i: ^^,. Ho, -ot*^ ^°-n*.. ^^°^ r^w/.. ■V.^'^" y^ii^\ "^^ .** \'kVA\ '*^^ ,/ ^' '^"i- ...s /\ l^-' ^*'% v-i- . vV^'^ \-^^m&y J''^4^^ --.Ik^l^^s.-^ .^ ,4 c ^ ♦'©Vo^* ^"^ AN ACCOMPANIMENT 7? - MITCHELL'S REFERENCE AND DISTANCE MAP UNITED STATES; CONTAINING •' AN INDEX OF ALL THE COUNTIES, DISTRICTS, TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS, &c., IN THE UNION; TOGETHER WITH AN ISTDEZ OF THE RIVERS; ANY COUNTY, DISTRICT, TOWNSHIP, &c., OR RIVER, MAY BE FOUND ON THE MAP, WITHOUT DIFFICULTY : ALSO, A GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES; AN ACCOUNT OF THE ACTUAL AND PROSPECTIVE INTERNAL IMPROVE- MENTS THROUGHOUT THE UNION : THE WHOLE, IN CONNEXION WITH THE MAP, ILLUSTRATING THE GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, AND STATISTICS OF THE UNION, IN A MORE COMPLETE AND SATISFACTORY MANNER THAN HAS BEEN HITHERTO ATTEMPTED. PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY MITCHELL AND HINMAN, No. 6, NORTH FIFTH STREET. 1834. - ^ Jfo^^ <;^/ <*^ Entered, according to the act of Congress, in the year 1834, by Mitchell & HiNMAN, in the clerk's office of the district court of the eastern district of Pennsylvania. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface 5 Consulting Index of Counties, Districts, Parishes, Townships, Hundreds, and Towns 9 Consulting Index of Rivers 159 Table, showing the distance from Washington to the capital, or largest town, of each State; also, from each capital, or largest town, to each of the others, 176 General View of the United States ; Soil, and Productions ; Minerals, Indians, Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce, Fisheries, Revenue, and Expend!- tures; Public Debt, Army, Navy, Government, State Governments, Education, Religion, Post-Office, Rates of Postage, Public Lands, Popu- lations, Apportionment of Representatives ^ • • ♦ 1'77 lyr • < General View of Population of Counties,'&c., Internal ) nnr ) Improvements, and Principal Stage Routes, ^ "^ New Hampshire do do 208 Vermont do do 210 Massachusetts do do 213 Rhode Island do do 218 Connecticut do do 221 New York do do 224 New Jersey do do 234 Pennsylvania do do 239 Delaware do do 247 Maryland do do 249 District of Columbia do do 254 Virginia do - do 256 North Carolina do do 262 South Carolina do do 267 Georgia do do 270 Florida Territory do do 274 Alabama do do 277 Mississippi do do 281 Louisiana do do , 284 Arkansas Territory do do 287 Tennessee do do 289 Kentucky, .do do 294 Ohio .do do 298 Michigan do do 305 Indiana do do 308 Illinois - do do 312 Missouri do do 316 Missouri Territory do do 318 Oregon Territory do do 320 Ouisconsin Territory (Carver's Tract) do 322 PREFACE. To trace the features, develope the resources, and record the improvements of any portion of the earth, has been always regarded by those desirous of possessing general information, as a topic worthy of peculiar attention ; and to no portion of mankind do these subjects present more interesting views, than to the citizens of the United States. Occupying a vast region, yet but partially explored, and operating on a system of internal improvements on a grander scale than any other people, they are marching forward to national greatness, with a rapidity unexampled in the annals of the world. These circumstances have caused works which illustrate the geography, topography, and statistics of the Union, to be regarded with general attention ; and, not unfrequently, to be liberally patronized. This Accompaniment, together with the Map to which it is an appendix, is respectfully offered by the publisher to his fellow-citizens, under the persuasion, that (together) they will be found to contain a greater amount of useful geographical, topographical, and statistical information, than any similar work hitherto published in the country. A principal object intended in the compilation of the Map, is the representation of all the local and civil divisions of the different States, so arranged as to connect with the census of 1830, as published by authority of Congress. This object has been strictly kept in view ; and it is believed, that the location of every civil division in the Union is exhibited on the Map : and, in the Consulting Index, the name, wuth the popu- lation of each, will be found in its proper place, according to alphabetical arrangement. In the Index, many towns, and also several counties, will be found without the numbers of the population annexed. In the case of the latter, this has occurred in consequence of their having been organized since 1830; and, in the former, the deficiency is owing to the want of a uniform system in the manner of taking the census. The subdivisions, into which the several States of the Union are divided, are styled counties, with the exception of the States of South Carolina and Louisiana : in the former, they are termed, districts; and, in the latter, parishes. In the six New England States, and also in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and the Territory of Michigan, the counties are subdivided into townships ;* in Dela- ware, into hundreds; and, in South Carolina, the districts of Charleston, Colleton, and Beaufort, are subdivided into parishes ; but, in the rest of the States, no such subdivision as that of township is known, except in Arkansas Territory ; which circumstance was not, however, noticed in the census. In the States above specified, whose counties are subdivided into townships, the population in each township is given ;t with the addition, that, in Ohio, the numbers, in a majority of the towns and villages, are also stated in the census ; and, in the State of Delaware, the amount is given by hundreds. From these data, the aggregate amount of the respective counties has been made up. In all the other States, the census was taken by counties, reckoning the districts of South Carolina, * In the New Enjrland States, the subdivisions of the counties, although precisely similar to the townships of New York, New Jersey, &c., are styled towns. t In Pennsylvania, the population of Jefferson, Lycoming, Pike, and Potter counties, is given in the census, without distinguishing that of the townships into which they are divided; and, in Huntingdon county, the population of twelve townships is given, in a body, under the designation of John B. Mick's share of Huntingdon county. In the State of Indiana, the population of the townships in seventeen counties only is given, of sixty-three, into which the State was divided in 1830. ——-----—— — . . ^ PREFACE. and the parishes of Louisiana, divisions of the same nature. In Kentucky, however, the greater part of the towns and villages are given, in addition to that of the counties. The absence of an alphabetical arrangement in a considerable portion of the census of 1830, as published by authority, was productive, in the formation of the Index, of a vast increase in the amount of the labor and perplexity, always attending works of that kind. The endless pluralities of the names of places in the United States, is well known ; and is the cause, in numerous instances, of great perplexity ; especially, to men of business, in the receipt and transmission of letters, &c. This will be at once evident, when it is known, that, on the map, and consequently in the United States, there are 100 counties, towns, &lc. bearing the venerated name of Washington ; 79, of Jackson ; 73, of Franklin ; &Q, of Jefferson ; and, in fact, an unceasing repetition of tlie names of all our popular public men, and Revolutionary patriots ; a circumstance proving, however, that the services of distinguished public men have a strong hold on the affections of the people of the United States. The Index and Map will, it is believed, obviate, in a majority of cases, difficulties of this kind, by determining, at once, the county and State in which the place sought for is located ; which could not be, perhaps, ascertained, without the assistance of such a work, except at the expense of considerable time and trouble. The distances, in miles, attached to the different towns, &c. from Washington city, and from their respective State capitals, will to all persons be interesting ; and, to many, more or less useful. They are derived from the most authentic source in the country, viz. the General Post Office ; for assistance in which respect, the publisher is particularly indebted to Colonel Gardner, of that department. The Index of Rivers, and the plan adopted for ascertaining their respective places in the Map, are now introduced in a work of this kind, for the first time ; the utility of which, we think, will be obvious to every one who has ever had occasion to consult a map. The plan and the limits prescribed for this work, preclude any but the most brief geographical details. Those introduced in the general view of the Union, and in the individual States, are adopted more for the purpose of classifying the topographical and statistical information considered necessary for elucidating and increasing the utility of the map, than with any expectation of adding new facts, or of exhibiting any views in addition to those found in the numerous geographical publications already before the public. The statements, with regard to the Canals and Rail-Roads, are made in reference to their present condition, as nearly as information could be obtained. The activity, and even enthusiasm, displayed, of late, in the United States, on this subject, and the rapidity with which new works and schemes of this kind are created, render it almost impossible for any one, whatever may be his means of information, to keep pace with what is daily springing into existence, in every part of the Union. The Stage Routes, introduced under the heads of the respective States, will, it is presumed, be found of considerable utility, by those who may be desirous of ascertain- ing the various actual lines of communication throughout the different parts of the Union. These are also represented on the Map, and may be easily traced, being distinguished in the engraving from the common roads. The distances, in miles, are likewise attached to them, except in cases where their introduction was found to con- flict with the names of towns, &c. already engraved. In all such, the printed Routes will supply the deficiency. Although the number of Stage Routes given amount to nearly 400, it is not pretended these present a complete view of this branch of topography. PREFACE. There are, doubtless, some small lines of communication, in different parts of the Union, of which information could not be obtained : altogether, however, they present a more extended and complete system, than has yet been brought, in one mass, before the public. Errors in orthography, both on the map and in this work ; contradictions in statistics, and in the statements of distances ; may possibly, nay, probably will be, found. To deny this, would be presumption. Such exist, more or less, in works of the very highest character. From persons of candor and discrimination, however, due allowance is expected. When, in addition to the compiling, combining, and engraving the map, it is stated, that the articles in the Consulting Index alone number almost ten thousand; that, for a majority of these, the amount of the population was extracted from an ill- arranged and inconvenient document ; and the distances are stated, both from Wash- ington and from the capital of each State, respectively ; that the Index of Rivers amounts to near a thousand articles, for every one of which, the length, of course, was ascertained ; and, when to the above we add, the various items of information given in the General View of the United States, and in the individual States ; it is evident, that a great amount of labor has been performed. It is beUeved, that much has been added in the Map, and in this work, and combined with the geography of the country; that many new counties and towns have been there embodied ; and that they contain some corrections of similar, and respectable works. On the whole, as a convenient work of reference, extended in its detail beyond any thing of the kind heretofore published, and, to some extent, original ; we hope, and confidently believe, that it will prove both useful and valuable to those who will have occasion to consult it. The gentlemen who have already so liberally patronized the work, will perceive that the terms of the prospectus have been exceeded. The whole of the vicinities given on the Map, are additional; together with the various items of information, in the General View of the United States, and in the individual States, and the numerous travelling routes, &c. In fact, the publisher can confidently assert, that no pains have been spared, no labor abridged, and no remuneration withheld, to make the whole worthy the confidence of the public. CONSULTING INDEX. To ascertain the position of any Place mentioned in tlie Index, observe the letters annexed to it in the fifth column : then find the corresponding letters on the top or bottom and sides of the Map ; from these letters pass the eye along the ranges due north or south and east or west, until they intersect. In the square in which they meet, the place sought for will be found. Abbreviations. — Maine, Me. ; New Hampshire, N. H. ; Vermont, Vt. ; Massachusetts, Mas. ; Rhode Island, R. I. ; Connecticut, Ct. ; New York, N. Y. ; New Jersey, N. J. ; Pennsylvania, Pa. ; Delaware, Del. ; Maryland, Md. ; Virginia, Va. ; North Carolina, N. C. ; South Carolina, S. C. ; Georgia, Geo. ; Alabama, Al.; Mississippi, Mi.; Louis- iana, La. ; Tennessee, Ten. ; Kentucky, Ken. ; Ohio, O. ; Indiana, In. ; Illinois, II. ; Missouri, Mo. ; District of Columbia, D. C. ; Arkansas Territory, A. T. ; Florida Ter- ritory, F. T. ; Michigan Territory, M. T. ; Missouri Territory, Mo. T. Court House, C. H. ; Post Office, P. O. ; Fort, Ft. ; Port and Point, Pt. ; Mount, Mt. ; Townsliip, tsh. ; County Town, c. t. ; Town, t. The first column of the Index contains the names of places ; — the second column designates the class to which they belong ; — tlie third column shows the counties in which towns, &c. are situated ; — the fourth column points out the States in which counties, towns, «S6C., are placed ; — the fifth column contains the reference letters, which correspond with the letters on the top and bottom and sides of the Map ; — the sixth column contains the population of counties, towns, &c., according to the census of 1830 ; — the seventh column contains the distances in miles of townships and towns from Washington City ; — and the eighth column designates the distances from town- ships, towns, &c., to the capitals of their respective States. The single letters in the first column, attached to some of the names, signify that those places are represented on the Map by the letters attached to them : this occurs only in those cases where the space on the Map was not sufficient to admit of the name being written at length. The capital letters represent townships, and the small letters stand for towns. CONSULTING INDEX Names of Places. Aaronsburg-, ABBEVILLE, Abbeville., ■, Abbot, Abby ville, . ^ Abingdon, . . Abingdon, A. Abingdon, Abingdon, Abington, Absecum, ACCOMACK, Acquia, Acquackanonck, ...A. Acre Town, Acton, Acton, B. Acton, <" . . A . Acworth, Adams, Adams, ADAMS, Adams, ADAMS, ADA3IS, Adams, Adams, Adams, ^ Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams, A. Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams, ADAMS, Adamsburg, Adamsburg, Adams Town, Adamsville, Adamsville, ADAIR, Adairville, Addison, ADDISON, Addison, Addison, Class. District, c. t t tsh. c.t. tsh. t. . County, tsh. and t. t t t. .. t tsh. and t. County, .« tsh County,.. County, . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh. .. . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, .. County, County, t tsh County. Centre, . Abbeville, .... Somerset, . . . . Mecklenburg, . Plymouth, . . . Montgomery, . Harford, Washington,.. Luzerne, Gloucester, . . . Stafford, .... Essex, Columbiana, York, Windham, . . Middlesex, . . Sullivan, . . . . , Berkshire, . . . Jefferson, , . . Lycoming, , . Champaign, Dark, Guernsey, .. Monroe, . . . Muskingum, Seneca, Washington, Carroll, .... Decatur, . . . Madison, . . Morgan, . . . Parke, Ripley, .... Union, , Westmoreland, Lancaster, . . . Frederick, . . . , Marlboro' Logan, Washington, Addison, Steuben, State. Pa. S.C. s.c. Me. Va. Mas. Pa. Md. Va. Pa. N.J. Va. Va. N.J. O. Me. Vt. Mas. N.H. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Mi. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. In. In. In. In. In. In. 111. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. S.C. Ken. Ken. Me. Vt. Vt. N. Y. Ref. Letters Qf LI LI Ya Pj Xd Sf Mj Se-^ Tg SI Qh Tf Nf Xc Vc Wd Vc Ud Re Qg Qe Co Kh Kf Jf M f Mg Mf Ke Mg Hf Ig If Hg Gg Ig Cg Qf Of Rf Qg 01 II Hj Azb Ub Ub Qd Popula- tion. 28,149 ""465 2,423 1,524 1,330 16,656 7,710 42 1,398 176 1,128 1,397 2,649 2,995 21,379 14,937 12,281 342 528 736 325 540 285 489 2,186 8,217 741 24,940 1,396 944 D. fr. Wash 196 534 677 227 433 146 60 385 245 205 42 224 308 522 444 431 452 384 398 465 494 322 288 328 434 319 671 566 553 600 640 539 170 198 133 48 398 721 735 493 290 D. fr. Cap. 10 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Addison, Addison, A. Addison, Adelphi, Adrian, Aid Aikenville, Air, Alabama, ALACHUA Alachua, C.H. Alaqua, Albany, Albany, , ALBANY, AIiBAMlT, Albany, . . . « Albany, ALBEMARLE,.... Albion, Albion, , Albion, Albion, Alburgh, A . Alden, Aldie, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, ALEXANDER, ... Alexandria, A. Alexandria, Alexandria, Alexandria, ALEXANDRIA,... Alexandria, Alexandria, Alexandria, Alexandria, , Alexandria, , Alexandria, , Alexandria, , Alexandriana, P. O. , Alford, A, Alfred, , Alfred, ALLEGAN, ALLEGANY, ALLEGANY, ALLEGANY, .... ALLEGHANY, .. . Allegheny, ■ Allegheny, Allegheny, • Alleglieny, Allegheny, ■ Allegheny, • Allen, Allen, A. Allen, Class. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. t. .. tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, c. t County, . Capital, . tsh tsh County, . t c. t. tsh. c. t. t. .. tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. t. .. tsh Count}', . t tsh. and t.. tsh. and t.. t County, c. t. c. t. t. Putnam, t t tsh County, County, , County, , County, County, , tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County. Somerset, . . Gallia, Shelby,.... Ross, Lenawee, .. Lawrence, . Barnwell, .. Bedford, . . , Genesee, . . ■ Alachua, . Walton, . . . Oxford, ... Orleans, . . Albany, . . Berks,. . . . Bradford, . Kennebeck, . Orleans, . . . . Oswego, . . . . Edwards, . . . Grand Isle, . Erie, Loudon, . . . . Washington, Genesee,. . . . Buncombe,. . Athens, . . . Grafton, .... Jefferson, . . . Hunterdon, . Huntingdon, Alexandria, . Rapides,. . . . Smith, Scioto, Callaway, . . . , Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Berkshire, . . . York, Allegany, . . . , Armstrong, . . Cambria, .... Huntingdon, . Somerset, .... Venango, . . . . , Westmoreland, Allegany, . . . • Cumberland, . . Northampton, . State. Pa. O. In. O. M.T. O. s. c. Pa. N.Y. F. T. F. T. F. T. Me. Vt. N.Y. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Va. Me. N.Y. N.Y. II. Vt. N.Y. Va. Me. N.Y. N. C. O. II. N.H. N.Y. N.J. Pa. D.C. D.C. La. Ten. O. II. Mo. Mo. N.C. Mas. Me.. N.Y. M.T. N.Y. Pa. Va. Md. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Ref. Letters Og Lh g Lg J e Lh M m Qg ' P Lq Lq Hp Xb Vb Ud Ud Sf Re Ph Yb Pc Re Fh Ub Pd Qh AZa Pd Lk Ei Wo Sb Tf Pf Qh Qh Bo Hj IffCh Ee Bh Cg Nk Ud Xc Qd Id Pd Nf Oi Og Of Pf Pf Pg Oe Of Pd Rf Sf Popula- tion. 1,185 662 1,141 276 1,517 819 2,204 387 683 53,520 24,209 1,129 284 22,618 1,393 669 1,239 1,257 336 2,331 1,390 1,083 1,523 3,042 9,573 8,241 D. fr. Wash. 512 1,453 1,476 168 356 575 389 502 389 562 93 383 875 1,011 587 568 376 164 227 620 389 369 733 556 383 41 798 371 523 350 '506 442 189 155 26,276 37,964 2,816 10,609 2,966 844 2,058 506 596 2,058 898 2,337 2,106 1,246 661 422 842 969 919 411 354 513 314 205 188 158 151 282 218 326 107 194 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 11 Names of Places. ALLEN, ALLEN, Allen, ALLEN, Allen's Ferry, P.O. .. Allen's Hill, Allenstown, Allensville, Allenton, Allenton* or K. West^ Allenton, Allenton, Allen Town, Allen Town, Aleppo, Alloway's Town, . . . . Almond, Alna, Alsace, .... - Alstead, Alton, Amanda, Amai^da, Amanda, Amanda, Amber, Amboy, Amboy, Amboy, Perth, Amboy, South, AMELIA, Amelia C.H. Amenia, America, Ames, Amesbury , A . Amherst, Amherst, Amherst, AMHERST, Amherst C.H. Amherst, AMITE, Amity, Amity, A . Amity • • • • Amity, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amwell, Amwell, Ancram, ANDERSON, Anderson C.H. • • • • . ANDERSON. ANDERSON, Anderson, A. Comity,. County, tsh County, t. .. c. t. t. .. t. .. t. .. c. t. tsh t tsh. and t. . t t tsh tsh. and t. . tsh County, . . . c. t tsh. c. t. tsh. t. .. t tsh County, c. t tsh. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t tsh. and t. t t .... tsh tsh tsh. and t. District . . c. t County,. . County, . . tsh County. Union, Warren, Ontario, Merrimack, . . Todd, Montgomery, . Monroe, Wilcox, Greene, , Monmouth, . . Lehigh, , Greene, , Salem, Allegany, ... Lincoln, . . . . , Berks, , Cheshire, . . . . Strafford, . . . , Greenup, . . . , Allen, , Fairfield, Hancock, Onondaga, . . . Onondaga, . . , Oswego, . . . . , Middlesex, . . , Middlesex, . . . Amelia, Dutchess, . . . Alexander, . . Athens, Essex, Hillsborough, Hampshire, . Erie, Amherst, Lorain, . . Allegan}'-, . . . Berks, Erie, Washington, Montgomery, Bottetourt, . . Hindes, Hunterdon,. . Washington, Columbia,. . . Anderson, . . Hamilton, . State. Ken. O. O. In. Ten. N. Y. N.H. Ken. N. C. F. T. Al. Ken. N.J. Pa. Pa. N.J. N. Y. Me. Pa. N.H. N.H. Ken. O. O. O. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. N.J. Va. Va. N. Y. II. O. Mas. N.H. Mas. N. Y. Va. Va. O. Mi. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. N. Y. Va. Mi. N.J. Pa. N. Y. S. C. s. c. Ten. Ken. O. Ref. I.etters Hj J f Kf Ic Ik Qd Wc Gj Nk Go' li Tf Sf Ng Sg Qd Yb Sf Vc Wc Lh Jf Ke Rd Re S c Tf Tf Qi Qi Ue Ei Xd Wd Vd Pd Oi Oi Le Co Pd Sf Oe Nf Td Oi Dn Tf Nf Ud LI LI Jj Jh J? Popiila- D. fr. Wash. 481 1,544 838 1,804 1,175 1,943 1,559 1,983 168 1,594 126 669 879 3,782 11,036 2,389 857 2,445 1,649 2,631 2,485 12,071 552 7,934 872 1,378 335 3,354 7,385 1,733 1,533 17,169 5,310 4,520 2,410 441 640 353 475 723 426 1,454 931 610 177 178 244 177 314 599 148 444 500 418 380 509 366 150 357 212 211 'i69 327 850 333 464 448 382 386 180 385 329 146 329 241 400 240 1,075 176 240 364 550 487 D.fr. Cap. * Allenton is situated on Key West, or Thompson' see the supplementary map of Florida. Island, one of the Florida keys, for which 12 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Anderson, Anderson, Anderson, Anderson, Andersonton, Andcrsonville, Andes, Andover, Andover, Andover, Andover, Andover, Andover, jhiffelica, ANNAPOI.ZS, An)ia polls, Annapolis, a . Ann Arbour, Ann Arbour, ANN ARUNDEL, . Annsburgh Annsville, Annville, A . Anson, ANSON, Antes, Antrim, Antrim, Antrim, Antwerp, Appalachicola, Appleton, APPLING, Applington, Appoquinimink, Apulia, Arcadia, Arcadia, Archer, ARENAC, Argfyle, ARKANSAS, Arkansas, Arkport, Arkw^right, Arlington, Arlington, Armagh, Armagh, ARMSTRONG, Armstrong, Armstrong, Arnoldton, ASCENSION, Ashboro\ Ashburnham, Ashby, ASHE, Asheville, Ashfield, Ashford, tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. c. t. t. .. tsh. and t. tsh tsh tsh. and c. t. Capital,. . . . tsh. c. t. Madison, . . . . Perry, Rush, , Warrick, . .. Madison, Anderson, . . . Delaware, ... Oxford, Merrimack, . Windsor, ... Essex, Alleghany, . . Ashtabula, . . Alleghany, . . Ann Arundel, Harrison, . . . Jefferson, . . . Washtenaw,. Washtenaw,. County, . County,. . . . tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t. County,. .. c. t Hundred, . t tsh tsh tsh County, . . . tsh. and t.. County, . . . c. t t tsh t tsh t tsh County, . . . tsh tsh County. Washington, Oneida, Lebanon, . . , Somerset, . . , Huntingdon,.. Hillsborough,. Franklin, .... Crawford, .... Jefferson, .... Franklin, .... Waldo, Columbia, . . . New-Castle, . Onondaga,. . . Wayne, Kalamazoo,.. Harrison, . . . Washington, . . Arkansas, Steuben, Chautauque,. . . Bennington, . . . Tioga Indiana, Mifflin, State. Parish, . , c. t t t County, . c. t t t Indiana, .... Vanderburg, . Campbell, . . . Randolph,. . . . . Worcester, . . . Middlesex, . . . . Buncombe, ... Franklin, .... Windham, . . . In. In. In. In. In. S.C. N. Y. Me. N.H. Vt. Mas. N. Y. O. N. Y. Md. O. O. M. T. M.T. Md. Me. N. Y. Pa. Me. N.C. Pa. N.H. Pa. O. N. Y. F. T. Me. Geo. Geo. Del. N. Y. N. Y. M.T. O. M.T. N. Y. A.T. A.T. N. Y. N.Y. Vt. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. In. Va. La. N.C. Mas. Mas. N.C. N.C. Mas. Ct. Ref. Letters Lf Hh Ig Gi Lf LI Td Xp We Vc Wd Qd Ne Pd Rh Mf Nf Kd Kd Rg Azb So Rf Yb Nk Pf We Qg K f Sh Iq Yb Lo L m Sg Rd Qc Id Mf Kc Uc CI CI Qd Od Uc Rd Of Qf Of Of Gh Oi Cp Ok Wd Wd Mj Lk Vd Ve PopulE tion. 315 266 1,860 399 1,324 975 4,530 598 414 998 2,623 68 156 28,295 1,481 2,736 2,532 14,095 207 1,309 3,829 139 2,412 735 1,468 1,061 3,901 1,586 3,450 1,426 1,064 315 926 1,207 D. fr. Wash. 565 668 540 720 561 552 354 612 496 455 446 306 302 327 37 284 276 538 535 D. fr. Cap. 45 143 53 193 41 138 90 61 22 87 19 252 194 256 708 412 129 639 177 454 430 435 991 626 602 106 329 344 640 284 423 2,132 17,625 2,966 5,426 1,402 1,240 6,987 1,732 2,660 1,064 315 362 426 294 175 172 199 715 219 345 420 426 513 396 362 CONSULTING INDEX. 13 Names of Places. Ashford, Ashland, ASHTABULA, .... Ashtabula, Ashville, Ashville, Aspalaga, ! Assawaman, ASSUMPTION,.... Aston, A . Asylum, Athens, Athens, A . Athens, Athens, . Athens Athens, Athens, Athens, Athens, ATHENS, Athens, Athens, Athens, Atliens, Athol, Athol, Atkinson, Atkhason, A. Atlas, ATTAKAPAS, .... Attica, Attica, Attleborough, Attleborough, Attlebury, Atvvater, Atwater's Falls, Auburn, Auburn, Auburn, Auburn, Auburn, Auburn, AUDRAIN, AuausTA, . . . Augusta, Augusta, Augusta, .A. AUCWSTA, Augusta, Augusta, Augusta, Augusta, Augusta Springs, . . . . Auraria, Aurelius, Aurelius, Auriesville, Aurora, Aurora, County, . . tsh. and t. t Cataraugus, Richland, . . Ashtabula, Chatauque, St. Clair,.. Gadsden, . Accomack, Parish, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. and t. tsh tsh t c. t. c. t. County, . . . . tsh. and c. t. tsh t. ., t. .. tsh. a.. c. t County, . . tsh. and t. t tsh. and c. t tsh tsh tsh t County, . . t. and capital tsh. and t. t tsh. . . . County, c. t c. t. c. t. tsh. t. .. t tsh tsh t tsh. and t. t County. Delaware. . . Bradford, . . Somerset, . . Windham, . Greene, . . . . Bradford, . . Crawford, . . Clark, Limestone, . McMinn, . . Fayette, . . . Athens, . . . . , Harrison, ... St. Clair, . . . Sangamon, . . Worcester. . . Warren, .... Penobscot, . . Rockingham, Pike, Genesee,. Fountain, Bristol, . . Bucks, . . Dutchess, St. Lawrence, Cayuga, Susquehanna,. Geauga, Richland, . . . . Oakland, . . . . Lincoln State. Kennebeck, . . . Oneida, Sussex, Northumb'rland Richmond, . . , Perry, Bracken, . . . . Columbiana.. . Augusta, . . . . Lmiipkin, . . . . Cayuga, Washington, . Montgomery,. Erie, Cayuga, N. Y. O. O. O. N.Y. Al. F. T. Va. La. Pa. Pa. Me. Vt. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Geo. Al. Ten. Ken. O. O. O. II. II. Mas. N.Y. Me. N. H. II. La. N. Y. In. Mas. Pa. N.Y. O. N.Y. N.Y. Pa. O. O. M.T. Mo. Mo. Me. N.Y. N.J. Pa. Va. Geo. Mi. Ken. O. Va. Geo. N.Y. O. N.Y. N.Y. N.Y. Ref. Letters P d Lf Ne Ne Od Hm IP Si Cq Sg Re Y b Vc Ud Re Oe Km HI .1 k .1 i Lg Lg Mf Eh Eg Vd Uc Ya Wd Cg Bq P d Gf We Tf Ue Me Tb Rd Re Me Lf Kd Cg Cg Yb Sd Te Rf Oh L m Eo Kh Mf Oh Jl Rd Mg Td Pd Rd Popula tion. 631 14,584 1,632 5,669 1,070 529 1,200 415 2,425 1,253 121 9,787 1,691 1,463 1,325 909 418 554 2,492 3,215 531 4,486 516 428 56 3,980 3,058 2,131 19,926 1,081 2,767 337 D. fr. )D. fr. Wash. Cap. 336 368 334 341 747 893 173 126 248 644 439 342 252 304 616 751 572 544 344 284 828 816 408 448 678 462 929 368 668 406 163 332 312 492 339 256 328 405 556 925 595 362 233 163 580 1,063 489 299 176 644 340 315 411 383 327 B 14 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Aurora, Aurora, Aurora, Austerlitz, Austinburg, A. Austin Town, AUTAUGA, Averasboro', Averill, Avery's Gore, .... D. Avery's Gore,. . . . B. Avon, Avon, Avon, Avon, AVOYELLES, .... Babylon, Bacheldcr's Grant,. . . Bachelor's Ret'rt, P.O. Baileyville, A . Bainbridge, Bainbridge, North, . . Bainbridge, South, . . Bainbridge, .' Bainhridge, Bainbridge, Bainbridge, Bainbridge, Bainbridge, Bainbridge, BAKER, Baker, A. Bakersfield, Bald Eagle, Bald Eagle, A. Baldwin, BALDWIN, BALDWIN, Baldwinsville, Ballston, Ballsville, Baltimore, A. Baltimore, BALTIMORE, Baltimore, Baltimore New, Baltimore, Baltimore, b. Bangor, Bangor, Banister Town, Baptisttown, BARBOUR, Barhourville, Barhoursville, Barboursville, . . . . . Barber's, , Bardstown, , Bargaintown, Baring, Barker, tsh. c. t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh County, c. t. Class. tsh. and t. tsh Parish, County. State. Portage, . . Dearborn, . . Clark, Columbia,. . Ashtabula. . Trumbull, . tsh tsh. County, tsh. . . . Suffolk Oxford, Pickens, . . . . Washington, Chenango, . , Chenango, . Chenango, . , Lancaster, . Decatur, ... Franklin, . . Geauga, ... Ross, Dubois,. ... Girardeau, . tsh. tsh. t. .. County, County, Morgan, Franklin, .... Centre, Lycoming, . . . Cumberland, . tsh. and c. t. tsh t Hundred. County, . City, . . . , t , County, c. t. t. .. t. .. tsh. Cumberland, . Essex, , Addison, Franklin Somerset, .... f lartford, .... Livingstone,. . Lorain, Onondaga, . . . Saratoga, .... Sandusky, . . . Windsor, .... Sussex, Baltimore, . . . Fauquier, .... Blount, Fairfield, .... Penobscot, . . . Franklin, .... Halifax, Monmouth, . . Knox, Cabell, Orange, Fauquier, .... Nelson, Gloucester, . . . Washington, . Broome, O. In. II. N. Y. O. O. Al. N. C. Vt. Vt. Vt. Me. Ct. N. Y. O. La. N. Y. Me. S. C. Me. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Geo. Al. O. O. In. Mo. Geo. In. Vt. Pa. Pa. Me. Geo. Al. N.Y. N. Y. O. Vt. Del. Md. Md. Va. Al. O. Me. N.Y. Va. N. J. Al. Ken. Va. Va. Va. Ken. N.J. Me. N.Y. Ref. Letters Me g| Ud Ne No Hn Pk Wh Vb Vb Xb Ve Qd Le Bo Uf Xb K i AZa Sd Sd Sd Rf Jo Gi Me Kg Hh Ei Jo Hg Vb Qe Qe Xc K m Gp Re Ud Ke Vc Sh Rg Rg Qh G m Lg Zb Tb Pj Tf lo Kj Lh Ph Ph li Tg AZa S d Popula- tion. 781 2,245 771 1,259 11,874 1 33 22 745 1,025 2,362 558 3,484 124 189 3,038 439 279 411 ' V,253 1,087 831 947 7,295 2,334 D. fr. Wash. 2,113 264 179 2,176 120,870 80,620 469 2,867 1,076 13C 1,629 "159 328 527 703 357 335 297 D. fr. Cap. 131 102 134 30 185 162 322 596 497 561 631 325 347 374 260 568 563 816 323 322 318 103 848 805 333 422 770 841 '608 548 212 204 551 355 406 423 448 128 45 769 374 661 516 217 219 533 393 105 126 606 200 811 307 CONSULTING INDEX. 15 Names of Places. Barkliamstead, Barlow, Barnard, Barnardstown, Barnegat, Barnet, BARNSTABLE, . . Barnstable, BARNWELL, Barnwell, C. H. . . . . Barnstead, Barnsville, Barr, Barre, Barre, Barre, Barre, o BARREN, Barrington, Barrington, Great, . . Barrington, A Barrington, A Barry, A BARRY,... Bart, A BARTHOLOMEW, Bartlett, Barton, Barton, Bartonville, Baskenridge, Batavia, Batavia, Batavia, Batavia, Batavia, Batesville, Bath, Bath, Bath, Bath, BATH, Bath, Bath, BATH, Bath, Bath, Bath, Bath BATON ROUGE, E. BATON ROUGE,W. Baton Rouge, Battle Town, Baughman, Bay, Bayard's Town,* . . . . Bazetta, Bazil, a. County, District, 0. t t t tsh t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, t tsh. and t. .. . tsh County, . . . . tsh County, . . . . t t tsh t t tsh. and c. t, t tsh c. t tsh c. t t County. Litchfield, . Washington, Windsor, . . . Franklin, . . . Dutchess, . . Caledonia, . . Barnstable, . Barnwell, . . Strafford, . . Belmont, . . Daviess, . . . Washington, Worcester, . Orleans, . . . Huntingdon, Stafford, . . Berkshire, Bristol, • . • Yates, . . . . Schuylkill, Lancaster, tsli. and c. t. County, . . . . c. t t County, . . . . tsh tsh tsh tsh Parish, . . . . Parish, . . . . c. t t tsh tsh Borough,. . . tsh t Coos, Orleans, .... Tioga, Gasconade, . . . Somerset, .. . . Genesee, Greene, Clermont, . . . . Clermont, . . . . Geauga, Independence, Lincoln, Grafton, Renssalaer, . . Steuben, Morgan, . Beaufort, Allen, . . . Green, . . Medina, . Franklin, Slate. E. Baton Rouge, Frederick, .... Wayne, Sandusky, . . . Allegany, Trumbull, Fairfield, Ct. O. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Vt. • Mas. Mas. S. C. s. c. N. H. O. In. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Ken. N. H. Mas. R.I. N. Y. Pa. M. T. Pa. In. N. H. Vt. N. Y. Mo. N.J. N. Y. N. Y. O. O. o. A. T. Me. N. H. N. Y. N. Y. Va. N. C. Ken. O. O. o. In. La. La. La. Va. O. O. Pa. O. O. Ref. Letters Ve Mg Vc Vd Ue Vb Xe Xe M m M m W c Mf Gh Vb Vd Pc Qf li We Poi)t:Ia- We Qd Rf Id Hg W b Vb Rd Ch Tf Pd Td Me Ck Yc Vb Ud Qd Oh Rk Kh Jf Jg Me J? Cp Bn Cp Qg Mf Ke Nf Ne Lg 1,715 452 1,881 918 1,764 28,514 3,974 19,236 2,047 408 31:) 314 455 403 297 529 466 2,012 2,503 4,768 1,770 15,079 1,895 2,264 612 1,354 443 1,750 5,476 644 729 982 4,264 1,712 426 336 3,773 1,628 3,387 4,002 8,799 410 1,534 374 6,698 3,084 1,231 149 2,118 539 73 562 492 297 666 .521 399 386 170 D. fr. Cap. 23 96 499 349 402 320 182 110 556 568 260 945 213 370 349 476 476 320 1,044 576 523 374 299 93 318 509 452 344 520 1,237 59 346 442 302 377 * Bayard's Town Borough is in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, and is considered a suburb of that city. 16 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places Beach Creek, Beatsville, Bean Blossom, Bean's Station, P. O Bear, Beard's Town, Bearfield, Bear Town, BEAVER, Beaver, Big, Beaver, Little, Beaver, North, Beaver, South, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver Creek, .... Beaver Creek, .... Beaverdam, BEAUFORT,.... Beaufort, BEAUFORT,.... Beaufort, Beccaria, • • Becket, Beckhamville, P. O. Beckwith's, Beech Hill, P.O... Beddington, Bedford, Bedford, Bedford, BEDFORD, .... Bedford, Bedford, BEDFORD, Bedford BEDFORD, Bedford, Bedford Bedford, Bedford, Bedford, Bedminster, A. Bedminster, A. Bcekman, Bcekman, Beclersvillc, Belchertown, Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, Belford, P. O Belfont, Belgrade, Belgrade, tsh Greene, .... Washington, tsh. County, . . . , tsh tsh tsh tsh , borough . . tsh tsh Class. County. tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, c. t District, t tsh t County, tsli. . tsh. . tsh. . c. t. . tsh. . tsh. . tsh. . tsh. . t t t tsh. . tsh. . t c. t. t. . . t. . . Monroe, Grainger, Venango, Morgan, . Perry,. . Caroline, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, Beaver, ■ Crawford, . . . . , Union, Union, Columbiana,. . Guernsey, . . . Pike, Venango, .... Green, Erie, tsh. and c. t. County, .... tsh borough, . . . County, .... Carteret, Beaufort, .... Clearfield, . . . Berkshire, . . . Chester, Scott, Jackson, Washington, . Hillsborough, . Middlesex, . . . West Chester, Bedford, Bedford, Richmond, State. Oldham, .... Coshocton, . . Cuyahoga, . . Meigs, Lawrence, . . Somerset, . . . Bucks, Clinton, .... Dutchess, . . . Escambia, . . Hampshire, . Waldo,... . Allegany, Bedford, Newberry, . . . . Nash Jackson, Kennebeck, . . . Pope, In. Pa. In. Ten. Pa. II. O. Md. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. O. O. O. Pa. O. Pa. N. C. N. C. S. C. S. C. Pa. Mas. S. C. Mo. Ten. Me. N.H. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. Geo. Ten. Ken. O. O. O. In. N.J. Pa. N.Y. N. Y. F. T. Mas. Me. N.Y. Pa. S. C. N. C. Al. Me. II. Ref. Letters Hg Nf Hg Ki Oe Df Lg Sg Nf Nf Nf Nf Nf Nf Ne Qf Qf Nf Mg Lg Oe] Jg Nd Rk Ri MN Nn Pf Ud Ni 't AZa Wd Wd Ue Pf Pf Pf Oi L m Hk Lh Lf Me Lg Hh Tf Sf Ub Ue Gp Vd Zh Pd Pg Mi Pj H i Yb Fi PopulE tion. D.fr. Wash. 671 24,183 1,293 1,825 ■ 1,892 829 914 185 2,280 1,325 1,488 717 471 1,504 443 10,969 37,032 434 1,063 1,563 685 2,750 24,502 1,369 869 2,024 30,396 104 896 406 266 1,453 1,595 2,391 1,584 2,491 3,07 743 1,372 1,375 218 637 474 293 862 353 84 D.fr. Cap. 264 254 275 259 251 318 169 169 295 315 401 259 463 325 383 166 629 188 365 479 890 664 709 456 436 268 118 126 584 574 352 342 349 633 211 171 544 317 1,040 383 641 333 98 506 255 686 605 810 CONSULTING INDEX. 17 Names of Places. Bellair, Belle Air, Bellbrook, Bellefonte, Bellefontaine, . . . . Bellefontaine, . . . , Bellefontaine, Bellefontaine, . . . . Bcllchaven, Belle Plain, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleville, Belleview, Bell field, Bell's Landing, P. Bellsville, Bellingham, Bellona, Belmont, Belmont, Belmont, BELMONT, .... Belmont, Belpre, Belton, P. O Belvedere, Belvedere, Belvidere, Belvidere, Bcmis, Bengal, Benedict, Bennetsville, Bennetville, BENNINGTON, Bennington, Bennington, Bennington, Bennington, Bensalem, Benson, Bentlcy ville, Benton, Benton,, BENTON, Benton, BfMon, Bersren, Class. borough. c. t. County, t tsh. . . . County, t tsh. ... tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . BERGEN, Bergen, BERKELEY, Berkley, A . BERKS, Berkshire, t t tsh tsh County, . . c. t 0. t tsh. and t. County, , tsh County, t County, t County. Harford, . . . Lancaster, . Green, .... Centre, ... , Baldwin, . . Logan, . . . St. Louis, . . , Washington, Accomack, . Stafford, . . . Jefferson, . . xMifflin Wood, Conecuh, . . Davidson, . . Boone, .... Hopkins, . . . Richland, . . St. Clair, .. Calhoun, . . . Sussex, . . . Monroe, . . . Monroe, . . . Norfolk, . . . Ontario, . . . Waldo, .... Wayne, . . . Wayne, . . . Belmont, . . . Washington, Fairfield, . . Perquimans, Franklin, . . Allegany, . . Warren, ... Chautauque,, Dutchess, . . . Charles, ... St. Clair,..., Marlboro', . Bennington, Genesee, . . . Delaware, . . Licking, . . . Bucks, .... Rutland, . . . Halifax, . . . Cattaraugus, Yates, Yazoo, . Scott, . . Genesee, Bergen, Bristol, . Franklin, State. Md. S. C. o. Pa. Al. O. Mo. Mo. Va. Va. N. Y. Pa. Va. Al. Ten. Ken. Ken. O. II. U. Va. Al. O. Mas. N. Y. Me. Pa. Mi. O. O. O. S. C. N. C. Vt. N. Y. N.J. N. Y. N. Y. Md. Al. S.C. Vt. vt. N. Y. O. O. Pa. Vt. Va. N. Y. N. Y. Al. Mi. Mo. N. Y. N.J. N.J. Va. Mas. Pa. Vt. Ref. Letters Nl Jg Qf Gp Kf Dh Dh Si Qh Re Qf Mg Go Gj J h Gi Lf Dh Dg Qj Go Mg W d Qd Vb Se Fo M f Mf Mg Nl Rj Vb p d Sf Od Ue Rh Hm 1 Ue Ud Pd Lf Lf Tf Uc Pj Pd Qd Im Dn Ei Pc Te Tf Qg We Rf Vb Popula- tion. 189 698 266 173 50 1,102 1,042 28,627 132 1,036 185 17,468 3,419 2,224 490 551 1,811 1,493 3,957 1,508 22,412 4,651 10,518 907 53,152 1,308 D. fr. Wash. 61 425 462 192 1,024 458 860 908 226 58 395 169 314 959 737 518 758 389 843 946 184 935 304 405 33 635 278 998 288 316 556 330 210 335 49 735 406 414 363 395 389 157 468 230 315 322 1,075 883 368 222 D. fr. Cap. 53 91 66 85 232 62 139 120 194 70 169 77 314 193 23 68 220 62 71 146 62 136 150 27 186 34 173 175 419 37 "560* *64 B2 18 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. BERKSHIRE, Berkshire, Berksliire, Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, , Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Berlin Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Berlinville, Bernard, B. Berne, Berne, Berne, Berne, Bernsville, Berrien, BERRIEN, Berrysvillc, Berrytown, BERTIE, Berwick, Berwick, A.. Berwick, Bethabara, Bethany, Bethany, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, B. Bethel, B. Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethel, Bethinia, Bethlehem, Bethlehem, Betlilehem, Bethlehem, A. Bethlehem, A. Bethlehem, East,. .B. Bethlehem, West, .G. Bethlehem, Bethlehem, A. Bethlehem, Bethlehem, Bettsburg, Beula, Class. County, tsh. . . . tsh. ... t t tsh. and t. t t tsh tsh. and t. tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t. tsh tsh c. t County, , t County, . . t , tsh t t tsh borough, . , t t t tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsh t tsh tsh ; t tsh. and f tsh h tsh tsh t County. Tioga, Delaware, . . Oxford, Coos, Washington, Worcester, . . , Hartford, . . . Rensselaer, . Somerset, . . . , Worcester, . . , Delaware, . . , Holmes, . . . . . Knox, , Tr.umbull, . . , Sangamon,. . , Northampton, Somerset,. . . , Berks, Albany, Athens, Fairfield, . . . . Berks, Dooly, Knox, , Kent, , York, Adams, . . . . , Columbia, . . . Stokes, Genesee, . . . , Wayne, Oxford, Windsor, . . . . Ontario, Sulhvan, Bedford, Berks, Delaware, . . . Lebanon, . . . . Amherst, . . . . Clark, Clermont, . . . . Miami, Posey, Stokes, Grafton, Litchfield, . . . Albany, Hunterdon, . . Northampton, Washington, . Washington, . Southampton, Coshocton, . . . Stark, Clarke, Chenango, . . . Cambria, . . . . State. Mas. N. Y. O. Me. N. H. Vt. Mas. Ct. N. Y. Pa. Md. O. O. O. o. II. Pa. N.J. Pa. N. Y. O. O. Pa. Geo. M.T. n. Del. N. C. Me. Pa. Pa. N. C. N. Y. Pa. Me. Vt. N.Y. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. O. O. O. n. N. C. N. H. Ct. N.Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. O. O. In. N.Y. Pa. Ref. Letters U d Rd Lf Xb Wb Vb Wd Ve Vd Sh Kf Mf Lf Me Eg Sf Tf Rf Td Mg R t Kn He G h ?.^ Qj Xc Kg Re Nj Pd Se Xb Vc Qd Te Pg Rf Rf Oi Kg Jh Jg G i Nj Wb Ue Ud Tf Sf Nf Nf Qj Mf Mf h Sd Pf Popula tioii. 37,835 1,7J1 1,057 478 73 1,664 692 3,037 2,019 645 597 520 73 2,062 2,153 3,607 233 1,388 325 12,262 3,168 1,417 2,374 327 1,620 1,677 I), fr. Wash. 1,192 ],208 1,491 367 1,604 1,726 340 1,366 673 906 6,082 2,032 2,430 2,602 2,048 412 886 290 392 634 585 520 409 325 388 157 150 414 333 384 302 803 192 213 150 375 341 365 155 739 679 113 102 12 501 103 87 36 196 86 344 118 365 241 265 162 593 63 491 38 338 187 294 129 129 96 144 34 111 85 139 29 192 148 450 54 477 110 456 60 728 167 350 122 542 100 318 36 381 12 194 36 184 91 210 203 217 210 213 91 346 92 329 114 592 101 320 119 180 133 CONSULTING INDEX. 19 Names of Places. Bevansville, Beverly, Beverly, BIBB BIBB, Biddeford, Big- Beaver, Big Bone Lick, P.O. A Big Flats, Big Island, . Big Lick, Big Lick, Big River Mills, P. O. Bigby ville, Billerica, Billsburg, Bingham, Binghampton, Birdsall, Birdsville, Birmingham, Birmingham, Birmingham, ....A. Birmingham, C. Birmingham, Bishopsville, Black Blackbird, Black's Bluff, Blacksburg, Black Lick, Black River, Black Rock, Blackwood Town, . . . BLADEN, Bladensburg, Blairsville, Blairsville, Blakeley, Blakeley, Blakeley, Blakcsburg, Blandford, Blandford, BLEDSOE, Blendon, Blenheim, Blinkleysville, Blissfield, Blockley, Bloody Run, Bloom, A. Bloom, Bloom, Bloom, Bloom, Bloomfield, A. Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomjield, New, . . . . c. t. . . . County, County, t Class. tsh. borough, tsh tsh t County, . . . t borough, . . t tsh c. t c. t Plantation, t , t County, . . , tsh tsh t tsh tsh t tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh •. t tsh. and t. tsh tsh c. t County. Alleghany, Essex, .... Randolph, York, Beaver, Boone, Tioga, Marion, Bottetourt, . . . Gallatin, ... . St. Francis, . . Maury, Middlesex, . . . Randolph, ... Somerset, ... Broome, . . . . . Allegany, Burke, Clinton, . . . . , Allegany, . , Chester, . . . . , Delaware. . . . Huntingdon, , Sumter, . . . . , Posey, New Castle, . Wilcox, .... Montgomery,, Indiana, .... Lorain, Erie, Gloucester, . . Prince George's Indiana, York, Luzerne,. . . . Baldwin, .... Earley, Penobscot, . . . Hampden, . . . Prince George Franklin, Schoharie, . . . . Halifax, Lanawee, Philadelphia, . . Bedford, Columbia, Fairfield, Morgan, Scioto, Seneca, Somerset, Ontario, Essex, Crawford, Perry, State. Md. Mas. Va. Geo. Al. Me. Pa. Ken. N. Y. O. Va. Ken. Mo. Ten. Mas. Va. Me. N. Y. N. Y. Geo. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. S. C. In. Del. Al. Va. Pa. O. N. Y. N.J. N. C. Md. Pa. S. C. Pa. Al. Geo. Me. Mas. Va. Ten. O. N. Y. N.C. M. T. Pa. Pa. Pa. O. O. O. O. Me. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Ref. Letters Xd Oh Kn Gm Xc Nf Jh Rd Kf Oi Jh Di Gk Wd Og Ya Sd Pd Popula- tion. Ln Ub Nf Sff Sg Pf Nl Gi Sff Go Ni Of Le Od Sff PI Rh Of Ml Se Fp lo Za Vd Qi Ik Lf Td Qi Je Sff Pf Re Lff Mg Lh Ke Yb Qd Tf Ne Of 4,073 7,154 6,306 1,995 1,243 1,149 470 1,374 537 543 520 27 584 1,341 1,850 209 7,811 95' 1,196 403 1,590 4,648 666 2,271 3,401 2,090 2,135 1,006 639 389 1,072 3,861 4,309 197 D. fr. Wash. 109 448 221 527 263 525 280 421 250 551 922 740 435 224 648 291 326 625 521 222 113 116 163 458 748 107 968 290 189 385 379 146 D. fr. Cap. 142 16 210 6 189 441 247 1,020 869 685 363 141 399 372 243 490 131 118 191 386 345 403 423 632 344 219 323 122 20 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Bloonifield, Bloomfield, Bloomingburg, Blooming Grove, . . A Blooming Grove, . . . Blooming Grove, . . . Bloom in gport, Bloomington, Bloomington, Bloomsburg, BLOUNT, BLOUNT, Blount Springs, Blountsville, Blountsville, Blountville, Blountville, Blue Anchor, Blue Hill, Blue Mounds, Blue River, Blue River, Blue River, A . Blue Rock, Bluffdale, Bluff'ton, Boardman, Bogard, Class. tsh t tsh t tsh tsh tsh c. t t t tsh tsh tsh t tsh. and c. t c. t t County, ... . County, . . . . County. Bolesburg, Bolivar, Bolivar, Bolivar, Bolivar, Bolivar, Bolivia, Bolton, Bolton, Bolton, A Bolton, Bolton, Bombay, Bonagh Town, BOND, Bonnet Carre, P. O. . Bono, Bon Pas, Boon, Boon, BOONE, BOONE, . . . . . BOONE, Booneville, t. .. c. t. c. t. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. tsh. t. .. c.t. County, tsh. and t. t tsh tsh County, . . County, . . County, . . c. t Nelson, , Jackson, Jeffferson, . . . , Knox, Pickaway, . . Richland, . . . Trumbull, .. Oakland, . . . Greene, Edgar, Fayette, .... Orange, .... Richland, . . . Franklin, . . . Crawford,. . . Monroe, . . . . McLean, . . . . Columbia, . . . State. Blount, Jones, Lawrence, . . . . Blount, , Sullivan, Gloucester, . . . , Hancock, Iowa, , Hancock, . . . . Harrison, . . . . . Johnson,. .... Muskingum, . Greene, Ray, Trumbull, ... Daviess, Centre, Centre, Allegany, .... Jackson, Hardiman, . . . Monroe, Tuscarawas, . St. Genevieve, Chittenden, . . Worcester, . . . Tolland, Ulster, Warren, Franklin, . . . . Adams, St. John Baptist, Lawrence, . . . White, Harrison, Warrick, Warrick, Ref. Letters Popula tion. D. fr. Cap. 100 2,099 573 4,2.33 11,028 1,486 536 1,015 422 1,004 627 749 185 30 "452 1,253 774 1,783 805 9,075 621 8,859 (13 188 CONSULTING INDEX. 