and moved down tiie Waljash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky ai'd drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at tiie entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the Britisii General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ouisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were 3-et, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this j'ear, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. Daring the year 1786. the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of laud known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. 58 THE NOKTHWEST TEEEITORY. While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 17S4, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territoiy was to have been divided into states PRESENT Sn'E OF 1„^KK STliEET BlUDGE, CHICAGO, IX lSo3. I)y parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, lUenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- |)otamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. 59 square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the sul) ect was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is full}' discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Svniraes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentlenran had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following vear. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 2:3d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the :kl of October, had ordered seven liundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of tlje Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. Tlie civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- plete, antl notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock"s road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRTTOllY. Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of tlie Northwast, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just ccimmenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its cliaracteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there' never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community." A nONEEIi DWELLING. On the 2(1 of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block - houses stood was called ^"^ Campus Martins f square number 19, '■^ Capitolium ;'' square number 61, '■'■ Oecilia ;'' and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via.'" Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armsti-ong had been apjjointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, THE NOItTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 under the first of wliich the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first Laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next da}^ appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts 3'et existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the month of tlie Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a jjamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In Januar^r, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located aniong other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouih of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in Jidy, Symmes got thirt\' persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These i-eached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville nolonj. Here a clearing had 62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. been made by the Indians owing to tlie gi-ea>t fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, bnilding a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. Tiiey named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of ihe United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but -.._M- .» ,-^^. ;k&-j^ ■"^11 iMriir>i J ...i.wSS^ ^ LAKE BLFFF. Tlie frontage of Lake Bluff Groiindson Laki.- Micliigaii, with uiie tiitmlred and seventy feet of gradual ascent. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. ■ This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, tiie following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 wliole country, have hud their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourisliing cities east and west of the Mississipi)i. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were- a story and a half high, while those composing tlie officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a liollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present cit}'' (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, whicli was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundar}' of of the town as it was originall}' laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quartei-s of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame liouse, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the lieadtjuarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territorj'. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into b}' different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treat}' of 179.5 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the We.st. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. Tlie United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give thera U[i, they at once comjDlied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to pi-eserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- 6V THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. quarters to tho iieighhorliood of the lakes, wliere a county named after him was formed, whicli included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sliarpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy! houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16tli of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 21th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and apjjroved by the Governor, were thirty -seven — eleven others were jiassed, but received his veto. The most imjjortant of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Nortlnvest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinar}' operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : " In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements ia such society. The extreme necessit)^ of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territorj' into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division l)e made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law 66 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the " compact of 1787 " provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Oiiio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties witli the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next 3 ear is memorable in the history of tlie West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the earl}- part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional -grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and tlie present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 67 aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in tlie time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two luindred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by tlie town and Fort Lenault. Tiie remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. « * « A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. Tlie pickets, as well as tlie public houses, are in a state of gradual deca}'. The streets are nari-ow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. Tlie houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During tliis year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in tliese wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wra, Hull was appointed governor, with headtjuarters at Detroit, the change to take eifect on June 30. On th*e 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroj'-ed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory readied the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and liis coanection with this conflict. G8 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIiS. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Qi) TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. Tliis famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his inother, Methontaske, was a memljer of the Turtle tribe of the same people. Tiiey removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 179o he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River. Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei comes into prominence. He was now about thirt3'-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutlj' built, and jiossessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- (lential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of bind made Viv the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the noi-th, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to tlie cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring 70 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. I as one principal reason tliat he did not want tlie Indians to give up any lands nortli and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited tlie General at Vincennes and lield a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed fiom the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this placfe he went to the prophet's tiiwn, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, pi'ovided tiiey were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his i)rother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly ju'ecipitating tlie war, and foiling liis (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison tliat he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previouslv been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as 11 chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The .agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general lemarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council liouse, and departed for Fort Mai- den, iu U[)p('r Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained mider this Goveinment, doing effective work for the Crown wiiile engaged in the war o± 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatmei.'^^ of the prisoners, never allow- ing liis warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victorj^ on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to tlie heart of Canada by the Valley oi tlie Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ll On the 2d of October, tlie AmL'ricitiis began their pursuit of Proctor, wh«iu tliey overtook on ihe otli, ;iikI the battle of tlie Thames foUowed. Eai'ly in the engagement, Tecuuiseh who was at the head of the eolunui of Indians was slain, and they, no longer iiearin.f the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest. ^W^SSS^ INDIAN^S ATTACKING A STOCKAI>S. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of mucli dis{>ute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the lutlians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also daring this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Tei'ritory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then l)egan the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of Januaiy, 1812, it arrived atNatcliez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake whicli occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stii>ulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout tlie West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December 11, the State was formallj^ admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was Uiid out January 1, 1825. y THE NORTHWEST TERBITORY. 73 Oil the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more "Central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were siiljsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territor}- north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1820 thai the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships beg^an to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the iMichigaii University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, tlic record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he Went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NOUTHWEST TERRITORY. nr^Acic iiAwic, the sac chieftain. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 75 of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the • head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred Ijraves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre h:.:^ a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British uc , ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. I Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and \vas induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A huge force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock Rivei- toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the J THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was .seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain ])eaceable with the whites. • For the faithful performance of the iirovi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty-." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Ever3'where they Avere observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next d.ay after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was 3'et living, and with her he passed the remainder of his da3-s. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholj^ had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The ( 78 THE NORTHWEST TEIIKITORY. body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat consti'ucted for the puri^ose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's troj^hies were placed in the gi'ave, and some Indian garments, together with liis favorite weapons." No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly comiiig into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Micliigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. Tlie main attraction to tliat portion of the Noi'thwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found aliout Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 183(1 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, W^isconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. THE XOUTHWEST TERRITORY. la PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST Preceding clia[itei's have brought us to the close of the Black Hav/k War, ami we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity cf the Northwest under the sm'.le cf peace and the blessings of our civil: ■ za-ti'>n. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep sac-v?' OLD FORT DEARBORN', 1830. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cau e of the iniraigration which overflowed the ]iraiiies early in the '3Us was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those M-ho had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. ("!hicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former c'ty to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the stute when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheeiless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINOOLX MONUMENT, SPKINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. them hut one small railway in tlie coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 from the effects of which the Western couiitiy had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the lioiior of recruiting ililiiililiiBissV,^^ I ; f i liite' WMii^^-^ S!ii! mm ill iiiii ^ :^i§ o K o o w o the vast armies of the Union fell largely to Gov. Yates, of Illinois, and Gov. j\Io-k-ton, of Indiana. To recount the share of the glories of the campaign won hy our Western troops is a needless task, except to mention the fact that Illinois gave to the nation the President who saved THE NORTHWEST TEUltlTORY. it. and sent out at the head of one of its regiments tne general wlio led •ts armies to the final \ictoTy at Appomattox. The struggle, on ths CO CO -jO ■J < ■J a whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, g: dng it an impetus which twenty years of jDeace would not have produced. In a large degree this prosperity was an inflated one, and with the rest of the Union we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 83 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining- regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign' commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no proijositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with tlie increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running througli every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in tlie warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. j\Iore and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 84 '-THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for the jDast thirty years. Our domain lias a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will nat\irally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new em2iire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new entei'prise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. Englisli capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Xouisare yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and count)' fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Cliicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at fii'st liands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first imj^etus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach hy its most intense efforts of legislation and comi^ulsion. Tlie hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TKUUITORY. 85 imtions, set the wheels in uiotioii, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healtliy tone. Manufacturing lias attained in the chief cities a foothold wliicli bids fair to render the Nm-tliwest iudeiiendent of the outside world. Nearly ITUXTIXC; PRAIRIE WOLVES IX AX EAKLY DAY. onr whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles excep*^' food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly- increasing beyond those of any other region. 86 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases whicli bid fair to largely increase our transjDortation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New .Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of st thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific fi-eights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paid is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to- Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of. things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 87 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Cliicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might £eem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. KTNZIE HOtJSE. Early History of Illinois. The name of this beautiful Prairie State is derived from Illim, a Delaware word signifying Sujjerior Men. It has a French termination, and is a symbol of how the two races — the French and the Indians — were intermixed during the early history of the country. The appellation was no doubt well applied to the primitive inhabit- ants of the soil whose prowess in savage warfare long withstood the combined attacks of the fierce Iroquois on the one side, and the no less savage and relentless Sacs and Foxes on the other. The Illinois were once a powerful confederacy, occupying the most beautiful and fertile region in the great Valley of the Mississippi, which their enemies coveted and struggled long and hard to wrest from them. By the fortunes of war they were diminished in numbers, and finally destroyed. " Starved Rock," on the Illinois River, according to tradition, commemorates their last tragedy, where, it is said, the entire tribe starved rather than sur- render. EARLY DISCOVERIES. The first European discoveries in Illinois date back over two hun- dred years. They are a part of that movement which, from the begin- ning to the middle of the seventeenth century, brought the French Canadian missionaries and fur traders into the Valley of the Mississippi, and which, at a later period, established the civil and ecclesiastical authority of France from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the foot-hills of the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains. The great river of the West had been discovered by DeSoto, the Spanish conqueror of Florida, three quarters of a century before the French founded Quebec in 1608, but the Spanish left the country a wil- derness, without further exploration or settlement within its borders, in which condition it remained until the Mississippi was discovered b}^ the agents of the French Canadian government, Jolietand Marquette, in 1673. These renowned explorers were not the first white visitors to Illinois. In 1671 — two years in advance of them — came Nicholas Perrot to Chicago. He had been sent by Talon as an agent of the Canadian government to 88 HISTOUV OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 89 ^i 30 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. call a great peace convention of Western Indians at Green Bay, prepara- tory to the movement for the discovery of tlie Mississippi. It was deemed a good strolce of policy to secure, as far as possible, the friend- ship and co-operation of the Indians, far and near, before venturing upon an enterprise which their hostility might render disastrous, and which their friendship and assistance would do so much to make successful ; and to this end Perrot was sent to call together in council the tribes throughout the Northwest, and to promise them the commerce and pro- tection of the French government. He accordingly arrived at Green Bay in 1671, and procuring an escort of Pottawattamies, proceeded in a bark canoe upon a visit to tlie Miamis, at Chicago. Perrot was there- fore the first European to set foot upon the soil of Illinois. Still tiiere were others before Marquette. In 1672, the Jesuit mis- sionaries. Fathers Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, bore the standard of the Cross from their mission at Green Bay through western Wisconsin and northern Illinois, visiting the Foxes on Fox River, and the Masquo- tiues and Kickapoos at the mouth of the Milwaukee. These missionaries penetrated on the route afterwards followed by Marquette as far as the Kickapoo village at the head of Lake Winnebago, where Marquette, in his journey, secured guides across the portage to the Wisconsin. The oft-repeated story of Marquette and Joliet is well known. They were the agents employed by the Canadian government to discover the Mississippi. Marquette was a native of France, born in 1637, a Jesuit priest by education, and a man of simple faith and of great zeal and devotion in extending the Roman Catholic religion among the Indians. Arriving in Canada in 1666, he was sent as a missionary to the far Northwest, and, in 1668, founded a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. The following year he moved to La Pointe, in Lake Superior, where he instructed a branch of the Hurons till 1670, when he removed south, and founded the mission at St. Ignace, on the Straits of Mackinaw. Here he remained, devoting a^ portion of liis time to the study of the Illinois language under a native teacher who had accompanied him to the mission from La Pointe, till he was joined by Joliet in the Spring of 1673. By the way of Green Bay and the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, they entered the Mississipjii, which they explored to the mouth of the Arkansas, and returned liy the way of the Illinois and Chicago Rivers to Lake Michigan. On his way up the Illinois, Marquette visited the great village of the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in the county of LaSalle. The following year he returned and established among them the mission of the Immaculate Virgin Mary, which was the first Jesuft mission founded in liJiuois and iu the Mississippi Valley. The intervening winter he had spent in a hut which his companions erected on the Chicago River, a few leagues from its mouth. The founding of this mission was the last HISTOK\ OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 91 act of Marquette's life. He died in Michigan, on his way back to Green Bay, May 18, 1675. FIRST FRENCH OCCUPATION. The first French occupation of the territory now embraced in Illi- nois was effected by LaSalle in 1680, seven years after the time of Mar- quette and Joliet. LaSalle, liaving constructed a vessel, the " Griffin," ubove the falls of Niagara, which he sailed to Green Bay, and having passed thence in canoes to the mouth of the St. .Joseph River, by which and the Kankakee he reached the Illinois, in January, 1680, erected Fort Crevecoeur, at tiie lower end of Peoria Lake, wiiere the citj' of Peoria is now situated. The place where this ancient fort stood may still be seen just below the outlet of Peoria Lake. It was destined, however, to a temporary existence. From this point, LaSalle determined to descend the Mississippi to its mouth, but did not accomplish this purpose till two years later — in 1682. Returning to Fort Frontenac for the purpose of getting materials with which to rig his vessel, he left the fort in charge of Touti, his lieutenant, who during his absence was driven off by the Iro- quois Indians. These savages had made a raid upon the settlement of the Illinois, and had left nothing in their track but ruin and desolation. Mr. Davidson, in his History of Illinois, gives the following graphic account of tlie picture that met the eyes of LaSalle and his companions on their return : " At the great town of the Illinois they were appalled at the scene which opened to their view. No hunter appeared to break its death-like silence with a salutatory whoop ot welcome. The plain on wliich the town had stood was now strewn with charred fragments of lodges, which had so recently swarmed with savage life and hilarity. To render more hideous the picture of desolation, large numbers of skulls had been placed on the upper extremities of lodge-poles which had escaped the devouring flames. In the midst of these hoi'rors was the rude fort of the spoilers, rendered frightful by the same ghastly relics. A near approach showed that the graves had been robbed of their bodies, and swarms of buzzards were discovered gluttin:; their loathsome stomachs on the reeking corruption. To complete the work of destruction, the - lishers of books, maps, papers, etc.; value of fiirm products and imple- ments, and of live stock ; in tons of coal mined. Tlie shipping of Illinois is only second to New York. Out of one port during the business hours of the season of navigation she sends forth a vessel every ten minutes. This does not include canal boats, which gc one every five minutes. No wonder slie is only second in number of bankers and brokers or in physicians and surgeons. Slie is third in colleges, teachers and schools; cattle, lead, hay, flax, sorghum and beeswax. She is fourth in population, 'n children enrolled in public schools, in law scliools, in butter, potatoes and carriages. She is fifth in value of real and personal propert}', in theological seminaries and colleges exclusively for women, in milk sold, and in boots and shoes manufactured, and in book-binding. Siie is only seventh in the production of wood, while she is the twelfth in area. Surely that is well done for the Prairie State. She now has much more wood and growing timber than she had thirty years ago. A few leading industries will justif)' eniiiliasis. She manufacture.^ $205,000,000 W(n'lh of goods, which places her well up toward New York and Pennsylvania. The number of her manufacturing establishments increased from 18G0 to 1870, 300 per cent.; capital em[)loyed increased 350 per cent., and the amount of product increased 400 per cent. She issued 5,500,000 copies of commercial and financial newspapei"s — only second to New York. She has 6,759 miles of railroad, thus leading all other States, worth $03(5,458,000, using 3,245 engines, and 67,712 cars, making a train long enough to cover one-tenth of the entire roads of the State. Her stations are only five miles apart. She carried last year 15,795,000 passen- gers, an average of 36.V miles, or equal to taking her entire population twice across the State. More than two-thirds of her land is within five miles of a railroad, and less than two per cent, is inore than fifteen miles away. The State has a large financial interest in the Illinois Central railroad. The road was incorporated in 1850, and the State gave each alternate sec- tion for six miles on each side, and doubled the price of the remaining land, so keeping herself good. The road received 2,595,000 acres of land, and pays to the State one-seventh of the gross receipts. The State receives this year $350,000, and has receiYed in all about $7,000,000. It is practicall}' the people's road, and it has a most able and gentlemanly management. Add to this the annual receipts from the canal, #111,000, and a large per cent, of the State tax is provided for. 106 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. THE RELIGION AND MORALS of the State keep step with her productions and growth. She was born of the missionary spirit. It was a minister who secured for her the ordi- nance of 17S7, by which she has been saved from slaver}", ignorance, and dishonesty. Rev. Mr. Wile\% pastor of a Scotch congregation in Randolph County, petitioned the f'onstitntional Convention of 1818 to recognize Jesus Christ as king, and the Scriptures as the oidy necessary guide and book of law. 'The convention did not act in the case, and the old Cove- nanters refused to accept citizenship. They never voted until 1824, when the slavery question was submitted to the people; then they all voted against it and cast the determining votes. Conscience has predominated whenever a great moral question has been submitted to the people. But little mob violence has ever been felt in the State. In 1817 regulators disposed of a band of horse-thieves that infested the territory. The Mormon indignities finally awoke the same spirit. Alton was also the scene of a pro-slavery mob, in which Lovejoy was added to the list of martyrs. The moral sense of the people makes the law supreme, and gives tu the State unruffled peace. With $22,300,000 in church property, and 4,298 church organizations, the State has that divine police, the sleepless pati'ol of moral ideas, that alone is able to secure perfect safety. Conscience takes tlie knife from the assassin's hand and the. bludgeon from the grasp of the highwayman. We sleep in safety, not because we are behind bolts and bars — these only fence against the innocent ; not because a lone officer drowses on a distant corner of a street; not because a sheiiff may call his posse from a remote part of the county ; but because conscience guards the very portals of the air and stirs in the deepest recesses of the public mind. This spirit issues within the State 9,500,000 copies of religious papers annually, and i-eceives still more from without. Thus the crime of the State is only one-fourth that of New York and one-half that of Pennsylvania. Illinois never had but one duel between her own citizens. In Belle- ville, in 1820, Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett arranged to vindi- cate injured honor. The seconds agreed to make it a sham, and make them shoot blanks. Stewart was in the secret. Bennett mistrusted some- thing, and, unobserved, slipped a bullet into his gun and killed Stewart. He then fled the State. After two years he Avas caught, tried, convicted, and, in spite of friends and political aid, was hung. This fixed the code of honor on a Christian basis, and terminated its use in Illinois. The early preachers were ignorant men, who were accounted eloquent according to the strength of their voices. But they set the style for all public speakers. Lawyers and political speakers followed this rule. Gov. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOXS. 107 Ford says: "Nevertheless, these first preachers were of inoalculable Ijenefit to the country. They inculcated justice and morality. To them are we indebted for the first Christian character of the Protestant portion of the people." In education Illinois surpasses her material resources. The ordinance of 1787 conseorated one thirty-sixth of her soil to common schools, and the law of 1818, the first law that went upon her statutes, gave three per cent, of all the rest to EDUCATION. ' The ol'l compact secures this interest forever, and by its yoking moralit}' and intelligence it precludes the legal interference with the Bible in the public schools. With such a start it is natural that we should have 11,050 schools, and that our illiteracy should be less than New York or Pennsylvania, and only about one-half of Massachusetts. We are not to blame for not having more than one-half as many idiots as the great States. These public schools soon made colleges inevitable. The first college, still flourishing, was started in Lebanon in 1828, by the M. E. cluirch, and named after Bishop JNIcKendiee. Illinois College, at Jackson- ville, supported by the Presbyterians, followed in 1830. In 1832 the Bap- tists built Shurtleff College, at Alton. Then the Presbyterians built Knox College, at Galesburg, in 1838, and the Episcopalians built Jubilee College, at Peoria, in 1847. After these early years colleges have rained down. A settler could hardly encamp on the prairie but a college would spring up by his wagon. Tiie State now has one very well endowed and equipped university, namely, the Northwestern University, at Evanston, with six colleges, ninety instructors, over 1,000 students, and #1,500,000 endow- ment. Rev. J. M. Peck was the first educated Protestant minister in tne State. He settled at Rock Spring, in St. Clair County, 1820, and left his impress on the State. Before 1837 only party papers were published, but Mr. Peck published a Gazetteer of Illinois. Soon after John Russell, of Bluffdale, published essays and tales showing genius. Judge James Hall published The Illinois 3Ionthly Magazine with great ability, and an annual called The Western Souvenir, which gave him an enviable fame all over the United States. From these beginnings Illinois has gone on till she has more volumes in public libaaries even than Massachusetts, and of the 44,500,000 volumes in all the public libraries of the United States, she has one-thirteenth. In newspapers she stands fourth. Her increase is marvelous. In 1850 she issued 5,000,000 copies; in 1860, 27,590,000 ; in 1870, 113,140,000. In 1860 she had eighteen colleges and seminaries ; in 1870 she had eighty. That is a grand advance for the war decade. This brings us to a record unsurpassed in the history of any age, PS < THE STATE OF IOWA, GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. Tlie State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east anil west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The nQ»|;hern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upor^ that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer corps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by inn 110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill ranges within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the N E. corner to Spirit Liike 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake u feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W corner to the highest ridge between the two great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 441 feet above the level of the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is not fir from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western boundar ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern part of Adair County. From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, witliout change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. ; HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill IIIVERS. All Streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage run, cither along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across the open country where there are no bridges. The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- tributed throughout the mass^ in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called "silicious marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and its oriirin refen-ed to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof Swallaw gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted ; the term Lacustral would have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water which falls on its surface does not remain, bi^t percolates through it; neither does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within the drift and the stratified formations. The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed between the East Nishnabotany aild the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particle?, similar to ii'.at which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that formed a lake-like expansion of that river in tlie earliest period of the history of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, was about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border alo'niT the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty into the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, from their sources to their mouths. Chariton and Grand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles of their courses uj^on the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold Uounty), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that Avithin fifteen or twenty miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- eral level of the adjacent high land. When the rivers have cut their valleys down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains (commonly termed "bottoms "), the soil of which is stifl" and clayey, except where modified by sandy washings. A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries aie mostly prairie streams. Platte Hiver. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, drain a large region of country. Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF lOAVA. llS The term " drift deposit " applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel and boulders, promiscuously intermixed, ■without stratification, varying in char- acter in different parts of the State. The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all our wells and springs is too '' hard '' for washing purposes ; and the same sub- stance is so prevalent in the drift clays tliat they are always found to have suiE- cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. One Tlanlred and Two Rloi-r is represented in Taylor County, the valleys of whicli have the same general character of those just described. The country around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely prairie. Noilawajj Rher. — Tliis stream is represented by east, middle and west branches. The two former rise la Adair County, the latter in Cass County. Tlicse rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. Nlshnabotany liivcr. — Tliis river is represented by east and west branches, the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. Both these branches, from tli^r source to their confluence — and also the main stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff deposit. The West Kishnabotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnabotany loses its identity by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six diiTerent creeks. A few good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable fertility. Boi/cr River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the iNIissouri, the Boyer rims almost, if not quite, its entii-e course through the region occupied by the bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- sage. Tjie only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and arfe the most northerly now known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an nilistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the blu.T deposit. The source of this river is in Sac County. 114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldier River, — Tlie east and middle branches of this stream have their source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. Tlie whole course of this river is through the blufif deposit. It has no exposure of strata along its course. Little Sioux River. — Under this head are ineiiided both the main and west branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. Tlie west branch and the Maple are so similar to tlie Soldier River that they need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the soutliern part of Cherokee County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line between Clay and Biicna Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it tuims to the southward and becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. No exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little Sioux or any of its branches. . Fhyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- ing southward enters the region of tie bluff deposit a little north of the center of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream It is not valuable for such purposes. Rock River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It was evidently so named from the fact tliat considerable exposures of the red Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds 'and banks of the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. Big Sioux River. — Tlie valley of this river, from the northwest corner of the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all tlie streams of the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northivest corner of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence of Sioux quartzite, whiclf outcroDS directly across the stream, and causes a fall of aboiit sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- cades. For the first twenty-five miles above its mouth, tlie valley is very broad, with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest HISTORY OF THU STATE OF IOWA. 115 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for dams insecure. Missouri liiver. — This is one of tli-e muddiest streams on the globe, and its waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Siou.x City, a distance of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now tillable. The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character from those of the western, system. They are larger, longer and have their val- leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the streams of the western system. Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas- nre strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- carboniferous rocks pass beneath the river again, bringing down the coal-measure Strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process of the formation of the valley. The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These streams, especially South and Middle Rivei's, are frequently bordered by high, rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa coal fields. Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the eastern system. Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa County. Below the junction with the Cedai-, and for some miles above that point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- ble mill sites. Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 of tlic State, through the region occupied bv the Devonian strata and along the trend occupied by that formation. The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. Wapsipinnieon River. — This river has its source near the source of the ■Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill sites are unusually secure. Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- like other Iowa rivers. The difi'erence is due to the great depth they have eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. Upper loiva River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained uny considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, fhe lower masnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and throufrh all of which, except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a cultivated country. This stream has the gi-eatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town 118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, whicb makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring; • Btreams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from. one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile ia •width. There are but four points along the wliole length of the State where the- bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the southeastern corner of the State. Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all tlie rivers of Northeastern lowa^ if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be doubted. LAKES. The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The- first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. The others may be properly termed fluvatile or alluvial lakes, because they have had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. The regions to which the drift lakes ai'e principally confined are near the head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, ia HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in Bunea Vista County. Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal , and it •contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly •on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and ias somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake ■extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same •distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very pleasant. Fisli are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of water fowl. Clear Lake. — This lake is situated . in Cerro Gordo County, upon the watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area of between four and five square miles. The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- cept Okoboji. Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled Lake," on account of tlie existence of embankments on their borders, which are supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, ■to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and an winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon tlie bottom, and the expansive power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to ■century, forming the embankments which have caused so much wonder. SPRINGS. Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the jname of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, owing 120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata. of the age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the valley of that stream. No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with soluble mineral substances. ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- ular variety of soil, for witliin the State they rest upon all formations, from' those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. Tlie real cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fiftj years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is tillable land. GEOLOGY. The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not only possess different physical characters, but also difier in the mode of their origin. These are drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area- of surface, and the alluvial least. All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a. considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa, drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a* short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the inconstant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand thaa elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- tion furnishing the sand. In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the^ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 121 cretaceous rocks tha.t now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate with the limestones of that region. The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the highest floods, and is very productive. The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in their order : SYSTEMS. AGES. Cretaceous Carboniferous.. Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian Azoic GROUPS. PERIODS. Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous. Coal Measures. Subcarboniferous. I Hamilton Niagara Cincinnati Trenton. Primordial. Huronian FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. Drift Inocernmoun bed Wooiiburi/ Sandstone and Shales... Nishyiabotani/ Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales., Niagara Limestone Maijuoketa Shales Galena Limestone jTrenron Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone ■Sioux Quartzite THICKNESS. IN FEET. 10 to 200 50 130 100 200 200 200 75 90 196 176 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. LOWEK SILURIAN SYSTEM. PRIMORDIAL GROU]'. Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the bluff's and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. Lower 3Iagnesiuvi Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for building purposes. The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, near McGregor. St. Peter's Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the drift. TRENTON GROUP. Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Alla- makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to science and peculiar to Iowa. Tlie Galena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winnesiieik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123 though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. CINCINNATI GROi:P. Maquoketn Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic value is very slight. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct formation from any others of th • group. UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. NIAGARA CiOlP. Niagara Limestone. — The ai-ea occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles wide. This formation is entirely a magnesiun limestone, with in some places a con- siderable proportion of silicious matter in tlie form of chert or coarse flint. A large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and Farley are all opened in this formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. HAMILTON GIIOUP. Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and soutli- .'.Ithough a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite "Sarthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other- material requiring strength and durability. All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near Iowa City, and is known as " Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." CAEBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are found in Iowa. SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington County. Here . it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to- a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. The Kiriderhook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffa which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt. Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur-- poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this formation, and tlie quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125- « some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into ornamental and useful objects. 1, In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere and frost, it crumbles to pieces. The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- nized, they all belong to the order selachians. Of ARTICULATES, Only two specics have been recognized, both of which belong to the genus phillipsia. The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. The KADIATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- vailing classes are : lamellibranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions ; and brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this fDrmation. The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- sions are eminently crinoidal. The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, Bo that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, near the soutliern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point :at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be more tlian three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all parts of the world. The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Buffington Creek, in Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus jihillipsia. Fossil shells are very common. The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in oize from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the J)ost offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a length of twenty-five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phillipsia have been found in this formation. Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten*- is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of wliich are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus jjliilUpsia, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and beyricia. The moUusics distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarbonifernus period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending 1 almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- "ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County ; and thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. Lower Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward •of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the river. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies ■a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which ofier many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have been discovered. Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone have aff'orded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- sented. Trilohites and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 Vertebrates are only known by the remains of mlacMans, or sharks, and ganoids. TJpfer Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is Tery great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by ■the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and tliat only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cepkalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, brachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tei-tiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced theii entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will approximate the outlines of the area : From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluffs ; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of beginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Nishnabotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the soutliern part of Montgomery County. To tlie north- ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratrcnt, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Aerei. Cerro Gordo 1,500 Worth 2,000 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock 1,500 Wright 500 Kossuth 700 Dickinson 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland, Tlie beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distunce from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. GYP-SUM. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, tlie Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock cliff and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valley's of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. I The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about si.x mile^, by way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravinea wliich come into the valley within tlie distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the different parts of tliis deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and I'avines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of [ 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of S' ratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Foi-t Dodse. The reader will pk-ase bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps" or "nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will i)robably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon tlie gypsum, with noth- ^ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without douljt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during thr glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through tlie drift from the surfiice. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial impcrviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their waters. ,-An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTORT OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Ai/e of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is aiTorded by its stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon tlie lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of tJio subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of tlie palix;ozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Lithohgical Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur liave been found in connection with it; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal lamintie of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surface? of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. Fron these facts, and also from the further one that lio trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. saturated ■with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so difterent in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion ■with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit ■will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimea prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in anyway interfere with its value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter l)y the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature ■»vill refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- mon^vvealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even no^w rapidly passing a^way when a man may purchase a new farm, for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now' occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will bo difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than throe times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the cSect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a lar<;e, fine residence of it. in 1801, the walls of which appear as unaflected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is ([uarried and v.rought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & vSioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used fur the lower courses, which come in contact witii the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the .sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarrynian bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the dcsireil shapes by me;ins of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MIXOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in difierent parts of the State, includ- ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- 'i<^s-, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The cjuantity of gypsum in these minOi deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frec[uently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supjwsed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar sm\ll quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, tlie mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime (anhi/dnfe) has been found in connection with the great gypsum dejjosit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. ( Celestine. ) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodi'e. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers 'being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer; those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OF BARYTA. [Barj/tis, Heavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OP MAGNESIA. ( Fpnotnite.) Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, •we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epsomite mentioned- was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no pi-ac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. . No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and Winter is best repi-esented in that of August and December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. Tiie lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each case bein"; two full months. The climate of Iowa embraces the range of tliat of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not ciiaracterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastwai-d, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all .seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healtlifiil States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical nnd expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the "Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to Britisli America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanisli province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered tlie New AVorld, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered tlie mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered tlie Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. Althougli Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no effort to occupy it; bv no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi V^alley was re-discovered and occiipied by France. The unparalleled labors of the zealous Fr( nc'i Jesuitsof Canada in penetrating the unknown region of tlie West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1(3(35. Pierre Claude AUouez, who had entered Lake vSupcrior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had arrived at the great village of tlie Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the AVest, the Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of tlie urairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the storv of their ancient glory and about the noble river on tlie banks of Avliich they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river. and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the Freneh nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations tliat their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerfid protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the vemn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The .successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by white men. The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi A'alley were cruel and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers u])on their domain. The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town', ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 tlio pity He had bestowed on tlicm during tlio Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was tlie extreme point beyond wbicli tlie cxpkirations of tlie French missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by lii.s Indian liosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which be knew he would be exposed on his perilousjourneys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the i)ortage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the AVisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the west bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Eui'opeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpectofl, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. Tliey were informed that this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's River), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among the nations, and rc-embarked for the rest of his journey. It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the iiame of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, " Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as for as the Rio del Norte. 142 . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA The province of Louisiana stretched from tlie Gulf of Mexico to the sources of tlie Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Alleglienj and the Monongaliela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Fatiier of Waters on • the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to Enghmd her possessions in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained Louisiana; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, w^ith headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on tlie Gulf was closed against his vessels; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he actu.ally accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prosperity which it ever jiossessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, Avho had succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtwe-ni themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and moi-e magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt; the colotues were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Comjiany, as the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a legal existence of twenty -five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, a ad with authority to enforce their rights. T!ie Company was author- ized to monopolize all the trade in the country; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil oflUcers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the pajier currency of John Law's Bank of Fiance. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and ire the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that i'. was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. . 143 In 1710, riiilipe Francis Renault anived in Illinois with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to e.xtend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. Tiie Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it liad been inliateil, and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- talists .suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without emplo}'- nient. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. While this was going im in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the tlieater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. Tlie English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroijuois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after .several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, tluit were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven west in 1740. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France, riic Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early a5 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716, the French )>opulation on the Wabash kept up a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. Ill 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of ilour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable .settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French firmilies, about six hundred "converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic ccionies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 • HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. mcnts toward the Mississippi. . France was resolved on retaining posses'viin of tlie great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and ^"irginia were most affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts e.xtending from the la.kes to the Ohio River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to tlie vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17C3, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George "Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant "a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted.'' Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur dc St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but would make prisoners' of every Englishman found trading on the Oliio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, lTo4, 'W^ashington returned to Virginia, and made his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and AVashington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the <.)hio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylv,ania, Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the e.xample. An action lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among tliem Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. Tlie dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to retui'n to Fort Necessity. Here, on the ild day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English giirrison withdrew from the valley of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of France, arid war was formally declared in May, ITTHi, and the "French and Iii'lian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, ITGo, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by the respective governments, on the 3d of November, 1762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the .same day that the tr?aty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi,- including the i •^ IlISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 whole country to the he;ul waters of the Great River, anil west to the Rocky Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, wiiich had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of tlie Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, the Enj;;lish Government ceded to tlie latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississijipi River and north of the thirty- first parallel of north latitude. At the sanje time, Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Fh)ridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the. Span isli possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominifin of Spain. That government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of tlie thirty-first parallel of north latitude. Tiie Mississippi, therefore, so essential to tlio [jros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last tliree hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern l)oun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of tlie Spanish (Jrown, and as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. Tiio people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valle_^ of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River acconlingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river V. as not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of tlie western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the fiee use of the river below them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain their ri'ht by force. Inevitably, therefore, iraraediatcly after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation of the Jlississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military |iosts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ])orts by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, iir 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them fiivorable commercial privileges, provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish JMinister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent tiiat, unless tlie Western people would declare their independence Mi) HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for tlieir merchandise and produce, duty free. In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid ]\Iarch 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. Tlic change offered a favorable opportunity to secure tlie just rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing treaties." In tlie same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and Jamea Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it does not appear tliat Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the -west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, tiie instructions were sent to our Ministers, conta n- ing a plan which expressly left to France "all her territory on tlic west side of the jMis.-ussippi." Had tlicse instructions been followed, it might liave been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the " Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyranil, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France miyltt be willing to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might bo a fair price. Talley- rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to " think of it." A few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract wiih S])ain for tlie purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that jirovince by the treaty, and ho was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain fur a mere trifle." Tlie price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of xXpril, 1803. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of tlie United States was authorized to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordinirly, on the 20th dav of December foil 'wing;. on behalf of the Presi- dent. Gov. Clairborno and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE .STATE OF IOWA. 14T purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to. British America. If the original design of Jefferson's a(hninistration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of tliat great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under tlie dominion of a foreign power. To _ Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was ac(iuiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the oflScers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. > Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OF IOWA. According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, I 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bouglit, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed; and it became necessary to purchase again wliat had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations Avho occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a trading post had been established. Tlie whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled ''Tiie Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful ti'ibe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed tiie Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the cast bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River; the third was at the head of the i)e3 Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 "iniles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the tliird on "Turkey River. Tlie lowas, at one time identified with tlie Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on . the Des Moines River, in A'an Euren County, on the site where lowaville now '■'Stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas ■'was fought, in which Elack Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division "■of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : "Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees tliut belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near ■the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the ■ country rises abruptly into elevated broken river blutfs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, aifording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted ^themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. "At the foot of the mound abovementioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavixlry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and ■ defense carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Pasb-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage tliis state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Bbick Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timbur along the ri^er bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, wliile he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undi!:Covered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabitants, by tiring one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk ami scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as soon as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their cone bant position iu the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarme J lowas in the midst of their r.icing spurts. The fir^t impulse of the latter naturally led them to make tlie utmost speed toward their arms In the village, and protect if possible their wives and chd Iren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the placs of attack on 1 he prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole vilhige wns in fliimes, and the dourest objects of their lives lay in slaughter^'d heaps amidst the devouring clem jni, an 1 thj agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with (he exulting shouts of ihe victoriou-i foe, fillet their he, tits with maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and togeiher with their arms were in the hands of the victors; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreiVt across the Des Moinei River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took possession 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. t>f their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. Im 182r>, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,6U0 souls, 'i'heir village was situated in tJie immediate vicinity of the- upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves; the picturesque bluffs- along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor; the aljundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, wiiich was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, n, boundary line was established between them by the Government of the Unite point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The- conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, -and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the -conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, ;a;lso, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had its head((uarters at St. Louis. From this post, Captains Lewis and Clark, ■with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missoiiri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, ►on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- •dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been apjiointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike held a ■council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : ■""Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newlv acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the 'General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by :the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 2;:5d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a iiiilitar\' post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, -while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24:th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they shoidd g(^t rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his Tvay up the river, expecting that the twcj' men would soon overtaive him. They lost their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at- Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence ; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest,. Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1800. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States,. and was ostensibly in the posses>ion of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipidation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 180-1 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring:. HLSTOKY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in attairs on the Mississippi. Some liistorians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been tlie " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans,' but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of the Americans, it was certainly not without some reason. It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and wont to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. Tlie information made all our people sorry." On the 3(1 day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William Henry ILirrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Rlissi.ssppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moi-eover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following tliis treaty (180')), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts Avithin the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and ho was very much prei)i)sscssed in Pike's favor. Ho gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to sec what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Bliore ■with his interpreter, and made a speecli and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and sucii otlier provisions as we had to spare. 'We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American lather would treat us well." Tiie events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their' nation, headed by some of their chiefs, Avent down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- terview with the comipander; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delcgatiun from a council of the nation held at Ruck River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the Amei-ican chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the AVisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves ''that if any citizen of the United States or any other Avhite persons should firm a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the Establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in tiie treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within tlie territory reserved to the Indians, who became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- 'selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the olil Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing itrrows ; but finding their eflbrts unavailing, ihey soon gave up and returned to Rock River. ' When war was declared between tlie United States and Great Britain, m 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with th^ British, partly because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that they were ''forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on cither si 13. Tnaly of 1SS7 —On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the tredy as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,2-50,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United Stales, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended weaiwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles," This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, anil of the same length. 14 Tr^aiij of RelinquhhmrnL — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carpy A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right .anil interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux,' .as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States p.aying.for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 15. Treiiiij of lS43.—T\\5o, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred i)e()ple arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inliabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuijue & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius 11. Langworthy, his ]>rother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of tjiis section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen Vv'. Kearney. Tiie soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zacliariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams m:',de claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War. parties Avho had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlitigton, came over from Illinois and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of LS32, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as thefaim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, tliey were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of tliat county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, II. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George D.iven- port. Major Tliomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hainbough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu' pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : " Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief. In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). lie was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, II. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of ^luscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. I\Iilo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the tliffieulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first churcli bell brought into Iowa was in March. 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in tiie house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The fii'st Sabbatli scliool was organized at Dubuque early in tlie Summer of 1834. The first woman who came to tliis part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluff's, and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff'." In 1827, an agent of tlie American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluff's, about on the present location of Broad- way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the bluff" in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of tlie Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to jilant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called " Miller's .Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over tlie county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Guardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the JSIormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board llie steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of tlie State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and stores were lauded at what is now the foot of HISTOUV OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, ami Capt. Allen returned in tlie steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supj)lies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near tlie mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a ti'ading post was e.stablished on the east side of the river, by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), Jolin Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been puslied forward with such rajiidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Auiong those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in tlie scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to tlie territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter of people. From her firs^t settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 2^3, 1804, the newly acquired country was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. Inl807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, " Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk l)urchase having been made, all tiie territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a,part of Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the JMississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partially organized. John King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac Lettier, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the "2Uth of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in THE TERRITORY OF WISCON'^IN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be belli on the first Monday of Octobei', 1836, on which day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from tlie two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally. Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- Craney. House : Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. jDes Moines Countij. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Lefher, Thomas Blair, W^arren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reyndlds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and Avas organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington ; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, the county of Des Moines was divided into. Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. 175 lish the Territoriul Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin ■\vhich lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose term of oifice should be three years, and for a Secretai-y, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who sh(.)uld serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also a]>propriated $5,000 for a public library, and §20,000 fir the erection of public buildings. President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania., Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; JMr. Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Me- Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Distrid Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charleti Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, alsu died at Burlingtun, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameti Clarke, editor of the Guzctte, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival. Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for thtt election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtk of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled a1; Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members: Cmincil^Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, Robert Ralston, George Ilepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W\ Parker, Warner Lewis, Stephen Hempstead. House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, Jame« Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes. George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George II. Beeler,'' William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,! Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- mously and the latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics * Cynig S. Jacobf, ttIio \ra8 Mfctpd for Tps Moinea County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before the meeting ot tlio Legislature, and Mr, Beeler was elected to till the vacancy. fSiimuel v.. Murra;' W03 returued oa elected from Clinton County, but bic £eat wa« successfully contested iy Burcuani. 176 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate wa.s also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of DubiKjue County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and tlie independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1830, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sherifls and Magistrates. Among tlie first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated $:iO,0U0. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- sippi River, was the Indian title extinguislied, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn duo north to the northern boundary of the LTnited States; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed po.ssession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of tlie future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the LTnited States and the Indians, esUiblished by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public buildings thereon. Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal iNIoridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the ■geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. Tlie capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Luca* delivered the address on that occasion. When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, Jidy 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of ^20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being the security offered, but only $5,500 was obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was a difficult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the p.irallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not will versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from tiie rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosau(|ua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri ofiRcials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his mihtia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren ('ounty, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners ofClarke County, Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to tlie Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary (juestion. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hcnder.shott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with nuin before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermaiTies during the perKlency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights witli man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by Iieavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power was vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system of roads and iiighways. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa--" the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and wide; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territpry. As soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It is not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that Avithin less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed westward. The following extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shows how the immigrants gathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressiTe and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the llth day of August, 1842, lOr thi remaining, portion of their ;and in Iowa. The treaty provided tnat the Indians should reitin HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 possession of all the lands (bus ceilcil until May 1, 184", ami sbouM occupy tliat portion of the ceded territory west of a line runnins north and south through Kedrociv, until October 11, 1845. These tribes, at this time, bad tlieir principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that tlje treaty bad been concluded, there was a ru>h of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of M ly. As tlie day approached, hundreds of £:xmilies encamped along the line, and tlieir tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond bad been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any .settlement or even tlie making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them in making out their claims when the hour sliould arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on tlie rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the iWih of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The niglit was dark, but this army of occupa- tion pressed forward, torch in band, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of the.se wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, seliled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence Between midnight of the .jOth of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because tliey had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the lime for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of tlieir stoutest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. ' The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. Tlie government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines Kiver, then and for many years known as Fort Ites Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 184'), when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the *' New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption orexclusive right to purchase public lands could net be ac(|uired until after the lands had thus been publicly oft'ered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.2.5 per acre. The " claim laws" were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things." and were enforced, probaljly, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or dispar.aged by its enumeration. The settlers oi-ganized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopled their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by tlie Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the lands of each settler at §1.2-5 per .acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formalily and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " ujion the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, p. 4-56). The Supreme Territorial Court held Ibis law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa seltlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love," and the "consumers of bread." It was not so ea.sy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, says : Well do the "old settlers ' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. . Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had beea 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. broken up ; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at f .3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for ijiOOO, and took ray pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $-50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1.00 per hundred ; and the best horse a man could raise sold lor $.J0.0O, Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed " the times that tried men's souls." ""A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the " Old Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very nearly $24,000. With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. llISTOPvY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the ofiBce of ^Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that ■might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval •or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundai'ies of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows : Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Dea Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel ■thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner of Missouri ; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the vSioux or Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, where tlie Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian ■of W.ashington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,235. A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution." 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved' December 28, 1846, Iowa Avas admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to tliis action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time tliere were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month bifore tlie State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of tlie State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and e.xpressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too for toward the eastern and southern boundary of tlie State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and pnirliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by "An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on whicli they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to |!1,797.43, while tlie expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of tlieir proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 When tlie report of the Commissioners, showing tliis brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer tlie report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report '' how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. Tliis, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University. At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeils of tlie sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Pelhi and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the eifort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was appi-oved by Gov. Grimes. Tlie site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of •citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 "for" to 38,681 "against," and on the od day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October following, Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- tinued throuirli the Fall. It was an undertakinc; of no small magnitude ; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties; and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange^ the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 186-4. It soon became inadequate- for tlie purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General; Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence tlie work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel. Merrill, ex officio. President; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine ; James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines ; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present . value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the north westerm part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, .several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to iiunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, liowever, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted, to protect the settlers. "The year 185G marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the-i Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the- Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroads bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with; appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful'! effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of -January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reaiched the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of failroad had been- projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies tliat proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great higtiway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our -vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help 'the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GROWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory: Year. Population. 1852 230,713 1854 .•i2fi,013 1856 519,055 1859 0,38,775 1860 074,913 1863 701,732 1865 754,699 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in popula- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. Year. 1838 Population. 22 589 1840 43 115 1844 .s. 75,152 1846 97,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191,982 1851 204.774 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191.727 1873 1,251,3.33 1875 1,366,000 1876 1877 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA Thriving cities and towns clot its fnir siivface ; an iron net-work of tliou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in Avhich more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty- loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the " Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of ihe Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by au act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jeft'erson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-01, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1S62, Congress granted to the State 240.000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the meclianical arts, and 11)5,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent' for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated §20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 187 In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- ing, but -was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The f 20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 18G6, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition m this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such jMechanical Arts as are directly connected with agriculture ; also such, other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is also an " out-law " called the " A TA, Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gon. J. L. Geddes, Professor of INiili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. 11. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture ; J. K. Macomber, Physics ; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Iowa City, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of the L^nited States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 18-10, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized " to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has beenor may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." AVilliam W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the- Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected, the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State,, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, pj-ovided, how- ever, that tlie sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas. Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Tru.stees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience ma]! hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine. Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189' This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally Xrom the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The eeveral Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852.' This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. ■ Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Wclton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856^ 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferrei on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; and the University fund shall be applied to tjiat institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Dea Bloiues, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with "full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 18G3. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became tlie seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. Tiie last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former- March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,0(.)0 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund .should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " INIechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was aiterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ^'•rcd upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi ?- Aylworth, Cellina II. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 An " Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, IStJO. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of §2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof. Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government ,of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio Piesident. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan R. Leonard was elected President pro tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President pro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the L^niversity. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partmcnt. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended tliat, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 18o9-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board •of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term, of the Medical Department was opened October '21, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirtj'-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., was detailed as " Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck •was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS. FROM TO James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex oiBcio 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1864 1857 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 18f;3 Francis Springer 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwond, Governor, ex officio 1S76 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear 1878 HISTOKV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193 VICE TRESIDENTS. FROM , TO fiilas Foster 1847 1851 Robert Lucas 1851 1853 Edward Connelly 1854 1855 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh 1). Downey 1847 1851 Anson Hart 1851 1857 Elijali Sells 1857 1858 Anson Hart 1858 1864 Williani J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 Israel Kister, Slate Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 William Crum 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 C. W. Slagle 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Profes.sor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, •charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding- the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of '• Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The buihling was designed of sufficient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $.55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still fiills short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. J HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict shouM labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of thetir toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would notbe turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and. place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. INIay 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 195 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. McGu^in, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua; John B. Lash and Daipin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Oliio, was elected Superintendent; 'Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mai-k Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to §il3,721.26. Trustees, 1S77 :—'!:. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. Bassett, M. D.. First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. IMr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF TOE STATE OF IOWA. " 197 ■was awarJcJ to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $38,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1SG8, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings Avere constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa anrl Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that (he Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the lUth day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, E. G. Morjian, George W. Bemls and John M. Botrars. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M.' D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the ctnter building, for $5,250. T'he carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center buihling was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont; a;.d Stephen E. Robinson, M. b., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent ; G. II. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. > « IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, lSr)2, Prof Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary; James II. Gower, Treasurer; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mis. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 18.'34, Prof. Bacon suggested tliat the name should be clianged from " x\sylum for the Blind," to tiiat of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, wlien the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees mot at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of hind was donated for tlie College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1800, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- niture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Chirk was Principal. In August, 18G4, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Cliapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and IMiss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 18G7, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was .succeeded by Prof S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. ]\I. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when tlie present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1S77-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, iNIiss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Mdler, Miss Lorana Mat- tice. Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical I)irector, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; yet it was enormously beyond the nece.ssities of the State, and shows an utter disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why 5282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year/for each pupil. i mSTURY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. " Council Bluffs, Pottawattoviie County. The Iowa Institution for the Denf and Dumb was establislieJ at Iowa City by an act of tlie General Assembly, approved January 24, l(Sr)5. The number of deaf miUes then in the State was 301 ; tlie number attending the Institution, 50. Tlie first Bo^ird of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wojd, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijanis, Princijial. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1SG2, the Board appointed in his ster.d Mr. Benjamin Talbot, fir nine yc;irs a teacher in tiio Ohio Institution for tlie Deaf and Dtunb. Mr. 1'albot was ardently dovoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate cUiss under his charge. A strong eifort was made, in 186G, to remove this important institiitlon to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 18GS, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend tlie erection of a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $1"25,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and ea.st wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week Or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported tliat the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-S. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W^ Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwiek, Conrad S. Zorbaikgh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. 11. Gillespie; Physician, II. W. Hart, M. D.; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. SAvan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mi-s. Annie Wittcnmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-t:!5. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1803, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; A^ice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, Jchn R. Needhani, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton ; Treasurer, N. H. Erainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenineyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb. Mrs. L. B. Stephens, O. Fayville, E. II. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion Avould be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. Tlic work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little mOre than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the (jeneral Assembly provided fir the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and wliich were established at Davenport, Scott County ; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. Tiie Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first chddren received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and sn])pnrt of an asvlum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17. 187G, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at tbat place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved Marcli ]■'). 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to bo removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of tbe new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Henienway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as rcipiired by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1S76, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L: D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J- Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar Falls. FarnJli/. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Profes-:er of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham. Professor of JIusic. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Glenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, proviiled for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. Tlie asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and §2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm wliich had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The i'cnces were broken down and tlie lumber destroyed or carried away ; the win- dows broken, doors off their hinges, iloors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill brolcen, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of" the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. ^Vilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asjdum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, wliich number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and iu the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Listitute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 Tlio Trustees located the scliool at Elilora, Hardin County, and in the Code of iSTo, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall rcijuire tlie boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and mi)r;ility, and in sucli branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and c!\pacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. Tiiis is one step in the right direction. In tlie future, however, still further advances wdl be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their hibiji', even while restrained fur the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Near Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagatioti of Fish," also "An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes witli fish and fish spawn." This act appro- piiated §:>,0U0 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 0th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of iJhick Hawk County, were appointed to l.)e Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the el ction of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. Tlie State was partitioned into tliree districts or divisions to enable the (Commissioners to better superintend tlie construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; lo procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, '20x40 feet, two stories; the second story being designed for a tenement; the first story being the '-hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, aftording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 Cahfornia Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Sahnon, 5,000 hxnd-locked Sahnon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved JIarch 10, 1876, tlie hiw was amended so that there should be but one instead of tiiree Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was apjjointed, and the Commissioner was autliorized to purchase twenty acres of laud, on which the State Hatching House was located near Ananiosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fisli, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 187G, 100,000 young eels were distribited. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until Juno of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE rUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. Tlie 16tU Section Grant. 3. Tlie Mortgage Scliool Lands. 4. TUe University Gram. 5. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines lUver Grant. 7. The lies Moines liiver School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Kailroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. ■yVhen the State was admitted into the LTnion, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. Tlie Constitution cf Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together witli all lands then granted or to he granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established .; HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the Scliool Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive authority in the management and sale of school hinds. The office of Scliool Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees wei-e made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every towi;sh;p, or wliere that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of scliools. The Constitution of the State provides tliat the proceeds arising from tlie sale of these sections sliall constitute a part of tlie permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in tlie School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. HI. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1.S62. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent scliool fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof witii interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good su:eties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made tlie duty of the County Auditor, wlio was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When defiiult was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage,- and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the intere-'ts of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. Tliese lands are known as the Mortgage Scliool Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVErjSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two f ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support ')f a university within said Territory when it shoukl beccfme a State. Tliis land was to be located in tracts of not less- than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be ui^ed "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACKES. In the Iowa City Land District, Fel.. 26. 1849 20,150.49 In tlie Fairliel.l Land District, Oct. 17, 1S49 9,085.20 In tlie Iowa City Land Distnet,.Tan. 28, 1850 2, .071. 81 In the Fairlield Land District, Sept. 10, 1S50 8,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,-5.52.24 Total 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located untlor 282 patents, 22,W92 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane A.sylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the stiline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. Tliese lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : B'l it enac'ed by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That there be, and liereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate seciions, of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- tory liy an agent or atjents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 2. A'ld be it farther enacted, Thvt the Lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, e.xcept as said improvement shall progress ; that i*, I lie said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as sh.all produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United Slates that one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State m!iy sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lauds sufficient to replace the amount expended, and tlius the S;ile9 sliall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certitied as aforesaid. Sec. '!. And be it further enacted. That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway tor the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other cliarge whatever, for any property of the United Slates or persons in their service passing through or along the same: Provided altvaya, That it sh.all not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of o'hcr public lands. » Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, Tiiat whenevertlie Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of s.aid Stale for tlio purpose contempl.ated in this .act, and for no other: Provided Ihe Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved -•Vug. S, 1845. Ey joint resolution of tlie General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 0, 1847, the grant was acceptetl for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22(1 of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole exten*; of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the altoraate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Rticcoon Forks wouli], of course, belong to the State; but on the VJth of June, 1848, some of tliese lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Pul)lic Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protestetl against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury,- to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City '' to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River abuve the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 18.50, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of tiie Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOU'A. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 80th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Eaccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Ciittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to " submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections clanned by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secrelary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. JLirch 10, 1852 1-4:5,008.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total 271, 572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November .30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about ^108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1858, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. "^This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 28, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commi.ssioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the gr-i.it was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided thc^ it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appciil was made to tlic Secretary of tlic Interior, and bv liim the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of tlie State ; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to bo finally settled. The land whicii had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary witiiin the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to tiie State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des JMoines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance witli the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 18.54, the State had sold about 827,000 acres, of which amount r)8,8-30 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the Genei'al Land Office bears date December 30, 185-3. "■After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized otficcrs, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, whicli was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State .?20,000 in cash, and i-eleased and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of Ma}^ 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Coinj)any, the State had deeded to individual j)urchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of (he 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented liy the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Aftei' the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant Avus again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supremo (Jourt of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision vas rendered dechiring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land abo-"c the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 IIow., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, whicli was granted on tlie 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relintjuishing to the State all tlie title whicli tlie United States then still retained in tiie tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquislimcnt, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : Tliat the grant of lands to tlie then Territory of Iowa for tlie improvement of the Des AIoine3 Kiver, made by (he act of August 8, 18-tG, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designaled by odd nuraliers) lying within tive miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that theconseiit of Congress is hereby given to the application of a pnrtion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 2'J, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of liy the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the Slate of Iowa, under joint resoluiion of March M, 1801, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an e^ual amount of lands within said Slate to be certified in lieu thereof; I'romdeii, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of tlie lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of wdiich has proved invalid, any lands wliich shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of tlio provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the beneht of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a jpint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation sliould be had. D. W. Kil- bunie, of Lee County, was appointed Commi.ssioner, and, on the 2oth day of April, 1864, the General Lanii Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the Greneral Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived fron- the State. Especially was the determintition to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841; including 28,878.