21 Names of Places. Boonsboro', Boonsboro', Boonville, Boonville, Bordensville, Borden Town, Borodino, Boscawen, BOSTON, Boston, Boston, Boston, a . Boston, Boston Corner, . . . F . BOTTETOURT,... BOURBON, Bovina, Bow, Bowdoin, Bowdoinliara, Bowling Green, Bowling Green, Bowling Green,. . .A. Bowling Green, ... . Bowling Green, Bowerbank, Bowersville, Boxborough, B Boxford, Boyd's Hole, Boydstown, Boydton, Boylston, Boylston, Bozrah, A . Braceville, B. BRACKEN, Bradford, Bradford, A. Bradford, BRADFORD, Bradford, East, ...E. Bradlbrd, West, . .V. Bradford, Bradford Springs, P.O. Bradley Vale, ... .A.. Brady, Brady, Braintree, Braintree, Braintrim, BRANCH, Brandenburg, Brandon, Brandon, Brandon, Brandy wine, B. Brandy wine, Brandywine, Brandywine, Branford, tsh. and t. c. t Capital, tsh. . . . t tsh t County,. County, . tsh c. t. c. t tsh tsh. and c. t, c. t c. t. t tsh. . . . t tsh. . . . Coimty, t t t County, tsh. ... tsh. . . . tsh. ... t tsh. . . tsh. . . t tsh County, . c. t t. .. tsh. c. t. tsh Hundred, t tsh t County. Washington, Madison, . . . Oneida, Cooper, . . . Carteret, .... Burlington, . Onondaga, . . Merrimack, . Suffolk, Erie, Jefferson, . . . Clark, Portage, Berkshire, . . Delaware,. . . . Merrimack, . . Lincoln, Lincoln,.. . . . Caroline, . . . . Warren, . . . . . Licking, Clay, Pike, Penobscot, . . . Franklin, . . . . Middlesex, . . . Essex, King George,. Penobscot, . . . Mecklenburg, Worcester, . . . Oswego, New London,. Trumbull, ... Merrimack, Orange, . . . Essex, Chester, . . . Chester, . . , Clearfield, . Sumter, . . Caledonia, Clearfield. . Kalamazoo, Orange, . . , Norfolk, . . Luzerne,. . Meade, Rutland, Franklin, .... Rankin, Chester, ... . N. Castle King William, Hancock, . . . New Haven, . State. Md. Ken. N. Y. Mo. N. C. N.J. N. Y. N. H. Mas. N. Y. Ken. O. O. Mas. Va. Ken. N. Y. N. H. Me. Me. Va. Ken. O. In. Mo. Me. Geo. Mas. Mas. Va. Me. Va. Mas. N. Y. Ct. O. Ken. N. H. Vt. Mas. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. S. C. Vt. Pa. M. T. Vt. Mas. Pa. M. T. Ken. Vt. N. Y. Mi. Pa. Del. Va. In. Ct. Ref. Letters Qg Jl S c Bh Ql Tf Rd Wc Wd Pd Ih Kg Me Ud Oi Jh Td Wc Yb Yb Qh Hi Lg Gg Cg Ya Kl Wd Wd Qh Za Pj Wd Re Ve Me Jh Wc Vb Wd Re Sg Sg Pf Nl Wb Pe Id Vc Wd Re le Hh Uc Tb Dn Sf Sg Qi Ig Ve 2,746 2,093 61,392 1,521 32 440 64 16,354 18,436 1,348 1,065 2,094 2,061 821 1,168 49 '474 935 123 820 388 1,073 584 6,518 1,285 1,507 1,856 19,746 1,099 1,550 631 21 331 391 1,209 1,758 , 722 331 1,940 316 1,455 3,221 478 2,332 D. fr. Wash. 59 526 414 1,025 369 170 332 482 432 356 585 443 347 358 353 468 575 578 78 685 349 641 948 691 588 42' 459 74 691 224 404 441 354 304 D. fr. Cap. 92 55 110 51 152 7 157 8 465 504 453 115 113 193 482 554 249 635 500 438 264 628 478 511 1,051 129 110 98 550 308 22 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Brantingham, Brasher, Brattleboro', Brattonsville, P. O., . . BRECKENRWGE, Brecknock, B. Brecknock, Bremen, Brentwood, B . Brentsville, Breton Woods, Brewer, Brewster, Briar Creek,. . . . . B. Bricksville, Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Bridgeton, Bridgetown, Bridgetown, Bridgetown, Bridgetown, Bridgeville, Bridgeville, Bridgewater, B. Bridgewater, Bridgewater, Bridgewater, East,.A. Bridgewater, North, . Bridgewater, West, E . Bridgewater, Bridgewater^ Bridgewater, A. Bridgewater, Bridgewater, Bridport, Brighton, Brighton, D. Brighton, Brighton, A. Brighton, Brighton, Brightsville, Brimfield, Brimfield, Brindle Town, Bringier, P. O Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BRISTOL, BRISTOL, Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, Class. County, tsh tsh t c.t. tsh. tsh. c.t. t. . t tsh. and t. tsh tsh. tsh. and t. tsh tsh. tsh. County, County, tsh. and t. t tsh. . County. Lewis, St. Lawrence, Windham, . . . York, Berks, , Lancaster, . . , Lincoln, . . . . , Rockingham,. Pr. William",. Coos, , Penobscot, . . , Barnstable, . . Columbia, . . . Cuyahoga, . . . Fairfield, . . . . Madison, . . . , Seneca, Fayette, Harrison, Belmont, Cumberland, . . Cumberland, . . Northampton, . Kent, Queen Ann,. . . Sullivan, Sussex, Grafton, Windsor, Plymouth Plymouth, . . . . Plymouth, . . . . Plymouth, . . . . Oneida, Somerset, Susquehannah, Limestone, . . . Monroe, Addison, Somerset, Middlesex, . . . . Monroe, Beaver, Beaver,. ... . . Lorain, Marlboro', Hampden, . . . Portage, Burke, St. James, Lincoln, Grafton, Addison, Bristol, . . Hartford, Ontario, . Ulster, . . Bucks, . . State. nTyT N. Y. Vt. s. c. Ken. Pa. Pa. Me. N.H. Va. N.H. Me. Mas. Pa. O. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Va. O. N.J. Me. Va. Md. Md. N. Y. Del. N.H. Vt. Mas. Mas. Mas. Mas. N. Y. N. J. Pa. Al. II. Vt. Me. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Pa. O. S. C. Mas. O. N. C. La. Me. N.H. Vt. Mas. R. L R. L Ct. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Ref. f^etters S c Tb Vd Mi Hi Rf Rf Yc W d Qh Wb Zb Xe Re Me Ue So Rd Of Ng Nf Sg Xb Si ' Sg Sg Te Sh Wc Vc Xe Xd Wd Wd Sd Tf Se Gl Dh Uc Ya Wd Qc Nf Nf Le 01 Vd Me M k Cp Yc Wc Ub We We We Ve Qd Ud Tf Popula- D.fr. tion. Wash. 662 424 826 520 2,141 416 442 7,345 866 1,048 770 878 106 1,078 1,418 1,706 522 2,800 727 *'i69 "l,54i 784 1,311 185 1,653 1,953 1,042 1,608 354 2,450 1,774 722 972 3,128 901 63 1,599 552 2,450 799 1,247 49,592 5,446 3,034 1,707 2,953 2,794 132 129 610 479 48 543 662 481 196 346 283 356 342 206 220 265 175 581 252 96 78 274 114 509 486 424 429 427 429 365 200 271 746 895 48 652 429 364 254 255 381 398 371 324 466 1,262 603 504 595 409 332 343 325 154 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 23 Names of Places. Bristol, Bristol, B. Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, Britton's Cross Roads, Broadalbin, Broad Creek, Broad Kill, Brockport, Broken Straw, BROOKE, Brookfield, A. Brookfield, Brookfield, Brookfield, A. Brookfield, Brookfield, Brookfield, Brookfield, Brookfield, a . Brookfield, A. Brookhaven, Brookline, C. Bookline, A. Brookline, .*. A. Brooklyn, Brooklyn, B. Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Brooks, Brooksville, Brooksville, Brookville, Brookville, Brookville, BROOME, Broome, Brother's Valley, . . . Brown, BROWN, Brown, Brown, Brown, Brown, Brown, BROWN,... Brown, Brown, Brown, Brown, Brown, Brownfield, Brownhelin, Brownington, Brownsboro', Brownsburg, Brownstown, a. Brownstown Class. borough, tsh tsh t tsh tsh. and t. Hundred. Hundred, t tsh. . . . County, t. ., t. .. tsh. t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh. t .. tsh. t. .. t. .. c. t. tsh. and t. County, . . tsh tsh tsh County, . . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t. tsh Bucks, Philadelphia, Morgan, . . . . Perry, Trumbull, .. Bertie, Montgomery, Sussex, Sussex, Monroe, . . . Warren, . . . . County. Strafford, Orange, Worcester, . . . . Fairfield, Madison, Suffolk, Tioga, Morgan, Stark, Trumbull, .. . Suffolk, Windham, . . . , Hillsborough,. , Norfolk, Windham, . . . , Kings, Kings, Susquehannah, Conecuh, . . . . , Cuyahoga, ... Waldo, Hancock, . . . . , Jefferson, . . . , , Jefferson, . . . . , Montgomery,. , Franklin, .... Schoharie, Somerset, . Lycoming, Delaware, . Franklin, . Knox, Miami, . . . Stark, Hendricks, ... IM organ, Montgomery,. Washington, . Ripley, Oxford, Lorain, Orleans, Oldham, Rockbridge, . . Butler, Wayne, State. Pa. Pa. O. O. O. N. C. N. Y. Del. Del. N. Y. Pa. Va. N. H. Vt. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. O. O. O. N. Y. Vt. N. H. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Al. O. Me. Mi. N. Y. Pa. Md; In. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. O. O. O. O. O. O. M. T. In. In. In. In. In. Me. O. Vt. Ken. Va. O. M.T. Ref. Letters rf Sf Mg Ne SJ Tc Sh Sh Pc Oe Nf W e Vb Vd Ue Sd Vf Qe Mg Mf Ne U f Vc Wd Wd We Tf Tf Se Ho Me Yb Zb So Oe Rg Jg S d Td Pg Qe Kg Kf Kf Lf Jf Mf Go Hg Hg Gg Hh Ih Xc Le Vb Ih 01 Jg Kd Popula- tion. 1,262 1,425 914 8 526 2,655 2,851 3,833 791 753 7,041 671 1,677 2,342 1,261 4,367 328 837 131 874 6,095 376 627 1,043 1,451 15,394 12,043 1,350 646 601 1,089 D. fr. Wash. 17,579 3,133 1,866 17,867 313 236 623 595 906 936 412 57 156 142 336 362 305 247 424 104 114 378 330 509 507 388 297 368 291 269 326 332 284 281 438 445 432 372 226 226 267 965 358 644 678 418 238 25 524 D. fr. Cap. 367 157 215 429 410 366 467 370 589 611 623 625 554 390 566 574 185 490 509 24 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Brownstown, Brownstown, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Brownsville, Broicnsville, Bruinsburg-, Branson, Brunswick, Brunswick, Brunswick, Brunswick, North, B. Brunswick, South, . • . Brunswick, BRUNSWICK, .... BRUNSWICK, .... Brunswick, Brunswick, BRUNSWICK, .... Brunswick, Brunswick, Brush Creek, Brush Creek, Brush Creek, Brutus, B . Brutus, a. BRYAN, Bryan,C.H. Bryan Town, Bryan's C, Roads, P.O. Buchanan, Buck Creek, Buckey's Town, Buckfield, Buqking-ham, Bucking-ham, BUCKINGHAM,... Buckland, Buckland, BUCKS, Bucks, Buckskin, Bucksport, Buck Town, Bucyrus, Burtalo, A. Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffilo, A. Buffalo, Buffalo, Buford's Bridge, P. O. BULLITT, BULLOCK, Class tsh. and c. t. t tsh. c. t. tsh. and t. c. t tsh. . . . tsh. ... tsh. tsh tsh. County, County, t old c. h. County, c. t. . . . tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. County, c. t. tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, t County, tsh tsh tsh. and c. t. tsh c. t County. Wayne, . . . . Jackson, . . . Penobscot, . . .Jefferson, . . . Fayette, . . . . Granville, . . . Haywood, . . . Edmondson, liicking, . . . , Union, Jackson, . . . Claiborne, . . . Huron, Cumberland, Essex, Rensselaer,. . Middlesex, . . Middlesex, . . Schuylkill, . . Brunswick, Brunswick, Glynn, Medina, . . . . Muskingum, Highland,. . . Scioto, Cayuga, Cayuga, Bryan, Charles, . . . . , Northampton, Bottetourt, . . , Hancock, ... Frederick, . . , Oxford, Bucks, , Wayne, . . . , Franklin, . Tuscaloosa, County, County, Tuscarawas, . Ross, Hancock, .... Dorchester, . . Crawford, . . . Eric, Erie, Armstrong, . . Butler, Perry, Union, Washington, . Guernsey, . . . Barnwell State. M. T. In. Me. N. Y. Pa. N. C. Ten. Ken. O. In. II. Mi. O. Me. Vt. N. Y. N.J. N.J. Pa. Va. N. C. N. C. N. C. Va. Geo. O. O. O. O. N. Y. N. Y. Geo. Geo. Md. N. C. Va. In. Md. Me. Pa. Pa. Va. Mas. Al. Pa. O. O. Me. Md. O. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. O. S. C. Ken. Geo. Ref. Popula- Letters tion. Kd Hh Za 402 Rb 2,928 Of 1,222 ^.i Ek Hi 125 Lff 155 Iff Ei Co Le 468 Xc 3,547 W b 160 Ud 2,575 Tf 5,274 Tf 2,557 Rf 2,229 Qi 15,767 PI 6,516 Pi PI Qi Mo Me 449 Lff 1,302 Kg 1,241 Kh 174 Re 1,827 Rd Mo 3,139 Mn Rh Qi Oi Iff Uff Xb 1,514 Sf 2,192 So 179 Pi 18,351 Vd 1,039 Gm Sf 45,745 Mf 546 Kg 2,829 Zb 2,237 Rh Kf 724 Od 8,668 Od Of ■ 2,385 Of 1,005 Rf 1,270 Rf 2,136 Nf 1,519 Mg 663 Mm li 5,652 Mn 2,587 D. fr. Wash. 508 603 696 415 205 246 891 678 349 518 833 1,117 395 568 579 388 190 187 167 437 446 733 356 346 437 435 349 344 '682 44 235 224 562 49 585 164 281 D. fr. Cap. 401 107 827 32 33 422 659 114 409 374 376 220 224 130 172 244 308 577 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Bullskin, Bull Town, Bullville, Bunccville, BUNCOMBE, Buncombe, Burdette, Burget's Town, Burget's Town, Burke, BURKE, BURKE, Burkesville, Burkittsville, Burlington, Burlington, C. Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, BURLINGTON, ... Burlington, A. Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, a. Burlington, Burlington, Burlington, Burns, Burnham , Burning Spring, P. O Burnt Corn, Bur Oak, Burrillville, Burton, Burton, Bushkill, Bushvillc, Bushwick, A. Busseron, Busti, Butcher Town, Butler, BUTLER, Butler BUTLER, BUTLER, BUTLER, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butternuts, BUTTS, Buxton, By berry, A . Byram, Byrd, Class. t t County, t County, County, tsh. and t. t County, . . tsh City, . . . . tsh tsh c. t tsh. and t. tsh tsh. and t t t. .. tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh County, borough. County, , County, . County, . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, t County. Fayette, Lewis, . Orange, St. Clair. Iowa, Tompkins, . . Erie, , Washington, Caledonia, . . Cumberland, Frederick, . Chittenden, Middlesex, . Hartford, . . , Otsego, Sullivan, ... Burlington, . • Burlington, . Bradford, . . . 3IcKean, . . . Hampshire, . Boone, Belmont, . , . Hamilton, . . Lawrence, . . Licking, .... Carroll, Allegany, . . . Waldo, Floyd, Monroe, .... La Grange, . Providence, . Stratford, . . . Geauga,, Northampton, Pike, Kings, Knox, Chautauque,. . Richland, ... Wayne, .... Butler, Columbiana,. Dark, Knox, Montgomery, Otsego, York, Philadelphia, Sussex, Brown, State. Pa. Va. N. Y. M. T. N. C. M. T. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Vt. N. C. Geo. Ken. xMd. Vt Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. N. J. N.J. Pa. Pa. Va. Ken. O. O. O. O. In, N. Y. Me. Ken. Al. In. R. I. N. H. O. Pa. Pa. N. Y. In, N. Y. S. C. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Al. Ken. O. O. O. O. O. N. Y. Geo. Me. Pa. N.J. Q. Ref. Lotters O i Nh Te Ld L k Dd Rd Oid N f W b Mk Ln ^ Ub Wd Vc Sd Pc Tf Tf Re Pe Nf Lh L f H f Qd Y b Li Go L e We W c Me Sf Se U f Gh Od Ml Re Of Nf Ho Hi Jg M f Jg Lf Jg Sd 'J m Xc Sf Tf Kh 'opuia- tion. T22I 16,281 8G6 11,8.3.3 17,8^8 340 3,.52.5 446 1,.301 2,459 31,107 2,670 1,800 527 IGO 276 83 62 149 903 702 409 D. ft. Wasli. 2,196 325 646 1,402 1,620 1,764 14,581 767 15,6.50 3,058 27,142 1,722 517 419 1,594 3,.991 4,944 2,855 1,018 958 2,349 199 296 282 591 984 298 348 246 558 628 57 515 446 336 364 279 160 158 249 295 126 513 268 507 405 377 651 318 635 421 949 621 .393 544 323 199 232 227 709 331 501 354 D. ir. Cap. 236 346 499 359 466 344 530 153 224 473 68 115 61 110 C 26 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Byron, Byron, Byron, CABARRUS, CABELL, Cabin Point, Cabot, Cadiz, Cadiz, Cadiz, Cadron, Cadyville, Caenarvon, C. Caernarvon, D. Cahaba, Cahokia, Cain, Cainhoy, Ca-Ira, Cairo, Cairo, Cainsville, Calais, Calais, Caldwell, Caldwell, Caldwell, P. O CALDWELL, Caldersburg', a. CALEDONIA, Caledonia, Caledonia, Caledonia, Calhoun, B. Calhoun, CALHOUN, CALHOUN, Calhounsvillc, CALLAWAY, CALLAWAY, Cain, East, F. Cain, West, CALVERT, Cambia, CAMBRIA, Cambria, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambi'idge, Cambridge, Cambridge, Camden, Camden, Camden, Camden, CAMDEN, Camden, tsh. . . . 0. t. . . . c. t. . . . County, County, c. t. tsh. c.t. tsh. tsh. c. t. tsh. Class. tsh. and t. . . t tsh. and c. t. tsh. and t. . . County, County, tsh. . . . tsh t County,. County, . t County, . County, . tsh tsh County, , tsh County, . tsh County. Genesee, . . . Baker, .... Shiawassee, Surry, Caledonia, . . Trigg, Harrison, . . . Harrison, . . . Conway, .... Clinton, .... Berks, Lancaster, . . Dallas, St. Clair,.... Fountain, . . . Charleston, . . Cumberland, Greene, .... Sumner, . . . . Wilson, . . . . Washington, Washington, Warren, . . . . Essex, Washita, . . . Coshocton, Livingston, . . Sullivan, . . . . Washington, Orange, . . . . McMinn, . . . Juniata, . . . tsh. and t. c. t t t tsh 0. t t tsh. and t. City, . . . . t County,. . c. t Chester, Chester, Niagara, . . . Cambria, . . Coos, Franklin, . . , Middlesex, . . Washington, Dorchester, Abbeville, . . Limestone, . Guernsey, . Guernsey, . Waldo, .... Oneida,. . . . Gloucester, . Kent, State. N. Y. Geo, M. T. N.C. Va. Va. Vt. Ken. O. O. A. T. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Al. II. In. S. C. Va. N. Y. Ten. Ten. Me. Vt. N. Y. N.J. La. Ken. O. Vt. N. Y. In. Mo. N. Y. Ten. M. T. Kershaw, Ref. setters II. Pa. Ken. Mo. Pa. Pa. Md. N. Y. Pa. Pa. N. H. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Md. S. C. Al. O. o. Me. N. Y. N.J. Del. N.C. S. C. Pc Jo Kd Nk Lh Qi Vb Gj M f Mf Bk Ub Sf Rf Gn Dh Gf On Pi Td Hj Hj AZa Vd Uc Tf Bn Gi Mf Vb Qd C i Te Jk Id Qf Fj Ch s? Sf Rh Oc Pf Pf Wb Vb W d Ud Rh LI Gl Mf Yb Yb So Sg Rj Nl Popula- tion. D. fr. Wash. 1,936 8,810 5,884 1,304 2,506 818 862 1,629 2,912 1,686 1,539 797 2,004 8,324 81 20,967 1,618 1,535 1,090 374 797 575 D. fr. Cap. "247 155 68 169 543 765 281 278 1,088 550 133 129 886 861 643 530 148 347 699 700 806 539 439 225 226 5,164 6,159 1,440 1,490 8,900 1,712 7,076 736 1,613 6,072 2,325 1,359 518 2,200 1,945 6,733 337 355 670 927 266 587 149 42 114 120 411 178 598 537 431 411 99^ 526 746 317 314 632 410 137 117 467 CONSULTING INDEX. 27 Names of Places. ..A CAMDEN, Cameron, . . Camillus, . Campbell, CAMPBELL, CAMPBELL, CAMPBELL, CAMPBELL, Campbell, Campbell, Campbell, C. H. Campbell's Sta'n. P.O Campbellsville, Campbellsville, Campbellton, Campbellton, Campbell Town, . . . . Camp Creek, Campti, P. O Camptxjn, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan 4 corners, . . . Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canaan, Canadice, Canajoharie, Canalsburg, Canandaigua, Canastota, Cancadea, Candee, Candia, Candor, Cane-Hill, Canfield, Canisteo, Canonsburg, Canterbury, Canterbury, Canterbury, Canterbury, Canterbury, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton, Canton County, ... tsh tsh. and t. . tsh County, . . . County, . . . County, . . . County, . . . tsh c. t. t, ., t. ., t. ., tsh. t. .. tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t t tsh. and c. t. t tsh tsh t tsh t tsh. and t. tsh borough . t tsh. and t. t tsh tsh t County. Steuben, .... Onondaga, . . Steuben, .... Jennings, . . . . Warrick, . . . . Campbell, . . . Knox, Giles, Greene, Edgefield, . . . . Campbell, . . . Steuben, Pike, Natchitoches,. Grafton, Somerset, . . . . Grafton, Essex, Litchfield, . . . Columbia, . , , Columbia, . . . Wayne, Athens, Madison, Marion, Wayne, Ontario, Montgomery, . Miami, Ontario, Madison, . . . , Alleghany, . . . Ontario, Rockingham, , Tioga, Washington, . Trumbull, ... Steuben, Washington, . Merrimack, . , Windham, . . . Orange, Kent, Lawrence, . . . Oxford, Norfolk, Hartford, Onondaga, . . . St. Lawrence, . Salem, Bradford, . . . . Washington, . Greene, Wilcox, Dyer, Trigg, State. Geo. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Va. Geo. Ten. Ken. In. In. Va. Ten. Ten. Ken. S. C. Geo. N. Y. O. La. N. H. Me. N. H. Vt. Ct. N. Y. x^. Y. Pa. O. O. O. O. N. Y. N. Y. In. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. H. N. Y. A. T. O. N. Y. Pa. N. H. Ct. N. Y. Del. Ken. Me. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Al. Al. Ten. Ken. Ref. Letters Lp Qd Re Qd 01 J m Jj Jh Ig Gh o\ Jk G k I i L m J m Qd Kg Ao We Y b V c Wb Ue Ud Ud Se Lg K f Lf Lf Qd Td If Qd Se Pd Qd W c Rd ZAr Me Qd Nf Wc Ve Te ^g Lh Xb Wd Ve Re Sb R e N f Fm Gn Ek Popula tion. 4.576 924 2,518 20,350 3,323 5,110 9,883 328 396 122 454 1,314 1,076 1,828 373 2,301 2,0G8 1,.334 380 487 405 1,030 1,379 4,34 5,162 "780 1,360 2,656 1,249 619 673 1,663 1,881 746 1,515 1,437 2,439 1,188 1,218 D. fr. Wash 295 350 289 566 724 210 531 751 613 577 715 289 402 1,3.35 524 633 501 598 335 366 368 25 33 412 404 358 346 3!)8 619 336 378 339 467 284 1,271 291 315 236 482 367 276 114 425 606 421 347 345 474 180 246 229 918 902 894 774 D. fr. Cap. 28 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Canton, Canton, Canton, Cantonment Gibson, . Cantonment Jesup, . . Canton. Leavenworth, Cant well's Bridge,. . . Ca]ie Elizabeth, C. GIRARDEAU,.. Cape Girardeau, .... Cape Henry, CAPE MAY, Cape May, C.H. ... Capeville, Cape Vincent, Carbondale, Carlisle, E Carlisle, Clas tsh. and t. t t County. Stark, . Stark, . Fulton, Natchitoches, . County, . Carlisle, Carlisle, Carhsle, Carlisle, Carlisle, Carlyle, Carmel, Carmel, Carmel, Carmel Station, P. O. Carmi, I Carlinville, ' Carlo, Carlton, Carnesville, Caroline, CAROLINE, CAROLINE, Carondolet, Carroll, CARROLL, CARROLL, CARROLL, CARROLL, CarroUton, Carrollton, Carr, Carson's P. O CARTER, Carter, CARTERET, Cartersville, Carthage, , Carthage, , Carthage, , Carthage, , Carthage, Carthage, Carthage, Carthage, Carthage, Carver, i;Af^ Qj M 1 W d Td Sf Ne Rf O i M k Mm Mm Km Fk .Ih Kg Lf M f Ih Eg Ag V d Sc Yb Te Qd Qg Rf Qe Oi Ok M o .In Co Hj Ji Kh Jg Kg Lf K f Lg M f Kg Lf Lf Kf Ne Kf Popula tion. 1,.549 1,528 1,480 1,54.3 2,548 9,065 6,026 80 57 869 796 1,502 676 1,27 1,097 1,111 866 1,233 1,308 1,730 799 655 619 1,462 410 2,567 553 303 1,060 469 D. fr. Wash. 107 256 197 577 403 932 162 127 213 854 975 346 107 200 442 432 367 168 326 120 198 362 512 603 840 534 442 386 303 594 784 1,090 406 420 624 288 313 70 170 225 223 330 747 1,156 655 597 466 503 449 414 411 374 313 441 375 372 457 284 433 U. fr. Cap. 10 290 CONSULTING INDEX. 81 Names of Places. B. Liberty, . . Liberty, . . Liberty, . . Liberty, . . Liberty, . . Liberty, . . , Liberty, Liberty, Liberty Hill, Liberty Hill, Liberty Town, Lick, LICKING Licking, Licking-, Ligon, Lig-onier, Lima, Lima, Lima, Limerick, C Limerick, Limerick, Limington, Limestone, D Limestone, Limestone, LIMESTONE, .... Limestone, P. O. ... Lincklean, LINCOLN, Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincoln,. . . . LINCOLN, LINCOLN, LINCOLN, LINCOLN, Lincoln, . . . LINCOLN, Lincnlnton, . Lincolnton, . Lincolnville, Linden, .... Linn, Linneus, . . . Linnville, . . Linton, .... Linville, . . . Lionel, Lipona, .... Lisbon, .... liisbon, ..... Lisbon, Lisbon, liisbon, Fiisbon, Lisbon, Tiisburn, .... Lisle Class. tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh c. t c. t t t t tsh County, . . tsh tsh t tsh. and t. . tsh. and t. tsh tsh t t tsh , t tsh t tsh County, . . . .H tsh County, . t t t t County, . County, . County, . County, , tsh County, . 0. t c. t t c. t tsh t t tsh t t tsh. tsh. County. Delaware, . Hendricks, . Henry, . . . , Parke, . . . . Shelby,.... Union, . . . , Union, . . . . Clay Edgefield, , Kershaw, . . Frederick, . Jackson,. . . Licking, Muskingum, . Amelia, Westmoreland, Livingston, . . . Licking, La Grange, . . York, Jefferson, . . . . . Montgomery,. , York, Columbia, . . . . Perry, Warren, Buncombe, Chenango, tsh. and t. Penobscot, . Graflon, . . . Addison,. . . Middlesex, . Delaware, Lincoln, Lincoln, Waldo, Marengo, Lehigh, Washington, . . Lehigh, Coshocton, . . . . Licking, Hardiman, . . . . Jeff'erson, Lincoln, Grafton, New London,. . St. Lawrence, . Greene, Lincoln, Clark, Cumberland, . . Broome, State. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Mo. S. C. S. C. Md. O. O. O. O. Va. Pa. N. Y. O. In. Me. N. Y. Pa. Me. Pa. Pa. Pa. Al. N. C. N. Y. Me. Me. N. H. Vt. Mas. N. C. Geo. Ten. Ken. O. Mo. N. C. Geo. Me. Al. Pa. Me. Pa. O. O. Ten. F. T. Me. N. H. Ct. N. Y. Pa. Geo. O. Pa. N. Y. Kef. Letters Lf Hg If Ig Jg ZAg L m N 1 Qg Lg Lf Lf Lf P i f Qd Lg 1 e Xc Rb Sf Xc Re Qf Oe Gl Lk Sd Yb Za Vc V b Wd Mk L rn Hk Ji Lf Cg Mk L m Yb Gn Sf AZ Sf Mf Lg Ek Jp Xb W b Ve Sb Og L m Kg Rf Rd Popula tion. 870 764 20,869 859 866 1,916 1,764 412 1,419 1,744 2,317 540 "267 14,807 1,425 57,183 404 50 639 709 22,455 6,145 22,075 11,002 226 4,059 D. fr. Wash. 1,702 1,747 48 2,423 1,472 1,161 1,891 42 4,378 540 591 544 658 569 523 516 1,142 580 488 55 387 362 348 173 174 340 378 616 538 419 150 541 178 123 313 240 522 336 723 538 504 425 401 430 570 639 914 186 771 186 331 354 840 911 568 528 368 483 214 560 428 110 305 82 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Litchfield, Litchfield, D. LITCHFIELD, .... Litchfield, Litchfield, Litchfield, Litchfield, Litchfield, Lithopolis, Litiz, Little Beaver, Little Britain, Little Compton, Little Creek, Little Creek, Little Egg Harbour, . Little Falls, Little Mahanoy, Little Piney, Little Plymouth, Little Prairie, Little River Lick, . . . I^ITTIiB ROCK, Littleton, Littleton, I . Littleton, P. O Little Valley, Little York, Livermore, A. Liverpool, Liverpool, Liverpool, Liverpool, Liverpool, Liverpool, LIVINGSTON, .... Livingston, Livingston, Livinsrston, LIVINGSTON, .... LIVINGSTON, .... Livingstonville, Livonia, Locke, Lockport, Lockport, Lodi, Lodi, Lodi, a. Lodi, Lodi, Logan, LOGAN, Logan, C.H. LOGAN, LOGAN, Logan, Logan, Logan, Logan, , A. Logansport, ........ Class. County, c. t. tsh. tsh. c. t. Hundred, Hundred, tsh tsh. and t. tsh Capital, t t tsh. and t. t t t tsh. and t. t t t tsh. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . c. t. ... Parish, County, tsh. tsh. c. t. tsh. t. .. tsh. and t. t tsh tsh tsh County, . c. t County, . County, . c. t County. Lincoln, .... Hillsborough, Litchfield, . . Herkimer, . . Bradford, . . . Jackson, .... Grayson, . . . Fairfield, . . . Lancaster, . . Beaver, Lancaster, . . Nevi^port, . . . Kent, Sussex, Burlington, . Herkimer, . . Northumberl'nd Crawford, King «fe Queen, Tazewell, Sevier, Pulaski, Grafton, Middlesex, Warren, Cattaraugus, . . Meade, Oxford, Onondaga, .... Perry, York, Yazoo, Columbiana, . . . Medina, Columbia,. Essex, . . . . Madison, . Schoharie, , Livingston, Cayuga, . . Niagara, . . . Niagara, . . . Erie, , Seneca, ... Seneca,. . . Bergen, ... Athens, ... Centre, . . . Logan, Hocking, . Lenawee, . Dearborn, . Fountain, . Cass, State. Me. N, H. Ct. Ct. N. Y. Pa. A. T. Ken. O. Pa. Pa. Pa. R. L Del. Del. N. J. N. Y. Pa. Mo. Va. II. A. T. A. T. N. H. Mas. N.C. N. Y. Ken. Me. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Mi. O. O. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Mi. La. Ken. N. Y. Y. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. O. Pa. Va. Va. Ken. O. O. M. T. In. In. In. Ref. Letters Y b W d Ue Ue Sd Re C k Hi Lgr Rf Of W e Sg Sh Tg T c Rf Bi Ri E f ZAm B 1 Wb Wd Qj p d Hi Xb Re Qf R f Dn Nf Le Q d Ud Tf Dn Dp Fi T d Qd Rd P c Pc O d R d R d Tf Lg Qf Mi Mi Hj Kf Lg Je Jg G f Hf 166 161 1,825 2,537 1,378 1,870 3,207 1,490 2,539 564 1,433 947 336 2,453 1,104 136 401 27,729 2,087 1,150 5,971 2,665 3,310 2,022 3,823 1,786 V,356 277 603 3,680 13,012 6,440 97 501 D. fr. Wash "~583 454 324 391 252 1,020 661 386 117 263 81 425 106 108 189 399 989 150 807 1,256 1,068 542 428 240 321 624 598 346 139 95 1,078 280 362 336 225 1,066 367 354 315 403 350 313 313 219 342 199 383 370 502 509 668 642 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 83 Names of Places. D. .N. .B. .E. .O Logtown, Lombardy Grove, . . London., London, London Bridge, .... London Britain, . . M Londonderry, . Londonderry, . Londonderry, . Londonderry, . Londonderry, Londonderry, Londonderry, . London Grove, London Town, Longacomingi Long Meadow, Long Swamp, LORAIN, Loramies, Lordstown, Loretto, Loretto, Lorrain, Lost Creek, Lost Creek, Lost Prairie, Lottsville, Loudentown, Loudon, LOUDON, Loudonsville, b. LOUISA, Louisa, Louisa, C.H. Louishurg, Louisiana, Louisville, Louisville, Louisville, Louisville, Louisville, Lovell, Loveville, Lovingston, Lowell, Lower, Lower Alio way's Cr'k. Lower Alton, Lower Chanceford, . . Lower Chichester, H Lower Dublin, . . .E. Lower Mahanoy, . . C . Lower Mahantango, . Lower Makefield, . D . Lower Marlborough, . Lower Merion, . . . H . Lower Mount Bethel, Lower Nazareth, . . E . Lower Oxford, Lower Paxton, . . .C. c. t. c. t. tsh t t tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t. tsh t t tsh. . . . County, tsh tsh. . . . t t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh. County, t County, 0. t c. t. c.t. tsh. c.t. c.t. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. ., tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. County. Delaware, . . . . Mecklenburg, . Laurel, Madison, Princess Anne, Chester, Rockingham,. , Windham, . . . Bedford, Chester, Dauphin, .... Lebanon, .... Guernsey, Chester, Ann Arundel, Gloucester, . . • Hampden, . . . Berks, Shelby, ... Trumbull, . Cambria, . . Essex, Jefferson, . . Miami, ... Vigo, La Fayette, Warren, . . . Franklin, . . Merrimack, Richland, State. Lawrence, . . . . Louisa, Franklin, Pike, St. Lawrence, . . Jefferson, Pike, Blount, Jefferson, Oxford, Knox, Nelson, Middlesex, Cape May, . . . . Salem, Madison, York, Delaware, Philadelphia, . . Northumberl'd. Schuylkill, . . . . Bucks, Calvert, Montgomery,. . Northampton, . Northampton, . Chester, Dauphin, Pa. Va. Ken. O. Va. Pa. N. H. Vt. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. O. Pa. Md N.J. Mas. Pa. O. O. O. Pa. Va. N. Y. O. In. A. T. Pa. Pa. N. H. Va. O. Va. Ken. Va. N. C. Mo. N. Y. Geo. Al. Ten. Ken. Me. Ten. Va. Mas. N.J. N.J. II. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Ref. Popula- Letters tion. Sg Pi ji 15 Kff 250 Ri Sff 518 Wd 1,467 Vc 1,302 Pg 726 Sg 606 Rf 1,822 Rf 1,876 Mf 1,720 Sg 1,150 Rh Tg Vd 1,257 Sf 1,695 Kf 5,696 Jf 402 Ne 405 Pf 71 Q,h Sc 1,727 Jg 997 Gg A m Oe Gff We 1,642 Qff 21,939 Lf 51 Qi 16,151 Lh 87 Qh ^\ Cg Sb 1,076 L m lo Jk Ih 10,341 Xb 697 Jk Pi W d 6,474 Th 995 Sg 1,222 Dh Rg 1,051 Sg 465 Sf 2,705 Rf 1,740 Rf 1,234 Tf 1,344 Rh Sf 2,524 Sf 2,666 Sf 1,204 R? 1,020 Rf 1,371 D.fr. Wash . 118 237 558 423 2.33 96 455 446 131 102 121 120 300 97 35 153 359 162 483 293 184 92 425 464 649 1,240 332 102 481 359 435 110 255 935 497 644 902 537 590 557 530 160 439 114 180 848 90 116 148 14' 151 163 68 150 199 191 94 114 D. fr. Cap. 84 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. LowerPeachTree,P.O. Lower Penn'sNcck,B . Lower Providence, . I . Lower Salford, . . .G. Lower Sandusky, . . . . Lower Saucon, Lowe's, P. O Lowhill, B.. LOWNDES, LOWNDES, LOWNDES, Lowndes, C.H. Lowreytown, Lowwille, Loyal sock, B. Loyd, Lubec, Luce, Lucasvillc, Lucto, Ludlow, Ludlow, Ludlow, Ludlowville, Lumberland, Lumherton, Lumberville, LUMPKIN, Lumpkin, tsh. tsh. tsh. c. t. tsh. tsh County, . . County, . . County, . . c. t t tsh. and t. tsh t t tsh t t tsh t t t tsh c. t County, . c. t Lunenburg-, LUNENBURG, ... . Luray, Lurgan, Luzerne, LUZERNE, Luzerne, E. LYCOMING, Lycoming, C Lykens, Lyman, Lyman, Lyme, Lyme, Lyme, Lyme, Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Lyndeboro', E . Lyndon, Lyndon, Lynesville, Lynn, Lynn, Lynnfield, D. Lyons, Lysander, MACAUPIN, Macaupin Point, P. O. Macedon, Machias, County, . tsh tsh. . . . County, . tsh. . . , County, . tsh. tsh Salem, Montgomery, . Montgomery, . Sandusky, . . . Northampton, Robertson, . . . Lehigh, County. Wilcox, Al Stewart, . . Essex, . . . Worcester, tsh tsh c. t t t t tsh t t. tsh t tsh. and c. t. tsh. and t. . . County, . . . . Shenandoah, Franklin, . . Warren, . . . Fayette, Lycoming, . . . Dauphin, . . . . York, Grafton, Grafton, New London, . Jefferson, . . . . Huron, Campbell,. . . . Lincoln, Hillsborough,. Caledonia, . . . Cattaraugus, . Granville, . . . , Essex, , Posey, , Essex, Wayne, . . . . , Onondaga, . . Montgomery, . Wayne, Cattaraugus, . Lowndes, Northampton, . Lewis, Lycoming,. . . . Essex, Washington, . . Spencer, Scioto, Mercer, Washington, . . Windsor, Hampden, . . . . Tompkins, . . . Sullivan, Robeson, Bucks, N.J. Pa. Pa. O. Pa. Ten. Pa. Geo. Al. Mi. Al. Pa. N. Y. Pa. Va. Me. In. O. Ken. O. vt. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. N. C. Pa. Geo. Geo. Vt. Mas. Va. Va. Pa. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Me. N.H. N. H. Ct. N. Y. O. Va. Ten. N.H. Vt. N. Y. N. C. Mas. In. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. II. II. N. Y, N. Y. Ref. Letters Go Sg Sf Sf Ke Sf Gj Sf Kg Hn Fm Hn Sf S c Qe Ri BZ b Gi Kh Ji Mg V b Vd Rd Te Ol Sf Jl Jn Wb Wd Pj Ph Qf U c Re Og Qe Qe Rf Xc Wb Vc Ve R b Le Oi Hk Wd Vb Pd Pj Xd Gh Wd Qc R c Eg Qc Pd Popula- tion. 994 1,193 830 351 2,308 808 2,453 9,410 3,173 2,334 1,535 "'"45 431 1,227 1,327 953 1,585 1,317 11,957 1,252 1,362 27,379 1,636 17,636 1,636 1,503 1,320 1,804 4,084 2,873 648 4,630 1,147 1,822 271 6,138 617 3,603 3,228 1,990 1,989 735 D. fr. Wash 943 171 141 157 428 187 742 182 882 215 436 203 97 775 694 423 575 289 465 368 310 268 380 175 562 424 D.fr. Cap. 105 103 432 209 203 142 518 535 499 338 425 410 198 702 457 545 319 253 441 745 442 345 36i 773 354 329 CONSULTING INDEX. 85 Names of Places. Machias, East, Machias, West, Machias-Port, Mackinac, Mackinaw, Mackville, MACOMB, Macomb, MACON, Mucon, MACON, MACON, Macungy, Madawaska Settlem't* Madbury, C. Madison, Madison, MADISON, Madison, Madison, Madison, G . MADISON, Madison, Madison, MADISON, Madison, MADISON, MADISON, MADISON, MADISON, MADISON, MADISON, Madison, C Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, IMadison, B . Madison, Madison, . Madison, A . Madison, MADISON, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, Madison, MADISON, MADISON Class. c. t. County, t. ... County, c. t. . . . County, County, tsh. . . . County, t tsh. and t. . tsh County, . . . c. t t County, . . . c. t County, . . . County, . . . County, . . . County, . . . County, . • . County, . . . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . . . tsh. and c. tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . . . I County,. . , Coumv. Washington, Washington, Washington, Michillimackinac Tazewell, . . . Franklin, . . . McDonough, Bibb,*.'. V. v.*. Lehigh,. . . . Penobscot, . Strafford, . . Somerset, . . New Haven, Greene, . . Madison, . Columbia, . Madison, . . . . Rockingham,. Morgan, Butler, Clark, Columbia,. . . . Fairfield, . . . . Fayette, Franklin, . . . . Geauga, Guernsey, . . . . Hamilton, . . . Highland,. . . . Jackson, . . . . Licking, Montgomery, . Muskingum, . Perry, Pickaway, . . . Richland, . . . . Scioto, Jefferson, . . . Montgomery, Putnam, • • • • Pike,... Morgan, .... State. Me.j Me. Me. M. T. II. Geo. M.T. 11. N. C. Geo. Al. II. Pa. Me. N.H. Me. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. N.Y. Pa. Va. Va. N.C. Geo. Geo. F. T. Al. Mi. Ten. Ken. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. In. In. In. In. In. In. II. Mo. Ref. Letters AZ b .\Zb AZb Ja Ef Kl Ld Df Kk Kn lo Fg Sf Xc Yb V e Sd Ud Sd Re Ph Ph Oj K 1 K m Kp HI Dn Ek Ji Kg Jg Kg Nf Lg Kg Lg Me Mf Jg Kg Lh Lf Jg Lf Lg Lg Lf Lf If Ih Hf <^g Gh ^ig Eh Di Popula- tion. 1,065 1,021 688 D. fr. AVash. 751 743 748 847 790 589 2,413 ,333 1,122 .3,317 2,487 510 1,272 1,809 39,038 2,544 1,454 9,236 4,646 525 27,990 4,973 11,594 18,751 6,190 2,230 1,163 1,280 904 1,477 1,746 1,898 942 284 1,609 438 743 1,245 589 1,058 976 2,138 836 2,238 6,221 2,371 D. fr. Cap. "T49 141 146 321 140 104 914 67' 185 884 494 633 322 342 357 198 96 306 648 490 436 286 369 412 386 346 304 490 42 380 359 466 346 353 390 380 410 576 622 619 686 603 * For the location of this settlement, see the supplementary map of the north part of Maine. I is on the St. John's river, near the mouth of the Madawaska. H 86 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Madisonville, Madisonville, Madisonville, Madisonville, Madrid, Mad River, A Mad River, iMagaughey's T. • . . Magnet Cove, P.O. . Magnolia, Malianoy, Lower, .C Mahanoy, Upper, . . Mahantango, Lower, Mahantango, Upp'r. C Mahoning, F. Mahoning, Mahoning, A . Mahonoy, Maiden Creek, ...G. Maidstone, Makefield, Lower, . D . Makefield, Upper, .L. Malaga, Malaga, Maiden, J. Malone, Malta, Malta, a. Mamakatting, Mamaroneck, . . . .C. Manallen, Manallen, Manahocking, Manayunk, Manchester, J. Manchester, Manchester, F. Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, A. Manchester, Manchester, East, .F. Manchester, West, L. Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, b. Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, Mandana, c. Manheim, Manheim, I. Manheim, Manheim, Manlius, Class. t. .. t. .. c. t. c. t. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. t tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsli t tsh tsh t tsh. and t. . t tsh. and c. t tsh. and t. . t tsh tsh , tsh tsh , t t t t t t tsh. and t. tsh tsh tsh t. .. c. t. tsh. and t. . tsh tsh tsh tsh. and t. . County. Madison, St. Tammany, . Monroe, Hopkins, St. Lawrence, . . Clark, Champaign, . . . Rockingham, . . Hot Springs, . . Leon, Northumberl'nd Northumberl'nd Schuylkill, . . . Schuylkill, . . . Columbia,. . . . Indiana, Mercer, Schuylkill, . . . Berks, Essex, Bucks, Bucks, Gloucester, . . . Monroe, Middlesex, . . . Franklin, .... Saratoga, .... Morgan, Sullivan, .... West Chester, Adams, , Fayette, Monmouth, . . Philadelphia, . Hillsborough,. , Bennington, . . , Essex, Hartford, Oneida, Ontario, Wayne, York, York, Baltimore, .... Brooke, Chesterfield, . . Sumpter, Yazoo, Clay, Adams, Morgan, Stark, Dearborn, .... Morgan, St. Louis, Onondaga, .... Herkimer, .... Lancaster, .... Schuylkill, .... York, Onondaga, .... State. Mi. La. Ten. Ken. N. Y. O. O. Va. A. T. F. T. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Vt. Pa. Pa. N.J. O. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. O. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. N.J. Pa. N. H. Vt. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. Va. Va. S.C. Mi. Ken. O. O. O. In. II. Mo. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. N. Y. Ref. Letters Dn Dp Jk Gi Sb Kg Kf Ph Al Jp Rf Rf Rf Rf Re Of Ne R f Sf Wb Tf Tf Sg Mg Wd Tb Ud Mg Te Uf Qg Qg Tg S f Wd Uc Xd Ve So Qd Se Rf Kg Rg Nf Qi Nni On Ki Kh Mg Mf Ig Dg Dh Rd Tc Rf Rf Rg Re Popula tion. 112 3,459 1,034 1,731 1,738 1,742 1,234 1,150 1,796 1,640 2,368 1,350 236 1,344 1,517 945 2,010 2,207 1,517 83 3,070 838 2,063 1,103 D. fr. Wash 877 1,525 1,236 1,576 2,811 183 2,212 1,269 59 160 831 66 1,937 1,361 2,140 1,361 7,375 1,014 1,166 561 738 495 444 450 136 1,120 914 145 147 156 157 175 199 275 190 151 576 163 171 164 302 437 523 409 340 277 248 85 196 197 143 460 434 A55 344 392 342 293 93 87 68 264 123 497 1,081 558 460 332 340 533 837 876 330 406 119 171 88 342 D. fr. Cap. 49 37 168 200 227 47 54 114 52 18 31 33 46 44 65 157 233 CONSULTING INDEX. 87 Names of Places. Mannington, C. Manor, Mansfield, B, Mansfield, Mansfield, Mansfield, Mansfield, Mansfield^ Manshac, Mansville, Mantua, Mantua, Mapletown, Mapleville, Maramec, Marathon, Marblehead, Marbletown, Marcellus, Mardisville, Margaretta MARENGO, Marianna^ , Mariaville, North, . . , Mariaville, South, . . , Mariaville, Marietta, Marietta, Marion, . , MARION, Marion, , MARION, Marion, , MARION, Marion, , MARION, MARION, MARION, Marion, , Marion, MARION, Marion, , Marion, , Marion, Marion,. , , Marion, Marion, , MARION, MARION, Marion, Marionville, Marhsville, Marlboro', Marlboro', MARLBORO' MarUtoro', C.H. Marlboro', Marlboro', Marlboro,' Lower, . . . Marlboro\ Upper,. . . . Marlborough, C. Class. tsh. tsh. t. ., t t tsh tsh. and t. . c. t tsh. and t. tsh t tsh tsh. and t. c. t tsh County, . . c. t tsh. and c. t. tsh. and t. . District, . . c. t County, e. t County, c. t County, . . . , County,. . . , County, . . , tsh , tsh. and c. t. County, . . . , tsh c. t tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . County, . t c. t. c. t. District, c. t. . . . tsh tsh. and t. t c. t. t. .. County. Salem, Lancaster, . . . . Chittenden, . . . Bristol, Tolland, Burlington, . . . Warren, Richland, E. Baton Rouge, Jefferson, Portage, Hamilton, . . . . Greene, Bibb, Crawford, Cortland, Essex, Ulster, Onondaga, . . . . Talladega, . . . . Huron, Jackson, . . . . Hancock, . . . Hancock, . . . Hancock, . . . Lancaster, . . Washington, Wayne, . . . . Marion, Twiggs, Perry, . . Clinton, Marion, Decatur, . . Grant, Hendricks, Lawrence, Putnam, . . Shelby, . . . Cole, Marion, .... Avoyelles, . . Windham, . . Hartford, . . . Marlboro', . . . Delaware, . . . Stark, Calvert, Prince George, Cheshire State. N.J. Pa. Vt. Mas. Ct. N.J. N.J. O. La. N. Y. O. U. Pa. AI. Mo. N. Y. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. Al. O. AI. F. T. I\Ie. Me. Me. Pa. O. N. Y. S. C. s. c. Geo. Geo. Al. Al. Mi. Ten. O. O. O. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. II. Mo. Mo. Geo, La. Vt. Ct. s.c. s. c. o. o. Md. Md. N. H. Kef. Letters Rg V b Wd Ve Tf Tf Lf Cp R c M e Fh g Hn Ci Rd Xd Te Rd Hm Le Gn IP Zb Zb Zb Mg Qc Ol 01 Jn K n Fl Gn Eo 1 k Kf Kg Kf Hg Ig If Hg Hh Hg Ig Eh Cg Bh Jn Bo Vd Ve 01 01 Kf Mf Rh Rh Vd Popula tion. 1,126 3,158 279 1,172 2,661 2,083 3,303 840 949 895 5,149 3,223 2,626 441 7,700 109 162 20 1,915 1,90 11,208 1,436 4,058 3,691 5,508 6,551 552 1,137 7,192 2,125 4,837 1,218 704 8,582 503 1,027 822 D. fr. Wash. 164 102 531 417 357 163 202 380 1,247 390 322 756 219 839 971 322 450 313 342 765 419 92 676 684 691 102 304 355 424 679 865 453 416 568 559 597 633 607 579 995 816 1,247 425 340 D. fr. Cap. 88 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Marlborough, Marlborough, ... .A Marlborough, East, D Marlborough,West, W Marlborough, .... L Marlow, Marple, Q. Marshall, Marshfield, Marshfield, Mars, Mars BlufF, P. O Marseilles, Marthasville, Martick, MARTIN, MARTIN, Martin Town, Martinshurg, Martinsburg, Martinsburg, Martinshurg, Martinsburg, Martinsburg, Martinsburg, a. Martinsville, Martinsville, Martinsville, Mary- Ann, B . Mary-Ellen, f. Maryland, Pvlarysville, Marysiiille, Marysville, Marysville, Mashpee, Maskenonge, Mason, MASON, MASON, Mason, " Masouboro', Mason Hall, Masonville,. Massena, Massillon, Mattakeunk, D . Mattawanikeag, . . . . MATTHEWS, Matthews, C. H. Mauch Chunk, Maurice River, MAURY, Maxatawny, Maxfield, B. Maxville, Mayfield, May field, Mayfield, Mayslick, Maysville, t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. t t tsh County, . County, . t tsh. and c. t. t c. t. t. .. c. t. tsh. tsh. and t. t c. t. c. t c. t tsh. and t. t County, . County, , tsh tsh tsh. and t. County, c. t. tsh. and t. tsh County, . . tsh tsh. and t. c. t tsh. t. .. c, t. County. Middlesex, . . Ulster, Chester, .... Chester, .... Montgomery, Cheshire, . . . Delaware, . . Oneida, Washington, Plymouth, . . Marion, Halifax, Montgomery, , Lancaster, . . . Edgefield, . . . Lewis, Bedford, .... Washington, Berkeley, . . . Monroe, .... Holmes, . . . . Knox, Henry, Guilford, .... Morgan, .... Licking, .... Warren, .... Campbell, . . , Charlotte, . . . Blount, Union, Barnstable, . . Iowa, Hillsborough, Lawrence, . . . New Hanover, Orange, Delaware, . . . . St. Lawrence, . Stark, Penobscot, . . . Washington, . Matthews, . . , Northampton, Cumberland, . Berks, , Penobscot, . . , Washington, , Montgomery, , Graves, Cuyahoga, . . Mason, Chautauque, . State. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. N. H. Pa. N. Y. Vt. Mas. In. S. C. Va. Mo. Pa. N. C. In. S. C. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Va. Ken. O. O. Va. N. C. In. O. O. N.Y. Va. Va. Ten. O. Mas. M. T. N. H. Va. Ken. O. N. C. N. C. N.Y. N.Y. O. Me. Me. Va. Va. Pa. N.J. Ten. Pa. Me. Ken. N.Y. Ken. O. Ken. N. Y. Ref, Letters W d Te Sg Sg Sf Vc Sg Sd Vb Xd Gi OI Pj Ch s^ Qk Hh L m Sc Pf Nf Qg ij Mf Lf Oj Oj Hg Lf Jg Td 01 Pi Jk Kf Xd Dd Wd Mh Kh Lh PI Oj Sd Tb Mf Za AZb Ri R i Sf Tg G k Sf Za I i To Fj Me Kh Od Popula- tion. 6,072 2,273 ],252 1,101 952 645 781 1,908 1,271 1,565 450 2,190 8,539 2,014 2,382 17 240 511 64 1,834 142 1,403 6,534 16,199 358 1,145 2,068 359 . 52 7 7,664 1,362 2,724 27,665 2,008 186 83 2,609 44 332 D. fr. Wash. 410 296 107 104 166 450 126 362 537 444 742 447 228 916 100 562 433 134 235 71 667 336 365 299 312 603 358 463 366 225 187 532 433 466 1,022 439 399 419 305 330 504 327 713 748 184 196 182 165 706 591 424 223 359 490 349 D. fr. Cap. 26 88 70 66 CONSULTING INT)EX. Names of Places. c. t. Class. Maysville^ Maysville, Maysville, McAllister, McArthur, Mc Arthurs Town, . . . McCammon, McConnellburg, .... McConnells Town, . . McConnellsville, . . . . ■ McDanielsville, P. O. McDonough, McDonough, McDonough, McDONOUGH, ... McCRACKEN,.... McINTOSH, McKEAN, McKean, McKean, McKeansburg, .... a McLeansville, McLEAN, McLeansborovgfL,. . . McLemoresvilie, . . . McMINN, McMinnville, McNAIRY,. McPhersonvilk,. . . . Mead, Mead, MEADE, Meadow Land, Meadville, Mmdville, Meadsville, Meansville, P. O. . . . Mecca, Mechanics, Mechanicsburg, .... Mechanicsburg, .... Mechanicsburg, .... Mechanics' Hall, . . . Mechanic Town, . . . Mechanicsville, .... Meohanicsville, .... Mechanicsville, .... Mechanicsville, Mechanicsville, MECKLENBURG,. MECKLENBURG,. Mecklenburg, Medfield, Medford, K. Medford, Medina, MEDINA, Medina, Medina, Medway, C. Medway, c. t. t. .. tsh. t. .. tsh. t. .. t. .. c. t. tsh. and t. c. t t County, . ■ County, . . County, . . County, . , tsh , tsh , County, . c. t t County, . c. t County, . t tsh tsh County, . t County. Buckingham,. Mason, Clay, Dauphin, . . . . Logan, Athens, . . . . . Martin, Huntingdon, Bedford, .... Morgan, Spartanburg, Chenango, . . Henry, Jefferson, . . . Erie, Licking, . . Schuylkill, Jackson, . . Hamilton,. Carroll, . . . tsh tsh t t. t t t t t t t t County, . . . . County, . . . . t t t t t County,. . . . tsh. and c. t. tsh t t Warren, Beaufort, Crawford, Belmont, . Knox, Norfolk, . . . Middlesex, . Burlington,. Orleans, . . . Medina, Warren, Norfolk, Clark, . . State. Suffolk, Crawford, . . . . . Franklin, . . . . , Halifax, , Union, Trumbull, ...- Holmes, York, Cumberland, . . Champaign, . . Moore, Frederick, . . . Saratoga, .... Dutchess, .... Rockland,. . , . Montgomery, . Darlington, . . Va. Ken. II. Pa. O. O. In. Pa. Pa. O. S. C. N. Y. Geo. Pa. II. Ken. Geo. Pa, Pa. O. Pa. Ten. II. II. Ten. Ten. Ten. Ten. S.C. Pa. O. Ken. N. Y. Pa. Mi. Va. S.C. O. O. Pa. Pa. O. N. C. Md, N. Y. N. Y. N.Y. Md S.C. Va. N.C. Ten. Mas. Mas. N.J. N.Y, O. O. In. Mas. O. Ref. Letters Pi Kh Fh Rf Kf Hh Pf Qg Mg Ml Sd J ra Dq Df F i Mo Pe Nd Lf Rf Ij Ff Fh Fj " k Ik Fk Nn Ne Nf Hi Uf N e Co Oj MI Ne M f R f K f Ok Qg Ud Ue Te Qg O 1 Pj Nk Kk Wd Wd J^ Pc Me Me Gf Wd Kg Popula- tion. 2,040 D.fr. Wash 809 69 490 267 1,232 162 478 760 116 461 369 645 149 93 340 484 334 687 1,203 D. fr. Cap. 87 1,297 4,998 1,439 984 743 14,460 ' 5,697 1,034 1,478 4,131 1,094 353 702 554 99 325 264 372 32 167 64 661 103 773 832 644 20,477 20,073 817 1,755 7,560 622 1,756 17 604 297 285 "'286 297 1,139 229 477 299 335 69 105 436 369 73 395 317 251 21 431 520 414 436 154 400 357 647 409 450 204 18 4 29 365 111 74 23 54 H2 90 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Meig-s, MEIGS, Meigs, Meigsville, A Memphis, Mendham, JMcndon, Mendon, Mendota, Mentor, 3Ientz, Melmore, Mercer, MERCER, Mercer, Mercer, MERCER, MERCER, MERCER, Mercersburg, Mercury, Meredian Springs,P.O Meredianville, Meredith, Meredith, Meredosia, Meriden, A. Merion, Upper, . . .T. Merion, Lower, . .H. Merom, MERRIMACK, .... Merrimack, Merritt's Town, Merrittsville, ..... MERRIWETHER,. Mertz Town, Mesopotamia, , Metal, Methuen, E, Mexico, B , Mexico, Mexico, Mexico, MIAMI, Miami, Miami, Miami, Miami, Miami, Miami, MIAMI, Miami,. Miamisburg, Miamisport, Micco Town, Michigan, Michigan Town, .... Michigan City, MTCHILLTMJl CKIJVJlC, Michillimackinac, . . . Middle, Class. tsh County, . . tsh tsh t tsh. and t. t tsh. and t. t tsh tsh County, , tsh t County, . County, . County, , t t tsh. and t. t t tsh tsh c. t County, . . County, . . t tsh tsh t t tsh. and t. t t County, . . tsh tsh t tsh tsh tsh County, . . tsh t c. t. tsh. County, , tsh h County. Adams, Muskingum, . Morgan, Shelby, Morris, Worcester, . . . , Monroe, Jo. Daviess, . . Geauga, , Cayuga, Seneca, Somerset, . . . . . Butler, . Mercer, Franklin, Greene, Hindes, Madison, Strafford, Delaware, . . . . Morgan, New Haven, . . Montgomery,. . Montgomery,. . Sullivan, Hillsborough, . Fayette, Greenville, . . . , Berks, . . Trumbull, Franklin, Essex, . . . Oxford, . . , Oswego, . Juniatta, . , Callaway, , State. Greene, Clermont, . . . . Hamilton, . . . Hamilton, . . . Logan, Montgomery,. Cass, Montgomery, Cass, Hamilton,. . . Chnton, .... Clinton, .... La Porte, . . . MichilHmackinaCj Cape May, .... O. o. o. o. Ten. N.J. Mas. N. Y. II. O. N. Y. O. Me. Pa. Pa. Pa. Ken. O. II. Pa. Mi. Mi. Al. N. H. xV. Y. II. Ct. Pa. Pa. In. N. H. N. H. Pa. S. C. Geo. Pa. O. Pa. Mas. Me. N. Y. Pa. Mo. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. In. In. O. In. F. T. In. In. In. M. T. M. T. N.J. Kh Lg Mg Mg D k Tf Wd Qd Dd Mc R d Ke Yb Ne Ne Ne J i J f De Qg Fm Dn HI W c Td Dg Ve Sf Sf Gg We Wd Og Lk J m Sf Me Qf Wd Xb Re Qf Ch Jf Kg Jg Jg Jg K f Jg I f Hf Jg Hf Kp H f Hf He Fa b Popula tion. 1,229 6,158 596 684 1,314 3,152 3,029 '"703 4,143 77 1,210 19,729 771 941 17,694 1,110 26 2,683 1,666 1,708 1,618 2,524 34,614 1,193 4,422 562 1,295 2,006 343 2,681 12,807 782 1,936 113 1,549 825 1,798 877 1,366 D. fr. Wash. 455 450 344 915 221 398 346 994 346 345 246 625 "219 267 83 1,030 1,044 733 504 348 854 318 139 150 451 209 533 '176 327 106 449 612 384 147 950 448 478 514 514 464 367 632 474 624 822 620 625 707 779 104 CONSULTING INDEX. 91 Names of Places. • B. Middle, .... Middleborou^ Middlebourn, Middlebrook, Middleburg, , Middleburg, . Middleburg-, . Middleburg, , Middlebury, , Middlebury, . Middleburg, . Middleburg, , Middleburg, , Middleburg,. I Middleburg, Middlefield, Middlefield, Middlefield-Centre, . . Middleford, Middle Paxton, Middleport, Middlesmithfield, Middleton, ■ Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, Middleton, North, . . Middleton, South, .D Middlefown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, , Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, E Middletown, Middletown, I ^Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, Middletown, b Middletown, Middletown, I\Iiddletown Point,. . Middlesex, MIDDLESEX,.... MIDDLESEX,.... Middlesex, MIDDLESEX,.... Middlesex, MIDDLESEX,.... Class. tsh. tsh. and t.. t tsh. and t. . tsh t t t tsh tsh t tsh t t tsh t tsh t t t t. .., t. . .' t t tsh tsh tsh c. t tsh t tsh. and t. . t t tsh borough, . . tsh tsh t t t t t t t t t t t t t County, . . . County, . . . tsh County, . . . tsh County, . . . County. Hendricks, . . . Plymouth, . . . Tyler, Augusta, . . . . Addison, New Haven, . . Schoharie, . . . Tompkins, . . . Genesee, Tioga, Frederick, . . . Loudon, Hardiman, . . Cuyahoga, . . . Knox, Hampshire, . Otsego, Otsego, Sussex, Dauphin, .... Orleans, .... Pike, Strafford, . . . Rutland, Essex, Newport, . . . Adams, Fayette, .... Hyde, Columbiana,. Cumberland, Cumberland, Middlesex, . . Delaware, , . . Orange, .... Monmouth, . Allegany, . . . Armstrong, . Bucks, Dauphin, .... Delaware, . . . Susquehaima, New Castle, . Frederick, . , Dorchester, . Harrison, . . . Monongalia, . Sullivan, .... Jefferson, . . . Butler, Guernsey, . . Crawford, . . . Washington, Monmouth, . . Washington, Yates, Butler, xMas. Va. Va. Vt. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Md. Va. Ten. O. O. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. Del. Pa. N. Y. Pa. N. H. Vt. Mas. R. I. Pa. Pa. N.C. O. Pa. Pa. Ct. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Del. Md. Md. Va. Va. Ten. Ken. O. o. In. In. N.J. Vt. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N. J. Pa. Va. Ref. Letters Xe Ng Oh Ub Ue T d R d P d Qc Qs h Ek Me L f V d T d Td Sh Rf P S e We Uc \Vd W e Qf Og Rk Nf Qf Qf Ve Td T e Tf Nf Of T f Rf Sg Re Sg Qg Sh Ng Og Lj 1 li Jg Mf Hh Hh Tf Vb Wd Ve Qd Tf Nf R i Popula tion. 5,008 3,468 816 2,332 2,416 528 145 705 720 3,323 D. fr. Wash 1,241 561 919 607 915 1,558 1,936 6,892 2,383 5,128 ,18' 1,179 683 530 126 46 1,156 77,961 24,844 3,428 23,157 1,230 4,122 D. fr. Cap. 593 426 273 174 483 314 376 296 360 260 61 46 856 366 384 380 380 378 109 118 405 225 513 447 464 404 90 197 39] 278 106 98 325 338 276 221 234 202 163 102 119 277 106 51 104 220 218 405 578 487 297 622 621 213 523 323 229 92 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Middleville, MIDLAND, MIFFLIN, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, I Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflin, Mifflinburg^, Mifflinburg, . Milan, Milan, Milan, Milan, Milbrook, Milburn, Miles, Milesboro', Milford, G Milford, B Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milford, Milfordville, Millbury, Mill Creek, Mill Creek Mill Creek, Mill Creek, Mill Creek, 3VIILLED GE VILLE Milledgeville, Miller, MILLER, Miller, C. H. Millersburg, Millcrsburg, Millersburg, Miller's Place, Miller's-Town, Miller's-Tovvn, Miller's-Town, Miller's-Tovvn, Miller's-burg-, Class. County, . County, . tsh tsh. tsh tsh c. t tsh. t. . . tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. tsh. and t. tsh tsh. and t.. . tsh tsh c. t tsh. and t. . . Hundred &t, t t. ., t. ., tsh. t. ., t t tsh Hundred, tsh tsh tsh Capital, . . t tsh. . . . County, c. t. . . . t. . . t. .. c. t. County. Herkimer, . Allegany, . . . . Cumberland, . Columbia, . . . . Dauphin, . . . . Juniatta, Lycoming, . • . Henderson, . . . Franklin, . . . . Pike, Richland, . . . Columbia, . . . . Union, Coos, Cayuga, Dutchess, . . . . Huron, , Wayne , Somerset, . . . , Centre, , Centre, , Hillsborough,. Worcester, . . . New Haven,. , Otsego, Bucks, Juniatta, Pike Somerset, . . . . Kent, Harrison, . . . , Shenandoah,. . Madison, . . . , Butler, Clermont, . . . . Greene, Knox, Union, Otsego, Worcester, . . Erie, New Castle, . . Coshocton, . . , Hamilton,. . . , Union, Baldwin,. . . . , White, Knox, Miller, ... Berks, .... Dauphin, . . Bourbon, . . Suffolk, . . . Lebanon, . Lehigh,. . . Perry, .... Grayson, . Holmes, . . State. N. Y. M. T. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Ten. O. O. O. Pa. Pa. N. H. N. Y. N. Y. O. O. Me. Pa. Pa. N. H. Mas. Ct. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Del. Va. Va. Ken. O. O. O. O. O. N. Y. Mas. Pa. Del. O. O. O. Geo. Ten. O. A. T. A. T. Pa. Pa. Ken. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Ken. O. Ref. Letters Pc J c Qf Of Qf Rf Rf Qf Qe Fk Lf Kg Lf Rf Qf W b Rd Ue Le Lf Yb Qf Qf Wd W d Ue Sd Sf Qf Te Og Sh Ng Ph Ji Jg Jg Kg Lf Kf Sd Wd N d Sg Mf Jg Kf K m Ij Lf Z Am Z Am Rf Rf Jh Vf Rf Sf Qf H i Mf Popula- tion. D. fr. Wash. 410 14,323 1,193 1,423 1,791 1,570 316 563 1,118 678 243 1,886 886 53 1,006 1,055 1,302 1,360 2,256 3,025 1,968 1,537 1,752 2,448 1,808 337 15 478 114 1,611 1,783 3,181 587 3,359 469 548 356 470 320 242 119 186 140 150 211 853 391 424 362 190 173 578 322 324 403 347 632 201 194 446 401 292 359 172 150 249 173 102 233 92 540 495 480 452 375 428 353 397 331 100 346 497 425 642 623 374 1,296 150 137 515 286 124 170 136 673 341 D. fr. Cap. 84 CONSULTING INDEX. 93 Names of Places. Millersburg, .... Mill-Grove, P. O. Mill-Haven, P. O. Millheim, Millport, Millsborough, . . . Millsfield, Millsford, Mills' Point, . . . . Mill-Springs, . . . iMillstone, P. O. . Millstone, Milltovvn, Millville, Millville, Millville, ...... Millville, Millville, Milner Town, . . Millwood, Milo, Milo, Milton, Milton, Milton, Milton, Milton, Milton, Milton, Milton, P.O. »... Milton, Milton, , Milton, Milton, , Milton, , Milton, Milton, Milton, 3Iiltonsville, .... Miltonville, Mina, Minai)orough,. . . iMinaville, Minden, Minehead, Mineral Point, . . Minerva, Minervaville, . . . Minersville, .... Minesink, Minot, Miranda, P. O. . . Mispilion, Mitchelltrec, . . . Mitchellsville,.. . MOBILE, Mobile, Mockville, Modest Town, . . MofFatsville,P.O. Mohccan, Class. tsh. and t. . t . t •. ... t t t t tsh t t t tsh borough, . . t t tsh. t. . t. . tsh. tsh. tsh. and t. t t Hundred, tsh. . . . t , County, . c. t t t County. State. Callaway, . . Cabarras, . . . Scriven, .... Centre, Muhlenburg, Sussex, Coos, Ashtabula, . . Hickman,. . . Wayne, .... Randolph, . . . Somerset, . . . Putnam, .... Tioga, Cumberland, . . Lincoln, Caldwell, Butler, Nansemond, . . Frederick, .... Penobscot, .... Yates, Strafford, Chittenden, . . . Norfolk, Saratoga, Northumberl'nd Sussex, Caswell, Lawrens, Rutherford, . . . Jackson, Miami, Richland, ..... Trumbull, Wayne, Wayne, ' Jefferson, Anson, Butler, Chautauque, . . . Chautauque, . . . Montgomery,. . Montgomery,. . Essex, Iowa, Essex, Richland, Schuylkill, .... Orange, Cumberland, . . Rowan, Kent, Martin, Franklin, tsh. Mobile, . . , Rowan, . . Accomack, Anderson, . Wayne, . . Mo. N. C. Geo. Pa. Ken. Del. N. H. O. Ken. Ken. N.C. N.J. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Ten. Ken. O. Va. Va. Me. N. Y. N.H. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Del. N.C. s. c. Ten. O. O. O. O. O. In. In. N.C. O. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Vt. M. T. N. Y. S. C. Pa. N. Y. Me. N.C. Del. In. Ten. Al. Al. N.C. Va. s. c. o. Ref. Letters Bh Nk Mn Qf Gi Sh Wb Ne Ej Jj Ok Tf Ue Rd Sg Hk Gi Jg Kj Pg Za Qd Wc Ub Wd O c Re Sh Oj Ml Hk Lg Jg Lf Me Mf Ig Ih Nl Jg Od Od Td Td Wb Dd Ue Nm Rf Te Xb Nk Sh Hh Hk Fp Nk Si Li L f Popula- tion. 1,561 196 381 3,610 1,273 2,097 1,576 3,0 1,270 D. fr. Wash. 546 78 1,156 983 843 101 1,388 2,619 150 358 4,979 2,904 3,221 6,267 3,194 1,310 979 406 642 193 728 131 593 333 868 617 328 194 297 285 176 727 772 502 214 66 698 310 508 527 429 410 176 114 251 511 675 380 470 368 319 348 523 570 424 482 342 342 404 408 586 1,028 469 504 179 262 575 389 94 656 660 D. fr. Cap. 1,033 369 192 556 34 94 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Moira, Mombacus, Monaghan, G- Monday Creek, Mongoquinon, Monk's Corner, Monkton, Monmouth, MONMOUTH, Monmouth, Monongahela, . . . . D . MONONGALIA, . . . Monroe, Monroe, F. . Monroe, MONROE Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, B Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, MONROE, MONROE, MONROE, Monroe, Monroe, MONROE, MONROE, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, Class. tsh tsh c. t t t t County,. . c. t tsh County, . . t t t County, . . tsh. and t. tsh tsh t County, . , t County, . t. ... County, , County, , County, , t Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, A . Monroe, Monroe, A . Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, Monroe, 0. t County, . County, . c. t County, . t tsh. ... tsh. ... t , tsh tsh tsli. t tsh. . . . tsli. . . . tsh tsh. tsh. ... tsh. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. ... tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, c. t. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County. Franklin, . . Ulster, York, Perry, .... La Grange, Charleston, Addison, . . . Kennebeck, Warren, Greene, . Waldo, . . Franklin, Fairfield, Orange, . . . . Bradford, . . . Cumberland, Fayette, . . . Pittsylvania, . Southampton, Davidson, . . . Warren, Walton, Perry, . . Washita, Overton, Hart, .4dams, .... Ashtabula, . Butler, Clermont, . . Coshocton, . Guernsey, . Highland, . Holmes, . . . Knox, . . . . Licking,. . . Logan, .... Madison, . . Miami, .... Muskingum, . Perry, Pickaway, . . Preble, Richland, . . . Monroe, Clark,.., Morgan, State. nTyT N. Y. Pa. O. In. S. C. Vt. Me. N.J. II. Pa. Va. Me. Mas. Ct. N Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. Va. Va. N. C. N. C. Geo. Geo. F. T. Al. Mi. Mi. La. A. T. Ten. Ten. Ken. Ken. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. o. M.T. M.T. In. In. In. Ref. Letters Tb Te Rf le N m Ub Xb Tf Df Og Ng Xb Vd Ue Qc Te R e Qf Og N 1 01 Rj Nk Pj J m K m Go' Fm Eo Bn CI Jk Ij Ij li Kh Ne Jg Jh Lf Mf Kg Lf Lf Lf Kf Kf Jg Mg Mf Lg Kg Jg Lf Ke Ke Hg Ih Hg Popnla tion. 791 1,214 369 1,384 1,879 29,233 1,250 14,056 1,080 265 4,331 49,855 3,671 987 1,559 7,798 D. fr. Wash 16,202 517 8,782 3,861 461 13,708 5,340 807 862 119 1,564 120 615 24 393 437 1,047 767 308 1,076 8,768 486 286 765 697 1,070 3,18 6,577 510 296 98 363 606 511 499 590 887 217 651 410 295 266 233 102 191 239 214 356 214 641 D.fr. Cap. 1,058 1,258 622 638 460 346 474 477 350 309 435 345 370 379 457 416 458 325 352 404 488 373 490 590 61] CONSULTING INDEX. 95 D. fr. Cap. Names of Places. Monroe, Monroe, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, MONROE, Monroe, Monroe Works, Monson, Monson, Montague, Montajfue, MONTCALM, Montebello, Montevalla, Montezuma, Montezuma, Montezuma, Montgomery, Montgomery, A. MONTGOMERY, .. Montgomery, Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, . . Montgomery, Montgomery, . . . . K . Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, . . MONTGOMERY, .. MONTGOMERY, . . Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, .. MONTGOMERY, . . Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, .. Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, .. MONTGOMERY, .. Montgomery, ... .A. Montgomery, c. Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, .. Montgomery, Montgomery, Montgomery, MONTGOMERY, . . MONTGOMERY, . . Monticello, Monticello, Monticello Monticello, Monticello, Monticello, Monticello, Montpelier, Montpelier, Montrose, Montville, Montville, Montville, Class. tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, t .'. County, , t County, c. t. t. .. c. t. t County, . . tsh. and t. tsh County, . . tsh tsh t County,. County, County, . County, , County,. c. t. County, . c. t. County, . County, . tsh tsh County, , tsh tsh tsh County, County, , c. t c. t. c. t. c.t. c. t. c. t. Capital, t. .. c. t. County. Pike, Putnam, . . . Washington, Calhoun, Lincoln, . . . Orange, . . Somerset, . . Hampden, . Franklin, . . Sussex, .... Hancock, . Shelby, . . . Cayuga, . . Covington, Parke, . . . Franklin, . Hampden, Orange, . . Somerset, . Franklin, . . . , Montgomery, ■ Montgomery, . Hyde, Montgomery, Morgan, Franklin, . Hamilton, Richland, . Gibson, . . Jennings, Owen, . . Sullivan, Fairfield, . . . . Jasper, Jefferson, . . . , Pike, Lawrence, . . . Wayne, Washington, . Hanover, . . . . Baldwin, . . , . Susquehanna,. Waldo, New London,. Cayuga, State. In. In. In. II. II. Mo. Mo. N. Y. Me. Mas. Mas. N.J. M.T. II. Al. N. Y. Al. In. Vt. 3Ias. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. Va. N. C. N.C. Geo. 41. Al. Ten. Ten. Ken. O. O, O. O. In. In. In. In. II. I\Io. N. Y. S. C. Geo. F. T. Al. Mi. Ken. Vt. Va. Al. Pa. Me. Ct. N. Y. Ref. Letters G r Hg Dh Dh P h Te Ya V d Vd Te' le Cf Gra R d Ho Gg Vb Vd Td Te Tf Sf Qg Sf Sf Qg Nl Nk Nm Ln Hn Hn ?-J Jj Kh Jg Kg Jg L f G f Gh I h S^ Eg C h Te Ni K m Jp Ho Do Jj Vb Qi Go Se Yb Ve Rd Popula tion. 2,000 411 2,263 1,152 990 460 43,715 3,885 2,834 39,406 3,500 911 19,816 12,306 10,919 1,269 12,695 14,349 10,240 24,362 2,932 270 1,531 7,317 1,238 2,953 3,902 1,792 1,743 1,964 D. fr. Wash 674 610 613 898 904 260 684 378 395 245 925 81 350 947 649 563 361 278 515 668 925 909 1,120 607 524 112 960 271 626 360 320 276 185 95 19 80 160 160 62 100 100 358 179 859 119 568 161 394 489 364 ioi 82 707 576 624 146 64 46 96 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Montville, Montville, Moon, B. Moon, Moore, MOORE, Moorefield Moorfield, Moorfields, Moore's, Mooresburg-, Mooresburg-, Moore's Prairie, P. O. Moore's-Town, Mooresville, Moral, Moravia, Moreau, Moreland, Moreland, J. Moreland, F. Moretown, Morgan, Morg-an, Morgan, C. MORGAN, MORGAN, MORGAN, MORGAN, MORGAN, MORGAN, Morg-an, D . Morgan, Morgan, Morgan, Morgan, Morgan, MORGAN, Morgan, Morgan, MORGAN, Morganjield, Morganton, Morganton, Morgan Town, Morgan Town, Morgan. Town, Morganville, Moriah, Morning Sun, Morris, Morris, Morris, MORRIS, Morris, Morris, Morristown, A. Morrison's Bluff, P. O, Morristown, Morristoivn, Morrisville, Clas tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . . , tsh. and t. , tsh , c. t tsh tsh. t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsli. . . . tsh. t , t t tsh County, , County, . County, , County, . County, . County,. tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . tsli h County, , c. t tsh. tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. and t. . c. t c. t County. Geauga, Medina, Allegany, . . . . Beaver, Northampton, Harrison, .... Clark, Hardy, Clinton, Columbia,. . . . Hawkins, .... Jefferson, .... Burlington, . . Limestone, . . . Shelby, Cayuga, Saratoga, .... Lycoming, . . . Montgomery,. Philadelphia, . Washington, . Orleans, Berks, Greene, , Ashtabula, . Butler, Gallia, Knox, Morgan, . . . Scioto, Harrison, Owen,. . . Union, Blount, Rhea, . . . . . Monongalia, . Burke, Butler, Nottoway, . . Essex, Shelby, Greene,.. .. Huntingdon, Washington, Morris, Knox, Orleans, Pope, St. Lawrence, . Morris, Madison, State. o. o. Pa. Pa. Pa. N. C. O. O. Va. N. Y. Pa. Ten. II. N.J. Al. In. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Vt. Vt. Pa. Pa. Va. Geo. M Ten. Ken. O. O. o. o. o. o. o. In. In. In. II. Ken. Ten. Ten. Va. N. C. Ken. Va. N. Y. Ten. Pa. Pa. Pa. N.J. N.J. O. Vt. A. T. N. Y. N.J. N. Y. Eef. Letters M e Me Nf Nf Sf Ok Mf Ub Rf Kj Fh Tg Gl I? Rd Uc Re Sf Sf Vb Vb Sf Ng Pi K m HI Jj Ki Mg Ne Lf Mg Kh Hg Hh 5^ Dg Gi Ik Ik Og Mk Hi Qi Ub Ek Ng Pf Nf Tf Tf Lf Vb Ak So Tf Sd Popula tion. 226 254 1,042 1,358 1,853 7,745 1,414 915 1,222 1,690 2,044 417 815 331 1,723 2,694 12,046 9,062 2,582 2,857 11,800 479 1,965 371 652 1,220 369 5,593 849 12,714 295 74 1,742 1,575 2,049 23,666 3,536 812 1,315 1,600 D. fr. Wash. 329 353 235 247 198 "290 436 128 559 181 461 787 147 740 319 425 191 152 149 516 576 133 217 325 498 370 367 341 424 "614 629 **743 559 604 215 453 692 178 491 894 227 156 244 "217 376 546 1,169 457 221 353 CONSULTING INDEX. 97 Names of Places. Morrisville, Morrisville, Morristown, Mortonsvillc, Morven, Morven, Moscow, Moscow Moscow, IVIoscow, Moscow, MOSQUITO, Mottsville, Moulton, Moultonborough, . Moultrieville, Mound, .' . Moundville, Mount- Airy, Mount-Airy, Mount Bethel, Lower, Mount Bethel, Up. I . Mount-Carbon, Mount-Carmel, Mount-Carmel, Mount-Carmel, Mount-Clemens, Mount-Clio, P. O Mount-Crawford, . . . . Mount-Croghan, P. O. Mount-Defiance, . . . . Mount-Desart, Mount- Eaton, Mount-Erie, Mount-Holly, Mount Holly, t t t tsh t t t t t County, . c. t c. t t t tsh t t t tsh tsh c. t. c. t. Mount Holly, Mount Hope, Mount Hope, Mount Horeb, Mount Joy, Mount Joy, J. Mount Maria, Mount Meigs, Mount Morris, Mount-Mourne, P.O.. Mount-Olympus, .... Mount-Pisgah,P.O... Mount-Pinson, Mount-Pleasant, . . B . Mount-Pleasant, . .F. Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, t tsh tsh t t tsh. and t. .H. t tsh tsh t tsh t t tsh. and t. tsh. and t. tsh. and t. t t t Countj-. Greene, . . . . Hickman,. Belmont, . Woodford, Anson, . . . Marion, . . Somerset, . Livingston, Fayette, . . Hickman, . Clermont, . St. Joseph, . . . Lawrence, . . . Strafford, .... Charleston,. . . Wayne, .... Iowa, Smyth, Bledsoe, .... Northampton, Northampton, Schuylkill, . . Preston, .... Covington, . . Wabash, .... Macomb, . . . Sumptcr, . . . Rockingham, Chesterfield, . Augusta,. . . . Hancock, . . . Wayne, Coshocton, . . Rutland, Rutland, Burlington,. . Orange, .... Lawrence, . . Jasper, Adams, Lancaster, . . . . Pike, Montgomery,. . Livingston,. . . . Iredell, Madison, Iredell, Madison, ,Wcst Chester, . Adams, Clearfield, Columbia, Lancaster, . . . . Union, Washington, . . Wayne, Westmoreland, New Castle, . . . Shenandoah, . , Rockingham, . i Pa. Ken. O. Ken. N. C. O. Me. N. Y. Ten. Ken. O. F. T. M. T. Al. N. H. S. C. In. M.T. Va. Ten. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. Mi. II. M. T. S. C. Va. S. C. Va. Me. O. O. Vt. Vt. N.J. N. Y. Al. Geo. Pa. Pa. Pa. Al. N. Y. N. C. Mi. N.C. Ten. N. Y Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Del. Va. N.C. Ref. Letters Ng Ej Mf Jh Nl Lf Ya Pd Eh Ej Jh Mq e Gl ^V c On Gf d Mj Ik Sf Sf Rf Og Eo G h Ld Nl Ph Nl P h Z b Mf Lf Vc Vc Tg Te Gl K m Qg Rf Se Hn P d Nk Dn M k Fk Uc Qg Rg Re Rg Rf Nf Se Of Sg Ph Oj 251 145 D.fr. Wash. 764 405 196 733 1,422 245 852 284 553 420 402 657 351 844 859 494 D. fr. Cap. 238 313 115 20 144 44 64 232 169 320 127 625 779 514 2,666 2,241 1,603 214 8 1,318 1,318 151 102 40 991 2,106 2,534 4,932 1,498 15 1,308 1,258 2,381 658 1,038 340 622 196 208 173 174 1,096 716 552 465 148 435 155 695 333 352 472 472 156 269 791 660 81 117 275 846 351 405 1,060 432 873 25 84 179 189 102 152 243 269 194 90 117 302 85 264 123 107 121 56 243 94 109 26 57 138 110 122 97 100 68 82 82 21 112 114 32 36 24 191 1.32 236 144 25 170 151 120 33 121 79 31 42 227 170 172 29 148 118 98 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. ..d. .A. Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Prairie, Mount-Prairie, Mount-Prospect, Mount-Reserve, Mount-Richardson, P. O. Mount-Salus, or Clinton, Mount-Sidney, . Mount-Sterling-, Mount-Sterling, Mount-Sterling, Clas t. ., t. . t. .. t. .. c. t. t. .. tsh. c. t. tsh. t. .. t. .. t. .. t. .. t. .. Mount-Tabor, Mount.Tirza,P.O... , Mount-Upton, Mount-Vernon, Mount- Vernon, . . .F, Mount-Vernon, Mount-Vernon, P. O.. Mount-Vernon, Mount-Vernon, Mount-Vernon, Mount-Vernon, Monnt-Vernon, Mount-Vernon, Mount- View, Mount- Washington, . Mount- Washing-ton, . Mount- Washington, . 3Iount-Willing, Mount-Willing, P. O. 3Iount-Willing, Mount-Zion, Mount-Zion, Mount-Zion, Moyamensing, . . ,G. Muddy Creek, MUHLENBURG, . . MullicaHill, Mulberry, Muinmasburg, Muncy, D. Muncy Creek, Muncy Town, Munfordsville, Munson, Munster, , . . . Munder Hill, Murfreesboro', Marfreesboro\ Murray, MURRAY, t. .. c.t. t. .. t. .. t. .. c. t. t. .. c. t. c. t. c. t. c.t. tsh. tsh. . . . tsh County, . tsh. tsh. c.t. c. t. tsh. t. .. Hundred, c. t. . . . tsh. . . . County, County. Charleston, . . . Monroe, E. Feliciana, . Maury, Harlan, Hamilton, Jefferson, . . . . Martin, Delaware, . . . . Union, Hempstead, . . Ralls, Warrick, . . . Bedford, Jackson, Hindes,. . . .'. . Augusta, .... Hawkins, . . . . Montgomery, . Muskingum, . Switzerland,. . Rutland, Person, Chenango, . . . Kennebeck, . . Hillsborough,. Preston, ... . Spartanburg, . Montgomery,. Gadsden, .... Rockcastle, . . . Knox, Posey, Jefferson, .... Davidson, .... Berkshire, .... Copiah, Bullitt, Orange, Edgefield,. . . . E. Feliciana, . Hancock, .... Lowndes, .... Union, Philadelphia, . Butler, Gloucester, . . Crawford, . . Adams, Lycoming, . . Lycoming, . . Delaware, . . . Hart, Geauga, .... Cambria, . . . Kent, Hertford, . . . Rutherford, . Orleans, .... State. s.c. Al. La. Ten. Ken. O. O. In. In. II. A. T. Mo. In. Ten. Ten. Mi. Va. Ten. Ken. O. In. Vt. N. C. N. Y. Me. N. H. Va. S.C. Geo. F. T. Ken. O. In. II. Ten. Mas. Mi. Ken. N. C. S.C. La. Geo. Mi. Ken. Pa. Pa. Ken. N.J. A.T. Pa. Pa. Pa. In. Ken. O. Pa. Del. N. C. Ten. N.Y. Geo. Ref. Letters On Go Cp Gk J? Nf Hh If Gh A m Cg Gl Hk Ph Kj Kh Lf Lh Vc Pj Sd Yb Wd Og Lk Ln Ip J i Lf Gf Fh Hj Ud Do Ih Oj Mm Cp K m Em Gl Sg Nf G i Sg Z At Qg Re Re If li Me Pf ^^ Qj Hk Pc II Popula tion. 219 1,466 561 71 210 1,439 762 142 1,021 345 227 6,822 1,320 5,340 143 194 354 107 5,037 2,790 D. fr. Wash. 544 972 1,197 743 490 495 273 659 550 828 1,208 983 717 681 655 1,045 153 460 50] 343 559 450 288 334 614 452 184 491 731 902 582 375 748 801 708 336 1,101 600 305 542 1,216 625 910 748 134 245 153 1,204 80 190 188 546 656 327 183 112 228 686 384 CONSULTING INDEX. 99 Names of Places. Murray ville, Murraysville, Marry ville, MUSCOGEE, MUSKINGUM, .... Muskingum, Musquito Cove, Myers Town, Nanjemoy, Nankin, NANSEMOND, .... Nanticoke, A. Nanticoke, Nantmeal, East, Nantmeal, West, . . . . NANTUCKET, .... Nantucket, Napier, Naples, Naples, Napoleon, Napoleon, Napoli, NASH, Nashport, e. Nashua, Nashville, I7ASHVII.I,Z3, Nashville, Nassau, NASSAU, Natchez, Natchez, NATCHITOCHES,. Natchitoches, Natick, L. Natural Bridge, Navarino, Nazareth, Upper, . . H . Nazareth, Lower, .E. Nazareth, Nedve, D, Needham, . . Necltown, NefFsville, Negrofoot, Nelson, Nelson, NELSON, NELSON, Nelson, Nelsonville, Nescopeck, Neshanock, Neskayuna, Neskayuna, A Nether Providence,K Neversink, Neville, Nevins, New Albany, Class. County, . . . County, . . . tsh t t t tsh County, . . . tsh Hundred, . tsh tsh County, . . . t tsh tsh t t t tsh County, . . . t Village, . . . c. t Capital, . . . c. t tsh. and t. . County,. . . c. t Parish, c. t. . . . t County. Orangeburg, . . Buncombe, . . . . Westmoreland, Muskingum, Queens, . . . . Lebanon, . . , Charles, . . . , Wayne, . . . , t tsh tsh t tsh t t t t t. . . . tsh County, .... County, . . . . tsh t tsh. and t. . . tsh t tsh tsh tsh t tsh tsh. and c. t.. Broome, Sussex, . Chester, Chester, Nantucket, . . . . Bedford, Ontario, Morgan, Henry, Ripley, Cattaraugus, . . Muskingum, . . Hillsborough, . . Nash, Davidson,. . , . Washington, . . Rensselaer, . . . Adams, . . Iowa, . . . Natchitoches,. Middlesex, . . . Rockbridge,. . Onondaga, ... Northampton, Northampton, Northampton, Dark, Norfolk, Tazewell, .... Lancaster, . . . Hanover, .... Cheshire, .... Madison, .... Portage, .... Athens, .... Luzerne, .... Mercer, .... Albany, .... Schenectad}^ Delaware, . . Sullivan,. . . . Clermont, . . . Vigo Floyd, State. s. c. N. C. Pa. Geo. O. O. N. Y. Pa. Md. xM. T. Va. N. Y. Del. Pa. Pa. Mas. Mas. Pa. N. Y. II. O. In. N. Y. N. C, O. N.H. N. C. Ten. II. N. Y. F. T. Mi. M. T. La. La. Mas. Va. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. O. Mas. Va. Pa. Va. N.H. N. Y. Va. Ken. O. O. Pa. Pa. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. O. In. In. Ref. Letters Nm Lk Of In Mf Lf Uf Rf Qh Kd Rj Rd Sh Sf Sf Xe Xe Pf Qd Dg J e Ig Od Pk Li' Wd Pk Hj Eh U d Lp Co D d Ac Ao Wd Oi Rd Sf Sf Sf Jf W d Mi Rf Qi V d Sd Pi li Me }^^ Re Ne U d Ud ■ Sg Te Jh Gg h Popula- tion. 3,508 29,334 1,336 11,784 2,366 2,029 1,498 7,202 2,109 1,941 852 8,490 51 5,566 3,255 1,511 2,789 7,905 '"890 942 1,204 47 1,418 875 2,445 11,254 14,932 834 73 983 1,703 452 747 1,257 194 1,900 D. fr. IVash 553 525 214 342 257 141 47 543 286 117 140 132 500 135 325 862 491 563 343 348 446 273 714 815 1,146 997 1,328 41 213 339 194 191 194 501 423 338 113 107 441 354 313 358 196 265 382 382 124 296 490 647 594 D.fr. Cap. 100 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. New Albion, New Alexandria, Newark, Newark, Newark, Newark, Newark, Newark, . Newark, Newark, Newark Valley, New Ashford, G. New Athens, New Baltimore, New Baltimore, New Baltimore, . . .e. New Barbadoes, . .A. New Barg-ain, New Bedford, New Bedford, New Bedford, b. New Berlin, New Berlin, Newbern, Newbern, Newberry, H. Newberry, NEWBERRY, Newberry, Newberry, b. Newbern, New Boston, H. New Braintree,. . .D. New Britain, New Brunswick, .... New Brunswick, .... Newburg", Newburg, Newburg, Newburg, Newburgh, New Burlington, .... Newburj'-, Newbury, Newbury, Newbury, Newbury, Newburyport, Newburyport, New Canton, Newcastle, New Castle, New Castle, New Castle, New Castle, NEW CASTLE, . . . New Castle, New Castle, New Castle, New Castle, New Castle .D. Class. tsh t t tsh t tsh. and t. . . t t t tsh. and c. t. tsh. and t.. . tsh. tsh 0. t t c. t ... tsh t District, . . c. t t t t t tsh c. t t t tsh. and c. t. tsh t t , tsh. and t. t County, , t. . c. t. tsh. County. Cattaraugus, . . Westmoreland, Caledonia, . . . . Tioga, Wayne, Essex, New Castle, . . . Worcester, . . . . Louisa, Licking, Tioga, Berkshire, . . . . Harrison, Greene, Fauquier, Hamilton, Bergen, Monmouth, . . . Bristol, Mercer, Coshocton, . . . . Chenango, . . . . Union, Montgomery,. . Craven, York, York Newberry, . . . Clermont, . . . . Newton, Hillsborough,. Worcester, . . . Bucks, Middlesex, . . . Clay, Penobscot, . . . Orange, Cuyahoga, . . . Warrick, . . . . Jefferson, . . . . Stark, Orange, Essex, Lycoming,. . . Geauga, Miami, Essex, Berrien, Buckingham, . Lincoln, Rockingham,. West Chester, Mercer, Schuylkill, . . . New Castle, Bottetourt, . Hanover, . . Henry, . . . , Coshocton, . State. N. Y. Pa. Vt. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Del. Md. Va. O. N. Y. Mas. O. N. Y. Va. O. N.J. N.J. Mas. Pa. O. N.Y. Pa. Va. N. C. Pa. Pa. S. C. s. c. o. Geo. N. H. Mas. Pa. N.J. In. Me. N.Y. O. n. O. O. Vt. Mas. Pa. O. O. Mas. M. T. Va. Me. N. H. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Del. Del. Va. Va. Ken. O. Ret Letters Od Of Wb Rd Qc Tf Sg S h Ph Lf Rd Ud Mf Ud Qh Tf Tf Xe Ne Mf Sd Qf N i Qk Rf R f Ml Ml Km Wc Vd S f Tf Gg Zb Pe Me G h Nf Mf V b Xd Qe Me Jf Xd Hd Pi Yb Xe Ue Ne Rf S? S? Ni Qi Ih L f Popula tion. 380 257 1,027 10,953 1,912 285 198 2,370 89 1,693 7,592 51 2,680 3,776 1,856 17,441 45 1,684 825 1,201 7,831 626 6,424 869 39 9 2,252 3,603 590 988 6,375 1,544 845 1,336 420 29,710 2,463 538 462 D. fr. Wash 341 199 559 284 344 215 108 158 113 362 284 381 284 356 45 505 330 209 429 279 334 346 168 301 337 102 102 493 483 664 456 392 164 193 642 645 282 348 722 267 308 513 442 198 332 481 466 676 138 601 491 270 264 182 103 252 104 556 352 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 101 Names of Places. New Castle, New Chester, New City, New Columbia, Newcomb, Newcomb, New-comers' Town, a New Cumberland, . . . New Design, New Durham, New Echota, New Ecrypt, New Fairfield, New Fane, New Fane, Class. c. t. t. .. c. t. t. .. tsh. t. .. Newfield, Newfield, New Garden, New Garden, P. O. . . New Garden, New Geneva, New Germantown, . . New Gilead, P. O New Glasgow, New Gloucester, .... New Grantham, New Guilford, . . . . c. New Hampton, NEW HANOVER, . New Hanover, New Harmony, New Hartford, New Hartford, Newhaven, NEW HAVEN, .... NE-W I3AVE27, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, New Holland, New Hope, New Hope, P. O New Hope, P. O New Hope, New Hope, Newington, H. New Ipswich, New Jefferson,. . . .a. NEW KENT, New Kent, C.H. .... New Lebanon, New Lebanon, New Lexington, New Lexington, . . . a . New Liberty, New Limerick t c. t t t t tsh t tsh. and t. tsh tsh. . . t, t County, . . tsh tsh. and t. t tsh. and t. t County,. . Capital, . . tsh. and t. t t t t tsh t t t County. Henry, Grafton, . Rockland,. . . Luzerne, Essex, Preble, Tuscarawas, Tuscarawas, Trigg, Straiford, . . . Murray, .... Monmouth, . Fairfield, . . . Windham, . . Niagara, . . . York, Tompkins, . . Chester, . . . . Robeson, . . . Wayne, . . . . Fayette, . . . . Hunterdon, . Moore, Amherst, . . . Cumberland, Sullivan, . . . Coshocton, . . Straflford, . . . t t t County, . . . c. t tsh. and t. . c. t t t t Plantation, Montgomery, Posey, Litchfield,. . . Oneida, Addison,. . ,. New Haven, . New Haven, . Oswego, .... Fayette, Rockingham,. Hardin, Hamilton, . . . Huron, Gallatin, Lancaster, . . . Bucks, Iredell, Spartanburg, . Lincoln, Brown, Rockingham,. , Hillsborough,. Harrison, .... New Kent, . . . Columbia,. . . . Camden, Perry, Preble, Owen, Washington, . 12 In. lV. H. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. O. O. o. Ken. N. H. Geo. N.J. Ct. Vt. N. Y. Me. N. Y. Pa. N. C. In. Pa. N.J. N. C. Va. Me. N. H. O. N. H. N.C. Pa. In. Ct. N. Y. Vt. Ct. Ct. Ct. N. Y. Pa. Va. Ken. O. O. II. Pa. Pa. N.C. S. C. Ten. O. N. H. N. H. O. Va. Va. N. Y. N.C. O. o. Ken. Me. lief. Letters Wc Te Re To Jg Mf M f Gj W c II Tf Ue Vd Pc Xc Rd Sg Ol Jg Og Tf Ok Oi Xc Vc Lf Wc PI Sf Gh Ue Sc Ub Ve Ve V e Re f P h 1 i Jg Le Fi Rf Tf M k L k Hk Kg Xc Wd Mf Qi Ri Ud Rj Lg ^g Jh A Z Popula tion. 1,090 62 116 100 21 1,16: D. fr. Wash. 536 499 251 D. fr. Cap. 940 1,441 1,450 1,286 2,664 1,309 2,386 1,682 1,079 71 1,905 10,959 1,344 514 1,766 3,599 1,834 43,847 10,180 10,678 1,410 128 615 43 547 1,673 120 6,458 2,695 186 486 496 328 304 756 510 639 176 280 428 407 528 299 99 365 521 2F 211 385 175 566 496 357 503 iso 732 342 378 489 301 301 388 143 645 500 401 764 121 170 388 485 715 473 491 432 280 133 371 248 362 481 544 776 30 24 201 54 85 36 181 102 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. ...Q, Newlin, New Lisbon, .... New Lisbon, New London, .... NEW LONDON, New London, .... New London, New London, New London, New London, New London, New Lyme, NEW MADRID, .. . New Madrid, Newman's Town, . . . New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Market, New Marlboro', New Milford, New Milford, New Mills, orPeniberton, Newman, NE"W ORLEANS,. . New Paltz, New Philadelphia,. . . New Philadelphia, . . . New Port, Newport, Newport, NEWPORT, NEW^PORT, Newport, Newport, Newport, Newport, Newport, • , Newport, Newport, Newport, , Newport, , Newport, Newport, , New Portage, ...... New Portland, ... . , New Providence, .C. New Providence, . . . . New Reading, . . . . b . County, . c. t. t tsh. and t. t tsh. . . . c. t. . . . tsh. . . . County, c. t. . . . tsh. and t. t c. t Capital, . . tsh. and t. t c. t. t. .. c. t. County,. . Capital, . . tsh. and t. t t. . . c. t. c. t. tsh. and t. c. t t. .. t. .. tsh. t. .. t. ,. County. Chester, . . . . Otsego, Columbiana, Merrimack, . New London, Oneida, Chester, .... Campbell, . . . Huron, Ralls, Ashtabula, . . New Madrid, . . Lebanon, Rockingham, . . Greene, York, Dorchester, . . . Frederick, . . . . Kent, King & Queen, Nelson, Pr. William,... Pr. George, . . . Shenandoah,. . . Madison, Jefferson, Casey, Washington, . . Highland, Berkshire, ... . Litchfield, Susquehaima, . . Burlington,. . . . Coweta, Orleans, Ulster, Monroe, Tuscarawas, . . Penobscot, . . . . Sullivan, Orleans, Newport, .... Herkimer, . . . Greene, Indiana, Luzerne, Charles, Tyrrel, Cocke, Campbell, .... Washington, . Vermillion, . . . Franklin, .... Portage, Somerset, .... Essex, Centre, Perry, Stale. Pa. N. Y. O. N. H. Ct. ct. N. Y. Pa. Va. O. Mo. O. Mo. Mo. Pa. N. H. Pa. Pa. Md. Md. Md. Va. Va. Va. Va. Va. Al. Ten. Ken. Ken. O. Mas. Ct. Pa. N.J. Geo. La. N. Y. Ten. O. Me. N. H. Vt. R.I. R.I. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. N. C. Ten. Ken. O. In. Mo. O. Me. N.J. Pa. O. Ref. Letters Sf Sd Nf Wc Ve Ve So Oi L e Ne Rf Xc Ng Rf Sb Qg Ri Pi Qh Qi Ph HI J \ li Jg Ud Ue So T^ J m Dp Te Jk Mf Yb Ve V b We W e Sc Ng Of Re R h R k Kk Jg Mg Gg Ch Me Xb Tf Qe Lg Popula tion. 794 2,2.32 1,129 914 42,201 4,356 1,591 "406 1,632 2,350 2,008 43 1,259 1,656 3,979 1,010 46,082 5,098 410 897 1,913 284 16,535 8,010 1,863 859 717 556 1,214 910 121 D. fr.- Wash. 107 348 282 488 354 400 93 209 380 96] 314 892 135 478 232 107 104 51 91 125 148 45 163 120 709 499 607 600 447 359 305 290 162 722 1,203 296 552 314 Q55 467 582 403 407 211 189 212 43 331 479 498 292 658 913 348 641 218 215 358 D. fr- Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 103 Names of Places. D. New Richmond, New Richmond, New Rochelle, . Newry, New Salem, New Salem, New Salem, . New Scotland, New Sewickly, New Sharon, New Shoreham, New Somerset, New South Quay, . . . News Town, Newton Newton, .B. Newton, Newton, Newton, NEWTON, Newton, Newton, Newton, Newton, Newton, G. Newtown, Newtown, A. Newtown, F. Newtown, New Town, New Town, ......... New Town, New Town, New Town, Newtown, Newtown, New Trenton, b New Trenton, New Tripoli, New Utrecht, F Newville, Newville, New Vineyard, New Washington, . . New Windsor, New Woodstock, . . . NEW YORK, New York, New York, New York, , New York Missis- sippi Land Co Tract,*... NIAGARA,. Niagara, .... NICHOLAS, NICHOLAS, Nicholasville, Class. tsh t t t t t tsh t t t t t t tsh tsh. and c. t. t tsh County,. . . , tsh tsh tsh tsh t t tsh tsh. and t.. . tsh t County. Edgefield, Clermont, . . . . West Chester, . Oxford,' Franklin, Westmoreland, Sangamon,. . . . Alban}^, Beaver, Kennebeck, . . , Newport, Jefferson, Nansemond,. . . Accomack,. . . . Middlesex, . . . . Gloucester, . . . . Sussex, Bucks, Delaware, . . . . lis- i tsh. t. . . t. .. t. .. t. .. tsh. t. .. County, City, . . County, , tsh County, . County, . c. t Licking, Miami, Muskingum, . . Trumbull, . . . . Rockingham,. . Fairfield, Queens, Bucks, Cumberland, . . Worcester, .... Frederick, .... King & Queen, Warren, Scott, Hamilton, .... Ottawa, Jefferson, Franklin, Lehigh, .... Kings, Cumberland, Richland, . . . Somerset, . . . Clark, Orange, .... Madison, . . . State. New York, . Albemarle,. . Montgomery, Crawford, . . . Niagara, Jessamine, S. C. O. N. Y. Mc. Mas. Pa. II. N. Y. Pa. Me. R.I. O. Va. Va. Mas. N.J. N.J. Pa. Pa. Geo. O. O. O. O. N. H. Ct. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Md. Va. Va. Mi. Ken. O. M. T. O. In. Pa. N. Y. Pa. O. Me. In. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Va. Ten. M. T. N. Y. N. Y. Va. Ken. Ken. Lf Jf Me Wd Ue Uf Tf Qf Sh S^ Qi Cn Jh Jg Hd Nf J? Sf Tf Qf Lf Xb I h Te Sd Uf U f Ph Ca Pc Oc Nh Jh Ji Ref. Lctti^rs L m Jff Uf Xb V d Of Eg Ud Nf X b We Nf R.i Si Wd Sg Te Tf Sff J m Popula- tion. 600 1,274 345 1,889 2,294 1,902 1,599 1,185 71 2,376 3,298 3,464 1,344 667 11,155 879 715 2,.357 675 510 3,100 2,610 1,344 1,349 161 io5 424 13 228 167 131 1,21 530 77 869 2,310 202,589 202,589 18,485 1,401 3,364 8,834 408 266 480 346 305 462 297 233 167 109 159 79 99 1,105 529 48 723 273 514 187 226 115 368 635 594 279 341 225 143 761 398 5461 3' * This tract of country has been hitherto knonm as Carver's Tract ; it is situated between 44° 26' and 4C° N. lat., and 13° and 16° Ion. W. from Washington. It is principally in Crawford co. in the territory annexed (o Michigan, and is bounded partly on the west by Lake Pepin. 104 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. ,M. Nichols, Nicholsburg,. . Nicholson, . . . Nile, Nimishillin, . . Nineveh, Nineveh, Nineveh, Nippinose, . . . Nixonton, .... Noble, Noble, Noble, Noble boro', . . . Nohlesville, . . . Noblcsville, . . . Nockamixon, . Nolinsville, . . . NORFOLK, . Norfolk, Norfolk, NORFOLK, . Norfolk, Norridgewock, Norristown, . . Norriton, North, Northam})ton, Northampton, E . Northampton, Northampton, NORTHAMPTON,. Northampton, Norlhnmpton, orAUenfn Northampton, . . . .C. NORTHAMPTON,. NORTHAMPTON,. Northampton, . . , .C. North Bainbridge, . . . Nortli Beaver, North borough, . . . .C. Northbridge, North Bridgewater, . . North Brookfield, North Brunswick,. B. North Castle, E . North East, North East, North East, North East, North End, Northern Liberties, H Northfield, Northfield, Northfield, Northfield, B. North Haven, North Hempstead, . . . North Hero, North Huntingdon, . . North Kingston, .... tsii. . . . t tsh. ... tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. ... t c. t. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t County, t tsh. . . . County, City, . . t c. t. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t t tsh tsh County, . tsh e. t tsh County, . County,. tsh t tsh t t t t tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsh t tsh t tsh. tsh. and c. t. County. 1'ioga, Indiana, . . .-. Luzerne,. . . . Scioto, Stark, Frederick, . . Bartholomew, Johnson, . . . Lycoming, . . Pasquotank,. Morgan, . . . . , Rush, Shelby, Lincoln, .... Hamilton, . . . Hamilton, . . Bucks, Williamson, Litchfield, . . . St. Lawrence, . Norfolk, Somerset, .... Montgomery, . Montgomery, . Harrison, .... Rockingham, . Hampshire, . . Montgomery, Burlington, . . Bucks, Lehigh, Lehigh, Portage, Chenango, . . . Beaver, Worcester, . . . Worcester, . . . Plymouth, . . . Worcester, . . . Middlesex, . . . West Chester, Dutchess, .... Erie, Cecil, Orange, Matthews, . . . Philadelphia . . Merrimack, . . Washington, . Franklin, .... Richmond, . . . New Haven,. . Queens, , Grand Isle, . . . Westmoreland, Washington, . State. N. Y. Pa. Pa. O. O. Va. In. In. Pa. N. C. O. In. In. Me. In. In. Pa. Ten. Mas. Ct. N. Y. Va. Va. Me. Pa. Pa. O. N. H. Mas. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Va. N. C. O. N. Y. Pa. Mas. Mas. Mas. Mas. N.J. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Md. In. Va. Pa. N. H. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Ct. N. Y. Vt. Pa. R. L Kef. Letters R d Of Se Kh Mf Ph Hg Hg Q? Rj Mg Ig ig Yb I f Hf Sf Ilk Wd Ue Tb Rj Rj Yb Sf Sf Mf X d Vd To Tg Sf Sf Sf Sf Si Qj Me Sd Nf Wd Wd Wd Vd Tf Ue Ue Nd S? Hh Ri Sg W c V b Vd Tf Ve Uf Ub Of W e Popula tion. 1,284 906 726 1,336 875 350 859 541 1,876 2,049 41,972 1,485 1,039 24,814 9,816 1,710 1,300 1,139 1,215 766 3,613 1,392 5,516 39,482 1,521 1,544 1,757 8,644 13,391 269 D. fr. Wash. 1,892 992 1,053 1,953 1,241 5,274 1,653 1,689 1,706 31,325 1,169 1,411 1,757 2,162 1,282 3,091 638 3,170 3,037 268 219 254 429 137 81 591 593 213 265 309 548 569 603 580 580 174 720 340 492 623 143 143 289 480 376 430 156 iei 178 178 344 322 275 404 397 42' 392 190 259 331 348 82 640 175 136 488 515 405 221 307 248 545 201 389 CONSULTING INDEX. 105 Ref. Litters Names of Places. Class County. Stale. North Liberty, North Middlcton, North Middleton, Northmoreland, North Norwich, North Port, North Providence, . C . North Romulus, North Salem, North Salem, North Sewickley,. . . . North Shenango,. .C North Stonington, . . . Northtown, Northumberland, .... Northumberland, .B. JVOR THUMBERLMJVD Northumberland, .... J^rOR THUMB ERLAJ^D North West, Nortli West, North West Fork, . . . North West Landing, North Whitehall, Northwood, North Yarmouth, . . . Norton, Norton, Norton, Norton, Norwalk, Norwalk, Norwalk, A . Norway, Norway, Norwegian, B. Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Norwich, Notown, Nottawa, Nottingham, Nottingham, C. Nottingham, East,. . . Nottingham, West, F. Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottingham,W.or Hudson NOTTOWAY, Nottoway, C. H. . Nova Iberia,. . . Nunda, Nuttersburg, ... Nyack, Oak Grove, P. O, tsh. tsh. tsh. t. . tsh. t. . tsh County, . . borough. County,. tsh tsh Hundred, Jessamine, . . . Cumberland, . Bourbon, Luzerne, Chenango, . . . Waldo, Providence, . . Seneca, Somerset, . . . West Chester, Beaver, Crawford, . . . ■ New London,. Portage, Coos, Saratoga, . . . . tsh t t t t t tsh t t. tsh t tsh. and t. . . tsh t t t tsh. and c. t. t tsh tsh t t tsh t tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsh t County, . . . . c. t t tsh t t Warren, Orange, Sussex, . Norfolk, Lehigh, Northumberl'd. Cumberland, . . Essex, Bristol, Delaware, . . . . Medina, Fairfield, Huron, Huron, Oxford, Herkimer, . . . . Schuylkill, . . . . Windsor, Hampshire, . . . New London, . . Chenango, . . . . McKean, Franklin, Huron, Muskingum, . . Worcester, . . . . St. Joseph, . . . . Rockingham,. . Burlington, . . . Chester, Chester, ....;. Washington, . . Prince George, Harrison, Hillsborough,. . Nottoway, . . . . St. Martins, . . . Allegany, Harrison, Rockland, . . . . Edgecombe,. . . Ken. Pa. Ken. Pa. N. Y. Me. R.I. N.Y. Me. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Ct. o. N. H. N.Y. Pa. Pa. Va. Pa. In. Del. Va. Pa. N. H. Me. Vt. Mas. O. O. Ct. O. O. Me. N.Y. Pa. Vt. Mas. Ct. N.Y. Pa. O. O. O. Mas. M. T. N. H. N.J. Pa. Pa. Pa. Md. O. N. H. Va. Va. La. N.Y. Va. N.Y. N. C. Qf Jh Re Sd Zb W e Rd Xb Ue N f N e We Me Wb Uc Rf Rf Ri Oe Hh Sh Rj Sf W Xc Wb W e Kf Me Ue Le L e Xb Tc Rf Vc Vd V e Sd Pc Kf Le Mf W d I e We Tf S^ Tig Nf Rh Mf Wd P i Pi Bp Pd Ng Te Qk Popula- tion. 1,936 195 785 1,083 3,503 D. fr. Wash. D. fr. Cap. 389 1,276 2,470 662 2,840 327 342 1,606 18,133 1,090 7,953 3,528 2,008 1,342 2,666 1,479 652 3,792 310 903 1,713 1,152 3,849 2,316 795 5,161 3,619 530 104 206 69 1,157 3,900 1,788 562 2,118 1,227 1,263 10,130 1,291 105 16 24- 340 644 395 644 28' 263 293 368 340 564 413 164 335 645 109 186 492 553 591 422 429 346 271 399 399 576 408 167 488 372 362 322 281 402 405 326 411 630 480 173 92 88 215 27 296 446 189 1,370 342 237 235 274 106 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Oak Grove, Oak Grove, ......... Oakham, Oakhill, Oakland, OAKLAND, Oakland, Oak Orchard, Oakville, OBION, OCEANA, Occoquan, Ocquapogue, Ogden, Ogden, Ogden, Ogdensburg, Ogee's Ferry, P. O. . . OGLETHORPE,. . . Ohio, Ohio, OHIO, OHIO, Ohio, Ohio, Ohio, Ohio, Ohio, Ohio, Oil, Oil Creek, Oil Creek, Olamon, OLDHAM, Old Mines, P. O Old South Quay, Oldtown, Old Town, Old Town, C. H Oldtown, Oldtown, ... Olean, Oley, H. Ohve, Olive, Olive, Olive, ; Olive Green, Olivesburg, Olmstead, C. Otto, Olympian Springs,. . . ONEIDA, Oneida, One Leg, Oneonto, , ONONDAGA, Onondaga, , ONSLOW, Onslow, C.H. ONTARIO, Clas County, tsh. . . . County, County, County, . tsh tsh County, . County, ; tsh. .... tsh. ... tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. ... tsh. . . . t County, tsh t. . . . . . . tsh. and t. tsh tsh. and t. tsh tsh tsh County, . . t tsh tsh County, . . tsh. and t. County, . . c. t County, . . County. Jasper, . . . Christian, . Worcester, Newton, . . Christian, . Oakland, . Orleans, . . Lawrence, Prince WilUam, Suffolk, Monroe, McKean, .... Scott, St. Lawrence,. . Jo. Daviess, . . . Allegany, Beaver, . Clermont, Gallia, . . . Monroe, . . Crawford, . Spencer, . . Warrick, . Perry, . . . . Crawford, , Venango, . Penobscot, Washington, . Southampton, Penobscot, . . Alleghany, . . Washington, . Hancock, . . . Ross, Cattaraugus, Berks, Ulster, Meigs, iVIorgan, .... St. Joseph, . . Morgan, .... Richland, . . . C\iyahoga, . . Cattaraugus, Bath Oneida, .... Tuscarawas, Otsego, .... Onondaga, . Onslow, State. Geo. Ken. Mas. Geo. Ken. M. T. M.T. N. Y. Al. Ten. M.T. Va. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Mo. N. Y. II. Geo. Pa. Pa. Va. Ken. O. O. O. In. In. In. In. Pa. Pa. Me. Ken. Mo. Va. Me. Md. La. O. O. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. O. O. In. O. O. O. N. Y. Ken. N. Y. N. Y. O. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. C. N. C. N. Y. Ref. Letters K m Gj Vd J m Gj Kd Kd Pc Gl Fj I c Qh V f Qc Pe Ej Sb De K m Nf Nf Nf Hi 3g L h Ng Hh Gh Gh Hh Oe Oe Z a lb Dh Rj Zb Dp Kf Kg Pd Sf To Mg Mg He Mg Lf Le Pd Kh So Sc M f S d R d Rd Ql Ql Qd Popula tiori. 