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of *:he Sttite under tliat grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General L;ind Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as scliool lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of tlie Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Oflice transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provide THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered in at Keokuk, May 2;j, 1804, with A. IT. Bereinan, of ]\Iount Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Mooic, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following counties : A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAY'S). was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D. Durbin, of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarljet, as Major, and was mus- tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque; Com- pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, froai Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, September 23, 1864. THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with James P. Sanford,. of Oskaloosa, as Colonel; John Williams, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose County; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties; Company B, from Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company F, from Polk County; Company G, from Johnson County; Company H, from Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from Wapello. THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BATTALION (100 DAY'S) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren County; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Decatur County, and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at Hock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. CAVALRY. THE FIRST CAVALRY was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel; Chas. E. Moss, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties; Company B, from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com-^ pany D, from Madison and \Varren Counties ; Company E, fmm Henry^ County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties; Company H, from Lucas and Morrison Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. . „ - 245 counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at -Pleasant Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe. Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered out at AusUu, Texas, February 15, 1866. THE SECOND CAVALRY •was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1. 1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Polk County ; Company E, from Scott County; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin Counties; Company G, from Muscatine County; Company H, from Johnson County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ;■ Com- pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and Company M, from Jackson County. „ The Second Cavalry participated in the following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- viUe, Piienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson. Grenada, CoJlierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. ft Was mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. THE THIRD CAVALRY was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. H. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- well and W. C. Drake, of Corynt Pleasant, as Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County; Company C, from Jef- ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wcapello Connty ; Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw County ; Company I, from Matlison County ; Company K, from Henry County ; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties ; and Company M, from Jeiferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechaniesburg, Miss.; Little Blue Biver, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Oknlona, Miss.; St. Francis River, Ark. VVas mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 18G5. THE FIFTH CAVALRY was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular anijy, as Colo- nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1801. Companies A, B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties; Company G, from Minnesota; Company H, from Jackson and other counties ; Companies I and K were from Minnesota; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri; Com- pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans and recruits and Companies C, E, F and 1 of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company 1 was organ- ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the Fifth Iowa Infimtry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Cavalry August 18, 1864. Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, Sugar Creek, Xewnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesb'uo, Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., August 11, 1865. THE SIXTH CAV.4.LRY. was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel; S. M. Pollock, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Tcn- Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other counties; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other counties; Company G, from Delawfire and Buchanan Counties; Company H. from Linn County; Company I, from Johnson and other counties; Company K, from Linn County; Company Tj, from Clayton County; Company M, from Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865, THE SEVENTH CAVALRY was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service Apcil 27, 18(53, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel; H. H. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 247 and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as M:ijors. Companies A, B, C and D, Avere from Wapello and other counties in innnediate vieinity; Companies E, F, G and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was from Johnson and other .ounties; Company L was originally Company B, of the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and was from Jolinson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des Moines and otlier counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- ans. E.xcepting the Lieutenant Colonel ami Companies K, L and M, the regi- ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies K, L, anil M were mustered out at Sioux City, June -2, 1866. THE EIGilTU CAVALRY was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Earner, of Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel : .John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at Davenport September 30, 1863. Tne companies were mostly from the follow- ing counties: Company A, Page; B. Wapello; C, Van Buren; D, Ring- gold; E, Henry; F, Appanoose; G, Clayton ; II, Appanoose; I, Marshall; K, Muscatine; L, Wapello; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty guarding Sherman's comuuinications, in which it had many small engagements. It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. THE NIITTH CAVALRY was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County; Company B,.Linn County; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, Clayton County ; Companies G and II, Viirious counties ; Company I, Wapello and Jefferson Counties; Company K, Keokuk County; Company L, Jasper and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. ARTILLERY. THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H. Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS. THE FOURTH BATTALION Company A, from Fremont County, W. Hoyt, Captain; Company B, from Taylor County, John Flick, Captain ; Company C, from Page County, J. Whitcomb, Captain. THE NORTHERK BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain ; Company B, First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn; Company B, Sec- ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. II. Simmons, Captain; Company B, Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain; Company C, Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. THE FIRST INFANTRY — AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at various places in tlio Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State and some from Missouri. HISTORY OF THK STATE OF IOWA. 249 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments:* MAJOR GENERALS Samuel R. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1862. Frederick Steele, Brigadier (General, from November 2!), 1863. Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1862. Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. BRIGADIER GENERALS. Samuel R. Curtis, Colonel 3d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. Frederick Steele, Colonel 8tli Infantry, from February 6, 1862. Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1863. Grenville '^L Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1862. James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1863. Wiishington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1862. Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1863. Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel t)th Infantry, from July 30, 1863. Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from November 29, 1863. William Vandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1863. Marcellus ^I. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Nov. 29, 1863. (Since died.) Hugh T. Reid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. Samuel A. Rice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from April 37, 1864. Elliott W. Rice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 30, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 26, 1864. James A. AVilliamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. W. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. Wm, Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 22, 1864. Edward F. Wiuslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 13, 1864. S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) Thos. II. Benton, Colonel 39th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantiy, from December 19, 1864. Clark R. Wever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 186.5. Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 23, 1865. George A. Stone, Colonel 35th Infantry, from IMarch 13, 1865. Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. George W. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Herman 11. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. J. M. Iledrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. ♦Thomas .T. McKean waa appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General W date from Kov. 21, ItjGl. 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. •moL OCOi-lt^-^y^^lCr^-^ ■laioddB £q X ^ .-H W U3CO.— it~*?OCDi— "O --^ ■edjOQ •pajiitduo rW ^ lO •*■ CO WC<)0'MC:r^-^'M-<^ •saijiEnsoa \v}0^ •pasjitnsig CO CO ^H >i : r> >.J: >, >.'S J: _ J: cj t. !- > c3 ^ 3 §5.2 £.Sf.9 ca-a' F^^ §■- 3 '^ ,= S ^ o ^1 Cn 03 CJ fc, (7 t, t, c: O) CJ OJ 0) 3 T3 "TS ' P ^ ,53 .ca o ! — — — S*j O C CT3-3 J3 l-H --^ J= m£ a ja " a-5 HISTORY OK THE STATE OF IOWA. 251 ONNiO CO»-ltN ^ W r-l(N t-H O C^ M u3 CO «-H 3^ rH N i-H (N i-H CO cC)'*<':DCOCOCO'V'0'^tO'^COCOtOCO*0'«rcO'^CO (MNi— itNCSCO O T-H • «— ' (N : : CO : .-H (M ■i-coOOQOOCD<:ri|--rO'*COt~-*-'OI-COCOCDOOC^C^COiOf-«iOCO C^ ;!Mi-t'^C^rHC^CsaCs|C^CNC^C^'-'S^>4MCOT--i ,_,CO^,_,iMCJ.-( :s^-*(N-^03CO.-HC^'N. c — £ o^-^ °-- = 5 = £ .,a g ts " a c ^FJ i.5 c^co J ■M. ^ 3 m Is ^ a a- ; a - a i =2 -S c (^ 0) 0) ^2 5 6 -i i' r fa^ CX4 OJ a) 03 ^ 4) 4* 4> ca-t^-r'rrrr- ess i S S. 5 — J3 J= < E-i H H ja -a . 1 -a J3 ■*: -^ M - a C3 "" C3 =Y tCJ (« (o 0) ^ o o o o o o .a IJ4 fb Csf Cn (J4 CiH (j^ 5 o H 252 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 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M CI CO i— > O — • f-^ -f C-1 -+ C^ -^ CO Tp t- t-t—r-rTj* .t— •^f-inHCOTpOOCOCMi^— 'COCOO'^'-OC-OOOOCO i-tO'.On''— -fCi T-ir-(C)Tt( CO riCMC^i-H :CM(Nr-(,- >>b >1 . ^ c a : "t; ,=3 ^ ! " a a ■|^- > V a a ] V v a> * c -2 -2 ^i3 t^^ ; -:^ o t- fc^ S rt G ^fc- a .2 t-. )-H S TJ CO 0.2 1-3 i a j= .03 Jl ^ d o CO .ci O =2 = a c c c V a ^ V s s & s * ; «= n V d >» >» >^ >» >» C d d fl> i) & & S fe s ^ &HHHHHH "^:«55£" ,>,>,>, ; d Jh ■ ^"i CO o ^ -d D .- •« DQ 0) d J X fe s i 6g be 2 .js .d J3 .3 ja .d J3 . E-i H H 6h H &< E-l ! o o o o o .; ElH fR Pm Cc^ b4 ti 254 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 18G5. No. Recrimcnt. 1st Iowa 2d " 3d " 4th " 5lh " 6th " 7th " 8th " 9th " 10th " nth " 12th " 13th " 14th " 15th " 16th " 17th " 18th " 19th " 20th " 21st " 22d " 23d " 24ih " 25th " 26th " 27th " 28th •' 29th " 30th " Slat " 32d " 33d " 34th " 35th " 36th " 37th " 38th " Infantry. No. of men. 959 1,247 1,074 1.184 1,03 1,01 1,138 1,027 1,090 1,027 1,022 981 989 840 1,196 919 956 875 985 925 980 1,008 961 979 996 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 984 986 914 910 No. Regiment. o9th Iowa Infantry 40th ■' " 41st Battalion low.a Infantry 44th Infantry (lOO-days men) 45th '■ " " 46th " " " 47lh •' " " 48fh Battalion " " 1st Inwa Cavalry 2a '• " 3d " " 4th " " 5th " " 6th " " 7th " " 8ih " " 9th " " Sioux City Cavalry* Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 1st Battery Artillery 2d ■' " 3d " " 4th " " 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf.. Dodge's Brigade Band Band of 2d Iowa Infantry Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, 1864, for the older Iowa regiments Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments of other States, over Tot.al , Re-enlisted Veterans for ilitferent Regi- ments Additional enlistments Grand total as far as reported up to Jan, 1, 1865 .■; , No. of men. 933 91 '0 294 867 912 892 884 346 1,478 1.394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 903 14 10 2,765 2,500 61,653 7,202 6,664 75,519 This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other Slates. * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, •j- Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. or, ho POPULATION OF IOWA, By Counties. COUNTIES. AGGnCG.VTE. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1S30.- 1840. Voters. 7045 7832 19158 17405 2370 28807 22913 17251 13220 17315 3561 3982 4614 17868 16456 1212 22454 21706 14584 12528 17034 1585 984 1533 1616 Adanis 1727 12237 11931 454 8496 8244 4232 4915 7906 57 777 3131 3653 Appaiiooye AiuUiboii 3679 527 Benton 672 135 4778 Black Hawk 4877 Booiie 735 3515 2C56 Buolianaii 517 3890 Buena \'ista 817 Butler 11734 3185 5760 10552 17879 6685 424'' 11400 10118 3.559 27184 34295 6039 14386 15757 13249 16893 35415 1748 43845 1436 20515 13100 6558 13719 7028 8134 9638 7701 1482 15029 11818 21594 7875 3455 794 17456 2.3061 24128 17127 24654 19168 9951 1602 2451 6464 19731 4722 1967 10180 873-5 1523 27771 35357 25.30 12019 1.5.565 12018 17432 27256 1389 38969 1392 16973 10768 4738 11173 4627 6399 7061 6055 999 13684 8931 21463 6282 2596 226 16644 22619 22116 17839 24898 19731 3724 147 281 1612 12949 940 58 4330 5427 62 20728 18938 383 2598 681 1197 Cass 2422 3941 1253 3934 Cerro Gordo 15''6 Cherokee 1001 2392 Clarke 79 2213 Clay 868 3873 2822 1101 821 5272 5569 1244 5244 13764 8677 11024 19611 180 31164 105 12073 3744 1309 5074 1374 793 854 7264 965 1759 12988 3170 3448 2882 Delaware 168 6577 3662 6654 394 10841 3059 8759 299 825 4637 Floyd 2884 1374 1244 2998 1622 1525 3058 1699 2339 1455 179 5440 3621 18701 3168 332 43 8029 18493 9883 15038 17573 13306 303 3215 2658 8707 3772 4641 1712 695 Ida 172 822 7210 1280 9904 4472 3007 3576 1411 4901 5239 2773 1491 471 8721 5225 4180 * In 1862, nume chaaged to Lyon. 266 IlISTO:iY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. POPULATION OF IOWA— Concludep. COUNTIES. ACOr.EG-VTE. 1S75. 1870. IS60. 1850. 1840. Voters. Keokuk 20488 3765 33913 31815 12499 11725 1139 16030 23718 24094 19629 10555 11523 22G7 12811 10389 21 023 2349 1778 14274 2728 5282 2249 31558 21665 16482 7546 2873 39703 6664 3120 13111 1877! 10418 8827 16980 23865 18541 19269 13978 13114 2986 24233 8568 4908 3244 19434 3351 38210 28852 12877 10388 221 13884 22508 24400 17576 8718 9582 3054 12724 5934 21688 715 1327) 416 29232 18947 10370 6700 1 4822' 4202 773 18861 5444 4909 471 6093 1370 1927 7274 7509 2899 2464 287 7339 14810 10810 6015 4481 3409 832 8612 1250 10444 8 1179 3602 5989 6482 338 5287 4988 Mariou M;irshall 4445 Mills 2305 Mildicll 2338 1292 2743 2884 2485 Musc.itine 5731 1942 6588 0'i5rien 595 498 9975 1300 2199 1440 27857 10893 15581 5091 1411 38599 2540 576 11651 16131 6989 6986 17672 22046 17980 18952 11287 10484 1562 23570 6172 2892 2392 4419 132 148 103 11625 4968 5668 2923 246 25959 818 10 4051 5285 3590 2012 17081 14518 10281 14235 6409 2504 168 13942 1119 756 653 551 3222 Villa Alto 556 1136 404 Polk 4513 7828 615 6842 4392 3634 1496 Sac 657 Scott 5986 2140 7109 Shelby 1084 637 2574 8 204 3911 Taylor 2282 1924 12270 8471 961 4957 340 6146 3893 6346 4168 1594 4168 Wayne 2947 Webster 2747 406 546 4117 1776 Worth 763 Wright 694 Total 1353118 1191792 674913 192214 43112 284557 * Formerly Buncombe. THE -XORTHWESTERN STATES. 257 I !> L I N O I S . Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 sciuara miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 850 and 800 feet above the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Oliio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaslvia, and San- gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, suljiliur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature standing at about 51' P'ahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- hig scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 61 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very floTirishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at .lacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of |il,808,833 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, #840,031,703 ; equal- ized #480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly th. whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nucleus was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818 ; and now sends 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 259 INDIANA. Tlie profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabasii, with their numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields •, and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, liops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (the capital). Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of tiie State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,890,541 as against dis- bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort at Vincennes ; in 17G3 it passed into the hands of the English, and was by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged iu Indiana. In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the tmie being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent Ijank- ruptcy.*" Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 260 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. works which had brought ubout that imbroglio — especially the great Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of the State, whose subsequent progress has year bj' year been marked by rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted iu 1851. Population, 1,680,637. IOWA. In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missoui'i, which form respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, cojiper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. Thei State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — arej on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially] well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the] American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana] purchase in 1803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812,] 'i lis? '1V V ^ H ^^ '^.z e^/\ u^ -J) y-^ffZ THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finall}', after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. MICHIGAN. United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating ] between 86 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 1 50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently ' bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter I colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, u 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Jnland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad sjstem, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief > urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of land to 1266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at I Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1G70, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to tiie United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and tlien with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 Avas authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. WISCONSIN. It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and verj^ generally diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north j^oint of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, whichi latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point] into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives! the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, thej Menomouee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Blacli, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, THE NOKTHWESTEHN STATES. 265 and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occup3'ing 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal €state aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad sj^stem ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward, completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and ti-aders in 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations. 266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. MINNESOTA. Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles; its; oreadtli one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 54,700,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by^ an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered bottoms and belts of virgin forest. Tlie soil, corresponding with such a superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing pliysical feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides, the Mississippi — which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 aex'es are of lacustrine formation. In point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's, clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are gi'own in great plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occui^ying an area of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad system. The political divisions of this State number 78 counties; of which the chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota has- already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State ; this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of 114,831,043.- TUE NOETIIWESTERX STATES. 267 Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the fcocne amount expended scliolastically during the year 1870 being $857,- 816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school fund stood at $2,476,222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned .sucli various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the xight side to the amount of $136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the previous j'ear's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of tlie Northwest Territory transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and, May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation of States. Population, 439,706. NEBRASKA. Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres, a tract of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- tions of the land. The cliief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally well-fitted, a region of not less tlian 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. Few minerals of moment have so far been found within the limits of 268 THE NORTinVES^TEKX STATES. Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salfc Creek in its southeast section. The State is divided into 57 counties, independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, the total assessed value of property amounted to 'S^OiOOOjOOO, being au increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993, CONSTITUTION 0¥ THE UNITED STATES 2(j9 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish Justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general loelfare, and secme the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- tations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator siiall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 2(0 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which sliall then fill such vacajcies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall liave no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President jsro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole joower to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- ators and Rejjresentatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- lature thereof ; but the Congress ma}- at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each Jiouse may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, jiunish its members f^r disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, exce[)ting such jiarts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and tlie yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on tlie journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. Tlie Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of tlie United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speecli or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other jilace. No Senator or Repi'esentative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during sucli time ; and no person liolding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President - the United States ; if hs approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both liouses shall be determined by 3 eas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill sluill be entered ■on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not Ije returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, b}' their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed liy two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- itatlons prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United Gtates ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several St."tes, and with the Indian tribes ; To estaljlish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads ; 272 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing^ for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively tlie appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discr- pline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws whicli shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or inviision the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273J No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the- obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on^ tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [ * The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by- ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President^ if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors aj)pointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members, from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President,, •This clause between .brackets has been supeisetlcd and annulled by the Twelfth amendment. 274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- dent.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the da}'^ on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the ofHce of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that ■office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Piiesident, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their resjiective offices, and he shall have powei' to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses .against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, shall appoint aml)asaadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extraordinary CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 27£^ occasions convene both houses, or either of thera. and in case of disagree- ment between thera, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to sucli time as lie shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. -1. The Pi-esident, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section I. . The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, wliich shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, otlier public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different- states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all Crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shali have been committed ; but when not committed within anj^ state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture^ except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And "276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, ■who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand ■of the executive authorit}' of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdict'on of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations I'especting the territory' or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- lence. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for projjosing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- fied by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by con- ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or tlie other mode of ratifi- eation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Aeticle VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under | this Constitution as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 277 bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. ITathaniel Gokham, RuFus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Sherman. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. Maryland. James M'Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. Netv York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. "WiL. Livingston, Wm. Paterson, David Brearley, Jon A. Dayton. Virginia. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Thos. Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv. Morris. South Carolina. j. rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. William Few, Abb. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 278 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution OF THE United States of America. Proposed hy Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion^ or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble^ and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well regnlated militia being necessary to the security of a fre© state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamoua crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact \ %,■ f^ -'"A.- ^ ^^'■*% CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1^81 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to tlie states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Artic:.e XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in hxw or equity con;menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign state. Article XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to he voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, wiiich list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then fi'om the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, tlie representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this pui'pose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not clioose a Presi- dent wlienever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, tlien the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall l)e the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- •282 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. ity then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall l)e necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exi&t within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and suljject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall alu'idge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the wliole number of per- sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the mule inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of tlie United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress mav by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote siiall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 187G. Counties. Adiiir Atlamrt AUiiDtakee .... .\ppanoose .... Auduhon Binton HUck Uawk.. Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista... Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Go'-do... Cherokee Chickasaw .... Clark Clay CU.vt.m Clinton.. Crawford Dallas Davis D -catur Delaware DeJ* Moines ... Dickinson D'ltnique Kimuett Favctto Fl.'.yd Franklin Preniont Oreeno Grundy (jiithrie Haiutlton H;u.i'ock Ilui lin Hatriaon Ileiiry Howard llutnboldt Ida owa .T.ickson ... •la^per Jwfterson. 1ST7. Governor. Rep. Dem. Gr. Pro. 1I.S2 8' 1547 1105 410 143 17811 1C12 1181 12iltl 74 143 418 6i3 1.502 1315 9U:i 602 127a 1(],34 817 1873 2144 S98 1541 w.n 1209 1220 2315 197 1587 213 1933 1233 1311 12.0U 11131 9(19 1100 842 34(1 1492 1348 1770 651 .382 321 1112 1619 1977 1390 101 397 X54U 1049 352 712 1111 981 582 709 192 758 75 744 839 1U93 348 74 1107 207 16 1770 2327 051 215 1231 901 1143 1381 8 3415 2S 1007 2US 336 1331 215 804 496 20.5 95 001 80. 424 617 149 64 112(1 19oli 11.54 753 1876. Projident. Rep. Dem 681 4i 09 729 20 807 95 400 190 7i 161 19 171 141 110 200 li 383 37 813 20 66 286 19 1241 803 31' 32 707 400 889 102 10 334 551 304 422 29 238 823 1041 201 115 104 642 224 1018 570 44'J 244 10 223 20 95 74 11 30 416 40 86 94 19 67 107 66 111 80 12 19 825 6 12 63 1334, 1370 170') 1711 42' 2')ol 2i179 2018 17.i7 222 f 770 1828 022 799 1870 2323 1274 861 1574 140 667 260: 3654 1043 2130 1580 1047 2233 3325 259 2798 240 3029 2032 1178 1058 1310 1099 21 1434 87 1187 281 154 2152 19 15.57 140 2809 519 1194 823 2U 1870 2120 3376 2100 22S 15 2IH 109 593 620 1040 1419 35; 135-; 1592 1305 757 1410 200 780 196 771 979 1445 Counties. Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lino Louisa Lucas Lyon ^Madison Mahaika jMarion MarshaU jMills Mitchell Monona 448i Monroe 175j Montgomery . l(l9o| M'lscatine 810; O'Brien 94, (Jsceola 2621! Page 33981 Palo Alto 038l Plymouth 752| Pocahontas ... 1031 1282 1406 2917 Polk.. Pottawattamie.. Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott iSh Iby Sioux iStory Tama .Taylor Union 4l7|,Van Buren 0291 Wapello 425j Warren 99| Washington 9S0| Wayne 13«0i Webster 14s."i Winnebago 000 Winneshiek 1S3' Woodbury 4977 36 1709 751 379 10.82 510 .57 1348 2185 1804 1449 Worth Wright . Totals Maj'U'ities.. Total vote, 1877, 245,760 , 1870 (includiugj949 Greenback), 292,943. 1877. Governor. Rep. Dem. Gr. 1S84 1808 1772 463 2167 2524 1328 1203 261 1792 1823 1970 1448 1435 1396 680 1(J34 1122 1753 306 295 1100 311 779 370 3171 2223 1496 964 686 3031 888 436 1260 1426 1325 899 1490 17 1726 1087 1316 860 644 2074 17(19 628 391 12154r' 4.'19- 2348 1218 1526 236 2803 2316 817 804 17 1077 10'<0 ISOO 837 1102 489 119 928 441 1775 21 40 6(j8: 357 487, 93 18S5I 2069 882 71 128 19(i3 639 132 344 833 293 8161 1305 1029 944 1221 «32 127| 40' 1009, 867i 132 10( 18 14 322 13 350 75 89 103 9 616 1011 700 3S9 98 35 432 247 632 171 201 13 348 77 44 1353 218 420 671 177 309 3 49 644 196 SOS 830 301 1205 742 303 404 1421 79163 279 220 8 117 273 OS 105 89 299 685 108 12 14 80 590 95 604 28 30 9 20 47 387 14 33 293 3 39 30 94 121 346 47 13 37 16 187 133 63 130 290 101 112 3 47 238 14 98 1S70. President. Rep. Dem. 2345 2591 2364 638 3160 4331 1920 1478 262 2246 3221 2736 3056 1452 1663 713 1418 1749 2523 463 329 2243 343 835 374 4321 2605 2809 1246 601 3819 897 439 1843 2337 1727 1238 2113 2582 2439 2407 1092 1299 498 2759 1034 703 674 3563 1763 1862 227 3682 2917 1008 1044 46 1.538 1701 2304 1189 1165 671 304 1246 759 2075 llG 89 801 333 80-j 141 2382 2414 1083 422 106 2853 631 220 579 1317 070 795 1061 2412 1316 1508 1341 987 39 1617 997 149 184 171311 11212) .59211 VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 187G. District. Rep. Dem. R. Maj. ToUI. Maj. '74. District. Rep. Dem. R. Maj. Total. Maj '74. ] 17188 10439 17423 20770 19274 18778 14814 140S3 lOUlO 9379 11164 14719 2374 17,56 1323 11.391 8120 4059 32002 31122 33523 30149 30428 33497 n. 1803 K. 657 D. 63 n. 3824 R. 6243 VII 19496 11688 19358 15230 7808 4122 8980 31184 34694 30146 R 23(10 It VIII R 2127 Ill IX 168289 V 118356 49933 VI U. 2724 Total vote, 1874, 1S4.G40 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. ^Including 0,406 Grceaback votes. Practical Rules for Every Day Use. Hoiv to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are given. Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which wi'l be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphei'S to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. Hozv to change gold into currency. Rule. — Multiply the given sura of gold by the price of gold. Hotv to change currency into gold. Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. ILnv to find each partner s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership btisiness. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- tient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. Hoiv to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross tveight or price is given, and vice versa. Note.— It is generally assumed that the gross weight (if Hogs diininislied liy 1-5 or 20 per cent or itself gives the net weight, auil the net weight increased by K or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. To find the net weight or gross price. Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-hed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place. How to find the contents of a corn-crib. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or ' (284) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 by 4J ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. NOTK.— In estimating corn in the ear, tlie quality and the time it has been cribbed must be takea into consideration, since corn wiil shrinlt considerabiy during the Winter and Spring. Tliis rule generaliy holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided It is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all 111 feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31 J gallons. How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in EEVERf j;d order, so that its units will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. Hatv to measure boards. Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc. Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. How to find the number of acres in a body of land. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal jjlaces if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opjiosite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards iji a floor or wall. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in fee(), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. Hotv to find the number of bricks required in a building. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22J. The number of cubic feet is found by multijilying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inclies wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. Hno to find the number of shingles required in a roof. Rule. — j\lultiply the numlier of squiire feet in the roof by 8, if tho shingles are exi^osed 4i inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of the rafters. 286 MISCELLANEOtrS TNFOKMATION. To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the width of the building hy .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note.— By H or }i pitch is meant that tlic apex or comb of the roof is to be K or K the width of the huiklinp higrher lliari tlie walls or base of the rafters. Sow to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. lluLE. — Level tlie grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the numljer of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred Ijnshels of one extra bnshel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer bj' 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. Ill measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square j-ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary -sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the e3-e on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious con- trivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger oJ the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the toidtli being given. HuLE. — Divide IGO by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 Hoiv to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by .5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. Hoiv to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find hoio many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout ivill contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the hark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by !'44. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Soward s new rule for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which tbe interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. Note.— The reeiprwal of the rate is found by invertins the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, In- verted, liecomes ii of a month, or 10 days. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones. Itulefor converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the pi-oduct by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township — 36 sections each a mile square. A section — 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 10 acres. 288 MISCELLANEOtrS INFORMATION. The sections are all numbered 1 to C6, commencing at the north-east corner. The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- scription of a forty acre lot would read : The soiitli half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes oveiTun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 7 92-100 inches _ make 1 link. 25 links " 1 rod. 4 rods " 1 chain. 80 chains " 1 mile. Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 06 feet. Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- corn ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches — called a hand. In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches iu length. A pace is equal to a j^ard or 86 inches. A fathom is equal to 6 feet. A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league. Iu cloth measure an aune is equal to li yards, or 45 inches. An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.790 inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches.' A Brabant cU is equal to 27.116 inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does muck or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunitj' of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the jirinciples of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATIOTT. 289 1875. A. H. JACKSON. Dr. Cr. Jan. 10 17 4 4 8 8 13 27 9 9 G 24 4 To 7 bushels Wheat By shoeinsT' span of Horses at §1 .25 $8 C 1 48 G 17 75 30 25 00 25 50 18 2 35 50 Feb. (.1. To 14 bushels Oats To 5 lbs. Butter By new Harrow at S at .45 .25 00 (.i. By sharpeninii: 2 Plows .. 40 ii. By new Double-Treo ■'5 ii To Cow and Calf April To half ton of Hav By Cash ". 00 By repairing Corn-Planter ._ 75 To one Sow with Pigs .. July Bv Cash, to balance account 15 ^ ' $88 05 $88 05 lS7i CASSA MASON. D: C:-. IMirch 21 21 23 1 1 10 26 10 29 12 12 1 Fjv 3 dnvs' lal'>or at $1.25 $G 8 00 10 S3 25 12 18 9 75 at 3.00 it Jlay it To 18 bushels Corn By 1 month's Labor at .45 00 To Cash ._ . . - - 10 00 2 75 June By 8 days' Mowing . _. _ at $1,50 on u To 50 lbs. Flour July Aug. To 27 lbs. Meat... By 9 days' Harvesting By 6 days' Labor To Cash .. . ._ at $ .10 at 2.00 at 1.50 2 20 70 00 00 00 Sept. To Cash to balance account. . . 18 20 $G7 75 $G7 75 INTEPtEST TABLE. A Simple Bulk fok AoctrcATELr Compotino interest at a>-t Givex Tkh Cent. i-or. Any Length of Time. Multiply the principal (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to days', then divide this proditct by tlie quotient obtaineii l)y dividing 360 (the nuraljer of days in the interest year) by llie per cent, of interest, andt/ie qttotient thits obtained will be the required interest. ILLUSTRATION. Solution. Require the Interest ofS462. 50 for one month and elRhteen davs at 6 per eent. An $402.50 interest month is 30 days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. S4b3.50 multl. .48 plied bv .48 Hives S'33'2 0000; 360dividi>d bv 6 (the i^er cent, of interest i Rives BO, and • ?i2a'10U00 divided l>v HO w^ll i;ive von tli^e.Ki'^t intereil, wliii- i is !53.7d. irtliera'-of 370000 merest in the a'lov. .^[impl • were 12 per rent., we would divide the S222.O')0O by 30 6)300 \ 135)00 (heeause 3fi0 divided l.v 1-.; Kives 30); If 4 per eent.. we would divide by 90; If 8 per I cent., by 45: and In like manner for any otbcr per cent. 00/5203.0000(53.70 180 4-20 430 "oo MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. 1 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour, [ 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 12 dozen. 1 Gross. 200 pounds. 1 Barrel of I'ork. 20 quires paper 1 Re:im. 80 things, 1 Score. 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter. 4 ft. wide, 4 n. high, and 8 ft. loug, 1 Cord Wood. 290 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Floi'ida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time owned that section of the country. Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." Arkansas, from Kansas, the Indian word for " smoky water." Its prefix was really aro, the French word for " bow." The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," after Charles the Ninth of France. Creorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Tennessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary. Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." Ohio means '* beautiful ; " Iowa, " drowsy ones ; " llinnesota, " cloudy water," and Wisco7isin, "wild-rushing channel." Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-weir, which was so stj-led from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Oregon owes its Indian name also to its jarincipal river. Cortes named California. Massachusetts I?, the Indian for " The country around the great hills." Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying " Long River." Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England. Netv York was named by the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William Penn, its orignal owner. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 291 Delaware after Lord De La Ware. New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. Maine was called after the jirovince of Maine in France, in compli- ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green Mountain. Neio Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was formerly called Laconia. The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rliodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories. Alaiiaiiia ArKunsas California , Comiectinul Delaware Vlonda GeorRia Illinois Jiuliana lOWil KaiisHS Kentucky Loitisiaria Muiuf Mai\laiiit Massafluisetls — Mirlii;;aii Miniie-^ota Mississippi Missmni , Nebraska , Nevada New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Noith Carolina ... Ohio Oregon Peniisylvania..... Rhode I.slanU .... Snuth Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total States.. Arizona ^.'olorada , Dakota , District of Columbia., Idaho Montana New Mexico Ufih , Sv'asainRton ■Wyoming Total Territories.. Total United States 38. 555, 983 38,113,*^53 9.658 39.864 14.181 131.700 14.999 20.595 91.874 86.786 23.955 9.118 442.730 POPULATION OF FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES. New York, N. T Philadelphia, Pa Broolclvn, N. Y St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md IJostoTi, Mass Cincititiati, Oliio New Orleans, La. .. San Francisco, Cal.. Buffalo, N. Y Washington, D. C... Newark. N. J Lonisville, Ky Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburp, Pa Jersey City, N, J ... Detroit, Mich Milw.nukee, Wis Alhany, N. Y Providence, R. I Rochester, N. Y Allegheny, Pa Rrchinond. Va New Haven, Conn,, Charleston. S. C Indianapolis, Ind... Troy, N. Y •Syracuse, N. Y Worcester, Mass Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Camliridge, Mass... Hartford, Conn Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Paterson, N.J Kansas City, Mo Mobile, Ala Toledo. Ohio Portland. Me Columbus, Ohio Wilmington, Del Dayton, Ohio Lawrence, Mass Utica, N, Y Charlestown, Mass Savannah, Ga Lynn. Mass Fall River, Mass... Aggregate Population. 674, 39«, 310, 2»8, 267, 2.50, 216. 191, 149, 117 109, lO.? 100, 93 86, 82, 79. 71, 69. 68. 62. 53. 51, 60. 48. 48. 46. 43, 41, 40. 40, 39, 37. 35. 33, 33. 32, 33. 31. 31 31, 30. 30, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 26. 292 032 099 864 977 354 526 239 418 473 714 199 059 753 829 076 546 577 440 422 904 386 180 038 840 956 ,244 465 ,051 105 ,928 226 ,634 ,180 092 930 579 260 034 .584 .413 ,274 .841 1,473 1,921 804 .323 .235 1,233 768 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Area ill States and square Territories, aiiles. States. Alabama Arkansas Caiiforiila CDiiiiecticut Delaware Florida Geor^'ia lllhuiis Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. . ■ Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nehraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon 50, 52. 188, 4 2, 59, 58, 55, 33, 55, 81, 37. 41, 31, 11. 7. 56, 83, 47, 65, 75, iia 9, 8, 47, 60, 39, 95, ' Last Census of 3-1 li FOFULATIOK. \^'^^ 1875. 18 187U. 996,992 484.471 560.247 537,4.54 135,015 187,748 1.181.109 ■;,:'i:V.i.HHl Hon: 1. own, 637 l)l."> 1,11(1.7112 818 3111.399 Will l.SJl.dll 7-.>li.915 l)-!«,1115 780.894 1.457.351 1.184.0.59 439.706 827.932 1,721.295 123.993 43.491 318,300 906,096 4,383.759 1,071,361 3,66.5,260 90,923 1,651.91 1,334.031 598.429 !S4 800 451 531 156 3,50 9P5 090 280 330 000 704 964 244 Michigan taken In 1874. 1.350..544 528.349 246.280 52,540 1,026,502 4,705,308 1,671 i.ola 830 227 466 2,108 .5,904 3.529 3.160 1.760 1.123 539 871 1.606 3.335, 1,612 990 3,580l 8281 593l ',90 1,265 4,470 1,190 3,740 lo9 States and Territories. States. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total Slates. Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dlst. of Ciilumbiu. Iilaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyjmiiig Totat Territories. Area ill square Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,385 45,600 237,504 10,312 40,904 23,000 53,924 1,950,171 113, 104, 147, 90, 143, 121, 80. 69, 93, POPiri.ATION. 1870. 3,531,791 217.363 705,606 1,358,520 818,579 330,651 1,325,163 442.014 1.054.670 38,118,253 9,658 39,864 14,181 131,700 14.999 20.595 91.874 86,786 23,955 9,118 442,730 18T5. 258,239 935,145 1.236.72 .Miles R. R. 1872. 5,113 13(i i.aoi 1,530 8B5 675 1,490 485 1,735 59,587 375 '498 Aggregate of n, S,. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 * Included in the Railroad Mileage of Maryland, PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; ]'OP0LATION AND AeEA. Countries. Population. Date of Census. Area in Square Miles. Inhabitants to Sfiuare Mile. Population. China Kritish Kmpire Russia United States with Alaska. France Austria and Hungary .Japan Great Britain and Ireland. German Empire Italy Spam Brazil Turkey Mexico .Sweden and Norway Persia Jtelgium Bavaria Portugal Holland > ew Grenada Chill Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurceuiburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Hoiuluras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii 446, 336. 81, 38, 36, 35, 34, 31, 39, 27, 16. 10. 16. «. 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 500.000 817.108 93,5,400 925,600 469,800 904,400 785,300 817,100 906,092 439,921 643,000 000.000 163.000 173.000 931,500 000.000 031,300 ,861.400 995.300 ,,688,300 000.000 :,000.000 1,669,100 500,000 000,000 812,000 ,8 18, ,500 84,700 .500,000 461,400 ;457,900 ,180,000 300,0011 000.11011 833. 13N 718.000 600,000 572,000 350,000 300,000 350,000 136,000 165.000 62.950 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 '1869 1871 1870 'isVi 1870 1871 1871 1871 'isVi 1871 1871 'isio 3,741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 3,603,884 304,091 240.348 149.399 121.315 160,207 118,847 195,775 3,253.029 672,621 761,536 293.871 635,964 11,373 29,392 34,494 12,680 357,157 133.616 15,992 471,838 497,331 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,92| 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,732 47,092 17,837 21,505 7,633 119.3 48. 6 10.2 778 178.7 1494 233.8 263.3 187. S30.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290,9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.3 247. 75.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 377. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekln Loudon St. Petersburg. . Washlugton Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Kio .laneiro I'onstanlinople . Mfxiid Stockholm Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres... Stuttgart Coiienhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador... Port au Prince Managua Monte V.deo... Coniayagua San lloiningo... San Jose Honolulu 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109.199 1,82,5.300 833.900 1,5.54.9110 3,351,800 83,5,400 344,484 332,000 430.000 1,07,5,000 210.300 136.900 130.000 314.100 lli9.,5O0 334,063 90,100 45,000 115,400 36.000 160,100 25.000 177.800 91,600 163.042 47.000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 30,000 3,000 15.000 20.000 10.000 44,500 13.000 SO.OIIO a.ooo 7,633 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. L^pon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed ; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing. on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real pi-operty, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. (293) 294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving Iiusband of a deceased wife. The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her liusband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezcd, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and tlieir descendants in equal parts ; tlie descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Serond. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, tlien to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator witliin fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 1. Expenses of administration. 2. E.x'penses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within §ix months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widoiv, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of thn deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and tlie owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding G40 acres in extent, and not leased or otlierwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property lea.sed to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, sliall be duly filed for record before the property tlierein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to -the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing ; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value ; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, nil wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. " 5. Tlie polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue; such opinion and the fact upon wliich it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes fur that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said tares have not been deh'nqvc7it for tliirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, gunrdian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paving to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty "per centum of such amount immediately added as 'penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If 7iotice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of reelemption. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, tlie jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. Tliey have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed witiiin their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed §>100 or tlie imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation ; for a stutute penalty ; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer witliin three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on tiie ground of fraud; and all Other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of rscord in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of tlie above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, Tnust be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of liearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians nnd clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when liis own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committeil by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROxM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a fixmily may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all privafe libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamsler or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a fomily, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 Tliere is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres ; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of Iiimsolf and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and childi-en, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same l)e found within the lawful enclo.sure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fiiils, within five days thereafter, to take up sucii estray, any other householder of tiie township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or bran The instrumeat shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or liis Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmon and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to bo by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and swcrn by him to measui-e justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall e.xtend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons eitlier cliihh-en, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the su]iport of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, througli the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessai-y to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice jnust fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire wlicn tJie crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it sliall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, wliether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy sliall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in pos.session of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing tlie notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any otlier personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed foils due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, witliin the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the aflidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles sliall bo contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: Apples, Penches or Quinces 48 Clierries, Gnipcs, Ciirrniits or Gooseberiies, 40 Strawhori'ics, liasphei'iies or Blackberries, 32 Os.ige Oraiigo Seed 32 .Millet Seed 45 SloneCoal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear .-. 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes tiO Beans 60 (Jlover Seed 60 Onions fi7 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seeil f>6 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Cnrn Seed 30 Bucicwheat 62 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed : i^ Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Gals 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass .Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £-■ means ^->OMnc?s, English money. @ stands for at or to ; lb for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per or bt/ the. Thus, Butter sells at 20(« 30c f lb, and Flour at $8(5 $12 '^ bbl. % for per cent., and J for number. ^IMay 1. Wheat sells at $1.20(«j$l. 25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time durinsT the month of June. Polling sliort, is contracting to deliver a certain aiuount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Ilence the "i-horts" are termed "bears." Buying Ion;/, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs" are termed "bulls." as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as possible. 306 ABSTRACT OF lOAVA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and •EJiie of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. A note to bo payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : $100. ' Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one liundred dollars, for services rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at ^1.50 $0 00 2 Seamless Sacks ■ " 30 60 Received payment, $6 60 A. A. Graham. i CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. $ . , Iowa, , 18 — . after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollar) at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum afte; until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, inteiest at same rate and conditions. A lailiire to [iny saiil interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, sliall cause the whole note to become due and collectable at once. Ir this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hei'con, § shall be allowed as attorney fees. No. — . P. 0. , . CONFESSION OF .lUDGMENT. vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 sum of dollars, and the furtlier sum of .? as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — • hereby confess judgment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , ami Ij? as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . Said debt and judgment bei'.ig for . It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The St.we of Iowa, "I • County. J being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and tliat -- understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein ar^ true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before rae and in my presence by the said this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. Tins Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entii'e one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. SO'- ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of ftiiluro of agreement by eitlier of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party sofaihng shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as lixed and settled damages. Ill witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Joxes, Thomas Whiteside. agreement with clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Ileuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Liwa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of JlcGregor, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part— WITNESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hercot, shoulil both live such length of time, witliout absenting himself from his occupation ; dui'iiig which time lie, the said Barclay, in the store of said Si one, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the .--aid Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; provided that all dues lor days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the .sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the .said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The jnirchaser must take, actual possession of the proiycrtij, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Xnow all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and JRve cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the secon.d part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Clay. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 30{- NOTICE TO QUIT. [To -John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy to Avit : [^Insert Description.^ on or before thirty clays from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [Rtiverse for Notice to Landlord.^ GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of tlio uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner followinji;, to-wit : First. I give, devise and bequeatli unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one Iiundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in tlie Recorder's ofiice, in the county where such land is located. Tiie north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. T'drd. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal projierty, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to whicli she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. F(f/h. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of ray store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago. Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon tiie demise of my said father. r. !•! 1519 15461 ■20770 9532 5419 11786 42-27 4145 10982 8974 10210 3402 1353 5108 13393 455 11756 23052 17760 15-207 18-260 14005 16582 5143 11817 1-2665 3477 22670 6792 14078 .6646 10937 o.5',^8 3-,.-5 l.-;; :sfii 2304 13287 63-22 8107 1390 12188 2541 6278 11416 9758 4161 2979 9118 15915 11-273 2254 4591 8085 8718 13574 6127 12596 13242 839! 24307 3072 4145 15701 7491 1327 4134 11570 387310 44-23-29 33233 141-293 159739 67009 445070 404620 4-21719 518571 538196 556209 98766 115595 176281 99158 675837 228097 669895 70-2039 446300 107.377 S67643 73182 845707 844651 643322 287392 632113 37282 3351-24 8241 4877-29 704407 828679 179645 401948 1-20948 153505 356915 90944 340268 69140 48816 168-262 358-221 14060 SI 9071 621156 62-M97 632239 464824 446128 447003 27857 279069 342164 13789 585048 1'5755 542062 496248 335746 23-2639 285103 S41081 46.1245 66475 405562 201633 63931 2682S 431841 40j94 168081 333565 34650" 120ir 46859 255007 528808 34326.1 71676 45096 6599 20965" 384468 18774E 35369t S0739t 28151C 821030f 9104" 16155" 45332C 207493 45108 133176 29359C $1611937 141576» I8415S 695318 828171 Buena Vista . . 2064995 Butler Bremer Black Hawk... Buchanan 1144620 1 898424 2615949 123343. Cherokee 3.3049 1284899 Crawford Cedar 483357 ■26 293 2606149 Cerro Gordo... Clayton Clinton CUickawaw 1347 12 3 3 7 10 5379 817 84 8688 5 •?' 21030 4-28 63 20 55 1.50 56405 1-2-239 1720 117310 50 ise' 2D8179S 3049019 894656 451365 Clarke Calhoun 160IM9O. Decaiur Dubuqu*^ Des MoineB : )elaware ;)ickin3on Jallas Emmet Floyd 1636132 17T2992 1693314 45334 1502047 1524+ 46' 84i' 2' 22 'iitis' "'16625' 44' 860 1367377 Franklin Fremont Grundy 1U4606S 1593977 620905- Guthrie 1066627 Humboldt. Howard Harrison Hancock Hamilton Henry 84' ""1266' 734409 78667T 8940S 62762. 9041 113203 1765«7(> 36 491 100 lOiO 7942 1274 2005049 Jackson .lohnson 2447876 2916838. 31 6192 148 140 15400 31 409 66739 1303 1M6416 Jetferson Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lucas 1919728 105306 200J07 S-29 54 160 16267 ""2697' 2212 643 484 5584 20C' 1631518 1030554 S-2651 Linn 12 1338 ibs 189 S2 25 263 21 259005U 1665739 Mitchell ^lahaska 2195785 218134^ Mills Madison Monroe Marshall Monona.. Muscatine Montgomery... O'Brien 93836 2368^27f 447665 63 8 629 166 174790* 107212 191542 69581 Polk 21 894 I1266e Pochahontas... Pottawattomie Powesheik 63 475 1252629 239S02! 355792 442736 23208 78851 762315 830S97 317944 251286 110094 206813 1437807 141188 58808 76316 654679 1813465 2-.a875 41048" 409879 391051 16-2-281 190166 157535 1-220 10 823 1-25 40 8 20235 160 129346! Plymouth Palo Alto Ringgold 9(>61( 1762 618 20 1115781 304187! 67Sff2( 166981 Sac 10 3068 Taylor 244 23164(6 6^2426( 1439586 1301371 220839 220523 Union Van Buren 53 10928 143 61 960 121854 1-236 910 Warren Winnesheik... Woodbury — 89650 Washtni^ton .. Webster Wian'-ba^o... . 1439 5 11 14198 733341 270 14021 28868 "Wapello 1617 16159 Totals 1262785 ) 841043 935490 ) 3690711 42669731 69188 "59277 4700176 130284542 98-2994 2914435S $131536745 \ J '?■^■, ^:zy^ym£$o History of Davis County. INTRODUCTION. ! A Nation grows, and from its central points its population spreads itself I and forms new civic communities. Whatever may be tlie incentives or motives that prompt this movement, and the outcome of man's attempt to turn the wild domain to his advantage, they are themes for the fruitful reflection of interested persons — themes which increase in interest the more i they are earnestly and carefully examined. These movements of uieii, as thej develop themselves, create the material for history. But history, as such, cannot rejiroduce the life of a people in all its various details. It must be content with exhibiting the develojmient of that life as a whole. The thoughts, imaginings, dealings and doings of the individuals, however strongly they may reflect the characteristics of the national mind, form no essential ])art of history. While it may be correctly said, however, that the life of the individual is intimatel}' bound up in that of the State or Nation, it may also be said on the other hand, that the State or Nation exists only through the unity of their individual membership, that it is not the coun- terpart of individual views, but the results of an intelligent and harmonious combination of opinions, though wliicli are often conflicting when first advanced. Human tliought and action must harmonize when fruitful results are aciiieved in any civic or otlier department of State or Nation. Change — far-reaching and radical — is written on the face of opposing elements — a change that afl'ects not the individual, nor a class of individuals, merely, but the uiiited whole. Hei-e is where history becomes possible — where it reaches bevond the scope of mere biograph}', admits of those broader generalizations which are the very foundation stones of the philos- '' ophy of history, and without which there can be no intelligent comprehen- sion of the development and sequence of events, and the results to which they lead. What is thus true of a State, is equally true of its component parts. ! Laws are not limited in their application; but are so general in their philo- sopiiical deduction, that they warrant liroad inferences, and are specific enough to apply to the minutla of the smallest civic division. 1 324 HISTORY OF DAVIS COTTNTY. While, it is true, the liistory of a single county — embracing, as it does, but a limited territory and a meager population — nia}' present none ot those grander laws in obedience to which nations exist and flourish, and by which their power is felt, nevertheless, those principles which make history possible, are found in every community, and find a harbor in every heart. Then there is tlie added fact, that, the history of the county comes nearer to the individual life and character of its citizens, than does that of the State or of the Nation of which the State forms a ]iart. The spread of population merely, the political progress of a people and the military annals, are a part only of our history, and that part which is most easily discerned. The American of the present day wants to know how his ancestors lived, how they looked, what clothes they wore, on what they fed, what were their daily tasks and conversation, and how life dealt witli them. This is the most difficult part of history to reproduce accurately ; but it is, after all, that which gives us the clearest and most vivid insight into the spirit of the past. This important element sliould never be over- looked, for in no other manner can the intellectual growth of the people, the amelioration of manners, the changes in habits and customs, the ad- vance in science and art, the progress of invention, tlie relation of classes, the increase of prosperity, or the want of it, the moral condition of society, and the every-day life of the people, be understood and made to subserve the interests of the present. The events that are recorded, are such as oc- curred at our very doors, were compassed by men whom we know, and which affect our individual interests for weal or for woe. It is not only while these events are fresh in the memory that one may form accurate esti- mates of their relative importance, and be impartial and candid in forming his judgments; but he may also, from present circumstances which have an origin in remote times, and which are historical in the largest, fullest, truest sense, freed from myth, or conjecture, or uncertain tradition, read the promise of the future. It is beyond doubt true, tliat those Jiiost closely identified with great or sudden revolutions in opinion or in government, are least competent to decide on their value; they make history; the student of after years decides the correctness of their theories, or the justice of their cause, and decides, too, under circumstances which preclude the bias of partisan feeling. There is that entire originality of work, that subtlety of thought, that carefulness of conversation, that catholicity of views, that honest, kind, perhaps keen criticism of events and men, in the work of those who write years after events have transpired, which they who lived at the time, and contributed to them, are unable to exercise. The history of a county exhibits a much more limited series of facts in i HISTORr OF DAVIS COUNTY. 325 tlieir proper connections, of wliicli, indeed, each individual one is interest- ing iu its proper place — doiiijly interesting, perhaps, because it marks the progress of tliinking, toiling men, in our very presence; men who have lived in the same moral and social atmosphere, struggled for the same ends for which we have struggled, acquired their experience and reputation in the same manner, and exhibited the same loves and hates, the same pro- clivities and sympatiiies. Tliis is tlie purely biograjihical element of his- tory — that element which o[)ens to us tiie sources of iiuman activity, and enables us to read how far and in what manner the views of individuals became impressed on public life and morals. It enables us to know the i kind of men who become leaders, to note the conditions and results of their successes or defeats. Tliis is the part of history directly affecting the indi- vidual man, because from it does he select his type of character, of thougiit and of conduct. The remark of Plutarch is most applicable to the reali- zation of individual hopes and wishes, for it depicts the true conditions of success. He says: " Whenever we begin an enterprise, or take possession of a charge, or experience a calamity, we place before our eyes the example of the greatest men of our own or bygone ages, and we ask ourselves how Plato or Epaminondas, Lycurgus or Agesilaus would have acted. Look- ing into those personages as into a faithful mirror, we can remedy our de- fects in word or deed. Wlienever any perplexity arrives, or any passion disturbes the mind, the student of philo.sophy pictures to himself some of those who have been celebrated for their virtue, and the recollection sus- tains his tottering steps and jirevents his fall." Such inspiring examples as these are the kind that have given to the world names in every walk of life that will never die. NAME AND LOCATION. NAME. Davis county was named i!i honor of Garret Davis, at the time a repre- sentative in Congress from the Lexington, Kentuckey, district; and later a United States senator from that State, who became somewhat distinguished in National affairs. The evidence of this fact is contained in an extract ifrona a letter addressed by Dr. John G. Elbert, of Van Buren county, to ('apt: Tlosea B. Horn, then an old and prominent citizen of Davis county; who, by the way, had given much attention to the traditional history of its early settlements, which he contributed, in 1866, to the Annals of Iowa, 326 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTV. the publication of tlie State Historical Society. The following is the extract referred to and explains itself: " Ml' James Jenkins and myself were members of the Territorial Council at the time Davis county was organized. The name was adopted at the suggestion of some of us Kentuckians, who wanted to honor a distinguished politician and Congressman, by the name of Gakiiet Davis, of the Lexington, Kentucky, district, who had endeared himself to the West, and was thought worthy of the honoi'." In addition to this fact it appears from the testimony of Capt. J. H. Bonney, wlio, at that time, was a citizen of Yan Buren county, and at the Territorial capital when the act was passed giving to the connt}' the name of Davis, and defining its boundaries; and from David Ferguson, James M. Wray, and otlier pioneer citizens of this county, that soon after the termination of the conflict between the State of Missouri and the Territorj- of Iowa over the strip of territory lying along our southern border, which the former sought to steal from the latter; that those citizens of Iowa who were called out by the Governor of the Territory, and the United States Marshal as militia, to serve in maintaining the rights of Iowa, and in defense of their homes against the unwarranted attempt of Missouri to seize territory which it well knew did not belong to her; thought the General Government should comj^ensate them for the time spent and expenses incurred; and therefore forwarded an application to their delegate iti Congress, wiiich was presented in the House, and referred to the Committee on Claims, of which Garret Davis was chairman, who reported it favorably to the House, accompanied with a bill providing for the allowance of the claims. During the ])endency of this bill in Congress, the Iowa Territorial Legislature was in session, and passed the act of February 17, 18i3, defining the boundaries of the new countj^ to which it gave the name of Davis, in honor of the distinguished Kentuckian, not more for his statesmanship than for liis kindly regard for the pioneer militia who rallied to the service of the General Government when a portion of its territory was imperiled by a sovereign State. Whether the name of Davis was given to this county upon the suggestion of Dr. John D. Elbert and James Jenkins, members of the Tej-ritorial Council at the time it was given, or, because of Mr. Davis' kindly offices as chairman of the Committee on Claims in the National House of Representatives, in championing the claims of the jiioneer militia who were called into service, does not clearly appear. Whichever may have been- the prevailing reason, one thing appears quite certain, that Mr. Davis' bill never passed into a law. Neither did the Territorial militiamen ever receive any pay for their services and expenses from either the General or Territorial governments, however just^ this may appear to have been. HISTORY 01.' DAVIS COPNTY. 327 LOCATION. Davis county is situated in the sonliiern tien if counties bordering on tlie north line of tiie State of Missouri, and tlie third west from the Mississippi River. It is surrounded by the counties of Wapello on the north, Van Bu- ren on the east, Schuyler, Missouri, on the south, and Appanoose on the west. It contains fourteen cono-ressioual townships, with an area of about 322,560 acres, being four townships, twenty-four miles, in length from east to west, and three and a half townships, twenty-one miles, in width, from north to south; the four half congressional townships are those bordering along the Missouri State line. By act of the Territorial Legislature, approved February 17, 18i3, the boundaries of Davis count}' were defined as follows: "Sec'I'idx 1. lie it eiirirteel hi/ the Ciiiiiicil ami lloiisi' of Reprefentatires of the Terrifori/ of Iowa, That the following shall be the boiiiularies of a new county which shall be called 'Davis," to-wit: Beginning at the northeast corner of township seventy, north of range twelve west; thence west on the township line dividing townships seventy and seventy-one, to range sixteen west; thence south on said range line to the'Missouri State line; thence east on said State line to the southwest corner of Van Buren county; thence north with the west line of said county of Van Buren, to the place of beginning." The first white men to view the beautiful landscape now covered by Iowa, of which Davis county forms a prominent part, were, two Frenchmen — one ■A Franciscan friar — James Marquette; the other, a French explorer, Louis Juliette. On their way from the straits of the upper lakes, in their frail canoes, "to find out and explore the great river lying to the west of them, of which they had heard marvelous accounts from the Indians about Lake Michigan," says Marquette, they reached and ascended Green Bay and Fox River to Lake AVinnebago to a village of the Kickapoo and Miami In- dians. Here the Franciscan priest assembled the chiefs and old men of the village; and, pointing to Joliette, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new countries, and I am an Embassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." On the 10th of June, 1673, they pushed (.n from tiiis Indian village toward the great river. Tliey launched their canoes on the Wisconsin, not far from the present Portage City, and descending tl'.ey reached the bosom of that great and mysterious river of which they had heard so much, on the following 17th of June. (_)n the 25th they landed on tiie west bank near the present town of Montrose, in Lee county; and thus, so far as known, theirs were the foot prints of the first white persons ever made upon Iowa soil. Then, and there, in the name of Prance, they |)roclaimed jurisdiction over the vast domain watered by the 328 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Mississippi and its tributaries, by right of this discovery; to wliich the name of " Louisiana " was subsequently given, in lienor of Louis XIV, King of France. This vast possession France retained until 1763, when she ceded it to spain; and in ISOl, Spain ceded it back to Fi'ance; and by treaty dated April ;!0, 1803, the United States acquired this vast domain of Louis- iana, for which she paid fifteen mUlion dollars. This acquisition extended the domain of our young republic from the Atlantic to the PaciSc. and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America on the nortii. When the United States government had thus secured the " right, title and interest " of all foreign nations to the vast domain overed by the " Lou- isiana Purchase," it seemed to lia\e lost sight of the fact that it was, during all the period from the year that Marquette and Joliette discovered it, 1673, to the year the Territory of Ljwa was created, 1838, in the possession of its original owners — the red men — a race of ])eople, or the decendents of a race of people existing here centuries before tiie Anglo-Saxon Puritans settled upon the coast of New England, or before Columbus first visited the continent. Of this people, and the acquisition of the soil of Iowa from them b}' the government of the United States, more will be said in the chapter entitled " The Red Man," i'arther on. PHYSICAL FEATURES. The surface character of Davis county is somewhat irregnlar, the result of its natural and ample drainage system; though its general surface is level. While no large rivers course through it, every township is traversed by living streams. The Des Moines river passes across the northeast corner of the county, from the northwest to the southeast, severing something over a thousand acres, or about two sections of land, in the corner, which has become historic as the home and burial place of Black Hawk, the celebrated chief of the Sac and Fox Indians. The general course of the sti-eams north of Blooretield, the county seat, is from west to east, and that of those south of the center of the county — Bloomfield — is from northwest to southeast— all falling into the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers. The streams which so thoroughly water this county are Loaf Creek, Fox River, Wyacondah Creek, Fabius Creek, Carter's Creek, Lick Creek, besides various minor tributaries to these. Of these, Soap Creek is the largest. It rises in the northeast pai't of Appanoose county, and courses its way through the northern tier of townships of Davis county, and em])ties into the Des Moines in the southeast corner of Wapello county. It has several tributaries like Little Soap Creek, rising in Wapello county, HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 329 and emptying into the main stream in section one, Lick Creek townsliip; besides Bear Creek, in Marion township, two or three nameless tributaries in Soap Creek township, Lick Creek, in Lick Creek township, and Salt Creek in Salt Creek township. The next in size and importance is Fox -River, which also rises, in two branches, north and south, in Appanoose county, which form a junction in Fox River township, Davis county, and thus it courses its way in an easterly direction through Drakeville, Bloom- field, Perry, Union, and Prairie townships, entering Van Buren county near the line between Union and Prairie, and thus in a southeastern direction into Missouri, and so on to the Mississippi, near Alexandria, Mis- souri. This river, like Soap Creek, is fed with numerous small tributaries in all the townships through which it passes. The next stream, in point of size, is Wyacondah, an Indian name pronounced Waii kin-daw. There are two branches of this stream rising in this county; the south, or main branch, rises in West Grove township, near the west side, and courses in a south- eastern direction, touching the townships of Bloomfield on the south, crossing the northeast corner of Wyacondah township, thence thi-ough Grove township, from the northwest corner to near the southeast corner thereof, thence into Missouri from the southeast corner of Koseo township. The north branch of this stream, called Little Wyacondah, rises in Bloomfield township, and courses parallel on the northeast with the south branch, across the northeast corner of Grove township, through Rosco township from the northwest corner to near the southeast corner thereof, where it passes into Missouri in which the two branches form a junction in Clark county, thence on to the Mississippi, at La Grange, Missouri. Numerous small tributaries How into both branches, as well as the main stream of the Wyacondah. Fabius is the next stream in size, and has its rise in Appanoose county, and enters Davis in section thirty, Fabius township; thence coursing in an easterly direction to the east line of that township: thence it bears southeautward, through Wyacondah township, to the middle of its southern line, where it flows into Missouri. A branch of this stream also rises' near the north line of Fabius township, and courses southwest until it joins the main stream a short distance before it passes into Wyacondah township. The branches and main stream are joined by minor streams from various directions. Chequest Creek is the next in size and importance, and is formed near the east- line of the county by two main branches, called " North Chequest Creek " and '-South Chequest Creek." The largest of these is the North Chequest, which has its rise in section thirty-three, in Soaji Creek township, west of Belknap, and coui'ses across the northeast corner of Bloomfield township, and along the north side of 330 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Perrj township for some three miles, then bearing northeastward crosses tlie southeast corner of Lick Creek township, entering Salt Creek township some two miles from its southwest corner, thence bearing southeastward across the northeast corner of Union township, to near the west line of Van Buren county where it forms a junction with the South Chequest Creek. Among other tributaries of the North Chequest is a branch rising in section twenty-seven, Soap Creek township, north of the main branch, near Belknap, and this, coursing eastward through Lick Creek township, joins the main north branch near the east line of this township, in section twenty-five. The South Chequest Creek rises in section sixteen. Perry township, and courses its way eastwardly, in an irregular direction through the northern portion of Union township to near the. east line of the county, where it forms a junction with the main creek which enters Van Buren county and falls into Des Moines River at Pittsburg, on the great bend near Keosauqua. The Bur Oak branch is the largest among several tributaries of the South Chequest. It rises in section twenty-five. Perry township, and passing northeastward into Union township, it continues in a northeast course to section fifteen, where it joins the South Chequest. Carter's Creek is a branch oftheFabius, and ranks next in size to the Chequest. It rises in section eighteen. West Grove township, near the west line of tl>e county, and coursing in an eastern direction through the south eide of this township, it bears in a southeastern direction from near its southeast corner, through Wyacondah, crossing the southwest corner of Grrove township into Missonri. It forms a junction with the main Fabius at the town of Fabius, Scotland county, Missouri, and from thence it falls info the Mississippi River below Qnincy. Hickory Branch rises in section thirty, west side of Grove township, and courses southeast to section fifteen, from whence it passes into Missouri, and unites with the Fabius Creek in its course to the Mississippi. The Little Fox Creek is the last and least of the streams of, the county. It rises in section eighteen, west side of Prairie township, and southwest of the main Fox River, and flows eastward through the southern part thereof into Van Buren county, and thence into Missouri, where it joins the main stream in Clark county, which, thus united, fi^ows on to the Mississippi at Alexandria. As before noted, the general surface of Davis county is comparatively level, broken only by the vallies of the various water courses and ravines. The vallies of some of the larger streams extend deep below the general upland surface, which thus presents various configurations in the general contour of the county — from the level surface of the flood bottoms of the vallies, to the more rolling formation of the uplands between them. Of HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 331 these, tlie valley of Soap Creek is about a iuindred feet deep along some portions of it; while the valley of Fox lliver is some ninety feet deep along some portions of it; each with flood lands extending from a quarter to a mile in width, at intervals along their course. The depth of the vallies ot the other streams are comparatively slight, not generally extending beyond the channels they themselves have made. Thus, it will be seen that the natural drainage system of Davis county is excellent — wholly ample to carry off the surplus water from its surface, and thus prevent its remaining in localities here and there to the injury of crops; and to create miasmatic cess-pools as breeders of disease. Along all these streams, the various species of timber indigenous to this latitude, given in abundance, such as the white, black, burr, and jack oak, red and white elm, bass wood, cotton wood, soft maple, black walnut, hickory, ash and some other varieties. Along Soap Creek in the northern part of the county hard, or sugar maple is found, which is, to some extent, utilized for sugar-making purposes. In addition to the generous growth of forest trees and brushwood, along the various water courses of the county, about one-third of its surface is quite heavily covered with excellent forest timber, extending mainly from the north side southward, which is abundantly ample for all the economic uses of the people for generations to come. The soil of this portion of the county thus covered with forest timber, is of a clayey nature, and is not so warm and prolific as that of a loamy formation. The remaining portion of the county is gently rolling prairie, of rich, black, loamy soil and beautiful surface. Besides the abundant timber grown in Davis county, it has a generous supply of good coal underlying a large scope of its surface; and inexaust- ible (jualities of sand stone in the northern part of the county, which is used tor building and other economic uses; and besides good brick, pottery and tile clay abounds to a large extent in the timbered portion of the count}'. Of these economic products, coal, stone, clay, etc., more will be said in the chapter entitled "Geological Outline," further on in this work. And, too, of the productive character of the soil of the county, in its rela- tion to agricultural products and industries, will be more elaliorately refered to in the chapter further on, entitled "Agricultural Interests." Davis county contains no lakes within its borders. Its general elevation is high and healthy. It lies one hundred and twenty-five feet above low- water mark in the Mississippi liiver at Burlington, and about seven hun- dred and eleven feet above the level of the sea. A straight line drawn from Burlington westward, passes through Davis countv less than a mile south of Belknap. It also lies one hundred and seventy-five feet above low water 332 HISTOET OF DAVIS COUNTY. mark in tbe Mississippi Iliver ;it Keokuk, which low water mark in the river at Keokuk is four hundred and forty-four feet above tlie level of the sea, which is the lowest point in the State; and low water mark in the river at Burlinorton is four hundred and eitjlitv-six feet above the level of the sea. It will thus be seen that Davis county lies within the draitiage system com- prising the tributaries of the Mississippi. The general descent of the connty is east and south-east, as will be observed by the course of its streams, but this descent is slight, not exceeding an average of two feet to the mile. The surface deposits, which forms the soil of Davis county, as we see it to-day, are classified by geologists as Drift, Bluff, and Alluvium deposits, all resting upon the stratified rocks for their foundation. Of these, the "drift deposits" form a wider and deeper distribution over the surface than any other. We see it everywhere forming the sufrace of the earth, and hiding its foundation — the stratified rocks — from view, except where the action of water has exposed them. It forms the soil and subsoil of the county, as it does the greater portion of the State; and in it, the crops are planted, and the fruits, and vegetation generally, take root therein. The drift deposit is composed of sand, clay, gravel and boulders promiscuously intermixed, without stratification or other regular arrangement of its mate- rials, which have been transported froiTi high places at the north, over the continent, by glacial movements, or other natural agencies, sufficiently powerful to carry rocks and other material suljstances imbeded in immense masses of ice, over the surface; and which were not always dependent for their motion to the declivity of the slopes, but more generally to glacial currents similar to the currents of the streams. The Alluvium deposit is that which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers and streams by the action of their own currents; and the material composing it is derived from the rocks or deposits which the water courses erode or wash out fVoni their vallej' slopes and distribute over the flood plains or bottoms, as well as on some ui' the terraces of their valleys. It forms a rich and productive soil. The Bluff deposit is a fine yellowish ash colored species of sand, and is very adhesive in its cotnposition, as shown in the high blufi's along rivers, in their finely i-ojmded summits, cut here and there with shar]) ridges, smooth and abruptly retreating slopes; configurations which not unfrequently rise from one to two and three hundred feet above the flood bottoms of the larger rivers. This glacial, or whatever natural agencj' it was that caused these various drift deposits over the general surface, and along the flood bottoms and HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 333 bluflFy sides of the valle.ys of the rivei'S, had, doubtless, much to do with the formation of the present surface changes of tliis continent — in its mountains and hills, its valleys and bluffs, its lakes and rivers. Beneatli the deep, rich vegetable mould of the prairie uplands of Davis county, is the drift formation. In many localities along the valleys and broken border lands of the streams the vegetable mould, and more or less of the drift deposit, are carried from their slopes into the valleys. As before noted, the general surface of the upland of the county is gently undulating prairie, except the timbered portion of the northern part. The rich productive prairie land is the delight of the western husbandman. The term "prairie" means ■uieadoius. which was first applied to the broad scopes ■of treeless land bordering the two great rivers of the continent, by its early French explorers, and included in the vast central plain, the largest not only in North America, but in the world. The natural meadow lands, covered mainly with grass and plants, and presenting in the growing season, the grandest display of floral beauty the sun ever illumined, are included in three divisions — husjiij prairies, loet or swampy prairies, and rolling prairies. The latter mainly forms the surface of Davis county; and the English anguage cannot be worded in a description of the beauty, nor of the tra- ditions they suggest, finer than the following production by America's grandest poet, William Cullen Bryant: THE PRAIRIES. These are the g-ardens of the desert, these The unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful, For which the sjipech of Enfjland has no name — The prairies. 1 Ijehold them lor the first. And my heart swells, while the dilated sight Takes in the encircling vastness. Lo! they stretch In airy undulations far away. As if the ocean, in his gentlest swell. Stood still, with all his rounded billows fixed, And motionless forever Motionless y No — they are all unchained again. The clouds Sweep over with their shadows, and, beneath. The surface rolls and fluctuates to the eye; Dark hollows seem to glide along and chase The sunny ridges. Breezes of the South! Who toss the golden and flame-like flowers. And pass the prairie-hawk that, poised on high. Flaps his broad wings, yet moves not— ye have played Among the palms of iMexico and vines Of Texas, and have crisped the limped brooks 334 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. That from the fountains of Sonora glide Into the ealra Pacific — have ye tanned A noljler or loveUer scene than this ? Man hath no part in this glorious work; The hand that built the firmament hath heaved And smoothed these verdant swells, and sown their slopes With herbage, planted them with Island groves. And hedged them 'round with forests. Fitting floor For this magnificent temple of the sky — With flowers whose glory and whose multitude Rival the constellation ! The great heavens Seem to stoop down upon the scene in love — A nearer vault, and of tenderer blue. Than that which bends above the eastern hills. As o'er the verdant vast I guide my steed. Among the high, rank grass that sweeps his sides. The hollow beating of his footsteps seems A sacrilegious sound. I think of those Upon whose rest he tramples. Are they here — The dead of otlier days? — and did the dust Of those fair solitudes once stir with life And burn with passion? Let the mighty mounds That overlook the rivers, or that rise In the dim forest, crowded with old oaks. Answer. A race that long has passed away Built them; a disciplined and populous race Heaped, with long toil, the earth, while yet the Greek Was hewing the Pentelicus to forms Of symmetry, and rearing on its rock The glittering Parthenon. These ample fields Nourished their harvests; here their herds were fed, When haply by their stalls the bison lowed. And Ijowed his maned shoulder to the yoke. All day this desert murmured with their toils; Till twilight blushed, and lovers walked and wooed In a forgotten language, and old tunes. From instruments of unremerabered form, txave the soft winds a voice. The valleys and the unbroken horder-hinds, are usually thickly covered with forest trees and brushwood, which are fairly distributed along the numerous water courses throughout the county. An English traveler* in this country, several years ago, published an interesting description of the prairie, and its forest borders, from which we; quote: •'The charm of a prairie consists in its extension, its green, flowery carpet, its undulating surface and the spirit of the forest whereby it is surrounded; the latte r being of all others th) ♦Captain Basil Hall. HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 335 most significant and expressive, since it characterizes the landscape and defines the form and boundary of the plain. The eye sometimes surveys the green prairie without discovering on the illimitable plain a tree or bush or any object, save the wilderness of flower and grass, while on other occasions the view is enlivened by the groves, dispersed, like islands, over the plain; or by a solitary tree rising above the wilderness. The resemblance to the sea., which some of these prairies exhibited, was really most striking. 1 had lieaid of this before, but always supposed the account exaggei-ated. * * * " In spring, when the young grass has just clothed the soil with a soddy carpet of the most delicate green, especially when the sun, rising behind a distant elevation of the ground, its rays reflected by myriads ot dew-drops, a more pleasing and more eye- benefitting view can- not be imagined. You see the fallow deer quietly feeding on the herbage; the bee flies hum- ming through the air; the wolf, with lowered tail, sneaks away to its distant lair, with the timorous pace of a creature only too conscious of having disturbed the peace of Nature; prai- rie-fowls, either in entire tribes, like our own domestic fowls, or in couples, cover the surface; the males rambling, and, like turkeys and peacocks, inflating their plumage, make the air resound with a drawled, loud and melancholy cry, resembling the cooing of a wood-pigeon, or still more, the sound produced by rapidly rubbing a tambourine with the finger. ***** ***:.^** "On turning from the verdant plain to the forests or groups of high-grown timber, the eye, at the said season, will find them clad also in the most lively colors. The rich under or brushwood stands out in full blossom. The andromedas, the dog-wood, the wood-apple, the wild plum and cherry, grow exuberantly in the rich soil, and the invisible blossom of the wild vine impergnates the air with its delicious perfume. The variety of the wild fruit trees, and of blooming bushes is so great, and so immense the abundance of the blossoms they are cov- ered with, that the branches seem to break down under their weight. "The delightful aspect of the prairies, its amenities, and the absence of that sombre awe, inspired by forests, contribute to forcing away that sentiment of loneliness which usually .steals upon the mind of the solitary wanderer in the wilderness, for, although he espies no habitation, and sees no human being, and knows himself to be far ott'from any settlement of man, he can .scarcely defend himself from believing that he is traveling through a landscape embelished by human art. The flowers are so delicate and elegant as appai-ently to be distributed for mere ornament over the plain; the groves and groups of trees seem to be dis- persed over the prairie to enliven the land.scape, and we can scarcely get rid of the impression invading our imagination of the whole scene being flung out and cieated for the satisfaction of the sentiment of beauty in refined man." The origin of prairies is a problem not yet clearly solved. It is estimated that about seven-eighths of Iowa was prairie when it was first settled, though very much of this area is now covered with forest trees. The prairies are not always of level surface, but are frequently quite broken and hill}', even, as some portious of Davis county verities, and so arc the forest surfaces; and, as already shown in this chapter, the soil of the i prairies varies in variet}-, as do the soil of the timber surfaces. The Drift, tiie Alluvial, and the Bluif soils undei-lie the jjrairie surfaces; and not (infrequently all these soils are found to compose a single scope; a portion I of wliich may be clayey, another gravelly, another sandy, and still another loamy. Geologists tell us that the prairies of Iowa are not confined to 336 nisTOKY OF davis county. regions which are underlaid with any formations especially peculiar to them, but extend over various furniations, from those of Azoic to those of Cretaceous age. inclusive, which embraces nearly all kinds of rock, such as the common lime stone, friable limestone, magnesian limestone, clay, clayey and sandy shales, quartzite, etc. Thus, it seems clear, that whatever the origin of the praires of Iowa may have been, their present existence is not attributable to the influence of climate, the character or composition of the soil, nor the peculiar character of any of the underlying formations. Hence we are left but one conclusion, that the prairies — "these gardens of the desert, these unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful " — were once, ages agone, the cultivated plains of a civilization, of which the red man is the degenerate relic; and at whose hands the torch was applied to these vast and " unshorn fields " each autumn before the " chase," until the white man's advent, who stayed these annual ravages of fire which prevented the growth of forests. In the language of a State geologist: "It remains to say, without the least hesitation, that the real cause of the existence of the prairies in Iowa is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered instead of a prairie State." In the earlier years of the settlements of our prairie states, much fear was expressed lest the prairie portions of them would not become generally settled, because of the absence of forest timber thereon, for fuel and other economic uses; there being a prevailing conviction that forest trees would not grow in that kiud of soil. But subsequent investigations have shown that this apprehension is erroneous. A former State geologist* who had given the subject of soil, climate, and forestry much careful study, thus concludes: "If there is really an unfitness of prairie soil for the growth of forest trees, then, at least one-third of our State is worthless indeed. But this is not the case, for personal observation in all parts of the State, extending through a period of thirty years, has established a knowledg of the fact that all varieties of our indigenous forest trees will grow thriftily upon all varieties of our soil; even those whose most congenial hahitat is upon the alluvial soil of our river valleys, or vpon the riigged slopes of the valley sides.'''' It has been thus demonstrated, that throughout the State i very many varieties of forest trees will grow rapidly and thrive on our prairie soils. Orchards and planted groves of forest trees which have for years tested the prairie soil and climate of Iowa, afBrm the assertions of the above quotation. "While there are some species of forest trees, as well as plants and cereals, indigenous to Iowa, that flourish in some sections of the *Prof. White, then of Iowa State University. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 337 State better than in others; yet tliei'e is a marked iiniibrmity in the compo- sition of the soils tlirongliout the Statu; and their variableness in different localities and latitudes is the result of climatic influences, and their barren- nes or fertility, which is noticeable in the bottom or tlood- plains of the valleys in contrast with those npon the uplands and hills. The general surface of Davis county being undulating, its U]iland soil, as before noted, is of the drift deposit, varying in depth according to the altitude of its highlands, thus also varying in its productive force, whether of forest trees, ])lants, or cereals. Hence, for agricultural purposes, the county is well adapted. The products best adapted to its soil are corn and grass. Wheat is not a certain staple crop. Oats, flax, and Hungarian grass yield profitably. But the profitable and staple products of the soil of this county are corn and grass. The former yields bountifully; and among the grasses which are grown and yield bountifully are timothy, clover, and blue grass. The latter is a grand success upon the soil of this county, equal to the blue grass regions of Kentucky, and is extensively grown for stock growing and dairy purposes. Timothy and clover also yield finely. In the early days of farming upon the prairie soil of the State, it was proclaimed that tame' grasses would never flourish in it; but subsequent experience has long since exploded this erroneously conceived idea; and, to-day, timothy and clover are among the most profltable products of the soil, not only in this county, but throughout the State. A fuller elaboration of these agricultural topics- will be made in tlie chapter on "Agricultural Interests," further on. THE CLIMATE. Climate is a condition of the atmosphere — a temperature of the air — an ethereal substance that floats over the earth. It varies in different locali- ties, to a greater or less degree, in obedience to fixed natural laws — laws which govern the heat and cold, the rain and drouth, the wind and storm. Scientists have learned, in a measure, something of these laws, which, at this day, enables them to foretell with a great degree of accuracy, the chances which will, from day to day, occur in the climatic elements through- out the various parts of the country. It is therefore important that every one should have a knowledge of these laws; not ou]y because the)' are ad- vantageous in the aftairs of life, but also because they indicate to us the at- mospheric conditions of localities through the difterent seasons of the year. These climatic conditions may be healthful in some localities, and unhealth- ful in others. The elevation of Davis county is so great, and its general surface is so 33S 1IISTI>RY OF DAVIS COUXTY. J'ree from swamps, and otlier miastnatic generators, that its atmosplieric sur- roundings are wholesome — are not hreedei's of disease and pestilence. Iowa, as a State, lies between tlie two climatic extremes of the continent, nortii and south; not subject to tlie excessive heat of Missouri in the summer, nor to the extreme cold of Minnesota in the winter. Tims, atmosplieric extremes in this county are not cliai-actei-istie. The abundant and continuous fall of snow, the winter of 1880-81, is an exception in this county; and while the annual fall of rain is not usuall}' as large here as it is in the same latitude farther eastward, the ground rarely suffers from drouth. Tiie winds of the winter are frequently merry; the prevailing ones being the " Manitoba Waves," which lose much of their ''blizzard" character befoi'e they reach this latitude. Those of spring are tempered as they glide under the warmer sun rays from a southerly direction; and as the seasons change, so do the atmospheric currents. There are no preserved meteorological abservations made in this county, showing a continuous record, for any considerable length of time, from which can be ascertained its precise climatic conditions. We therefore avail ourselves of the observations made by Prof T. S. Parvin at Musca- tine and Iowa City, covering a period of thirty* years — from 1839 to 1869, both inclusive. These observations were made at the former place until 1860, and at the latter point from 1860 until 1870. Of the difference in latitude and longitude between these two points, Prof. Parvin in his pub- lislietl reports, says: "The difference in latitude is about one tenth degrees, and longitude about five-tenths degrees. I have calculated the means of observation at Muscatine for twenty years, and at Iowa Cit}- for ten years, and find that the difference is so very slight that I have not hesitated to re- gard the observations as taken at one point, and use them accordingly." The distance between these two points is some thirty-five miles; While thci distance from Bloomfield to Muscatitie and Iowa City is nearly the same, about seventy-five miles northeast, or a little more than double the distance between Muscatine and Iowa City. Hence, the difterence between Davis county and Muscatine in latitude, is about one-fifth of a degree, and in lon- gitude about two-thirds of a degree, or thirty-six miles nortli, and sixty-five miles east, while the difi'erence between Davis county and Iowa City, is eighteen miles farther north, and twenty-five miles less east. Therefore, if the difterence in latitude and longitude between Muscatine and Iowa City " is so very slight," double that distance between Davis county and the two latter points, is only a little more than sliyld, and will give a close approx- imation, to the climatic conditions which prevailed in this county during the period covered by the following obseivations, which gives the maximum, ITISTOEY or DAVIS COUNTV. 339 minimum, and mean temperature of each, Jaiuiarv and Julv, and tlie mean temperature of each vear as well: YEAR. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847 •1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. JANUARY- DEGKEK 60 39 52 52 50 41 58 56 40 50 46 46 46 53 54 55 64 32 41 52 50 48 39 38 59 55 46 47 45 50 48 01 17| 23 10 15 6 6 12 23 8 24 10 16 23 9 14 23 26 30 8 13 26 IS 23 26 10 14 IS 16 14 32.16 19.50 20.87 26.29 24.97 22.09 30.03 31.22 12.26 28.00 14.26 24.40 23.97 19.60 27.05 16.16 24.77 7.52 6.16 29 96 24.10 21 3 v. 13.85 13.48 25.97 15.89 20.45 20. (■,7 17.86 13..'57 26.02 JULY DEGREE >< c w mH ^ S 95I5S 87146 9846 9555 9355 9745 8952 97|46 94 50 97 47 95 56 94 49 94|55 91 55 75.70 73.92 70.40 6S.36 70.44 74.87 76.05 72.97 69.52 63.9S 66.48 74.22 71.62 72.36 68.82 76.16 73.01 73.51 71.21 78.80 72.33 71.68 69.00 73.36 71.45 75.97 69.33 77.12 73.32 80.79 70.86 CS t- t; 0) s ^ 52.02 50.63 48.39 52.14 45.07 47.30 48.74 50.06 44.63 45.32 45.01 46.52 47.63 46.68 47.71 49.99 47.51 44.18 44.87 49.62 47.37 47.76 47.02 45.77 46.22 47.80 50.20 47.65 47.96 48.01 Tlie greatest mean temperature of any one year was 52.14. The least mean temperature of any one year was 44.18. The average temperature of the whole period of tiiirty years was 47.56. 340 HI&TOEY OF DAVIS COUNTY The following are the number of days of rain and snow, for the same period of thirty years: "S Pi 00 o Quantity of rain and snow, re- duced to water in inches. 1839 83 84 82 57 61 84 53 72 54 74 77 72 101 73 65 71 74 66 80 111 80 69 66 65 74 92 68 79 66 76 18 17 17 20 25 14 13 17 21 12 14 13 20 21 13 12 20 21 19 15 26 21 22 31 21 20 24 26 28 21 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 20.29 1849 59.27 1850 49.06 1851 74.49 1852 59.49 1853 . 45.78 1854 23.35 28.38 1856 38.17 39.52 1858 51.28 32.65 I860 25.10 47.89 1862 • • 44.78 33.75 1864 51.57 45.34 1866 43.37 42.18 1868 46.00 1869.... •••• The average number of clays of rain per year for the whole period of thirty years, 74.8. The average number of days of snow per year, for the whole period of thirty years, 19.4 The average quantity of rain and snow, reduced to water per year, for the whole period,, in inches, 44.27. The average quantity of snow per year, not reduced to water, in inches, 33.23. The greatest quantity of snow was in 1867, 61.97 inches. The least quantity of snow was in 1850, 7.90 inches. The greatest rainfall in the history of the State, was on August 10 and 11, 1851, from 11 p. M., to 3 A. M., or 4 hours, there fell 10.71 inches. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 341 The earliest snow, ever known in the State, until 1881, was October 17, 1859. The latest snow fall was April 29, 1851. The greatest fall of snow in any one day, was 20}4 inches, December 21st, 1848. In 1863, there was frost every montli in the year. In 1858, the Mississippi River did not freeze over at Muscatine. It remained closed, on an average, 67 days in each year, din-ing the freezing period of thirty years. Through the courtesy of Miss Mary Hamilton, observer for the Iowa Weatlier Service at the Biooiiiiield Station, we obiain the observations from her reports of the rainfall, and climatic temperature in Davis county for the years 1879, 1880 and 1881, as follows: Rainfall at Bloomtield, from April 1, 1879, to January 1, 1880: April May June July August 5 September . . , ... October 4 November December 1AYS. INCHES. 6 5.98 6.44 4 1.93 5 2.76 7 2.66 4 1.35 7 4.76 6 1.29 Total .49 27.17 Rainfall, and the highest, lowest and average temperature, each month, for the year 1880: Latitude, 41 degrees, — minutes. Longitude, 95 degrees, — minutes. Elevation in feet above low water mark of the Mississippi River, 130 feet. Rain. Temperature. MONTH. CO >^ ■a Q Inches. 4-J 4-: CO to « > <1 January 7 3 4 7 6 7 5 8 5 3 3 4 62 2.73 0.71 2.22 2.50 2.22 2.47 4.93 3.53 2.63 0.93 1.69 0.70 27.26 |«2'' 63 65 84 89 91 92 95 84 78 60 44 95° 22° 13 16 43 56 C6 66 65 58 35 — 8 —14 14° 40 84 " February 38.20 March 46. April 60.331 79 16 May J u ne 79.60 July August 83.07 83.26 September 71.10 October 57.221 Xi ivem ber '. 32.— Iticember 20.30 Total 57.59° 342 IIISTOEY OF DAVIP (JOTINTY. For The Yfab 1881. Rain. 5 TEMPEEATUliB. be 5 be C3 Jiiimary. . February. Marcli. . . April. . . . May J line Ji'iy Aiienst. . . 4 6 7 9 6 10 4 .1 3! September 51 0.521 2 69 2.30 2.44 1.T5 9.31 2.86 . 32 5.61 37° — 6^ 52 10 52 22 82 27 86 56 92 70 94 73 98 74 95 53 19.33i^ 26.14 34.64i 49.70 76.93i 80.161 85.84 89.— 75.29 The average climate temperature, as noted by Prof. Parvin, at Muscatine and Iowa City, for the period of thirty years, ending with 1869, was 57.59 degrees; and the average tem- perature at Bloomfield, for the years 1880, 1801, as noted by Miss Hamilton, was 47,%'% de- grees, making 10.03 degrees difference. The foregoing tables will afl'ord an interesting study of the rain and snow fall during the years they cover. Climate has so much to do with the health and prosperity of a country or civic locality, that it is an important: study. It is a frequent observation that ague, malarial fevers and other pestilential diseases tind their source in low, malarial and unhealthy local- ities, which generate the seeds of disease and death in those who dwell within them. Hence, the importance of escaping such localities, which the people of Davis county have so effectually done. These considerations are important, not only in their eSect upon the bodj', but upon the mind as well. "Health and intelligence, intelligence and good morals, good morals and e.xcellent government, are sisters three, without which neither nations nor men may live and prosper." There are but few days in the year that the movements of the winds an not observed in this locality. Their healthful importance cannot be over- , estimated. They serve to modify the atmosphere, and distribute its heat I and moisture. The malaria whicii escapes from the decayed vegetation ot I the prairie — a vegetation which has accumulated for ages upon its wild sur-' face and produced the rich black mould overlaying it, is swept away by the winds; thus keeping the atmosphere in a healthy- condition. The prevail- ing winds during the summer are froiji the south; while the winter windf^ are from the west and northwest; and during the spring and autumn seasons they are more ciiangeable, coining from all points of the compass, which is likely caused by tlie equinoctial periods occurring during those seasons East winds are quite certain breeders of rain or snow. IIISTOKV OF DAVIS COUNTY. 343 The rainfall, too, is another health preserving agent in absorbing, and neu- tralizing the noxious gasses generated from decaying vegetation, sinks of lilth, and various other sources. Upon the question of climatic localities, Dr. Farr, in 1852, presented a very interesting and instructive report to the Register-general of England, in relation to the dugeuerating and destructive results to those of the human race who dwell in the low malarial localities of the world. In speaking of the destruction of the hum;in I'ace through these causes, Dr. Farr says: "It is destroyed now periodically by five pestilences — cholera, remittent fever, yellow fever, glandular plagues and influenza. The origin or chief seat of the flr.st is the Delta of the Ganges. Of the second, the African and other tropical coasts. Of the third, the low- west coast around the Gulf of Mexico, or the Delta of the Mississippi, and the West India Islands. Of the fourth, the Delta of the Nile and the low sea-side cities of the Mediterran- ean. Of the generating field of influenza nothing certain is known ; but * * » the four great pestilential diseases — cholera, yellow fever, remittent fever and plagne--have this property in common; that they begin and are most fatal in low grounds; that their fatal- ity diminishes in ascending the rivers, and is inconsiderable around the river sources, ex- cept under such peculiar circumstances as are met with at Erzeroum, where the features of a marshy, sea-side city are .'■een at the foot of the luouutain cliain of Ararat. Safety is found in flight to the hills. « * » As the power of the Egyptians descended from the Thebaid to Memphis, from Memphis to Sais, they gradually degenerated, notwith- standing the elevation of their towns above the high waters of the Nile, their hygenic laws and the hydrographical and other sanitary arrangements which made the country renowned, justlj' or unjustly, for its salubrity in the days of Herodotus, the poison of the Delta in every time of wealvue.ss and successful invasion, gradually gained the ascendency, and as the cities declined, the canals and the embalments of the dead were neglected, and the plague gained ground. The people, sub.iugated by Persians, (iieeks, Romans, Turks. Mamelukes, became what they have been for centuries, and what they are at the present day. Every race that settled in the Delta degenerated, and was only sustained by immigration. So, likewise, the population on the sites of all the city-states of antiquity, on the coast of Syria, Asia Minor, Africa, Italy, seated like the people of Rome on low ground under the ruin-clad hills of their imcestors, within reach of fever and plague, are enervated and debased apparently beyond redemption. "'I'he history of the nations on the Mediterranean, on the plains of the Euphrates and the Tigris, the Deltas of the Indus and the Ganges, and the rivers of China, exhibit this great fact: the gradual descent of races from the highlands, their establishment on the coasts in cities sustained and refresherl for a season by immigration from the interior, their degradation in successive generations under the influence of the unhealthy earth, and their final ruin, eft'aceuient or subjugation by new races of coiiquerers. The causes that destroy individual men, lay cities waste, in their nature, are immortal, and silently undermine eternal onipires. "On the higlilands men feel the lofliest emotions. Every tradition places their origin there. The first nations worshipped there; high on the Indian Causasus, on Olympus, and on other lofty mountains the Indians and the Greeks imagined the abodes of their highest gods, while they peopled the low undei-grouung the best coal counties in the State. The quarries of Saiulstone in this county, are a source IVoin whicli succeeding generations may draw inexliaustible supplies of building material; the texture of the stone when quari-ied, thongli vei-y soft and shaley, and easily worked, soon becomes hard as adamant on exposure to the atmosphere. It is now very extensively used for building jnirposes. There are two very fine geological collections in this eonnty, one in the possession of Hon. Lyman P. Bates, of West Grove townshi]>, and the other belonging to Hon. Samuel B. Downing, of Fox River township, the present representative from this conntj-. A great deal of enterprise and geological experience is displayed in their collection and arrangement. THE NATUEAL HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY.* The natural history of tiiis county is almost the exact counterpart of that of all prairie countries. While its forms of life present an infinite diversity, only a few of the many are found to be predominant. With the single ex- ception of the insects, the birds will be found most numerously represented. The time was, however, when the larger forms of life abounded; when the deer, the elk and the buffalo made these prairies their home. The coming of the white man, attended by all the circumstances of progress, has driven these larger forms from the county, and now the smaller kinds alone retain fi footing. There is no record of any attempt at any time made to determine the re- lation of t\\e flora ?ii\A fauna of this county to the rest of the State. In no counties but those in the eastern ]iortion of the State has such a work been done, and there chiefly in the interests of science and by private individu- als. It is to be hoped that the lime is not far distant when the State will order and sustain to completion an intelligent and exhaustive survey of her great domain — a survey, the value of which will become more and more apparent with the growth of years. Twice has the State instituted a geo- logical survey, and twice has it failed to sup]5ort the same, and brought j both to a close while yet their work was in its infancy. All that is valua- ! ble, all that is best known, of its natural resources has been contributed by the pens and at the expense of men in private life. The following resume of the natural history of the county is by no means a complete reprcsenta- i tion of its forms, and is to be considered otdy as indicative of the nature of its resources, botii animal and vegetable. In the lists following as much in- *Exclusive of fishes and insects. 352 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. formation has been incorporated as is consistent with a simple cataloo-ne of forms. This is especially true of the trees and shrubs. It is manifestly impossible to give either descriptions or life histories of a single species in a work of this nature. For the sake of insuring accuracy in the reader, both scientific and common names are given. ■ AVIDyE— BIRDS.* TuEDID.E TlIROSHES. 1. Tardus migratorius, Linn — Robin. 2. {?) Tardus naevius, Gmelin — Varied Thrush. 3. Tardus mustelinus, Gmelin — Wood thrush. 4. Turdus pallasii. Cab — Hermit thrush. 5. Turdus siuainsonii. Cab — Swainson's thrush. 6. Mimus CiWoUnensis, (Jab — Cat bird. 7. {?) Mimus ■polycjlottus, Boie — Mocking bird. 8. Ilarporhynchus rufus. Cab — Brown thrush. Saxicolid.*; — -Blue Birds and Stone-chats. 9. Sialia sialis, Haldeman — Blue bird. • 10. (.^) Silia mexicana, Sw. — Western blue bird. Paeid.k — Titmice. 11. Parus airicapillus, J^lnn — Chickadee. 12. Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis, Allen — Long-tailed chicka- dee. 13. Lophophanes hicolor, Bonap — Crested titmouse. Sylviid.k — Warblers. 14. Regulus satrapa, Licht — Golden-crested kinglet. 15. Regtdus calendula, Licht — Ruby-crested kinglet. 16. Polioptila caerulea, Sclat— Blue-gray gnat-catcher. Certhiadve — Creepers. 17. C erthia familiar is, Linn — Brown creeper. *In the following catalogue the general arrangement of Cones' " Birds of the Northwest" is adopted as being the one most eonsistent with the great mass of observed facts, and is the one approved by the leading ornithologists of the country. The arrangement is by familiea. A few species are included which have not been observed in the county but are known to oc- cur in the counties surrounding. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). Species doubtfully referred to the county are indicated by a queftion mark (?). Many of the following list have not been observed in this county, but are admitted fi-om the fact that they are known in the State, and on the authority of the work above mentioned, which places them here. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 355 SiTTin.E — Nuthatches. 18. S/'tta ca?'oUnensis, Lath- -White-breasted nuthatch. 19. SiUa (-•anadense.s; Linn — Red -breasted nuthatch; very rare. Teoglodytid-k — Wrens. 20. Salpinctes obsoletus, Cab — Rock wren. 21. Anortliura hi/emulls, Coues — Wintei' wren. 22. (.^) Telmatodytes palustris, Bonap —Long-billed marsh wren. 23. (*) CistothoruH stellaris, Cab — Short-billed marsh wren. 24. (^?)ThryotJio)'us liuloviclaiias. Bonap — Carolina wren; a "rollick- ing" singer. 25. T/irijot/iorua bewichii, Bonap — Bewick's wren; an odd bird. 26. Troglodytes aedon,Y\e\\\ — House wren; pugnacious. MoTACiLLiD.K — Wag-tails. 27. Ant/iux iudovicianus, Lieut — Tit-lark. SyLVICOLID.B WOOD-W A RULERS. 28. Mniotilta varia^Y'iexW — Black and white creeper. 29. Prothoiiotaria citraca, Baird — Prothoiiotarj warbler. 30. *IlelmUith<)])h(tya ruficapilla^ Baird — Nasliville warbler. 31. rielminthophaga celata, Baird — Golden-crowned warbler. 82. {?)IIelminthophaga pinns, Baird — -Blue- winged yellow warbler. 33. * Dendroeca striata, Baird — Black-poll warbler. 34. Dendroeca jxdmarum, Baird — Merely a bird of passage. 35. Deiidooeca pimis, WWson — Pine-creeping warbler; a fall loiterer. 36. {?)Dendroeca virens, Baird — Black-throated green warbler. 