1,010 4,911 2,099 2,401 131 13,558 1,079 1,122 15,590 4,913 2,689 313 468 "'63 352 306 484 9,086 218 248 561 1,469 1,636 416 96 552 58 259 1,224 71,326 1,64 1,759 58,974 5,668 7,814 40,16' D. fr. Wash. 759 398 672 761 566 399 762 23 305 385 278 903 476 940 239 258 499 362 284 632 692 720 639 297 283 689 922 217 673 135 1,148 497 416 30.3 154 314 328 682 327 374 373 341 516 360 290 353 338 405 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 107 Names of Places. Ontario, Ontwa, OFELOUSAS, Opclousas, Oppenheim, Oquag-o, Orano-e, ORANGE, Orange, jl Orange, [ Orange, ORANGE, Orange, ORANGE, Orange, C. H. ORANGE, Orange, Orange, Orange, Orange, Orange, Orange, ORANGE, Orange, ORANGEBURG, . . Orangreburg, Orange Springs, Orangetown, A . Orangeville, Orford, Orington, A. Orland, ORLEANS, Orleans, Orleans, Orleans, ORLEANS, ORLEANS, Orleans, Orono, Orphan's Island, . .B. Orton, P. O Orville, . . . Orwell, Orwell, Orwell, Orwell, Orwigsburg, Osage, Osborne, Osnaburgh, Ossian, Ossipee, Oswegatchie, OSWEGO,... Oswego, Otego, Otis, Otis, Otisco, Otisfield Class. tsh tsh County, . c. t tsh t County, . t t County, . . tsh. and t. County, . . c. t County,. . tsh tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. tsh. County, . tsh District, c. t tsh tsh. and t. t County, t County, Parish, tsh. tsh. tsh. c. t. t. .. tsh. and t. . tsh t tsh County, . . . . tsh. and c. t. tsh tsh. County. Wayne, Cass, . . St. Landry, . Montgomery, Broome, .... Grafton, .... Orange, . . . . , Franklin, . . . . New Haven,. ■ Essex, Orange, Cuyahoga, Delaware, . Meigs, Richland, . Shelby, . . . Fayette, . . Rush, Orangeburg, Orange, Rockland, . . . Genesee, . . . . Grafton, . . . . Penobscot, . . Hancock, . . . Barnstable, . . Jefferson, . . Ontario, . . . Orange, .... Penobscot, . . Hancock, . . . Brunswick,. . Onondaga, . . Rutland, .... Oswego, .... Bradford, . . . Ashtabula, . . Schuylkill, . . Cole, Chesterfield, . Stark, Allegany, ... Strafford, . . . St. Lawrence, Oswego, ... Otsego, . . . . , Hancock, . . . Berkshire, . Onondaga, . Cumberland, State. N. Y. M. T. La. La. N. Y. N. Y. N. H. Vt. Vt. Mas. Ct. N. Y. N.J. Va. Va. N.C. O. O. O. O. O. In. In. In. S. C. s. c. Va. N. Y. N. Y. N. H. Me. Me. Vt. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. La. In. Me. Me. N.C. N. Y. Vt. N. Y. Pa. O. Pa. Mo. Va. O. N. Y. N. H. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Me. Mas. N. Y. Me. Ref. Letters Qc He Ap Bp Tc Sd We Vb Vb Vd Ue Te Tf Ph Ph Oj M 6 Kf Mg Lf Jf I? Hh Iff N m Nm Qh Te Pd Vc Zb Z b Vb Ye Sb Qd Pc Ep Hh Zb Zb PI Re Ue Re Re Ne Rf Bh Qi Mf Qd Wc Sb Re Re Sd Zb Ud Rd Xb Popula- tion. 1,585 229 12,5f n V b U e Xb W b Vc Ud Tg No Qf Qg Mg R d Qf L 1 Fl Lg 1 g Dh W d Ue Sc M g Y b Vb Sd Popula tinn. 433 1,190 899 13,064 984 2,404 1,675 5,140 4,042 1,814 1,650 .3,071 1,123 1,35^ 2,463 1,473 3,088 1,006 D.fr. Wash 906 216 1,641 1,500 4,768 878 2,216 488 319 458 562 615 594 628 673 559 556 653 583 683 578 62 603 622 640 681 619 515 545 525 643 673 613 523 818 383 518 330 588 529 323 567 536 351 387 145 319 123 3 .324 336 123 509 826 352 527 880 429 318 412 341 617 555 364 150 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Watervliet, WATKINVILLE, Wattsville, Watson, Watsonburg-, Watson Town,. . . . Wattsville, Waukeenah, Waverly, Wayne, V/AYNE, Wayne, WAYNE, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, WAYNE. \ WAYNE, W^lYiV^, WAYNE, WA YNE, WAYNE, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, '. Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, WAYNE, ... WAYNE, ... Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, Wayne, WAYNE, .. WAYNE,... Waynesboro', Waynesboro, . Waynesboro, . Waynesboro, . Waynesburg-, ] Waynesburg, Class. tsh e. t t tsh t t t , t , t t County, . tsh County, . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, , County, , County, , County, , County, . County, . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsli tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsli County, . County, . tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh County, . County, . t c. t. . . . , c. t c. t. t t County. Albany, Clark, Erie, Lewis, Northumberl'nd Hampshire, . . . Erie, Jefferson, Pike, Kennebeck, . . . Steuben, Armstrong, Crawford,. Erie, Greene,. . . Mifflin, . . . Adams, Ashtabula, . . . . Belmont, Butler, Champaign, . . . Clermont, Columbiana, . . . Dark, Fayette, Jefferson, Knox, Monroe, Montgomery, . . Muskingum, . . Pickaway, . . . . Seioto, Tuscarawas, . . Warren, Wayne, Pickaway, . . . . Augusta, Wayne,. . Burke, . . . Wayne, . . Chester, . Franklin, State. Bartholomew,. . Henry, Montgomery, . . Marion, Owen, Tippecanoe, . . . Wayne, N. Y. Geo. Pa. N. Y. Pa. Va. Pa. F. T. O. Me. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. N. C. Geo. Mi. Ten. Ken. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. o. M.T. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. II. Mo. Va. N.C. Geo. Ten. Pa. Pa. Ref. Letters Ud K m Nd Sc Re Nd Jp Xb Qc Qd Se Of Ne Oe Ng Qf Pk Mo Fo Gk Jj L f Kh N e M f Jg K f Kg Nf Jf Kg Nf Lf Mg Jg Lf Rg Lh Mf Jg Lf Kg Kd Ig Hg Ig Gf Hg Hg G f Jg Fh u.i Ph Pk Lm Gk Sf Qg Popula- tion. 4,962 909 66 1,153 33,643 1,172 7,663 878 250 197 1,130 3,691 10,331 963 2,781 6,013 8,685 23,333 1,063 661 1,337 1,514 910 757 1,061 408 1,203 1,773 1,047 273 911 1,284 959 1,151 1,072 2,873 1,343 959 6,781 18,571 986 4,395 2,553 3,264 200 850 . fr. ash. 383 623 329 353 ISO 94 329 918 413 600 301 D. fr. Cap. 20f 291 316 241 159 462 32' 295 495 447 463 277 508 412 270 384 300 458 334 396 421 319 465 352 396 598 528 622 576 618 643 504 150 337 609 783 131 79 CONSULTING INDEX. 151 Names of Places. Class. c. t. Waynesburg, Waynesburg, Waynesburg, • Waynesburg, c Waynesficld, Waynesville, Wuynesville, Waynesville, i WEAKLEY, Weare, Weathersfield, Weathersfield, Weathersfield, Weathersfield, D Wheatland, Weaverstown, WebbviUe, Weckapic, Weeds Port,". d Weigelstown, Weissenburg, . . . . E Weisesburg, Weld, Weldon, Welfleet, Wells, Wells, AVells, Wells, Wells, Wellington, Wellington, Wellington, WfiUshorough, Wellshurs, WellsviUe, Welshfield, Wendell, Wendell, Wenham, Wenlock, Wentworth, Went worth, Wentworth's Lo'n..A Werefordsburg, Wesley, West, West, West Alexandria, . . . West Alexandria, . . . W. BATON ROUGE West Bedford, e. West Bethlehem, .G. West Bloomfield, .... Westborough, . . . .G. West Boylston, . ..H. West Bradford, ...V. West Bridgewater, E. West Brook, West Brunswick, .... West Cain tsh. ... c. t. . . . c. t t County, t t t. .. tsh. tsh. tsh. t t tsh. . . . t t t t t t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t t tsh. . . . c. t c. t. . . . t tsh. ... t t t t t c. t. . . . t t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . tsh. ... t t Parish, t tsh. . . . t t t tsh. . . . t t tsh. ... tsh. . . . Greene, . . . Mifflin,... Lincoln, . . Stark, Wood,.... Wayne, . . Haywood, , Warren, . . County. btaie. Hillsborough, Windsor, . . . Hartford, . . . Genesee,. . . . Trumbull, .. Monroe, .... Berks, Jackson, .... Dutchess, . . . Cayuga, .... York, Lehigh, Baltimore, .... Oxford, Halifax, Barnstable,. . . . York, Rutland, Hamilton, Bradford, Jefferson, Somerset, Onondaga, . . . . Lorain, Tioga, Brooke, Columbiana,. . . Geauga, Sullivan, Franklin, Essex, Essex, \ Grafton, Rockingham, . . Coos, Bedford, Washington, . Huntingdon, . . Columbiana,. . . Washington, . . Preble, Coshocton, . . Washington, Ontario, . . . . Worcester, . . Worcester, . . Chester, . . . . Plymouth, . . Cumberland, Herkimer, . . Chester, Pa. Pa. Ken. O. O. Geo. N.C. O. Ten. N. H. Vt. Ct. N. Y. O. N. Y. Pa. F. T. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Md. Me. N.C. Mas. Me. Vt. N. Y. Pa. O. Me. N. Y. O. Pa. Va. O. O. N. H. Mas. Mas. Vt. N. H. N.C. N. H. Pa. O. Pa. O. Pa. O. La. O. Pa. N. Y. Mas. Mas. Pa. Mas. Me. N. Y, Pa. Ref. Letters Ng Qf J i M f K e Mo Kk Fj We Vc Ve Pd Ne Qd Sf IP U e Re Sf Rg X b Qj Ye X c Uc Tc Re Nf Yd Re L Qe Nf Nf Me Vc Vd Xd Wh Wc Oj VV b Pg Mg Qf Mf Nf Jg Bn Lf N f Qd Wd W d Sg W d Xc Tc S f Popula- tion. 98 572 439 4,797 2,432 2,213 3,853 1,179 1,064 2,239 D.fr. Wash 1,285 2,046 2,978 880 340 752 1,303 639 282 169 262 637 874 611 24 924 36 495 1,650 1,491 52 3,084 70 2,048 1,438 1,055 1,550 1,042 3,238 713 1,490 229 160 583 307 461 721 549 467 D. fr. Cap. 476 463 335 352 289 363 146 936 291 351 91 180 62 626 53 199 65 498 100 514 85 444 88 451 72 259 148 261 142 654 55 345 144 377 111 253 147 280 373 284 166 317 154 488 37 403 82 452 20 583 97 511 55 292 108 600 133 139 88 .320 90 152 88 294 140 245 228 483 87 349 71 217 210 .344 208 403 30 401 39 117 74 429 24 540 53 417 88 134 57 152 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. West Cambridge, .S. West Carlisle, d. WEST CHESTER,. West Chester, West Chester, West Chester, Westchester, b. West Constable, Western, Western, Westerloo, • . . Westerly, Westerville, Western Port, West Fairlee, West Fallowfield, .X. WEST FELICIANA, . Westfield .D. ,U. D. Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westfield, Westford, Westford, Westford, Westfindley, .... West Goshen, . . . West Greenwich, West Hampton, . West Hampton, West Hanover, West Hartwick, West Haven, West Hempfield, .M. Westland, West Liberty, West Liberty, West Liberty, e. West Liberty, West Liberty, West Liberty, West Machias, West Manchester,. L. West Marlborough, W Westmiddleton, Westminster, Westminster, Westminster, Westmore, Westmoreland, Westmoreland, . . .B. WESTMORELAND WESTMORELAND Westmoreland, C. H.. West Nantmeal, West Newbury, G West Nottingham, .Y County, . . . . tsh. and c. t. c. t tsh. and t. tsh t tsh. . . Parish, t tsh. and t. tsh tsh tsh t tsh. tsh. t. ., tsh. tsh. tsh. t. .. t. ., t. .. tsh. t. . . . , tsh. . tsh. . , t c. t. tsh County, . County, . c. t tsh County. tsh. Middlesex, . . . Coshocton, . . West Chester, Chester, . . . , , Butler, Tuscarawas, , Franklin, . . . , Worcester, . . , Oneida, , Albany, Washington, , Nash, , Alleghany, . . , Orange, . . . . , Chester, . . . . , Orleans, . . . . Hampden, . . Chautauque,. Richmond, . . Essex, Tioga, Lewis, Delaware,. . . Medina, . . . . Chittenden, . Middlesex, . . Otsego, Washington, Chester, . . . . Kent, Hampshire, . Suffolk, Dauphin, . . . Otsego, Rutland, . . . . Lancaster, . . Guernsey, . . . Ohio, Morgan, . . . . Butler, Highland, . . . Logan, Henry, Wasliington, York, Chester, .... Washington, Windham, . . Worcester, . . Frederick, . . . Orleans, .... Cheshire, . . . Oneida, Westmoreland, Chester, Essex, Chester, Scale. Mas. O. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. O. O. N. Y. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. R.I. N.C. Md. Vt. Pa. La. Vt. xMas. N. Y. N. Y. N.J. Pa. Va. O. O. Vt. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Pa. R. I. Mas. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. Vt. Pa. O. Va. Ken. O. O, O. In. Me. Pa. Pa. Pa. Vt. Mas. Md. Vt. N. H. N. Y. Pa. Va. Va. Pa. TVIas. Pa. Kef. Letters Wd L f Ue Uf Sg Jg Mf Tb Vd Sc Td We Qk Og Uc Sg Do Vb Vd Od Sd Tf Qe Ng Kf Le Ub W d Td Nf Sg We Vd Vf Rf Sd Uc Rf Mf Nf Kh Jg Kg Kf AZb Kg Sg Nf Vc Wd Rg Vb Vd S c Of Rh Rh Sf Xd Rrr 1,189 2,419 3,321 1,904 841 1,621 8,629 353 2,477 1,733 2,492 494 471 577 1,291 1,329 1,645 1,218 799 1,818 918 2,543 722 3,898 802 50 59 32 190 1,269 1,101 1,737 1,696 32 1,647 3,303 38,500 8,396 1,498 1,586 D. fr. Wash 434 352 239 115 493 312 551 381 410 361 376 273 141 500 102 580 358 355 218 218 286 257 411 354 531 429 382 249 115 377 384 304 126 366 461 99 322 275 484 483 434 451 539 743 87 104 243 434 416 66 561 427 369 116 132 471 88 D. fr. Cap. CONSULTING INDEX. 153 Names of Places. Weston, Weston, Weston, Weston, West Penn, West Pennsboroug-h,F West Point Academy, West Point, West Point, West Port, F. West Port, West Port, Westport, West River, West River, West Rushville, West Salem, West Springfield, .... West Stoekbridge,. . . West Stockholm, .... West Town, West Turin, West Union, West Union, West Union, Westville, Westville, West Whiteland, West Windsor, ...D. West Zanesville, . . . f . Wetumpkee, Weybridge, B . Weymouth, Weymouth, Weymouth, Wharton, Whately, Wheatfield, Wheatfield, Wheeler, Wheelersburg, ... .a. Wheeling, Wheeling, Wheeling, Wheelock, ......... Whetstone, Whitby, WHITE, WHITE, White Clay Creek,. C. White Creek, White Deer, White Eyes, E. Whitefield, Whitefields, White Hall, White Hall, White Hall, White Hall, White Hall, White Hall, c. t. tsh. tsh. Class. tsh. and t. . t tsh. tsh. t. .. tsh c. t tsh tsh t t tsh t t tsh tsh t tsh tsh tsh t c. t tsh tsh t tsh t County, . . . . County, .... Hundred, . . tsh tsh tsh tsh t tsh. and t.. . t tsh Comity. Windsor, Middlesex, . . . . Fairfield, . . . . . Lewis, Schuylkill, ... Cumberland, . Orange, Troup, Hardin, Lincoln, Bristol, Essex, Oldham, Ann Arundel, Randolph, . . . . Fairfield, .... Mercer, Hampden, ... Berkshire, . . . St. Lawrence, Chester, Lewis, Ohio, Adams, Columbiana,. . Franklin, .... Simpson, .... Chester, ... . Middlesex, . . . Muskingum, . Coosa, Addison, Norfolk, Gloucester, . . . Gloucester,. . . Fayette, ..... Franklin, . . . . Indiana, Perry, Steuben, Scioto, Ohio, Belmont, .... Guernsey, . . . Caledonia, . . . Crawford,. . . . Mecklenburg, New Castle,. Washington, Union, .... Coshocton, . . Lincoln, .... Coos, Washington, Columbia,. . . Lehigh, . . . . . Bladen, Marengo, . . . Greene, .... State. Vt. Mas. Ct. Va. Pa. Pa. N. Y. Geo. Ken. Me. Mas. N. Y. Ken. Md. In. O. Pa. Mas. Mas. N. Y. Pa. N. Y. Va. O. O. N. Y. Mi. Pa. N.J. O. Al. Vt. Mas. N.J. N.J. Pa. Mas. Pa. Pa. N. Y. O. Va. O. O. Vt. o. Va. Ten. II. Del. N. Y. Pa. O. Me. N. H. N. Y. Pa. Pa. N. C. Al. II. Ret". L'tten TV W d U e Nh Sf Qf Te In Ih Ye We Ub Ih Rh I f N e Vd U d Tb Sg Sc Nf K li Nf Td Oo S f Tf Lf Hn Ub Xd Tg Tg Og Vd Of Qf Qd Lh Nf Mf Mf V b L f Pj I k Fh Sg Ud Re M f Y b W b Uc Re Sf PI Gh Dg Popula- tion. 972 1,091 2,997 1,379 1,733 554 2,779 1,513 314 1,077 134 1,850 1,209 741 1,534 429 90 619 "850 2,129 284 850 2,837 3,333 809 1,111 2,961 1,485 1,389 1,669 277 834 750 D. fr. Wash. 9,967 6,091 1,851 2,446 1,295 445 2,020 684 2,889 452 425 290 249 179 105 280 762 610 594 421 500 577 49 530 363 281 361 357 490 116 422 257 460 283 551 1,090 127 179 336 859 484 441 180 186 182 386 175 117 307 412 264 279 223 548 407 219 D. ir. Cap. 90 13 61 249 76 24 104 143 98 419 177 336 599 551 449 201 176 394 927 877 154 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. White Haven, Whiteland, East, Whiteland, West, . . . WHITELY, White Marsh, ....V. White Oak, White Oak Point, . . . White Pigeon, White Plain, White Plains, I. White Plains, White R. Crossings, . White River, White River, White River, White River, Whiteshoro\ White Sulplmr Springs WJiite's Town, Whitesvillc, Whitesville, . Whitesville, Whitesvillc, White Water, E. Wliitc Water, Whiting, Whiting, Whitingliam, Whitley, Whitleysburg, Whitpaine, W. Whiskey Run, Wholebert's, Widner, Wilbraham, B. WILCOX, WILKES, WILKES, Wilkesharre, Wilkesho7-o\ Wilkesville, Wilkins, D. WILKINSON, WILKINSON, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmington, Wilmot, Willance, .... Williams, .... WILLIAMS,. Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Class. County. ,A. t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . t tsh. t. .. tsh. and t. t tsh. c. t. tsh. t. ., c. t tsh. tsh. tsh. t. . . tsh. County, . . . . County, . . . . County, . . . . tsh. and c.t. c. t tsh. and t. tsh County, . . County,. . tsh. c. t. c. t. c.t. c. t. tsh. . . . County, t Somerset, Chester, . Chester, . Montgomery, . Highland,. . . . Jo. Daviess, . . St. Joseph, . . . Fauquier, .... West Chester, Greene, Monroe, Gibson, Hamilton, .... Johnson, Randolph,. . . . Oneida, Greenbrier, . . . Oneida, Jefferson, .... Columbus, . . . Duval, Wilkinson, . . . Hamilton, .... Franklin, .... Washington, . Addison, Windham, . . . Greene, Kent, Montgomery, . Crawford, .... Berks, Knox, Hampden, .... Luzerne, . Wilkes,.. Gallia,... Allegany, Windham, . . . Middlesex, . . , Essex, New Castle, . , New Hanover, McCrackcn, . . Clinton, Merrimack, . . Jefferson, . . . . Northampton, . Penobscot, . . Hampshire, . Huntingdon, Northampton, Washington, Talbot, State. Kef. Popula- Letters tion. Md. Sh Pa. Sf 994 Pa. Sf 850 Ken. Jj 3,806 Pa. Sf 1,924 0. Kff 1,054 11. Dd M.T. le 607 Va. Qh N. Y. Ue 759 Geo. Kn A. T. CI In. Gh In. Hf In. Hg 684 In. Jf 1,176 N.Y. S c Va. Qh N.Y. So 4,410 N.Y. Sc N. C. PI F. T. Lp Mi. Co 0. Jg 1,734 In. J^ Me. AZb 309 Vt. Uc 653 Vt. Vd 1,477 Pa. Ng 1,875 Del. Sg Pa. Sf 1,137 In. Hh Pa. Rf In. Gh Mas. Vd 2,034 Al. Go 9,548 N.C. Mi 11,968 Geo. L m 14,237 Pa. Se 2,233 N.C. Mi 0. Lg 476 Pa. Of 1,917 Geo. Kn 6,513 Mis.T. Co 11,686 Vt. Vd 1,367 Mas. Wd 731 N.Y. Ub 695 Del. Sg N.C. PI Ken. Fi 12 O. Kg 616 N. H. We 835 F. T. Kp Pa. Sf 2,707 O. Je 387 Me. Ya 227 Mas. Vd 1,236 Pa. Pf Pa. Sf 80 Pa. Nf Md. Sg D. fr. i Wash. 143 131 127 148 454 990 625 59 252 616 1,009 697 585 583 523 38' 254 387 408 4G2 826 1,174 515 514 764 472 42 225 94 142 62,') 143 673 36 D. fr. Cap. 106 77 73 222 403 374 217 419 446 525 108 416 827 444 503 918 184 693 384 155 207 214 88 CONSULTING INDEX. loo Names of Places. Williamsburg, , WILLIAMSBURG, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsport, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, W^illiamsburg, Williamsboro', W^illiamsfield, Williamsport, Williamsport, W^illiamsport, W^illiamsport, Williamsport, Williamsport, Williamson, WILLIAMSON,.... Williamston, Williamstown, Williamstown, Williamstown, Williamstown, Williamstoivn, Vvllliamsville, Williamsville, Willingboro', D . Willington, Willington, Willisboro', Wllliston, C. Willistown, Willet, W^illow Grove, Willow Grove, Willow Grove, P.O... Willow Springs, . . . . Willow Street, Wills, Willshire, Willtown, Wilna, Wilson, WILSON, Wilsonville, Wilton, Wilton, Wilton, Wilton, Winchendon, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, Winchester, c . Class. 0. t District, t c. t tsh.and t. t t. .. tsh. c. t. t c. t tsh. and t. County, . . c.t tsh. t. .. c. t. t. . . tsh. tsh. and t. t tsh tsh. and c. t. tsh tsh County, . t. .. c.t. c.t. c. t. c.t. County. James City, Baldwin, . . Covington, . Maury, Jackson, . . . Mason Whitely, .., Clermont, . . , Clay, Granville,. . . Ashtabula, . . Lycoming, . . Washington, Washington, Pickaway, . , Stark, Warren, . . . . Wayne, . . . . Martin, .... Orange, .... Berkshire, . . Oswego, .... Barbour, .... Grant, Erie, Person, Burlington, . Tolland, Abbeville, . . . Essex, Chittenden, . Chester, .... Cortland, . . . Montgomery, Kent, , Sumter, .... Iowa, Lancaster, . . Guernsey, . . Van Wert, . . Colleton,. . . . Jefferson, . . . Niagara, .... Pike, Kennebeck, . . Hillsborough,. Fairfield, . . . , Saratoga, . . . Worcester, . . . Cheshire, . . . , Litchfield, . . . Frederick, . . . Wayne, Franklin, . . . . Clark Adams, , Greene, Guernsey, . . , State. Va. S. C. Al. Mi. Ten. Ten. Ken. Ken. O. In. N. C. O. Pa. Pa. Md. O. O. In. N. Y. Ten. N. C. Vt. Mas. N. Y. AI. Ken. N. Y. N. C. N.J. Ct. s. c. N. Y. Vt. Pa. N. Y. Pa. Del. S. C. M. T. Pa. O. O. S. C. N. Y. N. Y. Ten. Pa. Me. N. H. Ct. N.Y. Mas. N.H. Ct. Va. Mi. Ten. Ken. O. O. o. Ref. Letters Rf O m Fp Eg Gh Ij Kh J? Gg Pj Ne Qe Of Qg Kg Mf Gf Qc Hk Ok Vb Ud Sc Lo Jh Pd Oj Tf Ve L m Ub Ub Sf Sd Sf Sg: Nl Ed Mf Jf Nn Sb O c Hj Sf Xb Wd Ve Uc Vd Vd Ue Pg Fo H k Jh Kg Kg Mf Popula- D. fr. tion. Wash 9,016 50 1,609 528 624 1,801 26,638 1,487 2,134 606 197 782 1,305 1,316 1,606 1,411 840 1,596 49 i',662 913 25,472 1,640 1,039 2,095 1,373 1,463 2,052 1,766 620 163 1,038 1,087 745 656 470 557 469 644 247 297 196 214 74 404 304 668 385 268 513 395 395 850 520 386 263 154 358 553 534 515 131 320 150 107 458 ,019 104 306 533 581 442 424 230 611 453 277 419 419 417 340 71 1,008 684 516 464 463 308 156 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. Class. County. State. Ref. Letters Popula- tion. D. fr. Wash. U. fr 2ap. Winchester, t Preble, [landolph, I^umberland, . . Rockingham, . . 0. In. Me. N.H. Vt. Vt. ct. ct. N.Y. Pa. Pa. 0. Pa. Me. Vt. Vt. Mas. Ct. N.Y. Pa. Pa. N. C. 0. 0. 0. N.J. N.J. N.Y. Vt. s. c. Me. Me. N. C. Me. Mas. Vt. Ct. N.Y. Pa. N.H. Va. Va. 0. In. Pa. Pa. Ct. Pa. N.J. Vt. Ct. N.J. Pa. Vt. Ken. N.Y. Va. O. Me. Vt. Ct. II Xc Wd Vc Vc Ve Ve Td Re Re Me Oe Yb Vc Vc Ud Ve Sd Sf Qk N e Mg Lh Tf Tf Sd Vc Ml Yb Xb Rj Yd Wd Vb Ve Re Ne Wc Ph Mg K e Ih Pf Pf Ue Og Tf Vb Ue Sg Ne Ud Jh Qd Oh Mg Xb Vc Ve 186 * "2,182 998 28,748 847 27,082 2,812 3,471 655 1,094 669 * 1,485 40,625 3,134 1,042 3,220 2,180 2,298 2,760 '"666 583 526 1,903 2,129 1,778 571 * 'l*,263 1,888 " '2,255 1,977 492 844 1,085 1,244 1,928 " '6,429 1,102 3,375 1,765 2,049 " '3,969 824 2,044 735 1,130 .395 12,273 501 157 573 3,044 2,915 480 523 556 450 84 Wine f tester, c. t t 97 67 ^Vindham . ....... t 32 WINDHAM, WinHIinTTi Countv t Windham, 449 88 WINDHAM, t Windham, .... Greene, Bradford, Luzerne, Portage, Venango, Kennebeck, . . . Windsor, .... Berkshire, Hartford, Broome, Berks, 358 364 264 243 309 277 609 "469 381 344 298 156 98 275 333 332 399 ]83 179 371 440 476 613 594 240 589 422 557 329 361 257 511 110 28 Wii^idbafji tsh tsh tsh tsh tsh t 44 Windham, 153 L35 1.50 Windrock ..••..... 210 Windsor, 26 WINDSOR, Windsor, County, t "59 Windsor . t lU t 9 Windsor, t.^h. and t. . . tsh tsh c. t 128 Windsor, 5f Windsor, Windsor, York, Bertie, Ashtabula, .... Morgan, Lawrence, .... Middlesex, .... Middlesex, Herkimer, .... Bennington, . . . Fairfield, Kennebeck, . . . Kennebeck, . . . Hertford, Lincoln, Middlesex, Orleans, New Haven, . . Wayne, Mercer, Strafford, Madison, Clark, Bedford, Huntingdon,. . . New Haven,. . . Fayette, Middlesex, Caledonia, Litchfield, .... Gloucester, Crawford, Bennington, . . . 3t 1.3f tsh. and t. . . tsh 17^ Win ds;nT . ... 7^ Windsor, = . . . Windsor, East, . . .A. Windsor, West, Winfield, tsh tsh tsh tsh t 13^ 1^ IS 7^ Winhall 10? Winnsboro\ c. t t 2c ^Vintlirop . . . . . . t U Winton, Wiscasset, c. t t 12[ 2^ Woburn, R. Wolcot, -. ; K 3' Wolcot t 2: Wolcot . ........ tsh. and t. . . tsh t. t 18. Wolf Creek, Wolfsboro', Wolftown, 22^ 3' 9i WOOD County, County, .... tsh tsh. and t. . . WOOD Wood, 598 136 155 307 170 203 540 311 145 305 414 10( Woodberry, 11^ Woodberry, Woodbridge, tsh t lOi 4: Woodbridge, Woodbridge, t tsh. and t. . . t 16: 3' 1( Woodbury, t 3- Woodbury, c. t 31 Wondrnnk f>jb 0/1, Woodford t 12( WOODFORD Woodhull tsh Steuben 293 204 294 587 476 373 23f Woodsboro', t Pendleton, . . . . Monroe, Oxford, Windsor, Windham, 15( Woods field, c. t 14f Woodstock, t 4i Woodstock, Woodstock, t t 4e 3.' CONSULTING INDEX. 157 Names of Places. Woodstock, Woodstock, Woodstock, Woodstown, Woodville, W^oodville, Woodville, Woodville, .• Woodville, Woodville, Woodville, Woodville, C- Woodville, Woodsonville, Woolwich, Woolwich, Wooster, Worcester, WORCESTER, .... Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, X. \yORCESTER, .... Wormleysburg, Worthington, Worthington, Worthington, Worthington, Wentham, Wrightsboro', Wrights Town, ..M. W^rights Town, Wrightsville, Wi-ightsville, . ; Wrightsville, Wurtsboro', Wyalusing, Wyandot Reserve, . . . Wye, Wyoming, Wysox, WYTHE, Wytopidlock, Xenia, Xenia, Yancey, Yancey ville, Yankee Town, . . . . f . Yarmouth, YATES, Yates, Yatesville, YAZOO, Yellow Creek, Yonkers, YORK, York, York, YORK, York, York, Class. tsh. and t. . c. t t c. t. c. t. t. .. t. . . tsli tsh. and c, t. t County, t tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, t t t tsh County, . tsh. c. t. c. t. t. . . . t t County, tsh. ... County, tsh. . . . tsh. . . . County, c. t tsh. and t. County, . . tsh c. t. County, Ulster, Shenandoah, . Beaufort, .... Salem, Jefferson, .... Butler, Culpeper, .... Henry, Jackson, Wilkinson, . . Plaquemines, . Clermont,. . . . Hamilton, . . . Hart, Lincoln, Gloucester, . . . Wayne, Washington, . Worcester, . . . Otsego, Montgomery,. Cumberland, Hampshire, . . 3Iuhlenburg, . Franklin, .... Richland, .... Norfolk Columbia,. . . . Bucks, Burlington, . . York, Duplin, New Hanover, Sullivan, Bradford, Crawford,. ... Queen Ann, . Luzerne, Bradford, .... Penobscot, . . . Greene, Greene, Caswell, Louisa, Butler, Barnstable,. . . Orleans, Yates, Columbiana,. . West Chester, York, Livingston, York, York, State. N. Y. Va. N. C. N.J. N. Y. Pa. Va. Al. Al. Mi. La. O. In. Ken. Me. N.J. O. Vt. Mas. Mas. N. Y. Pa. Md. Pa. Mas. Ken. O. O. Mas. Geo. Pa. N.J. Pa. N. C. N. C. N. Y. Pa. O. Md. Pa. Pa. Va. Me. O. O. N. C. Va. O. Mas. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Mi. O. N. Y. Me. Me. N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Itef. Letters Td Ph Rk Sg R c f Ph 1 o HI C o Dp Hf I i Ye Sg L f Vb Wd W d Td Sf Sh R f Vd Gi Kf Lf Xd L m Sf Tf Rg p k Ql Te Re Kf Rh So R e Nj Z d Kg Kg Oj Ql Jg Xe Qd Pc Qd Dn Nf Uf Xc Xc Pd Rg Rg Rg Populc 1,376 48 1,495 3,033 1,953 432 84,35 4,173 2,093 1,185 18,273 1,179 314 934 2,698 659 753 56 1,351 12,163 11 4,021 917 100 2,251 19,009 1,375 6,550 1,149 1,761 51,722 3,485 2,636 42,859 5,397 4,216 D. fr. Wash. 323 100 322 161 395 240 97 888 708 1,182 1,233 468 586 656 581 155 347 533 "394 373 15 109 380 715 406 384 411 5S2 162 167 99 370 416 277 254 430 67 224 241 751 449 453 264 106 496 469 343 407 262 267 242 135 500 358 99 237 158 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Places. YORK, YORK, York, York, York, York, York, York York, York, Yorkshire, .... Yorktown, .... YorJctown, Yorkville, Yough Glades, . Young-, Young's, P. O. . Young's Town, Youngstown, . . Youngstown, . . . Youngsville, . . . Ypsilanti, Ypsilanti, Zane, Zanesfield, .... Zanesville, .... Zebulon, Zelienople, .... Zoar, Zoar, Zoar, .F. Class. County, . District, tsh tsh tsh. tsh. c. t. c. t. t. ., tsh. t. .. t. .. tsh. t. . , tsh. t. ., tsh. c. t. c. t. County. Athens, Belmont, Montgomery, . Morgan, Sandusky, . . . Tuscarawas, . Switzerland, . . Crawford, .... Cattaraugus,. . West Chester, York York Alleghany, . . . Jefferson, .... Laurens, Niagara, Westmoreland, Trumbull,.... Warren, Washtenaw, . . Washtenaw, . . Logan, Logan, Muskingum, . Pike, Butler, Berkshire, . . . Delaware, .... Tuscarawas, . State. Va. s. c. o. o. o. o. o. o. In. II. N. Y. N. Y. Va. s. c. Md. Pa. s. c. N. Y. Pa. O. Pa. M.T. M.T. O. O. O. Geo. Pa. Mas. O. O. Ref. Letters Rl Ml Mg Jg Lg Le Mf Jh Gg Pd Ue Ri MI ?f L m Oc Of Ne Oe Kd K d Kf Kf Lg J m Nf Vd Lf Mf 751 442 369 823 2,141 1,384 608 34 3,216 129 D. fr. Wash. 358 281 470 348 449 113 551 710 336 277 175 432 165 209 504 412 182 279 330 534 534 447 453 336 725 250 390 391 317 D. fr. Cap. 59 134 74 62 114 100 105 133 274 113 72 78 202 153 88 304 160 168 257 32 32 51 57 59 86 219 119 19 114 CONSULTING INDEX TO THE RIVERS. To ascertain the location on the Map of any river mentioned in the Index, observe the letters opposite to it in the column of reference letters, then find the corresponding letters on the top and sides of the Map ; from these pass the eye along tlie columns due north or south, or east or west, until they intersect : in the square of their intersec- tion, the river sought for will be found. The first column contains the names of the rivers, the second the ocean, gulf, bay, (or, if a tributary) the river into which they respectively empty. The third column contains the state in whicli they are situated ; in the fourth will be found the reference letters; and the fifth shows the respective lengths, in miles, measured from their mouths, to their remotest sources. The articles which have the letter M attached to them, will be found on the Supple- mentary Map of Maine ; and those to which the letter F is attached, are on the Supple- mentary Map of Florida. Rivers. M Abagusquash, Acadiens, Aestham, Alabama, A la Loutre, Alapahaw, Alaqua, Alatamaha, Alleglieny, Alligator, Amaxura, or Withlocoochy, . .F Amite, Amoee, Anclote, F Anderson, Androscoggin, Apalachie, Appalachicola, Appomattox, Aquokee, Ararat, Arkansas, Ashberrish, M Ashepoo, Ashley, Aslitabula, Asternal, F, Atchafalaya, Au BcEufi^, Au Buger, Au Canoe, , Au Carpe, Au Sable, Au Sable, Au Sable, Au Vases, Aux Betsies, Aux Canards, Recipient. Toladi River, Lake Maurepas, . . . . , Rappahannock, .... Mobile River, Missouri River, Suwanee River, . . . . . Choctawhatchie Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Ohio River, , Albemarle Sound, . . , Gulf of Mexico, . . . . Lake Maurepas, ... Hiwassee River, . . . , Gulf of Mexico, . . . , Ohio, Kennebeck, , Oconee, Appalachicola Bay, . . James River, Amoee River, Yadkin River, Mississippi River, . . . Temiscouata Lake, . . St. Helena Sound, . . . Charleston Harbor, . . Lake Erie, Roman's Creek, Atchafalaya Bay, . . . . Missouri River, Missouri River, Mississippi River, . . . Lake Huron, Lake Champlain,. . . . Saginaw Bay, Illinois River, Missouri River, Lake Michigan, Ouisconsin River, . . . Stale. Ref. Letters. Me. La. Dp Va. Qh Al. Fp Mo. Ch F. T. Kp F. T. Hp Geo. Mo Pa. Nf N.C. Rk F. T. La. Dp Ten. Jk F. T. In. Hh Me. Yc Geo. K m F. T. iq Va. Ql Ten. Jk N.C. Nj A. T. Cm Me. S.C. Nn s. c. Nn 0. Xe F.T. . La. Cq Mo. Ch Mo. Ch Mo. T. Bb M. T. J a N. Y. U b M. T. Kb 11. Fe Mo. Ch M.T. lb M. T. Fc Length. 16 14 28 500 41 150 20 300 300 45 130 118 54 22 31 215 56 425 132 34 18 2,500 13 40 43 31 35 140 25 15 100 70 55 37 26 40 57 20 160 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. Aux Hebert, , Aux Miners, , Aux Trains, . Awhyataak, . Bachelor's, . . Back, Bad, Badaxe, . . . . , Bad Fish, . . , Banister, . . . . Barrets, Baskahegan, . Batsto, Batten, Bayou Bartholomew, Bayou D'Arbane, Bayou Dupont, Bayou La Fourche, Bayou Rocheblave, Bayou Saline, Bayou Saluter, Bayou Teche, Beach, Bean Creek, Bear, Beaver, Beaver, Bell, Belle, Bennerts, Beouf, Big, Big Barren, Big Black, , Big Black, Big Blue, Big Cossitot, Big Doe, Big Laurel, Big Muddy, Big Piasau, Big Pigeon, , Big Platte, Big Sack, Big Sandy, Big Sandy, Big Sycamore, Big Femme, Big Vermillion, Birch, Black, M Black, Black, Black, Black, Black, Black, Black, Black, Black, Recipient. Missouri River, Lake Superior, Lake Superior, Fox River, Illinois Rivex", Cooper River, Hare River, Mississippi River, .... River of Four Lakes, . Dan River, Tellico River, Mattawamkeag River, Little Egg Harbor, . . . Hudson River, Pamlico Sound, Washita River, Washita River, Barataria Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Perdido Bay, Red River, Washita River, Atchafalaya Bay, Tennessee River, Maumee River, Androscoggin River,. . Black River, James River, Cumberland Sound,. . . St. Clair River, White River, WashitaRiver, Maramec River, Green River, Mississippi River, . . . . White River, Ohio River, North Little River, . . . Wataga River, French Broad River,. . Mississippi River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . French Broad River,. . Mississippi River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Oliio River, Tennessee River, Clinch River, Missouri River, Wabash River, Elk River, Walloostook River, . . . Connecticut River, . . . Lake Ontario, South, Great Pedee, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Mississippi River, . . . . Missouri River, Stale. Mo. M. T. M. T. M. T. II. S. C. M. T. M. T. M. T. Va. N. C. Me. N.J. N. Y. N.C. La. La. La. La. Al. La. La. La, Ten. O. Me. N. Y. Va. F.T. M. T. A.T. La. Mo. Ken. Mi. A.T. In. A.T. Ten. N.C. II. II. Ten. M. T. Mo. T. Va. Ten. Ten. Mo. In. Va. Me. Vt. N. Y. N.C. S. C. O. M. T. M. T. M. T. Mo. Ref. Letters. Ag a c ;f Nn J c Co Fd P. AZa Tg Uc Rk B n Bn Dq Dq Gp Bo Bn Cq Fk Je Xb Sc O i M p Ld Bj Co Dh Hi Cn Ck Hh Z A m Lj L k Ei D h Kk Dd Z Aa Lh Fj Kj Bh Gg Nh Length. Vc Re Pk Om Le Lc Hd Cb Bh 26 49 28 40 14 11 11 54 46 56 14 28 14 48 21 190 87 36 90 44 130 82 206 28 83 18 66 11 10 59 21 200 100 70 185 229 50 56 22 23 96 18 68 32 75 160 63 24 32 90 24 12 32 116 22 115 44 33 26 83 95 TO THE RIVERS. ]61 Rivers. Black Bass, Black Creek, Black Fish, Black Mingo, Black Warrior, Blackwater, Blackwater, Black Water, Blood, Blue, Blue Water, Bluff Island, Bodeau, Bogue Chito, Bon Homme, Bon Pas, Bonsecours, Boquet, Boreas, Boughomo, Brandywine Creek, . . Briar Creek, Briery, Broad, Broad, Broad, Broad Creek, Broad River, First, . . Broad River, Second, . Brochias, Brush, Buchanan, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Bull, Bush, Buttahatchee, Cacapon, Cache, Cahaba, Calcasiu, Calf Pasture, Canadian, Cane, Caney Fork, Canisteo, Cannouchee, Cape Fear, Capsucktuk, Carp, Carp, Carpe, Carter, Carver's, ... Cash, ... Cashie, Cass, Recipient. Green Bay, Pascagoula River, . . . . St. Francis' River, . . . . Black River, Tombeckbee River,. . . Staunton River, Nottoway River, ... . Yellow Water Bay, . . Tennessee River, Ouisconsin River, . . . . Missouri River, Black River, Bodeau Lake, Pearl River, Maramec River, Wabash River, Bonsecour's Bay, Lake Champlain, Hudson River, Leaf River, Delaware River, Savannah River, Dry River, Potomac River, Atlantic Ocean, Congaree River, Savannah River, Broad River, Broad River, Lake Michigan, Appomattox River, . . . E.Fork MonongahelaR Lake Erie, James River, Duck River, Crow River, Mississippi River, . . . . Little Wabash River, . Occoquan River, Saluda River, Tombeckbee River,. . . Potomac River, . . White River, Alabama River, Gulf of Mexico, James River, Arkansas River, Red River, Cumberland River, . . . Tioga River, Great Ogeechee River, Atlantic Ocean, Oquossak Lake, Lake Superior, St, Mary's River, .... Lake Michigan, Hedgeman River, . . . . St. Peter's River, Ohio River, Roanoke River, Saginaw River, ...... State. M. T. Mi. A.T. S. C. Al. Va. N. C. F. T. Ken. M. T. Mo. M. T. La. La. Mo. II. Al. N. Y. N. Y. Mi. Del. Geo. Va. Va. s.c. s.c. Geo. N. C. N. C. II. Va. Va. N.T. Va. Ten. M. T. M. T. II. Va. S.C. Mi. Va. A.T. Al. La. Va. Mo. T. La. Ten. N. Y. Geo. N. C. Me. M. T. M. T. M. T. Va. Mo. T. II. N. C. M. T. Ref. Letters H a Fp Dl O m Fn Oi Rj Gp V Dc Z Ag Cb^ An Ep Ch Fh Gp Ub Tc Eo Sg M n Ph Qg Nn Ml L m M k M k Gd Pi Ng Od Pi Gk Ab Cb Fh Qh Ml F m Pg CI Gn Ap Oi Z Ak Ao Ij Qd Mo PI Xb la Ka la Qh Ab El Rk Kc 02 162 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. Castlemans, Catawba, Cattaraugus Creek, Caximbas, F . Cedar, or Dog, Chagrine, Chandlers, Chariton, Charles, Charlotte, Charlotte, F. Chattahatchee, Chattahoochee, Chattooga, Chatuga, Chaudron, Chazy, Cheat, Cheboiegon, Cheboiegon, Chechessee, Chehaw, Chenango, Cherrytree, Chesnut, M. Chestatee, • Chester, Chicago, Chickahoming, Chickasaw, Chickasawhay, Chifuncte, Chipola, Chippewa, Chippicotton, Chocolate, Choctawhatchie, Choptank, Chowan, Christianna, Clam, Clarks, Clarion, ■ Clear, Clear, Clear Water, Clinch, Clinton, Clover, Coal, Coal, Collins, Cold Water, Cold Water, Combahee, Comite, Conecuh, Conestoga, Congaree, Conhocton, Connecticut, Recipient. Youghiogeny River, . . Wateree River, Lake Erie, Caximbas Bay, Pascagoula River, Lake Erie, Atlantic Ocean, Missouri River, Atlantic Ocean, Susquehanna, N. B.. . . Charlotte Harbor, Appalachie Bay, . . . . . iVppalachicola River,. . Coosa River, Tugaloo Riven • • Bayou D'Arbanc, . . . . Lake Champlain, Monongahela River, . . Lake Huron, ....... Lake Michigan, Broad River, St. Helena Sound, . . . . Susquehanna, N. B. . . . Gauley River, St. John's River, Chattahoochee, Chesapeake Bay, Lake Michigan, James River, Mobile Bay, Pascagoula River, . . . . Lake Fontehartrain, . . Appalachicola, Mississippi River, . . . . Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Choctawhatchie Bay, . Chesapeake Bay, Albemarle Sound, . . . . St. Joseph's River, . . . . St. Croix River, Tennessee River, Allegheny River, . . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . St. Croix River, Sweet Water River, . , Tennessee River, Lake St. Clair, Cheat River, Great Kenawha River, Flint River, Caney Fork, Mississippi River, . . . Black Water River,. . St. Helena Sound, . . . Amite River, Escambia River, Susquehanna River, . Santee River, Tioga River, Long Island Sound, . State. Fa. S. C. N. Y. F. T. Mi. O. ' Me. Mo. R. L N.Y. F. T. F. T. Al. Al. S. C. La. N.Y. Pa. M. T. M. T. S.C. s. c. N.Y. Va. Me. Geo. Md. II. Va. Al. Mi. La. F. T. M. T. M. T. M. T. F. T. Md. N.C. M. T. M. T. Ken. Pa. M. T. M. T. F. T. Ten. M. T. Va. Va. M. T. Ten. Mi. F. T. S.C. La. F. T. Pa. S.C. N.Y Ct. Ref. Letters. Nl O d Kp P II Ki Bn Ub Of J a H c N n N n Sd N h Fp Me AZ Bg We Sd J m Rg Ge Ri Fp Fp Dp Ip Cb Gd Ga Hp Rh Rj He B a Fi Oe Z A I B a Gp J k Ld Og M h Kc Ik CI Gp Nh Cp Gp Of N m Qd V e Length. so- ls? 62 67 89 37 16 143 38 62 105 40 350 46 39 15 47 110 105 37 14 20 81 23 8 43 30 10 62 25 120 56 100 200 37 77 145 60 180 27 70 60 88 16 33 22 230 41 18 85 7 40 40 30 87 56 140 41 40 57 450 TO THE RIVERS. 163 Rivers. Conneaut, Connesaug'a, Coclasawhatchie, Cooper, Coosa, , Coosavv, Coosawhatchie, Cow Pasture, Cow Skin, . ■ Crane, Crooked, Crooked, Crooked Creek, Crow, Crow Wing, Cumberland, Cumberland S. Fork,. Current, Cuyahoga, Damariscotta, Dan, Darby's, Dardenne, Dead, Dead, Deep, Deer, Delaware, Delaware, or Gallivan' Delude, or Black, .... Derden, Des Moines, Des Plaines, De Tour, Devil, Dicks, Dog, Dowagiake, Dry, Du Bois Franc, Du Chemin, Duck, Du Page, Du Plain, or Maple, . . East, East, East Chariton, East Fork, East Fork, Ebeeme, Econfina, Edisto, Edwards, Edwards, Eel, Eel, Eleven Point, Elk, Elk, Elk, Elkhart Recipient. Lake Eric, Coosa River, Gulf of Mexico, Charleston Harbor, . . . Alabama River, St. Helena Sound, . . . . Broad River, James River, ......... Neosho River, White River, Cumberland Sound,. . . St. George's Sound, . . . Illinois River, Mississippi River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Ohio River, Cumberland River, . . . Big Black River, Lake Erie, Atlantic Ocean, Staunton River, Sabine River, Mississippi River, . . . . Kennebeck River, . . . . Lake Superior, Cape Fear River, St. Regis River, Delaware Bay, Gallivan 's Bay, St. Clair River, Arkansas River, Mississippi River, . . . . Illinois River, . -. Ouisconsin River, . . . . Fox River, Kentucky River, Mobile Bay, St. Joseph's River, . . . . Shenandoah S. Fork,. . Little Calumet River, . Lake Michigan, Tennessee River, Illinois River, Grand River, Machias Bay, Pensacola Bay, Missouri River, White River, Grand River, Pleasant River, St. Andrew's Bay, . . . . Atlantic Ocean, Sturgeon Bay, l\Iississipin River, . . . . Wabash River, West Fork of WJiiteR Big Black River, Chesapeake Ba3', Great Kanawha River, Tennessee River, St. Joseph's River, . . . . State. O. Geo. F. T. S. C. Al. S. C. s. c. Va. Mo. T. A. T. Geo. F. T. II. Mo. T. M. T. Ken. Ken. A. T. O. Me. Va. La. IVTo. Me. M. T. N. C. N. Y. Del. F. T. M. T. Mo. T. Mo. T. II. M. T. M. T. Ken. Al. M. T. Va. In. In. Ten. II. M. T. Me. F. T. Mo. In. Mo. Me. F. T. S. C. M. T. II. In. In. A.T. Md. Va. Al. In. Ref. I Letters. Length. N e U N n Hn Nn Nn O i ZBj CI Mp Jp Dg A a Z Aa Fi Ji Cj Me Yc Pj Ao Dh Ya G a O k T b Sg Ld Z Bk Cf Fe Ec Gb Ji Fp He Ph Ge He Fk Fe J d AZb Gp Bg Gh A h Ya IP N n Hb De Hf Gg Cj Rg Mh Gl le [64 CONSULTING INDEX. Rivers. Ellises, , Embarras,. . . . Embarras, . . . . Emery's, Ennoree, Eno Escambia, . . . . , Escatappa, . . . . Etowah, Fair, Falling, False, Fcmmc Osage,. Fenaholloway, . Fcvre, Fish, Fish, Fisher's, Flat, Flat, Flat Rock, Flint, Flint, Flint, Flint, Forked Deer, Fort, Fourche, Fox, Fox, French Broad, French Creek, Galena, Galien, Garlic, Garlic, Gary's, Gasconade, Gaspard, Gaspers, Gauley, Genesee, Grand, Grand, Grand, Grand, Grand, Grand, Grand Fork, Grand Nemawhaw, . . Grant, Grass, Grasshopper, Great Egg Harbor, . . Great Kanawha, Great Manitou, Great Maquanquetois, Great Miami, Great Ogeechee, Great Ohoopee, ,M. Recipient. Androscoggin River,. . Pauwaygan River,. . . Wabash River,. ...;.. Clinch River, Broad River, Neuse River, Escambia Bay, Cedar River, Coosa River, Pearl River, Staunton River, Yazoo River, Missouri River, Appalachie River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . St. John's River, Mobile Bay, Yadkin River, Missouri River, Neuse River, Grand River, E.Forkot'White River Appulachicola River,. . Tennessee River, Tennessee River, Saginaw River, Mississippi River, . . . . Kaskaskia River,. . . . Arkansas River, Green Bay, Illinois River, Holston River, Allegheny River, Mississippi River, . . . . Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Mississippi River, , . . . Lake Michigan, Missouri River, Green Bay, Big Barren River, . . . . Great Kanawha River, Lake Ontario, St. John's River, . . . . Red River, Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Missouri River, Osage River, Osage River, Missouri River, Mississippi River, . . . . Sf. Lawrence River, . . Konzas River, Atlantic Ocean, Ohio River, Missouri River, Mississippi River, . . . . Ohio River, Atlantic Ocean, Alatahama River, State. iMe. M. T. II. Ten. S.C. N. C. F. T. Mi. Geo. Mi. Va. Mi. Mo. F. T. II. Me. Al. N. C. Mo. N. C. M. T. In. Geo. Al. Al. M. T. Ten. II. A. T. M.T. II. Ten. Pa. Mo. T. M. T. M.T. Mo.T. II. Mo. M.T. Ken. Va. N. Y. Me. La. O. M.T. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. M.T. N. Y. Mo.T. N. J. Va. Mo. Mo. T. O. Geo. Geo. Ref. Letters. X b Fb Gh Jk MI G p Fo II Do Pi Dn Dh Kp Dd Fp Nj Z Ag P.i I d ig ip Gl HI Jc E k Fg Bl Gb Fe Kk Oe Dd He Ga Dd Ge Ch Gb Hi Mh Qc Bo Me Hd Ag Ah A h ZBf Dd T b ZBg Tg L h Bh D d Jg Mo Lo Length. 23" 44 135 45 88 39 160 24 110 14 25 90 20 30 46 50 16 22 40 25 85 • 84 299 32 58 121 114 19 23 228 104 176 92 56 28 13 50 17 204 54 25 35 145 38 10 73 198 272 134 98 220 30 96 30 327 17 120 174 244 108 TO THE RIVERS. 165 Rivers. Great Pedee, . . . Green, Green, Green, Green, Greenbrier, . . . , Gun, Guyandotte, . . . Halifax, Hardware, Hare, Harpeth, Hashuphatcher, Hatchy, Haw. Hazel, Heart, Hedgenian, Henderson's, .... Henry's, Hiffh Rock, Hillabee, Hillsboro', Hittenhatchie, . . Hiwassee, Hocking, Hog, Holly, Holston, ■ Homochitto Housatonick, . . . Hudson, Hughes, Huron, Huron, Hurricane, Hycoote, I1)erville, Ichawaynoochee, Illinois, Illinois, Independence, . . Independence, . . Indian, Indian, Indian, Indian, Irwin's, Ivy, Jackson's, Jackson's, , Jacob's, James, Joliet, Jordan, Juniatta, Jupiter, Kahkoguamook, Kankakee, Kantappaha, . . . . Kaskaskia, Recipient Atlantic Ocean, Broad River, Buffalo River, Ohio River, Rock River, Great Kanawha River, Kekalamazoo River, . . Ohio River, Atlantic Ocean, James River, Shiawassee River, . . . . Cumberland River, . . . Tallee Hooma River, . Mississippi River, . . . . Cape Fear River, Acstham River, Konzas River, Rappahannock River, Mississippi River, . . . . South Catawba River, . Mississippi River, . . . . Tallapoosa River, . . . . Hillsboro' Bay, Hittenhatchie Bay, . . . Tennessee River, Ohio River, St. Joseph's River,. . . . Elk River, Tennessee River, Mississippi River, . . . . Long Island Sound, . . New York Bay, Little Kanawha River, Lake Erie, Lake Erie, Lake Superior, Dan River, Mississippi River, . . . . Flint River, Mississippi River, . . . . Arkansas River, Black River, Missouri River, Black Lake, Hudson River, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Alapahaw River, French Broad River,. . James River, Mississippi River, . . . . South Catawba River, , Chesapeake Bay, Des Plains River, . . . . Louis Bay, Susquehanna River, . . St. Lucie Sound, Lake Chesuncook, . . . . Illinois River, Cedar River, Mississippi River, . . , . Stale. S. C. N. C. Ten. Ken. II. Va. M. T. Va. F. T. Va. M. T. Ten. Mi. Ten. N. C. Va. Mo. T. Va. II. N.C. II. Al. F. T. F. T. Ten. O. M. T. Va. Ten. Mi. Ct. N. Y. Va. M. T. O. M. T. Va. La. Geo. II. Mo. T. N. Y. Mo. T. N. Y. N. Y. Del. F. T. F.T. N.C. Va. II. N.C. Va. II. Mi. Pa. F. T. Me. II. Mi. II. Kef. Letters. Om M k G k Gi D e Ni I d Lh Pi Jc Eo D k Ok Ph Z Bg Qh^ C f Mk Bb Hn Kq Ik Mg I d Nh Kk C o Ue Tf Mg Kd Le Ha Pj Cp Jo Dh ZAk Sc ZBg Sb Tc Sh Kp Lk 01 Cf Mk Rj Fe Ep Fe Fp E i 166 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. Kekalamazoo, . . . Kennebeck, Kentucky, Keowee, Kickapoo, Kiskiminitas, . . . Kite, Kohkoguamook,. Konzas, Lake, L'Anguillo, Laughing Fish, - Laurel, Leaf, Leaf, Leaf, or St. Francis, Leaf Ridge, Le Fevre, Lehigh, Lemon, F. Licking, Linville, Little, M. Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, Little, • Little, Little Androscoggin, Little Birch, Little Black Little Blue Water, Little Cacapon, Little Caillou, Little Calumet, Little Cannouchee, Little Chazy, Little Che Tac, Little Choctavvhatchie, Little Coal, Little Courteoreille, Little Dan, , . . Little Doe, Little Egg Harbour, Little Elkhart, Recipient. Lake Michigan, Atlantic Ocean, Ohio River Savannah River, Ouisconsin River, . . . . Alleghany River, Rock River, Lake Chesuncook,. . . . Missouri River, Mississippi River, . . . . St. Francis' River,. . . . Lake Superior, Cumberland River, . . . Pascagoula River, . . . . Rock River, Mississippi River, . . . . Tallee Hooma River, . Arkansas River, Delaware River, Atlantic Ocean, Oliio River, Catawba River, , St. John's River, Great Kanawha River, North Anna River, . . . Albemarle Sound, . . . . Eno River, Neuse River, Yadkin River, Atlantic Ocean, Broad River, Saluda River, Savannah River, Chattahoochee River, . Etowah River, Oconee River, Savannah River, Ocklockony River, . . . . Alabama River, Coosa River, Lake Catahoola, Red River, Tennessee River, Wabash River, Androscoggin River,. . Birch River, Big Black River, Missouri River, Cacapon River, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Michigan, Cannouchee River, . . . Lake Champlain, Chippewa River, Choctawhatchie River, Coal River, Chippewa River, Dan River, Big Doe River, Atlantic Ocean, St. Joseph's River, . . . . Slate. M. T. Me. Ken. S. C. M. T. Pa. II. Me. Mo. T. M. T. A.T. M. T. Ken. Mi. II, M. T. Mi. A.T. Pa. F.T. Ken. N. C. Me. Va. Va. N.C. N. C. N.C. N.C. s.c. s. c. s.c. s.c. Geo. Geo. Geo. Geo F. T. Al. Al. La. La. Ten. In. Me. Va. A.T. Mo. Va. La. II. Geo. N. Y. M. T. Al. Va. M. T. N.C. Ten. N.J. In. Ref. Letters. TTd Y c I h Ll Dc Of E e Ya ZAg Z A a Dl G a J i Fp Ed A a Eg Bl Sf M k N i Qi Rj Pj p k N k • P m MI Ml L m Kl Jl K m L m Jp G o II Bo Ao K k I f Xb Nh Dj ZAg Pg Dq G e Mn Ub C b I o Mh Ca Nj Lj I e Length. 142" 230 312 50 70 103 19 26 1,200 13 68 24 28 169 20 94 52 79 96 11 204 28 10 35 26 36 20 63 46 5 32 30 52 13 21 44 72 53 24 35 14 15 35 20 36 13 57 33 32 50 50 37 51 40 50 60 79 11 14 40 39 TO THE RIVERS. 