37. Dendroeca caerulescens, Baird — Black-throated blue warbler. 38. Dendroeca coronata, Gray — Yellow-crowned warbler. 39. Deiidroeca hlacklmrniae, Baird — Blackburnian warbler. 40. Dendroeca castanea, Baird- —Bay-breasted warbler. 41. Dendroeca eaernlea, Baird — -Blue warbler. 42. Dendroeca aestiva, Baird — Yellow warbler. 43. Dendroeca maculosa, Baird — Black and yellow warbler; prairie warbler. 44. Dendroeca discolor, Baii'd — Yellow red-poll warbler. 45. Dendroeca dominica, Baird — Yellow-throated warbler. 46. Seiurus aurocapillus, Swain — Golden- crowned wagtail. 47. {*)Seiurus novehoracensis, Nutt — New York water wagtail. 48. Seiurus lodovlciamis, Baird — Long-billed water thrush. 354 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUXTY. 49. {^'•-)GeotJdij2n>^ ir/c/ia,^, Cal)— Mai-ylaiid yellow-throat. 50. GeothlyplspUladelphvi, Baird— Mourning warbler. 51. Ojwroriiwformosus, T?aird — Kentucky warbler. 52. Myiodioctcs pusillus, Bonap — Green black-capped warbler. 53. Myiodloctcfi ('(tr/ffdcn.sis, Cab — Canada warbler. 54. Setopltaga rutic'dhc, Swain — Ked start. 55. Icteria vircns, Baird — Yellow-breasted chat. Tan.\grid,k — Tanageks. 56. {*)Pj/ra/iija rubra, Vieill — Scarlet tanager. 57. Pyranga aeMiva, V^ieill — Summer red bird. HiKUNDiNiDQ': — Swallows. 58. Hirundo horreorwm, Barton — Barn swallow. 59. Petrochelidon luidfron.s, Sclater — Cliff swallow. 60. PrO(jne purptirea, Boie — Purple martin. 61. Cotyle riparia, Boie — Bank swallow, sand martin. 62. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Baird — Rough-winged sand martin Ampelid.e — Wax-wings. 63. A/npelis cedrorvm. Gray — Cedar bird, wax-wing. 64. Ampelis garridua, Linn — Northern wax-wing. ViKEONDI.E — ViEEOS. 65. Vireo gilvus, Bonap — Warbling vireo; common. 66. Vireo aolitariits, Baird — Solitary vireo. 67. Yireo novehoraeensis, Bonap — White-eyed vireo. 68. Vireo hellii, Audubon— Bell's vireo. 69. Vireo olivaceous, Bonap — Red-eyed vireo. 70. {?)Vireo shslamilphlcus, Cass — Brotlieily-love vireo. 71. (?)Yireo fiavlfrons, Baird — Yellow-throated vireo. Laniid.e — Shrikes. 72. Collurio borealis, Baird — Northern shrike; butcher bird. 73. Collurio excithito rides, Coues — Wliite-ruinped shrike. Alaudid/e — Larks. 74. Eremophila alpestris, Boie — Horned lark. X -P^;;™,"' history of davis county. 357 Fkingillid^ — Sparrows. 75. Finicola enucleator, Cab — Pine grosbeak; an occasional winter vis- itant. 70. Carpodacus pu2)ure'us, Gray — Pnrple iinch. 77. Chri/soDiltris trlstls, Cab — Yellow bird; gold-finch. 78. Chrlsomitris pimis, Bonap — Pine finch. 79. Ciirvirostra americaria, Wilson — Eed cross bill. 80. C'urvirostra leueoptera, Wilson — White-winged cross bill. 81. Aegiothus tinatia, Cab — Red jwU linnet. 82. Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer — Snow bnnting. 83. Plectrophanes lapponiciis, Kaiip — Lapland bunting; in winter. 84. Pleetrop>hanes pictus. Cab — Painted bunting; in winter onlj'. 85. Plectropilianes ornatus, Temm — Black-bellied long spnr. 86. Centronyx bairdii, Baird — Baird's sparrow. 87. Passerculiis savanna, Bonap — Savanna sparrow. 88. Pooecetes gramineus, Baird — Grass finch. 89. Coturniculus passerinus, Bonap — Yellow-winged sparrow. 90. Cofurnicultis hensloicii, Bona]i — Henslow's sparrow. 91. Melospisa melodia, Baird — Song sparrow. 92. Jfelospisa pahisi7-is, Baird — Swamp sparrow. 93. Juncohyemalis, Sclat — Snowbird. 94. Spizella montieola, Baird — Tree sparrow. 95. SpiseUa pnsilla, Bonap — Field sparrow. 96. Spnzella pallida, Bonap — Western field sparrow. 97. S2)izella socialis, Bonap — Chipping sparrow. 98. ZoNotric/iia lencop/iyrs, Swain — White-crowned sparrow. 99. Zonotrichia alhlcolUs, Bonap — White-throated sparrow. 100. Zonotrichia querula, Gamb — Harris' sparrow. 101. Zonotrichia intermedia, Kidgway — Ridg way's sparrow. 102. Chondestes grammaca, Bonap — Lark sparrow. 103. Passerella iliaca, Swain — Fox-colored sparrow. 104. Euspizaainericana, Bonap — Black-throated bunting. 105. Goniaphea htdoviciana. Cab — Rose-breasted grosbeak. 106. Goniaphea caridea, Swain — Bins grosbeak. 107. Cyanospiza cyanea, Baird — Indigo bird. 108. Cardi'nalis virginianus, Bonap — Cardinal bird. 109. Pipilo erythroplithalamus, Vieill — Ohewink. 358 history of davis county Icteeidje — Blackbirds and Orioles. 110. Dolichonyx orysivonis, Swain — Bobolink. 111. Molothrus 2)ecorus, Swain — Cow blackbird. 112. Aiicjelceus phmnicexis, Vieill — Red-winged blackbird. 113. Xmithoeeqhalus icterocephalvs, Baird — Yellow-headed blackbird. 114. Sturnella magna., Swain — Meadow lark. 115. Icterus spurius, Bonap — Orchard oriole. 116. Ictertis baltimore, Dand — Baltimore oriole; hang nest. 117. {?)Ictervs buUocl-ii, Bonap — Bullock's oriole. 118. Scoleophatjus ferriKjinevs, Swain — Eiisty grackle. 119. Scoleophagtts cyaaceyhahis. Cab — Blue-headed grackle. 120. Quiscalus purpu7'eiis, Licht — Crow blackbird. CoEViD.E — Crows and Jays. 121. Corvus corax, Linn — Raven. 122. Corvus americanvs, And — Crow. 123. Cyanurus crisfatus, Swain — Bine jay. Ttrannid.g— Tyrant Flycatchers. 124. Tyrannns carolhiensis, Temin — King bird. 125. Tyrannus verticalis, Say — Arkansas flycatcher. 126. Myiarchus erinitus, Cab — Great-crested flycatcher. 127. Sayornis fuscus, Baird — Bridge pewee. 128. Contopus borealis, Baird — Olive-sided pewee. 129. E mpulonax flaviventris, Baird — Yellow-bellied flycatcher. 130. Empidonax traiUil, Baird — Traill's flycatcher. 131. Empidonax ininimus, Baii'd — Least flycatcher. 132. {?)Empidonax acadicus, Baird — Arcadian flycatcher. Caprimulgid^e — Goatsuckers. 133. Antrostoimis vociferus, Bonap — Whippoorwill. 134. Antrostomus 7iutaUii, Cass — Nutlell's Whippoorwill. 135. Chordeiles virginianus, Bonap — Night-hawk; bull-bat, pisk. CYPCELIDyE — SwiFTS. 136. Chaetura pelagica, Baird — Chimney swift. Trocdilid^ — Humming Birds. 137. Trochihis colubris, Linn — Humming bird. history of davis county. 359 Alcedinije — Kingfishers. 138. Ceryle alcyon, Boie — King-fisher. CucuLiD^ — Cuckoos. 139. Coccygus erythrojphthalnms, Bonap — Black-billed cuckoo. 14:0. Coccygus amet^icanus, Bonap — -Yellow-billed cuckoo. PiciD.E — Woodpeckers. 141. Picus lillosus, Linn — Hairy woodpecker. 142. Picus j)tihescenit, Linn — Downy woodpecker. 143. Sjihyrapicus varius, Baird — Yellow flicker. 144r. Ilylvtornus 2->ileatus, Baird — Pileated woodpecker. 145. Centurus caroUnus, Bonap — lied-bellied woodpecker, abundant in winter. 146. Melanoses erythrocejjlidlus, Swain — Red-headed woodpecker. 147. Colaptes auratus, Swain — Golden-winged woodpecker. Arid.e — Parkoquets. 148. *Conurus carolinensis, Knhl — Carolina parroquet. Strigid.e — Owls. 149. Ltrix fianimea, Scl — Barn owl. 150. Bubo virgbianus, Bonap — -(Treat horned owl. 151. Scops asio, Bonap — Screech owl. 152. Otus vulgaris, Flera — Long-eared owl. 153. Brachyotus palustris, Bonap — Short-.eared owl; rare. 154. Syruium nchulosum, Boie — Barred owl. 155. (.?) Sgrnium cinereum, And — Great gray owl. 156. Nyctea scandiaca, Newt — A wanderer in this county. 157. (.^) Nyctale alhifrons, Cassin — Kirkland's owl; very doubtful. FALC0NID.E — Hawks. 158. Falco cuvimunis, Gmelin — Duck hawk. 159. PaJco columbai'ius, Linn — Pigeon hawk. 160. Pcdco richardsonii, Ridgw— American merlin. *A resident of Decatur county told me that he had several times seen a flock of Parrots in the southern part of the county, on a tall, dead cottonwood tree, known to the neighboring people as the " parrot- tree," from its having been frequented at intervals by the same flock for several years. — Miller. 360 IIISTOEY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 161. Falco spaj'verius, Diun — Sparrow liawk. 162. {?) A.siur atrieaplllus, Bonap — Gos-liawk. 163. Accijtiter fuscuii, Boiiap — Sharp-shinned hawk. 164. Acc'qnfei' cooper'ii, Gray — -Clncken hawk. 165. Buteo horeaUs, Vieill — Red-tailed hawk. 166. Buteo lineatus, Jardiiie — Red-shouldered hawk. 167. {?) Buteo 2>ennsylvanicus, Bonap — Broad-winged hawk. 168. Archilrateo lagojjus, Graj' — Rough-legged hawk. 169. Nauclerusfu.rcatus, Vigors — Swallow-tailed hawk. 170. Circus hudsonius, Vieill — Marsh hawk; common. 171. (.^) Aqirila chrymetos, Linn — Golden eagle. 172. Tlaliostus leu.eoeephalus. Say — White-headed eagle; occasional. 173. Pandion halicetus. Guv — Osprey; tisii-hawk. CaTHAETID-E VuLTlTEES. 174. Cathartes aura, Illiger — Turkey buzzard. CoLUNlSID^ — PlC4E0NS. 175. EctopiMes migratorla, Swain — Wild pigeon. 176. Zenoedura carolinensis, Bonap — Carolina dove. Tetkaonid.e — Geodse. 177. Pediocmtes phasinellus, Linn — Sharp-tailed grouse; rare. 178. Cupidonia cupido, Baird — Prairie hen; abundant. 179. Bonaaa ■umhellus, Steph — Rutfed grouse. Peedicid.e — Paetkidges. 180. Ortyx virginianus, Bonap — Quail, bob-white. Meleageid.e — Tuekeys. 181. Meleagrisgallopavo,'L\nn—WM\.\\Ykey. Chaeadeid-e — Plovers. 182. Charadrius virginicus, Bork — Golden plover. 183. jEgialitis vooifera, Bork — Kildee plover. 184. ^gialitis meloda, Cab — Piping plover. 185. ^gialitis semipalmata. Cab — Ring plover. 186. Squatarola helvetica, Brehm — Black-bellied plover. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 361 RkCURYIROSTRID.E — AvOCETS. 187. Eecurvirosta ameHcana, Gmelin — Avocet. 188. Himantopus n/(/rieollis,Y\e\\\ -Black-necked stilt. Phalaropodid.e. 189. Steganopus xoilsonii, Cones — Wilson's plialarope. 190. (.') Lohlpes hyperhoreus, Ciiv — Northern phalarope. 191. P/ialaropus /'u7 icari us, Bonap — Red phalarope. Scot.oPAciD.E — Snipes and Sandpipers. 192. Philohela minor, Gray — Woodcock. 193. OaUinago wilsouii, Bonap — Wilson's snipe. 194. Jfacrorhanvphus griseus. Leach — Red-breasted snipe. 195. Tr'inga canutu», Linn — Robin-snipe. 196. Tringa 7ninut ilia, Yie'iW — Least sandpiper. 197. {P) Tringa hairdii, Cones — Baird's sandpiper. 198. Tringa maculata, Vieill — Jack snipe. 199. * Tringa ainericana, Cass — American Dunlin. 200. Ereunetes pusilhis, Cass — Semi -pal mated sandpiper. 201. (.^) Mieropalama Jdviantoints, Baird — Stilt sandpiper. 202. Totanus semi-palmatus, Temn; — Willit. 203. Totanus melanoleiicus, Vieill — Tell-tale, tattler. 20i. Totanus flavipes, Vieill — Lesser 3'ellow shanks. 205. * Totanus solitarius. And — Wood-tattler. 200. Tringoides macularius. Gray — Spotted sandpiper. 207. Liinosafedoa, Ord — Marbled godwit. 208. Limosa Iiudsonica, Swain — Hndsonian godwit. 209. Niimenus longirostris, Wilson — Long-billed curlew. 210. Numenius hudsonica, Lathrop — Hudsonian curlew. 211. Tryngites rufescens. Cab — Buft'-crested sandpiper. Tantalid.e — Ibises. 212. Tantalus loculator, Linn — Wood ibis. A RDEiD.E — Herons 213. Ardea herodias, Linn — Great blue heron. 214. (.^) Ai'dea egrettn, Gray — Great white heron. 215. Ardea virescp.ns, Linn — Green heron, poke. 216. Nycteardea grisea, Allen — Night heron. 362 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 217. Botaurus minor, Boie — American bittern. 218. Ardetta exilis, Gray — Little bittern. Gkuid^e — Cranes. 219. Orus canadetisiijTemm — S;u)d-biil crane. 220. Grus amer/'mna, Tenun — Wbite crane Rallid.e — Rails. 221. Ballus elegans, Aud — Marsli hens. 222. Rallus virginianiis, Linn — Virginia rail. 223. Porzana Carolina, Vieill — Carolina rail. 224. Fulica americana, Gmelin — Coot. 225. OaUinula galeata, Bonap — Florida gallinnle. 226. Gallinnla mariinica, Lath — Pnrple gallinnle. Anatid.k — Ducks. 227. Cygnus americana, Sharp — American swan. 228. Cygnus buccinator. Rich — Trninpeter. 229. Anser hyperhoreus, Pallas — Snowy goose. 23*.'. Branta canadensis, Gray — Canada goose. 231. Branta berniela. Scop — Black brant. 232. Anas boschas, Linn — Mallard. Common. 233. Anas obscura, Gmelin — Dusky duck. 23-1. Querquedtda discors, Stephens — Blue-winged teal. 235. Qnerquedida car/d-inensis, Stephens — Green winged teah 236. Spatula clypeata, Boie — Shoveler. 237. Chaulelasmns streperiis. Gray — Gadwell. Common. 238. Mareca americana, Stephens — Baldpate. 239. Al,B sponsa, Boie — Wood duck. 240. i^M//^M^a- ?;i«>'?7a, Steph— Bluebill, shutfler. 241. Fulig^da affinis, Eyton — Broad-bill, little black head. 242. Fxdigula collaris, Honap — Ring-necked duck. 243. Fuligida fernia, var. americana, Coues — Read-head. 244. Fuligulavallisneria, Steph — Canvas back duck. 245. Bucejyhala clangrda, Coues — Golden-eyed. Rare! 246. Bucephala albeola, Baird — Butter ball. 247. Jlisfrionicus torquatns, Bonap — Oarlequin duck. 248. Erismatura rubida, Bonap — Ruddy duck. 249. Mergus merganser, Linn — Sheldrake. 250. Mergus serrator, Linn — Red-breasted merganser. 251. Mergus cucullatus, Linn— Hooded merganser. histokt of davis county. 363 Pelecanid^ — Pelicans. 252. Peleeanus trachyrhynchus, Lath — Wliite pelican. Common. GrACULID.E — CoilMORANTS. 253. Graculus diloplius, Gray — Donble-crested cormorant. LaridjE — Gulls and Tekns. 254. {f) Larus mariiius, Linn — Black-backed gnll. 255. Laws delmvarensis, Ord — Ring-billed gull. 256. Gelochelidon aiiglica, Moiit — Marsh tern. 257. Sterna hirundo, Linti — Wilson's tern. 258. Sterna antrillarum, Cones — Least tern. 259. Ilijdrochelidon larlformis, Coues — Black tern. CoLYMBiD/E — Loons and Grebes. 260. Colymh'us torquatus, Brun — Loon. 26L Colymhus septentrionalis, Linn — Red-throated loon. 262. Podiceps holboUii, Reinh — Red-necked grebe. 263. Pfodiceps cornutus, Lath — Hoi-ned grebe. 264. Prodiceps C7-ista(iis,La,th — Crested grebe. 265. Podifymbus prodi'ceps, Lawr — Carolina grebe. Dabchick. It will be observed from the above list that over two hundred and fifty different and distinctly defined species of birds occur in this count}', which are distributed among forty-six families and one hnndred and sixty-eight genera. The presence of so large a number— a certain per centum of which are migratory, and though sometimes tarrying, are not, properly speaking, residents of the county — is to be attributed to the extensive wooded sections within its limits, and the presence of a considerable stream — the Chariton river — which acts as a highway along which many birds migrate to or from high latitudes. It would have been a matter of deep interest, and perhaps of abiding value, to have introduced short notes illustrative of the habits and homes of many species. The limits of a work of this nature will permit only a brief extract or two from the highest living authorities on American birds, which it is hoped, may serve to interest some of the residents of this county in the study of their wonderful and beautiful avi-fanna. In tiic following notes, the figures refer to the numbers of the preceding list: No. 16. — "I was walking in a narrow path through a hummock, which lies back of the old fort at Miami, Florida, and had paused to observe a fe- 3fi4 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. male of this species, when I heard a low warbling which sounded like the distant songs of some bird I had never heard. I listened attentive!}', but could make nothing of it, and advanced a few paces, when I heard it more plainly. This time it appeared to come from above me, and looking up- ward, I saw a male gnat-catcher hopping nimbly from limb to limb on some small trees which skirted the woods. Although he was but a short distance away, I was obliged to watch the motion of his little throat before I became convinced that this music came from him. It was even so, and nothing could be more appropriate to the delicate marking and size of the tiny, fairy- like bird than the silvery warble which filled the air with sweet continuous melody. I was completely surprised, for I never imagined that any bird was capable of producing notes so soft and low, yet each one was given with such distinctness that the ear could catch every part of the wondrous and complicated song. I watched him for some time, but he never ceased sing- ing, save when he sprang into the air to catch some passing insect. The female seemed to enjoy the musical etforts that were accomplished for her benefit, for she drew gradually nearer, until she alighted upon the same tree with her mate. At this moment she took alarm and flew a short distance followed by her mate. As I walked away I could hear the murmur of the love song till it became indistinguishable from the gentle rustling of the leaves around." — May?ufrd. No. 21. — "'Once when traveling through a portion of the most gloomy part of a thick and tangled wood in this great pine forest, near Mauch Chunk, in Pennsylvania, at a time when I was intent on guarding myself against the venomous reptiles I expected to encounter, the sweet song of this wren came suddenl,y on my ear, and with so cheery an effect, that I suddenly lost all apprehension of danger, and pressed forward through the rank briers and stiffs laurels in pursuit of the bird, which I hoped was not far from its nest. But he, as if bent on puzzling me, rambled here and there among the thickest bushes with uncommon cunning, now singing in one spot not far distant, and presently in another in a different direction. After much exertion and considerable fatigue, I at last saw it alight on the side of a large tree, close to the roots, and heard it warble a few notes, which 1 thought exceeded any it had previously uttered. Suddenly another wren appeared by its side, but darted off in a moment, and the bird itself which I had followed disappeared. I soon reached the spot, without having for an instant removed my eyes from it, and observed a protuberance covered with moss and lichens, resembling the excresences which are often seen on our forest trees, with this difiference, that the aperture was perfectly rounded, clean and quite smooth. I put my finger into it and felt the pecking of a.. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 365 bird's bill, while a qneriiloas cry was emitted. In a word, I had, for the lirst time in iny life, found the nest of a Wiiitei- Wren. * * * * Ex- ternally it measured seven inclies in length and four and a half in breadth; the thickness of its walls, composed of moss and lichens, was nearly two inches; and thus it presented internally the appearance of a narrow bag, the wall, however, being reduced to a few lines where it was in contact with the bark of the tree. The lower half of the cavity was compactly lined with the fur of the American hare, and in the bottom or bed of tlie nest there lay over this about half a dozen of the large, downy abdominal feathers of our common grouse, 2'etro urnheUusy — Auduhon. No. 95. — "Have you heard the song of the field-sparrow? If you have lived in a pastoral country, with broad upland pastures, you could hardly have missed him. Wilson, I believe, calls liim the grass-finch, and was evi- dently unacquainted with his powers of song. The two white lateral quills of his tail, and his habit of running and skulking a few yards, in advance of you as you walk through the fields, are sufficient to identity him. Not in meadows or orchards, but in high, breezy pasture grounds, will you look for liim. His song is most noticeable after sundown, when other birds are silent, for wliich reason he is aptly called the vesper sparrow. The farmer following his team from t!ie field at dusk catches his sweetest strain. His song is not brisk and varied as that of the song-sparrow, being softer and wilder, sweeter and more plaintive. Add the best parts of the lay of the latter to tl.e sweet vibrating chant of the sparrow {Spizella pusilla) and you have tiie evening hymn of the vesper-bird — the poet of the plain, unadorned pastures. Go to those broad, smooth, uplying fields, where the cattle and sheep are grazing, and sit down on one of the warm, clean stones, and listen to this song. On every side, near and remote, from out the short grass, which the herds are cropping, the strain rises. Two or three long, silvery notes of rest and peace, ending in some subdued trills or quavers, constitute each separate song. Often you will catch only one or two of the bars, the [breeze having blown the minor part away. Such unambitious, unconscious melody! It is one of the most characteristic songs of Nature. The grass, fho stones, the stubble, the furrow, the quiet herds, and warm twilight ^mong the birds, are all subtilcly expressed in this song; this is what they are capable of.'^--John Borroughs. No. lit). — "The entire change of plumage which the male of this species undergoes twice a year is none the less interesting because it is so well known a fact in its economy. When the bird reaches the middle districts, fvhicb is usually not until May, the males, as a rule are already in nearly perfect breeding attire, but in the vast majority nf instances still show 366 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. touches of yellowish on the belly and legs. At this period they are very conspicuous, associated in flocks, sometimes great in extenl, moving rest- lessly about tlie meadows and orchards, overflowing with glad music. Their number seems out of all proportion to tiiat of the females, but tliis is prob- ably due to the silent and more retiring ways of the latter sex. They really pass through, in the vernal migration, quite rapidly, though they do not ap- pear to be at all in a hurry, as we see them day by day. They throw them- selves in a field, scatter on the ground, feeding, and at the slightest alarm, or in mere wantoimess, suddenly fly en masse to the nearest tree, fence, or bush, and begin to sing, producing an indescribable medley, hushed in an instant only to be resumed. Sometimes they sing as merrily, though with less concerted action, while they are rambling in the grass. Their day-time leisure for song and food is easily explained; for they migrate at this season, almost entirely by night. Every night in early May, as we walk the streets, we can hear the mellow metalic clinking coming down through the darkness, from birds passing high overhead and sounding clearer in the stillness. By the middle of May tliey have all passed; a few, it is stated, linger to breed south of New England, but the main body passes on, spreading over that J portion of the Union and the neighboring British provinces, occupying in t pairs almost every meadow. The change of plumage with the finishing off the duties of reproduction is rapid and complete before the return move- J merit is made, although this takes place in August. As far north at least j as Maryland, I never saw or heard of a decidedly black individual, among I the millions that repass that State late in the summer and during September. The males are, indeed, distinguishable by their superior size and a sort of dif- fnseness of tawney coloration, not quite like the cleaner and lighter pattern of the females, aside from the black traces that frequently persist; but the I differance is not great. They are now songless — whoever heard bobolink I music in the fall? — they have a comfortable, self-satisfied chink, befitting such fat and abandoned gourmands as they are, thronging in countless hoards the wild rice tracts and the grainfields, loafing and inviting their souls. So they go, until the first cold snap, that sends them into winter quarters at once — chiefly to the West Indies, but also much further south. Thev have successfully rilled the role of bobolink, reed-bird, rice-bird, and butter-bird. As soon as the season relaxes once more in March, they will re enter the United States, and do it all over again." — Coues. No. Ill — "It does not appear that the cow-bird ever attempts to take forcible possession of a nest. She watches her chance while the owners are away, slips in by stealth and leaves the evidence of her unfriendly visit to be discovered on their return, in the shape of the ominous egg. The par- HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 3G7 ents hold anxious consultation in this emergency, as their sorrowful cries and disturbed actions plainly indicate. If their nest was empty before, they generally desert it, and their courage in giving up a cozy home results in one cow-bird the less. Sometimes, even after there is an egg of their own in the nest, they have nerve enough to let it go, rather than assume the hateful task of incubating the strange one. But if the female has already laid one or two eggs, the pair generally settle into the reluctant conviction that there is no help for it; they quiet down after a while and things go on as if nothing had happened. Not always, however, will they desert even an empty nest; some birds iiave discovered a way out of the difficulty — it is the most ingenious device imaginable, and the more we think about it the more astonishing it seems. They build a two story nest, leaving the obnox- ious egg in the basement. I want no better ]3roof that birds possess a faculty indistinguishable, so far as it goes, from human reason; and such a case as this bears impressively upon the general question of the difference between reason and tliat faculty we designate by the vague and misleading term, "Instinct." The evidence has accutnulated till it has become conclusive, that the difference is one of degree, not of kind — that instinct is a lower order of reason — the arrest, in brutes, at a certain stage, of a faculty I'eaching higher development in man. Instinct, in the ill-considered current sense of the term could never lead a summer yellow bird up to building a two-story nest to let a cow-bird's egg addle below. Such 'instinct' is merely force of habit, inherited or acquired — -a sum of tendencies operating nnknowingly and uniformly upon the same recui-ring circumstances, devoid of conscious design, lacking recognized precision, totally inadequate to the requirements of the first special emergency. What bird, possessed of only such a fac- ulty as this, could build a two-story nest to get rid of an objectionable deposit in tiie original single-story fabric? It argues as intelligent a design its was ever indicated in the ei-ection of a building by a human being. No question of inherited tendency enters here; and if it did, the issue would be only set back a step, no nearer determination, for there must have been ran original double nest, tlie result of an original idea. Nor is this wonder- ful forethought very rarely exhibited; considering what proportion the Lloiible nests discovered bear to the ordinary ones brought to our notice, anjong tiii- millions annually constructed, we can easily believe that the in- genious device is in fact a fretpient resort of the birds plagued by the cow- bunting. And how can we sufficiently admire the perseverance and energy iaf a bird which having once safely shut np the terrible egg in her cellar, .nd then having found another one violating her jjremises, forthwith built third story? She deserved better of fate than that her house should at 368 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. last be despoiled by a naturalist. This was a suiainer yellow-bird, to whom the jjrice of passing thus into history must have seemed hard." Coties. No. 123. — "All jays make their share of noise in the world, thoy fret and scold about trifles, quarrel over anything, and keep everything in a foment when they are about. The particular kind we are now talking about is nowise behind his fellows in these respects — a stranger to modesty and forbearance, and the many gentle qualities that charm us in some little birds and endear them to us; he is a regular filibuster, ready for any sort of adventure that promises sport or spoil, even if spiced with danger. Sometimes he prowls about alone, but oftener has a band of choice spirits witli him, who keep each other in countenance (for our jay is a coward at heart, like other bullies), and share the plunder on the usual terms in such cases, of each one taking all he can get. Once I had a chance of seeing a band of these guerrillas on a raid; they went, at it in good style, but came off very badly indeed. A vagabotid troop made a descent upon a bush c'ump, where, probablj', tiiey expected to find eggs to suck, or at any rate a chance for mischief and amusement. To their Intense joy, they surprised a little owl quietly digesting his grasshoppers, with both eyes shut. Here was a lark! and a chance to wipe out a part of the score that the jays keep against the owls for injuries received, time out of mind. In the tumult that ensued, the little birds scurried off, the woodpeckers overhead stopped tapping to look on, and a snake that was basking in a sunny spot concluded to crawl into his hole. The jays lunged furiously at their enemy, who sat helpless; bewildered by the sudden onslaught, trying to look as big as possible, with his wings set for bucklers and his bill snapping, meanwhile twisting his head till 1 thought he would wring it oft', trying to look all ways at once. The jays, emboldened by partial success, grew more impu- dent, till their victim made a break through their ranks and fiapped into the heart of a neighboring juniper, hoping to be protected by the tough, thick foliage. The jays went trooping after, and I hardly know how the fight would have ended had I not thought it time to take a hand in the game m3'self. I secured the owl first, it being the interesting Pigmy Owl {Glaucidium), and then shot four of the jays before they made up their minds to be oft'. The collector has no better chance to enrich his cabinet ' than when the birds are quarreling, and so it has been with the third party \ in a difficulty, ever since the monkey divided cheese for the two cats." - — L'oues. No. 217. — "Mudie speaks as follows of the European bittern's voice: 'Anon a burst of savage laughter breaks upon you, gratingly loud, and so HISTOEY OF DAVIS CODNTT. 369 unwonted and odd that it sounds as if the voices of a bull and a horse were combined; the former breaking down his'bellow to suit the neigh of the latter, in mocking you from the sky;' when the bittern booms and bleats overhead, one certainly feels as if the earth were shaking." " * * Chaucer speaks as follows in The Wife of Batlis Tale: 'And as a bitore buiubletli in the mire, She laid hire mouth into the water doun, Bewray me not, thou water, with they soiin'. Quod she, to the I tell it, and no mo', Mill husband hath long asses eres two.' Another notion was that the bill was put inside a reed to increase the sound; the truth is, of course, that the bird uses no means to produce its bellow but its own organs of voice. Our own bittern has no rude roar, but, as its name in most parts of the country denotes, makes a noise very much like driving a stake with an axe. It has also a hollow croak at the moment of alarm." — Endicott. PLANT.E.* WOODY PLANTS AND VINES. iVfj/Mr/w «(?c?'tf/fZt;«, box elder. Common; handsome. Quercus rulra, red oak. Common; e.xcellent fuel. Quercus nigra, black oak. Abundant; valuable; medicinal; bark astrin- gent. Quercus castanea, chestnut oak. Fairly common. Quercus maerocrapa, burr oak. Very common. Quercus Phellos (^f) ■w'lWow o?i\.. Valuable for fuel. Quercus tinctoria, yellow bark oak. Very rare; bark astringent. Ulmus arnericana, white elm. Common in bottoms. Vlmusfulva, slippery elm. Common; bark medicinal; demulcent. TJhnus alata, winged elm. Very doubtful, more eastern. Acer rubrti7ii,rbd maple. Rare; valuable in cabinet work. *]t is manifestly impossible to present the reader with anything like a complete list of the county's plants, since their nomenclature alone would require a volume of greater proportions than this. Three classes only have been given, the aboreous and shrubby — with a few climb- ing plants — and the medicinal, the latter including only the most common and best known varieties. It is a peculiarity of all science that many forms — small in themselves — rejoice in a nomenclature the length of which is altogether disproportionate to their size. Yet such IB the looseness with which popular names are used that identification is simply an impossi- bility, unless recourse is had to the proper botanical nomenclature — which is a sufficient ipology for the introduction of these technical names. — Miller. 370 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Acer dafsycarjnim, hard maple. Cultivated; valuable for sugar and fuel. Salix tristls. {/) glaucous willow. Common. Salix liicida^ shining willow. Very common. Salix petiolaris,\>et\6\^dL viiWovj. Very common. Salix nigra, black willow. Very rare. Salix longifolia, long-leaved willow. Very common. Salix huniilis, prairie willow. Not uncommon. Popvlus ti'eniuloides, aspen. Cultivated. Populus angulata, water poplar. Not common; a large tree. Populus monilifera, cottonwood. Abundant; tall and large. Platamts occidentalism sycamore. Common along streams; the largest, though not the tallest tree in the American forest; conspicuous by its whiteness. i TtZiiffl «M?.eWca?m, basswood, linn. Common; large. Juglans nigra, black walnut. Valuable in the arts. t/uglans C'iiierea, (f) butternut. Common; medical; cathartic. C«rya aZJ«, shell-bark hickory'. Common; valuable. Carya. glabra, pignut hickory. Abundant; fruit bitter. C'arija atnara, bitternut. Valuable for fuel: common. Betida nigra, red birch. Stately tree; mild tonic; common. Fraxinua americana, wliite ash. Common, valuable. Fraxinus viridis, green ash. Eare. Fraxinus sanihucifulia, black ash. Abundant; valuable for rails. Liriodendnn tidipifera, tulip tree. Valuable substitute for pine; very large; bark medicinal; diaphoretic. Gymnocladus canadensis, coffee tree. Rare; fruit peculiar. Gleditschia triacanthus, honey locust. Not rare; wood heavy. Carpinus americana, hornbeam. Doubtfully referred to the county. Alnus incana, black alder. Common. Alnus serrulata, smooth alder. Doubtful; rare, if at all. Cornusflorida, cornel. Abundant; very pretty; bark medical; a decided roborant. Cornns paniculata, panicled dogwood. Common; flowers white. P/nis toxicodendron, poison ivy. "Bangerous; easily recognized. Phus glabra, sumac. Common; poisonous. P/nis radicans, three-leaved ivy. Rare; poisonous. Rohinia psev.dacacia, locust. Fragrant; valuable; common. Samhucus canadensis, elderberry. Fairly common; edible; medicinal; see below. Corylus americana, hazel-nut. Very abundant; edible. HISTOEY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 371 Spiroea tomcntofct, hackberry. Coinmon. Spirmi saJicifolia, meadow sweet. Yery common. MoQ'us 7'uhra, \n\\\hevvy. Common; edible. Ostrya virginiea, ironwood. Common along bottoms; heavy. EhamnuH C((t}iaftirU'<, ]iei-haps la)ieolatus,\i\\cki\wYV\. Common; medici- nal. CratiC(jas tornentosa, biacktliorn. Common; very tough. Cratoegus coccinea, white thorn. Abundant. Cratceytis virdis, red haw. Every wliere; misnomer. Amelaneliier caiuidensis, service berry. Common; edible; several varie- ties. Pnimis americrnia. v/WA ^\\\m. Abundant; edible. Cerasus pennsylvanica, wild red cherry. Common; edible. Cerasus virgiidca, choke cherry. Abundant; insipid. Cerasus serotina, black cherrj-. Common; edible, but bitter. Aescnhis (/laira,hi\(i\ieye. Occasional; fetid. Asimina triluha, pawpaw. Common; edible. Hosa lucida, wild rose. Everywhere; pretty. Rosa setiijua, early wild rose. Prairies; beautiful. Pyrus ioens/'s, wild crab apple. Abundant; fruit useless unless preserved. liibes rotund Ifol turn, smooth gooseberry'. Common; edible. Rihes cynosbati, prickly gooseberry. Abundant; edible. Ribes fioridum, wild black currant. Common; fruit insipid. Lonicera flava. wild honeysuckle. Hillsides; common. Lonicera grata (.^), American woodbine. Elegant, often cultivated. Ampeloj>sis quinquefolia, Virginia creeper. Common; harmless. Xanthoxylxmi americanum ^ prickly ash. Common; medicinal. Yilis cai'difolia , frost grape. Common; edible. Vitis aestivalis, river bank grape, abundant; edible. Ceanotlms americanus, Jersey tea. Abundant on prairies. Ceanothus ovalis, red root. Pernicious; abundant. Stajihylea trifolia, bladdei'nut. Rare. Anidrpha canescens, lead plant. Abundant. Vibui'intvh lentago, black haw. Common. Shepherdia argentea [f), buffalo berry. Fruit edible, scarlet, acid. Cercis canadensis, red bud. Common; used for dyeing. Amorphafructicosa, false indigo. Cephalantlnis occidentalis, button bnsh. Euonymus atropv,ipureus, wahoo. Fairly common. Juniperus virginiana, cedar. 72 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Celtis crassifulia, liackberry ('?). Common. Celastrus scandens, bittersweet. Symfhoricarjpus vulgaris. Common nearly ever^-wliere; perliaps two species. Ruhus oectdentalix. Common. Mubus viUosus. Rare, perhaps accidental; root-bark astringent. Menisjpernmm canadennis, moon-seed. In woods. Smilax rotund 1 folia:'' green briar. Common. The preceding list comprises all the trees, shrubs, and woody climbing plants known in the county. The major part of them may be found along the bottom lands of the ]irincipal streams, or along the bluii's of the Missouri Kiver. It will be seen that the county is well wooded with vai'ieties valuable both as fuel and in the arts. The varieties are many, but, as is nsual in wooded districts, a few kinds predominate. No attempt has been made to discuss the relations of i\\e flora to that of the remainder of the State, nor to point out the few species of plants peculiar to it. The design has been to present a list — with brief notes — of the more valuable and large plants, and it is believed the county's resources, in this particular, are quite fully represented by the foregoing catalogue. There is, however, one feature that cannot be passed without comment. The flora of the county is distinctively divided in that it comprises species both of woodland and prairie habitat, i. e., its forms are found in either the one or the other location. Associated with the trees and shrubs are innumerable herbs, such as are commonly found in low or in wooded districts, and are, in the main, distinct in hahitat from the plants of the higher and more exposed country. The prairie, on the other hand, is peculiarly rich in that order of flowering plants known as the Compositae. Riding across the country one may see thousands of beautiful blossoms > raising their brilliant selves above the grasses that would obscure their beaut}'. The golden solidagos, the purple asters or the brilliant puccoons, vie with each other in claiming the attention of the passer-by. In the more moist places is to be seen the pretty pennyroyal, and by its side blossoms the invaluable boneset. Who would recognize in these brilliant white flowers the nauseous mixtures our "ffrandames and aunts" were wont to prepare for us? To see the prairie in all its beauty it is needful that noti one trip, but many, should be made — and let the occasion suit the season,! In the earlier summer the omnipresent " nigger-head " — {^Echinacea pur- purea) — lifts its form as defiantly and jauntily, withal, as the "ox-eye"! daisy for which the meadows of New England are so famous. Then, in thel HISTOKV OK HAvrs COUNTT. 373 valleys bloom the '• iron- weeds " [Veriionia fnscteulatd), while on the piaiiies the "rosin-weed" [Siljyhium lacinatum'), lifts its cheerful golden face to noil knowingly at you as you pass by. Here, there, everywhere, 8ome beautiful blossom smiles at you, and awakens feelings in your heart that only a prairie^7/(^/'(^ can. What wonder our fathers stopped here amid 80 much splendor — a splendor withal that marked the great fertility of the virgin soil. From early spring, when first appear the "Johny jump-nps," {Viola eurulh(ta). -AwA "bird's-foot violet," (F/o/a delp/u'ni folia), to late autumn, when the last aster and golden-rod succcnmb to Nature's inexorable laws, the prairie torms the botanist's paradise, [nviting, did you say? Aye, more than that, instructive in the highest sense, for here some orders reach a development unknown elsewhere on tiie globe. Here one finds the princea of the flower realm of Nature. Cunningly, wisely, and full of a hiddn,e secret meaning, a thousand forms look up into the faces of the pedestrians who, with repressed curiosity, and not quite willingly, tread tliem under foot. They are leaves of the great folio, marginal notes on the pages of the book of Nature, often and to many, and for a long period to every one, hieroglyphs whose deciphering would repay all the requisite toil. But very many of these plants have an infinitely greater value than that conferred by their beauty. Does some astute utilitarian mutter to himself, "Now you are getting sensible?" Wonder if he thi)d:s of this when making grimaces at some unsavory decoction his physician has prescribed? Wonder if lie would not rather look at than take them? Entering largely into the catagory of medicinal plants as do many of the forms found in this county it is deemed a matter of interest to the general reader to know their habitat, their abundance and their uses. The following list is very far from exhaustive, dealing as it does with only some of the most common or most easily recognized plants that possess a medicinal value. Where practical)le, that portion of the plant which is used is indicated, together with the nature of its action physiologically. CATALOGUE OF COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS. Parmeliaparietiiia, common yellow wall lichen. Tonic. Adianinm pet/atnin, maiden hair fern. Common, astringent. Ycralum viride, white hellebore. Common in swamps; poisonous; an energetic irritant; not safe. 1 Mentha canudensin, spearmint. Common stimulant and tonic. He'hoina puJeyoHes, pennyroyal. Common ; stimulant and carminative. VerbascHiii. t/iapsus, common mullein. Emulcent, slightly narcotic; the leaves are used. 4 374 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Taraxacum dens-Jeonis, dandelion. Common; tonic and stomachic. Ewpatorium perfoliatum, boneset. Very alnindant; cinulcent, an emetic. Sanguinaria canadensis, blood root. Abundant; diaphoretic. Cassia marilandica, senna. Common; cathartic Oxalis stricta. Abundant; an excellent refrigerant. Limim ■usitatissiiiium,fi&\. Now naturalized; an emollient and deraul- cent. Cimicifuga recemosa, black snake root. Only the root used; it is an astringent; quite local and only in woodlands along the Missouri bluff. Tanacetum huronense. Doubtful here; tonic, leaves only. Polygonum iyxcarnatum, knot-weed. Abundant; roots cathartic. Dyaiura stramonium, Jamestown- weed. Abundant ; leaves and seeds nar- cotic. Samhucus canadensis. Common; the flowers are mildly stimulant ant sudorific; the herries diruectic, and the inner hark is cathartic and emetic. Solidago missouriensis. Common; the flowers reputed valuable in wounds. Gillenia stipulacea, American ipecac. Leaves emetic. Mertensia virginica, lung-wort. The root said to be a valuable expec- torant. Acorus calmus, sweet flag. Hare, the root; tonic. S cilia yraseri, sqn\]]. Rare, the bulb; diuretic. Arabia quinquefolia, ginseng. Rare, the root; tonic. Marruhlum vnlgare, hoarhound. A \yeak tonic. Geranium maculata, cranesbill. Root astringent. Sahhaiia angularis, American centaury. Febrifuge and tonic. Achillaea milleyolium, mWt'oU. Introduced; tonic. Cannabis americana, American hemp. Hynotic. REPTILIA.* TOADS, FROGS, SNAKES AND TURTLES. In the number and variety of reptiles the county is equal to any in the State. The dry prairies form congenial homes for the skinks {^E. septent- rionalis); its streams are the homes of several species of turtles and ba- trachians, and its woods and fields shelter a large number of serpents. Oi all the latter that are here listed, only two species, the rattlesnake (O. ter- *The classification adoptud is that of Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates, 2d edition. A close and more extended survey may add a few more species to the list. IIISTORV OF DAVIS COUNTY. 375 gemina and C. horridus), are poisonous. Wliile local and popular tradi- tion arms most of the remaining, and especially the "blowing viper," {Heterodon simvs), with deadly powers, the fact is that without a single exception they are perfectly harmless. In the economj' of fanning they are beneficial, ridding the fields and gardens of many destructive forms. Of all the varieties mentioned in the following lists the toads and turtles are beyond a doubt the most beneficial to the farmer. The first rid him of many destructive insects; the latter clear his streams from dead and deleter- ious matters. OPHIDI A— Serpents. Reptiles, not shielded with an epidermal covering of imbricated scales which is shed as a whole and replaced at regular intervals; mouth verv di latable; the bones'of the lower jaw separate from each other, only united hy ligaments; limbs wanting or represented by small spurs on the sides of the vent — a transverse slit. Various anatomical characters distinguish the snakes, but the elongated form and absence of limbs separate them at once from all our other vertebrates, excepting the lizard Oj/heosam-us, and this is not in any other respect, snake-like. — Jordan. COLUBRID^E — CoLUBEiNE snakes. 1. Heterdon platyrhirius, blowing viper. Perfectly harmless. 2. Heterdon simus, hog-nosed snake. Innocent. 3. Tropidonohis eryihr-ygaster, red-bellied water snake. 4. " rhomhifer, Holbrook's water snake. 5. " gi'ahaini, Graham's snake. 6. Tropidoclontum kirtlandi, Kirtland's sanke. Pretty. 7. {?) Stoieria occipiioinaculata, red-bellied snake. Doubtful. 8. EuUenia saurita, riband snake. Handsome, small snake; rare. 9. " Jaireyi, Fairie's garter snake. 10. " proxima, Say's garter snake. 11. •' radix, Hoy's garter snake. Determination doubtful. 12. " sirtalis, striped snake. Several varieties. 13. Pityophis say!, western pine snake. Seventy inches long. 14. Coluber ohsletur, racer. One of the largest snakes. 15. " vulpinus, fox snake. 16. " efnoj'yi, Emory's racer. 17. Clyclophis astivus, summer green snake. Splendid. 18. Diadophis punctatus, ring-necked snake, also var. amabitis. 19. {?) " arnyi, Amy's ring-necked snake. 376 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 20. Ojjhibolun sayi, king snake. 21. " doluUns, corn snake. 22. " triangulatns, spotted adder. Harmless. 23. " calligaiter, Kennicott's chain snake. 24. (?) Virgiida elegans, Kennicott's brown snake. Donbtfiil. 25. Carphophiops anuenus, ground snake. 26. " vermis, worm snake. Kare and local. OROTALID^E— Crotalid SKAKKs. (These snakes are all renowned for tlie deadliness of their venoiu.) 27. Crotalus horridus, rattlesnake. Deadly; doubtful determination. 28. Caudisoma iergeiinna, jjrairie rattlesnake. Abundant. There is much doubt that Cortalus horridus, is found here. Tlie prairie snake varies so wonderfully that it is not at all sure but that some local form of that species is confounded with the wood-rattlesnake, which is more east- ern in its distribution. BATRACHIA. Cold blooded vertebrates, allied to the fishes, but differing in several re- spects, notably in the absence of rayed Mns, the limbs being usually devel- oped and functional, with the skeletal elements of the limbs of reptiles; toes usually without claws. The batrachians undergo a more or less complete metamorphosis, the young ("tadpoles") being aquatic and fish-like, breathing by means of ex- ternal gills or brachiae; later in life lungs are developed, and with one ex- ception, the gills disappear; skin naked and moist (rarely having embeded scales), and used to some extent as an organ of respiration; heart with two auricles and a single ventricle; reproduction by means of eggs, which are oil comparatively small size, without hard shell, developed in water or in moist situations. — Jordan. RAN ID.¥.— Frogs. Rana halcina, leopard frog. Common. " claiiiitan.s, green frog. " cateabiana, bull frog. "Well noted for its rich bass notes." " temporaria, wood frog. Variety. HYLID^— Tree frogs. Hyla versicola, common tree toad. {f) Hyla Piokeringii, Pickering's tree toad. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 377 Acris gryllus, cricket frog. (?) CharophiluK, sp. BUFONID.E— ToAus. ft Bufo lentiginosus, American toad. Variable. PLETHODONTID^E— SALAMANDER6. Hemidactylium scutatum, four toed salamander. Spelerpes belineatus, two-striped salamander. Spelerpes longicaudus, cave salamander. Spelerpes ruber, red triton. AMBLYSTOMID^E— AiiBvsTOMAS. Amhlystoma opacum, opaque salamander. Handsome. Amhlystoma tlgrhium, tiger salamander. Coinnion. Amhlystoma microstonium, small mouthed salamander. Amhlystoma jmnctattini, large spotted salamander. Menopoitia alleghaniense, hell bender. Common. LACERTILIA— LizAKDS. Opheosauriis ve?itralis, glass snake. Tail breaks into pieces when caught. Cnemidophorits sexlineatus, six lined lizard. SCINCID.E— Skinks. Eumeces fasciatus, blue-tailed lizard. Common. Eumeees septentrionalis, notliern skink. Common. TESTUDI NAT A— Turtles. Cistud(t claitsa, common box-turtle. MaliicocleniDiys geograpjiicus, map turtle. Malacoclemmys pseudogcographicus, Lesueur's map turtle. Chrysemyn picta, painted turtle. (Not seen. Possibly, in local tradi- tion, confounded with the elegant terrapin. Pscudeinys tiooxtii, yellow-bellied terrapin. Pseudeiiiys elegans, elegant terrapin. Chelydra serpenthia, snapping turtle. Cinostxunium pennsylvanicam, small mud turtle. Trionyx ferox, soft-shell turtle. Few persons realize the numbers and beauty of many of these forms of life which are usually considered either dangerous or disgusting. They are often of surprising beauty and always instructive. Belonging, as they do, 378 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. to the hifijhest branch of animal life — the vertehratn — though to some of it lower orders, they come to us revealing through their structure and structural affinites that long line of ancestry through which the highest orders have been evolved. They take us back, in thought, to those remofe periods of the world's history, when birds, reptiles and tishes were difficult of separa- tion; when each comprised in their structure some of the salient features of the other. While, perhaps, the structural resemblance of the modern forms is recondite or hidden to the casual observer, by the aid of forms long since entombed in the rocks the coiupetent student not only detects, but i)laces on them their proper value. It is said that ''there are sermons in stones," but with, perhaps, greater accuracy it may be said there is his- tory in hones. MOLLUSC A. In the streams of the county, and in its wooded districts as well, are found some of those forms of animal life that are rarely if ever seen by a people dwelling in prairie regions. These creatures are the mollusks, numerous in individuals, but comparatively rare in species. In all theper- rennial streams they find a cogenial home. The species, of both land and fresh-water shells found in the county, are as follows: FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS. Unio* alatus — The winged unio. " 7-uhitjinosus, Lea — the ruddy unio. " coccineiis, Hill — the Saffron unio. " parvus, Barnes — the little unio. " litteolus, Lam — -the straw-colored unio. " tind'ulatvs, Barnes — the wavy unio. " pressvs, Lea — the flat unio. " ligamcntinus, Barnes — the ligament unio. '' gihhosus, Barnes — the gibbous unio. " ventricosus, Barnes — the inflated unio. " rectus, Lamarck — the straight unio. " mississippiensis, Lea — the Mississippi unio. 2£argaritana* complanata. Banes — the complanate clam. " rvgosa, Barnes — the rugose margaritana. Anodoiita danielsii, Lea — Daniel's anodon. " grandis. Say — the splendid anodon. " ferussaciana, Lea — Ferrusac's anodon. *Vnio aiitl Margaritana both mean pearl bearing. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 379 Anadonta imbecillis, Say — the sliglit anodon. Sphaerium striatinum, Lam — the straited globe-shelL " oecidentale. Prime — tlie western globe-shelL " rhomhoideum, Prime — (very rare) the rhomboid globe-eheU. Pisidium abditum. Prime — tlie hidden pea-shell. Limneaea reflexa. Say — tlie reflected river-snail. " h^iTnilis, Say — the humble river-snail. " decidiosa, Say. Abundant. Physa heterostropha, Say — the sinistral physa. " gijriim, Say, (var. last?) — the tadpole physa. Ancylus rivularis, Ilald — the river limpet. Planorhis trivolvis, Say — the three-whorled plane-shell. " campanulatus. Say — the llittle-bell-like-plane-shell. " parrun, Say — the little-plane-shell. *' lentus, Say — the smooth plane-shell. Melantho subsolidus, Anth — the somewhat-solid black snail. LAND MOLLUSKS. These forms are very tew, and none of them abundant. It is barely pos- sible that the great prairie tires of past years were the main agency in re- diicing their numbers. These animals are to be sought in the woods, in shady, moist ravines and may be taken in greatest abundance during the warm rains of S])ring. They are easily prepared, and when properly cleansed, make most beautiful — -though fragile — ornaments. Many of the smallest kinds must be sought under chips and decayed vegetation, and even then will be commonly overlooked. Helix albolabris, Say — white-lipped snail-shell. " profunda, Say — the deeply umblicated snail-shell. " altrenata, Say — the striped land-snail. " Mrsuta, Say — the hirsute snail-shell. " arboreus, Say — the tree snail. " pidcJtella, Mull — the beautiful whorled shell (^minute). " inonodon, Rackett — the one-toothed snail. " leaU; Ward — lea's land-snail. " clauMi, Lea — -the closed (uml)ilicus) land-snail. Pupa pentddoii, Say — the tive-tootlied pupa-shell (very-small). Many of these shells possess great beauty, but all lack the brillant col- oration of species that are found in tropical countries, or even in some por- tions of North America. There are numerous highly colored varieties on the 380 HISTORY OF DAVIS OOIINTY. West Coast, and some few found in the Sontliern States. Only two of the above list attain any considerable size, the Helix albolahris, and Helix pro- funda, which sometimes grow to one and one-half inches in diameter. Fur- ther investigation of all the shells of this county will abundantly reward any interested person. MAMMALS. Time was when the pi-airies and woods of Davis county gave sustenance and shelter to many interesting animals among the higher orders. The buf- falo (Bison Amerlcaiius) once roamed here in countless numbers, and even now, in the marshes and morasses along the river bottoms their remains are frequently exposed. The American panther [J^elis concolor) once found a congenial home in its woods, but the coming of the white man, who wages a merciless war on wild life of every sort — has driven them to other and re- mote homes. The wolf {Caiiis lupas and V. latrans) is still occasionally seen skulking along the lowlands, the self despised remnants of a once nu- merous race. The fox ( Vulpes vulgaris and Vulpes velox) under its various names of "red fox,'' "silver fox" and "black fox," occasionally enjoys a "square meal" at the farmer's expense, and to the detriment of his hennery, but hunted in revenge for their depredations, and in desire for their pelts, they are rapidly becoming extinct. One animal still flourishes, the enter- prising nature of which is not unfrequently wafted to us on the "stilly breezes of night," to our disgust, and yet a most valuable companion to the farmer, the skunk {Mephitis mephitica). The French, perhaps, had suffi- cient reason to name liiin "?e enfanit diable,'''' but he is a great entomologist, if he does occasionally disgrace himself, and conducting his entomological ex- cursions by night, he rids the farmer of many a pest otherwise sadly destruc- tive. Notwithstanding that his scalp commands a bounty, the industrious gopher (Geomys bursarlus) piles his mounds here and there, all unconsioua of the legal care of which he is the recipient. In addition to the animals above mentioned, there are in the county the following: Putoriuo vlsou, common mink. " ermineus, weasel. " vidgaris, least weasel. Vespertillo, little brown bat. " Jioctivagans, black bat. " cinereus. Atalapha crepusculai'is, twilight bat. Rare here. " HQveboracaensis. Common. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 381 Corynorhinus macrotis. Doubtful. Scmropterus volucella, flying squirrel. Scitirus niger, fox squirrel. Cornmon. " carolinensis, gray squirrel. Abundant. " hudsonius, chickaree. Common. " hudoviciayius, western fox squirrel. Tamias striatus, chipmunk. Everywhere. Spermophilits tridecemliniatus, striped gopher. " franklinii. (?) Arctomys vionax, wood-chuck. Zapus hudsonius, jnmp\n^ mouse. S eiperomys leucopus^ deer mouse. " micliiganensis. Common. Ochetodon humilis, harvest mouse. Ai'vicola riparius, meadow mouse. " austerus, meadow mouse. Synaptoniys cooperi. Cooper's mouse. Blarina hrevlcauda. Scalops anjenttitus, silver^' shrew. Condylura criKtata, star-nosed mole. Castor fiber, beaver. Lutra cdnadeii'iis,' otter. By tradition. Ta.cidea americana, badger. Fiber zibethieus, muskrat. Common. Erethizon dorsatus, porcupine. By tradition. Lepiis sylvaficiis, hare. Common. This list comprises the major part of the mammalian fauna of the county. Further study will correct it, perhaps, by the addition of a lew species. This simple enumeration of varieties may aid the future student in the deter- mination of the county's animal resources. THE RED MAN. The red men uf the forest, whom the Norsemen of the north, Genoe's ' adventurer, the Gallic explorers, and Anglo-Saxon Puritans, found upon the Auierican continent, is a race whose origin and ancient traditions are yet matters of mystery. Theory and speculation have ofi'ered ns all the light we have concerning this wild, uncivilized people, who were thus found in posession of the North American Continent, as lar back as the tenth cen- tury, when the Northmen landed upon its nortiieastern coasts. 382 HISTOltT OF DAVIS COUKTT. Since the Mayflower, in 1620, brought to Plymouth Rock, the advance of the Anglo-Saxon race, wiiich was destined to achieve the mastery of the conti- nent over its native occupants, and build up a grand civilization, though at the cost of conquest, and the probable ultimate extinction of the red man, it seems to have progressed. From stride to stride, as the increasing An- glo-Saxon race needed more of the wild domain of the Indians, he was pushed on to the rear, and tiius tiie rear has well nigh ended; and the prob- lem, which to-day, vexes the statesman and the philanthropist of the Nation, is the " Indian Problem.'' For over a liundred years its solution has taxed the genius of the Anglo-American people, and it bids fair to tax them for generations to come. His condition and treatment have, from time to time, awakened the sympathy of ])hilanthropists, and various humane plans have been devised to ameliorate his savage nature, and bring him under the in- fluence of the laws and civilized teachings. This plan novv seems to be the policy of the government, and will doubtless eventually be adopted. From the close of the revolution, and the treaty of peace with the mother country, the Anglo-American population increased rapidly, and reached out for domain, until about half a century — 1832 — -brought them to the great river of the continent — the Mississippi. Iowa then belonged to the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes, whose^'original titles acquired by the right of posses- sion, were secured by various treaties dating from 1832 to 1842, which last cession included Davis county, and all their territory west of the Mississippi river. These were the tribes that once roamed over the prairie in the buifalo chase, and camped along the Des Moines. But in 1846, the last of them were removed beyond the western limit of the State. They left no tradition in this county for historical record. Should tiie younger generations of this mysterious race of people follow the wild footsteps of their ancestors, and extinction should be tlie final re- sult, the semi-civilized tribes of the Indian Territory will likely be the only- ones to perpetuate the race, which now number some eighty thousand per- sons. They were tribes from the Southern States. " Whether the red man has been justly deprived of the ownership of the New World, will remain a subject of debate; but that he has been deprived, cannot be denied. The Saxon came; and his conquering foot has trodden the vast domain from sliore to shore. The weaker race has withdrawn from his presence and his sword. By the majestic rivers, and in the depths of the solitary woods, the feeble sons of tiie bow and arrow will be seen no more. Only their names remain on the liili, and stream, and mountain. Tiie red man sinks and fails. His eyes are to the west. To the prairies and forestffl HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNIT. 383 the liuntiiig grounds of his ancestors he says farewell. He is gone! The cypress and the hemlock sing his requiem."' Before the pioneers of advancing civilization had crossed the Mississippi river, a young chief was growing up, in the Sac tribe of [ndians, whose name was destined to become immortalized in the history of Iowa. It was Black Hawk, whose birth place was near the mouth of Rock river, in Illinois. He won his commanding influence with his tribe, and with the Foxes, with whom they were allies, in a great battle between those tribes and the lowas, in which he executed a Hank movement and surprised the lowas in a de- fenceless position, and massacred almost the entire village; the few who escaped, did so by swimming the Des Moines river and taking refuge in the Soap Creek hills, in the north part of this county. The commanding chief in this battle, on the part of the Sacs and Foxes was Pash-a-pa-ho, chief of the Sacs. This taste of blood, as well as his naturally vindictive disposition, rendered him a dangerous and deadly enemy to the early pioneers. It fin- ally i-equired the intervention of the United States troops, and volunteers from the Western States, and the loss of many lives, in the Black Hawk War, before he was completely snbdned. He was then for a while exhib- ited over the Nation as a curiosity, then settled down and spent his old age with his tribe on the Des Moines river, north of this county, and at his death was buried in the northeast corner of this county, according to the custom of his tribe. As there are contacting statements in circulation in regard to the death and burial of this great Indian chieftain and warrior, we shall give the evi- dence of this old settler, James H. Jordan, an eyewitness of these events, as the best evidence. He says: About the latter part of Aiiccust or the first of September, 1888, Black Hawk was taken dangerously ill with fever, and after the Indian medicine men had expended their skill and failed, then the old chief sent for his pale-face friend, Mr. Jordan, and requested him to send to Fort Edwards (Warsaw, 111 ), at the mouth of the Des Moines River, for a white physi- cian ; but before noon of that day, October 3, 1838, the fjreat chieftain was no more. Before bis death he requested his friend to select the spot for his burial and prepare his burial clothes. He was buried as he requested, on the spot where he held a council with the " lowas " (on section 2, Salt Creek township); and in the uniform presented to him by Presi- dent Andew Jackson: having solid gold epaulets, and a beautiful military hat with ostrich plumes. His sword a beautiful one, with a black morocco scabbard, thickly covered with silver bands, and three solid silver medals, one presented by the British (iovernment (with $-'),000 worth of blankets), to get him to join them against the United States: one by Presi- dent Madison, and one by Andrew Jackson, were buried with him. He was buried in Octo- ber, 1S38, by his family and friends on the farm now owned and occupied by Jas.H. Jordan, on the banks of the Des Moines River. The body was placed on a slab rudely hewn by the Indians, and set up in an inclined position, with the feet placed in a shallow ditch, and the 384 FlISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. head elevated above the ground aljout tlu-ee feet. This was enclosed by setting two stakes in the ground with a pole across them, and slabs with one end resting on the ground and the other on the pole, making a roof which was then neatly soded over, forming a kind of vault. This was enclosed by a wide picket fence made by diging a trench four feet deep, and setting long timbers in it on end. Here the remains remained undisturbed till July, 1839, when the head was stolen, and the following February the body disappeared. On the complaint of Black Hawk's sons the matter was investigated, and the theft traced to a Dr. Turner, who then resided in Lexington, Van Buren county, who had sent them to (Juincy, 111., to be ar- ticulated. On the earnest solicitation of Black Hawk's family. Gov. Lucas caused them to be returned, and at his solicitation they were placed by the family among the Territorial Arch- ives at Burlington, where they were destroyed by fire, with a mass of other vahiable matter. The treaty in whicli the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States, that portion of Iowa known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," was made on the west side of the Mississippi River, where Davenport is now situated, September 21,lS3:i, by Gen. Scott and Gov. Keynolds, of Illinois, commissioners on the part of the United States, with Keokuk, Pashapaho, and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sacs and Foxes, and took efiect in June following. This treaty gave to the government a strip of land fifty miles wide, west of the Mississippi Piver, running north and south. This limit ran through the east part of the present county of Davis, and, therefore, a part ot this county was subject to settlement in 1833, but no advantage seems to have been taken of it, for a number of years by any one except Indian traders. Another treaty ceding to the government an additional strip of territory, was made October 1, 1837, and on the same date, in consideration of $100.