167 Rivers. Little Emery, Little Escambia, . . Little Falling, Little Flambeau, . . Little Hatchy, Little Kanawha, . . . Little Kentucky, . . Little Machias, . . . . Little Madawaska, . Little Missouri, . . . Little Muddy, Little Nottoway, . . Little Obion, Little Ocklockony, . Little Ocmulgee, . . Little Ogeechee, . . . Little Ogeechee,* . . Little Ogeechee,t . • Little Olioopee, .... Little Otter, Little Pedee, Little Pigeon, Little Platte, Little Platte, Little Red, Little Roanoke, . . . Little Sack, Little St. Mary's, . . Little Salkehatchie, Little Saluda, Little Satilla, Little Sandy, Little Sequatchy, • . Little Shoal, Little Suwanee, . . . . Little Tallapoosa, . . Little Vermillion, . . Little Vermillion, . . Little Wabash, Little Yadkin, Long Branch, Looking Glass, .... Loosahatchy, Lost, Lost, Lower Iowa, Lower Little, Loyalsock Creek, . . . Lumber, Lycoming Creek,. . . Lynches Creek, . . . . Macaupin Creek, . . . Machias, Machias, Mackinaw, Macon, Mad, Madamiscontis, . . . . ,M, Recipient. Emery River, Escambia River, Falling River, Rufus River, Hatchy River, Ohio River, Ohio River, Aroostook River, Aroostook River, Washita River, Big Muddy River, . . . . Nottoway River, Mississippi River, . . . . Ocklockony River, . . . Ocmulgee River, Atlantic Ocean, Great Ogeechee River, Great Ogeechee River, Great Ohoopee River,. Otter River, Great Pedee River, . . . French Broad River,. . Big Platte River, Missouri River, White River, Staunton Rive^-, Mississippi River, . . . . St. Mary's River, . . . . Salkehatchie River,. . . Saluda River, Satilla River, Ohio River, Sequatchy River, Pamplico Sound, Suwanee River, Tallapoosa River, . . Wabash River, .... Illinois River, Wabash River, .... Yadkin River, Grand River, Grand River, Mississippi River, . . Cacapon River, .... Kaskaskia River,. . . Mississippi River, . . Cape Fear River, . . . Susquehanna, W. B. Little Pedee River, . Susquehanna, W. B. Great Pedee River, . Illinois River, Machias Bay, Aroostook River, . . , Illinois River, Raisin River, Merrimack River, . . Penobscot River, . . . Stale. Ten. F. T. Va. M. T. Ten. Va. Ken. Me. l^Ie. A. T. II. Va. Ken. Geo, Geo. Geo. Geo. Geo. Geo. Va. S. C. Ten. M.T. Mo. T. A. T. Va. Mo. T. F. T. S. C. S.C. Geo. Ken. Ten. N. C. Geo. Al. In. 11. Ih N. C. Mo. M.T. Ten. Va. II. M.T. N. C. Pa. N. C. Pa. S.C. II. Me. Me. II. M. T. N. H. Me. Ref. Letters. Jk Gp Pi Ca Ek Mg Ih A m Ei Pi J o Lo M o Mn L m Ln Oi Om Kk Dd Z Ag Ck P,i Z A a Mp Nn M m Lo Lh Ik Sk Lp Im Gff Ee Fi Nj Ag Jd Dk Pff Eh De Pk Qe 01 Qe m Dg AZb Df" Ke Wc Za * In Scriven county, Geo. t In Washington county, Geo. 168 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. .M. Madankeeunk, Madawaska, Mag-alloway, Mamayicum, Mamelle, Manasquan, Manitou, Manokin, Maquagan, Maramec, Maria, Maskegon, Mason's, Mat, Matanzas, Mattapony, Mattawamkeag, Maumee, May, Maynawalky, Mayo, Meahkaninon, Medway, Mcherrin, Mennomonie, Mennomonie, Mennomonie, Meriumpticook, or Turtle, . .M. Mernicntau, Merrimack, Metamonong, Miami, Michesebee, Middle, Middle, F. Middle Meherrin, Middle Tyger, Mills, Milwalky, Milwalky, Mino Cockien, Mishtegayock, Missisque, Mississineway, Mississippi,* Missouri, Mitchell's, Mobile, Mockason, Mohawk, Mohawk Branch, Molumkus, Mongaup, Monistic, Monistique, Monongahela, Monongahela, E. Fork, Monongahela, W. Fork, Recipient. Penobscot River, St. John's River, Androscoggin River, . . Fox River, Arkansas River, Atlantic Ocean, Mississippi River, . . . . Chesapeake Bay, St. Croix River, Mississippi River, . . . . Osage River, Lake Michigan, Illinois River, Mattapony River, . . . . Atlantic Ocean, York River, Penobscot, East Br. . . Lake Erie, Atlantic Ocean, Milwalky Bay, Dan River, Kaskaskia River, St. Catlierine's Sound,. Chowan River, Chippewa River, Green Bay, Pauwaygan River, . . . St. John's River, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Tippecanoe River, . . . . Ohio River, Shiawassee River, . . . . Shenandoah, S. F Atlantic Ocean, Meherrin River, Tyger River, French Broad River,. . Lake Michigan, Milwalky Bay, Lake Michigan, Flint River, Lake Champlain, Wabash River, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River, . . . . Yadkin River, Mobile Bay, Neuse River, Hudson River, Delaware River, Mattawamkeag River, Delaware River, Lake Michigan, Lake Michigan, Ohio River, Monongahela River, . . Monongahela River, . . State. Me. Me. N. H. M. T. A. T. N. J. Mo. T. Md. M. T. Mo. Mo. M. T. II. Va. F. T. Va. Me M. T. S.C. M. T. N.C. II. Geo. N.C. M. T. M. T. M. T. Me. La. Mas. In. O. M. T. Va. F. T. Va. S.C. N.C. M. T. M. T. M. T. M. T. Vt. In. La. Mo. N.C. Al. N.C. N. Y. N. Y. Me. N. Y. M.T. M.T. Pa. Va. Va. Ref. Letters. Za Wb F c Bl Tf Cf Sh Ca Dh Bh He Fe Qh Mq Rl Za Ke Nn Gd Oj Fg M o Rj Cb Ha Fb Aq Xd Hf Jg Jo Ph M 1 Lk Hb Gd Ja Kg Ub If Eq Dh Nj Fp Qk Ud Sd Za Te I b la Nf Ng Ng Length. 13 80 48 61 27 20 44 18 26 184 52 90 36 15 15 90 94 220 10 61 24 25 20 120 60 143 32 40 141 200 24 90 14 50 10 15 27 12 62 81 50 39 81 100 .3,000 3,217 15 500 88 150 92 48 31 87 72 216 90 70 * The length here stated refers to the Mississippi Proper. Missouri, is 4,490 miles. Its length, in connexion with the TO THE RIVERS. 169 Moose, Moose, Mountain, Mud, Mud, Muddy, Muskingum, Nantagulee, Nanticoke, Narraguagas, Nassau, Nehhah, Neosho, or Grand, . . . Neuse, Neversink, New, New, New, New, New, •New, New, , . Newfound, New Hope, ......... Newport, Niagara, Niantick, Nidwany, Nishnebottona, Nodaway, Nolichucky, Nonconna, Noquet, North, North, North, North, North, North, North Anna, North-East Saluda, . . North Edisto, North Fabius, North Fork North Hillsboro', North Little, North Newport, North Two Rivers, . . North Tyger, Notalbany, Notley, Nottawa Sepee, Nottoway, Ny North-East Cape Fear, North Meherrin, North- West, Oak Noxabee, Oaktibbeehah, Obeds, Obeys, Recipient. Moosehead Lake, . . . . Black River, Rapidan River, Guyandotte River,. . . . Kaskaskia River, St. Francis River, . . . . Ohio River, Tennessee River, Chesapeake Bay, Pleasant River Bay, . . Atlantic Ocean, Pomme de Terre River, Arkansas River, Pamplico Sound, . . . . . Delaware River, Great Kanawha River, Onslow Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Chattahoochee River, . Atlantic Ocean, Crooked River, S. Fork Cumberland R. South Anna River, . . . Cape Fear River, Raleigh Bay, Lake Erie, . Atlantic Ocean, Nidwany Bay, Missouri River, Missouri River, French Broad River,. . Mississippi River, . . . . Green Bay, Dry River, Albemarle Sound, . . . . Currituck Sound, Atlantic Ocean, Chatham Bay, Black Warrior River, . Pamunky River, Saluda River, Edisto River, Mississippi River, . . . . Osage River, Hillsboro' Bay, Red River, South Newport River,. Mississippi River, . . . . Tyger River, Tickfah River, Hiwassee River, St. Joseph's River,. . . . Chowan River, Mattapony River, . . . . Cape Fear River, . . .' . . Meherrin River, North River, Tombeckbee River,. . . Chickasawhay River, . Emery's River, Cumberland River, . . . Stale. 3Ie. N. Y. Va. Va. II. M. T. O. N. C. Md. Me. F. T. Mo. T. Mo. T. N. C. N. Y. Va. N. C. s.c. Geo. F. T. F. T. Ten. Va. N. C. N. C. N. Y. Ct. M. T. Mo. T. xAIo. T. Ten. Ten. M. T. Va. N. C. N. C. F. T. F. T. Al. Va. S.C. S.C. Mo. Mo. F. T. A.T. Geo. Mo. S.C. La. N. C. M. T. x\. C. Va. N. C. Va. N. C. Al. Mi. Ten. Ten. Ref. Letters. Y a Sc Qh Lh Eh Aa Mg Kk Sh AZb M q Z Aj ZB b Rk Te Ni Ql Nn I m Jq iJ Qi Ok Rl Od Ve J a ZBf ZBf Kj D k Ha Ph Sj Rj Mq Gm Qi LI Nm Cg Z Ah A m Mo Cg Ml Dp Jk Id Rj Qh PI Pj gj Fn Fo Jj 170 CONSULTING INDEX. Rivers. Obion, Occoquan, Ocklawaha, Ocklockony, Ocmulgee, Oconee, Oconee Loftee, Ohio, Okapiica, Onion, Opossum, Osage, Oscilla, Oswegatchie, Oswego, Ottawa, Ottawa, Ottawa, Otter, Otter Creek, Ouisconsin, Pacolet, Paint Creek, Palm, F Pamplico, Pamunky, Papacton Branch, Pascagoula, Pasquotank, ...... Passadumkeag, Pataactuquac, , Patapsco, Patoka, Patuxent, Pauwaygan, or Wolf, Pawtucket, Pea, Pearl, Pease Creek, F. Pectanon, or Muddy, Peeminushkwa, Pekatonika, Peninsula, Penobscot, Penobscot, East Branch Pent Water, Perdido, Pere Marquette, Perquimans, Peruque, Petite Jean, Piankatank, Pickamink, ^k. Pigeon, Pine, Pine, Pine, Pine Creek, Piney, Recipient. Mississippi River, . . . Potomac River, St. John's River, . . . . Ocklockony Bay, .... Alatamaha River, . . . Alatamaha River, . . . Tuckaseegee River,. . Mississippi River, . . . Withlacoochie River,. Lake Cham plain, .... Atlantic Ocean, Missouri River, Appalachie River, . . . St. Lawrence River, . Lake Ontario, Great Traverse Bay, . Lake Erie, St. Croix River, Staunton River, Lake Champlain, .... Mississippi River, . . . Broad River, Scioto River, Gulf of Mexico, .... Pamlico Sound, York River, Delaware River, .... Pascagoula Bay, .... Albemarle Sound, . . Penobscot River, .... Penobscot River, . . . Chesapeake Bay, . . . . , Wabash River, , Chesapeake Bay, Fox River, Narragansett Bay, . . . , Choctawhatchie River. Lake Borgne, Charlotte Harbor, . . , . Pekatonika River, . . . . Wolf River, Rock River, Mississippi River, . . . . Penobscot Bay, Penobscot River, Lake Michigan, Perdido Bay, Lake Michigan, Albemarle Sound, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Arkansas River, Chesapeake Bay, Kankakee River, Staunton River, Lake Michigan, Arkansas River, Ouisconsin River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Susquehanna, W. B. . . Tye River, State. Pinnette, St. Croix River, Ten. Va. F. T. F. T. Geo. Geo. N. C. Ken. Geo. Vt. F. T. xMo. F. T. N. Y. N. Y. M. T. M. T. M. T. Va. Vt. M.T. S. C. O. F. T. N. C. Va. N. Y. Mi. N. C. Me. Me. Md. In. Md. M.T. R. L Al. Mi. F. T. II. M.T. II. Mo. Me. Me. M. T. F. T. M.T. N. C. Mo. A. T. Va. II. Va. M. T. A. T. M. T. Mo. T. Pa. Va. M.T. Ref. Letters Ek Qh M q Jp Lo Lo Kk Ej Kp Ub Bh Jp Sb Re Ja Ke Ba Oi Ub Co Ml Rk* Ri Se Fp I^j Z a Ya Gh Rh Gb W e lo Ep Length. Ed Eb Fd Zb Z a I c Gp Ic Rj Dh Ak Ri Fe o.i Hb Ak Ec Z Aa Qe Pi B a 1U6 40 98 170 224 225 13 945 74 74 18 393 85 135 143 20 50 41 34 98 380- 60 76 28 200 110 63 270 50 35 23 99 90 90 145 57 100 297 90 46 30 10 45 300 64 65 48 54 50 27 85 50 100 45 25 47 125 80 75 16 60 TO THE RIVERS. 171 Rivers. Piscataquis, . Pistaka, . . . . Platte, Pleasant, . . . Pleasant, . . . Po, M. Pocomoke, Pole, Pomme de Terre, Ponime de Terre, Pond, Pope's, Porcupine Quill, Portage, Portage, Portage, Poteau, Potomac, Potomac, F Potomac, North Branch, Potomac, South Branch, Powell's, Prairie, Prairie, Prairie de la Crosse, Presqu' Isle, Quisibis, M Quodotchquoik, or Green, . . .M Racket, Rain, Rainy, Raisin, Rapid, Rapid, Rapidan, Rappahannock, Raritan, Rat, Ratones, F Raystovvn Branch, Red, Red, Red, Red, Red Carp, Red Cedar, Reddis, Reedy, Reelfoot, Rcnnan's, , Rice, Richland, Rivanna, River of the Four Lakes, River of the Mountain, . . Roanoke, Roanoke, Roaring, Robertson, Robertson's, Roche, Recipient. Penobscot River, Fox River, Lake Michigan, Piscataquis River, .... Pleasant River Bay, . . Mattapony River, .... Pocomoke Bay, Madavi^aska River, . . . Osage River, Neosho, or Grand River, Green River, Mississippi River, . . . Lake Pepin, Portage Bay, Huron River, St. Joseph's River, .... Arkansas River, Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Potomac River, Potomac River, Clinch River, Arkansas River, St. Joseph's River, .... Mississippi River, .... Lake Superior, St. John's River, St. John's River, St. Lawrence River, . . Osage River, Illinois River, . , Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Mississippi River, .... Rappahannock River, . Chesapeake Bay, Raritan Bay, Wolf River, Atlantic Ocean, Juniatta River, Mississippi River, .... Cumberland River, . . . Kentucky River, Green Bay, Lake Superior, Grand River, Yadkin River, Saluda River, . Obion River, Little Wabash River,. . Lake Winnebago, .... Kaskaskia River, James River, Bad Fish River, Mississippi River, .... Staunton River, Albemarle Sound, .... Yadkin River, Rapidan River, Illinois River, Missouri River, State. Me. M. T. M. T. Me. Me. Va. Md. Me. Mo. Mo. T. Ken. II. M. T. O. M. T. M. T. Mo. T. Va. F. T. Md. Va. Ten. A.T. M. T. M. T. M. T. Me. xMe. N. Y. Mo. II. M. T. M. T. Mo. T. Va. Va. N.J. M. T. F. T. Pa. La. Ten. Ken. M.,T. M. T. M. T. N. C. S.C. Ten. II. M. T. II. Va. M. T. Mo. T. Va. N. C. N. C. Va. II. Mo. Ref. Letters. Za Gd Hb Za AZb Qh Sh Ah ZB j Gi'' De B b Le Kd le Z Ak Rh Pg Kj Ak le Cc Ga Tb Ah Ef Ke Ja Bb Qh Ri Tf Gb Qf Co J 1 Hb J a Jd Mj LI Ej Fh Gb Eh Pi Fd Cb Oi R k >lj Ph Ee Bh 172 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. Rock, Rock, Rockcastle, . . . . Rockfish, Rocky, Rocky, Rocky, Rocky, Rocky, Roman's Creek, Root, or Hoka, . Rouge, Rufns, Rum, Sabine, Sac, Saco, Sacondaga, . . . . Saginaw, St. Clair, St. Croix, St. Croix, St. Francis, . . . , St. Francois, . . St. John's, St. John's, . . . . St. John's, St. Joseph's, . . . St. Joseph's, . . . St. Lucie, St. Mark's, . . . , St. Mary's, . . . , St. Mary's, . . . . St. Peter's, St. Regis, St. Sebastian, . Salamanie, ... Saline, Saline, Saline, Saline, Salkehatchie, . Salmon, Salmon, Salmon Falls, . Salt, Salt, Salt Creek, . . . Saluda, Sandy, Sandy, Sandy, Sandy, Sangamon, . . . Santa Fe, .... Santee, Sapelo, Saranac, ... . Satilla, Savannah, . . . . Sawyer's, .... F. F. ,M, F. Recipient Tennessee River, Mississippi River, Cumberland River, . . . James River, Yadkin River, Savannah River, Gulf of Mexico, Caney Fork, Lake Erie, Charlotte Harbor, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Grand River, Chippewa River, Mississippi River, . . . . Gulf of Mexico, Lake Michigan, Saco Bay, Hudson River, Saginaw Bgy, Lake Huron, Passamaquoddy Bay, . Lake St. Croix, Mississippi River, . . . . St. John's River, Atlantic Ocean, Lake St. George, Mississippi River, . . . . Lake Michigan, Maumee River, St. Lucie Sound, Appalachie Bay, Cumberland Sound,. . . Maumee River, Mississippi River, . . . . St. Lawrence River, . . Atlantic Ocean, Wabash River, Washita River, Raisin River, Little Calumet River, . Ohio River, Combahee River, E. B. Penobscot, Lake Ontario, Atlantic Ocean, Ohio River, Mississippi River, . . . . Sangamon River, Congarec River, Kenncbeck River, . . . . Broad Bay, Lake Michigan, Sandy Bay, Illinois River, Suwanee River, Atlantic Ocean, , Sapelo Sound, , Lake Cham plain, . , . . , St. Andrew's Sound, . . Atlantic Ocean, Saco River, State. Al. II. Ken. Va. N. C. s. c. F. T. Ten. O. F. T. Mo. T. M. T. M. T. M. T. La. M. T. Me. N. Y. M. T. M. T. Me. M. T. A.T. Me. F. T. F. T. Mo. M. T. In. F.T. F. T. F.T. In. Mo. T. N. Y. F.T. In. A.T. M. T. In. II. S. C. Me. N. Y. Me. Ken. Mo. II. S. C. Me. S. C. M. T. M. T. II. F.T. S. C. Geo. N. Y. Geo. S. C. N. H. Ref. Letters HI De Ji Pi Nk LI Ik Me Co c Ca Aa ZAq Gc Xc Uc Kc Ld BZ a Ba Dl Mp Ej Hd le Jp Mp le Ab Ta Mq If Bm Ke G e Fi Nn Za] Re Xc I h Cg Ef Ml Yb Md' la Kb Df Kq O m M o Ub Mo Nn \^^ c Length. 55' 285 67 22 65 38 25 23 40 70 78 44 100 127 375 36 95 66 100 37 60 140 290 65 260 75 47 170 80 55 25 93 82 400 75 16 75 160 28 20 60 55 90 54 50 110 200 96 155 60 17 36 26 175 57 370 12 76 180 340 27 TO THE RIVERS. 173 Rivers. Schoharie Creek, . . . . Schuylkill, Scilla, Scioto, Scoupcrnong-, Sequatchy, Severn, , Shallot, Shark, , Sharks, , Shelldrake, , Shenandoah, Shenandoah, Sheepscut, , Shiawassee, , Siagus, Sibley's, Sinemahoning Creek, Sipsey, Sipsey, Skillicook, Slate, . Small Fort, , Smith's, Snake, , Sockchoppee, Socktafatoota, South, South, South Anna, South Catawba, . . . . , South Fabius, South Little, South Mayo, South Meherrin, . . . , South Newport, South Two Rivers, . . . South Tyger, South Yadkin, , Spring, Spring Creek, Spoon, Staunton, Stick, Stinhatchee, Stones, Stono, Strong, Sty: M Sucker, Sugar Creek, Susquehanna, Susquehanna, North Branch, Susquehanna, West Branch, Suwauee, Swan, Sweet Water, Swift, Swift, Ta, Tallapoosa, •Recipient. Mohawk River, Delaware River, Jykill Sound, Ohio River, Albemarle Sound, . . . . Tennessee River, Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Chatham Bay, Lake Superior, Potomac River, S. Fork Shenandoah, . . Atlantic Ocean, Saginaw River, St. John's River, Red River, Susquehanna, W. B. . , Black Warrior River, . Tombeckbee River,. . . Mattawamkeag River, James River, Lake Michigan, Dan River, St. Croix River, Ocklockony Bay, Tallashatchee River,. . S. Fork Shenandoah,. . Cape Fear River, Pamunky River, Catawba River, Mississippi River, . . . . Red River, Mayo River, Meherrin River, Sapelo Sound, Mississippi River, . . . . Tyger River, Yadkin River, Big Black River, Flint River, Illinois River, Roanoke River, Green Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Cumberland River, . . . Atlantic Ocean, Pearl River, Bayou Rocheblave, . . . Lake Superior, Wabash River, Chesapeake Bay, Susquehanna River, . . Susquehanna River, . . Gulf of Mexico, Lake St. Clair, Black Water River,. . . Androscoggin River,. . Saco River, Mattapony River, .... Alabama River State. N. Y. Pa. Geo. O. N. C. Ten. Md. N. C. N.J. F. T. M. T. Va. Va. Me. M. T. Me. La. Pa. Al. Al. Me. Va. II. N. C. M. T. F. T. Mi. Va. N. C. Va. N. C. Mo. La. N. C. Va. Geo. Mo. S. C. N. C. A. T. Geo. II. Va. M. T. F. T. Ten. S.C. Mi. Al. M. T. In. Md. Pa. Pa. F. T. M.T. F. T. Me. N. H. Va. Al. ' Ret Letters Td Sg Mo Lh Rk Ik Rh Pm Tf Ja" Qg Ph Ye Kg Ac Pe Gm Fm Za Pi Gd Oj Ba Jp Dm Ph PI Qi Mk Cg Z An Oi i"] Mo Cg Ml Nk C] Ip Df P,i Ga Kq Hi Nn Do Gp la Gg Rf Rf Kq Lb Gp Xb Wc Qh Hn P2 174 CONSULTING INDEX Rivers. 'I'uUashatchee, Tallee Hallee, Tallee Hooma, Taugipao, Tar, Tarhio, Tellico, Telogee, Ten Mile, Tennessee, . . . . ■ Tensas, Tensaw, Thames, Thornapple, Thunderbay, Tickfah, Tiger, Tiraoka, Tioga, Tippecanoe, Titibawassee, Toby's Creek, Toe, Toladi, Tombeckbee, Tom's, Tonnewanta, Tonguamenon, Toxaway, Trent, Tuckahoe, Tuckaseegee, Tugaloo, Tug Fork, Turkey, Turtle, Turtle, Twin, Twin, Tye, Tyger, Uharie, Union, Upper Iowa, Upper Little, Valley Vance, Verdigris, , Vermillion, Vermillion, ; . . , Vermillion, , Vermillion, Wabash, Waccamaw, Wahlahgas, or AUagash, Waite's, Wakulla, WallkiU, Walloostook, M Wando, Ware, Eeciiueiit. M, False River, Leaf River, Leaf River, Lake Pontchartrain, Pamlico River, .... Missouri River, .... Tennessee River, . . . Ochlockony River, . . Delaware River, . . . Ohio River, Washita River, Mobile Bay, Atlantic Ocean, . . . . Grand River, Thunder Bay, Lake Maurepas,. . . . Broad River, Halifax River, Susquehanna, N. B.. Wabash Rjver, Saginaw River, . . . - Allegheny River, . . . Nolichucky River,. . Temiscouata Lake, . Mobile River, Barnegat Inlet, . . . . Niagara River, Lake Superior, Keowee, Neuse, Atlantic Ocean, . . . . Tennessee River, . . . Savannah River, . . . Big Sandy River, . . Mississippi River, . . St. Simon's Sound, . . Rock River, Lake Michigan, . . . . Lake Superior, James River, Missouri River, . . . . Yadkin River, Atlantic Ocean, . . . . Mississippi River, . . Cape Fear River, . . . Hiwassec River, . . . Lake Erie, Arkansas River, . . . . Vermillion Bay,. . . . Lake Erie, Illinois River, Osage River, Ohio River, Atlantic Ocean, . . . . Walloostook River, . Connecticut River, . Ocklockony Bay, . . . Hudson River, . . . . , St. John's, , Charleston Harbor, , Connecticut River, . , Stale. Mi. Mi. Mi. La. N. C. Mo. T. Ten. F. T. N. Y. Ken. La. Al. Ct. M. T. M. T. La. S. C. F.T. Pa. In. M. T. Pa. N. C. Me. Al. N.J. N. Y. M. T. S.C. N. C. N.J. N. C. Geo. Va. Mo. T. Geo. II. M. T. M. T. Va. Mo. N. C. Me. Mo. T. N. C. N. C. M. T. Mo. T. La. O. II. Mo. In. S.C. Me. Vt. F.T. N. Y. Me. S.C. Mas. D m Eo Eo Dp Qk Z Bf Jk Jp Se Fi Bo Fp Ve Id Kb Dp Ml M q Re Hf Ke Oe Lk Kef. Letters. Fo Tg Od J a LI Qk Tg Kk LI Lh Dd Mo Fd Hb la Pi Ag Nk Zb Cc Pk Jk Ke ZBk Bq Le Ee Ah Fi Om Vb Jp Ue Nn Vd Length. 64" 67 84 75 157 60 50 34 12 850 128 20 95 75 80 68 46 11 100 67 100 88 17 25 350 26 84 20 24 55 18 45 80 125 135 37 40 26 19 32 50 41 52 180 43 26 11 180 75 40 78 32 477 135 65 23 16 85 142 17 55 TO THE RIVERS. 3 75 Rivers. Warren, Washita, Wassataquiok, Wataga, Wateree, Waubesepimcon, Waupankajj West Fork, West Fork, West Fork, West Sandy, Whetstone, White, White, White, • White, White Oak, White Oak, White Water Creek, W^hite Wolf, Wicomico, Wild Cat Creek, WilHams, , Willis, Wills' Creek, Wimico, Withlacoochee, , Wolf, Wolf, Wolf, Wolkey, Wools, Wyaconda, . Wytopidlock, Yadkin, Yalo Busha, Yazoo, Yazoo Monffon, Yellow, Yellow, Yellow, Yellow Water, Yeopim, York, Youghiogeny, Young's, F. Yiingar, or Niangua, Recipient. Roanoke River, Red River, E. B. Penobscot River, Holston River, Santee River, Mississippi River, . . . . Wolf River, Big Sandy River, . . . . White River, Grand River, Big Sandy River, . . . . Scioto River, Connecticut River, . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Lake Michigan, Wabash River, Atlantic Ocean, Tennessee River, St. Francis River, . . . . Mississippi River, . . . . Chesapeake Bay, Wabash River, Gauley River, James River, Muskingum River, . . . Appalachicola River,. . Suwanee River, St. Louis Bay, Mississippi River, . . . . Missouri River, ...... Tombeckbee River,. . . Lake Michigan, Mississippi River, . . . . Mattawamkeag River, Great Pedee River, . . . Yazoo River, Mississippi River, .... Pearl River, Ocmulgee River, St. Croix River, Kankakee River, Yellow Water Bay, . . Albemarle Sound,'. . . . Chesapeake Bay, Monongahela River, . . Chatham Bay, Osage River, State. Va. La. Me. Ten. S. C. Mo. T. M. T. Ken. In. Mo. Ten. O. Vt. A. T. M. T. In. N.C. Ten. A. T. Mo. T. Md. In. Va. Va. O. F. T. F. T. Mi. Ten. Mo. T. Mi. M. T. Mo. Me. N.C. Mi. Mi. Mi. Geo. M. T. In. F. T. N.C. Va. Pa. F. T. Mo. Ref. Letters. 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The United States of America are situated between 24^ 20' and 54^ 40' N. Latitude, and Longitude 10° E. and 55° 40' W. from Washington City. This vast region is bounded on the north by the British and Rus- sian Possessions, east by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean, south by the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Territories, and west by the Pa- cific Ocean. It has an outline of about 10,000 miles, and contains with- in its immense perimeter near 2,300,000 square miles. No government in the world, excepting that of Russia, exercises territorial jurisdiction over so large an extent of connected country. Its extreme lengthy from the Pacific Ocean to Passamaquoddy Bay, is about 3,000 miles ; and its greatest breadth, from the Lake of the Wood to the southern point of Florida, is estimated to be 1,700 miles. The houndary line, between the United States and Great Britain, commences at Passamaquoddy Bay, and extends along the St. Croix river to the Monu- ment at its source ; thence to the Highlands, which separate the waters that fall into the Atlantic from those which descend to the St. Lawrence river ; thence along those Highlands, in a south-western direction, to the parallel of 45° N. Latitude ; thence along that parallel to the river St. Lawrence ; thence up that river, and through the middle of the great lakes, Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior — proceeding from the last by the Grand Portage and Rainy Lake river to the Lake of the Woods ; thence it proceeds, on the parallel of 49° N. Latitude, to the Rocky Mountains : the boundary from thence to the Pacific is as yet undecided as regards Great Britain ; but by a convention between the United States and Russia, of April 5th, 1824, the title of the former power to the country west of the mountains is conceded, and the boundary line between the territories of the two nations placed at 54° 40' N. Latitude. The boundary on the side of Mex- ico, as ratified by a treaty with Spain in 1819, begins on the Gulf of Mex- ico, at the mouth of Sabine river, and proceeds along the west bank of that river to Lat. 32° N. ; thence by a line due north to Red river ; thence up that river to the meridian of 100° west of Greenwich, or 23° west of Washington City ; then along that meridian to the Arkansas river ; thence up the south bank of that river to its source ; thence due north, or south, as the case may be, to the parallel of Lat. 42° N. ; and thence on that parallel to the Pacific Ocean. More than half of the territory included within these limits contains few or no settlements, and is not formed into States. This immense country has every variety of surface, embracing vast ranges of mountains, and extensive plains and valleys. 178 GENERAL VIEW OF The United States are intersected by two principal and two subordinate ranges of Mountains — the Rocky and Alleghany, the Ozark and Green mountains. The Rocky Mountain range, taken in connexion with the Cordillera of Mexico, of which they form a part, extend from the Isthmus of Darien to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of upwards of 5,000 miles. It forms the great dividing ridge of North America, separating the waters which flow, in opposite directions, towards the great oceans which bound the opposite sides of the continent. They are situated at a medium dis- tance of about 600 miles from the Pacific. The highest of these moun- tains rise above the line of perpetual congelation, being estimated at about 12,000 feet in height. The Alleghany range runs in a north-easterly direction from the north- ern part of Alabama to New York, stretching along, in uniform ridges, at the distance of from 250 to 80 miles from the sea-coast, and following its general direction. The several ridges are known by different names, as the Blue Ridge, Cumberland Mountain, Jackson's Mountain, North Moun- tain, Laurel Mountain, &c. The average altitude is about 2,500 feet : the Peaks of Otter in Virginia, the most elevated of the Blue Ridge, attain, however, a height of 3,955 feet above the Ocean. This range occupies in breadth a space of from 60 to 120 miles, and separates the waters which run into the Atlantic Ocean, from those which flow into the Missis- sippi and its tributaries. The Green Mountains extend from Connecticut, through Massachusetts and Vermont, to Canada, dividing the Atlantic rivers from those of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence. Some of the peaks of this range attain considerable elevation : Killington and Shrewsbury peaks, the Camel's Rump, and Mansfield Mountain, are the most prominent, and are, respec- tively, 3,924, 4,034, 4,188, and 4,279 feet in altitude. In New Hampshire and Maine, are found many considerable elevations, which are not connected with any systematic range, but are scattered in detached groups. The White Mountains in New Hampshire, are the most considerable ; their principal peaks being the highest in the Union east of the Rocky Mountains. They are distinguished by the names of Washing- ton, Franklin, Adams, Jeflerson, Madison, Monroe, and Pleasant. Mount Washington is 6,428 feet in height. They are covered with snow ten months in the year, and are ofl:en seen from a great distance at sea, and fre- quently before any intermediate land, although they are at least 65 miles in the nearest direction from the coast. The wild and sublime character of their scenery, causes them to be annually visited by numerous travellers. The ascent to their summits is attended with considerable fatigue, and has been surmounted in a i'ew instances by ladies. The view is rendered uncom- monly grand and picturesque, by the magnitude of the elevation, the extent and variety of the surrounding scenery, and above all, by the huge and desolate piles of rocks extending to a great distance in every direction. In the western pass of these mountains, there is a remarkable gap called the Notch, which is esteemed one of the grandest natural curiosities in the United States. To an admirer of the wonders of nature, the passage through the Notch, and the views from the summit, afford a rich repast. Though inferior to the Andes or the Alps in elevation, yet they display the grandest mountain scenery, surpassing everything of the kind to be seen elsewhere in this country. Mt. Xatahdin, or Ktaadin, near the centre of THE UNITED STATES. 179 the State of Maine, has been found by late observation to be 5,335 feet in height : the view from its summit is fine and varied, and extends over 80 or 100 miles. From it may be seen 63 lakes, which are tributary to the Penobscot, St. John's, Kennebeck, and other rivers. The other principal heights in Maine are Wassataquoik Mountain, 5,245 feet, Mt. Abraham, Mt.^Bigelow, Speckled Mountain, and others. They are all about 4,000 feet in elevation. The Ozark Mountains extend from Texas, through the western part of the Territory of Arkansas, into the lead-mine region of Missouri. Their general direction is nearly similar to that of the Alleghany range. They give rise to the White, St. Francis, Gasconade, Osage, and other rivers. Their general altitude is supposed to be- about 3,000 feet above the sea. No scientific examination of them has as yet been made. They are like- wise denominated the Masserne Mountains by some writers, from Mount Cerne, one of their peaks. The territory of the United States is washed by three seas, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The principal Bays and Sounds on the Atlantic border are, Passama- quoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the British prov- ince of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, on the coast of Massachusetts ; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut ; Delaware Bay, between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, which separates New Jersey from Delaware ; Chesa- peake Bay, which communicates with the Ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, and extends in a northern direction for 200 miles through the States of Virginia and Maryland ; and Albemarle and Pamlico sounds, on the coast of North Carolina. In the GuJf of Mexico, the principal bays are Chatham Bay, near the southern extremity of the Peninsula of Florida ; Appalachie Bay, into which the Ocklockny and St. Mark's rivers discharge their waters ; and Mobile Bay, in Alabama. in the Pacific — the Gulf of Georgia is the most important inlet on the western coast of the United States : it separates Quadra and Vancouver's Island from the main land, and is about 120 miles in length from north to south, and from 5 to 20 miles in width. The Great Lakes form an important feature in the Geography of the Western Continent. These mighty inland seas have no parallel in any other part of the world. The vast assemblage of waters, the immense basin in which they are embodied, the great arteries which supply them, and the rapid increase of population on their shores, together with their relative position between two powerful nations, render them objects of peculiar interest. They present a continuous water-course of upwards of 2,000 miles, and find their way to the Ocean by the river and bay of St. Lawrence. The rapid advance of population on both the American and British sides, has caused the bosoms of these remote waters to be whitened by the sails of commerce. The smoke of numerous steam-vessels is seen ascending amid their green islands ; and the day is not far distant when the shores of most of them will count hundreds of populous towns, the abode of an intelligent and busy population. Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water known, is, in common 180 GENERAL VIEW OF with Huron and Michigan, remarkable for its great depth, and the peculiar transparency of its waters — a circumstance noticed from the earliest period since they have been known to civilized man. They are as much affected by storms as the Ocean, the waves run as high, and are equally dangerous to navigators. They all abound in many kinds of fine fish, of which the white frsh is the most valuable, having latterly become an article of com- merce to a considerable amount. Lake Superior is estimated at 480 miles in length, 190 in the widest part, and about 1,700 in circumference. It is 900 feet deep, and the surface of its waters is elevated 641 feet above the level of the Ocean. It embosoms a considerable number of islands, of which Isle Roy ale, Phillippeau, and Michippicotten, are the principal. It receives many rivers, none of -which, however, are of much magnitude. The shores, particularly on the northern side, are walled with frowning and lofty precipices of granite rock. The Pictured Rocks, on the south side, so called from their picturesque appearance, are a remarkable natural curiosity. They form a perpendicular wall extending near 12 miles, and are 300 feet high, presenting a great variety of romantic projections and indentations. The waters of Lake Superior unite with those of Huron by the river or strait of St. Mary, about 30 miles in length, with a fall of 23 feet between the two lakes, which prevents communication, except in small boats and canoes. Lakes Huron and Michigan have a common level of 618 feet above the Atlantic, and, with Lake Superior, exhibit the unique spectacle of vast masses of water elevated more than 600 feet above the Ocean, while the bottom of their beds are 300 below it. Lake Huron is divided into two portions by the Manitouline chain of islands, in connexion with the peninsula of Cabot's Head. The eastern part is Lake Manitouline, containing a surface of about 7,500 square miles. Huron proper is 265 miles in length, and from 60 to 70 in width, having a superficies of about 20,000 square miles. Lake Michigan is wholly within the territory of the United States, and is connected with Huron by the Strait df Michillimackinac. Mackinaw, an island in this strait, is a place of considerable trade, has a custom- house, and is a port of entry. This lake is about 320 miles in length, and from 55 to 60 miles wide, with an area of 16,200. Many rivers flow into it, of which but few are navigable to any extent. The country around the head of this lake is settling rapidly : many new counties have been organ- ized on its eastern shores, and the mildness of the climate, the excellence of the soil, and the probable speedy junction of its waters with those of the Mississippi, will shortly fill this portion of the West with population and wealth. By the St. Clair river, of 35 miles course, the waters of Huron rapidly descend to the St. Clair, a shallow lake of about 90 miles in cir- cuit. Detroit river connects lakes St. Clair and Erie. This lake is 270 miles in length, and from 30 to 60 wide ; its depth of water varying from 1 to 200 feet, and its elevation above the Ocean 565 feet, with an area of 9,500 sq. miles. The commerce of this lake is already estimated at about 40,000 tons annually, and is rapidly increasing. Its position is highly favorable to its becoming the centre of a vast inland navigation. To the already completed channels of commercial connexion, others will be added that will eventually swell its trade to an immense amount. By the Niagara river the whole surplus waters of the upper lakes are precipitated over the Falls of Niagara, the mightiest cataract in the world. THE UNITED STATES. 181 and one of the most sublime and magnificent of Nature's works. By Goat Island, the water is divided into two portions : the greatest mass descends on the Canadian side, and is 154 feet in perpendicular depth ; on the Amer- ican side of the river, the amount of water is much less, but the depth is greater, being 160 feet. The noise of these falls is frequently heard 50 miles distant, and the cloud of vapor thrown up is often seen 70 miles. The descent from Lake Erie to Ontario is 329 feet. The river is in length about 37 miles, and enters Lake Ontario on its southern shore, near its western extremity. This lake is about 190 miles in length, by an average width of 40 : it is in circuit 600 miles, 500 feet in depth, and is elevated above tide- water at Albany 231. Its navigation is extensive, and rapidly increasing. The shores are generally rather low, and in some places marshy. It dlocHarges its surplus waters into the St. Lawrence river, which is broad, and rendered unnavigable in its upper course by islands and rapids. In consequence of this, most of the commerce of the lake finds its way to New York. The remaining lakes of any magnitude in the United States are Cham- plain in New York, Winnipiseogee in New Hampshire, and Moose Head in Maine. Lake Champlain separates the States of New York and Vermont, and is in extent 140 miles nearly north and south. It is generally narrow and deep, and from half a mile to 12 miles wide. It is connected with the Hudson river by the Champlain canal, and with the St. Lawrence river by the Sorelle, or Richelieu. Large and elegant steam-boats ply daily between Whitehall and St. John's, Lower Canada, which touch at the principal places, and numerous travellers are constantly passing and repassing this route. During the season of navigation, the lake freezes deep for several months, and is usually travelled with land vehicles from December to March. Lake Winnipiseogee is one of the most picturesque sheets of water in New England. It is very irregular in form, and contains a number of islands, some of which are .cultivated. A steam-boat plies between the northern and southern extremities, in connexion with a line of stages that run from Boston to Lancaster. The lake is about 22 miles long, and from 1 to 8 miles wide. Moose Head Lake is situated in the central parts of Maine. It is of an irregular form, about 38 miles in length, and from 2 to 12 wide. The country in its vicinity is but thinly inhabited. The main branch of Ken- nebeck river flows from it. Around it, at various distances, are situated some of the highest mountains in ?4aine. The Rivers which water the territory of the United States are numer- ous, and some of them among the most important in the world. No por- tion of the globe possesses greater facilities for inland navigation and trade, or is more generally intersected with large and navigable streams. They may be divided into four great classes : 1st. The streams which rise on the east side of the Alleghany mountains, and flow into the Atlantic Ocean ; 2d. Those south of the Alleghany range, ichich discharge them- selves into the Gulf of Mexico ; 3d. The Mississippi and its wide tribu- taries, which drain the waters of the vast valley included between the Rocky and Alleghany ranges ; and 4th. The rivers which, rising on the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, direct their course to the Pa- cific Ocean, 182 GENERAL VIEW OF The Penobscot is the largest river that has its course wholly in the State of Maine. Its western, or principal branch, rises in the western part of the State, in the table-land which forms part of the boundary between the United States and Canada. It flows through Chesuncook and Bamedump- kok lakes, and unites with the east branch about 50 miles from Bangor. It joins the Penobscot Bay between the towns of Penobscot and Prospect. It is navigable for vessels of considerable burden to Bangor, where naviga- tion and the tide terminate. Large quantities of timber are exported from the sea-ports on the river and bay. The course of this river is near 300 miles. Kemieheck River is, next to the Penobscot, the largest in Maine. It is the outlet of Moose Head lake, the most considerable in the State. The soil on its banks is fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and pasturage. It is navigable for vessels of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 miles from the sea. Its whole course is about 230 miles. Connecticut River, the most important stream in New England, rises in the highlands separating the United States from Canada. In its course south it forms the boundary between the States of New Hampshire and Vermont, and passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, flows into Long Island Sound, after a course of upwards of 400 miles. It is navi- gable to Hartford for large steam-boats, and vessels of 8 feet draught ; also for small steam-boats to Wells river, in Vermont, more than 200 miles above Hartford. The head waters of this river are elevated 1,600 feet above Long Island Sound. Its banks present to the eye every variety of scenery ; — magnificent mountains and hills, delightful valleys and meadows, unsurpassed in beauty and fertility, and many of the most beautiful towns and villages in New England. The Hudson River rises west of Lake Champlain in numerous branches, and pursuing nearly a straight southerly course of about 320 miles, unites with the Atlantic below the city of New York. This is one of the most important rivers in the United States. The navigation and commerce on its waters are very great, and annually increasing. By means of the Erie and Champlain canals, it is connected with Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence river. It is navigable for ships of large burden to Hudson city, and for the largest steam-boats to Albany and Troy. Delaware River rises in New York, and flowing south, separates Penn- sylvania from New York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware bay, afl;er a course of about 310 miles, below New Castle. It is navigable for vessels of the greatest burden to Philadelphia, and for small craft to the head of the tide at Trenton, above which city it is navigable 100 miles for boats of 8 or 9 tons. Susquehannah River, one of the largest in Pennsylvania, is formed by its north and west branches, which unite at Northumberland. It thence flows S. and SE. into the head of Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland. It is 1^ miles wide at its mouth, but is navigable only aWit 5 miles for sloops.* Canals are in progress for the improvement of its navigation. Its north, or longest branch, rises in Otsego lake, New York, from whence to its mouth is about 460 miles. The Potomac River rises in two branches in the Alleghany Mountains, and forms, during its course to Chesapeake Bay, the boundary between Virginia and Maryland. It is 7^ miles wide at its mouth, and is naviga- THE UNITED STATES. 183 ble for vessels of large burthen to Washington city. Its junction at Har- per's Ferry with the Shenandoah, is regarded as a great curiosity. Its length is about 335 miles. Jam£s River is formed by the union of Jackson and Cowpasture rivers, below the junction of which it is first known as James river. It pursues I a course of upwards of 400 miles, and unites with the south part of Ches- 1 apeake Bay at Hampton Roads. It is navigable for sloops to Richmond, where the Great Falls formerly presented an obstruction, but a canal has been made around them, and the river is now navigable for batteaux 230 miles above the city. Savannah River is formed by the union of the Tugeloo and Keowee rivers. It separates South Carolina from Georgia, and enters the Atlantic 17 miles below Savannah, to which city it is navigable for vessels of large burden. Steam-boats ascend the river to Augusta, above which place are falls. Beyond these, navigation for boats extends to the junction of Tage- loo and Keowee. Appalachicola, which discharges itself into the bay of the same name, is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the former of Avhich rises in the north part of Georgia, and, flowing south, receives Flint river at the south-west extremity of Georgia. This river is naviga- ted to Columbus by steam-boats. From Miller's bend, it forms the bounda- ry between Georgia and Alabama. In its lower course, it is for a few miles the boundary between the former State and Florida. On its head- waters are numerous gold-mines. The Appalachicola and Chattahoochee united, are about 425 miles in length. The Mobile River is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tom- beckbee rivers, 40 miles above Mobile. After a course of a few miles, it separates into two branches, the western of which retains the name of the Mobile, and the eastern, which is. the largest and deepest, is called the Tensaw. Both' flow into Mobile bay, between Mobile and Biakely. The head- waters of the Alabama rise in the gold -region of Georgia, not far from the sources of the Chattahoochee, and after a south-west course of near 500 miles, form a junction with the Tombeckbee. Steam-boats ascend to Montgomery, a distance, by the meanders of the rivers, of near 300 miles. The Mississippi is the largest river of North America, and ought to be considered the noblest in the world — watering a more fertile region, and having a larger course of uninterrupted navigation, than any other known stream. Its course — taken in connexion with its mighty auxiliary, the Missouri — is estimated at 4,490 miles in length. The space drained by its waters is supposed to exceed 1,300,000 square miles, being upwards of two-thirds of the whole territory of the United States, or about one twenty- eighth part of the terraqueous surface of the globe. In no portion of the worM has the triumph of art over the obstacles of nature been so complete. The introduction of steam-navigation has been productive of immense ad- vantages, and has been carried to a greater extent than on any other river. From its commencement in 1811 to the present time, about 600 steam- vessels have been built and navigated on these waters. The present num- ber is about 300, with an aggregate of 50,000 tons. The boats vary in tonnage from 75 or 80 to 540 tons. Voyages that formerly occupied three months in ascendino; the stream, are now performed in ten days. The 184 GENERAL VIEW OF Mississippi proper rises west of Lake Superior, in a dreary and desolate region, amidst lakes and swamps, and, after pursuing a south-east course of about 600 miles, reaches the falls of St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, and where are 58 feet of rapids. Thence it flows a south-easterly, and then southerly direction ; and after forming the bound- ary between Missouri, Arkansas Territory, and Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, discharges its waters, through many mouths, into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3,000 miles long, and is navigable for steam-boats to the falls of St. An- thony. The following are the principal tributaries of the Mississippi from the west : The St. Peter^s, which joins it at Fort Snelling, about 10 miles below the falls of St. Anthony, is a stream of about 400 miles, flowing a south- east course. The Des Moines, a river of about 400 miles in length, enters the Mis- sissippi about 130 miles above the Missouri. The Missouri enters the Mississippi river about 18 miles above St. Louis, after a course of 3,217 miles. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the latter, it is much -the longer stream of the two ; but the Mississip- pi, having been first discovered and explored, has retained its name to the Gulf of Mexico. This error being now past remedy, the Missouri must be considered as a tributary of the Mississippi. It is formed of numerous branches, which rise among the Rocky Mountains, between the parallels of 42° and 48° N. Latitude. The most remote are the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. The only obstruction that occurs to its navigation is at the Gfeat Falls, a distance of 2,575 miles from the Mississippi. Here the river descends 362 feet in 18 miles : the descent is by four great pitches or cataracts, of 98, 19, 49, and 26 feet, respectively. The width of the river is about 350 yards, and the cataracts are considered to be, next to those of Niagara, the grandest in the world. About 100 miles above, is the place called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. This river was lately ascended by a steam-vessel 300 miles above the Yellow Stone, a distance from the mouth of the Mississippi of 3,460 miles. The largest trihutaries of the Missouri are, the Yellow Stone, of 1,100 miles in length, the Platte or Shallow river, of 1,600 miles course, and the Kanzas, of 1,200 miles in length. They all rise in the Rocky Mountains, and flow through a flat prairie country, inhabited^ by a widely scattered Indian population. The Arkansas is, after the Missouri, the most considerable tributary of the Mississippi from the west. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the vicinity of the sources of the Rio del Norte, Rio Colorado of California, and Levv^is' river. Its length of course is variously estimated, at from 2,000 to 2,500 miles. It flows in a SE. direction, and forms, for a considerable distance, the boundary between the United States and Mexico. After run- ning through Arkansas Territory from west to east, it enters the Mississip- pi river about 540 miles below the Missouri. Steam-boats can generally ascend this river to the mouth of the Canadian, its largest tributary, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, situated on Grand River, two miles from its junction with the Arkansas, and 640 from the Mississippi river. The iled River is the first tributary stream of any note which enters the Mississippi, in ascending from its mouth. It has a course of about THE UNITED STATES. 185 1,500 miles, and flows through immense prairies of a red soil. On its banks is the favorite range of the buffalo, and other game peculiar to the vast western ocean of prairies. About 30 leagues above Natchitoches commences the Raft, an immense accumulation of fallen trees and drift- wood, which blocks up the river for a distance of 60 or 70 miles. Exer- tions are making, by the General Government, for the removal of this obstruction, which is considered to be practicable ; and, when completed, will open a navigation of 1,000 miles into the interior.. The country above the Raft is considered to be uncommonly favorable for settlement : the soil is of the first quality, with a beautiful intermixture of prairie and timber- land. The principal frihutaries of the Mississippi which flow into it from the eastward are — Chippeway River ^ which, after a course of more than 200 miles, enters the Mississippi at the lower end of Lake Pepin. It is navigable for canoes 150 miles. On the Menomonie branch of this river, about 45 miles from the Mississippi, settlements are forming on a tract of 8 or 9 miillion acres of land belonging to the New York Mississippi Land Company. A town- ship of 6 miles square has been laid out, and the towns of Fairport and Bloomingport founded. Much of the land in the vicinity is of a good quali- ty, and the climate salubrious. The Oiiiscoiisin River joins the Mississippi about 4 or 5 miles below the town of Prairie du Chien. In part of its course it approaches so near the Fox River of Green Bay, as to leave a portage of only 1^ miles. It is one of the great natural channels of communication between the lake: and the ]\Iississippi. Though rapid in its current, it is unimpeded by dan gerous cataracts or shoals. The Illinois River enters the Mississippi 18 miles above the Missouri, after a course of more than 400 miles. It is near a quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, and has a remarkably smooth, gentle current. It is ascended by steam-boats 200 miles, and small boats have frequently passed, especial- ly in wet seasons, from the Des Plaines, one of its branches, to the Chica- go river, and thence into Lake Michigan ! A canal is about to be com- menced for the purpose of connecting this river with the waters of Lake Michigan. The Ohio River is the largest eastern tributary of the Mississippi. At its junction, and for 100 miles above, it is as large as the parent stream. This river, from its commencement, affords the most delightful prospects. Tributaries of romantic and beautiful character come in almost at equal distances, as lateral canals. Its bottoms are of extraordinary depth and fertility. It is diversified with 100 considerable islands, many of them of exquisite beauty, and affording the most lovely situations for retired farms. The Ohio is formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separa- ting the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi 193 miles below the Missouri. Its current "is gentle, and is nowhere broken by any considerable" falls, exce])t at Louis- ville, in Kentucky, where the water descends 22^ feet in 2 miles. This obstruction is now obviated by the Louisville and Portland canal, which affords a passage to steam-boats of small draft, at all seasons, to the upper parts of the river at Pittsburg. The Ohio is 600 yards wide at Cincinnati, — _ «. 186 GENERAL VIEW OF and below the Cumberland it averages 1,000 yards. It is subject to extreme depressions and elevations : the average range between high and low water is about 50 feet — its lowest stage is in September, and its highest in March. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wahash, a fine navigable river, which rises in the north-east part of Indiana, a short distance from the Maumee, with which it will shortly be united by a canal. During the last half of its course, this river forms the boundary between the States of Indiana and Illinois, and joins the Ohio about 80 miles above the Cumber- land. It is in length about 450 miles. The Cumberland River rises in the mountains, on thg eastern boundary of Kentucky, and flowing into .Tennessee, makes a large circular bend, passes again into Kentucky, and joins the Ohio, after a course of 440 miles. At high water, it is navigable for boats almost to its source, and for steam- boats to Nashville at all seasons. Tennessee River is formed by the union of several large branches, which rising in the mountainous country in western Virginia and North Carolina, unite in one in the vicinity of Knoxville. Thence it takes a south-west direction into Alabama ; then pursues a westerly direction for 140 miles ; then, turning to the north, crosses again the State of Tennessee, and part of Kentucky, and enters the Ohio 46 miles above the Mississippi, and 12 below the Cumberland. Its entire course from the source of its longest branch, is 850 miles distant from the Ohio. It is navigable for steam-boats, in most stages of the water, to Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals. This is the most important of all the tributaries of the Ohio. The Yazoo is the most southern of the principal eastern tributaries of the Mississippi. It rises in the north part of the State of Mississippi, a short distance south of the northern boundary, and flowing a south-west course of 240 miles, discharges its waters into the Mississippi about 20 miles above the Walnut Hills. Several towns have been lately settled on this river, of which Manchester is one of the most flourishing. Steam- boats navigate the river to this place. The most considerable river on the Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains is the Columbia, or Oregon. The extremities of the head-waters of this great stream extend from 40° to 53° N. Latitude. Its largest branch is Lewis' river. Its head-waters interlock with the Arkansas, Rio del Norte, and others. It is about 1,000 miles in length, and joins the main river 413 miles from the sea, making the whole course of the Columbia upwards of 1,400 miles. The other branches are Clark's or Flat Head river, 700 miles in length, McGillivray's, Okinagan, and the Wallamat or Multnomah. Fort George or Astoria, Fort Vancouver, and others, on these waters, are trading establishments belonging to the British Hudson's Bay Company. Vessels of 300 tons may ascend the Columbia to the mouth of the Walla- mat, 125 miles; and large sloops may go up to the head of tide, 183 miles from the Ocean. The Caledonia River flows from a considerable lake of the same name, which is situated some distance west of the Rocky Mountains, and after a southern course of 380 miles, discharges its waters into the Gulf of Georgia. Frazer's River, or the Tacoutche Tesse, is composed of two branches, which unite about 125 miles from ;he sea. Both branches rise in the Rocky THE UNITED STATES. 187 Mountain range, and after a southern course of 540 miles, flow into Howe's Sound, a tributary of the Gulf of Georgia. On its head-waters are Fort Alexander, and several other trading ports of the Hudson's Bay Company. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. The Atlantic region of the United States contains every variety of soil^ from the best to the poorest. In the eastern States, much of the soil is fertile, but a great proportion of it is rocky and of difficult cultivation, and is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. West of the Allegheny Mountains, in the valleys of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio, there are vast tracts of land uncommonly rich and fertile, producing, with a small amount of exertion, after the first labors of clearing the soil, every produc- tion that can add to the comfort and enjoyment of man. In the southern parts of the country, are found many tracts of sandy and sterile soil, which are, however, interspersed with a great deal of rich alluvial land, on which are raised some of the most valuable commodities of the Union. The productions of the United States consist of almost every variety in the world. Grain of all kinds, with all the fruits of the temperate, and many of those of the torrid zone, and most of the staple commodities of trade and commerce, are produced in great abundance. In a region so widely extended, almost every variation of temperature experienced by man is felt. In the northern and middle States, the extremes of heat and cold are great, but the climate is healthy. In the south-eastern and southern parts, along the Atlantic sea-board and the Gulf of Mexico, the climate, during some of the summer months, is occasionally unhealthy ; the residue of the year is, however, mild, pleasant, and salubrious. In the States situated west of the Alleghany Mountains, the climate is considered generally more temperate than on the same parallels of latitude eastward of them. MINERALS. Minerals abound in the United States in great variety and profusion. Iron is very .generally diffused, and is very abundant. Lead, limestone, and coal both of the anthracite and bituminous kind, abound in quantities supposed to be inexhaustible, especially of the former description. Gold has recently been found to a considerable amount in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. The most valuable mines are in North Carolina and Georgia. The lead-mines of Missouri and the northern parts of Illinois, are said to be the richest in quality in the w^orld ; and the quantity of that metal extracted from the ore, within the last few years, has been so great as to exclude almost entirely the foreign article from our markets. Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union, and large quantities are manufactured in New York, Western Pennsylvania, Western Virginia, Ohio, and Illinois. INDIANS. The whole number of Aborigines existing at present within the territo- rial jurisdiction of the United States, is estimated at about 313,000, of whom about 100,000 reside west of the Rocky Mountains, and the residue east of that region. The most humane exertions have constantly been in operation, on the part of the General Government, to preserve the race from extinction, by severe provisions to prevent their obtaining ardent spirits, and by unwearied efforts to train them to the arts and agriculture. 188 GENERAL VIEW OF and to impart to them the blessings of education and Christianity. Under the system adopted by the Government, 140 agents and sub-agents, inter- preters and mechanics, are employed, among the different Indian tribes, to carry these purposes into effect ; and the President is authorized to cause the stores of the licensed traders to be searched, and if ardent spirits are found among the articles for sale, the whole goods are forfeited to the Government. The whole number o^ Indian schools established among them, partly by charitable associations of the different religious denominations, and partly by pecuniary aid from the Government, is 53. The sum of $10,000 is annually bestowed by the Government for the maintenance of these schools. The whole number of Indian children receiving instruction in 1833 was 1,835, exclusive of 113 scholars at the Choctaw academy in Kentucky, the expense of whose education is derived from funds set apart by the Indians themselves, under treaty stipulations for this specific object. AGRICULTURE. Nearly one-fifth of all the inhabitants of the United States are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The annual cotton crop is estimated at from 300 to 350 millions of pounds. The flour and meal actually inspected at eleven different places in 1830, amounted to 3,117,125 barrels of wheat flour, 37,399 of rye flour, 17,337 hogsheads and 56,490 barrels of corn meal. The eastern States are mostly devoted to grazing and the dairy, the middle and western to the production of various kinds of grain, the southern to raising rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton, &c. MANUFACTURES. The manufactures of the United States are considerable, and gradually increasing. The eastern and middle States, which are most abundantly supplied with water-power, are most extensively engaged in manufactures, especially of cotton, woollen, iron, glass, paper, wood, &c. In 1810, the value of manufactures in the United States was estimated at $172,762,676. The present annua] value is computed at $500,000,000 ; and the capital invested in all the manufactories of the Union is estimated at more than $1000 millions. Most of the American manufactures are designed for home consumption; yet, in 1831 domestic manufactures were exported to the amount of $7,147,364. COMMERCE. The commerce of the United States is, next to that of Great Britain, the largest in the world. It consists principally in the exchange of agricultural produce, for the manufactures of other countries, and the productions of tropical climates. On the 31st of December, 1832, the tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States amounted to 1,384,386 tons, of which 972,282 tons were American, being an increase over that of the preceding year of 179,486 tons. The value of the exports of the year 1833, ending on the 30th of September, is estimated at $90,663,403, of which $70,642,030 were of domestic, and $20,021,373 of foreign articles; showing an increase in the exports of domestic produce of $7,504,560 over the exports of the same character for the year ending 30th September, 1832, and a diminution in foreign articles of $4,018,100. The value of the imports for the year 1833^ is estimated at $109,000,000, being an increase over the imports of the previous year of $8,000,000, of which THE UNITED STATES. 189 $34,000,000 were in articles free from duty. The most important article of export is cotton, of which there were sent to Europe in 1830, 838,716 bales, valued at $25,289,492. Of flour, there were exported, in 1831, 1,805,205 barrels; of rye flour, 19,049 barrels; of corn meal in barrels, 204,206 ; of wheat, 405,384 bushels ; and of corn, 566,761 bushels. The other principal staples of commerce are rice, tobacco, lumber, pot and pearl ashes, &c. The whole amount of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage, including fishing vessels, in the United States, in 1830, was 1,191,776 tons, of which 38,911 were engaged in the whale-fishery; and the amount of tonnage built was upwards of 58,000 tons. The number of seamen in the United States is supposed to be about 50,000, exclusive of the Navy, and those engaged in internal navigation. The greatest export trade is from New Orleans, and the greatest import into New York. A great proportion of the shipping of the United States is owned in New England and New York. FISHERIES. Most of the fisheries are carried on from the New England States, and in New England ships. The cod-fishery is the most important, that of the whale next. The annual value of fish exported is $1,889,472. The whole amount of tonnage engaged in the fisheries, in 1831, was 98,322 tons. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. As there is at present no direct taxation by the General Government, the revenue is chiefly derived from duties on imports, the sales of public lands, bank-stock, post-offices, lead-mines, &c. The revenue on imports is by far the largest. The receipts into the national treasury for the first three quarters of the year 1833, are estimated at $24,355,317 95 cts., derived from the following sources, viz : customs, $21,256,089 77 cts. ; public lands, $2,219,957 35 cts. ; dividends on bank-stock, $474,985 00 ; sales of United States' bank- stock, $91,000 00 ; third instalment under the convention with Denmark, $221,315 17 cts. ; incidental receipts, $91,970 66 cts. The receipts of the fourth quarter are estimated at $7,675,000, making the total estimated receipts $32,030,317 95 cts. The expenditures for the first three quarters of the same year are estimated at $18,248,388 15 cts., viz: civil fist, foreign intercourse,. &c., $4,951,462 84 cts. ; military service, including fortifications, ordnance, Indian affairs, pensions, arming the militia, and internal improvements, $9,950,349 29cts.; naval service, including the gradual improvement of the navy, $3,076,051 39 cts. ; and public debt, $270,524 63 cts. The expenditures for the fourth quarter, including $2,301,716 36 cts. on account of the public debt, are estimated, on data furnished by the respective departments, at $6,409,916 45 cts., making the total estimated expenditures for the year 1833, $24,383,790 90 cts. The public debt, on the 1st January, 1834, amounted to $4,722,260 29 cts., and will be finally liquidated during the present year. The receipts for the present year, (1834,) from all sources, are estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury at 18| millions of dollars, viz ; customs, 15 millions; public lands, 3 millions ; bank dividends and miscellaneous receipts, ^ million ; balance in the treasury January 1st, 1834, $7,983,790 90 cts. — making all together an estimated revenue for the year, of $26,483,790 90 cts. The expenditures for the same year are estimated at $23,501,994 85 cts., includ- 190 GENERAL VIEW OF ing the sum of $4,722,200 29cts., to be applied to the final payment of the national debt. PUBLIC DEBT. The debt of the United States consists of sums borrowed during the revolutionary war, and at various subsequent periods. The debt due by the Government at the close of the war in 1783, was 842,000,375 — but no proper provision being made for the payment of the interest, and the public revenue often falling short of the expenditui-e, the debt continued to increase, and in 1790 it amounted to $79,124,464. Various measures were taken for hs liquidation, but with little effect, till 1805. From that period, a gradual reduction took place, till it was stopped by the war with Great Britain in 1812. In 1812, the amount of the public debt was $45,035,123 ; but, in consequence of the loans made during the war, it amounted in 1816 to $123,016,375. Since that period, such progress has been made in its redemption, that on the 1st of January, 1834, it v/as reduced to $4,722,260 29cts., and will be finally paid ofT during the present year. Amount of the public debt of the United States at different periods. Years. Dolls. Cts. Years. Dolls. Cts. 1783 42,000,375 00 1830 48,565,406 50 1790 79,124,464 46 1831 39,082,690 62 1800 81,633,324 74 1832 24,322,235 18 1810 53,156,532 64 1833 7,001,698 83 1820 91,015,556 15 1834 4,722,260 29 ARMY. A standing army is necessarily an object of jealousy in a republican State ; and as the United States has no formidable enemy in its vicinity, and the people, at the same time, being extremely studious of economy in all branches of the Government, their military force has always been kept on a low scale. By an act of Congress of 1815, the strength of the regular army was fixed at 9,980 men. In 1821, it was reduced to 6,442, and on the 23d November, 1833, it amounted (all grades included) to 6,412 men. The army of the United States, in its equipment and discipline, is consider- ed to be very effective. Its organization is as follows : General Staff, Medi- cal Staff, Pay Department, Purchasing Department, Corps of Engineers, Topographical Engineers, and Ordnance Department, 303 ; 1 regiment of dragoons, 393 ; 4 regiments of artillery, 1,788 ; 7 regiments of infantry, 3,255 ; recruits and unattached soldiers, 673 : total, 6,412. Of the above, 2,685 are distributed in 29 forts and garrisons, in the eastern military district, under the command of Brevet Major General Scott ; and 2,776 distributed in 17 forts and garrisons, in the western military district, under the command of Brevet Major General Gaines. The eastern military district comprises all east of a line drawn from the north-western extremity of Lake Superior to the southernmost point of Florida, including Fort Winnebago, and the western district all west of such line, including the whole of Kentucky and Tennessee. The militia, which constitutes the principal military force of the United States, consists of all the males between the ages of 18 and 45, and, according to returns made since 1832, amounts to 1,316,615 men. When the militia are called into the field, they have the same pay and allowances as the regular army, but arc bound THE UNITED STATES. 191 only to serve 6 months. The expenditures for the military service for the year 1833, including fortifications, ordnance, Indian affairs, pensions, arm- ing militia, and internal improvements, was f 9,950,349 29 cts., and the estimate of the same for the year 1834, is $8,654,942 25 cts. The military affairs of the United States are under the superintendence of the Secretary of War. The War Department was created by act of Congress of August 7th, 1789, and for several years the control of both the land and sea service was vested in its presiding officer. On the 30th of April, 1798, however, a separation took place, and a Navy Department was established. The War Department has the superintendence of the erection of fortifications, of making topographical surveys, of surveying and leasing the national lead-mines, and of the intercourse with Indian tribes ; also, everything connected with the organization, equipment, subsistence, and pay of the army, pensions, bounty lands, arming the militia, &c. &c. The Secretary of War is by usage a member of the cabinet, and holds his office at the will of the President. NAVY. The navy of the United States, though small in point of numbers, is perhaps the best organized, and the most effective in the world. The unexpected and astonishing success of their frigates, in combats with British vessels of the same class, during the late war, established at once the repu- tation of the American navy for skill and prowess in the eyes of Europe ; and the United States, with a very few ships, already rank high as a naval power. From 1816 to 1821, one million of dollars was expended annually in building vessels of war — since 1821, the sum appropriated has been reduced one half. On the 30th November, 1833, the amount of the Amer- ican navy was as follows: 39 vessels afloat, and 12 on the stocks. Of the vessels afloat, 21 were in commission, and 18 in ordinary; of those afloat, 7 are of the line, 9 frigates, 15 sloops of war, 7 schooners, and 1 galliot. Those on the stocks consist of 5 ships of the line and 7 frigates. The expenditure for the naval service in 1833, including the gmdual increase of the navy, amounted to 83,076,051 39 cts., and the estimated expense of the same for 1834, is $4,051,073 19 cts. The number of persons of all grades required for the naval service of the United States for 1834, is estimated at 5,993. For the construction and repair of vessels belonging to the navy, there are navy-yards established at the following places, viz : Portsmouth, N. H., Charlestown, Mass., New York, Philadel- phia, Washington City, Gosport, near Norfolk, Va., and at Pensacola, F. T. At all these yards, with the exception of that at Pensacola, there are ves- sels on the stocks, most of which are in a state of great forwardness, and could be launched at a short notice. Two dry docks, of sufficient capacity for the largest vessels, have lately been completed, one at Gosport, Va., and the other at Charlestown, Mass. They are constructed of hewn granite, of unrivalled masonry. The latter is 341 feet in length, 80 in width, and 30 in depth, and cost $652,482. The Constitution was floated into that at Charlestown on the 24th June, 1833, and the North Carolina 74 into that at Gosport on the 27th August following. The dock at Gosport cost $872,220. There are, also, at the different navy-yards, materials collect- od for the construction of 4 ships of the line, 7 frigates, and 4 sloops of war. The general superintendence of the naval affairs of the United States is 192 GENERAL VIEW OF confided to the Secretary of the Navy. This branch of the pubhc business was, previous to the 39th April, 1798, under the direction of the Secretary of War. By an act of Congress of that date, the office of Secretary of the Navy was created. A Board of Navy Commissioners was instituted by act of February 7th, 1815, to aid him in the discharge of his duties. It consists of three officers of the navy, in rank not below that of a Post Captain. They discharge all the duties relative to the procurement of naval stores and materials, and the construction, armament, equipment, and employment of vessels of war, as well as other matters connected with the naval establishment of the United States. They appoint their own Secretary, and their records are, at all times, subject to the inspection of the President of the United States, and the Secretary of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy is, by usage, a member of the cabinet, and holds his office at the will of the President. GOVERNMENT. The United States form ?i federal republic. Each of the States is inde- pendent, and has the exclusive control of all concerns merely local ; but the defence of the country, the regulation of commerce, and all the general concerns of the confederacy, are committed, by the Constitution, to a Gene- ral Government. The legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each State, chosen every two years, for a period of six years, so that one-third of the Senate is renewed biennially. The number of Senators is at present 42. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen every two years, each State being entitled to a number proportionate to its population, in a ratio, in the States which do not admit of slavery, of one to every 47,700 inhabitants ; and in the States where there are slaves, of one for every 47,700 of the free white population, and one for every 79,500 of the slaves. The number of Representatives are now 240. The judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one chief and six associate judges ; of 31 District Courts, of one judge each, except that six of the States are divided into two districts each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the judge of the district, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court. The executive power is vested in a President, who, together with the Vice-President, is chosen for four years, by electors from all the States. The principal subordinate officers of the executive department are the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, and of the Navy, the Post- master General, and the Attorney General. The President must be a native-born citizen, or have been a citizen at the adoption of the Constitu- tion, of 35 years of age, and have resided in the United States 14 years. The present Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, and has since been amended. It secures to the people the grand principles of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. STATE GOVERNMENTS. To the State Governments is committed that branch of legislation which relates to the regulation of local concerns. These bodies make and alter the laws which regard property and private rights, appoint judges and civil THE UNITED STATES. 193 officers, impose taxes for State purposes, and exercise all other rights and powers not vested in the Federal Government by positive enactment. They are, in their composition, very similar to the Federal Government. The legislature consists always of two branches, both of which are returned by the same electors ; and these electors may be said to comprise the whole adult white population, the usual qualifications being citizenship, with one or two years' residence, and payment of taxes. The only exceptions are the following : in Vermont, the legislature consists of a House of Repre- sentatives only ; in North Carolina, representatives are chosen by the whole resident free citizens M'ho pay taxes, but senators only by freeholders ; in New Jersey and Virginia, the right of suffrage for both houses is limited to persons holding a small amount of landed property ; in Maryland, the senators are chosen by delegates named for the purpose by the people. In all the States, the period for which the representatives serve is either one or two years. The elections arc biennial in Delaware, South Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana, Illinois, and Missouri, and annual in the other 18 States. The shortest period for which the senators serve, in any State, is one year, and the longest five. In Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Georgia, the senators hold their ofRce for one year only ; in Ohio and Tennessee, for two years ; in Mississippi, Alabama, and Indiana, for three years ; in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, Louis- iana, Illinois, and Missouri, for four years ; and in Maryland, for five years. Except in Maryland, when the Senate of any State serves for more than one year, it is renewed by parts or divisions, one-third of the members going out annually when they serve for three years, and one-fourth when they serve for four. In some cases, however, when the senators serve for four years, the renewal is by halves every two years. EDUCATION. The United States are more distinguished for the general diffusion of knowledge, than for eminence in literature or science. The means of com- mon education are widely extended, and there are numerous seminaries of learning throughout the country, though there are no literary establishments on so large a scale as many in Europe. As a General Government, the United States fiave done but little for the interests of public instruction, except that they reserve for this purpose one section in every township of their new lands, besides other reservations for colleges. This highly important subject has, perhaps, been better attended to, by being left to the individual States and to private citizens. The first settlers of New England paid a very laudable attention to this impoKtant subject. As early as 1628, a law was passed for the instruction of every child in the colonies ; and in 1647, a school was estabhshed by law in every town or neighborhood of 50 families, and a school for the higher branches, for every 100 families. There are in the United States 66 colleges, the number of whose alumni, previous to 1831, was 22,653, of which about one-fourth were graduates of Harvard university, and nearly the same number of Yale college. The whole number of instructors, at the same time, was about 450 : volumes in college libraries, 190,056, and in the students' library societies, 87,190. Thirty-nine of the colleges have risen during the present century, though 194 GENERAL VIEW OF many of the foundations now entitled colleges were respectable academies before the change of their names, with which change, in some cases, there has been no corresponding change of studies. From the latest informa- tion, it appears there were, exclusive of the West Point military academy, about 6,000 young men in the Union receiving a classical education. Besides the colleges, there are 27 theological seminaries, the number of whose graduates amount to nearly 1,900. There are, also, 5 Roman Catholic seminaries, besides 18 medical, and 9 la2v schools. Most of the States of the Union have made some legislative provision for common school instruction, and in some States, (especially in Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia,) large funds are set apart for this purpose. Private schools and academies of the higher order are quite numerous, especially in New England ; so that few grow up without enjoying the means of elementary instruction, or, if they desire it, of a more extended liberal education. In the Sabbath-schools of the United States, which are doing much for the intellectual as well as moral improve- ment of the young, about 600,000 children are weekly instructed by more than 80,000 teachers. RELIGION. There is no established church in the United States, religion being left to the voluntary choice of the people. No sect is favored by the laws beyond another ; it being an essential principle in the national and State iTovernments, that legislation may of right interfere in the concerns of public worship only so far as to protect every individual in the unmolested exercise of that of his choice. Nor is any legislative provision made for the support of religion, except that, in Massachusetts, the legislature is enjoined to require, and in New Hampshire is empowered to authorize, the several towns and parishes to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support of Protestant ministers. The same was the case in Connecticut, until 1818, when it was abolished by the new constitution. But in all the other twenty-two States, the support of religion is left entirely to the voluntary zeal of its professors. The result has shown that Chris- tianity has a firm hold in the nature of man, and is rather injured than served by those costly establishments, which so often abridge free inquiry and liberty of conscience, engender fierce animosities among rival sects, perpetuate the errors and dogmas of unenlightened times, and degrade relio-ion into an engine of civil tyranny, or the ally of ignorance and imposture. In the large towns and populous places of New England and the middle States, religious instruction is more faithfully and abundantly dispensed, and religious ordinances are more strictly and universally ob- served, than in any other country in the world; and over the Union, generally, religion is respectably and honorably supported. In newly settled districts, where a small population is spread over a wide surface, the means of religious instruction are often deficient. The numbers of established churches, or congregations, are estimated at over 12,000, and the ministers at about 10,500. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists are the most numerous denominations. The Baptists are estimated as second in numerical amount, and the Methodists, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Universalists, Lutherans, Christians, German Reformed, and Friends, or Quakers, probably rank in point, of numbers in the order in which they are mentioned. Other sects, respectable in THE UNITED STATES. 195 amount of numbers, are Unitarians, Associate and other Methodists, Free- will Baptists, Dutch Reformed Menonites, Associate and Cumberland Presbyterians, Tunkers, and many others. In fact, almost all the sects of Christianity are represented in our country. In some of the States, certain modes of belief are required as qvalif ca- tions for office. In Massachusetts, Maryland, and North Carolina, the declaration of a belief in the Christian religion is required as a qualifica- tion. In New Jersey, no Protestant can be denied any civil right on account of his religious principles ; and in Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Tennes- see, the belief in a God and a future state of rewards and punishments, must be avowed by those who are candidates for office. In the other States, no religious test is required. Persons conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath., are everywhere permitted to substitute a solemn affirmation, and 'this is recognized by all the constitutions, except those of Virginia and North Carolina, and the charter of Rhode Island, a hiatus which is supplied in those States by law. Those who are conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, are everywhere allowed to pay an equivalent for personal service. In Tennessee, the legis- lature is enjoined to pass laws exempting citizens belonging to any sect or denomination of religion, the tenets of which are known to be opposed to the bearing of arms, from attending private and general m.usters. Minis- ters of the Gospel are not eligible, either as governors or legislators, in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Tennes- see, and Kentucky. In Missouri, the only civil office they can hold is that of justice of the peace ; while in New York, Delaware, and Louisiana, they are not eligible to any office whatever. POST-OFFICE. The first post in America was established in New York, in 1710, under the old colonial government. In 1789, the exclusive direction of posts was conferred by the constitution on Congress. At that period, there were but 75 post-offices in the United States, and on the 1st July, 1833, the number was 10,127. There is, perhaps, no instance in which the rapid growth of our country is so apparent, as in the increase of the post-office establish- ment. The following statement will exhibit the condition of the depart- ment at the periods respectively mentioned : — ^ Number of Offices. 17;J0 75 1795 453 1800 903 1805 1,558 1810 2,300 1815 3,000 1820 4,500 1825 5,677 18.30 8,450 1833 10,127 Total amount of postage. Total Expen- ditures. $ 37,935 160,620 280,804 421,373 551,684 1,043,065 1,111,927 1,306,525 1,919,300 2,616,538 8 32,140 117,893 213,994 377,367 495,969 748,121 1,160,926 1,229,043 1,959,109 2,808,673 Balance in favor *lep. $ 5,795 42,727 66,810 44,006 55,715 294,944 77,482 Balance I ajrainst dep.! Miles. 48,999 39,809 192,135 1,875 13,207 20,817 31,076 36,406 43,748 72,492 94,052 115,176 119,916 The annual transportation of the mail was, on the 1st July, 1833, 26,854,485 miles ; on the 1st July, 1829, it was 13,700,000 miles. The increase in 4 years being 13,154,485 miles, shovv^s that the annual trans- portation of the mail had nearly been doubled in the short period of four years. The increase of the annual amount of postages, within the same 196 GENERAL VIEW OF period, is $909,119, and the whole amount is double of what it was in 1825. The average expense of transporting the mail, in 1829, was eight cents and four-tenths of a cent per mile, and in 1833, 7 cents and fifty- seven hundredths of a cent per mile ; making a difference in the rate per mile, equal, for the whole service, to $222,892 22 cts. per year less, in proportion to the service performed, than the transportation in 1829, besides a considerable increase in expedition between the principal commercial cities, and a much greater proportion of the whole performed in stages. The Post-office Department is under the superintendence of the Post- master General. He has the sole appointment of all Postmasters through- out the United States, the making of all contracts for carrying the mail, and the direction of everything relating to the department. The revenue arising from the General Post-office has been generally expended upon the extension and improvement of the establishment, by which means the regular conveyance by mail of letters, pamphlets, newspapers, &c., has been extended to the inhabitants of every part of the Union, even to the remotest territorial settlements. RATES OF POSTAGE, Established hy act of Congress of 3d March, 1825, and the amendatory act of 2d March, 1827. ON A SINGLE LETTER COMPOSED OF ONE PIECE 6F PAPER. Miles. For any distance not exceeding 30 . . Over 30 miles, and not exceeding 80 . . , Over 80 do. and not exceeding' 150 . . , Over 150 do. and not exceeding 400 . . Over 400 do Cents. . 6 . 10 . 12^ . 181 . 25 A letter composed of two pieces of paper, is charged with douUe those rates ; of three pieces, with trij}le ; and of four pieces, with quadntple. One or more pieces of paper, mailed as a letter, and weighing one ounce, shall be charged with quadruple postage ; and at the same rate, should the weight be greater. NEWSPAPER POSTAGE. Cents. For each newspaper carried not over 100 miles ". 1 Over 100 miles U But if carried to any office in the State in which it is printed, whatever the distance may be, the rate is 1 PAMPHLET POSTAGE. Magazines, or Pamphlets, published periodically, not exceed- ing 100 miles H cents per sheet. Over 100 miles , 2| do. do. Pamphlets not published periodically, not exceeding 100 miles 4 do. do. Over 100 miles 6 do. do. Every printed pamphlet or magazine which contains more than twenty-four pages, on a roijal sheet, or any sheet of less dimensions, shall be charged by the sheet ; and small pamphlets, printed on a half or quarter sheet, of royal or less size, shall be charged with half the amount of postage charged on a full sheet. On every pamphlet or magazine to be sent by mail, the number of sheets which it contains must be printed or written on one of the outer pages ; and where the number is not truly stated, double postage is charged. Everything not coming under the denomination of newspapers or pamphlets, is charged with letter postage. Any per- ! son, other than the Postmaster General, or his authorized agents, who shall set up a foot or horse post, for the conveyance of letters and packets, upon any post-road, which I is, or may be establislied as such by law, shall incur a penalty of not exceeding fifty dollars, for every letter or packet so carried. THE UNITED STATES. 