- 000, the Sacs and Foxes gave up all their territory between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes, Octol)er 11, 1842, ratitied March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississijipi, to which they had any i claim or title.'' Ey the terms of this treaty they were to be i-emoved from the country at the expiration of thi'ee years, and all who remained afterj that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removi d to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the rest the sjiring following. A great many of the old settlei's can very well remember these remnants of the once great and powerful Sac and Fox tribe of Indians. After the red men had suri'endered possession of the soil of Iowa to their Great Father — Uncle Sam — there was arenniantof tlie Pottawattamies whci refused to entirely leave their old grounds, and for several years, from 1S4£| to alxMit 1S.">4, they catn])ed along the streams in this county, under thel HISTORY OF PAYIS COUNTY. 386 cliieftainship of Joliii Green. They were harmless and friendly; always begging, and always hungry enotigh for a hearty tneal, and however amply they were supplied, they never left anything ii])jn the table from which they partook; they would invariahly hide away under their filthy wraps whatever they could not devour. When curious visitors dropped in upon them at their wigwams, they were friendly, and especially so while their visitors' tohacco lasted. When the white settlers first began to vi.sit them, they would, when asked for tobacco, hand out all they had, whether it was a full paper or a wliole plug, and would expect when they had tilled their pipes, or taken a chew, tliey would hand back what remained. But this was contrary to their rule of social life; and instead, they would slily slip the balance in their bosoms, and wink at their red companions, at their cheeky trick, as !nuch as to say, " white man heap good." This trick was short lived, however, as their white neighbors soon learned how to manage them. Whenever they took occasion to visit the "hazy sons of the forest" ever afterward, they would take the precaution to cut their tobacco into small pieces, and thus avoid those wholesale levies upon them. The Indian is an inveterate beggar; and the white people devised a plan to check his too frequent calls upon this mission. They would refuse to give them anything, but they wonld otter to nell them what they asked for, upon tlieir promise to paij for it the next time they came. The next time would never come, and thus tiie white settlers would invariably get rid of the dusky beggars. THE PIONERS— THEIR SETTLEMENTS AND CAREERS. Pioneers are those who go before, and clear the way. They are usually brave, hardy and ambitious people, who are prompted by various motives, and governed by various circumstances, to break away from the haunts and associations of their old homes; whei'e, perhaps, civilization has outgrown them, and made them restless and discouraged in their efforts to realize their dreams of, and ambition for, wealth and distinction. They are not usually those who are settled in their eastern homes, surrounded with wealth • and the comforts of life; nor the children of those who have been reared in homes of luxury and ease. But they are those who prefer the free and .unconventional ways of frontier life. The rigid rules and usages of an ac- complished civilization are uncongenial to them, and seeing the opportunity 'to build up homes of tiieir own, and mould social coimn unities after their own .taste and standard, they push out to the front. Airiong these are the chil- 386 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. dren of many welUto-do people, but who are unable to "give them a start" in life, where they are. They, too, with brave hearts, and buoyant and am- bitious spirits, go fortli to build for themselves in the wilds of the frontier; to emulate the example of their fathers before the.m, whose industry and' economy had enabled them to rear comfortable homes upon the rocky hill- sides of New England, or in tlie forests of New York, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and Ohio, or upon the prairies of Illinois. They bade adieu to lion^es, comforts and loved ones, and pushed out for the land which the red man had surrendered for their coming. Tiiey select from the wild domain the acres upon which are to be carved their future homes and secure them to "themselves, their heirs and legal representatives for- ever." Rude abodes are constructed for the time, and frontier life com- mences. Neighbors are few and far between, but they become neighbors in the full and true sense of the term, who stand by each other in sympa-| tiiy and assistance, like true brothers of a household; sharing each other's pleasures and sorrows, they aid each other in their plans and purposes for the future. Buoyed with ambition, with the prospects and hopes of futurd prosperiety, they toil on. Their nigiits are passed in their rude cabins where they dream of the homes and comforts they have left, and of those their imagination picture for the future; startled to intervals of wakefulness DOW and then, by the howling wolf, or the tread of some wild intruder. Thus, the solitude of pioneer days pass on; and they toil on changing their primitive surroundings into productive fields. The first summer is past, autumn is at hand, and the single young man concludes to return to his old home and friends for the winter; and there- fore ]»laces his new possessions, Iiis future liome, in charge of his nearest neighbor, some miles away, who had come with his family — with his all, to stay. Witli gladdened heart, he takes the trail leading from his western wild into civilization, thence oa to greet relatives, friends, old scenes, and- one dearer still, into whose ears he uttered the story of hisfrontieradventnre& together with his hopes and prospects of the future. In these utterances she had a profound regard — a personal interest. With the the courage of a. true woman she consented to share his fortunes, be they where or what they might Winter passed with all its pleasures and delights with friends, and among the scenes of their young manhood and womanhood days. Prepara- tions being completed, and the nuptial ceremony pronounced, the happy twain leave for their future home — their little cabin on the western frontier. The two or three families which had gathered and foruied the settlement the spring before, were gladdened by the return of their young neighbor^ and lie and his bride were greeted right heartily to their pioneer liome. HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 387 Thoiigli toil and privations were theirs, yet tliey enjoyed tiieir new life. Crops were planted, improvements were iriade, and their new home soon began to wear a homelike appearance. Besides, it was their cnvn, aronnd which their hopes and aspirations were entwined, aud which nerved them to labor and gain for tliemselves tlie surroundings, comforts aud enjoy- ments, equal to, if not better than those they left behind them. This year brought additions to the settlement, which rendered it less monotonous, and social intercourse soon became cordial. Unlike that of to-day, there were no rivalries, no jealousies, no meaningless expressions of civility, no unkind criticisms of each other's ways or dress, and no hypo- critical manifestations of interest in each other's prosperity and welfare, or of sympathy for each otiier in their i-everses and misfortunes. There are ties of fellowship e.\isting between the pioneers of a settlement which are rarely disregarded — ties of common interest and common sympathy. They form u little empire all their own, so far removed from the conventionalities of social life in the older and more pretentious communities, that they are not affected by them. jS'ew arrivals were made welcome, assisted in con- structing their cabins, and were always lent a ready and willing liand,with- iout invitation, in anything that would add to their comfort and cheer them in their new homes — in short, they were cordially admitted to their pioneer brotherhood. In this brotherhood there was a common interest — an interest not peculiar to one frontier locality more than another, but in all such localities alike, from the earliest times of our country's settlement — from the landing of the Puritans upon the eastern shores of our continent, to the present time. There were grave reasons for these ties of brotherhood; the very nature of the situation created a spirit of unity for self-protection. The people of these new frontier settlements had come beyond the safely- established reign of law — where local civil authorities had not j'et been I'created. Hence, they must rely upon the law of nature — self-protection. This was their only protection in those times, and to make it effectual, it was essential for each one to have the friendship and good will of his neigh- bors. For a man to be in ill-repute in a pioneer settlement was general- ly more detrimental to him, than to be an outlaw under the civil authorities. Hardened characters often found their way into frontier communities — characters who had little fear of the penalties of the law; but, who stood in terror of the aroused indignation of a frontier brotherhood. Though this be but a picture of general outline of pioneers in their . frontier settlements, that genius of the forest,* who, for many years was a living e.xemplification of pioneer life beyond the Sierras, and whose songs •Joaquin Miller. 388 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. •of Nature are unexcelled, gives a still more grapic picture of " The! Pioneer," as he saw him: THE PIONEER. Lo! here the smoke of cabins curled. The borders of the middle world: And mighty, hairy, half-wild men Sat down in silence, held at bay By mailed horse. Far away The red man's boundless borders lay, And lodges stood in regions there. Striped pyramids of painted men. What sturdy, uncommon men were these, These settlers hewing to the seas; Great, horny-handed men, and tan; Men blown from any border land; Men desperate and red of hand. And men in love, and men in debt. And men who lived but to forget, And men whose very hearts had died, Who only sought those woods to hide Their wretchedness, held in vain ! Yet every man among them stood Alone, along the sounding wood. And every man somehow a man. A race of unnamed giants these, That moved like gods among the trees, So stern, so stubborn-browed and slow. With strength of black-raaned buffalo, And each man notable and tall, A kindly and unconscious Saul, A sort of sullen Hercules. A star stood large and white awest. Then time uprose and testified ; Theypush'd the mailed woods aside, They toss'd the forests like a toy, The great, forgotten race of men , The boldest band that yet has been Together since the siege of Troy, And followed it— and found their rest. What strength ! What strife! What rude unrest! What shocks! What half shaped armies met! A mighty nation moving west, With all its steely sinews set Against a living forest. Here, The shouts, the shots of Pioneer! The rended forests! rolling wheels. As if some half checked army reels, ;Mf/^i^^^ }7^^ PULASKI. IOWA HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTr. 391 Recoils, redoubles, comes again, Loud sounding like a hurricane. Oh bearded, stalwart, westmost men, So tower like, so Gothic built! A kingdom won without the guilt Of studied battles, that hath been" Your blood's inheritance. * * * * Your heir.? Know not your tombs. The great plowshares 'Cleave softly through the mellow loam Where you have made eternal home, And set no sign. Your epitaphs ' Are written in furrows. Beauty laughs While through the green waves wandering Beside her love, slow wandering. White starry hearted. May time blooms Above your lowly level'd tombs; And then below the spotted sky ■She stops, she leans, she wonders why The ground is heaved and broken so. And why the grasses darker grow And droop, and trail like wounded wing. Yea, time, the grand old Harvester, Has gathered you from wood and plain. We call to you again, again; The rush and rumble of the car Comes back in answer. Deep and wide The wheels of progress have pass'd on; The silent Pioneer is gone. His ghost is moving down the trees, And now we push the memories, Of bluff, Ijold men who dared and died In foremost battle, quite aside. Oh perfect Eden of the earth, In (lopies sown, in harvest set; Oh sires, mothers of my west; How shall we count your proud request? But yesterday you gave us birth; We eat your hard earned bread to-day, Nor toil, nor spin, nor make regret. But praise our pretty selves and say How great we are, and all forget The still endurance of the rude Unpolished sons of solitude. Prior to the year 1843, the soil of Davis county belonged to the red man. Over it he hunted, and fished in its streams; and bv his camp-fires his peo- 5 392 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY pie danced and sang their songs, unmolested by the white inan, save now and then an invader within their wild domain as a trapper. But such in- vasions were speedily repelled, and the intruders driven back to their fron- tier cabins, with a menace that assured the pale-faced trespasser of severe treatment if his incursions should be repeated. Bat subsequent to 1843, this beautiful domain passed, by treaty ratified March 23d of that year, to the ownership of the United States. By the terms of that treaty, the aboriginal occupants were given three years in which to remove beyond the Missouri River. Hence, while Iowa was yet a territory, and after the red man had been forced on toward the setting sun, and relinquished possession of the territory now covered by Davis county, and in fact by all the State west, which he had occupied from a time to which the record of history nor tradition do not extend, the white man fol- lowed immediately upon his trail, and assumed possession of the coveted, lands. As early as 1837, a number of persons had located along the southern border, and within the limits of the present county, and they and their de- scendants soon became well known all over the frontier as the " hairy na- tion," on account of their long hair and general nondescript appearance. This nick-name still clings to the residents of the entire county, humorously applied by " funny " (?) journalists. James H. Jordan, also established a trading post near a village of Sac and Fox Indians, on the Des Moines Eiver, and in 1836, permanently located in the county at the place afterwards known as lowaville, his cabin being only abont ten rods from that in which Black Hawk died. Van Caldwell and a few others settled near the same place in 1839 and 1840. Van Caldwell be- ing the first man to whom the authorities of this county ever issned a ferry license. At the time Mr. Jordan came here, the chief Keokuk also lived in this county, about amile further down the river. James H. Jordan, is said to be the oldest living pioneer of Iowa, and ia the oldest resident of Davis county; was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, September 29, 1806, and is a son of General Peter Jordan. His early life was spent assisting his father and attending school. He left home and went to St. Louis, when it had only a story and a half tavern, called the "Green Tree," kept by the "widow Farish," and only four or five groceries. He was soon after licensed by the government to trade with the Sauks and Fox Indians, Governor Clark, of Missouri, issuing the license, for which he gave bond for $10,000. His trade with them amounted to over $100,000 a year; buying nearly 60,000 furs a year. He was with Black Hawk, at bis cabin in the northeast part of this county, an hour before his death, and HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 393 Black Hawk gave him liis sword, and was buried on the farm wheru Mr. Jordan now resides. Mr. Jordan located on this farm in 1836, and has lived there ever since. He here raised the first blue grass ever grown in the State. Mr. Jordan was married in 1838, to Frances Williams, at Colnm- ' bia, Boone count3% Missouri. She is a iadj of more than ordinary intelli- j ire nee. They were blessed with three children; Henry C, Victor P., de- i ceased, and Sarah Hinkle. Mr. Jordan owns 1,500 acres of splendid land, I after giving iiis children 800 acres. He has a tine residence and is very comfortably situated. He is an Odd Fellow. His father was a near neigh- bor of Henry Clay in Kentucky. His son Henry C, was one of the first white children born in this county; that event occurring in the fall of 1840. Mr. Jordan came into tiiis State, as earl}' as 1822, and clerked six months with an Indian trader, then went into business for himself. He was a per- sonal friend of Black Hawk, and they built houses and lived near each other for many years, before his death. THE HAIRY' NATION. May 13, 1854, the first newspaper ever published in Davis county, was issued, and the first number contained the following article on the Hairy Nation: While on our way to this flourishinanci/ of that portion lying west of a north and south line running through the central part of Marion county, striking Red Rock on the Des Moines River, until October 11, 1845. The government survey of the public lands in Davis county was completed about the time of . its organization in March, 1844, and the following autumn they were placed in market. To protect tiie pioneers in their "claims," club organizations were per- fected in every settlement, each cif which made their own laws for the mu- tual protection of each otlier in securing tlie purchase of their claims when the public sales should occui'. The way, and the law under which this was, done will be more elucidated in the chapter entitled "The Pioneers; Their Settlements and Careers," further on. The United States land office was established at Fairfield about 1843, wiiich included Davis county in its dis- trict. The following list includes tlie first entries made in this county, as shown by the record certified to the recorder of the county by James Thomp- son, register of the United States land office at Fairfield, Iowa, March 10, 1856: Rozin Jordan, October 1, 1844 — lots 3 and 4, and ne qr of se qr, section 2, township 70, range 12 west, 95.81 acres. Jetferson Jordan, February 22, 1845 — e hf of nw (j^r, and e lif of sw qr» section 4, township To, range 12. 145.10 acres. Henry W. Powell, March 29, 1845 — e lif nw qr, section 5, township 70, range 12, 64.54 acres. Samuel Mize, January 21, 1845 — nw qr, section 14, township 19, range 13, 1 60 acres. William Miller, June 23, 1846 — n fr hf nw qr, section 1, township 70, range 13, 52.23 acres. Edward Miller, June 23, 1846- -e hf of se qr, section 2, township 70, range 13, 80 acres. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 397 Lafayette Bare, July 20, 1846 — sw qr se qr, section 8, township 70, range 14, 40 acres. David Baer, August 6, 1846 — s hf sw qr, section 8, townsliip 70, range 14, SO acres. Andrew Elswick, June 27, 1846 — e hf ne qr, section 32, township 70, range 14, 80 acres. Jacob Zigler, November 5, 1846 — e hf ne qr and sw qr ne qr, section 12, township 70, range 15, 120 acres. Samuel Robb, July 20, 1846 — se qr sw qr, section 17, township 70, range 15, 40 acres. Samuel T. Adams, July 20, 1846 — nw qr sw qr, section 27, township 70, range 15, 40 acres. William McCormick, May 26, 1846 — e hf sw qr, section 1, township 69, range 12, 80 acres. John Wilkinson, May 26, 1846 — ne qr, section 9, township 69, range 12, 160 acres. Fleming Mize, May 26, 1846 — se qr, section 27, township 09, range 12, 160 acres. Gabriel S. Lockinan, Jul}^ 20, 1846 — se qr ne qr, section 7, township 69, range 13, 40 acres. Leroy C. Evans, June 22, 1846 — e hf ne qr and e hf se qr, section 30, township 69, range 13, 160 acres. George W. Lester, June 26, 1846 — se qr, section 11, township 69, range 14, 160 acres. John G. Wood, November 6, 1847 — n hf ne qr, section 6, township 69, range 14, 84.17 acres. John A. Drake, November 3, 1847 — s hf sw qr, section 4, township 69, range 14, 80 acres. Charles M. Jennings, September 18, 1848 — se qr, section 1, township 69, range 15, 160 acres. John Hockersmitli, August 10, 1848 — ne qr, section 14, township 69, range 15, 160 acres. Lewis Rominger, Jul}' 2, 1846 — e hf ne qr, section 25, township 69, range 15, 80 acres. William D. Smith, December 4, 1844 — ne qr, section 4, township 68, range 12, 171.45 acres. Stephen L. Sanders, June 6, 1846 — w hf nw qr, section 6, township 68, range 12, 115.38 acres. ■ John Brown, August 28, 1848 — sw qi-, section 10, township 68, range 12, 160 acres. 398 lilSTOEY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Madison Jackson Maskal, June 22, 18-16— w hf ne qr, section 1, township 68, range 13, 82.52 acres. Ephraira Young, July 20, 1846— ne n\v, section 1, township 68, range 13, 42.32 acres. David R. Wayland, July 3, 1848- ne qr and ne qr, nw qr and w hf, nw qr and se qr nw qr and ne qr sw qr, section 1, township 68, range 14, 161.4 acres. Jesse Evans, July 20, 1846 — nw qr se qr, section 9, township 69, range 14, 40 acres. Jesse Paterson, October 27, 1846— se ne, section 14, township 68, range 14, 40 acres. Greenup Hopkins, September 8, 1848 — ne qr, section 36, township 68, range 15, 160 acres. Lewis B. Wayland, June 26, 1847 — e hf sw qr, section 7, township 67, range 12, 80 acres. Joseph Beauchamp, July 5, 1847 — w hf se qr and sw ne, section 1, town- ship 67, range 13, 120 acres. George Abernethy, June 29, 1849 — e hf nw qr, section 3, township 67, range 13, 80 acres. Samuel W. McAtee, September 5, 1848 — se sw, section 7. township 67, range 13, 40 acres. Jubel Dabney, July 20, 1846 — se ne, section 2, township 67, range 14, 40 acres. Joel Fenton, June 26, 1846 — w hf ne qr, section 5. township 67, range 14, 80 acres George and David Howell, June 26, 1846 — ne qr, section 17, township 67, 14, 160 acres. Benjamin Blubough, December 28, 1846 — sw sw, section 4, township 67r range 15, e hf ne qr, and e hf se qr, section 5, township 67, range 15, nw nw section 9, township 67, range 15, 240 acres. Burgoyne Barnett, March 22, 1849 — ne qr, section 10, township 67, range 15, 160 acres. Isaac Baker, December 10, 1849 — s hf nw qr, and n hf sw qr, section 12, township 67, range 15, 160 acres. There were 14,162.19 acres of the public land in Davis county, certified to the State of Iowa by the general government, for the improvement of the Des Moines Eiver, as certified to by Thomas Seely, register United States land office at Fairfield, April 2, 1866. There were also 1,520 acres of pub- lic land in this county, of the grant to the Burlington & Missouri Eiver Railroad Company, as certified of record by Thomas Seely, register United States land otiice at Fairfield, April 2, 1866. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 399^ COUNTY ORGANIZATION. Since the existence of nations, the territory comprising them Itas been sub-divided into snbortinate civic or PKNS. The early records of the county are all written with a quill pen, and con- sidering the occupation of the writers their legibility is commendable. In October, 1850, Dr. Greenleaf was allowed by the board ''seventy five cents for one punch of clarified quills^ Wm. Cameron was clerk at this time and wrote this, and whether or not he intended "punch" to mean bunch, is not for me to say. PUBLIC WELL. In April, 1544, a public well was ordered dug in the square, in Bloom- field, five feet, si.x inches wide; and they went down about one iuindred and twenty feet, but couldn't find any water. It was the same way all over the country, no water could be found except in low places, but now, for some reason, water can be found at thirty and forty feet, in the same localities. This well in the square was dug precise!}' in the center of the square, and then filled up again. One of the interior walls of the new court house was built over the edge of where this old well used to be, and the result has been a slight crack in the wall, in the auditor's oflice. 414 HISTORY OF DAVIS OOTINTT. WHISKEY. In the pioneer days of Da\is county, they had no saloons, they were called '■'■groceries " then; if the c were changed to g, the name would be more ap- propriate. They were licensed, and any one could obtain a license by paying into the county treasury so much money. On the 7th day of August, 1855, in the County Court, Henry W. Briggs presiding, the following order was made: Foi' the purpose of carrying out the intentions of the law, in reference to the sale of spir- ituous liquors, an order was drawn on the ti-easurer for the sum of two hundred dollars to be 1 used in the purchase of liquors for the county by John B. Glenn, county agent, and entered ' upon the order book as waiTant A. In December, 1855, before S. A. Moore, county judge, J. B. Glenn, county agent, resigned, and made the following report: Amount of liquors purchased $ 858.88 Salary for five months 52.65 Amount $ 911.52 Cash received from county 200.0C Liquorsold 609.761 Liquor on hand 300.00| Amount $1,109.76 This report was so mixed that he was given further time to report, an A. G. Doom was appointed agent, at a salary of $10.53 per month, until May Ist, 1856. The law authorizing this arrangement was approved Janu- ary 22, 1855. On the 1st of May, 1856, William Cameron was appointed agent, and A. G. Doom filed his report as follows: Liquors received from J. B. Glenn .$316.59 Cash received for liquor sold 404.92 Amount 721.51 Cash and liquor turned over to William Cameron $578.70 Salary 52.65 Expense 3.00 Amount $634.35 Balance due Davis county 87.16 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. il5 This balance was paid into the county treasury, and Mr. Doom was re- leased from his bond. At this point we stop, because the record is lost, as we mention in another place, from 1856 to 1861. It is the record of the County Court during the last year that S. A. Moore held the office, and the first four years it was held by S. W. McAtee. The county grogshop business was soon after stop- ped, though, by the repeal of the law authorizing it. TOWN LOT AGENCY. In the spring ot 1844, the town of Bloomtield was laid off in lots and blocks by John Brown, of Lee county, Thomas Wright, of Henry county, and Charles Price, of Van Buren county, a commission appointed by the Territorial Legislature, for that purpose. Brown and Wright received $18 each, and Price $16, for their services. They laid off the northeast quarter of section twenty-five, township G9, range 14. This land was entered by James H. Cowles, and deeded by him to the county. After the town was laid off, Franklin Street was appointed " lot agent," to sell the lots, and give a bond for a deed for them, as the county had not yet acquired the legal title from the government. John Bonebrake was paid §1.50 for stakes used to mark off the town. In January, 1S45, Miles Tatlock was appointed town lot agent, and Miles Tatlock having resigned on the 16th day of October, 1845, E. G. Reeves was appointed in his stead. In July, 1848, E. (i. Reeves resigned, and Samuel Steel was appointed; and in 184!J, he was ordered not to sell lots to those who buy for speculation. In August, 1849, Samuel Steel was suc- ceeded by John R. Craig, who held the office until the county judge took charge of county affairs. The first County assessor, was Samuel Evans, who received $40.50, for as- sessing the (•,ount3', in the winter of 1843 and '44. The first road ordered to be laid off in Davis county, by the county, of which there is any record, was "from Bloomfield, to intersect aState road in Missouri at John Willis's, on the Sullivan line. The viewers were David jSTeweli, George W. Butt and Stiles S. Carpenter. A great many of the early roads would be very hard to locate now, from the descriptions given. Some of them run about like this: "Commencing at the corner of .John Smith's field, run to Soap Creek, from there to a burr oak stumj) in Jim Caldwells pasture." The first Territorial road, passing into or through the county, was located from Farniington, in Van Buren county, to Ottumwa, in Wapllo county. 416 HISTORY OF DAVIS CODNTY. By the act of the legislature, approved December 19, 1S43, it whs enacted that John Godard and Jesse Wright, of Van Buren county, and Van Cald- well, of Wapello county, be appointed commissioners to locate and mark a Terrtorial road, commencing at Farmington ; thence, via Hartford & Green's Mill, and Wood's Mill, in Davis county, to Ottumwa, in Wapello county. For a description of some of the early territorial roads in Davis county, Bee chapter on County Organization. The Ferry privileges were an item in days of stage coaches, and prairie echooners. Early in the year 1844, a man named Van Caldwell, kept a ferry across the Des Moines river, at a place called "Caldwell's Ferry," where the old "Mormon Trace" crossed the river; and on paying $3 into the treasury, Davis county gave him the exclusive right to run a ferry there. His rates of ferriage were ordered to be the same as required by Van Buren county. At the same time. Job Carter for $5, was given the exclusive ferry privi- leges, at the place where the "Territorial Koad," from Iowa City, Iowa, to Jefferson Citj', Missouri, crosses the Des Moines river, and his rates for fer- riage were ordered to be. For man and horse 12^ cts. For man 6J cts. For horse 6J cts. For man and two-horse wagon 25 cts. For each head of cattle 6 cts. For each head of sheep and hogs 3 cts. The great wolf hunter of Davis county, was Joseph Carter, who was paid $4, for killing wolves, in 1844, receiving the first bounty paid by Davis county. He became quite celebrated, in those days, as a wolf and deer hunter. OFFICIAL SALARIKS. Salaries were small thirty and forty years ago, and the officers were com- pelled to have some other means of livelihood, or they would have starved to death. Franklin Street, county clerk, in 1844, received $11.13, for his services that year; nevertheless, there were plenty of candidates, whenever election time came around. The first road districts, were laid in April 1845, as follows: 1st district, fractional township 67; and township 68, range 12 west. 2nd district, township 61», range 12. 3d district, east I township 70, range 12. HISTORY OF pAVIS CODNTV. ^ 417 -1-tli district, west ^ township 70, range 12. 5tli district, township 70, range 13. ' 6tli district, east ^ townshi]i 70, range 14. 7tii district, west i township 70, range 14, 8tli district, township 70, range 16. 9th district, township 69, range 15. 10th district, west f township 69, range 14. 11th district, southeast ^ township 69, range 14, and southwest I town- sliip 69, range 13. 12tii district, northeast i township 69, range 14, and northwest I town- ship 69, range 13. 13th district, east ^ township 69, range 13. 14tli district, township 68, range 13, and fractional township 67, range 13. 15tli district, township 68, range 14. 16th district, fractional township 67, range 14. 17th district, fractional township 67, range 15, and township 68, range 15. 18tii district, south half of Appanoose county. 19th district, north half of Appanoose county. The Spervisors appointed for the roads were: 1st district, John Gannon: 2nd district, Fleming Mize. 3d district, Benjamin Tunnon. 4th district, Samuel Clark. 5th district, Kobert Merchant. 6th district, J. C. Blankinship. 7tli district, Ezra M. Kirkham. ' Stli district, George Moots. 9th district, William D. Wallace. 10th district. James Carr. lltli district, Stiles S. Carpenter. 12th district, A. D. Williamson. 13tli district, Silas Smith. 14th district, Michael Letuer. 15th district, James Villers. 16tli district, Isaac Atterbery. 17th district, John Ganlt. 18th district, Richard W. Davis. 19th district, Johauatlian F. Straiten. 418 HISTORY OF D4V1S COUNTY. , THE FIRST JUDGMEMT. The iirst judgment rendered in Davis connty, was rendered on the 23d day of September, 1844, in the ijnited States District Court, in and tor Davis county, Iowa Territory, by Hon. Charles Mason, Judge. The other officers of the court were L. D. Stocton, district prosecutor; Stiles S. Car- penter, clerk, and John Leiler, deputy marslial. The judgment was as fol- lows: \Vm. Wilms. vs. \Be))lerin. Wm. Hendkicks, and Thomas Kelley. And now came the pai'ties herein by their attorneys and submitted the demurrer on tile- to the plaintiff's declaration upon argument to the court, which demurrer is sustained and the said plaintiff has leave to amend his declaration, and then came the parties and formed issue on a plea of not guilty, whereupon came a jury, to- wit: Abram Weaver, Robert Merchant, John W. Ellis, John Banta, G. W. Lester, M. D. Ham, James I'hilpot, Wm. T. Johnson, Jas. Carter, Albert M. Hathaway, Samuel Starr. John Dennison, who, being duly elected, tried and sworn to try the issue joined, on their oaths do say, we, the jury, find the defendant Wm. Hendricks guilty, and assess the plaintiff's damages at one cent, and the said defendant. Thomas Kelley, go hence without day; and that said plaintiflF recover of the said defendant, Wm. Hendricks, the said sum of one cent damages and his costs in this case ex- pended, and that he have execution therefor. Garret Hough, a native of Germany, was naturalized at this term, being the iirst foreigner naturalized in this county. The first deed ever recorded in Davis county was dated September :2dy 184:4:, as follows: Know all men by these presents, that I, Noble Barron, of the county of Davis, in the Territory of Iowa, for and ni consideration of the sura of two thousand dollars, to me in- hand paid, or secured to be paid, by James Philpot, of the county of Davis and J'erritory aforesaid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, remised and quit-claimed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, remise and quit-claim unto the said James Philpot and to his heirs and assigns forever, all that tract or parcel of land lying and being in the town of Bloomfield, in the county of Davis, Iowa Territory, and known, as blocks No. (84) thirty-four, and (,te) thirty-five, containing sixteen lots, together with the dwelling now occupied by said Barron, m Franklin Street, together with a stable builton the premises and dwelling house thereon, to be built by said Barron, together with all and singu- lar the appurtenances thereto belonging, or m any wise appurtaining, and the reversions, re- mainders, rents, issues and protfits thereof, the estate, right, title, interest, claim, or demand whatsoever of me the said Noble Barron, either in law or equity of, in and to the above bargained premises, to have and to hold the same to the said James Philphot, and to his- heirs and assigns forever. In witness whereof 1, the said Noble Barron, have hereunto set my hand and seal the 2d flay of September, in the year of our liOrd one thous-and eight hundred and forty-four. Noble B.\kron, (i.. s.). Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of Cdi.onv Pou.v Bauhon. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 419 Teuritokt of Iowa, / Davis County, S ^^■ Personally appeared the within named Noble Barron lieforc me the undersigned, Clerk •of the District Court of the aforesaid county, and acknowledged the signing and sealing of the within instrument to be his own free act iind deed, for the uses and purposes therein ex- pressed. Tn witness whereof 1 have hereunto set my . hand, with the temporary seal of the District Court hereto affixed at Bloomfield. this 2«th day of September, A. D. 1844. Stii.es S. Carpektek, Clerk of thf) District Court for said Coiiiiti/. The t'oUowiiig is the first Town Lot Deed recorded: The Board of County Commissioners of the county of Davis, Iowa Territory, acknowl- ■edge themselves indebted to Noble Barron, in the sum of four hundred dollars. The above obligation to be void ui)on condition that the said of County Commissioners shall make or cause to be made to the said Barron, or his heirs or assigns, a good warranty deed to blocks thirty-four and thirty-five, in the town of Bloomfield, in said county, except lot one and lot «ight, in block thirty-four, when a certain note of even date herewith for nine dollars and thirty-seven cents, and due one day after date, is paid, and the said Board shall obtain the title to the said lots from the United States. Witness the temporary seal of the said board hereunto attixed by me, their agent for the sale of lots in the town aforesaid, this 10th day of Jaimary, A. D. 1845. [seal.] Mii.es Tati.ock, Ayeiil. Attest, 3. H. Cowels. For value received 1 hereby assign the within Bond to .Tohnathan Riggs, this 8th day of February, A. D. 1845. Witness my hand and seal. Nom.K Barron, (l. s.) Filed Feljruary lOtli, 1845, 8 o'clock, a. m. FIRST CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all men by these presents that I, Fkedkr[ck Atchison, of the county of Davis and Territory of Iowa, for and in consideration of the sum of fifty dollars to me paid in hand the receipt whereof 1 hereby acknowledge, have bar-gained and sold and by these presents do bargain sell and convey unto Stiles S. Carpenter of the aforesaid county and Territory and to his heirs and assigns forever, all my right interest and claim. Dated this 6th day of May 1844. One broyn stable horse 4 years old, one red cow, two yearling steers and two yearling heif- fers, to have and to hold the above described horse and cattle unto the said Carpenter for- ever. Now the condition of the above obhgation is such that if the said Atchison shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid unto the said Carpenter one certain promissory note, bearing even date with this instrument, for thirty dollars, for value received, payable ten days after date, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to be and remain iu full force. Frederick Atchison, [L. S.] Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of us. David Newell, Noble Barron. I, David Newell, a justice of the peace of the county of Davis and Territory of Iowa, do certify that the above named Frederick Atchison personally appeared before me and 420 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. acknowledged the above instrument to be his own free act and deed, for the uses and pur- poses tlierein mentioned. Given under my hand and seal this 7th day of May A. D. 1844. David Newell, J. P. Filed May 8th, 1844. riEST EEAL ESTATE MORTliAGE. Know all men by these presents, that I, H.vkdin D. Parris, of the county of Davis and Territory of Iowa, have this day for and in consideration of the sum of one hundred dollars to- me in hand paid by Jon-A-Th.^n Riggs, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, sold and conveyed unto the said Riggs his heirs and assigns forever, to- wit: the farm that ]s.\ac Riggs lives on and appurtenances that are thereon. To have and to hold the same forever to his proper use and benefit. Now the conditions of the above obligation are such that whereas the said Jonathan Riggs stands bound to the board of county commissioners of the county and Territory afore- said in the sum of one hundred dollars on a bond as security for the said Hardin D. Par- ris and James Arnet, the condition of which bond is that the said Parris and Arnet would keep an orderly house and pennit no unlawful gaming or riotous conduct about their house, which bond was dated on or about the 6th of August 1844. Now should the said Parris hold and keep the said Riggs harmless so that he, the said Riggs, shall not sustain any damage by i reason of a breach of the said bond in any way whatever, then this obligation shall be void, | otherwise remain in full force and virtue. In testimony whereof I hereunto set ray hand and affix my seal this '24th March A. D. 184.5. H. D. Parris, [Seal.] Signed in presence of, attest, S. Riggs. Territory op Iowa, | Davis Countv. )" ^^ Personally came before me Hardin D. Parris, whose name appears to the within instru- J ment and acknowledged the signing sealing and delivery thereof to be his own free and vol- 1 untary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein expressed Given under my hand and the temporary seal of the Probate Court of Davis county, towa \ Territory, this 24th day of March A. D. 1845. Miles Tatlock, Judge Probate District Court. Filed for record March ■2-5th, A. D. 1845, at 8 o'clock a. m. Neither of these raortgai^es appear ever to have been canceled. CEMETERY. Almost immediately after the organization of the county, in October, 1844, the county commissioners set apart and donated block number one, in Bloomfield, for a cemetery. This order was rescinded at the January term, 1845, and lots one, two, seven and eight in block forty-three set apart for tliat purpose, and used until about 1850, wlien the present cemetery south of town was laid off, and bodies were removed from block forty-three and reinterred there. HISTORY OK DAVIS COUNTY. 421 CO U NTT (_:OMMISSIONERS. The lirst board of commissioners in tiie county, were elected in the fall of 1843. They were Abrani "Weaver, Samuel McAtee and William D. Ev- ans. The first officers of the county, who came into office at the same time, were Gabriel S. Lockman, county surveyor. Kobert Mize, George W. Brown, William Hendri.x, John Garman, Pem- broke Gault, constables. Israel Kister, recorder. Green berry Willis, assessor, who immediately resigned, and Samuel Evans was appointed his successor. In tlie fall of 1844, another election was had, and William Walker, Willis Faught and Ezra M. Kirkham were elected commissioners. In 1845, Isaac Atterbery succeeded E. M. Kirkham. James H. Cowles was the first clerk of the board, and continued until 1846, when he was succeeded by I. Kister, commissioners being, in 1817, Isaac Atterbery, Willis Faught, and Riley Macy. In 1848 — Isaac Atterbery, Willis Faught, and Daniel Frullinger. Clerk, William Cameron. In 2849 — William Duffield, Tyre Dabney, and Thomas Lockman. In 1850— The same. In 1851 — William Duffield, Tyre Dabney, and Henry W. Briggs. In July, 1851, this board adjourned as a board, and in a few days after convened again as a court, and adjourned again. On the 22d of August, 1851, Henry W. Briggs, having been elected county judge, to take the place of the board of county commissioners, opened court, and held it open, according to law, until August, 1855, when he was succeeded by Samuel A. Moore, who served two years, being succeeded in August, 1857, by S. W. McAtee, who held the office until January, 1866 being succeeded by William Van Benthusen, who served as county judge until the office was abolished in 1869, when he was elected auditor, which office took the place of the county judgeship. On the first day of January, 1861, the county afliiirs were transfered from the county judge to a board of supervisors, composed of one member from €ach township. The first board were: y-J. D. Dunlavy, from Lick Creek township. *Wm. Van Benthusen, from Soap Creek township. *Henry Hudgens, from Marion township. *James Hamilton, from Fo.x; River township. 422 HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. John H. Drake, from Drakeville township. George Dnffield, from Bloomfield township, ■*David Ferguson, from Perry township. J. I. Earliart, from Union township. ■*Hngh Abernethy, from Prairie township. *W. E. Browni, from Itoscoe township. Wm. Fortune, from Grove township. Win. Evans, from Wycondah township. '"Joim Newton, from Fabins township. J. M. Sloan, from Salt Creek township. Those marked with an * drew the long term, two years, by lot, the others to serve only one year. Geo. Duffield was elected chairman and N. W. Cook was appointed lerk. In January, 1862, the one year members were succeeded by— "J. D. Dunlavy, reelected from Lick Creek township. Thomas Lockman, from Drakeville township. D. P. Palmer, from Bloomfield township. John Edwards, from Union township. Wm. Fortune, reelected from Grove township. Wm. Evans, reelected from Wyacondah township. J. M. Sloan, reelected from Salt Creek townsliip. In January, 1863, the following became members — James Kinsler, from Fox River township. Z. B. Booker, from Roscoe township. Aaron Burgher, from Fabins township. S. D. Wells, from Perry township. Hugh Abernethy, reelected from Prairie township. Elijah Putnam, reelected from Soap Creek township. John L. Moots, from Marion townshi]^, and H. A. Wonn elected to fill^ vacancy caused by the death of Elijah Putnam, of Soap Creek township. j In January, 1864, the following became members — - J. M. Sloan, reelected from Salt Creek township. '^"" J. D. Dunlavy, reelected from Lick Creek township. Joshua Patterson, from Fox River township. B. Noel, from Union township. Wm. Evans, reelected from Wyacondah township. Wm. J. Law, from Bloomfield township. Geo. W. Parsons, from Drakeville township. (This leaves Grove without any member?) ■■"v. ^u^t^Z^:^^^^ PfflNCIPAi HIGH SCHOOL HISTORY OF UAVIf? COUNTY. 425 In Jannarj-, 1865, the following became mernbere — Allen Sawyers, from Fox River township. B. Adkins, froiu Roscoe township. A. Bnrgher, from Fabius township. H. Williamson, from Perry township. B. W. Cravens, from Prairie township. H. A. Wonn, reelected from Soap Creek township. Jonathan Chagan, from Marion township. In January, 1860, the following became members — Peter Hendricks, from Salt Creek township. A. Dunn, from Lick Creek township. O. M. Hurliss, from Drakeville township. D. Gibson, from Grove township. D. W. Hutchinson, from Wyacondah township. Geo. DufKeld, from Bloomlield township. M. H. Jones, from Bloomfield township. In January, 1867, the following became members— H. A. Wonn, reelected from Soap Creek township. W. L. Fletcher, from Marion township. E. B. Townsend, from Fox River township. W. S. Monroe, from Perry township. J. J. Plank, from Prairie township. B. Adkins, from Roscoe township. A. Burgher, from Fabius township. M. II. Jones, from Bloomfield township. In January, 1S6S, the following members came in — Wm. O. Jackson, from Salt Creek township. John McCaully, from Lick Creek township. T. M. Samson, from Drakeville township. H. G. Phelps, from Union township. D. W. Hutchinson, from Wyacondah township. D. Gibson, from Grove township. In January, 1869, the following became members — H. A. Wonn, reelected from Soap Creek township. D. L. Hannah, from Marion township. S. B. Downing, from Fox River township. Joseph McGowen, from Bloomfield township. Stanley Hathaway, from Perry township. 426 HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. James Craven, from Prairie township. Frank Pinnell, from Koscoe township. Dempson Hill, from Wyacondah township. James Kinsler, frotn Fabins township. H. A. Wonn elected president, \ In January, 1870, tlie following new members were sworn in — \ John M. Sloan, from Salt Creek township. ^Harvey Dunlavy, from Lick Creek township. D. M. Hurliss, from Drakeville township. Asa Wilson, from Bloonifield township. Wm. D. Evans, from Union township. T. F. Collins, from Grove township. Dempsey Hill, from Wyacondah township. C. M. Hurliss, elected president. In January, 1871, the new law, requiring only three members on the board of supervisors, went into eifect. The first three members were J. P. Fortune, John Edwards, and W. S. Monroe, chairman. It was determined by lot, that J. P. Fortune serve three years, John Ed- wards two years, and W. S. Monroe, one year. W. S. Monroe was reelected in the fall of 1871, to serve three years, and elected chairman. Peter Runkle succeeded John Edwards in January, 1873, and J. P. For- tune was elected chairman. J. P. Fortune was reelected in 1873, making the board, in 1874, as fol- lows: J. P. Fortune, chairman, W. S. Monroe, and Peter Runkle. 1875, J. P. Fortune, chairman, Peter Runkle, H. H. Cramer. 1876, J. P. Fortune, chairman, H. H. Cramer, resigned, D. J. McConnell. 1877, D. J. McConnell, chairman, R. Eggleston, vice Cramer, Samuel Russell. 1878, D. J. McConnell, chairman, Samuel Russell, John C. Leach. 1879, Samuel Russell, chairman, John C. Leach, David Baer. 1880, John C. Leach, chairman, David Baer, G. W. McCullough, 1881, David Baer, chairman, G. W. McCullough, Al. Power. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 427 TOWNSHIP OEGANIZATIONS. The township s^'stem is a very old sub-division of a county. It origin- ated in Massaciiusetts as far back as 1635. " Tiie first legal enactment con- cerning this system," says Mr. E. M. Haines, in Iiis comprehensive work on 'township organization,' ''provided that, ' whereas, particular towns have many tilings which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town,' therefore, 'the freemen of every town, or the majority part of them, shall only have power to dis- pose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said town, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the general court.' "They might also," says Mr. Haines, " impose fines of not more than twenty shillings, and " choose their own particular otHcers, as constables, sur- veyors for the highways, and the like." Evidently this enactment relieved the general court of a mass of municipal details, without any danger to the power of that body in controlling general measures of public policy. Pi'ob- ably also a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the control of tiieir own home concerns." Wherever New England people settled, or their system extended in the early period of new states, its township system of managing local affairs has prevailed, and more especially so, as the populations of states and coun- ties became more dense. The coiinty system alone becomes too unwieldy, too distant from the people; and often endangers "equal and exact justice" by the densely populated sections, including towns, overcoming the sparsely settled sections, in elections, improvements, as well as in other similar mat- ters. In many of the older and thickly settled states, township organiza- tions are as independent of the county, as the county is of the State. They collect their own revenue; provide for their own schools; take care of their own poor; make, and keep in repair their own highways and bridges. And thus it will be in the newer states of the great west, as fast as their popula- tion becomes dense enough, and uniformly distributed throughout their do- main. The first move made by the board of county commissioners toward or- ganizing the townships of Davis county, was January 7, 1846, being the January session, when, By order of the board, the county of Davis, Iowa Territory, is divided into twelve town- ships, and the same are established and organized in the manner following; to- wit, 428 HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. SALT CKEEK TOWNSHIP. Ordered — Tlnit congressional township seventy north, range twelve west, be organized and called " Salt Creek Township," and that the residence of Richard Cave be appointed as the place for the first meeting of the electors of said township. LICK CREEK TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congressional township seventy nortli, i-ange thirteen west, be organized as a township, and that the same be called " Lick Creek Township," and that the house of Roljert Merchant be appointed as the place lor the first meeting of tlie electors thereof. SOAP CKEEK TOWNsnii'. Ordered — That congressional townsliip seventy north, range fourteen west, be constituted and organized as a township, and called " Soap Creek Township," and that the house of A. H. Putman be appointed as the place for tlie first meeting of the electors thereof. MAKION TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That township seventy north, range fifteen west, be constituted and organized as a township, and called " Marion Township," and that the houseof Alexander Downing be appointed as the place for the fii'st meeting of the electors of the same. FOX KIVER TOWNSHIP. Ordered— Th&t congressional township sixty-nine north, and range fifteen west, be con- stituted and organized as a township, and called " Fox River Township," and that the house of Robert Jones bo appointed as the place for the first meeting of the electors thereof. BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congressional township sixty-nine north, range fourteen west, be consti- tuted and organized as a township, and that the same be called " Bloorafield Township," and that the court-house in Bloomfield be appointed tlie place tor the first meeting of the electora of the same. PKREV TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congressional township sixty-nine nortli, range thirteen west, be consti- tuted and established an organized township, to be called " Perry Township, " and that the house of Samuel Evans, Sr., be appointed as the place for the first meeting of the electora thereof. UNION TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congressional township sixty-nine north, range twelve, together with one mile off the north side of township sixty-eight, range twelve, be constituted an organized township, to be called " Union Township," and that the house of Richard Goddard be ap- pouited as the place for holding the first meeting of the electors thereof. PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congi'essional township sixty-eight, range twelve west, except one mile otf the north side of the same, and fractional township sixty-seven, range twelve west, be or- ganized and established as a township, to be called " Prairie Township," and that the houso of Samuel Mondy be appointed for the place of the first meeting of the electors thereof. HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTT. 429 GROVE TOWNSHIP. Ordered— 'rha.t congressional township sixty-eiglit, and fractional township sixty-seven, range thirteen, be organized and established as a township, to be called " Grove township," and that the house of Aquilla Conway be appointed as the place for holding the first meeting of the voters thereof. WYACONDAII TOWNSHIP. Ordered — That congressional township sixty-eight, and fractional township sixty seven, range fourteen west, be organized and established as a township, to be called " Wyacondah Township," and that the house of James M. Parris be appointed as the place for holding the. first meeting of the electors thereof. ' FABIUS TOWNSHIP. Ordered-~'Vha,t congressional township sixty-eight, and fractional township si.xty-seven north, range fifteen west, be established and organized as a township, to be called "Fa- bius Township," and that the house of Elias Veatch be appointed as the place for the first meeting of the electors thereof. In JamiaiT lS4(i, when Bloomfield townsliip was organized, it was si.x miles square, being townships sixty-nine north, and range fourteen west. In 1848, a part of Perry township was added to Bloonilield township, being all that part lying west of the line dividing sections thirty-two and thirty- three, and as far north as Fox River. In 1852, sections twenty-eight and thirty-three, in Perry township were added to Bloomfield. And in October, 1852, on the ])etition of E. Young, T. Sonierlin, and others, sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1(>, U, 12 and 15, of township 68, north of range 13, west, was added to Bloomfield township for election purposes. In September, 1878, on tiie )>etition of J. P. Fortune, iind others, the east half of section 17, the iiurthwest quarter, and tlie nortliwest of the southwest, of section 16, in township 68 north, range 13 west, was taken from Globe township, and added to Bloomfield township, for election purposes. In April 1874, when West Grove township was organized, sections 30, 31, 32 and the southwest quarter of 29, township 69, range 14, Bloomfield township, were taken from Bloomfield, and given to West Grove. Wiien Drakesville township was organized, it also took away twelve sections in the northwest corner of Bloomfield township, being sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17 and 18. And what is left, and what has been added, now forms a very irregular shaped, door-key kind of a townsliip. A singular thing connected with the additions to Bloomfield, is the fact that no one knew tliat section 15, of Grove township, was added to Bloomfield town- ship, and it has not l)een recognized as a part of Bloomfield, although no record can be found of it ever being given back to Grove. According to the records it forms a part of Bloomfield townsliip for election purposes. 4:30 HISTOEY^OF DAVIS COUNTY. DEAKEVILLE TOWNSHIP. ]n the County Court, March 4, 1852, Henry W. Brings, County Judge, presiding: A petition was received from John A Drake, S. B. McGrew, and a large number of others, citizens of Bloonifieid township, asking that sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, lo, 16, 17 and 18, should be set off and organized into a new township to be called " Drakeville," and the court considering the public convenience required such a subdivison, it is ordered that the above specified sections of the congressional township No. 69 north, and 14 west, be consti- tuted a township for all purposes, and notice was given accordingly. A part of Section 31, in Soap Creek township, has since been added to Drakeville township, being the southwest quarter, the south half, north- west quarter, the southwest quarter of tiie northeast quarter, and the west half of tlie soutlieast quarter. < KOSCOE TOWNSHIP. County Court, March 15, 18-54; Henry W. Briggs, County Judge, presiding: In the matter of the applicaton of various citizens for a division of Prairie township, set for hearing this day, there having been no remonstrance presented, and the coui-t being satisfied that the notice required by this court had been given, and that the citizens in said township are generally anxious for said division — It is ordered that said Prairie township be divided by a line running east and west through the center of sections No. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30. Township 68 north, range 12 west, and that the south half of said sections No. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30, and all of sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, in said township No. 68, north of range No. 12 west, and all of fractional township No. 67, north of range 12 west, be erected into a new township, to be called Rosooe township, which township shall hold their election at the school-house in the town of Roscoe on the first Monday of April next, and notice to that effect was issued to John Garnon and 0. Hawkins, constables. WEST GKOVE TOWNSHIP. At the April session of the Board of Supervisors, in the year 1874 — the petition of numer- ous citizens of Fox River, Pabius, Wyacondah and Bloonifieid townships praying for a new township bounded as follows; to- wit, — Commencing at the southwest corner of the northwest quarter, northwest quarter of sec- tion 19, township 68, i-ange 15. Running thence east six miles, to the southeast corner of the northeast quarter northeast quarter section 24, township 68, range 15, thence north one- fourth of one mile; thence east two miles, to the southeast corner of section 17, town- ship 68, range 14; thence north four miles, to the northeast corner of section 32, town- ship 69, range 14; thence west one-half mile to the southeast corner of southwest quarter section 29, township 69, range 14; thence north one-half mile to the northeast corner of southwest quarter section 29, township 69, range 14; thence west four and one-half mileS' to the northwest corner, southwest quarter of section 27, township 69, i-ange 15; thence Bouth one-fourth of one mile, to the northeast corner, southeast quarter southeast quarter section 28, township 69, range 15; thence west three miles, to the county line between Ap- panoose and Davis counties; thence south on said county line four and one-half miles to HISTOET OF DAVIS COUNTY. 431 the place of beginning. And after due consideration the new township was established as prayed for. The name of the new township to be West Grove. Approved, J. B. Fortune, President. The board appointed D. L. Heywood, W. C. Ewing and John Rawlings, the first trustees, and D. J. HoUopeter, the first clerk. With tliese changes and additions, there are now fifteen townships in Davis connty, and their material development, as well as their early history, will appear farther on in this work, in the chapter on township history. COUNTY INSTITUTIONS. The institutions belonging to and maintained by the county, are not mimerous, but are important in their relation to society and humanity, in- asmuch as the evil-doer and the poor exist in all co\intriesto a greater or less ■e.xtent. As already noted in the chapter on "county organization," the first piiblic building constructed in the county, was "the OLD LOG COUKT-IIOUSE." The history of the first court-house is almost co-extensive with the history of the county. The contract was awarded to J. J. Selman for $Ui4, at the July session of the Board of Commissioners, 1844. On his bond were John Bauta and Wm. J. Hawley, as sureties. It was on lot one block thirty-one, and was built of hewn logs about 24x40 feet, two stories. In November 1844, the contract for furnishing lumber for the floors, windows, stairs and doors, and for sash, glass and putty for the windows, for framing and casing the windows and door, making the door, laying the floors and running the stairs, was let to Andrew Taylor for $175, he giving bond in the sum of §350. Miles Tatlock had some kind of a job on the court-house at this time, also, for which he received $35. This log house when completed seemed to be satisfactory until August, 1846, when the building was "underpinned and thereof let down by cutting ■off the window frames and running a "petition" in the loft, dividing it in two rooms, tiie division running north and south." In July 1847, Willis Faught repaired the institution $25 worth. In May 1848, Samuel liiggs was au- thorized to go to work and repair the institution some more. In October I. Kister and II. B. Horn were allowed $20 each for work on the institution In April 1849, some window shutters were added at a cost of $10, and in Jnly a stove pipe. In 1851 the old institution became unfit for use and the county judge rented offices on lot six, block twenty-six. Some time after this rooms were rented of Wm. S. Stevens as a court room, etc., and in 1855 432 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. a contract was made with Calvin Taylor for a court room for four years, afe $100 per annum. The record, from 1856 to 1861, is lost. The writer, with the assistance of county othcials, made a thorough search but failed to find any trace of it. In 1861 the Baptist church was rented for a court room for one term, for $20. At the January session of the board it was resolved to submit to the people a proposition to build a court-house at a cost not to exceed $150,000^ This year the county offices were in rooms belonging to J. W. Ellis, at $100 per year. It is to be supposed that the proposition to build a court- house was defeated as no more is heard of it. In 1803 the Methodist church was rented as a court room. A proposition to build a $6,000 jail was sub- mitted to the jieople in 1863, and that is the last heard of it. In Septem- ber 1866, another proposition to build a court-house was submitted to the- people, to cost $24,000. The county offices were moved into a building on lot eight, block 19, belonging to J. B. Glenn and E. T. Cole. The propositiott to build the court-house was lost, and in June 1867 a contract was made with the Bloomfield Town Hall Association for the use of a court room and county offices, in a building to be erected by the association and the county as a kind of a joint stock company. This contract must have fell through as no further notice was taken of it, and in 1868 another contract was made for renting rooms. The building rented was owned by Moore, Hogan and- Walton. In November the new offices and court room were fitted up for use. The rent of the building for 1869 was $300. In November 1872, another prop- osition was submitted to the people to build a courthouse and jail on the public square in the city of Bloomneld, and that a tax be levied of five mills on the dollar for three years and for that purpose, commencing in 1873. After the election it was discovered that the poeople didn't want it just yet. The result was: For, 598; against, 1702. So the same building was rented again, and continued in use, being rented for three years at a time, better known as the Phoenix Block, on the east side of the square. The rent was six hundred dollars a year, in ad- vance. At the October election 1874, the board ordered that the court-house question be submitted again; this time it was a $25,000.00 one. But it is presumed, the people had got tired of voting on that question so much, as. only two townships voted upon it, Fox liiver giving six votes for and 44: against, and West Grove giving fifty for and ninety-seven against. Total for, 56; against, 141. So the question was defeated again, but the board, with a persistency- HISTOET OF DAVIS COUNTS. 