197 The postage on Ship Letters, if delivered at the office where the vessel arrives, is six cents ; if conveyed by post, two cents in addition to the ordinary postage. PRIVILEGE OP FRANKING. Letters and packets to and from the following x)fficers of the government, are by law received and conveyed by post free of postage : The President and Vice-President of the United States ; Secretaries of State, Trea- sury, War, and Navy ; Attorney General ; Postmaster General and Assistant Post- master General ; Comptrollers, Auditors, Register, and Solicitor of the Treasury ; Treasurer ; Commissioner of the General Land Office ; Commissioners of the Navy Board ; Commissary General ; Inspectors General ; Quartermaster General ; Paymaster General ; Superintendent of Pr.tent Office ; Speaker and Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives ; President and Secretary of the Senate ; and any individual who shall have been, or may hereafter be, President of the United States ; and each may receive news- papers by post, free of postage. Each member of the Senate, and each member and delegate of the House of Repre- sentatives, may send and receive, free of postage, newspapers, letters, and packets, weigliing not more than two ounces, (in case of excess of weight, excess alone to be paid for,) and all documents printed by order of either House, during, and sixty days before and after, each session of Congress. Postmasters may send and receive, free of postage, letters and packets not exceed- ing half an ounce in weight ; and they may receive one daily newspaper, each, or what is equivalent thereto. Printers of newspapers may send one paper to each and every other printer of news- papers within the United States, free of postage, under such regulations as the Post- master General may provide. VIOLATION OF FRANKING PRIVILEGE. Any person who shall frank any letter or letters, other than those written by himself or by his order, in the business of his office, shall, on conviction thereof, pay a fine of ten dollars — and it is made the especial duty of postmasters to prosecute for such offi:nce. The law provides, however, that the Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Navy, and Postmaster "General, may frank • letters or packets on official business, prepared in any other pubhc office in the absence of the principal thereof. If any person, having the right to receive letters free of postage, shall receive, inclosed to him, any letter or packet addressed to a person not having that right, it is his duty to return the same to the Post-office, marking thereon the place from whence it came, that it may be charged with postage.. Any person who shall counterfeit the hand-writing or frank of any person, or cause the same to be done, in order to avoid the payment of postage, shall, for each offence, pay five hundred dollars. No Postmaster or assistant Postmaster can act as agent for lottery-offices, or under any color of purchase or otherwise vend lottery tickets ; nor can any Postmaster receive free of postage, or frank any lottery schemes, circulars, or tickets. For a violation of this provision of tlie law, the persons offending shall suffer a penalty of fifty dollars. No Postmaster, or assistant Postmaster, or clerk employed in any Post-office, can be a contractor, or concerned in any contract for carrying the mail. PUBLIC LANDS. The unoccupied lands within the limits of the United States, and not owned by the individual States, by private persons, or by Indian tribes, vest in the General Government, and form the national domain, or pubhc lands of the United States. The property in these lands was acquired by various treaties of purchase and of cession. The title to the vast reo-jons west and north-west of the river Ohio, and to the west of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, was the subject of the first great political controversy, that divided the opinions of the people of the United States, after the declaration of Independence. The ancient charters of several of the States extended from ocean to ocean, or indefinitely to the west. They consequently crossed each other, and threw the same territory into the R2 198 GENERAL VIEW OF limits of several States. The controversies on this subject were, however, put at rest by several acts of cession, made by the States interested to the United States. New York set the example in 1781, Virginia followed in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785, jind Connecticut ceded her claim in 1786, retaining, however, a considerable district in Ohio, known by the name of the Western or Connecticut Reserve, which was finally ceded to the United States in 1800, and by the United States to Ohio. The foundation of the ample school fund of Connecticut was laid in the proceeds of this reserved tract. Out of this territory have been formed the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and the extensive territory now annexed to it. In 1787, South Carolina ceded her claims to the western lands, and was followed, in 1789, by North Carolina, who relinquished her claim to the territory now forming the State of Tennessee. The cession of Georgia alone was wanting for the amicable adjustment of this great controversy. This took place after a series of highly embarrassing transactions in 1802, wdien that State ceded to the General Government the region now occupied by Ala- bama and Mississippi. By the Louisiana treaty of 1803, the United States acquired, for fifteen millions of dollars, the tract of country known by that name, and to the same extent, as possessed by France and Spain. This carried the territory of the United States to the Pacific Ocean ; and the public lands in Florida were acquired by virtue of the treaty of Februaiy 22d, 1819, between the United States and Spain. Bounty lands having been promised by the continental Congress to the officers and soldiers of the continental army, it became necessary to redeem that pledge as early as possible. The controversies between the several States, and between them and the United States, retarded for some time the fulfilment of this pledge. On the 20th of May, 1785, an ordinance was passed by the Congress of the confederation for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the western territory, and this was the first act of general legislation on the subject. Under it, however, very limited sales were made, not amounting, in the whole, to more than 121,540 acres. On the 10th of May, 1800, an act of Congress was passed, providing for the surveying and sale of the national lands. By this act, the foundation of the present land system was laid : it has, from time to time, received such modifications as were found expedient. The survey and sales of the public lands are under the control and direction of the Commissioner of the Gene- ral Land Office at Washington. Prior to the 25th of April, 1812, grants of land were issued by letters-patent from the Department of State. By an act of that date, a General Land Office was established, in which all patents for land are now made out and recorded. It is a subordinate branch of the Treasury Department, with which it is closely connected by the accountability of the receivers of public moneys arising from the sale of the national lands. Whenever the public interest is supposed to require that a certain portion of territory should be brought into market, for the accommodation of settlers, or others who may wish to become purchasers, the President issues instructions to the Surveyor General, through the Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington, to have such portion of territory surveyed. The Surveyor General makes this requisi- tion publicly known to those individuals who are in the habit of contracting for public surveys, and a contract for the execution of the surveys required is entered into between the Surveyor General and deputy surveyors. The THE UNITED STATES. 19^ contract is given to the lowest bidder, provided the Surveyor General is fully satisfied of his capacity to fulfil the contract. The maximum price established by law for executing the public surveys is three dollars a mile, in the upland and prairie countries : in the southern parts of the United States, where the surveys are rendered difficult by the occurrence of bayous, lakes, swamps, and cane-brakes, the maximum price established by law is four dollars a mile. The deputy surveyors are bound by their contract to report to the surveyors general the field-notes of the survey of each township, together with the plot of the township. From these field- notes, the Surveyor General is enabled to try the accuracy of the plot returned by the deputy surveyor, and of the calculations of the quantity in the legal subdivisions of the tract surveyed. From these documents, three plots are caused to be prepared by'the Surveyor General — one for his own office, one tor the Register of the proper land office, to guide him in the sale of the land, and the third for the Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. The Government has generally found it expedient to authorize the surveying of forty townships of land annually, in each land district, so as to admit of two sales by public auction annually of twenty townships each. The public lands are laid off into districts, in each of which there is a land office, under the superintendence of two officers appointed by the President and Senate, called the Register of the Land Office and the Re- ceiver of Public Moneys. There are at present fifty-two land offices. All the lands, before they are offered for sale, are surveyed at the expense of Government. The surveys are founded upon a series of true meridians. The first principal meridian is in Ohio, the second in Indiana, the third in Illinois, &c., each forming the base of a series of surveys, of which the lines are made to correspond, so that the whole country is at last divided into squares of one mile each, and townships of six miles each ; and these subdivisions are distributed with mathematical accuracy into parallel ranges. The greatest division of land marked out by the survey is called a town- ship, and contains 23,040 acres, being six miles square. The township is subdivided into 36 equal portions, or square miles, by lines crossing each other at right angles : these portions are called sections. The section con- tains 640 acres, and is subdivided into 4 parts, called quarter-sections, each of which contains 160 acres. The quarter-sections are finally divided into 2 parts, called half quarter-sections, of 80 acres each, and this is the smallest regular subdivision known to the system. One thirty-sixth part of all the lands surveyed, being section No. 16 of each township, is reserved from sale for the support of schools in the township, and other reservations have been made for colleges and univer- sities. Salt-springs and lead-mines are also reserved, and are subject to be leased, under the direction of the President of the United States : he is also empowered by law to remove, by force, unauthorized settlers on the public lands. Previous to the year 1820, sales of public lands were made upon credit. In consequence of this system, large quantities of land had been purchased on speculation, and a vast amount of debt to the Government contracted. To relieve the embarrassed condition of these debtors, an act was passed, authorizing the relinquishment of lands purchased, and substituting cash payments for the credit system. At the same time, the minimum price of ijBOO GENERAL VIEW OF land was reduced from two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. The lands are first exposed for sale by proclamation of the Presi- dent : the highest bidder at this sale failing to pay, the tract is offered again, and the failing bidder is declared incapable of purchasing. At the sales, choice tracts and favorite positions command good prices, but a large proportion of the lands remain unsold, and are entered for private sale. A great amount of public land is in the occupancy of persons who have settled upon it without legal title. This is not done from any intention, on the part of the settler, to defer payment, but takes place principally in consequence of unavoidable delays in the bringing the land to market. Laws have been passed, granting to persons of this description a pre-emp- tion right in the acquisition of a title, that is, the preference over all other persons in entering the land at private sale. Five per cent, on all sales of public lands within the States severally is reserved — three-fifths of which is to be expended by Congress in making roads leading to the States, and two-fifths to be expended by the States in the encouragement of learning. The first part of this reservation has been expended on the Cumberland road ; and the treasury of the United States is greatly in advance to that fund, on account of this public work. The quantity of uncedcd lands, belonging to the Indialis, and lying north and west of the States and territories of the United States, but within the limits of the Union, has been estim.atcd at near 800,000,000 of acres. In a report of the Land Commissioner, dated April 2d, 1832, it is stated that the quantity of land belonging to the United States, December 31, 1831, to which the Indian and other titles had been extinguished, was 227,293,884 acres; that 10,713,317 acres had been appropriated within the States and territories where the lands lie, for internal nnprovements, colleges, acade- mies, common schools, &c. ; 298,288 acres had been reserved as saline lands ; and that 46,080 acres had been granted to the deaf and dumb insti- tutions in Connecticut and Kentucky. For the title to these lands, the United States have paid, on the Louisiana purchase, $23,514,225, includ- ing principal and interest; on the Florida purchase, $6,251,016 ; on the Georgia, Yazoo, and other contmcts, $18,312,219: total, $48,077,551. The amount of sales, up to September, 1831, has been $37,272,713: balance, $10,804,838. The amount of sales is gradually on the increase : in 1832, the amount was $3,115,376. To the present time, it appears that upwards of 150 millions of acres have been surveyed, about 20 mil- lions sold, about 110 millions of acres surveyed and unsold, of which 80 millions are in market, ready for entry at the minimum price, and about 30 millions subject to be proclaimed, whenever there is a demand. A claim has been set up in some of the new States to the entire property of the public lands within their limits. No attempt has, however, been made to enforce this claim. The following are the places at which offices are established for the sale of public lands :-r- Marietta, . . .Ohio. . . . .Ohio. Shawneetown,. Kaskaskia, . .Illinois. Z'tnesville, .... ....do.. JefFersonville, . . .Indiana. ....do... St.eubenville, . . ....do.. Vincennes, ....do... Edwardsville, . ....do... Cliillicothe, . . . ....do.. Indianapolis, . . ....do... Vandalia, ....do... Cincinnati, . . . ....do.. Crawfordsville, ....do... Palestine ....do... Woostcr, ....do.. Fort Wayne, . . ....do... Spring-field, . . . ....do... Piqua, ....do.. La Porte, ....do... Danville, ....do... THE UNITED STATES. 201 Quincy, .... . . .Illinois. St. Louis, . . . .Missouri. Fayette, do... Palmyra, . . . do... Jackson, . . , do... Lexington,. . do... St. Stephen's, . .Alabama. Cahawba,. . . do... Huntsville,.. do... Tuscaloosa, . do... Sparta, do... Demopolis, . . . .Alabama. Mardisville, do. . . Washington, . Mississippi . Augusta, do Mount Salus, .... do Columbus, do Chocehuma, do New Orleans, .Louisiana. Opelousas, do. . . Washita, or Monroe, do . . . St. Helena, do. . . Detroit, . . . Michigan Ter . White Pigeon ) , Prairil,..^ •••^"••- Monroe, do. . . Batesville,. Arkansas Ter. Little Rock, do. . . Washington, do. . . Fayetteville, do. . . Tallahassee, . Florida Ter . St. Augustine, do. . . POPULATION. That which most concerns every State is the population of its territory, including, together with the number of inhabitants, a view of their condi- tion, and their means of subsistence and improvement. Civihzed nations are solicitous, especially, to ascertain the number of persons who compose their respective communities. Different methods have been practised for accomplishing this purpose : one has been by estimates founded on the number of houses, and arbitrarily allowing a given number of persons for each dwelling ; and others by estimates founded on the number of births, and on the number of deaths. But it is evident that no reliance can be placed on the accuracy of estimates founded on such data ; and the only satisfactory method is an actual enumeration of the inhabitants. Exact enumerations of the population of the most civilized countries of Europe are of but recent date. The population of France was not accurately deter- mined till after the French revolution of 1789, nor that of England till 1801. The Government of the United States is entitled to the honor, we believe, of having,, at its first institution, set the example of establishing a system of an official Census of the inhabitants at regular periods. The primary object of this Census is the apportionment of the representatives in Congress ; but, independently of this object, it is justly regarded as a very important and interesting document, inasmuch as it furnishes the most satisfactory index of the growth, prosperity, and strength of the country. By the Constitution of the United States, it was provided that the first Census should be made within three years after the first meeting of Con- gress, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The first Census was, accordingly, taken in 1790, in which the population of the United States is divided into 5 classes, exhibiting the total amount of the several classes as follows : 1. Free white males under 16 years of age, 813,298 2. Free white males of 16 years and upwards, 802,327 3. Free white females, 1,556,839 4. All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, 59,466 5. Slaves, 697,897 Total population of the United States in 1790, . 3,929,827 In the second Census^ taken in 1800, the population was divided into 12 classes : the free white males and the free white females, being each distributed into 5 classes, according to age, and all other free persons, except Indians, not taxed, forming the 11th class, and the slaves the 12th. The following statement exhibits the total amount of each of the several | classes : — 1 202 GENERAL VIEW OF Under 10 years of age,. Of 10, and under 16, Of 16, " " 26, Of 26, " " 45, Of 45, and upwards, White Males. 764,118 353,071 393,156 431,589 262,487 White Females. 715,197 323,648 401,499 411,694 248,030 2,204,421 2,100,068 4,304,489 All other persons, except Indians, not ta.xed, 108,395 Slaves 893,041 Total population of the United States, in 1800,. 5,305,925 The third Census was taken in 1810 ; the same divisions were adopted as in the second, and the numbers of the several classes were as follows : Class. Under 10 years of age, . Of 10, and under 16, Of 16, " " 26, Of 26, " " 45, Of 45, and upwards, White Males. 1,035,058 468,083 547,597 572,997 364,836 White Females 981,427 448,322 561,956 544,256 338,478 2,987,571 2,874,433 5,862,004 All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, 186,446 Slaves, 1,191,364 Total population of the United States, in 1810, 7,239,814 The fourth Census was taken in 1820, in which each sex of the free white inhabitants was divided, according to age, into 5 classes, as in the second and third censuses ; and, in addition, the number of free white males, between 16 and 18 years of age, was exhibited in a distinct column. Persons engaged in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, were also divided into 3 several classes ; and foreigners, not naturalized, formed an additional class. In the three first enumerations, all other free persons, except Indians, not taxed, were thrown into one mass, without distinction of age or sex, and the same course was adopted respecting the slaves ; but in the iburth Census, each sex of both these descriptions of persons was distinguished according to age, into four classes. The results of this Cen- sus were as follows : Class. Males. Females. 1,345,220 612,535 776,030 766,283 495,065 1,280,570 605,375 781,371 736,600 .462,888 Of 10, and under 16, Of 16, " " 26, Of 26, " " 45, Of 45, and upwards, 3,095,133 3,866,804 All other free persons, except Indians, not taxed, 4,632 Class. Under 14 years of age. From 14 to 26, From 26 to 45, Of 45, and upwards, . . Free Colored Persons. Males. 47,659 24,012 23,450 17,613 112,734 F(;males. 45,898 28,850 27,181 18,861 120,790 Slaves. Males. 343,852 203,088 163,723 77,365 (88,028 324,344 203,336 152,693 70,637 •50,010 THE UNITED STATES. 203 7,861,937 Free persons, not taxed, . . . . . Whites. RECAPITULATION. Free Colored. 233,524 1,538,038 1—9,633,499 4,632 Total population of the United States, in 1820, 9,638,131 In the foregoing are included — Free white Males, between the ages of 16 and 18, 182,205 Foreigners not naturalized, 53,687 Persons engaged in Agriculture, 2,070,666 " " in Commerce, 72,493 " in Manufactures, 349,506 The ffth Census was taken in 1830, in which a new division of the free white inhabitants was adopted, each sex being distributed into quinquennial divisions, under 20 years of age, and into decennial classes, from 20 to 100 years; but a different method was followed with respect to the free colored persons and slaves, each sex of these two classes being formed into six divisions. The number of white and colored persons who were deaf and dumb was also stated, and each divided into three classes, according to age : the number of persons Wind is likewise exhibited. The numbers of the several classes are as follows : — Class. Under 5 years of age. From 5 to 10, From 10 to 15, From 15 to 20, From 20 to 30, From 30 to 40, From 40 to 50, From 50 to 60, From 60 to 70, From 70 to 80, From 80 to 90, From 90 to 100, Of 100 and upwards,. White Popiilation. Males. Females. 972,980 921,934 782,075 750,741 669,734 63^,856 57.3,196 596,254 956,487 918,411 592,535 555,531 367,840 356,046 229,284 223,504 135,082 131,307 57,772 58,336 15,806 17,434 2,041 2,523 301 238 5,355,133 5,171,115 Of the foregoing, were deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age, 1,652 ; of 14 and under 25, 1,905; of 25 and upwards, 1,806. Blind, 3,974. Aliens or foreigners not naturalized, 107,832. Class Free Colored Persons. Slaves. Males. Females. Males. Females. Under 10 years of age, From 1 to 24 48,675 43,079 27,650 22,271 11,509 269 . 47,329 48,138 32,541 24,327 13,425 386 353,498 312,567 185,585 118,880 41,545 748 347,665 308,770 185,786 From 24 to 36, 111,887 41,436 676 From 55 to 100 Of 100, and upwards, 153,443 166,133 1,012,822 996,228 Of the colored persons, included in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age, 273 ; of 14 and under 25, 246 ; of 25 and upwards, 224. Blind, 1,470. 204 GENERAL VIEW OF Whites. RECAPITULATION. Free Colored. 319,599 Slaves. 2,009,043 110,526,248 Aliens omitted in the classification according to age, in the return made from the Ninth Ward of New York city, Omitted in the classification from Ulster county. New York, .... " " from the E. district of Louisiana,. . . Persons in the Naval service of the United States, June 1st, 1830, not included in the general Census, ' —12,854,890 5,477 125 210 5,318 Grand total aggregate of the United States, in 1830, 12,866,020 TABLE showing the aggregate number of persons in each State and Territory, with the rate of increase per cent, for the last ten years, from 1820 to 1830. States and Territories. Maine, New Hampshire, . . . Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, . . . . South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, . .' Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Arkansas, Florida, District of Columbia, Free Whites. 398,263 268,721 279,771 603,359 93,621 289,603 1,868,061 300,266 1,309,900 57,601 291,108 694,300 472,843 257,863 296,806 190,406 70,443 89,231 535,746 517,787 928,329 339,399 155,061 114,795 31,.346 25,671 18,385 27,563 Free, Colored. 1,190 604 681 7,048 3,561 8,047 44,870 18,303 37,930 15,855 52,938 47,348 19,543 7,921 2,486 1,572 519 16,700 4,555 4,917 9,568 3,629 1,637 569 261 141 844 6,152 Slaves 1 17 25 75 2,254 403 3,292 102,994 469,757 245,601 315,401 217,531 117,549 65,659 109,588 141,603 165,213 6 3 747 25,091 32 4,576 15,501 6,119 Total. ■ 399,955 269,328 280,652 610,408 97,199 297,675 *1,918,608 320,823 1,348,233 76,748 447,040 1,211,405 737,987 581,185 516,823 309,527 136,621 t215,739 681,904 687,917 937,903 343,031 157,445 140,455 31,639 30,388 34,730 39,834 Rate of Increase 33.88 10.30 19.04 16.64 17.01 8.14 39.36 15.58 28.48 5.49 9.74 13.70 15.52 15.60 51.56 142.00 81.07 40.63 62.04 21.90 60.06 133.07 185.16 110.93 250.10 113.30 20.10 Total, 10,526,248 319,599 2,009,043 112,866,020 * Inclndinfj 5,602 not regularly returned. f Including 210 do. t Adding 5,318 for navaf service. Aliens. 3,526 410 3,384 8,767 1,100 1,481 52,488 3,365 15,376 313 4,786 789 202 486 101 65 72 1,713 119 173 5,778 279 451 155 1,497 11 221 724 107,832 APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES. By the law passed in 1832, for the apportionment of Representatives among the several States, it is enacted, that from and after the third day of March, 1833, the House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers elected agreeably to a ratio of one Representative for every 47,700 persons in each State, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constitution of the United States, which is as follows : Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respec- tive numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of MAINE. 205 free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and including Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The following table exhibits the Representative Population of each State, the number of Representatives to which each is entitled, and the fractions which remain after dividing the Representative Population of each State by 47,700. States. Rep. Pop. Maine, 399,454 New Hampshire,. 269,327 Vermont, 280,652 Massachusetts, . . 610,408 Rhode Island, . . . 97,192 Connecticut, 297,665 New York, 1,918,578 New Jersey, 319,921 Pennsylvania, . . . 1,348,072 Delaware, 75,431 Maryland, 405,842 Virg-inia, 1,023,502 No. Rep. 8 5 5 12 2 6 Frac- tions. 17,854 30,827 42,152 38,008 1,792 11,465 40 j 10,578 6; 33,721 28 12,472 1 1 27,731 8' 24,242 21131,802 States. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, . . . Louisiana, . . . . Tennessee, . . . . Kentucky, . . . . Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, I^^P- P«P- Rep. 639,747 455,025 429,811 262,507 110,357 171,902 625,263 621,832 937,901 343,030 157,146 130,419 Frac- tions. 19,647 25,725 511 24,007 14,957 28,804 5,163 1,732 31,601 9,130 14,046 35,019 It will be seen, by the above table, that the number of representatives is 240. INDIVIDUAL STATES. MAINE. Maine is the most northern and eastern of the United States. Previous to the year 1820, it was connected with Massachusetts, in all its political and social relations. The first permanent settlement was made from the Plymouth colony at York, in 1630. Emigration has been more slow to this State, than to those of a milder climate ; yet, perhaps, there is no State in the Union which promises more independence, from its own natural strength and resources. Maine is bounded on the north and north-west by Lower Canada ; south-east by the Atlantic Ocean ; east by New Brunswick ; and west by New Hamp- shire. Its extent from north to south, is about 216 miles ; and from east to west, 162. The area is about 31,750 square miles, or 19,720,000 acres. On the sea-coast, the country is generally level ; at some distance in the interior, hilly; and in the central parts of the state, are many mountains of considerable elevation. The principal Rivers are the St. John's, Penobscot, Kennebeck, Andros- coggin, Saco, Pleasant, Damariscotta, and Union. The principal Bays are Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's, Englishman's, Machias, and Passama- quoddy. The most noted Lakes are Mooschead, Umbagog, Sebago, the Schoodic Lakes, and Lake Chesuncook. Small lakes and ponds are numerous, in all parts of the State. The soil on the coast is various, and of but moderate fertility ; in the 206 GENERAL VIEW OF interior, most of the land is more productive ; and some of it, especially on the Kennebeck and Penobscot rivers, is fertile, and well adapted to agricul- ture and grazing. The produce is principally grain, of all the kinds raised in New England ; flax, grass, &c. The climate of this State is subject to great extremes of heat and cold ; yet the air, in all parts of the country, is pure and salubrious. The sum- mers are short, but agreeable. The cold of winter is severe; yet the serenity of the sky, and the invigorating influence of the atmosphere, make amends for the severity of the weather. The coast is indented with bays abounding in excellent harbors, affording great facilities for commerce. Vast quantities of lumber, in all its varieties, are exported ; as also, fish, beef, pork, pot and pearl ashes, grain, &c. In 1831, the imports were to the value of $941,407, and the exports $805,573; of which, $799,748 was in domestic produce. The tonnage entered, 101,444 tons. The banking capital of the State is $2,170,000. The State expenses, in 1830, were about $297,000 ; of which, $50,000 was raised by direct taxation. In 1826, there were 138,000 children in Maine, between 4 and 21 years of age ; of which, about 102,000 attended school. The annual expenditure is about $138,000. Every town within the State is obliged, by law, to raise annually a sum equivalent at least to 40 cents, from each person within the town, for the support of common schools. $5,000 is annually appropriated for the education of indigent deaf and dumb persons, at the American Asylum in Hartford, Connecticut. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Cumberland, Hancock, ... Kennebeck, . Lincoln,. Oxford, . Popula- 60,102 24,336 52,484 57,183 35,211 County Towns. Portland. Castine. AUGUSTA. i Wiscasset, < Topsham. f Warren. Paris. Counties. Penobscot, . . Somerset, . . . Waldo, .... Washington, York Total, Popula- tion. 3i;530 35,787 29,788 21,294 51,722 399,455 County Towns. Bangor. Norridgewock. Belfast. Machias. ) York. ) Alfred. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1765, 20,788 1790, 96,540 1800, 151,719 1810, 228,705 18^9, 298,335 1830, 399,455 INCREASE. From 1765 to 1790, 75,752 1790 to 1800, 55,179 1800 to 1810, 76,986 1810 to 1820, 69,630 1820 to 1830, 101,120 Of the above population of 1830, were, white Males, 200,687 ; white Females, 197,591. Of which, 153 are deaf and dumb; 154 are blind; and foreigners, not naturalized, 3,526. Of free colored persons, there are. Males, 600 ; Females, 571 ; Slaves, Males, none; Females, 6. Colored deaf and dumb, 16; blind, 1. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. The Cumberland and Oxford Canal extends from Portland to Sebago Pond : it has 26 locks, and is, in length, 20^ miles. By means of a lock, constructed in Songo River, Brandy and Long Ponds are united with it. The whole extent of water communication, natural and artificial, is about 50 miles. It was completed in 1829, and cost 211,000 dollars. MAINE. 207 FRIITCIP^Ii STilGB ROTTTSS. 1. From Forts- mouth, iV. i/., to Eastport. To Kittery, York, Wells Kennebunk, Kennebunk Port,. Saco, Scarsborough, . . . Portland, Cumberland, . . . . North Yarmouth, Freeport, Brunswick, Bath Woolwich, Wiscasset, Newcastle, Waldoborough, . . Warren, Thomaston, Camden, Lincolnville, . . . . Northport, Belfast, Prospect, Bucksport, Orland, Elsworth, Hancock, Sullivan, Gouldsborougli, . . Steuben, Harrington, Columbia, Jonesborough, . . . Machias, East Machias, . . . Whiting, Lubec, Eastport, 2. From Augusta to Brunswick. To Hallowell, . . . Gardiner, Richmond, Bowdoinham, . . . Topsham, Brunswick, 3. From Augusta to Anson. To Sidney,. . . . Waterville, .... Fairfield, Bloomfield, .... Milburn, Norridgewock, . Madison, Miles 3 5 12 4 3 11 7 9 10 3 6 9 8 5 8 12 9 5 8 11 Anson, 20 24 27 38 45 54 64 67 73 82 90; 95: 103 115 124 I2n 137 148 155 IGO 165 171 183 186 203 207 215 221 229 240 248 256 265 269 279 290 295 4. From Augusta to Phillips. ToReadfield, Mount Vernon, . . Vienna, Farmington, . . . . Avon, Phillips, 5. From Augusta to Bethel. To Winthrop, . . . Wayne, Livermore, Canton, Dixfield, Mexico, Rumford, Bethel, 6. From Augusta to Portland. To Winthrop, . . . Monmouth, Greene, Lcwnstown, Danville, New Gloucester, . Gray, Cumberland, . . . . Portland 7. From Augusta to Portland. To Hallowell, . . . Litchfield, Bowdoin, Durham, Freeport, North Yarmouth, Cumberland, .... Portland, 8. Froju Augusta to Belfast. ToVassalboro', . . Palermo, Montville, Belmont, Belfast, 9. From Bangor to Augusta. To Hampden, . Newburg, Dixmont, Troy, Unity, Albion, China, Vassalboro', . . . AUGUSTA,.. 10 50 10. Fro7n Bangor to Milburn. To Carmel, Etna, Newport, Palmyra, St. Albans, Hartland, Pittsfield, Canaan, Milburn, 11. From Portland to Waterford. To Windham, . Raymond, . . . Otisfield, Bridgeton, .... Waterford, .... 12. Frojn Portland to Littleton, N.H. To Gorham, . . . Standish, Baldwin, Hiram, Brown field, .... Fryburg, Conway, N. H. . Bartlett, Bethlehem, .... Littleton, 13. From Portland to Portsmouth. To Gorham, Buxton, Hollis, Waterborough, . . Alfred, Berw'ick, Dover, N. H Newington, Portsmouth, 14. From Standish to Tumworth. To Limington,. . . Limerick, Parsonfield, Effingham, N.H.. Tamworth, 15. From Bangor to Castine. To Brev.er, Orrington, 43; j Bucksport, 47]. Orland, 55: Penobscot, Gl Castine 15 10 5 6 10 10 8 8 8 7 5 6 9 38 10 208 GENERAL VIEW OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The earliest settlements in this State were made in 1622, by virtue of a grant from the Plymouth Company to John Mason and Ferdinand Gorges. Their first locations were at Little Harbor, on the west side of the Pis- cataqua river, and at Cocheco, now Dover. Portsmouth was first settled in 1631, and Exeter in 1638. In 1641, the first settlers formed a coalition with Massachusetts, and remained connected with that Colony until 1679. In 1776, New Hampshire led the van in forming a constitution of her own, founded on the free suffrages of the people. In 1784, a new constitution was adopted, which, with the amendments of 1792, forms the present con- stitution of the State. This State is hounded on the north by Lower Canada ; on the east by Maine, and the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Massachusetts ; and west by Vermont. It is in length, from north to south, about 160 miles ; and from east to west, 70 is about the average breadth. It is, in area, 8,500 square miles, or 5,440,000 acres. The sea-coast of this State, from Piscataqua Harbor to the south boundary, is but 18 miles in extent. The country on the coast is level : in the interior, the surface is greatly diversified by hills and valleys, and contains several mountains of consid- erable height ; among which are the White Mountains, the most elevated of any in the Atlantic States. The other considerable elevations are, Ivloosehillock, Monadnock, Kearsarge, Sunapce, Ossipee, &c. The soil is various, a considerable portion being fertile ; but it is gener- ally better adapted to grazing, than to tillage. The principal Rivers of New England have their origin, either wholly or in part, in this State. These are, the Connecticut, Merrimack, Andros- coggin, Saco, and Piscataqua. The other most considerable streams are, the Upper and Lower Amonoosuck, Sugar River, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Magallaway, and Nashua. The principal Lalies are the Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, and Newfound Lake. The Manufactures of New Hampshire have increased rapidly, within a few years. There are now more than 40 cotton and woollen manufacto- ries ; many of them on an extensive scale. The imports into New Hamp- shire amounted, in 1831, to $146,205, and the exports to 8111,222 ; of which, the domestic produce was, in value, $109,456 : and the tonnage of the State, at the same period, amounted to 18,243 tons. New Hampshire has been called the granite State, from the large quan- tities of that rock quarried within it ; of which, a considerable amount is annually exported to the neighboring States, for building stones. It has been, also, called the Switzerland of America, on account of its wild and picturesque scenery, its lakes, cascades, &c. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Pop. 1830. County Towns. Counties. l85o.' County Towns. Chesliire, 27,016 8,390 38,691 37,762 34,619 Keenc. Lancaster. J Haverhill, ) Plymouth. Amherst. CONCORD. Rockingham, • . . Strafford, Sullivan, 44,452 58,916 19,687 S Portsmouth, ) Exeter. r Dover, J Gilmanton, ] Gilford, [.Rochester. Newport. Graflon, Hillsborough, , . . Merrimack, Total population, in 1830, 269,328 NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 209 POPULATIOxN AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701,.. 1730,.. 1749,.. 1767,.. 1775,.. .. 10,000 .. 12,000 .. 30,000 . . 52,700 . . 80,038 i In 1790,. 1 1800,.. 1810,.. 1820,.. 1830,.. . 141,885. , 183,858 . 214,460 . 244,161 . 269,328 INCREASE. SLAVES. 158 From 1790 to 1800,. 1800 to 1810,. 1810 to 1820,. 1820 to 1830,. . 41,973 . 30,602 . 39,701 . 25,167 8 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 131,184; white Females, 137,537; deaf and dumb, 135; blind, 105; aliens, 410. Total, whites, 268,721. — Free colored, 602 ; deaf and dumb, 9 ; Female slaves, 5. Total, 607. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. The internal improvements in this State, are a series of short canals, constructed on the IMerrimack River, for the improvement of its navigation ; by means of which, and the ]\Iiddlesex Canal, Boston is connected with the interior of New Hampshire. Bow Canal, three-quarters of a mile in length, affords a boat navigation round the falls at Bow ; the fall is 25 feet, with 4 locks : it was completed in 1812, and cost 825,000. Hooksett Canal passes Hooksett Falls, by 3 locks, with a fall of 16 feet: its length is about 50 rods, and cost 817,000. Amoskeag Canal is a mile in length : the fall is 45 feet, with 9 locks, and cost 850,000. The Union Canal passes 7 falls in the river, and has 7 locks in 9 miles: it cost 850,000. In the year 1811, a company was incorporated, (the charter of which has since been renewed,) for the pur- pose of forming a Canal from Lake Winnipiseogee to Cocheco River. Near Dover, the waters of the lake being elevated above the river 452 feet, it is estimated to require 53 locks to overcome the fall : the length to be about 27 miles, and the work to cost 8300,000. FRIN-CIFAIi STAGE ROUTE 1. From Concord to PortS7nouth, via Exeter. To Pembroke, . Allentown, .... Raymond, .... Epping-, Exeter, Stratham, Greenland,. . . . Portsmouth, . . . 2. From Concord to Portsmouth, via Dover. To Chichester,... Epsom, Northwood, Nottingham, .... Durham, Dover, Newington, Portsmouth, 3. From Concord to Charleston. To Hopkinson, Henniker,- .... Hillsboro', .... Washington, . . Lempster, .... Ackworth, Charleston, . . . 4. From Concord to Middlehury, Vt IJTo Boscawen, . . . I Salisbury, , Andover, I Wilmot, Springfield, 12 j Enfield, 18 [Lebanon, 26 j Hanover, 35 i Hartford, Vt 40 [Sharon, 46 jRoyalton, 50 1 Middlebury, 8 15 9 24 8 32 6 38 6 44 7 51 8 7 15 7 22 6 28 7 35 7 42 8 50 6 56 6 62 10 72 7 79 46 125 5. From Concord to Burlington, Vt. To Canterbury, . . Northfield, Sanbornton, New Hampton, . . Holderness, Plymouth, Romney, Haverhill, Bradford, Vt Orange, Barre, MONTPELIER, Burlington, 6. From Concord to Newburyport, Mass. To Pembroke, . . . Suncook, Cliester, Hampstead, Atkinson, 16 22 30 40 42 50 75 18 100 107 114 152 210 GENERAL VIEW OF Haverhill, M.ass. West Bradford, . Bradford, West Newbury, . Newhuryport, . . . 7. From Concord to Boston, Mass. To Hooksett, . . . Chester, Derry, Salem, Methuen, Mass.. Andover, Reading-, Stoneham, Medford, Charleston, .... BOSTON, 8. From Concord to Coniooy. To Canterbury, . . Northfield, Sanbornton, Gilford, Meredith, Centre Harbour, . Moultonboro', . . . Sandwich, Tarn worth, Ossippee, Eaton, Conway, 9 4 23 5 28 G 34 5 39 6 45 7 52 4 56 4 60 3 63 1 64 9. From Exeter to Brattleborough. To Kingston, .... Hawke, Sandown, Chester, Derry, Londonderry,. . . . Dunstable, Milford, Wilton, Temple, Petersboro', Dublin, Marlboro' Keene, Chesterfield, .... Brattleborough, . . 10. From Dover to Meredith. To Madbury, Barrington, Strafford, Barnstead, ...... Gibnanton, Gilford, Meredith, 11. From Dover to Newhuryport. To Newington, . . Greenland, Hampton, Hampton Falls,. . Seabrook, E. Salisbury, Mas. 10 14 18 23 28 36 48 55 59 65 72 80 85 97 102 Newhuryport, . . 12. From Dover to Haverhill. To Rochester, . . . Farmington, .... Middleton, Wolf boro', Tuflonboro', .... Moultonboro', » . . Sandwich, Centre Harbour, . Holderness, Plymouth, Wentworth, .... Piermont, Haverhill, 13. From Haverhill to Steioartstown. To Bath, Lisbon, Dalton, Lancaster, Northumberland, Stratford, Columbia, Colebrook, Stewartstown, . . , 14. Fro7n Dover to Conway. To Rochester, . . . Milton, Wakefield, Ossippee, Eaton, Conway, 10 29 18 26 34 41 53 57 65 70 74 92 103 110 YERMONT The tract of country which is now known by the name of Vermont, was settled at a much later period than any of the other eastern States. Its distance from the Atlantic coast, and from the River St. Lawrence, prevented any settlement being made in it, either by the French or English, until the colonies of the latter extended themselves into its vicinity. The conquest of Canada in 1760, and its ultimate cession to Great Britain in 1763, opened Vermont to emigration. Vermont was originally claimed by Massachusetts ; and afterwards, both by New Hampshire and New York. In 1777, the people declared themselves independent, and formed a govern- ment of their own. Although Vermont was not admitted into the Union until aller the revolutionary contest was over, yet she vigorously resisted British oppression, and, throughout the war of the Revolution, acted a most conspicuous part in the struggle for independence. Her soldiers acquired great distinction for bravery, and the title of " Green mountain boys," which they bore, has ever been regarded as a title of renown. In 1790, VERMONT. 211 the controversy with New York was terminated; and, in 1791, Vermont became a member of the Union. The constitution now in operation was. adopted July 4th, 1793. This state is hounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by N. Hampshire ; S. by Massachusetts ; W. by New York ,• from which it is separated, in part, by Lake Champlain. It is 157 miles in length, from north to south ; 90 miles in breadth, on the northern, and 40 on the southern, boundary ; and con- tains an area of 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres. The Green Mountains^ from which the state derives its name, on account of the evergreens with which they are covered, occupy a large part of the State ; and most of its surface is uneven. The range passes through its whole length, about half way between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut river. From these mountains, many streams take their rise : the most important are, Otter creek, Onion river, La Mode, and Missinqua, which empty into Lake Champlain, on the west ; the White, Pasumpsic, and West rivers, which flow into the Connecticut, on the east. The scenery of this State is romantic, and beautiful ; the air pure, and healthful ; and the natives industrious, intelligent, and hospitable. The soil is fertile ; and all sorts of grain, suited to the climate, are pro- duced in great abundance. Dark, rich, and loamy, it is admirably calcu- lated to sustain drought ; and affords the finest pasturage of any State in the Union. Wool is becoming an important product here. Cattle of various kinds are raised, with great facility ; and nowhere is finer beef to be seen, than is fed on the rich white clover pastures of Vermont. The butter and cheese are universally known for their excellence. Vermont is entirely in the interior ; yet, by the system oHnternal improve- ment, the Champlain Canal, and the Lake,vessels and steam-boats have brought her territory in contiguity with the sea. Part of the trade goes by canal to Albany, and part down the lake to Montreal : much of that which formerly went to Boston and Hartford, is now drawn by the Champlain Canal to New York. This canal has been of incalculable advantage to the State. Vermont has 1 3 banks, whose aggregate capital is about a million of dollars. About 8100,000 is annually raised for the support of common schools. There is also in this State, a literary fund of $25,000. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Addison, . . . Bennington, Caledonia, . . Chittenden, . Essex, Franklin, . . . Grand Isle, . tinn. 24,y4U 17,4G3 20,967 21,765 3,981 24,525 21,765 County Towns. Middlebury. S Bennington, ) Manchester. Danville. Burlington. Guildhall. St. Alban's. North Hero. Counties. Orange, . . . . , Orleans, . . . . , Rutland, Washington, . Windham,. . , Windsor, . . . , Total, . . Popula- tion. 27,285 1.3,985 31,294 21,378 28,748 40,625 2"80;6.57 County Towns. Chelsea. Irasburgh. Rutland. MONTPELIER. Newfane. Windsor, Woodstock. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1790, 85,.539, 1800, 154,465 1810, 217,895 1820, 235,764 18.30, 280,657 From 1790 to 1800, 68,826 1800 to 1810, 63,430 1810 to 1820, 17,869 1820 to 1830, 55,107 SLAVES. 16 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, l.'J9,9gG; white Females, 139,700 ; deaf ind dumb, 153 ; blind, 51 ; aliens, 3,364. Total. 279,770.— Colored Males, 426; Females, 455. Total, 881. 212 GENERAL VIEW OF | INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. There have been several short canals constructed in this State ;, on the 1 western bank of the Connecticut river ; intended, principally, for improvincr || the navigation of that river. The White river Canal is a small work around a fall in the Connecticut, affording a passage for flat-bottomed boats, and rafts. The Waterqueechy Canal, in Hartland, is another work of a similar nature. The Bellows Falls Canal, in Rockingham , is the 1 most important, being about half a mile in length, with nine locks, over- 1 cominoj a fall of about 50 feet. It is cut through a bed of hard granite : 1 and affords a safe passage for small steam-boats, rafts, and flat-bottomed || boats. FRIITCIPi^Ii STILGTl ROUTSS. 1. From Montpelier Burlington, 8 38 Clarendon, 6 77 to Albany. Miles Miles. Wallingford, .... 7 84 Tn TJpilin ,1 4. From Montpelier to Haverhill, N.H. To Barre, Danby fi 90 Williams Town, . fi 10 97 Brookfield, 6 16 7 Manchester, 7 104 Randolph, 7 23 Orange, 7 14 Sunderland, 5 109 Royalton, 8 31 WestTopsham,. . 7 21 Arlington, 4 113 Stockbridge, .... 12 43 Bradford, 12 33 Shaftsbury, 6 119 1 Sberburn, 12 55 Haverhill, N.H... 6 39 Bennington, 7 126 q 64 Castleton, 11 75 5. From Montpelier 8. From Rutland Fairhaven, 5 80 to Derby Line. to Walpole. Whitehall, 8 88 To Calais, 12 To Clarendon, . . . 6 Albany, 72 160 Woodbury, 6 18 Mount Holly, 9 15 Hardwiek, 7 25 Ludlow, 7 22 2. From Montpelier Greensboro', 6 31 Chester, 12 34 to Boston. To Berlin, 4 Glover, 7 7 38 45 Rockingham,. . . . Bellows Falls, . . . 9 4 43 47 Barton, Williamstown,. . . 6 10 Derby Line, 17 62 Walpole, N. H. . . 6 53 Brookfield, 6 16 Randolph, 7 23 6. Fro7n Montpelier 9. From Haverhill, Royalton, 8 31 to Keene. N. H., to Derby Barnard, 8 39 To Northfield, . . . 11 Line. Woodstock, 8 47 Roxbury, 6 17 To Newbury, 4 Windsor, 12 59 Randolph, 10 27 Wells' River,.... 5 9 Claremont, N. H. Unity, Washington, .... 10 69 73 Bethel, 9 q 36| 45 Mclndoes' Falls, . 8 3 17 20 14 87 Woodstock, 9 54 St. Johnsbury, . . . 13 33 Hillsboro', 8 95 Weathersfield, . . . 24 78 Lynden, 7 40 Deering-, f; 101 Spring-field, Charlestown,N.H. Surrvi 7 85 Sutton, H 48 fi 107 6 91 Barton, 7 55 IXTminf Vprnnn . . 