435 worthy of the reverence of future generations, determined, at the June ses- sion, 1S75, to submit it again at the next general election. The cost not to exceed $50,000, and the people to determine whether it should be on th* public square in Bloomfield or not. The election resulted in 1404 votes for the tax, 1133 votes against the tax, and 1464 for the public square, to 182 against the public square. The people of Bloomfield had, on the 13th day of May 1872, at an elec- tion then held, authorized the use of the square for that purpose, and in November 1S76, the ground in the center of the square was cleared oif to prepare for the erection of the court house. The plans ofT. J. Tolan & Sons, architects, were adopted, and at a special session of the board in June 1877, the bids for building the court house were opened; the following were the bids: — O. J. King, Corning, Iowa — Brick $48,500.00 Pressed brick 45,000.00 Stone 51,000.00 N. C. Terrill, Kankakee, Illinois — Brick $42,364.00 Pressed brick 43,964.00 Stone 49,864.00 J. W. Hinckley, Indianapolis, Indiana — Brick $39,110.00 Pressed brick ; . .- 42,360.00 Stone ....'. 45,610.00 Valentine Jobst, Peoria, Illinois — Brick $42,972.00 Pressed brick 45,272.00 Stone 48,572.00 W. H. Myers, Fort Wayne, Indiana — Brick ". $44,862.76 Pressed brick 49,841.00 Stone 51,862.76 Larkworthy & Menke, Quincy, Illinois — Brick $39,985.00 Pressed brick 41,445.00 Stone 45,201.00 S. J. Stauber & Co., Knoxville, Iowa — Brick $11,700.00 Pressed brick 44,050.00 434 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY Palmer, Lane & Co., Bloomfield, Iowa — Brick $43,500.00 Pressed brick 45,672.00 Stone 47,660.00 After examining the bids, the board at first determined to have pressed brick, and then changed and awarded the contract to Larkworthy & Menke, ot'Qiiincy, Illinois, for stone, at $45,201.00, and John Lane was appointed local superintendent of the work. In March, 1878, bids for steam heating the conrt-honse, were examined. Tlie following were the bids: J. N. Manning & Co., Chicago, $2,672.77; Robt. Ogden, Fort Wayne, Indiana, $4,490.00; Haxton Steam Heater Co., Kewannee, Illinois, $2,675.00; Larkworthy & Bnrge, Chicago, $2,840.00. The contract was awarded to the Haxton Steam .Heater Company. In September the county officers were authorized to sell all the old furn- iture, stoves, etc., belonging to the county at private sale. In October A. L. Hoyt was employed as the first janitor of the new court-house at a sal- ary of $20 per month, and was continued in that official position without decreasing his salary until he died in 18S0, when he was succeeded by C. A. Rockafellow, the present janitor. In September 1879, a chain was or <3cred put up around the square. At the January session 1880 the new court-house was insured for $35,- 000, being $3,500 in each of the following companies: The Fire Associa- tion, of Philadelpliia; Insurance Company of North America; Springfield Fire and Marine; Hartford; Home; ^Etna; North British and Mercan- tile; Glen's Falls; Pliojuix, of Hartford, and American, for five years. In June, 1881, a contract was made with the Cleveland "Wrought Iron Fence Company to put an iron fence around the square at $2,23 7-11 per lineal foot. The dimensions of tlie court-house basement are 97^x87^- feet and the jail occupies about one half of this space and the furnace, coal vault and water closet the other half. The jail is on the east end, in which there are three steel clad cells. The court-house proper is two stories high with mansard roof and a beau- tiful belfry on tlie center, with a clock face on each side. The belfry is sur- mounted by a life-sized statue of the blind goddess, with the scales in one band and a sword in the other. In the belfry is the complicated clock ma- ciiinery whicli keeps old father time from going to sleep, and strikes the bell each hour of tlie year, day and night. Tlie court house clock is the first thing noticed by strangers on entering the city. The court-house proper is i HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 435 entered on the east and west by a flight of nine stone steps, entering a ves- tibule ten feet wide running through the building east and west. From this vestibule opening on either side are tlie count}' offices. Entering from tlie east the stairway to the court room commences just inside, and on the left is the Recorder's office, on the right the Treasurer's ofHce, and next on the left is the Clerk's office, and on the right the Auditor's office, next on the left is the Sherifl's office, and on the right the janitor's room; the next door is the stairway leading into tiie basement. The court room, County Superintendent's office and jury rooms occupy the next floor. This building is one the people can look upon with pride, as a fitting emblem of their prosperity. As we write this, the statue, 130 feet from the basement, is draped in mourning for our dead president, and as a coin- cidence, she has dropped the sword and stands merely holding the scales of justice. For the benefit of future generations, we will say that the old court-house, the "Institution," was sold in January, 1855, to D. C. Van Duyn and he moved it out on his farm, four miles southeast of Bloomlield, where it now stands, used as a dwelling, by J. T. Norris, who now owns the farm. The price paid by Van Duyn for it was $50. THE JAIL. The first jail was built in 1848; the board of commissioners, in January of that year, ordered that a jail be built on lot seven, block seventeen, in the town of Bloomfield. This jail was built of hewed logs, was about sixteen feet square, two story, the lower story having a double wall of logs, the space between the walls, about six inches, being filled with stone; there was no ■door in the lower story, and the only means of entrance was by a stairway on the outside, and a trap door in the center of the floor in the upper story. Prisioners used to be sent down into this dungeon on a ladder, the ladder being then drawn up. No doubt the criminals all enjoyed this arrangement, as there is no record that they ever made any complaint. This institution did service as a place of criminal detention, with the aid of occasional repairs, until about the year 1877, when it was burnt down. Some time before it burnt a door had been cut in the wall of the lower floor, and during the winter, the prisoners had been trying to burn the door off its hinges with a red hot iron poker, and at the time it burnt down William Barton was confined in it for horse stealing, and tried the same experiment when the fire got beyond his Control, and he came very near losing his life. After some lively work with " Dennison's key," he was taken out in an unconscious condition. 436 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. "Dennison's key" was a big fence rail, used as a battering ram. It was invented by a man named Dennison, who busted in a school-bouse door with this wonderful instrument, some years before, in Bloomlield. This old log jail was built by Willis Feagans, at a cost of something over $400. During the last few years of its existence, it was seldom used, on ac- count of its dampness and stinkativeness. And after it was burnt down, the prisoners of State were kept in the Ottumvva and Centreville jails, until the present court-house and jail were completed. The history of .the new- jail is identical with the court-house, and will be found under that head. COUNTY POOE-HOUSE AND FARM. The first record of any one becoming a county charge is found in the proceedings of the Board of County Commissioners at the October session 1845, as follows:— Ordered, that Samuel Riggs be appointed as agent of the board to let out to the lowest and most suitable bidder the keeping of Sarah Bane, who has become a county charge, for the term of not more than six nor less than three months. That said Riggs give public no- tice agreeable to law of the time ami place when he will receive such proposals for keeping said Sarah Bane, and that on such day he receive slich proposals as may be made and let out the same to the lowest and most suitable person. And at tiie April session, 1846, is found the following entry: — Ordered, that Joseph B, McCoy be allowed twenty-three dollars and sixty-three cents for keeping and furnishing clothing to Sarah Bane, a county charge, as per account this day filed. The ne.xt poor account is the following: — April session, 1848. Ordered, that John Allen be appointed agent for the county to furnish George Titus and Sarah his wife, with such articles of clothing and provision as in his discretion he may think actually necessary and present his bill for the same to this board for allowance at their regular terms until countermanded by the board. This order was countermanded at the July session following. At th& Januai-y session 1850, is found the following entry: — It having been satisfactoi-ily proved that Elizabeth Mathew, a daughter of Wm. Mafehew, is a deaf and dumb person of the age of sixteen years, residing in the county; it is therefore ordered thnt, the clerk of this Board report said Elizabeth Mathew to the Superintendent of Public Instruction according to law. At the April session 1850: — Ordered by the Board that Matthew Fountain be allowed twelve dollars for keeping George Titus, a pan per. ■ HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 437 At the same session : Ordered, that Matthew Fountain be allowed twenty-two dollars for keep George Titus, a pauper, from 19th of January up to the 6th April, 1850. At tlie July session 1S50: — Ordered, that Matthew Fountain be allowed twenty-six dollars for boarding Geo. Titus, a pauper. At the October session 1850: — Ordered, that Prudence Pickens be allowed thirteen dollars for boarding and taking care ■of Margraret Bolder, a pauper. Payment up to this date. At same session: — Ordered, that Mutthew Fountain be allowed thirty-one dollars and sixty cents for boarding and clothing George Titus, a pauper. At same session: — / Ordered that Pardnn Kiown be allowed fifty-four dollars and sixty cents for keeping An- ■drew Brown, pauper. Payment up to this date. The foregoing are some of the tirst items of pauper expenses to the county. It was not until 1861 that tlic county made a move to purchase a poor farm, as shown by supervisor's record November term 186-i, when it was, Renolred, That the board proceed at once to purchase a farm for a poor farm for Davis •county, Iowa, and that a committee be appointed to receive propositions and report at next meeting, and they be authorized to borrow money enough to buy the farm and to erect suit- able buildings thereon, not to exceed $4,000, at not more than ten per cent interest for said money, and that the committee be authorized to contract for said farm, subject to the ap- proval of this board. Said committee consists of M. H. Jones, William Evans and J. D. Dun- la vy. At tlie January term 1865:— On motion, the committee on the poor farm is authorized to buy the farm of David Shearer, containing 276 acres, at eleven is to be deducted from the purchase price. ^^5^^^^^ M. H. Jones, j. d. dunlavy, William Evans, Committee. At the April session 1865, report of committee to conract buildmg on poor-farm, was ap- proved and placed on file. At same session, the committee appointed to purchase the poor-farm and to settle with David Shearer in reference to the same report that "we have paid to the said Shearer since the- last session of this board, the sum of two thousand and thirty-six dollars, of which sum we- borrowed from Sarah Hardy $ 500.00 Sarah Hardy, guardian 500.00 J. W. Ellis. 1,016.00 Deducted for tax 20.00 Total $2,036.00 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 439- " We also report that the loan from Ellis was only for a few days, and to be refunded at this session of the board. We have made arrangements with Mary Weir, for a loan of one thou- sand dollars, for one year (or such smaller sum as the board may require)." This report was referred to a committee, who recommended as follows, which on motion adopted : " We recommend that the county borrow five hundred dollars for one year, and that the sum of five hundred dollars be transferred by the treasurer from the county to the poor farm fund, and the clerk issue an order on said fund for five hundred and sixteen dollars, in favor of J. W. Ellis, on loan made from him." The deed for the ])oor-farm was executed by David Sliearer and wife to Davis county, February 17, 1875. DEED OF THE I'OOE-FARM. This indenture made and entered into on this 17th day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, by and between David Shearer and Eliza- beth Shearer as grrantors, and Davis county, Iowa as grantee, witnesseth that the said grant- ors, for the consideration of three thousand and thirty-six dollars, to them in hand paid, do hereby sell and convey to Davis county, Iowa, the following property, to-wit; The northeast quarter of section fifteen, the west half of the northeast quarter of section twenty-two, and the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section fifteen, except four acres out of the last tract, described as follows : beginning at the southeast corner of the same and running thence north twenty poles, thence west thirty-two poles, thence south twenty poles, thence east to the place of beginning. All of said land being in township sixty-nine, north of range fifteen west, in Davis county Iowa, and the whole tract containing two hun- dred and seventy-six acres more ov less, in the county of Davis and State of Iowa, and the said David Shearer warrants the title against all persons whomsoever, except against taxes to accrue for the year 1865. In witness whereof we have hereunto signed our names this date above written. David Sheakek, her Elizabeth X Shearer. mark. State op Iowa, ) Davi.s County, f ^^' Be it remembered that on this 17th day of February, A. D. 1875, before me N. P. Reynolds a justice of the peace in and for said county, personally appeared David Shearer and Eliza- beth Shearer his wife, who are personally known to me to be the identical persons whose names are affixed to the above deed as grantors, and acknowledged the same to be their vol- untary act and deed for the uses and purposes therein written. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, N. P. Reynolds, the day and date above written. Attest: A. A. Hill, Recorder. Witness--S. G. Boyer. Aakon 0<5den, The contract for building house on poor-farm was approved by the board ftnd H. A. Wonn, G. W. Parsons and Allen Sawyers were a committee to rent poor farm on such terms as they may deem best, and also to contract for keeping paupers on said farm as soon as the building is completed. 440 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. At the June session 1865, the committee on poor-farm was aiitiiorized to borrow money enough to complete the building in course of erection, and to harvest the crop or otiiervvise dispose of it. At the September session four hundred dollars was appropriated to pay for furniture and farming im- plements for tlie farm. It seems at tliis time the county was poor and had to give due bills drawing interest in payment of claims as shown by the fol- lowing: — October Session, 1865. On motion, Darko & Co. was allowed $301,97 for material furnished for poor-house and for cash advanced, $100.00 draw 10 per cent interest from September 20, 1865. 42.25 draw 10 per cent interest from October 12, 1865. 36.70 draw 10 per cent interest from September 13, 1865. 122.52 draw 10 per cent intere.st from October 16, 1865. H. A. Wonn allowed for same, $121.65, to draw 10 per cent interest from October 1865. Three liundred dollars more was appropriated at this session to procure provisions for tlie poor-house, and it was ordered that no more temporary relief be granted to paupers by township trustees, except upon the approval of the supervisor residing in that township. On the 1st of October, the county contracted with George W; Parson, to take charge of the poor farm on the 1st of January, 1866. In January, 1866, H. A. Wonn was authorized to draw and expend $600 . of the poor-house fund. In April, 1866, CI. W. Parsons was allowed $250 for keeping the poor farm for the quarter ending December 31, 1865. At the same session $300 more was appropriated from the poor-house fund, to be drawn and expended by H. A. Wonn, director. In June, G. W. Parsons was allowed $250, as salary for quarter ending March 81, 1866. And H. A. Wonn authorized to draw and expend $300 out of the poor-house fund for the use of the same. In September, H. A. Wonn was authorized to draw and expend $375 on re- pairs and current expenses of the poor-house. And $-125 was appropriated on outstanding debt for the farm, and $250 to pay salary of G. W. Parsons for quarter ending March 31, 1866. In October, H. A. Wonn was authorized to draw and«expend $300 of the poor-house fund, for current expenses. He was also appointed a commit- tee to receive bids for letting the poor farm for 1S67, to be run on tlie same plan as heretofore; and to have the buildings insured in some good com- pany. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 441 In Jauuarj', 1SC7, H. A. AVoiin was allowed $25 for services as director of the poor farm. The farm was let to John M. Wilkins for the year 1867; and George "W. Parsons was allowed $2.50 on the last quarter of his term. Seventy-five dollars was appropriated to buy sheep for the farm, under the direction of H. A. Wonn. H. A. Wonn resigned as poor house director, and $400 was appropriated for current expenses of the farm for 1867. C. M. llurless and E. B. Townsend were appointed poor house directors at the April session. At this session George W. Parsons was allowed $120 for keeping poor house, and was also allowed $104.24 for same. Kooms were fitted up at this time in the poor house for insane patients. In June, 1S67, the poor farm directors were authorized to dispense with the services of Dr. Ilali, for said farm, and procure a better one. The first official visit of the board to the poor farm was made at the Sep- tember session, 1867. In October 1867, John AViikins was allowed his salary as Steward, up to the time he was notified to quit. II. A. Wonn was again appointed di- rector. In January, 1868, the poor farm director was authorized to contract let- ting the poor farm for the year, at not more than $400, tenant to live on and work the tarm as the director orders, and leave on the arbitrary order of said director. And $200 was appropriated for expenses. "^ A. Downing was contracted with as steward for the year, and in April $100 more was allowed as contingent expense for the farm. In June, $100 more was allowed for contingent expenses. In September $200 was appropriated for contingent expenses, and suita- ble buildings were ordered to keep insane patients in. Satmjel Downing was chosen director for the year 1869, vice Wonn. In November, $200 was allowed as contingent expenses. In January, 1869, $300 was appropriated to erect new building on poor farm, and in April A^. Do\viiing was allowed $300 salary as steward, and $300 allowed as ■contingent expanses, and in June $300 more for contingent. In September $200 from poor house fund allowed to pay claim of Drake ■&Lockmari, and $500 allowed to fix up buildings. In October $50 allowed A. Downing, steward, and $200 contingent fund. A. Downing was re- tained as poor farm steward for 1870, at $600 per year. In January 1870 S. B. Downing, poor farm director, reported for the year 1869, cash received 8 4i2 niSTOKY OF DAVIS C0T7NTY. $900.00; cash disbursed $779.85. This is the first report that can be found) of receipts and disbursements. lu April $500 of the poor farm debt was paid, and $300 allowed for con- tingent expenses. In October, 1870, W. Ewiug, Asa Wilson, and Wni. D, Evans, were ap])ointed acomniittee to sell the poor farm and purchase an- other nearer the city of Bloomfield, not more than 40 acres, and erect the necessary buildings. They were required to give bond in the sum of $10,000. :=:;, Alex Downing was employed as steward for the year 1871, and the poor farm director was ordered to find suitable homes for all the children in the poor house, and an appropriation of $300 was made for contingent expenses.. Peter Kunkle was appointed poor farm director (?) for this year. In June the Auditor was instructed to get S. S. Uarruthers to try and sell the poor farm. At the January session 1872 of the board Peter Kunkle was allowed $35as steward(?). E. B. Townsend was engaged as steward for the year 1872' at $750 a year. i Peter Kunkle was appointed poor farm directer for the year 1872, and in " June $150 was allowed for contingent expenses. In September $150 more allowed for contingent, and Peter Kunkle was appointed poor farm director for the year 1873. The following is the report of Peter Kunkle, poor farm director, for the year 1873, tiled January 5th 1874:— Eeceived of County Treasurer $200.00 Disbursemen ts 264.00 Amount of stock and produce on hand: 2 horses, 7 cattle, 20 sheep, 73- hogs, 10 bushels beans, 1^ barrels pickles, 4^ barrels molasses, 70 bushels- potatoes, 1,000 bushels corn, 175 bushels oats, 150 bushels wheat. Present number of paupers 18. Average number during the year 20. E. B. Townsend was appointed steward for 1874, and Peter Kunkle, di- rector. In September, three acres adjoining poor farm were bought of R. P- Coons, for $40. No report can be found of the year 1874. E. B. Townsend was continued as steward for the year 1875, and Peter Kunkle as director. A new building was ordered on the farm this year, at an expense of $150. It seems that during this year, the steward, E. B. Townsend, had some- trouble with a patient named Morrow, in which he shot Morrow in the leg. The board censured him for it, but continued him as steward. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUKTY. 44:3 Eeport of poor farm for the year 1875: — Received of treasurer $290. 00 Disbursements 291.60 Four hundred and fourteen dollars and forty cents worth of produce was sold, and the proceeds expended for contingent expenses. Stock and produce on the farm December 31, 1875: 2 horses, 42 hogs, 17 cattle, 41 sheep, 400 bushels corn, 200 bushels oats, 50 bushels potatoes. Number of inmates, 22. D. J. McConnell was elected director of poor farm for 1876, and E. B. Townsend, steward. No report can be found for this year. The stewardship was awarded to W. L. Minear for the year 1877. Report for the year 1877: — Total expended $797.47 Total income 59.68 Another report says: Cr $354.15 Dr 354.15 Samuel Russell, director, and John Gordon, Jr., awarded the stewardship for $300 for the year 1878. Report for the year 1878: — Number of inmates 21 Deaths during the year 2 Average cost of keeping paupers per week $1.20 Average number of inmates for the year 15 John Gordon continued as steward for the year 1879, and Samuel Russell director. Report for the year 1879:^ The farm contains 279 acres of second rate land, 190 acres fenced, 150 acres in cultivation, and the balance brush and timber. Products for the year 1879: 1400 bushels of corn, 205 bushels of wheat, 669 bushels of oats, 12 tons of hay, 125 bushels of potatoes, 50 bushels of turnips, 3,000 pounds of pork, 300 head of cabbage. Live stock on farm, 2 mules, 10 cows, 1 bull, 16 calves, 91 sheep, 34 hogs. Number of paupers , 14 Number of deaths 2 Value of products sold $319.86 Average expense of keeping paupers, per week 1.00 44-i HISTORY OK DAVIS COUNTY. No account filed of expenditures, in full. J. M. Roland was employed as steward for the year 1880, at $290 per year, and David Eaer was appointed director. Report for the year 1S80: — Total number of inmates 28 Average nnmher of inmates 15 Present number of inmates 16 Deaths 3 Births 1 Total receipts for the year ^-v^. ,$ 787.52 Total expenditures for the year 1,015.09 J. M. Roland was continued as steward, at $330 per year, for the year 1881. Thus concludes an account of the institutions established and maintained by Davis county. They are the promoters and purifiers of society — one, the arbiter of justice and order; another, the means by which the violators of law and order are held in subjection; and the other, an asylum of human- ity, for the care of the indigent, which society in all lands has in its midst. POLITICAL RECORD. The political history of iJavis county dates from the first election in April 1844.j_ Our readers can appreciate the task, and understand many omissions wlieii we state that we had to obtain our information, solely from the origi- nal, musty, dusty, election returns, when they could be found at all, of all the early elections, for a great many years no record having been made of them. Stiles S. Carpenter was appointed clerk of the District Court, in and for Davis county, February 21, 18i4, by Hon. Chas. Mason judge. The following record signed by Stiles S. Carpenter, clerk of the District Court of Davis county, and dated March 11th, 1844, defines the election pre- cincts into which the county was divided for the first election: 5 Appanoose. 2 Dav 1 is. « 3 4 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 445 Precinct No. 1. election to be lield at the house of Benjatiiin Brooks: appointed Benjamin Brooks, Samuel Evans and Dooly Williamson, judges. Precinct No. 2. election to beheld at the bouse of Wm. J. Hawley: ap- pointed Francis C. Purnel, J. C. Roll, and Loyd A. Nelson judges. Pre- cinct No. 3, election to beheld at the house of Archibald Toombs: ap- pointed Jesse Dooly, Seaman Arterberry, and Joel Fenton, Esq's, judges. Precinct No. 4, election to be held at the house of Joseph Woodys, ap- pointed Bushrod W. (Jravcns, William Walker, and Hugh Abernathy judges. Precinct No. 5, election to be held at tlie house of Johnatlian F. Stratton: appointed Wm. Mooney, J. F. Strattoii, and Jas. Wright judges. Precinct No. 6, election to be held at the house of Norinon Scovells: ap- pointed Richard W. Davis, Josiah B. Packard, and James Wells judges. Election ordered to be held according to law on the first day of April, A. D. 1844. Election notices and notices to judges dated eleventh day of March, A. D. 1844. Stiles S. Carpenter, Clerk District Court, Davis county. First election held in Davis county, April 1, 1844; compiled from the original returns by precincts. CommisKtoner. E. M. Kirkham Wm. Evans Wm. Williv.mson Abratn Weaver F. Atchison Jos. McCoy W. W. Rankin Sam'l McAttee Jud o ^ C) ^ O M o O) CJ o 'u 1*^1. L p 0) U. T3 *■ ' — ^ p. m O — ^ ,^ "TS .^ a , "t; b .t^ >< \^ CO H Uh ^ C/) 1 o 4f. 2?, 49 51 9 00 43 i 53 14 8 25 33 56 14 6: 27 14 33 52 i 4 11 8 3 1 25 23 2 15 23 4 8 7 3 8 27 56 6 5 6 1 1 2 4 2 17 29 3 19 21 1 15 6 6 1 4 1 2 12 42 13 22 17 7 .5 39 5 1 2 20 27 4 4 8 1 103 132 87 159 154 80 54 93 82 106 631 88 80| 271 109I 361 130 13 Tlie question of having a territorial convention for the purpose of adopt- ing a constitution, and applying for admission into the Union as a State, was voted on at this election, 216 votes being cast for the convention, and 135 votes against it, in Davis county. (Convention assembled October 7, 1844.) AUGUST ELECTION, 1844. Delegatis to Constitutional Conven- County Commissioners. Hon. Willis Faught 189 L. II. English 73 Wm. Gad dam 127 J. H. Cowles 168 Wm. Walker 254 Jesse C. Blankenshi]> 213 Abram Weaver 40 Samuel H. McAttee 175 Seman Attenheny 104 Wm. Faught 163 E. M. Kirkham 161 J. F. Stratton 108 Geo. Fitzgerald 51 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTl'. 447 Sherif. F. 0. Humble 34 Loyd A. Nelson 87 Fleming Mize / 78 Daniel McCollum. ./. 51 Wm. J. Hawley ./ 38 " Wm. McCormick. 7 Samuel Riggs 109 County Recorder. Calvin Taylor 166 Israel Kister 198 Cleric of County Commissioneis. Franklin Street . . 237 Elias L. Briggs 135 No record of any further elections County Surveyor. Gabriel S. Lockman ... 197 Cyrus Lafever 159 Inspector of Weights and Measures. Wm. Shiekls 196 Charles M. Jennings 133 Coro7ier. Samuel Swearingin 6 Riley Macy 120 James Paris 12 HVm. McCormick 9 / Judge of Probate Court. Miles Tatlock 231 David Ileniell 82 can be found until 1847. AUGUST ?:lkction, 1847. Board of Puhlic Works. H.W. Sample Geo. Wilson Paul Brattain P. B. Fagan Charles Corkery M. Dagger Congress — 1st District. Wm. Thompson J esse B. Brown Sheriff. R. Wilkinson , L. A. Nelson. , J. Q. Shelton . , Probate Judge. J. J. Earhart H. B. Horn 332 343 361 315 345 325 370 307 290 337 28 354 291 Prosecuting Attorney. S. S. Carpenter Pow. Ritchey County Commissioner. D. Wullinger Wm.Day Treasurer and Recorder. C. M. Jennings W. S. Stevens Clerk of District Court. Wm. Cameron R. W. Stuts Surveyor. J. W.Ellis G. S. Lockman Coroner. S. Evans R. Macy 327 258 330 323 254 394 427 227 368 265 348 312 448 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. AUGUST ELECTION, 1849. Probate Judge. J. J. Earhart 462 II. B. Horn 289 S. G. McAchren 345 Sherif. Sanniel McAttee 454 P. P. Herotl 321 County Commissioner. Wm. Dnffield 399 Isaiah Lowe 371 Clerk of County Commissioners. Wm. Cameron 493 4or 345. Surveyor. John W. Ellis Gabrel S. Lockman . ...... Coroner. Abram H. Putman 420 Wm. T. Johnson 334 County Treasurer and Recorder. Wm. S. Stevens 355 Sealer of Weights and Measui'es. Calvin W. Phelps 359 James M. Paris 11& X APRIL ELECTION, 1850. School Fund Commissioners. Harvey A. Sloan 371 Harvey Dunlavey 345 AUGUST ELECTION, 1851. County Judge. County Supervisor. H. W. Briggs 523 John Allen 417' S. S. Carpenter 462 W. Yonng 351 A. H. East 140 W. Faiight 213 Sherijf. Treasurer and Recorder. Samuel McAttee 732 W.S. Stevens 68» A. Phelps 363 Coroner. Surveyor. I. Atterberry 643: J. W. Ellis 533 A. Hopkins 432 W. H. Cheever 484 APRIL ELECTION, 1852. School Fund Commissioner. Harvey Dnulavey 317 George W. Lester. John K. Craig 146 Jefferson Easly 134 98 George Britlgefarmer 8& Michael Rorainger 45 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. U» AUGUST ELECTION, 1852. /State Senator. David P. Palmer 607 Samuel G. McAchren 635 Representative. Albert K. Duckworth 641 John A. Drake 634 Greenville Hazlewood 545 Francis Eell 540 A. H. East 100 State Senator — District Composed of Davis, Appanoose, Wayne a7id Decatur counties. Amos Harris 1118 James Wright 1010 Representative — Same District. Abram H. Putnam 1091 Manning Somers 98$ Clerk of District Court. William Cameron 660' Abram Weaver 244 Lloyd A. Nelson 331 Prosecuting Attorney. H. H. Trimble 630 M. H. Jones 50* I. H. Grider 76 Coroner. E. G. Reeves 84^ John Lang 6 AUGUST ELECTION, 1853. Sherif. Samuel Kiggs 404 William S. Martin 447 James Kinsler 194 Recorder and Treasurer. William S. Stevens 780 David R. AV'ayland 151 AUGUST ELECTION, 1855. Surveyor. Perrie C. Haynes 562 Charles A. Clark 420 Coroner. George W. Zeigler 485 E. G. Reeves 445 Cotmty Judge. S. A. Moore 1024 s,H. Dnnlavey 377 Sheriff. S. C. Crawford 970 M. Snody 532 J. Hopkins 38 Treasurer and Recorder. George Duilleld . . 926 William Cameron 50* Count g Surveyor. Thomas Dnffield 1013 G. 8. Lockman 371 Coroner. J. H. Clark . 961 APRIL ELECTION, 1S56. Ditrict Judge. ' School Fund Commissioner. Caleb Baldwin 677 Stepiien Greenleaf 933 H. B. Hendershott 669 — J. H. Dickeroff 496 450 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Secretary of State. George Snyder 931 Elijah Tello 844 Auditor of State. James Pollard 945 John Pattee 835 Treasurer of State. George Paul 922 M. L. Morris 846 Attorney General. James Baker 937 Samuel A. Kice 838 Memher of Congress. August Hall 938 John J. Selman 353 Samuel R. Curtis 426 AUGUST ELECTION, 1856. State Senator. H. H. Trimble John A. Drake Representative. David Mendenhall Barnet Miliser William Van Benthusen J. G. Philips Cleric of District Coiirt. Norman W. Cook Abram Weaver Prosecuting Attorney. Harvey Dunlavey M. H. Jones For Constitutional Convention . Aeainst Constitutional Con. . . For new court-house 962 825 945 913 873 864 914 903 / Against new court-house . 896 863 561 953 471 963 PEESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1856. Electors at Large. For Buchanan and Breckenridge, J. C. Hall 1014 James C.Grant 1014 For Fremont and Dayton, Williams. GraflF 753 John P. Cook 753 For Filmore, Daniel F. Miller 201 Henry O'Conner 201 District Electors— 1st District. D. O. Finch 1014 G. G. McAchren 748 William M. Stone 201 District Electors— M District. A. H. Palmer 1013 Isaiah Boothe '^51 Samuel A. Russell 201 William D. Evans 1 Delegate to Constitutional Conven- tion. David P. Palmer 1025 S. G. McAchren '^^^ W. D. Evans l^^ HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 451 APRIL ELECTION, 1857. Commiiisiojier Des Moines River im/provement. ■Gideon S. Bailey 770 Edwin Manning 431 Register State Land Office. T. S. Parviu 781 Wm. H. Holmes 412 Superintendent Public Instruction. Matiirin L. Fisher 790 L. II. Bnebee 402 AUGUST ELECTION, 1857. County Judge. S. W. McAttee 978 S. A. Moore 870 Sheriff. R.Wilkinson 936 S. Van Buskirk 811 E. W. Grinstead Ill Treasurer and Recorder. Henry H. Cramer 996 Wm. S. Stevens 872 County Surveyor. O. S. Willey 1001 A. Weaver 836 Coroner. Lewis Ilendrix 1015 F. West 828 Ne^o Consiittition — Policy. For the Constitution 574 Against the Constitution 1202 For License 869 Against License 677 For striking " white " from Con- stitution 82 Against striking " white " from the Constitution 1206 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1857. Governor. Ben. M. Samuels 687 R. P. Lowe 250 John F. Henry 413 Lieutenant Governor. G. W. Gillaspy 680 Oran Faville 237 Easton Morris 428 Representative. Barnett Milliser 656 J. C. Ruleman 176 J ames Baker 541 Floating Representative — Davis, Appanoose and Wayne Counties. Alonzo Sharpe 681 Hiram Evans 587 APRIL ELECTION, 1858. L County Superintendent of Schools. Harvey Dunlavey 680 O. D. Tisdale 159 11. B. Horn 278 Wm. Cameron 5 T. O. Norris S44 J. J. Shelton 3 452 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. SPECIAL ELECTION, JUNE 27, 1858. For State Bank of Iowa 588 For General Banking Law 399- Against State Bank of Iowa. . . 57 Against General Banking Law. 189' OCTOBER ELECTION, 1858. Clerk of District Court. Norman W. Cook 1051 Abram Weaver 761 OCTOBER ELEi Governor. A.C.Dodge 1142 S.J. Kirkwood 717 Lieutenant Governor. L. W. Babbitt 1141 N.J. Rusch 603 ■Judges of Supreme Court. Charles Mason 1146 T. S. Wilson 1140 C. C. Cole 1134 R. P. Lowe 704 L. D. Stockton 706 Caleb Baldwin 711 State Senator. C. Bussey 1085 S. A. Moore 802 Representatives. M. Hotchkiss 1111 'H. Dunlavej 1087 S. T. Caldwell 787 Andrew Colliver 720 CTioN, 1859. County Judge. S. W. McAttee 123T S. A. Snyder 63Qv, Treastirer and Recorder. PL H. Cramer 117()j R. T. Peake 72^1 Sheriff. Thomas Bare 10331 II. A. Spencer 789 County Superintendent of Schools. Amos Steckel 1083 Joseph McCarty 797 County Swmeyor. G. S. Lockman 1115- J. A. Duckworth 755 Coroner. C. A. Clark 1123: James A. Songer 74^ Drainage Commissioner. Win. O. Jackson 1133 M.H.Jones 737 NOVEMBER ELECTION, 1860. Electors at large. For Douglas and Johnson. Henry Clay Dean 1424 Lincoln Clark 1424 For Lincoln and Hamlin. Fitz Henrv Warren 843 Joseph A. Chaplin 843 Wm. II. Henderson . 226 M. D. McHenry 226 Gilbert C. R. Mitchell 25- Thomas S. Espy 25. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTV. 453 Elector— 1st District. M. B. Bennett 14^5 M. L. McPherson 843 C. W. Buyers 226 James D. Test 25 Elector— M District. Lejjfrand Bjington 1424 Charles Pomeroy 843 J.J. Lindley 226 Jolin F. Duncomb 25 Secretary of State. John M. Corse 1506 Elijah Sells 826 Auditor of State. G. W. Maxfield 1493 J. W. Cattell S63 Treasurer of State. J. W.Ellis 1591 J. W. Jones 814 Register of State Land Office. Patrick Robb 1498 A. B. Miller 864 Attorney Oe7ieral. Win. McClintock 1498 0. C. JSTourse 875 Judge Supreme Court. G. G. Wright 859 D. F.Miller 729 Member of Congress — Ltt District, C. C. Cole 1538 S. E. Curtis '897 Clerk of District Coxirt. N. W. Cook 1482 D. C. Thomas 939 V OOTOBEK EL State Senator. James Pollard 1214 O. D. Tisdale 859 Representatives. Harvey Dimlavey 1180 David Ferguson 1235 Wm. J.Hamilton 936 Samuel Murdock 964 County Judge. S. W. McAttee 1287 J. H. Drake 889 Sheriff. Henry C. Benge 1213 Wm . J. Law 954 ECTION, 1861. Clerk of District Court. Amos Steckel 1226 S. S. Caruthers 947 Treasurer and Recorder. H. Kelsy 1216 J. B. Orlera 953 County Suj>erlntende?it of Schools. J. B. Wright 1209 Granville Battcrton 967 County Surveyor. G. S. Lockman 1209 O. S. Willey 967 Coroner. George Clark 1198 John Van Boskirk 947 45i HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY SPECIAL ELECTION, FEBRUARY 4, 1862. State Senator. James Pollard 912 O. D.Tisdale 18 William Wilson 1 William Morgan 8 J. Russell 1 " Gray, the butcher" 1 Andrew Leach 1 OCTOBER ELI Secretary of State. Rickard H. Sylvester 1208 James Wright 701 Atiditor of State. John Brown 1209 J. Cattell 703 Treasurer of State. Samuel L. Lorah 1208 W. H. Holmes 697 iRegister of State Land Office. Frederick Gottchalk 1207 A. Harvey 698 Attorney General. Benton J. Hall 1205 C. 0. Nourse 703 Meinber of Congress. Joseph K. Hornish 1207 James F. Wilson 703 B. Milliser. . . . A. B. Myers . . . "JefiF. Davis" . " Beauregard " . Richard Moore. A.T.Riley.... J. Mullinix 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3CTI0N, 1862. District Judge. H. H. Trimble 125C H. Tannehill 652 District Attorney. Amos Harris 1166 M. H.Jones 738 Member Board Education. Samuel M.Moore 658 Clerk of District Court. William Cameron 1287 J. J. Shelton 634 Williams. Stevens 144 County Superintendent Schools. Samuel T. Ballard 1201 D. Russell 774 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1863. / State Senator. Samuel A. Moore 1357 Harvey Dunlavey 1244 Representative. Samuel T. Ballard 1295 F. H. Carey 1331 D. A. Hurst 1330 J. M.Garrett 131S HISTORY OF DAVIS CODNTT. 455 Cotinty Judge. Coxmiy Superintendent Schools. Samnel W. McAttee 1345 Amos Steckel 1330 "William S. Stevens 12S2 John Snoddy 1277 Treasurer and Recorder. County Surveyor. H. Kcllej* 1317 George P. Clark 132G Samuel Fonts 1322 Z. B. Eooker 1300' ^''^'-'ff- Coroner. 11. C. Benge 1341 Howard Wiley 1334 William Wishand 1268 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1864. Pi'esident. Abraham Lincoln . . . 1021 George B. McClellan 968 Vice President. Andrew Johnson 1022 George H. Peddleton 968 Secretary of State. James Wright 1023 John H. Wallace 970 Auditor of State. John A. Elliott 1023 E.G. Hendershott 970 Treasurer of State. William H. Holmes 1023 J. B. Lash 970 Register State Land Office. J. A.Harvey 1023 B. D. Holbrook 970 Attorney General. I. L. Allen 1023 C. M. Dunbar 970 Judge of Swpreme Court. C.C.Cole 1019 T. M. Monroe 969 Member of Congress. J. F. Wilson 1023 J. K. Hornish 971 State Senator. S. A. Moore 1009 N. W. Cook 973 Clerk District Court. William J. Law 1013 H. H. Cramer 981 County Recorder. A. H.Hill 1024 Israel Jenkins 971 *Mr. Kelley gave notice that he woukl contest the election of Samuel Fonts as Treasurer. The clay set for trial was March 16, 1864. The Board of Supervisors ordered that no cer- tificate be issued until the contest was decided. The case was never tried. Mr. Kelley was the prior incumbent and held over until October 17, 1864, when he tui-ned the office over to Mr. Fonts, although there is no record that a certificate was given to him. 45« HISTORY OF DAVIS OOUNTr. OCTOBKE ELECTION, 1865. Governor. Wm. M. Stone 1185 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1072 Lieutenant Governor. J B. F. Gne 1194'' W. W. Hamilton 1062 Judge of Supreme Court. O. G. Wright 1194 H.H.Trimble 1060 /Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion. Oran Faville 1200 J. W. Sennett 1060 Hepresentutivefi — 3d District. J. M. Garrett 1207 H. C.Traverse 1202 Wm. A. Duckworth 1050 James C. Ewing 1058 County Judge. Wm. Van Bentluisen 1191 Samuel W. McAttee 1070 County Treasurer— full term. li. T. Peak 1210 James Dunlavej 1055 County Treasurer — vacancy. K. T. Peak 1211 J ames D unlavey 1055 Sherif. John W. Scott 1200 S. J. Woodson 1050 County Surveyor. J. M. Hughes 1201 O. W. G. Avery 1062 County Superintendent of Schools. Samuel Dysart 1205 G. Batterton 1058 Coroner. H. M. York. 1200 Jolin S. Morgan 1063 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1866. Secretary of State. Register State Land Office. Edward Wright 1402 S. G. Vauanda 1124 Auditor of State. John A. Elliott 1401 K. W.Cross 1125 Treasurer of State. Samuel E. Kankin 1401 George A. Stone 1125 Attorney General. F. E. Bissell 1401 Web. Ballinger 1125 C. C. Carpenter 1402 L. P. McKiuney 1125 Reporter of Supreme Court. E. H. Stiles 1400 A. Stoddard 1125 Clerk of Supreme Court. C. L. Linderman 1402 F. Gottschalk 1125 Member of Congress. James F. Wilson , 1401 Fitz Henry Warren 1117 .0 •5^:. ^0/i^i^juj^ (^jiu,4d.£^^£^. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 457 District Judge. Clerh of District Court. H. Tiinnehill 1374 E. W. Tatlock 1366 H. H. Trimble 1146 John M. Swan 1136 District Attorney. County Recorder. J. B. Weaver 13S9 A. H. Hill 1406 A. Harris 1129 GENERAL ELECTION, 1867. Governor. Samuel Merrill 1327 Charles Mason 1219 JLieutenant Governor. John Scott 1327 D. M.Harris 1222 Judge of Supreme Court. J. M. Beck 1326 John H. Craig 1221 Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion — vacancy. D. F. Wells 1327 M. L. Fisher 1223 Superinte7ident of Puhlic Instruc- tion—full tei'tn. D. F.Wells 1327 M. L. Fisher 1223 State Senator. ■R C. Traverse' 1269 John M.Sloan .• 1235 Representatives. W. G. Wilson 1315 J. M. Garrett 1317 Freeman Bell 1228 Thomas Bare 1223 County Judge. Wm. Van Benthusen 1315 Andrew Dunn 1214 County Treasurer. H. Nulton 1281 H. H.Cramer 1259 Sherif. Dau'l Bradbury 1302 Sam'l Cowen 1229 County Superintendent of Schools. J. W.Young 1319 Israel Jenkins 1246 Surveyor. J. E. Patterson 1322 G. P. Clark 1214 Coroner. Edward Grinstead 1318 H. C. Benge 1216 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1868. President. Secretary of State. U.S. Grant 1520 Ed Wright 1520 Jloratio Seymour 1410 David Hammer 1410 9 458 HISTOKT OF DAVIS COUNTY. Auditor of State. John A. Elliott 1520 H. Duiilavey 1381 Treasurer of State. S. E. Rankin 1520 L. McCarty 1110 Register of State Land Office. C. C. Carpenter 1520 A. D. Anderson 1110 A ttorn ey Genera I. Henry O'Connor 1520 J. E. Williamson 1110 Member of Congress. Geo. W. McCrary 1518 Thomas W. Claggett 1412 Judge of Circuit Court. Robert Sloan 1507 E. L. Burton 1423 H.H.Trimble 1 Clerk of Coxirts. A. PI. Hill 1519 Israel Jenkins 1411 County Recorder. H.M.York 1521 Martin Snoddy 140& There were five amendments to strike the word " white " out of the con- stitution of Iowa, submitted to the people at this election, on each of whic' the vote in this county was, for the amendments, 1278; against the amend ments, 1542. OCTOBEE ELECTION, 1869. ' I 1 Goveriior. Samuel Merrill 1320 George Gillaspy 1195 Lieutenant Governor. M. M. Walden 1319 A. P. Richardson 1196 Judge Supreme Court. JohnF. Dillon 1320 William F. Brannon 1196 Superintendent Puhlic Instruction — fill vacancy. A. S. Kissel 1319 H. O. Dayton 1196 Superintendent Puhlic Instruction — full term. A. S. Kissell ... 1319 H. O. Dayton 1196 Representative — 1th District. T. O. Norris 1305 H. A. Wonn 1211 County A^iditor. William Van Benthusen 1307 F. S. Wilson 118T County Treasurer. Henry Nulton 1337 H. Kelsey 1170 Sherif. Daniel Bradbury 1292 J. W. Gore 1196 County Superintendent Schools. A. M. Post 1223. Moses Downing 1255 Surveyor. Thomas Duffield 1335- T. D. Brown 1178 Coroner. T. C. Chapman 131G H. C. Benge 1194 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 459 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1870. Judge Supreme Court. C. C. Cole 1261 S. C. Kiiapp 1301 Judge Supreme Court — Dillon va- cancy. William E. Miller 1308 Reuben Noble. 1272 Judge Suj)reme Court — Wright vk- cancij. - James G. Day 1307 Henry P. Smyth 1271 Secretary of State. Ed Wright 1309 Charles Doer 1270 Auditor of State. John Eussell 1308 W. W. Garrett 1271 Treasurer of State. Samuel E. Rankin 1308 William C. James 1270 Register State Land Office. Aaron Brown 1 308 D.F.Ellsworth 1270 Attorney General. Henry O'Connor 1307 Hugh M. Martin 1272 Reporter Sxipreme Court. E. H. Stiles 2211 C. II. Bane 1161 J. L. Sheahan 40 Clerh Supreme Court. Charles H. Linderman 1308 William M'Clenan 1256 Convention. For Constitutional Convention. 177 Against Constitutional Con 1402 Meviber of Congress. George W. McCrary 1310 Edmond Jager 1271 Henry Clay Dean 1 Judge of District Court. M. J. Williams 1316 B. Millison 4 District Attorney. M. H. Jones ... 1202 Amos Harris 1336 Clerk of the Coxirts. A. H. Hill 1322 David Baer 1259 County Recorder. H. H. Jones 1218 H. Willey 1289 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1871. Governor. C. C. Carpenter 1406 J. C. Knapp 1389 Lieutenant Governor. H.C.Bulis 1409 M. M.Ham 1389 Judge Supreme Court. J. G. Day 1424 J. F.Duncombe 1396 Superintendent Puhlic Instruction. A. Abernethy 1411 E. M. Mumm 1395 400 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY^ State Senator'. T. 0. Norris 1383 H. A. Woim.... 1413 RejM'esentative. James II. Lucas 1 386 IsaacBlakely UOO County Auditor. "William Van Beiitbusen 1402 Moses Downing 1380 Comity Treasurer. Henry Nulton 1421 Samuel Cowen 1367 Sheriff. E. B. Townsend 1350 John McKibbon 1442 County Superintendent Schools. E. J. Turner 1320 Israel Jenkins 1468 Member Board of County Supervi- sor a. W. S. Monroe 1409 Aaron Burgher 1393 County Sxtrveyor. Thomas Duffield 1449 J. H. Henson , 1348 Coroner. C. D. Chajiman 1401 C. A. Clark 1387 PKESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1872. President. U.S.Grant.. 1582 Horace Greeley 1255 Secretary of State. Josiah T. Young 1585 S. A. Gnilbert 1388 Treasurer of State. William Christy 1585 M.J. Eholfs 1388 Audior of State. John Kussell 158'6 J. P. Cassady 1388 Register State Land Office. Aaron Brown 1585 Jacob Butler 1388 Attorney General. M. E. Cutts 1585 A. G. Case 1390 Attorney General — to fill vacancy. M. E. Cutts 913 Member of Congress. William Longhbridge 1451 H. H.Trimble 1484 Jiidge Circuit Court. Kobert Sloan 1595 E. L. Burton 1383 Clerk of Courts. A.H. Hill 1584 J.E.Wallace 1391 County Record-er. William Yotaw 1559 Howard Willey 1365 Member Board of Supervisors. Peter Kunkle 1526 John Edwards 1453 Court House. For Court-House Tax.. 598 Against Court-House Tax 1842 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 461 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1873. Governor. C. C. Carpenter 1222 J.G. Vale ; 1252 Bill Allen 1 Lieutenant Governor. Joseph Dysart 1231 C.E. Whiting 1246 Judge Supreme Cour't. J. M. Beck 1226 B. J. Hall 1263 Superintendent Public Instruction. A. Abernethy 1238 F. W. Prindle 1242 Representative. W.S.Monroe 1246 A. B. Lewis 1223 Member Board of Supervisors. J. P. Fortune 1267 Irwin Swinnev 1195 County Treasurer. H. Nuiton 1269 A. B.Collins 1210 County Auditor. C. S. Lowe 1230 J. W. Clayton 1247 Sheriff. J. M. Lain 1120 John McKil)bon 1368 County Superintendent Schools. S. Swartzeiidrover 966 I. Jenkins 1519 County Surveyor. Thomas Duffield 1439 John Henson 9 Coroner. D.Hill 1214 P. W. Tost 1281 OCTORER ELECTION, 1874. Secretary of State. Register of State Land Office. J. T. Young 1207 David Morgan 1178 Auditar of State. B. E. Sherman 1208 David Secor 1208 R. H. Rodearmel 1174 Clerk of Sujyreme Court. E. J.Holmes 1207 J. M.King 1174 G. W. Ball 1177 Treasiirer of State. ^"^m. Cliristj 1207 ^H. C. Hargis 1174 Attorney General. M. E. Cntts 1207 J. M. Keatley ....1175 Reporter of Supreme Court. J. S. Rnnnells 1208 J. M. Weurt 1176 Member of Congress. E. S. Sampson 1160 E. N. Gates 1202 462 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. Judge of District Court. M. J. Williams 1128 J. C. Knapp 1265 District Attorney. T. M. Fee ...: 1131 J. C. Mitchell 1116 Clerk of the Courts. A. H. Hill 1208 J. H. Hensen 1189 County Recorder. Will. Yotaw 1251 Jasper Eniraley 1121 Member of Board of Supervisors. C. Harward .1146 H. H. Cramer. 1244 OCTOBEK ELECTION, 1875. Governor. Samuel J. Kirkwood 1485 Shepherd Leffler 1584 Lieutenant Governor. J. G. Newbold 1492 E. B. Woodward 1581 Superintendent Puhiic Instruction. A. Aberriethy 1492 Isaiah Doanc 1582 Judg Supreme Court. A. Adams 1492 J. W. Knight 1583 Sheriff. John McKibbon 1755 J. K. Warrington 1346 County Superintendent of Schools. I. F. Jenkins 1699 M. M. Bojer 1325 County Sup)ervisor. D. J. McConnell 1558 P. CoUiver 1501 Coi'oner. J. M. Duffield 1514 S. S. Garruthers 63 State Senator. H. A. Wonn 1596 J. B. Weaver 1459 Representative. L. D. Hotchkiss 1576 Albert Powers 1469 County Auditor. J. W.Clayton 1630 W. T. Deupree 1423 County Treasurer. J. M. Sloan 1564 Win. S. Stevens 1508 Surveyor. Thomas Dnffield ,1650 Court House. For Court House tax 1404 Against Court House tax 1133 For Court House on Public Square 1464 Against Court House on Pub- lic Square 182 HISTORY OV DAVIS COUNTY. 463 PEESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1876. President. R. B. Hayes 1587 S. J. Tilden 1031 Peter Cooper 138 Moiiber of Congress. H. B. Hendershott 1657 E. S. Sampson 1555 D. M. Conley 182 Judge CircMit Court. Eobert Sloan 1735 Clerh of the Courts. W.H.Taylor 1692 Jolin Elliott 1551 F. W. Moore 107 County Recorder. Wm. Votaw 1622 A. C. Lester 1624 Wm. Davison 114 County Supervisor— full term. Samnel Russell 1681 J. W. Milligan 1547, County Supervisor — short term. H. A. Spencer 116 W. A. Duckworth 1535 Robert Eggleston 1710 OCTOBER ELECTION, 1877. 0"*>C101 CO s o D ■ItriEAaa 'a T = •jasBOig -a -a " "^K ■ppHjna -Boqi g5 •ieaaiMg -a igSSgPSgSSSSSSS?: 3 s •J»tP! J "1 -M. ssssssssssssses ■"um 'd 'a o ■iaiooa -0 T t- CO •saaiissH M "a s •»ojaOK 'H "Ai i n 90 •nWd -M -f Sgissgjssssssssga g PS ■89poqH aqof ^?;g5S5E:SS§SSSS£ •sqnioox 'd T S£ggSS|SgSSS2?S t- H E p •en9A9)S -S 'M. or m •tniSMg -iv -oae OOOlODlROC'^iKlf-rt'^.-'tOOr-l ■-■WiCO-^^.-'XC^CJSi-I^PSCV c-t- c* OS -p.- •qiimg 'K nqor 00 o es a (D •< H H •laioa -M -M SSSESUggSSSSSSP •aaioAioa *w ssssssnsssssss?; i •Xaidda -K 'S i as 00 •SniUMOa -a '8 «5 g •JJ![I«A1 -0 1 Olt-CC'*T-lr-eO(0«ScS«C'WWiO i •nOBcaBiiiKvi -M. 'Ai 5 s s •jjoqsaapaaH "a "H •araopv ajjsnv s i > « K o 9 g = g u H c; •pasnoH -K -f o s •ja!i[i!A\ -K -f Sg55SSSSgg5s?SgS •SmaaBjii 'h "o S^Dt^ij5!D-i!DC^S?iJo5"^10 o « o z :e u > o o •9IIJSI0 -K -a u5rccjint-cq«--j-w*waooj*ct- ■* lg •anajH -g t t-o-HOsmx'TJ^aso'r^oO'DO'M o* •annuaqg 'a a io«>t^iCinio(b:oS-"l'on. Count!/ Judge, etc. J The plaintift' claims of the defendant eleven hundred and seventy-,seven dollars and sixty- one cents, as justly due hira'from the defendant, and Davis County, Iowa, and for cause of said claim says, that he was legally appointed by the county judge of said county to locate- the swamp and overflowed lauds in said county, on the 12th day of October, 1853; and the- plaintiff further says, that he did in pursuance of said appointment proceed and locate said land to wit.: eleven thousand seven hundred and seventy-six acres and that he duly made out his report to the proper authorities of the State of Iowa, and county of Davis, as required by- law, which reports were accepted. Plaintift' further says that he was employed in the locat- ing of said lands one hundred and fifty-two days, and that he was employed in making out diagrams of said surveys twenty-four days, and that he was employed in making out blotters and maps to survey by, six days, and that he had to employ horses and teams to the number of twenty-seven days. Plaintift' further says that said sum above mentioned is still due and' unpaid, all of which he says is true, and verifies the same under oath; and plaintiff" hereby- asks that the defendant may be compelled to answer, under oath, the foregoing petition. A. Weaver. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of November, 1857. N. W. Cook, Clerk. The hearing being had before the arbitrators, they returned a judgment of $400 in favor of Mr. Weaver, froni which the county appealed to the District Court, where it was retried, before a jury, at the October term, 1858. The following extract from the instructions of Judge Hendershott, then on the district bench, to the jury in the case, gives a clear exposition of the claims of both parties. The plaintiff' claims to have been appointed agent for Davis county to select the swamp and overflowed lands in said county. That he discharged said duties, and was engaged HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 481 therein a hundred and eighty-two days, and that he had a horse in use while engaged in making selections for twenty-seven days; that during said time he selected 11,776.13 acres of swamp lands, for which he claims to recover ten cents per acre. To this claim the defendant says it is not true that plaintiff was legally appointed such agent, that he did not perform the number of days" services as claimed, and that the county is not indebted to plaintiff in any sum. You will first enquire, gentlemen, whether the said plaintiff was duly appointed by the county judge of Davis county, as claimed; if so, did he enter upon the duties of his appointment or office, and how much, if anything, is he entitled to for any services rendered to the county. He is entitled, if he has rendered any services to the county by virtue of his employment, to such compensation as his services are reasonably worth. Although you may find that plaintiff did not, in all things, fully and completely dis- charge all his duties, under and by virtue of his office or agency, yet, if he has performed ser- vices for the county, of which the county has received the benefit, it is responsible to plaint- iff for reasonable compensation for such services received, deducting therefrom any damages the county may have sustained by reason of his failui-e to completely discharge his duties un- der his appointment. Following tills, the jury, November 2, 1858, returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $230, upon wlilch judgment was entered. On the 4rth of November, 18.58, H. B. Horn, as assignee of the above judgment received the amount thereof in full. Thus ended the first chap- ter in the swamp land affairs of Davis county; and thus they remained un- til 1870, when their consideration was renewed by the board of supervisors. Meantime, however, all the swamp land in the county had been entei'ed by individuals as government land, which ended any farther contention over them. While agent Weaver had selected 11,776 acres as swamp and over- flowed land, and reported the same with maps and plats thereof, yet the county had failed, through negligence, to report them to the General Land Office at Washington, with proof that such were swamp and overflowed lands within the terms of the swamp land act; hence, had received no pay therefor, in lieu of the lands whlcii had been sold, as already noted. At the June session of the board of supervisors, in 1870, the following: action was taken to secure to the county indemnity for its swamp lands: Uesolred. by the board of supervisors of Davis county, that M. H. Jones and J. B. Weaver be, and are hereby, recommended and nominated as special agents to settle and adjust the swamp land account of said county, with the commissioner of the General Land Office, and Secretary of the Interior, with full power to act in behalf of said county; provided, that saiiJ Jones and Weaver shall not receive anything in compensation for their services unless they are successful in recovering the swamp land funds due said county, in which last event they shall receive for their services the sum of two thousand dollars, if they collect for ll,776.1iJ acres; and if not, in proportion to the amount collected at same rates; and it is understood that said agents shall defray their own e.\penses. These new agents at once gave their attention to the work assigned them in behalf of the county, and in 1874 and 1875 secured the appointment of a 482 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. special commissioner by the General Land Office, who came upon the ground, examined the field, and took testimony in relation to tlie character of the lands which had been selected Tiie result was, that the new agents on the part of the county could only prove about three thousand acres, out of the former selection, to be swamp and overflowed lands. For this quantity the general governnieut, in 1875, paid Davis county the sum of $2,278.62, in cash, and about $1,209 in United States land warrants. The land war- rants, it is said, still remain at the General Land Otfice, never having been •called for in behalf of the county. Thus ended the history of the swamp lands in Davis county. SALINE LANDS. The general government, several years ago, conceded the right of the States to the ownership of the public lands within their limits upon which salt springs existed. By act of Congress, approved May 27, 1852, the United ■States granted the land upon which these springs were found to the State in fee simple, together witli six sections of land lying adjacent to such springs, to be disposed of as the legislature of the State might direct. However, long prior to this act, Congress granted to the States the right to ^ise the -salt springs found upon any of the public lands within their borders, not exceeding twelve in number. This act of Congress was approved March 3, 1845. The saline lands of the State being under the control of the legislature, it passed some eight or nine acts before it made a final disposition of them. The final act was that of February 24, 1857, directing the manner of their selection. The second act, approved February 5, 1851, provides that the Uegister of the Des Moines River Improvement should sell these lands, and the proceeds arising therefrom should constitute a fund for the founding and supporting of a State lunatic asylum. The third act, approved January 23, 1853, provided that these lands should be sold by the officer having charge of the public school lands of the State, and the proceeds arising therefrom should be paid into the State treasury. Tiie fourth act of the legislature, •concerning the saline lands, approved January 21, 1855, provided for their sale in connection with the school and State University lands by the per- sons in cliarge of these respective grants. The act also provided for the transfer to the treasurer of tlie State University, all moneys, books, notes, and other papers in the hands of the State treasurer, belonging to the Uni- versity or saline funds. Again, by tlie act of tlie legislature, approved July 14, 1856 (extra session), the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated for the second time, to the State Insane Asylum. This act was repealed, HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 483 March 23,1858. The seventh act of the legislature, approved March 26, 1860, conferred upon the county judge and treasurer the same authority to sell the saline lands that had been vested in the school fund commissioner. The next, and crowning act of the legislature, approved April 2, I860, ap propriated the saline lands and funds to the State University. ■It will thus be seen that there has been a vast amount of legislation con- cerning the saline lands of the State, from first to last,* resulting in no little ■confusion and conflict. In consequence of this, embarrassments arose be- tween the State Land Office and the State University in relation to the ad- ministration of the saline grant, which caused the legislature, by act, ap- proved March 2.5, 1864-, to modify its act of April 2, 1860, and authorizing the trustees of the State University to sell the saline lands. The act also places the lands, and proceeds of the same, together with all the notes, con- ti'acts, and other securities therefor, under the complete control of the board of trustees of the University. The quantit}' of saline land thus secured to the State University, by the foregoing legislation is 46,101 acres. Of this, 640 acres lies in the northern part of Davis county. THE RAILEOADS IN THE COUNTY. What a wonderful advancement the railroads make in the material devel- opment and general prosperity of a county. State or nation. As the pio- neers look back to the early days of their settlements, they are amazed at the changes which these internal projects have wrought in their surround- ings. The anxiety for railroad communication in this county in its earlier days was earnest by those who foresaw the great advantages of them as instru- mentalities in developing the population and material prosperity of their new county. The first move made in this county, of which there is any record, to se- cure a railroad communication with the outer-world, was made on the 24th of December, 1853, as shown by the following record in the County Court. Application was made by pi'tition of H. Dunlavey, S. L. Carpenter, Allen Sawyer, J. I. Earliart, and others, and also other applications by means of resolutions of large and respec- table meetings of citizens, setting forth that the interests of the county and the citizens there- of, require that the county judge should order an election specially for the purpose of vot- ing "for" or "against" the county of Davis taking stock in the "Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua, and Bloomfield Railroad, " and the extension of the North Missouri Railroad from the State line to Bloomfield, for the purpose of aiding in constructing of said roads within the county; and after due consideration of the matter, it is ordered that an election be held in each township in said county, at the usual places of holding elections therein, on the 4th 484: HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY day of February next, for the purpose of voting for or ag-ainst the following propositions, to- wit: That the county of Davis, in the State of Iowa, will aid in the construction of the Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua and Bloomfield Railroad, and in the extension of the North Missouri road from the State line to Bloomfield, by subscribing the sum of $150,000 to the capital stock of said roads, to be divided as the county judge may deem expedient to a speedy completion of said roads to Bloomfield. That county bonds to said amount shall issue, bearing seven per cent interest, payable semi-annually, the county to pay no interest until the roads are completed. Bonds to be is- sued when the county judge is satisfied that the building of the road is secured. The county judge is to represent the stock of the county in the company. The ballots to be "for the county subscription," or "against the county subscription." The rules of the general election are to govern, all of which is more fully set forth in the proclamation issued therefor. Notice issued accordingly. Henry W. Briggs, County Judge. The propositions were voted upon at tlie time, and in the manner pro- vided in the foregoing order of the County Cnnrt, and were carried by a majority of three hundred and ninety-three votes, as shown by the following canvass and return of said vote: The returns of an especial election held in Davis county, Iowa, for the purpose of vot- ing upon the following propositions, to wit.: That the county of Davis, State of Iowa, will aid within the limits of said county, in the construction of the Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua and Bloomfield Railroad, and in the extension of the North Missouri Railroad to a junction of said roads at Bloomfield, in said county, by subscribing the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to the capital stock of the companies organized for the purpose of building said roads, said sum to be applied in such proportions as shall appear to the county judge of said county best calculated to eftect a speedy completion of said roads to the point of junction. That county bonds for said sum ($150,000) be issued by the county judge of said county, payable within twenty years from the date thereof, and bearing inter- est at the rate of seven per cent per annum, payable semi-annually; provided, that said county shall not pay any interest on said bonds until said road shall be in running order to said point of junction. That said county bonds shall be issued whenever the county judge of said county is satisfied that the said companies have secured said subscription to their capital stock as will enable them to contract with •competent parties for the speedy completion of said roads. That, for the purpose of liquidating the principal and interest of said bonds, an annual tax, not exceedingone per cent upon the county valuation, may be levied in addition to the usual taxes, to be continued from year to year, so long as the same shall be required; proeided, that no such tax shall be levied, unless it is found that said principal and interest cannot be paid by dividends from said stock or the sale thereof. That the county judge of said county aforesaid, shall, in person, or by proxy, represent the stock taken by said county in the company, or companies aforesaid. Said election was held on Saturday, the 4th day of February, 1854, in conformity with a proclamation issued on the 26th day of December, 1853, and regularly posted in each town- ship according to law: and at said election there were 1,271 ballots cast as follows; to-wit.,. "For the county subscription," 832 votes; "Against the county subscription," 439 votes. Said votes being this day fairly canvassed by Martin Snoddy and William S. Ficklin, justi- ces of the peace, iind the county judge, as county canvassers; it is found that there is a ma- HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 485 jority of :59.'i "for the subscription;" and it is considered that all the foregoing propositions are adopted, and it is ordered that notice be given accordingly. There is a history connected with tiiis roih-oad project, which the tax-pay- ing people of this county should never forget. It was the first project of the kind ever inaugurated, and tlie result of it seems to indicate that it was a scheme, conceived as such. What are the facts? After this stock subscrip- tion was voted by the people, and before any other step had been taken. Col. Samuel A. Moore came to the helm of county affairs, as county judge. He was a young man, a farmer, unschooled in the arts of schemes, and none other than a determined zeal for the right, governed him in his relations with the affairs of the people. As soon as Judge Moore was installed in his new official position, the directory of the new Fort Madison railroad pro- ject, together with its officers and attorneys, came to Bloomfield, and pre- sented to the judge the proposition, that inasmuch as the North Missouri road was a weakly, unreliable project, and theirs was "a dead sure thing," it was to the interest of the county, and hence his duty, to subscribe $149,- 9t>0 to their road, and §100 to the North Missouri road. To secure the con- summation of this proposition, the Fort Madison directory labored three or four days with Judge Moore, but to no avail. He finally told them that as soon as they completed their road up to the line of Davis county, he would then help them build it from that ]ioint to the town of Bloomfield; assuring them in unmistakable terms, that he did not propose that the people of his county should be taxed to build a railroad in Lee and Yaii Buren counties. This closed the interview, and the Fort Madison directory (on paper) returned home wiser, but not richer than when they came to consummate their scheme. This was the last of the " Fort Madison, West Point, Keosauqua and Bloom- field Railroad and its company. The tax-paying people of Davis county are under a debt of gratitude to their ex-county judge, in thus shielding them from such an unwelcome bur- den, especially where the consideration for it was so chimerical and uncer- tain. THE NOKTH MISSOURI Road came, however, through individual enterprise. No aid was extended it by the county, though it was the recipient of about $100,000 secured by private individual subscriptions; and it traverses the county from south to north through its county seat, and has contributed largely to the develop- ment of the county. It was finished to Bloomfield in February, 1869, and to the north line of the county and Ottumwa in the year 1870. The North Missouri, afterwards called the Kansas City, St. Louis & North- 486 eisTOKT OF davis county. ern, and now known as the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, has 25.38 miles of road in Davis county, of the value in 1872 of $4,000 per mile, and of the total value of $101,520. THE BDELINGTON AND SOUTHWESTERN ROAD Extends from Burlington, by way of Fort Madison to Bloomfield, crossing the St. Louis and Northern road at this point. To aid this road through Davis county, the township of Bloomfield voted, on the third of September, 1870, a five per cent tax on its assessed valuation, which produced $44,- 449.55. The road was completed to Bloomfield in 1S71, and is now com- pleted and operating to Cameron in Missouri. It enters this county in the southeast corner of Prairie township, and leaves near the southwest cor- ner of West Grove township. It thus extends 15.42 miles in Davis county, and in 1872 its value per mile was $2,700, and its total value in thi» county was $41,634. THE CHICAGO AND SOUTHWESTERN. In January, 1870, the county resolved to quitclaim the public square, on which the court-house now stands, to the city of Bloomfield, to be divided into lots, the proceeds of their sale to be given to the Chicago and South- western Railway Company, if they would build their road to Bloomfield, the amount to be given to the railway company not to exceed $40,000 J. W. Ellis, J. R. Sheaffer and William J. Law were appointed, and gave bond as trustees (in the penal sum of $80,000), for the sale of the lots above mentioned. But the company concluded not to come to Bloomfield, but went through the county five miles north, and thus secured no aid from this source. Where- upon the trustees quitclaimed the public square back to the county. This company, in the early part of 1871, laid its track through the county, de- pending on private subscription mainly for any aid they received, which amounted in the aggregate to quite a large sum. It enters the county in the northwest corner of Salt Creek township, and runs southwest, through Salt Creek, Lick Creek, Soap Creek, Drakesville, and Fox River townships, and leaves the county in the northwest corner of Fox River township. It has three stations in this county, Floris, in Lick Creek township, Belknap, in Soap Creek township, and Drakeville, in Drakeville township. The length of the road in this county, as reported by the Secretary of State in 1872 was 22.73 miles; of the value per mile of $3,409. Total value in the county, $77,280. HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 487" DES MOINES VALLEY EAILEOAD. 4 This road runs diagonally, northwest and southeast, across the northeast quarter of section one, in Salt Creek townsliip. The entire length of the road in this county being only three quarters of a mile, and having no sta- tion in the county, it can hardly be called one of the railroads of the county. It was one of the first roads ever built in the State; its length in this county, being reported by the secretary of state, in 1872, to be 75-100 of a mile, and valued at §5,000 per mile, .making a total valuation in the county of $3,750. The length and valuation of these railroads, as reported by the executive council, on the first day of January, 18S1, differs slightly from that of 1872, as will be seen by comparing. LENGTH AND VALUATION, JANUARY 1, 1881. Burlington and Southwestern, length in the county, 15.40 miles; value per mile, $2,500; total value, $38,509. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, length in the county, 22.73 miles; value per mile, $6,075; total value, $138,- 085. Keokuk and Des Moines, length in the county, 0.75 of a mile; value per mile, $3,500; total value in the county, $2,625. St. Louis, Ottumwa and Cedar Rapids, number of miles in the county, 26.246; value per mile, $2,250; total value in the county, $59,054. This road is now a part of the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific, and a feeder for Gould's great Southwestern trunk lines. The total length of railroads in this county is 65.126 miles; the average valuation per mile is $3,581.25; and the total valuation in the county i& $238,264. THE PRESS OF DAVIS COUNTY. The newspaper has arisen in this busy age to a position second to no other interest. It is the best and most valuable of libraries. Its cheap- ness is one strong point in its favor. It finds an entrance into homes, no matter how moderate — goes, as a rule, where books rarely do. It comes daily and weekly. It is read and loaned; caught up and read for a mo- ment, giving knowledge to the reader; a single item frequently giving what pages of book-bound matter would have to be waded through to learn. The newspaper, with the present facilities for almost instantly learning what is happening in every portion of the habitable globe, is the reflec- 488 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. tion of the hour equally as much as of ]iast ages. By it, the north and the south, the east and the west, are brought together. We know of the crashing of the ice and of the curling heat of the sun; of the massing of snow, and of the rushing of great waters; we are with the daring explorer seeking for the north pole; travel through the jungles of Africa; have a bird's eye view of great battles; sail over every sea; dive with the whale in its fabulous depths; are present in the parliament ot nations; listen to the last words of a dying potentate, and take by the hand his suc- cessor. ■ A wonderful, concise, most skillfully painted panorama of the affairs of the world, is the newspaper; a map of its busy life; a faithful reproduction of all its lights and shadows, and at the most nominal cost; at the merest bagatelle to books, even in these days of exceptional cheapness. Week after week, the paper comes filled with all that is rare, new, interesting and instructive. It is a history of nations in fifty-two volumes; an ever- continued encyclopedia of trade, science, biography, agriculture and the] arts; is the " boiling down" of all books in so minute a form, that the mindi can grasp at a single glance, and be saved the trouble of wading through ponderous volumes of uninteresting detail — to the great saving of time. It is', in fact, the grandest of all circulating libraries, at only a penny fee; the throwing open to the public of all the costly and exclusive archives of the world. The newspaper of to-day is a perfect omnium gatherum. Noth- ing escapes its notice. Every event of importance is instantly photo- graphed upon its pages. The whispers breathed in every clime are caught and fixed. It is a marvel of inteligence; is the stereotype of everj' mind. We look back in wonder at the days when it was not, and human intelligence shudders to think of the barbarism and ignorance and super- stition that would follow the blotting out of this, the sun of the solar sys- tem. Much is said of the power of the press, of the privileges of the press, of the prerogatives of the press, and of the perfection of the press through a long catalogue of virtues. To earn these positions, the press has duties to perform. One is, to give the news, and to comment intelligently there- on. Second, to be truthful and unprejudiced. Newspapers have ceased to be private enterprises merely. The power they have attained makes them amenable to the same general laws as railroads and telegraphs. When the newspaper steps outside of its pro])er functions, and for personal spite, or greed, attaints the character, life or service of any citizen, or assaults any interest of the community, it should be held to strict accountability bylaw, as well as by an enlightened public sentiment. Third, to suggest that which b ,»*^*^ •t^^' ^ii;*!!?^: 4^^ SUPT. \ HISTOIiY OF DAVIS COUNTV. 489 followed out will make news. For instance, tlioiigijts concerning the devel- opment of business possibilities, the starting of factories, the building of railroads, the beautifying of the town, the improvement of schools, the bet- tea'ing of public manners, and, if need be, of morals, also; the relief of the ]wor; as well as scores of other questions, in all the ramifications of ■events, political, industrial, commercial, social, religious and moral. It is not necessary that political events should come first (in a campaign sense) in a local paper. The term political should mean just criticisms or coin- imendations of the government of the county and towns. Next, to the newspaper's duty of looking after, urging and defending ;good, civil government, law and order, is that of showing up the moral and religious influence of the community — noting church doings, not merely puffs of festivals and picnics, but reports of special services, sketches of sermons, containing moreof love than wrath; of the clearing away of church debts, the prompt payment of the preachers, and of the growth, attendance and special doings of the Sunday-schools. The church plays an important part, as a teacher, in every community, and its work should have its proper place in the chroniclings of the local paper. Then, too, the schools should receive attention. The editor should take his own advice, and visit the schools, and extend to the teachers and pupils kindly words of encouragement in their work, encourage them in new ef- forts with the knowledge that the editorial eye is upon them, and would tell fche world of the progress made by them. Besides thus noting the general progress, the newspaper should give reports of examinations, exhibitions, the closing exercises, tempering criticisms with a spirit of kindness and sug- gestions; commend faithful and efficient teachers, earnest scholars and worthy directors, and properly expose wrong and reckless doings regardless of where the guilt belongs. Reports, too, from the county superintendent concerning th-e schools in all parts of the county; of the interest manifested by teacher, pupil and parent; and last, but not least, concerning the financial man- agement of the schools, the receipts and expenditures of the public money in this great work of educating the rising generations. This is of vital interest to the people who maintain this grand educational system of the State. The doings of the social world demands impartial reports by the county press. The exercises of literary or debating societies, library and lecture associations, reading clubs, musical or other entertainments, and all other social gatherings for mutual improvement, should receive appropriate men- tion. The people look to the newspaper in its making of the history of the 11 490 HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. day or week, for tlie repord of births, marriages and deaths; tlie transac- tions in real estate; the doings of the county and town officials; and the doings and decisions of the courts of law. Tiien, too, the industrial and' commercial interests of the county demand prominent attention, and* make interesting and valuable chapters in local history if followed up by intelligent explanation, and thoughtful and comprehensive comment. Ever3'thing noteworthy, as accidents, fires, and all the numerous incidents- winch go to make up every day life, should receive prompt and impartial attention, the editor bearing in mind that clear statements of facts serve a better purpose than the hair-raising, blood- curdling sensational style ot" the dime-novel. The election returns, complete down to the precinct offi- cers; holiday anniversaries, and other days, the observance of which law or custom has sanctioned, should receive due attention. Neighborhood cor- respondence of local happenings, brief and crisp, should have regular ap- pearance. Then there are matters of personal history, which may be properly used by the editor, to the profit of his readers. For instance, sketches of busi- ness men, who have grown up in the community, and aided in its develop- ment, and illustrated the ways to prosperity through honorable and indus- trious means; men whose lives have been worth}' examples of emulation by those who come after them; and men departing this life, leaving behind them- memories bright with noble thoughts and deeds. Petulence, grumbling and ofliciousness should never find tittei-ance ia newspapers; but fair comment, and unprejudiced criticisms, based upor> knowledge and understanding coming from iaithfnl, comprehensive study,, and intelligent reflection, should always displace them. Extended arguments- and lengthy clippings from metropolitan papers, rarely find acceptable place in local papers. This summary of what the local county paper should be, reflects a fair average of what it is in Iowa to-day; of the character and range of the matter offered weekly, in ninety-nine counties within her borders; and it is but just to say that Davis county is well represented. !No other influence has contributed so much to the progress and de- velopment of Iowa, as the newspapers of the State. No class of men have labored more assiduously and disinterestedly lor the development of the State, and the advancement of her material interests, than her editors. The number and character of the papers read and published in the State indi- cate the mental activity of the people, and their general intelligence and enterprise. Huhhard's Record for 1880, gives 510 as the number of news- papers published in Iowa, of which 30 are dailies, 462 weeklies, and 19' HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 491 moiitlilies. The great continents of Africa and Asia, with European Tur- key, Portugal and Norway and Sweden thrown in, possess barely more than half the number of papers issued in Iowa, a region in which fifty years ago no white man lived. And Iowa has more papers than the continent of Soutii America and Mexico and the Central American states combined. The states of Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, North and South Carolina are reported as having 447 papers, or 68 less than the goodly Hawkeye State. Politically, the republicans lead off with 226, followed by 83 democratic, 39 greenback and 87 independent and neutral sheets. There are 28 publications in tiie German, Bohemian and Norwegian languages. The educational papers number 7, i-eligious 8, agricultural 3, and temper- ance 2. Society, literary, legal and miscellaneous publications complete the list. As to names, there is no lack of variety. Twenty-three indicate their political creed by sailing under the title of Deraoci'at, and the cogno- men Kepublican is found at the heading of 21 sheets. Twenty papers are called News, 17 Times, 13 Journal, 11 Independent and 9 Gazette, with 3 to 6 as Tribune, Herald, Union, Express, Register. Leader, Enterprise, Reporter and Hawkeye. Odd titles are not few, as Phonograph, Telephone, Eureka, Eclipse, Delta, Dial, Vidette, Signal and Kosmos all testify. There is the Sentinel and the Pilot, the Bngle and the Plain Talk, the Radical, the Lib- eral, the Conservative, and the Freeman, the Monitor, the Vindicator, and the Watchman. The Mirror reflects the sentiments of three communities, the Star twinkles for an equal number, the Eagle screams for two, the Sun shine for three, a Blade is wielded for one, and one has an Opinion. Then there is the Beacon, and the Beacon Light, the latter a greenbacker. Ordi- nary titles, by the way, do not seem to meet the views of the fiat-money people, and therefore we find such names as Greenback World, People's Dollar, National Advocate, New Era, and Independent American. Among foreign names we notice Volks-Zeitung, De Volksvreind, Beobachter, Slo- von Americky, and Freie-Presse, the latter representing three sheets. Tiie Express, the Locomotive, the Onward, the Advocate, the Patriot, the Clip- per, the Plain Dealer, the Telegraph, the Messenger, the Courier, the Led- ger, the Review, and the Constitution all do duty as names for some of the good papers of Iowa. The first paper ev^er issue 1 in this State was tlie Iowa Yisitor, at Dubuque, in 183-1, since which time no doubt a thousand newspapers have lived and died in Iowa. In the spring of 1836, John King purchased at Cincinnati, Ohio, and brought to Dubuque, a Smith press with the necessary type, and published a newspaper called the Dubuque Visitor. Wm. Cary Jones was foreman 492 TIISTOKT OF DAVIS C0UNTT. of the office at a salary of $35u a year and boardiiif^. Andrew Kee- Bicker was compositor. In 1842 this press and type were taken to Lancas- ter, Wisconsin, and on it was printed the Grant County Herald. Subse- quently the same press was taken to St. Paul, Minnesota, and from it was issued the first paper printed in Minnesota Territoi-y, called the St. Paul Pioneer. In 1858 the same press was taken to Sioux City Falls, in Dakota Territory, whereon to print the first newspaper published in that Territory, called the Dakota Democrat. In March, 1802, the Siou.x Indians burned the town of Sionx City Falls, and this pioneei- of American civilization perished in the flames. It may not be uninteresting in this connection to give a few brief facts concerning journalism in the United States, as follows: First newspaper — Colonial Press, Boston, 1090. First political paper— Journal, New York, 1733. First daily paper — Advertiser, Philadelphia, 1784. First religions paper — Recorder, Chillicothe, Ohio, 1814. First agricultural paper — American Farmer, Baltimore, 1818. First commercial paper — Price Current, New Orleans, 1822. First penny paper — Morning Post, New York, 1833. First independent paper — Herald, New York, 183o. P'irst illustrated paper — News, Boston, 1853. First religious daily — Witness, New York, 1870. First illustrated religions paper — Weekly, New York, 1871. First paper west of Mississippi — Republican, St. Louis, 1808. First illustrated daily in the world — Graphic, New York, 1873. First Woman's rights paper — Lily, Seneca Falls, New York, 1847. The Lily was started by Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, now an honored resident of Council Blufl's. The Lily flourished six years. Iowa is the fifth State in the Union in the total number of publications. New York leading with 1,'230, Pennsylvania 835, Illinois 832, Ohio 653, and Iowa 510. In the matter of subscriptions about 200 Iowa papers charge $2.00 per annum, 200 $1.50, and the refet divide up between $1.00, $1.25 and $1.75. The total number of publications in the United States is placed at 9,723, representing politics, religion, science, commerce, the trades, finance, amuse- ments, in short, every interest, occupation and profession has it organ. The oldest paper now extant in the United States is the Mercury, of Newport, R. I., which was established in 1758. The number of newspapers in the world is over 23,000. There are seven newspapers published in the United States which are HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 493 now over one hundred years old. They are the Portsmouth (N. H.) Ga- zette^ Newport (li. I.) Mfrcuri/, New London (Conn.) Gazette, Hartford (Conn.) Courant, New Haven (Conn.) Journal, Salem (Mass.) Gazette, Worcester (Mass.) Spy. "We are indebted to Col. S. A. Moore for the followln"; information, pre- pared some years ago: •• The first newspaper published in the county was issued in 18.54, and wa? called the West- ern Gazette. It was a six column paper, and owned and edited by George Johnson. It afterwards changed bands and was called tlie Radiator. Affain there was a change; Harry Ober ijecame the editor and proprietor, and it was called Ober's True Flacj. In 18-56, Elder Jesse Bowen started the Democratic Weekh/ I'liioii. It was very short lived, and was suc- ceeded by Wiird'n Own, with William 6. Ward as editor. It had for a motto: "Ward Knows." .Tones says: "As a newspaper, it was a rare joke." The next paper was the Daiis Count!) Index, edited by Kosea B. Horn, which ran well for a season, but its existence was brief. In 1*^58, Mr. A. P. Bentley started the Democratic Clarion, which he conducted until the spring of 1 8G1 , when it changed hands antl was published by William G. War-d until 1863, when it suspended, but it again revived, and rin for a short time; but it died for the want of patronage in 1864. In 18611 the I'nion Guard was started by a joint-stock company, with M. H. Jones and S. A. Moore as editors, and A. M. Karns, publisher. Gen. Weaver succeeded in the editorial department, and the paper continued as before until 1866, when M. H. Jones and Cyrus H. Young became proprietors, selling out to Mr. E. T. White in 1868, who changed the name to the Darin Count n Republican. Mr. White added much new material, including a power press, and continued its publication until his death in February, 1873. Mrs. White contin- ued the publication of the paper until May, 1873. Captain J. A. T. Hull then purchased the office, and became its editor. Mr. A. M. Karns became associated with Captain Hull in the publication of the Rejniiilican, and continued in the office until June, 1876, when he was succeeded by Mr. 0. B. Whitford. The Daris Cinint;/ Republican is now published and edited by the firm of Hull. Hamilton iVr Fortune. In 1869, Mr. T. O. Walker commenced the publication of the Bloomfield Democrat. Mr. J. B. King began the publication of the Grangers'' Adrocate in the spring of 1874, but sold out in a few months to Frederick W. Moore r.nd Will Van Benthusen, wlio changed the name of the paper to The Commonwealth. Mr. Van Benthusen sold his interest in The Com- monwealth, about the first of May, 1876, to Mr. Henry C. Ethel. In October, 1874, Mr. J. B. King commenced the publication of the Odd Fellou-s' Banner. Mr. S. H. Glenn, purchased an interest in the paper, in January, 1876. The Banner was then published under the firm name of Glenn and King. The Teacher at Jt'ork was also a monthly publication issued from the oHice of the Daris Countif Republican, and edited by the Faculty of the Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. The Drakerille Sun wa< started by Richard B. B. WooJ, at Drakeville, in March, 1875, ;iiid suspi.'uded February, 1876. There are at present tliree newspapers published in the county, all of them at the county-seat: Duvii^ County Republican, Democrat, and Legal Tender Greenback. These newspapers are on a sound footing, ably con- 494 HISTOEY OB' DAVIS COUNTY. ducted, and wield an influence on the literary, moral, social, commercial and business interests of the country, that can be known only in the growth, prosperity and hapjiness of our cliildren who, in the coming years, will meet as we have to-day, to review the history of the past. From another source we learn the names of every newspaper ever pub- lished in the county, with the several owners of eacli, as follows: The WeeJdi/ Gazette, the first newspaper in the county, the first issue dated Saturday morning. May 13, 18^4, owned and edited by Geo. W. Johnson; The True Flag, edited by Chamb. Uber; The Radiator, edited by Rev. J. B. Bowen; The Bloomfield Union and The Davis County Democrat, edi- ted by Rev. J. B. Bowen; " Ward's Own," by W. G. Ward; The Iowa Flag, by W. G. Ward; The Davis Comity Index, by Hosea B. Horn; The Democratic Clarion, by A. P. Bentley and Amos Steckel, succeeded by W. G. Ward, then by Barr & Hamlin; The Union Guard, by Andy Karns, succeeded by Jones & Young; Davis County Republican, by Edvv. White, succeeded by J. A. T. Hull, then Hull & Fortune, then Hamilton & Fortune; The Bloomfield Democrat, by T. O. Walker; The Grangers Advocate, by J. B. King; The Commonwealtli, hy F. W. Moore, Henr\' Ethel and Will Van Benthusen; The Legal Tender Greenback, by C. F. Davis; The Mercury, by Henry Ethel; The Odd Fellows'' Banner, by J. B. King, then Glenn & King; The People's Journal, by Mitchell Bros.; The Vindicator, by S. H. Horn; and the Drakeville Sun, started at Drake- ville, in March, 1875, by R. B. B. Wood, and suspended in February, 1876. The papers above given in small caps are the only ones of this long list now in existence. The Davis County lupublican is the oldest living newspaper in Davis county, having beeti started as the Union Guard, in August, 1863. It was first owned and operated by a joint stock company. At a conference of re- publicans held in Bloomfield that year, for the purpose of devising ways and means of starting a paper favorable to President Lincoln's administration,' it was decided to issue Idd shares of $5.00 each, and to limit all stockhold- ers to one share each. Subsequently, owing to a desire to hasten the inaugu- ration of the plan, several members were permitted to purchase three or more shares each. Col. S. A. Moore and Mr. John Drake, now of Albia, were appointed a committee to purchase material. They purchased a stock of second-hand material of Ottway Cutler, at Ft. Madison, and with this the first number of the Union Guard was printed, A. M. Karns being the publisher, and Col. S. A. Moore and Mr. M. H. Jones, editors. Mr. Karns soon became owner of all or most of the stock by purchase and donation; and under his management the foundation of the subsequent splendid pros- HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 495 ■perity of the paper was laid. In May, 1864, Col. Moore re-enlisted, and Mr. Jones also entered the army, Col. J. B. Weaver succeeding to the edi- torship. In 186S Henry H. Jones and Cyrus H. Young became owners of tiie paper. In 1868 Mr. E. T. White purchased tlie office, and changed the name of the paper to the Davis County Eepuhlicdn, which has been its name ever since. Mr. White added a magnificent Taylor power press and inuch new material, and greatly im]>roved the paper in every way. In Feb- ruary, 1873, Mr. Wliite died. Mrs. White edited and controlled the paper until May of the same year, when it was purchased by Captain J. A. T. Hull. Atone time Mr. A. M. Karns was associated with Capt. Hull in the ■ownership of the office, but soon disposed of his interest, Capt. Hull again becoming sole proprietor. Mr. C. B. AVhitford became for so!ne time as- sociate editor in 18.76, and Mr. R. L. Rowe had editorial control from Janu- -ary to March, 1879. In May, 1877, Mr. A. II. Fortune, a]iractical printer, ■entered the firm as a partner, the style of the firm being changed to Hull & Fortune. Under the editorial and business management of Hull ifc For- itune, the paper has grown and prospered as never before. In 1880 steam power was introduced, and large additions of stock purchased. Hull & For- tune are still proprietors, but the paper is published by Fortune & Hamilton, Mr. John J. Hamilton having leased Capt. Hull's interest in the spring of 1879. Mr. Hamilton took editorial charge of the paper March 31, 1879, .and is still its editor. Tiie Legal Tender Greenback, ^-AQ e&ti\h\\&\\ed in June, 1878, by C. F. Davis; stepping into the shoes of the Commonwealth, deceased. In six •montlis lie Iiad the county printing, and did effectual work in the Con- gressional campaign of 1878. This paper started with about 300 subscrib- •ers, and when there were only 800 Greenback votes in the county. It has now reached a l>onafide circulation of over 2,000, the largest ever attained •by any paper ever published in the county; and the vote of the party has increased until at the last election, they elected every candidate on the •county ticket. This paper is officially indorsed as the Greenbrck organ of Davis county, and the central organ of the national Greenback party. Their business and circulation have so increased that it became necessary to put in ■a steam power press. The Bloomfield Demacrat. — The publication of this journal was begun ■September 15, 1869, by T. O. Walker, its present proprietor, and has con- tinued ever since under the same ownership. Assistance in placing the paper upon a permanent pecuniary basis was given by J. W. Ellis; William Hill and W. T. Leech. The Demoorat was at first a seven column paper, but as business increased, it enlarged. In 1871, to eight columns, and to nine 496 HISTOKY OF DAVIS COUNTY. columns in 1872; cutting off one column a year later, and has thus re- mained ever since. Politically it is in complete accord with the Demo- cratic party. It was for Horace Greeley, as the best means to harmonize the North and South; and for Anti Monopoly in 1873, believing that the State has the right to regulate the corporations she has created. The Dem- ocrat lias given sturdy support to everj' worthy public improvement pro- jected in Davis county. It has ]3roceeded upon the principle that a local newspaper must be, not only the reflex of public sentiment, but the director as well; and that a consistent, manly advocacy of local interests will in the end benefit paper and people alike. EDUCATIONAL PEOGKESS. There is notliing more remarkable in our time than the great progress in the matter and methods of education. This lias necessitated new modes of mental culture, and placed in the hand of the educator new material to aid liira in reaching broader and grander results. Among the changes which the new education has wrought is the recognition of certain philosophical facts in the training of youth, the importance of due attention to the hygiene of school-room life and study, and the place of new studies in the educa- tional curriculum of the common school. Time was, and not far back, when« "reading, "riting, and 'rithmetic " were deemed the only essentials of an education. But this has changed, and the history of the change is one of that long struggle against the prejudices in favor of the oldest methods of the old schools in which the early settlers had been educated, and to which they had become attached: a struggle in which the county is still in- terested; one that comes to it laden with the accumulated facts of ages^ hoary with years, yet beneficent in influence; a struggle in which opinions- and theories covered with honors have been marched off the stage of actioni and supplanted by facts and principles which it has cost years of toil to dis- cover, and more j'ears still to establish. The result of all these is, that it is now not only conceded, but very gen- enerally demanded, that the teacher should be subjected to a thorougli' course of training before commencing to discipline other minds. To meet this end, not only have normal schools been established and normal courses added to the eurrlcuht of the colleges, but normal institutes, at the expense and under the auspices of the county, have been established to meet a de- mand ever growing greater. The reason is, that there is a need in popular education that ma}' only be met by first meeting a like need felt by those who have that work in charge. The teacher occupies but partly, the high. HIt-TOKY OF DAVIS COUNIY. 49T place of an apostle of complete civilization — for nothing less is his task and that is his place — a preacher of complete manhood and womanhood. Instead of drilling boys and girls ujion the ninltiplication table, he is to- profoundly aflect human destiny for good. That there is but a feeble de- mand for this highest type of teachers, arises not only from an unconscious- ness of the immeasurable value they arc to mankind, but also from the im- perfect style of teachers that now stand before the public. There is probably no question in which tlie citizens of a county are so di- rectly interested as this one of teachers of known and tried ability. The time has long since passed when any person could teach school. The claims of to-day can no longer be met b\' the apjdiance of even a decade ago, for experience is beginning to show that teaching, like every other de- partment of human thought and activit}', must change witli the changing condition of society, or it will tall in the rear of civilization and become an obstacle to imjirovement. The educational problem of the day, is how to- get more meaning into the training of tiie schools; a meaning that shall ex- cite the youthful mind to the highest type of intellectual activity and vigor; that shall educate for lasting national life. A nation's safety lies wrapped up ill the intelligence of its people. And as the scope of human activity and thought is ever widening, so the claims of culture are ever increasing, and the State has the right to expect due attention to them from its con- stituency. By the general diffusion of knowledge only, is it possible to put wisdom at the helm of State; keep mediocrity out of responsible offices; re- move corruption from places of trust; banish vice and peculation, and 8& sweeten the fountain of public morality, that justness and fairness shall be the condition between all classes of men in all the relations of life. To tbi& is opposed, oftentimes, the foolish objection that " too much book learning is not to the best interest of individuals.'' Nothing is more foreign to a true spirit of culture and progress, or more fruitful of invidious results, than that the matter and aim of education are not akin to the most common- place affairs of life. Education is intensely utilitarian, directly so; there is not an avocation to which it has not brought its benison by way of improve- ment or coi'rection. An illustration from that kind of labor to which mir country owes its in- stitutions and its perpetuity — husbandry — may be in point. In early ages the products of agriculture n-ere thought to be the gifts o*' various divini- ties, who gave or withheld according to their caprice. Thegolden grain was the special bounty of Ceres — ^^just as Minerva bestowed the olive, and l>ac- cluis the wine. The seed grain did not quicken except by favor of the ru- ral god, who kept watch and ward over this ]>roccss; their sheep and their bees 498 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. •were under the gnardiansliip of Pan, and a troop of frolicsoin fanns brought bade life to the fields, and opened with tlieir busy fingers the buds of spring. Over all the operations of nature was some presiding divinity, and, as they were prosperous or adverse, they inferred tliat tlie divinity was kindly or malignant. But since that time the pliysical sciences and chemistry have given to tiie farmer a new heaven and a new earth. Tiie lightnings are no longer the manifestations of an angry divinity, but an indispensable agent in the scheme of vegetable growth and production. Noxious elements, once the source of untold miasm and death, are constantly eliminated from the air he breathes — taken up by the lungs of the vegetable system, and transmuted into valuable and useful forms. Now, his culture comes to temper the austere sky, liis enterprise rolls back to the forest like a scroll, and there appears a more genial sun, until the frozen circle itself seems pushed northward, and abundance smiles where unassisted Nature was stern, and niggard, and unfruitful. The field of improvement is yet bound- less, though the most beautiful of the sciences are his handmaids. A. vast change in the direction and tendency of thought is that from the time when — The sacred seer with scientific truth In Grecian temples taught the attentive youth; With ceaseless change, how restless atoms pass From life to life a transmigrating mass, to that of to-day when men's thought are turned outward toward Nature, seeking the cause and explanation of its phenomena, not in the " influence of the gods who haunt the lurid interspace of world on world, where never creeps a cloud or moves a wind, nor ever falls the least white star of snow, nor ever lowest roll of thunder moans, nor sound of human sorrow mounts to mar their sacred everlasting calm — but in Nature itself. Men may question Nature, aud where shall that questioning better begin than in the common school room, surrounded by proper and appropriate influences, and under the guidance of skilled and trained teachers. The work of such a teacher will be more than a mere perfunctory discharge of mechanical du- ties; such a teacher will never be content with the orderly management and systematic communication of other people's results. Agassiz recog- nized in 1871, the need of teachers, trained not alone in the common branches, but in science, for how else shall the attention of hundreds of thousands whose ahna /nafcr is the common school, otherwise learu to read the truths that lie like diamonds on every hand, or nod smilingly out from every flower? Said Prof. Louis Agassiz: "The time seems to have come when to the received method.'^ and approved topice of popular education, HISTOEY OF DAVIS COUNTT. 499 such branches of physical and natural science should be added as have ac- quired real importance for the business of life during the last fifty years. There is only one difficulty in tiie way of this most desirable result. There are no teachers to be had, whatever efforts might be made to introduce these studies at present, and the demand is likely to become more pressing «very day. It would seem, therefore, to be the part of wisdom to consider wliat may be done to prepare the way, and I hold it will be best to organ- ize a special normal school for liie training of scientific teachers. The world will require them every wiiere before many years are past." It is the happy lot of the teacher of to-day, to live in one of those most eventful periods of intellectual and moral history, when these oft-closed gates of discovery and reform stand open at their widest. How long these good days may last, none can tell. It may be that the increasing power and range of the scientific method, with its stringency of argument and con- stant check of fact, may start tlie world on a more steady and continuou.'; •course of progress than it has moved on hertofore. It is for those among the teachers of this county, whose minds are set on the advancement of •education and educational methods, to make the most of present opportu- nities, that even when in future years progress is arrested, as checked it may be, it shall be arrested at the the higher level. Aside from the qualifications that should be required in teachers, there is another important feature of the common scliool system that should by no means be overlooked — that of the snperintendency. It is now a recognized fact that a system, the workings of which are as eom]ilicated as is our com- mon scliool system, need.s some responsible head to which the teacher, in trouble or in doubt, may appeal. This is found in the highest school offi- cer in the county — the superintendent of schools. The very nature of his task and the duties of his office, make it imperative that he should be a man of large experience and broad views, able both to advise and correct. It is an office indispensable to the workings of the system as now constitu- ted, and is more effective, and most effective, when fitness is considered as the sole recommendation. It is not only a notorious, but a disgraceful fact, that the aims of the office are defeated by party ends, and its usefulness abridged by unwise partisan selection. From the school and its direction, its teaching and its ceacher, all questions of a political nature should be banished. The school-room is not the proper place for their discussion, and the selection of a superintendent on a political basis alone, is a most fla- grant error. To insure the efficiency of the office, men of sterling worth, tried in school methods and able to direct, should be selected, and the 500 HISTOEY OF DAVIS COUNTY. choice ought to be unanimous, and made with a view to the highest interest of the patrons of the school. Another feature of equal, if not greater importance, is the retention of good teachers. The educational interests of a county can usually be safelyJ intrusted to the care of professional teachers. Their avocation makes them ' necessarily jealous of their reputation, and jealousy of this kind almost in- variably leads to greater and more enduring successes. The earlier teachers, and this is not meant altogeter disparagingly, hept school rather than tau(jht, and even then, their duties were confined to a lew months' task in winter or summer. Aside from the few paltry dollars the}- saw in it, they had no interest in their occupation, and were constantly leaving the teachers' ranks for other and more remunerative employment. It is a sad fact that'this same evil prevails to-day, and the necessities of education demand that it should be remedied. Greater permanenc}' in the vocation of teaching must be guaranteed, or talent and culture will be induced neither to enter or remain in the wcu-k. So long as this remains a prevailing jieglect, the schools will be shorn of their greatest efficiency, and the development of youth into a nobler manhood prove a failure. After city and township districto select suitable men and women to take charge of schools, and find that they pos- sess the requisite es Moines Independent Dist. ■Salt Creek Independent Dist. . BearCreek Independent Dist £agle Independent District. . Center Independent District. White Elm Independent Diet In Lick Oreek Twp. Pleasant Grove lud. Diet Pleasant Hill Ind. Diet Pleasant Ridge Ind. Dist Pleasant View Ind. Dist. .... , Floris Independent District . Bunker Hill Independent Dist Liberty Independent District Franklin Star Ind. Dist Union Independent District. . , In Mahion Twp. Ash Grove Independent Dist. Fairview Independent District Albiiny Indei)endeDt District. . Union Independent District Center Independent District ■Oak Springs Independent Dist. Washington Independent Dist. Black Hawk Indep'endent Dist, In Union Twp. ' Oak Hill Independent District. Union No. 2 Independent Dist. No. 7 Independent District. .. Union Star Independent Dist. Hickoay Grove Ind. Dist O. K. Independent District. . . . Troy Independent District Walnut Grove Ind. Dist Stringtown Independent Diet. Antioch Independent District. In Phairie Twp. Prairie Independent District . . Pulaski Independent District. Craven Independent District. . In Roscoe Twp. Atkins Independent District.. Pleasant Knoll Ind. Dist Round Grove Ind. Dist Brumler Independent District Union Independent District In Gkove Twp. Pleasant View Ind. Dist Wyacondah Ind. Dist Newman ludepenpent District Stiles Independent District. Union Independent District Center Independent District 6.5 5.3 5.8 a 6.6 6.2 8 9 6.5 6 7.5 7 3 27.98|.S 24.00 30.70 24.91 25 33: 56,66 40.00 25,00 25,00 2C.66 26,00 25,00 25,00 30,(10 26,50 33.33 33.74 25.00 32.00 26.00 21.66 25. DO 24.5: 25.00 2,5.00 30,00 28,33 20.00 47.22 25.00 45.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 37. 50 30.00 NO. BE- TWEEN 5 AND 21. 0} 01 O SCHOOL HOUSES. 22.92 20.94 23 22 25.00 17.66 24.50 35,00 26,67 25,00 22,13 15,00 16,00 16,67 20,00 20,00 19,00 25,00 20,00 30.00 25.00 23.83 20.00 22.00 20,25 19,00 21,75 20,00 16,00 22,60 20,00 19.50 26,45 28,88 21.00 18 00 34.17 30.00 25 00 18.00 14,50 22,20 21 50 19,60 23.00 25.001 15,00 I6,00| 23 in 21 % 24 a 41 70 12 33 34 5C 44 75 34 4S 72 96 4(1 69 34 25 2(i 42 19 30 32 no 16 45 17 39 22 30 14 20 20 44 27 20 28 56 32 35 14 26 26 42 24 41 39 44 15 39 60 73 19 34 12 22 8 29 21 62 56 94 18 45 22 49 43 75 17 36 26 46 26 44 27 32 16 31 24 66 23 46 IS 30 36 67 153,4 ISO 97 21 92 164 252 29 40 194 37 22 28 18 23 26 21,5 22 21 27,8 24 13 19 12 33,5 18 19 17 12 23 24 23 18 14 36 21 30 28 36,5 19,8 12 24,3 .'52 19 17 51 18,5 20 29 19 17 29 24 M.Il ],2I 1 04 1,05 1 45 1,53 1,26 .69 .65 1.29 .91 1.00 .73 1.09 ,94 ,97 1,24 1 31 ,74 ,89 ,70 ,82 1,00 I 12 1,92 ,74 1,33 .59 1.16 1.66 80 1.08 1 05 1,14 1 ,81 1,07 .67 .70 .73 1.45 1.52 .41 1.6S 1.26 1.48 .70 1.62 .90 .76 1.10 1 60 .79 1.17 8.60 .85 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. STATISTICAL TABLE-Continued. 505 D18TBI0T8. SCHOOLS. TEACHERS. FAT PEB MONTH. SCHOOL HOUSES NO. BE- TWEEN 5 AND 21. tma Burr Oak Independent District Fabiu8 Independent District.. In Fabii-th Twp. Franklin Independent District Jeflferson Independent Diet. .. Taylor Independent District. . Central Independent District Union Independent District.. Washington lud. Dist In West Grove Twp. Harmony Independent Dist. . . West Grove ludeiteudent Diat. Gordon Independent District. Orange Independent District. Carter's Creek Ind. Diet No. 1 Independent District . . Prairie Independent District.. Total . -Average . . 16 465.8 ..| 6.56 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 25.00 30.00 25.00 16. UO 36 34 30 32 44 43 . 22 50 28 33 26.00 26 00 26 36 35.00 30.00 •20.00 30 00 18.00 18.00 27.60 31.65 33 33 74 117 J 1,409.69 $ 1,288.10 3164 3103 4934 37S. 5 888.43 29 37 22.21 I I 1.16 15 24 24 25 27 S3 18 3 41 31 75 20 84.4 19 20 25 1.6B .96 1.14 1.00 .81 1.33 1.60 .63 1.25 94 1.20 1.85 1.45 1.58 1.33 500 600 3.50 300 300 300 600 100 600 1,600 410 200 .300 350 350 71,530 The value ot" apparatus is $415, in the county. The bonded school debt is $1,275, in West Grove independent district, and fSOO in Des Moines dis- trict, of Salt Creek township, making a total bonded indebtedness of only $1,775; and we doubt if any county in the State can make a better show- inff. RELIGIOUS ADVANCEMENT. The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned To hue the shaft and lay the architrave. And spread the roof above them — ere he framed • The lofty vault, to gather and roll back The sound of anthems — in the darkling wood. Amidst the cool and silence he knelt down And offered to the mightiest solemn thanks And supplications. — Bryant. "No man liveth to himself alone." So reasoned tliose God-tearing men of old, when first they came to Davis county. They came, not to old and well established towns, where are found the " lofty vaults," but to regions sparsely settled; not among men accustomed to homes of luxury and ele- gance, but to farming districts, where now first were beginning to be heard the bum of honest industry and faithful toil. The men among whom they came had little in common with the object of their mission. They were 12 506 IIISTOEY OF DAVIS COTTNTT. men wliose sole tliought was of broad acres, and material wealth. Th& travel-stained preacher of that olden time, strong in constitution and vigo- rous in mind, stronger still in faith and powerful in prayer, sought out these sturdy men and brought to their very doors, the consolation of the gospel. For these very messages hearts were aching, and many were the souls forced to cry out: " Oh that I knew where I might iind him ! " The I seeds of virtue have been sown by a good providence in all hearts, and they 1 will spring up everywhere to His glory, if carefulh' nurtured. They are not wholly the result of learning and cultivation, and it is not only in old and efined communities that the lovely flowers of an exalted morality shed their perfume. The early men of God knew this principle, and recognized, too, the importance of its culture, and so devoutly addressed themselves to the task. It is well nigh impossible to correctly estimate the value of tiie work of these men; to estimate their influence on the character of this growing county. Welcomed everywhere, for the news they brought from other homes,, as well as for the "good tidings of great joy," they went from place to plaee^ greeting with smiles and cheerful words the old; with counsel or reproof the young. Many and varied were the duties devolving upon them. A ser- mon here, a burial yonder; now a wedding, and then summoned to the bedside of a penitent, what wonder the coming of these men was attended with blessings. It is the essence of Christianity that it be aggressive. It wars upon vice in all its forms, and brooks not even the appearance of evil. Checked, and for the time being thwarted in one direction, it only gathers energy for a greater onset in another, prepares and plumes itself for a more sublime flight. If men will not embrace its ofi^ered salvation, it goes to them with invitation and warning. This missionary element of Christianity alone en- abled its propagation under circumstances so trying; and the men who- were its ambassadors wei'e thoroughly imbued with the same spirit that sent Paul into Asia, and Luke to the Gentiles. It was the same spirit that prompted those noble men of God to hie them away to the jungles of Asia, or brave the wilds of Africa — men whose names make bright the pages of the church militant, and will add a brighter lustre to the church tri- umphant. What though its story lacks somewhat of the tragic brilliancy of political intrigue and plotting; what though it has not startled the world by those grand discoveries that make science so great a power in the land — discoveries that enable us to tell the myriad stars that people space, that impress us with wonder at the power and greatness of the Infinite ! What though it partakes of the nature of none of them ? Has it not brought to- bear on man's intelligence the higliest motives to virtue? Let the records HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 507 of the past years testify to its power. Let tlie hallowed memories that stretch back down the years of the past, answer. This, too, was done when gilded churches were not; when the elect of God in the common-school room listened to the life-giving word from the lips of men imbued of God. And who were these men ? Were they not morally brave to dare the scoffs of an untried and untempered west? Were they not men whose love for the fallen outweighed every personal consideration, so that they gave all for Christ? Wiiere was their power? Was it not in that element of a truly noble character that men prize above all else — sympathy? Aye, and that was the principle which made the Son of God so welcome a visitant in the lowly homes of Palestine. It was a principle which bound their own hearts, as it did Christ's, to tiiose in suffering or distress. Here in these scenes of toil and strife, afar from busy life of great cities, that mysterious power gave these holy men access to hearts and homes; an access that paved the way to conquests greater than an Alexander or a Napoleon ever achieved — conquests that marked their track, not with fire and blood and sword, but with tears, and vows, and resolutions which have culminated in many glo- rious lives. What was done, the old residents of this county know full well. What to do, the line of duty plainly indicates. How well their trust has been executed, how nobly their mission has been accomplished, none so well know as those still living who enjoyed their ministration. In view of the grand work so well done under the guidance of Providence, we may ex- claim in the language of the great apostle Paul: " O, the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowldege of God ! How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out." — Romans xl, 34. Nevertheless, there were some distinctive features attaching to the preach- ing of the gospel in the early days. The work of the ministry was as much itinerant in its character as was ever the mission of Paul. There were pain- fully evident the want of the permanent and regular moral influence of set- settled religious institutions. Hence arose the necessity for annual demon- strations, or special efforts which are now denominated revivals, and which owe their origin both to the scarcity of places for worship, and the itinerant character of the preaching. The Methodists of that early day took advan- tage of this feature, and in establishing the circuit, laid the foundation for future success. The circuit rider has been made immortal by the writings of Eggleston, and however overdrawn his description may seem to be, they are faithful pictures of what has once been a real state of affairs. The men who thus presented the gospel had an eloquence all their own. Their fame traveled before them. The people, naturally sensitive and enthusiastic, ■were readily moved by the vehement declamations of these pioneer preach- 508 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. ers. There was a boundless field for strong, earnest and unlettered elo- quence, and they improved the opportunity. Amid such circumstances as these, did the religious history' of Davis county find root. The names of those who early contributed to the organi- , zation of the moral forces of the county, will long remain in traditional his- ( tory. Upon these men, and such as these, the religious interests of the ' county depended, and right well did they perform the task. Numerous j churches liave been founded in all portions of the county. I THE TEMPERANCE CAUSE. There is a suggestion of the completest misery in the bare mention of the word. That not only men, but women, in an advanced period of civil- ization — men and women who not only profess, but very frequently act upon a high code of morals — should indulge in fostering a love for strohg drink, with scarcely a protest against it, is one of the most startling facts in moral ethics. It is, however, perfectly normal and in no degree inconsistent with the doctrine of natural moral perceptions, while it opens out fields of ethical inquiry of very deep, though painful interest. It is here proper, perhaps, to explain more fully the meaning of this last sentence, but in its explanation is involved, in not a few cases, the cause of a life made un- happy by drink. By natural moral perceptions, are meant hereditary pro- clivities, hereditary tastes and distastes. If, in the modern psychol- ogy there is any one fact thoroughly substantiated, it is that mental habit and individual tastes not only may be, but actually are, transmitted through several or long lines of generations. And among these may be included diseases and the germs of disease, aberrant mental peculiarities and de- sire for sensual indulgences or enjoyments that are in themselves demor- alizing and damning. From time immemorial men have indulged in the fruit of the vine or its product, have sedulously employed intoxicating bev- erages, first as stimulants, then for the mental pleasure or exhileration they confer, and why? Oftentimes through hereditary desires, and then again from sheer determination to cultivate a taste for these beverages on the recommendation or example of others. And so the tide has ever increased, and it has increased the amount of human woe, wrong and crime. Vain have been all attempts to stay the tide; vain have been protestations and entreaties; vain has been prohibitory legislation; in the natural order of things the disease — for it is nothing else — hat fastened itself upon the human race, and there is no outside power that can stay it. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 509 Locked in the heart of the victim of strong drink is the only safe-guard, the only potent agency to stay the tide, and that agency is self -■will. We may hedge the sufferer around with the arm of the law, may bring to his aid all the moral forces we can muster, may present the incentive of virtue lor the example of pure living; all of these would be in vain until the man rises in his might and asserts his manhood, his power over himself The mightiest bari-ier a man can oppose to tlie sway of passion, or to the bent of inbred desire, is self-knowledge. The old proverb, "know thyself," meant more than a mere index to a true philosophy of tlie mind; it pointed to the only sure safeguard within the possession of man against crime, and jagainst self-abuse in any direction. Sad, indeed, has been the temperance history of the human race. Who could tell the myriads of brave hearts and noble minds which have fallen as victims to its absence. Lives untold have been wrecked, possibilities un- measurable have been defeated, promises without number brought to naught, hopes on which rested the joys of millions have been wrested away, claims which pure hearts only could meet have gone unsatisfied, and homes with- out number have been depleted of all that is bright or holy in life. There was little exageration after all in the beautiful hyperbole of Hume, when writing of this same topic, he said: " To tell the ravages of this curse, it would require the heavans for a canvas, the ocean for color, the forests for a pencil and Job \'or the artist." To measure fully the value of an opinion or a system, it is not alone suf- ficient to examine the ideals of its originators; it requires rather a knowl- edge of how lar those ideals have been realized among tlie people. Its value as a savior must be reckoned by the work done, rather than the good inten- tions or hopes of the founders. That trite old saying, that "actions speak 'ouder than words," is beautifully exemplified in the steadfast purpose and determination with which the people of this county have set their faces against an}' recognition or permission of this evil in their midst. But this is one of the questions which, like Hamlet's ghost, will not down; it re- quires constant, unceasing vigilance to meet it; rising at periodical inter- vals, as it does, with all the strength of renewed youthfulness, it requires an equally combative resurection of antagonistic force to stay it. Look at it in whatever light we niaj', it possesses a vast political importance in the sense of political economy. Where to engage it, and how, is a problem that can only be solved by concerted action. 510 HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. CRIMINAL HISTORY. There has been no part of tlie habitable globe free from crime since Cain murdered his brother Abel. Thus, it has been transmitted from age to age, from land to land, from generation to generation. Man is prone to evil, says some one, somewliere, and it is only through cultivated influences that this inborn evil is held in subjection. Laws, civilization, education, the church, and society arc foremost among these influences who hold at bay, so far as may be, the evil in man, and cultivates his higher nature, gives scope to his nobler impulses. The more general, and the more thorough these moralizing influences are exerted, the less crime there is among us. Rare is the human being, however hardened he may have become, who has no tender spot in his nature. The most abject have sensibilitieswhich are susceptible of being attuned for good or evil. Hence, where moral influences and restraint do not permeate and surround the human family, and influence their ways of life upon the higher and better plane of conduct, they will too often sink to the lower. To show that Iowa has exerted these influences and restraints to a whole- some degree, it is only necessary to state, that out of a population of over a million and a half of people, from all nations and climes, there were only 1,446 convictions in the entire State, for all grades and classes of crime, during the year 1S79. Of these .570 were for nuisance; iJ05 for larceny and burglary; 74 for burglary; 72 for selling intoxicating liquor; 65 for assault; 39 for assault and battery; one, only, for illegal voting; 41 for keeping gambling houses, besides for otiier minor offenses. For the higher crimes — felonies — there were 8 convictions for murder in the first degree, and 7 in the second degree; for arson 4; assault with intent to commit murder, 15; assault with intent to kill, 6; attempt to bribe a court, 1; forgery, 27; grand larceny, 25; perjury, 2; robbery, 12. This aggregate, of less than fifteen htmdred pei'sons convicted of crime, is a small per cent out of a population of more than a million and a half, and speaks highly of the good govern- ment of Iowa, and the moral, religious, and social influences of the peo- ple. At the November term of the Board of Supervisors, 1S64, is the follow- ing resolution: Eesolred, That the sum of five hunclied dollars is hereby offered and will be paid by Davis county, Iowa, for the apprehension of the mui-der[er] or murderers of Amanda Pittuan and Lovina Margaret Pitman, at Springville, in said county, the night of 29th October, 1864. HISTORY OF DAVIS COUNTY. 511 They were never caught and it remains a raj'stery to-day. At the February term, 1880, of tlie District Court, John L. Krewson was convicted of burglarizing T. F. Collins' store at Stiles, on the night of Feb- rnary 19th, 1879, and sentenced to three years in the penitentiary, dating from March 4, 1880. At the September term, 1881, George Gibson and Robert Lambert, stran- gers here, stating they came from Pennsylvania, were convicted on two in- dictments each, for burglarizing the houses of A. R. Humphrey and Joseph Hammon, of Fox Eivei- township, and sentenced to the penitentiary for one year and six months on each indictment, to date from October 1, 1881. At the February term of the District Court, 1S80, Lewis Casssell was tried for forgery in signing the names of Joseph Roberts and John McCarty to a note for $100 and discounting it for $90 at Bradley's bank. He was arrested by constable J. M. DutHeld, in Marion township, and his prelimi- nary examination took place before S([uire Horn, and at this term of the District Court he was sentenced to one year and six months in the peniten- tiary, to date from Marcii 1, 1880. Albert Lang was convicted at the September term of the District Court, 1881, of burglary, in breaking into Newton Johnson's store in Bloorafield, and getting away with $14.25 belonging to the Odd Fellows Lodge, and a watch, two rifles, and a lot of revolvers belonging to Mr. Johnson. Lang ■was sentenced to three years in the penintentiary, to date from October 1, 1881. These five comprise all the prisoners now in the penitentiary credited to Davis county. In September, 1880, D. W. Lowery, a lad eleven years old, was sent to the reform school at Eldora, on the petition of his mother, to remain there until he becomes of age. Clay Bain was killed at the house of his father-in-law, David Glass- bourner, six miles northwest of Drakeville, on the 27th day of July, 1880, 'by David Goodwin, a hired hand, working on the place. It seems to have been in the heat of a quarrel, and although Goodwin fired two shots, the fatal one, after Bain was running awa3', being unarmed; nevertheless, Good- win was cleared by a jury of twelve men, in the February term, 1881, of the District Court. Between seven and eight o'clock, Tuesday evening, August 23, 1881,