8 115 17 108 Brownington, . . . Derby, 6 61 A yjihpvfif . . /\ 119 Keene fi 114 8 69 Ty ngsboro', Mass. 17 136 Derby Line, 3 72 Chelmsford, 4 140 7. From Burling- Lowell, 4 144 ton to Bennington. 10. From Littleton, Billerica, 6 150 To Williston,.... 8 N.H, to Burling. BOSTON, 18 168 jHinesburg, 8 16 ton, Vt. iMonkton, 8 24 ToWaterford,Vt. 8 .3. From Montpelier New Haven, .... 10 34 St. Johnsbury, . . . 8 16 to BurUnston. Middlebury, 6 40 Danville, 6 22 To Middlesex, . . . 6 Salisbury, 6 46 Walden, 8 30 Waterbury, 6 12 Leicester, 4 50 Hardwiek, 6 36 Bolton, 7 7 19 26 Brandon, Pittsford, 8 6 58 64 Greensboro', Craftsbury, 4 6 40 46 Richland, Williston, 4 30 \Rutland, 7 71 Burlington, 64 110 MASSACHUSETTS. 213 11. From Burling- ton to Derby Line. To Essex, Jericho, Underbill, Cambridge, Johnston, Hyde Park, Wolcot, Craftsbury, Albany, Irasbiirg, Coventry, Derby, Derby Line, 12, From Brattle- boro^ to Albany, N.Y. To Marlboro', . . . Wilmington, .... 8 i 8 16 8 24 9 33 8 41 7 48 8 56 8 64 6 70 4 74 6 80 8 88 3 91 11 7 18 Readsboro', . . . Bennington, . . . Hoosick, N.Y.. Pittstown, Brunswick, . . . Lansingburg,. . Troy, ALBANY, . . . 13. From White, hall, N. Y., to Ver gennes. To Fairhaven, . . , West Haven, . . . . Benson, Orwell, Shoreham, -, Bridport, Addison, , Vergennes, 13 21 30 36 43 1 14. From Middle- bury to Royalton. To Ripton, Hancock, Rochester, Stockbridge, . . . . Bethel, Royalton, 15. From Charles- ton, N. H., to Ben- nington. Springfield, Chester, Londonderry, .... Peru, Winhall, Manchester, Sunderland, Arlington, 5lj|Shaftsbury, 58'ABennington, MASSACHUSETTS. This State, the oldest and most important in New England, was first permanently settled by a party of emigrants from England, who left their native country on account of religious persecution, to seek an asylum in which they might enjoy freedom of conscience, unrestrained by arbitrary power. They landed at Plymouth, in Cape Cod Bay, December 22d, 1620 ; and there was first tried the experiment of founding a colony on the principles of general virtue and intelligence. In founding this political community, the doctrine of equal rights and powers of individuals was distinctly recognized. Legislative acts were early passed, for the instruc- tion of every child in the community. Religion was the first care of the colonists, and, in imitation of the primitive Christians, they threw all their property into a common stock ; but the experience of the mischiefs arising from this political partnership, soon induced them to relinquish it. Another settlement, under the title of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was planted at Salem, in 1628. These colonies were formed by the oppressions, and, for the first seventy years of their existence, struggled against the arbitrary measures of the Stuart dynasty, until the Revolution of 1688 drove the tyrants from the seat of their abused power. They remained separate until 1692, when they were united under a new charter, granted by Wil- liam and Mary, including IMaine. During the Indian and French wars, Massachusetts expended much blood and treasure. On her soil, the first spark of American independence was lighted : the contest against the tyranny of the mother country commenced, at Lexington, 11 miles north- west of Boston. On a plain stone column, near the church on the public square, is the simple and affecting inscription of the names of the first victims of the struggle. No State in the Union has lefl a more indelible impress of her enterprise, education, institutions, and character, on the whole country, and on all countries where the American flag is unfurled, than Massachusetts. 214 GENERAL VIEW OF This State is hounded north by Vei'mont and New Hampshire ; east by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and west by New York. The average extent, from north to south, is 70 miles ; and from east to west, 140 ; area, 8,500 square miles, or 5,440,000 acres. The Green Mountains range through the central parts of the State, from north to south. These mountains, in their whole extent, abound in noble elevations, dark-green forests, pleasant and sheltered valleys, and an infinite variety of impressive scenery. The highest peaks are, Saddle Mt., Taghkonic, Mt. Tom, Mt. Holyoke, &c. Massachusetts has no large rivers wholly within her bounds. The Mer- rimack passes out of New Hampshire into the northern division of the State, emptying into the sea at Newburyport. The Connecticut, in traversing it from north to south, nearly bisects the State. The Housatonic, Charles, and Ipswich, Neponset, and Taunton, though they have short courses, are pleasant streams. The deep bay between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, which has given name to the State, has caused it to be known in the other States by the name of the Bay State. Cape Ann bounds it on the north, and Cape Cod on the south. Agriculture receives here great attention, and is conducted with a superior degree o^ skill and intelligence. Commerce and manufactures are, how- ever, the great objects of pursuit. In this State, there are near 40 millions of dollars invested in manufacturing stock; of which, 6| millions are employed in Lowell alone. This place, which is second only to Pittsburg, as a manufacturing town, and may be considered the Manchester of America, has been unexampled in its rapid growth. It was commenced in 1813 ; but its principal increase dates from 1822 : it now contains from 12 to 13,000 inhabitants. Its various cotton and woollen factories give employment to about 6,000 operatives ; the greater part of whom are females. About 10^ million pounds of cotton, and near seven hundred thousand pounds of wool, are expended annually, in the production of about 27 million yards of cotton and woollen goods, and carpeting. The supply of water-power from the Merrimack is convenient and unfailing. Waltham is likewise noted for its manufactures : and in the town of Lynn, from 1^ to 2 million pairs of shoes are made annually; the principal part of which are exported to the West Indies, and the southern States. The commerce of Massachusetts extends to all parts of the globe. In the amount of its shipping, it is among the first in the Union ; and, in its import trade, second only to New York. In 1831, the imports amounted to $14,269,056 ; and the exports, to $7,733,763 ; of which, $4,027,201 Avas domestic produce and manufactures, and $3,706,682 foreign produce. Twenty millions of dollars are employed in banking capital ; and about eight millions in insurance offices. This State shares the greater portion of the whale and bank fisheries in the United States. This pursuit employs many thousand hands, furnishes one of the most important branches of trade in these parts of the United vStates, and trains vast numbers of the most intrepid and experienced mari- ners in the world. Her literary, religious, and charitable institutions, are the pride of Massa- chusetts. Within a few years, Boston alone has expended nearly two millions of dollars for objects of that character, exclusive of an annual expenditure of about $200,000, for the support of public and private schools. MASSACHUSETTS. 215 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Popula- tion. County Towns. Counties. Popula- tion. County Towns. Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Duke's, Essex, 28,514 37,835 49,592 3,517 82,859 29,501 31,639 Barnstable. Lenox. ) N. Bedford, ) Taunton. Edgartown. C Salem. ■^ Newbury port I Ipswich. Greenfield. Springfield. Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, i Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Worcester, . ... Total 30,254 77,961 7,203 41,972 43,044 62,163 84,835 Northampton. ^ Cambridge, ( Concord. Nantucket. Dedham. Plymouth. BOSTON. Worcester. Hampden, 610,408 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, 70,000; in 1742,164,000; in 1763,241,024; in 1765,227,926; in 1776, 348,094; in 1784, 357,510. In 1790, 348,787 1800, 422,845 1810, 472,040 1820, 523,287 1830, 610,408 INCREASE. From 1 790 to 1800, 44,058 1800 to 1810, 49,195 1810 to 1820, 51,247 1820 to 1830, 87,121 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 294,685; white Females, 308,674; deaf and dumb, 250 ; blind, 218; aliens, 8,787. Total Whites, 603,359.— Free colored Males, 3,360; Females, 3,685. Total, 7,045.— Slaves, 4. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. The Middlesex Canal connects the Merrimack river with Boston harbor. It extends from Charlestown, opposite Boston, to Chelmsford, — 27 miles. The company was incorporated in 1789, and the canal was completed in 1808. Breadth at the surface, 30 feet ; at bottom, 20 ; depth of water, 3 feet; lockage, 136 feet; with 20 locks, and 5 aqueducts. Summit-level, 104 feet above tide- water; and 32 above the Merrimack. This work, in connexion with those in New Hampshire, opens a water communication between Boston and the interior parts of that State. Cost 8528,000. Pawtuclcet Ca?ial, in the town of Lowell, is I5 miles in length, 90 feet wide, and 4 feet deep ; overcoming a fall of 32 feet. It was originally constructed in 1797, but has been since widened and deepened ; and is now a very important work, affording an extensive water-power to numerous manufactories. BlacJi'sto?ie Canal. — This work commences at Worcester, Massachusetts, and extends to Providence, R. I. It has 48 locks, each 80 feet long by 10 wide: breadth at the surface, 34 feet; at the bottom, 18 feet; depth of water, 4 feet. The cost of this canal was about 8600,000. It was com- pleted in 1823. The summit-level at Worcester is 451.61 feet above tide- water at Providence. The Hampshire arid Hampden Canal is intended to connect with the Farmington Canal at Southwick, and to extend thence to Northampton — 20 miles : rise and fall, 298 feet. This work, when completed, will, with the Farmington Canal, connect the Connecticut river with New Haven harbor. Entire distance, 78 miles. South Hadley Canal was constructed for passing a fall of 50 feet, in Connecticut river. It is 2 miles in length, with 5 locks. About one-third of the length of the canal is cut through a solid rock, 10 feet deep ; and 216 GENERAL VIEW OF near the locks, more than 40 feet deep, for 800 feet in length* It was the earliest work of the kind in the United States, being commenced in 1792. Montague Canal, on the east bank of the Connecticut river, was con- structed for passing a fall of 60 feet in the river. It is 3 miles long, 25 feet wide, and 3 feet deep ; with 8 locks. RAIL ROADS. Quincy Rail-Road.— T\\is work was constructed for transporting granite from the quarry at Quincy, to the tide-waters of Neponset river. Includ- ing branches, it is 4 miles in length, single track, of stone and iron : an inclined plane of 375 feet in length, serves to convey the stone down an elevation of 85 feet to the road, at the foot of the quarry. It is the first work of the kind finished in the United States, being completed in 1827. Boston and Worcester Rail-Road. — This road is to extend to Worcester, 43 miles : estimated to cost about $900,000, and to be completed in 1834. It is proposed to continue the road to the Connecticut river ; thence, through Berkshire county into the state of New York, to connect with the New York and Albany Rail-Road at Greenbush, opposite to Albany : the whole distance about 200 miles. Boston and Providence Rail-Road. — This work is to extend, in nearly a straight line, from Boston to Providence, R. I., 42 miles. The company was "incorporated in 1831, with a capital of 81,000,000. Probably, the road will be finished in 1834. The immense amount of passengers find merchandise constantly passing and repassing between Boston and the south, will render this work one of the most important of the kind in the Union. It is proposed, at a future period, to continue the road to either Stonington or New London, as shall be found most expedient. Boston and Taunton Rail-Road, to extend from Boston to Taunton ; dis- tance 32 miles. The Company was incorporated in 1831, with a capital of $1 ,000,000. It is proposed to unite this work with the Boston and Provi- dence Rail-Road, at Sharon, 18 miles from Boston. Boston and Lowell Rail-Road — From Boston to Lowell, 25 miles. The company was incorporated in 1830 : to be completed in 1834. This work is to be carried across Charles river, by a wooden viaduct, and to terminate at the canal basin in Lowell ; from which, there are to be branches along the several canals, to the factories. Near its northern termination, it passes through a ledge of rock about 900 feet long, and 40 feet high. The cut is 60 feet wide at the top, and 30 feet at the bottom. This is considered as the commencement of a series of rail-roads, to be carried through the States of New Hampshire and Vermont, to a point on Lake Champlain, opposite to, or near, Plattsburg ; thence, across the State of New York to Ogdensburgh, on the St. Lawrence river : the entire distance, about 335 miles. The accomplishment of this line of rail-roads will afford to the city of Boston, and the country through which the road passes, as great and important advantages as any other enterprise of the kind in the United States. A Rail-Road is likewise contemplated from Boston to Salem : to be continued to the northern line of the State. MASSUCHUSETTS. 217 FRIITCir^Zi STikGE ROUTES. 1. From Boston to Portsmouth. To Charlcstown, . Lynn, Salhn^ Beverly, Wenham, Hamilton, Ipsvnch, Rowley, Newburyport, .... Salisbury, Seabrook, N.H... Hampton Falls, . . Hampton, Northampton, . . . Portsmouth, 2. From Boston to Albany, via Wor- cester and North- ampton. To Cambridge, . . Watertown, Waltham, Weston, East Sudbury, . . . Sudbury, Marlborough, . . Northborough, . . Shrewsbury, . . . Worcester, Leicester, Spencer, Brookfield, Ware, Belchertown, . . . Hadley, Northampton, . . . Westhampton, . . Chesterfield,. . . . Worthington, . . . Peru, Hinsdale, Dalton, Pittsfield, New Lebanon, n. y. Nassau, Schodack, Greenbush, . . . ALBANY, . . . 3. From Boston to Albany, via Lan- caster and Green- JieU. To Cambridge, . . Watertown, Waltham, Lincoln Miles 1 8 5 2 4 2 5 4 7 4 2 2 2 3 9 7 10 13 16 20 26 32 36 39 45 50 57 66 76 88 91 99 105 111 117 120 123 130 139 147 159 163 164 Stow, Bolton, Lancaster, . . . . Sterling, Princeton, . . . . Hubbardstown, Barre, Petersham, ... Leverett, Montague, . . . , Greenfield, . . . Deerfield, Conway, Ashfield, Plainfield, . . . , Savoy, , Chesliire, , Lanesboro', . . . Hancock, Stephentown, . , Troy, Watervleit, . . . ALBANY, . . . 4." From Boston to Albany, via Green field iSf Willia7ns town. To Lancaster, . . . Leominster, Fitchburg, Westminster, .... Gardner, Templeton, Phillipston, Athol, Orange, Montague, Greenfield, Shelburne, C'harlemont, Florida, Adams, Williamstown,. . . Hancock, Stephentown,N.Y. Troy, Watervleit, ALBANY, 5. From Boston to Neiv Haven, via Hartford. To Brighton, .... Newton, Natick, Framingham, . . . Southboro', Westboro', Worcester 22 28 32 38 45 52 57 62 77 82 92 99 103 109 116 123 131 136 144 148 166 172 178 32 39 44 47 51 54 58 62 64 82 93 97 109 121 124 133 144 148 164 170 176 Charlton, .... Sturbridge,. . . Holland, StatFordSprings,Ct Tolland, Vernon, HARTFORD, .. Weathersfield, . . . Middletoicn, . . . . . Durham, , Northford, NEW HAVEN, 6. From Boston to Saratoga Springs. To Cambridge, . . Lexington, Concord, Acton, Littleton, Groton, Pepperel, Townsend, New Ipswich, . . . JafFrey, Marlboro', Keene, Walpole, Bellows Falls, . . . Chester, ........ Landgrove, Manchester, Arlington, Cambridge, Union Village,. . . Schuylerville, . . . Saratoga Springs, 7. From Boston to Hartford. To Dedham, .... Medfield, Medway, Bellingham, Milford, Mendon, Uxbridge, Douglass, Thompson, Pomfret, Ashford, Mansfield, Coventry, Manchester, East Hartford,. . . HARTFORD,.. 8. From Boston to Newport, R. I. To Roxbury, .... 218 Dorchester, . . . Milton, Stoughton, .... N. Bridgewater Easton, Taunton, Berkley, Freetown, Troy, Tiverton, R.I. . NEWPORT, . 9. From Boston to Providence, To Roxbury, Dedham, Walpole, Foxborough, .... Wrentham, Pawtucket, PROVIDENCE, 10. From Boston to Salem. To Charlestown, . Lynn, Salem, 11. From Boston to Falmouth. To Quincy, Hingliam, Scituatc, Hanover, Pembroke, Plymouth, Sandwicli GENERAL VIEW OF 2 3 4 7 10 17 4 21 5 26 7 33 5 38 4 42 4 46 8 54 IG 70 2 8 10 7 17 6 23 4 27 12 39 3 42 1 8 9 5 14 9 6 15 8 23 4 27 4 31 7 38 18 56 Falmouth, jl2. From Boston \ to New Bedford, jTo Quincy, . . . . , I Weymouth, Abington, East Bridgewater, Bridgewater, .... Middleborough,. . N. BEDFORD, . 13. From Boston to Dover, N.H. To Charlestown, . Maiden, .Reading, Andover, iPlaistow,N.H. .. Kingston, 'Exeter, jNew Market, .... iDurham, {Dover, 14. From Neiobu- ryport to Lowell. To Rowley, Boxford, Andover, Tewkesbury, . . . . Lowell, jl5. From Salem to I Lowell, To North Reading 'Andover 22 11 78 19 Lowell, 16. From Worces- ter to Keene, N. H To Holden, Rutland, Hubbardstown, . . Templeton, Winchcndon, . . . . Fitzwilliam, N. H. Troy, Keene, 17. Fro7n Worces- ter to Lowell. To Boylestown,. . Sterling, Lancaster, Shirley, Groton, Westford, Chelmsford, Lowell, 18. From Spring- field to Albany. West Springfield, Wcstfield, jBecket, |Lee, iStockbridge, . . . . Canaan, Chatham, Nassau, Schodac, Greenbush, ALBANY, 11 30 RHODE ISLAND Is THE smallest State in the Union, but is pleasantly situated, and pos- sesses numerous facilities for commerce and manufactures, which the enter- prise of its citizens has improved to great advantage. The founder of this State was Roger Williams, a man remarkable for his benevolence, justice, and pacific policy. He was banished from the Plymouth colony for avowing the doctrine of the equal toleration of all religious sects in the same political community. In 1636, he purchased lands of the Indians, and, in conjunction with his followers, founded the present flourishing city of Providence, which place he thus named in grateful acknowledgment of the protection of Heaven. In 16.38, Williams was followed by Codrington and others, who settled the island of Rhode Island. By the wise policy of Williams towards the Indians, and his respect to all sects of religion, this colony was rendered exceedingly prosperous. The settlement of Rhode Island was, for a long time, regarded with a jealous eye by its powerful neighbor, Massachusetts ; and the colony, deprived of any assistance, was forced to depend upon its own growing resources. When the confederacy of the United Colonies of New England was formed, in 1643, Rhode Island, at the instance of Massachusetts, was excluded from it, and her commis- RHODE-ISLAND. 219 sioners were not admitted in the congress of deputies which formed it. On her petitioning, five years afterwards, to be received as a member, her request was refused, unless she would consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and thereby surrender her separate existence. The condition was rejected without hesitation, and she was never admitted into the con- federacy. For a long period previous to the American revolution, the affairs of Rhode Island are barren of incidents. Fortunate in living under a well-regulated democracy, enjoying a salubrious climate, and possessing great advantages for commerce, the inhabitants of this province, if they played no distinguished part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. This tranquil period was terminated, in 1765, by the stamp act, against which, and every other violence of the British Government, Rhode Island opposed a steady and effectual resistance. As early as 1774, the royal stores and artillery were seized ; and when the day of open war dawned, she acted a conspicuous part in the revolutionary contest. In the convention which met in 1787, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution, Rhode Island was not represented, and for some time evinced considerable hostility to the new frame of government. She was the last of the original thirteen States to accede to the present constitution, her consent being retarded until May, 1790. Rhode Island has no written constitution, and differs in this respect from the other States. She is governed by the charter of Charles 11., granted in 1663, the provisions of which are so liberal, that little inconvenience has been hitherto experienced from the want of a constitution. This State is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlantic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Its extent, from north to south, is about 48 miles, and from east to west, 42 ; area 1,500 square m.iles, or 960,000 acres. The face of the country is mostly level, except in the north- west, part of which is hilly and rocky. The soil is generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. A large proportion of the north-western and west- ern part of the State has a thin and lean soil, but the islands and country bordering on Narragansett Bay are of great fertility, and are celebrated for their fine cattle, and the abundance and excellence of their butter and cheese. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, and some wheat. The island of Rhode Island is celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated appearance, abounding in smooth swells, and being divided with great uniformity into well-tilled fields. The climate much resembles that of Massachusetts and Connecticut in its salubrity : the parts of the State adjacent to the sea are favored with refreshing breezes in summer, and its winter is the most mild of any of the New England States. This is the most manufacturing section of the Union, in proportion to its population. In 1831, there were 116 cotton manufactories, 5 bleacheries, and 2 calico-printing establishments, with an aggregate capital of $6,794,715 employed alone in the manufacture of cotton. The commercial prosperity of the State has kept pace with its manufactures : the amount of shipping is between 40 and 50,000 tons. The amount of imports was, in 1831, 8562,161 : exports, domestic, $348,250 ; foreign, $19,215 : total $367,465. In no part of the United States has banking been carried on to such an extent as in Rhode Island. There are in this small State 51 banks, with an aggregate capital of $6,723,296. There are at present 323 public schools, towards the support of which the State pays annually $10,000. 220 GENERAL VIEW OF POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Popula- tion. County Towns. Counties. Popula- tion. County Towns. BristoJ, Kent, 5,466 12,789 16,535 Bristol, E. Greenwich. Newport. Providence, Washington, Total, 47,018 15,411 Providence. S. Kingston. Newport, 97,199 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, 10,000; in 1730, 17,935; in 1748, 34,128; in 1755, 46,636; in 1774, 59,678 ; in 1783, 51,809. In 1790, 68,825. 1800, 69,122 1810, 76,931 1820, 83,059 1830, 97,199 From 1790 to 1800, 297 1800 to 1810, 7,809 1810 to 1820, 6,128 1820 to 1830, 14,140 948 380 108 48 14 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 45,333; wliite Females, 48,288; deaf and dumb, 48; blind, 57; aliens, 1,103. Total whites, 93,(121. --Free colored Males, 1,544; Females, 2,020. Total, 3,564.— Slaves, Males, 3; Females, 11. Total, 14. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Canals. — See BlacJcstone Canal, in Massachusetts. Rail-Roads. — A company was incorporated in 1832, to construct a rail-road from Providence to Norwich, in Connecticut ; and another, to construct a rail-road from Providence to Stonington, in Connecticut. PHlSTCIP.aXi STiLGS HOUTES. 1. From Provi- dence to Newport. To Barrington, . . Warren, Bristol, Portsmouth, Newport, 2. From Provi- dence to New London^ Ct. To Coventry, .... West Greenwich, Hopkinton, North Stonington, Groton, New London, . . . 3. From Provi- dence to Taun ton, Mas. To Pawtucket, . Seekonk, Rehoboth, Taunton, 4. From Provi- Miles Miles. 8 3 11 4 15 3 18 9 27 14 4 18 16 34 6 40 13 53 1 54 3 5 8 13 8 21 dence to Spring- field, Mas. To Greenville,. . . Chepacket, Thompson, Southbridge, .... Sturbridge, Brimfield, Monson, Wilbraham, Springfield, 5. From Provi- dence to New Bedford, Mas. To Seekonk, . . . Swanscy, , Fall River, West Port, New Bedford, . . 6. From Bristol to Sandwich, Mas. To Tiverton, . . . Little Compton, . Westport, New Bedford, . . 9 7 16 12 28 11 39 6 45 6 51 7 . 58 7 65 8 73 4 9 13 4 17 7 24 10 34 6 10 16 9 25 9 34 Fair Haven, Rochester, Wareham, Sandwich, 7. Fro7n Newport to New Bedford. To Portsmouth, . Westport, Dartmouth, New Bedford, . . . 8. From Provi- dence to Worces- ter, Mas. To Slatersville, . . U.xbridge, ..:.... Northbridgc, .... Milbury, Worcester, 9. Frmn Bristol to Taunton. To Warren, Somerset, Dighton, Taunton CONNECTICUT. 221 CONNECTICUT. Connecticut was first settled by emigrants from Massachusetts, who located themselves in Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield. A charter was granted to them by Charles II., in 1662. New Haven, which was settled by emigrants from England in 1638, formed, for some time, a separate colony ; but was united with Connecticut, under this charter, in 1665. The people were greatly harassed by the arbitrary and oppressive conduct of James II. In 1687, Sir Edmond Andros, having been appointed governor of New England, came to Hartford, and, by royal authority, demanded a surrender of the charter. The assembly, being then in session, were reluctant to comply ; and, while the subject was under consideration, the charter was secretly conveyed away, and concealed in the cavity of an old oak tree, on the estate of Mr. Wyllys, one of the magistrates of the colony. This charter formed the basis of the government, until 1818, when the present constitution was adopted. — Blessed with a salubrious climate, and a fertile country of hill and dale, the people of this state enjoy as much happiness as is allotted to any part of the human family. Its population is always full, although its domain is not extensive. No Atlantic State has sent so many of its children, or so large a share of intellectual wealth, to the western country. In no part of the world, have more ample means been provided for education, than in this State. Her institutions of learning, and provision for the general instruction of the people, have placed Connecticut on a proud eminence among her sister States. Her school fund is nearly two millions of dollars ; the interest of which, amounting in 1832 to upwards of 884,000, affords instruction to about 90,000 children, annually. Perfect religious toleration is enjoyed in Connecticut : no person is compelled to support, or be connected with, any religious association or church. This State is hounded on the north by Massachusetts ; south by Long Island Sound ; east by Rhode Island ; and west by New York. It is 90 miles in length, 70 miles in breadth, and contains 4,764 square miles, or 3,048,960 acres. The principal Rivers are, the Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Farm- ington, and Naugatuck. The face of the country is, generally, hilly ; and, in the north-western parts, mountainous. The soil is good ; and the industrious inhabitants have not neglected its cultivation. The valley of Connecticut river, from Middletown to the northern boundary of the State, is a luxuriant meadow, chequered by patches of wheat, corn, and other grain. Some other parts of the State are well cultivated, and fruitful ; and some portions are beautiful, as well from the gifts of nature, as the improvements of art. The chiei' productio?is are, Indian corn, rye, wheat; in many parts, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax in large quantities, &c. Orchards are numerous, and cider is made for exportation. The State is, however, generally better adapted to grazing than tillage, and its fine meadows and pastures enable the farmer to feed great numbers of neat cattle, horses, and sheep. The quantity of butter and cheese, annually made, is great, and of well-known excellence. T2 222 GENERAL VIEW OF The manufactures of Connecticut are considerable ; and the ingenuity and industry of the people, in this line, have a reputation coextensive with I the Union. The principal articles are cotton and woollen goods, clocks, glass, hats, buttons, fire-arms, a large amount of tin-ware, and many other products. The foreign trade is chiefly with the West Indies ; but it is less extensive than the coasting trade. The exports were, in 1831, $448,883. New London, Stonington, and some other towns, have lately engaged, with much success, in the whaling business. There are twenty banks, with a capital of upwards of five millions of dollars ; besides wliich, there are 11 insurance companies, and five banks for savings. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Count it Fairfield, . . Hartford, . . Litchfield, . Middlesex,. Pojjiila- County Towns. 51,141 Hartford. 42,855|Litchfield. n( 1C1 S Middletown, ^^'^^•^1 ) Haddam. New Haven, . New London, Tolland, AVindham, . . . Total, . . Popiila- tinn. 43,848 42,295 18,700 27,077 297,675 County Towns. New Haven. ^ N. London, ) Norwich. Tolland. Brooldyn. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701,. . 30,000 In 1790,. . 237,946 INCREASE. SLAVES. 1749,. . 100,000 1800,. . 251,002 From 1790 to 1800,. . . 13,056 2,764 1756,. . 130,611 1810,. . 261,942 1800 to 1810,. . . 10,940 954 1774,. . 197,856 1820,. . 275,248 1810 to 1820,. . . 13,306 310 1782,. . 209,150 1830,. . 297,675 1820 to 1830,. . . 22,427 97 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 143,047; white Females, H6,55G: of which are, deaf and dumb, 2D4 ; blind, 188 ; aliens, 1,481. Total Whites, 289,003.— Free colored, 8,047; Slaves, 25 ; deaf and dumb, 6 ; blind, 7. Total, 8,075. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Farmington Canal. — This work commences at New Haven, and passes through the State of Connecticut, 58 miles, to the northern boundary of the State, where it connects with the Hampshire and Hampden CanaJ, 20 miles in length, termii\ating at Northampton, on the Connecticut river: whole distance, 78 miles. Fifty-six miles of this canal are completed. It is 36 feet wide, at the surface of the water ; 20 feet at the bottom ; and 4 feet in depth : lockage, 218 feet. The locks are 80 feet m the clear, and 12 feet wide. At its commencement, at New Haven, is a basin of 20 acres. Commenced in 1825, and finished in 1831, at a cost of 8600,000. Enfield Canal. — This Canal is constructed around Enfield Falls, on Connecticut river. It commences about 11 miles above Hartford, and is 5t^- miles in length, with 3 locks, each 90 by 20 feet, overcoming a fall of 30 feet. Besides the advantages derived from this work, in the improvement of the navigation of the river, it furnishes a large amount of water-power, which is yet but partially improved. Rail Road. — A rail-road has been projected from New Haven to Hart- ford, and a company formed for the purpose of carrying it on. CONNECTICUT. 223 FRIXrCIP/kXi STAGE ROUTES. 1. From New Ha- ven to New York, To Milford, .... Stratford, Bridgeport, .... Fairfield, Saug-atuck, Norwalk, Darien, Stamford, Greenwich, .... Sawpits, N. Y. . . Rye, Mamaroneck, . . New Rochelle,. . East Chester, West Farms, . . . , Hserlem, New York, , 2. Froin Provi clence, R. /., to New Haven. To Scituate, R. I. Sterling-, Plainfield, Jevvett's City, . . . Norwich, New London, .... Waterford, Lyme, Say Brook, Killing-worth, .... Madison, Guilford, Branford, East Haven, .... NEW HAVEN,. .3. Fro7n New Ha- ven to Poughkeep. sie, N. Y. To Derby, Hmitington, Monroe, Newton, Danbury, Milltown, N.Y... Patterson, Fishkill, Poitghkeepsie, . . . 4. From Hartford to New Haven. To Farmington, . Southington, .... Cheshire, NEW HAVEN,. 5. From Hartford Miles 9 5 4 3 6 3 6 3 5 3 2 4 4 3 4 4 14 is; 21 27l 30 36 39 44 4 49 53 57 60 64 68 76 26 30 36 44 57 60 73 77 86 90 95 104 107 111 to Norwalk. To Farmington, . Burlington, Harwinton, Litchfield, NewxMilford,.... Brookfield', Danbury, Reading, Wilton, Norwalk, 6. From Hartford. Ct., to Haverhill. To East Windsor, Enfield, Lon^' Meadow, Mas, Springfield, South Hadley, . . . Amherst, Sunderland, Montague, Northfield, . . . . . . Hinsdale, N. H... Brattlcboro', Vt. . Chesterfield, N.H. Westmoreland, . . Walpole, Bellows-Falls, Vt. Charlestown,N.H. Claremont, Cornish, Windsor, Vt Plainfield, N. H. . Lebanon, Hanover, ....... Lyme, Orford, Piermont, Haverhill, From Hartford to Litchfield. To Farmington Bristol, Plymouth, .... Litchfield, 17 8. From Hartford to Albany, N Y. jTo Canton, .... 'New Hartford,. . i Winchester,. . . . jNorfolk, iCanaan, Sheflield, Mas... 23' Egremont 37j|Austerlitz, N.Y. iSpcncertown, . . . Chatham, 18 25 29 41 53 58 63 73 81 90 97 105 109 118 129j 140| 141 148 161 165 175 182, 187 193 Greenbush, ALBANY, 9. From Hartford to New London. To East Hartford, Manchester, Bolton, Andover, Columbia, Lebanon, Franklin, Noricich, New London, .... 10. From Hart- ford to Ware Mas. To East Hartford East Windsor,. . . Ellington, Somers, Wilbraham, Mas. Palmer, Ware, 11. From Provi- dence, R. /., to Hartford. To Scituate, Foster, R.I Killingly, , Pomfret, Ashford, , Mansfield, Coventry, Manchester,. ... East Hartford,.. , HARTFORD, . , 12. Fro}n Provi dence, R. I., to Middlctown. To Foster, R.L.. Killingly, Brooklyn, Windham, Columbia, Hebron, Chatham, Middletown, 13. From Litch- field to Poitgh- keepsie, N. Y. To Sharon Amenia, N, Y. . . Washington, . . . . Pleasant Valley, . Poughkeepsie, . . . 20 224 14. From Hartford to Newbury, Vt. To Windsor, Suffield, Springjield, Mas. West Springfield, East Hampton, . . Northampton,. . . . Hatfield, Whately, Deerfield, Greenfield, Bernardston, . . . , Guilford, Vt Brattleboro', Dummerstown, . . GENERAL VIEW OF 9 8 17 11 28 3 31 12 43 5 48 5 53 5 58 7 65 4 69 7 76 10 m 5 91 5 96 Putney, Westminster, . . . . Walpole, N. H. . . Bellows Falls, Vt. Springfield, . . . . . Windsor, Hartland, Hartford, Hanover, N. H.. . Norwich, Vt. Thetford, ■ Fairlec, Bradford, Newbury, 15. From New Ha. 7 103 6 109 1 2 nil 5 116, 14 130, 16 i46;i 7 153 7 i6o; 5 165 2 167 ; 7 174! 1 7 181^' 8 189! 8 197 1 ven to Albany, N. Y. Woodbridge, .... Waterbury, Watertown, \Litclifield, East Goshen, Canaan, Sheffield, Great Barrington, West Stockbridge Chatham, Nassau, Schodack, Greenbush, ALBANY, 20 28 38 44 53 65 71 84 92 98 103 109 110 NEW YORK. The territory now forming the State of New York was originally included in the grant of Virginia, made by Queen Elizabeth, and in the grant of North and South Virginia, made in 1606 by James I. This part of the continent was, however, unknown to Europeans, until 1609, when it was first discovered by Henry Hudson, an enterprising English naviga- tor, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Company. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, in 1614, at New Amsterdam and Fort Orange, now the cities of New York and Albany. In 1621, the States General of the United Provinces granted the colony to the Dutch West India Company, by the name of the New Netherlands. From the Dutch it was conquered by the English, in 1664, and granted by Charles II., together with some adjacent parts, to his brother James, Duke of York, when it first received the name it now bears. New York soon became an important colony, and continued gradually to grow in resources and population. The people of this province opposed as strenuous a resistance to the arbitrary measures of the mother country, as any of her sister colonies ; and, during the continuance of the revolu- tionary contest, was the theatre of hostilities for most part of that gloomy period. Some of the most memorable events of the war occurred in this State, particularly the capture of General Burgoyneand his army, in 1777, a year also rendered memorable in her annals by the adoption of a repub- lican constitution. From the peace of 1783, she made wonderful advances in wealth and population. This State takes rank in the confederacy of the Union, not only in population, but in extent and wealth, great public works, and geographical position. Her central situation, excellent climate, fertile and extensive territory ; her navigable rivers, magnificent internal improve- ments, and vast inland seas, together with the proximity of her chief city to the Ocean, all aflxtrd her the greatest advantages in agriculture, com- merce, and manufactures. What the hand of nature has withheld from New York, the genius of her Clintons and her Fultons has supplied : she is, in fact, an epitome of all configurations of surface, all varieties of land and river scenery, and all conditions of man, from the sumptuous patrician of Broadway, to the backwoodsman rearing his humble cabin amid the primeval forests of the west. NEW-YORK. 225 This State produces in great abundance all the staple commodities and luxuries common to the climate, the surplus of which, and large quantities from other States, find an easy access to the great mart of New York. The salt-springs of Onondaga Lake, at the villages of Salina, Syracuse, &c., produce a large revenue to the State ; and the mineral waters of Ballston and Saratoga give health to many and pleasure to all who visit them. This State carries on an extensive foreign commerce with all quarters of the world, for the most part through the city and port of New York. The number of vessels that arrived there in 1832, from foreign countries, was 1,810, of which 1,290 were American. The amount of imports, in the same year, amounted to 852,855,929, and the exports to $16,941,488, on which the duties that accrued to the General Government were 817,123,174 70 cts. : at the same time the number of passengers that arrived was 48,589. New York is the most northern of the middle States, and is bounded north by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence river, and Lower Canada ; east by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and west by Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, and the Niagara river. Length, 316 miles; breadth, 304: containing about 47,000 square miles, or 31,080,000 acres. The principal rivers are the Hudson, St. Lawrence, Delaware, Susque- hanna, Alleghany, Genesee, Niagara, Oswego, and the Mohawk. A part of the lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, are in this State. The other principal lakes are Lake George, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Oswegatchie, Canandaigua, &c. The soil in the maritime part of the State is sandy, in the middle beauti- fully undulating, and in the western and southern division remarkably level, rich, and inclining to alluvial formation. In this State, there are 200 woollen manufactories; 112 cotton-mills, with a capital of 84,485,500, manufacturing 21,010,920 yards, valued at 83,530,250, and using 7,961,670 pounds of cotton annually, and employ- ing 15,970 persons; above 200 iron-works, making 84,000,000 worth ; 50 paper-mills, making 8700,000 worth ; leather made to about the value of 88,458,000 ; and hats to the value of 83,500,000 ; &c. &c. ; per annum. The annual expenditure for common schools exceeds one million dollars. Nearly one-tenth of this sum is paid from a school fund, one-tenth by a tax on the towns, two-tenths by a tax on the property of the several school districts, and six-tenths are paid voluntarily by the parents and guardians of the scholars. The number of scholars in these schools, in 1833, between the ages of 5 and 15 years, was 508,878 ; and the proportion of the children that are known to be taught, to the whole population of the State, is more than one to four. In nine counties, more than one-third of the population are children at school during some part of the year. By an act of the State of New York, passed in 1829, every bank there- after to be chartered or renewed, was obliged to contribute one half per cent, per annum of its capital, in order to establish a safety fund, which should be placed in the hands of commissioners, to provide for the payment of the debts of any banks which should become insolvent. In 1833, there were 61 banks subject to this act, with a capital of 820,581,460. The capital of banks not subject to the safety fund, was 88,100,000, including three branches of the United States' Bank. 226 GENERAL VIEW OF The steam-boats in this State, in 1833, were estimated at 82 in number, the principal part of which ran from the city of New York. One of them measured 518 tons burden. The most rapid boats have run between the two cities of New York and Albany in less than 10 hours. The mail is carried from New York to Quebec, (almost the whole distance, in steam- boats,) in 96 hours. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population County Towns. Albany, 53,560 Alleghany, .... 26,218 Broome, 17,582 Cattaraugus, . . 16,726 Cayuga, 47,947 Chatauque, 36,657 Clienango, 37,404 Clinton, 19,344 Columbia, 39,959 Cortland, 23,693 Delaware, 32,933 Dutchess, 50,929 Erin, 35,710 19,387 11,312 Franklin, Genesee, 51,992 Greene, 29,525 Hamilton, 1,325 Herkimer, .... 35,869 Jefferson, 48,515 Kings, 20,537 Lewis, 14,958 Livingston, . . . 27,719 Madison, .... 39,037 Monroe, 49,862 Montgomery,. . 43,593 New York, .... 203,007 Niagara, 18,485 Oneida, 71,326 Onondaga, . Ontario, ... 58,974 40,16 Albany. Angelica. Binghampton. Ellicottsville. Auburn. Mayville. Norwich. Plattsburg. Hudson. Cortlandville. Delhi. Poughkeepsie. Buffalo. Elizabeth Town Malone. Batavia. Catskill. Wells. Herkimer. Watertown. Flatbush. Martinsburg. Geneseo. Cazenovia, Morrisville. Rochester. Johnstown. New York. Lockport. Utica, Rome, Whitesboro', Syracuse. Canandaigua. Counties. Population County Towns. Orange, .... Orleans, .... Oswego, .... Otsego, Putnam, .... Queens, .... Rensselaer, . Richmond, . . Rockland,. . . Saratoga, . . . St. Lawrence, Schenectady, Schoharie, . . Seneca, Steubv^n, . . . . Suffolk, Sullivan,. . . . Tioga, Tompkins, . Ulster, Warren, ... Washington, Wayne, West Chester, Yates, 45,372 18,873 27,104 51,372 12,701 22,278 49,472 7,084 9,388 38,616 36,351 12,334 27,910 21,031 33,975 26,780 12,3 27,704 36,545 36,559 11,795 42,615 33,515 36,459 19,019 Goshen, Newburgh. Albion. Oswego, Richland. Cooperstown. Carmel. NewHempstead Troy. Richmond. Clarkstown, Ballston. Potsdam. Schenectady. Schoharie. Ovid, Waterloo. Bath. Riverhead. Monticcllo. Elmira, Owego. Ithaca. Kingston. Caldwell. ^ Salem, ) Sandy Hill. \ Lyons, ) Palmyra. Bedford. Penn Yan. Total.... 1 1,918,608 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. SLAVES. In 1701,. . 30,000 In 1790,. . 340,120 I 21, .324 1731,. . 50,395 1800,. . 586,050 From 1790 to 1800, . .245,930 20,613 1749,. . 100,000 1810,. . 959,049 1800 to 1810,.. 372,999 15,017 1771,. . 163,338 1820,. . 1,372,812 1810 to 1820,.. 413,763 10,088 1825,. . 1,616,458 1830,. . 1,918,608 1820 to 1830,.. 545,896 46 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 951,516; white Females. PlG.tiTO; deaf and dumb, 842; blind, 642; aliens, 52,488: total, 1,8C8,1G6. Free colored Males, 21,405; Fe- males, 23,404: total, 44,869. Slaves— Males, 12; Females, 34: total, 46. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS COMPLETED. Erie Canal, — This canal extends from Albany, on Hudson river, to Biitfalo, on Lake Erie. Commenced July 4th, 1817 ; first navigated, from Utica to Rome, 15 miles, October 3d, 1819; tolls first received July 1st, [ NEW-YORK. 227 1820. Canal completed in 1825. Length, from Hudson river to Lake Erie, 363 miles ; width, at the surface of the water, 40 feet ; width, at the bottom, 28 feet ; depth of water, 4 feet. Number of locks, 84 ; rise and fall, 698 feet. Cost, $9,027,456 OScts. Tolls in 1831, $1,091,714 26cts. ; in 1832, 81,085,612 28 cts. Champlaiii Canal extends from Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, to Albany. Commenced, October, 1817; opened for navigation, November, 1819. Length, 72 miles; width and depth the same as Erie canal. Num- ber of locks, 21 ; rise and fall, 188 feet. Cost, $1,179,871 95 cts. Tolls received in 1831, $102,896 23 cts.; in 1832, $110,191 95 cts. Oswego Canal is a branch of the Erie, extending from Salina to Oswego, connecting Lake Ontario with the Erie canal. Length, 38 miles. One half of the distance is canal, the remainder slack-water navigation : 14 locks. Descent from Salina to Lake Ontario, 123 feet. Cost, $525,115 57 cts. Tolls in 1831, $16,271 10 cts. Cayuga and Seneca Canal, extending from Geneva, on Seneca lake, to Montezuma, on Erie canal, is one half canal and one half slack-water navi- gation. Length, 20 miles and 44 chains : 11 locks of wood. Descent from Seneca lake to Montezuma, 73^ feet. Canal constructed in 1828. Cost, $214,000 31 cts. Tollsin 1830, $11,987 81 cts. ; in 1831, $12,920 39 cts. The four canals described above were constructed at the expense of the State, and still remain under the administration of the State government as public property. Aggregate length, including 8 miles of navigable feeders, 492 miles. Do. Cost -. $10,946,443 68 Do. Tolls in 1830, • 1,056,799 67 Do. Tolls in 1831, 1,222,801 90 Chemwig Canal, another work of the State, extends from the head waters of Seneca lake to the Chemung (or Tioga) river. Length, 18 miles, with a navigable feeder of 13 miles from Painted Post, on the Chemung river, to the summit-level, making in the whole 31 miles of canal naviga- tion. Amount appropriated by the Legislature, April, 1829, for the con- struction of this canal, $300,000. On the canal are 53 locks of wood, 6 culverts, 3 aqueducts, 70 bridges, 1 dam, and 1 guard-lock of stone. Completed in 1832. Crooked Lake Canal is to extend from Crooked Lake, near Pen Yan, to the outlet of Seneca Lake, about 7 miles. Lockage, 270 feet. Appro- priated by the Legislature for this canal, $120,000. Canal Debt. Erie and Champlain Canals, . , .$7,001,035 86 Oswego Canal, 427,347 00 Cayuga and Seneca Canal, 237,000 00 Chemung Canal, 290,263 00 Crooked Lake Canal ; 100,000 00 Total Canal Debt, $8,055,645 86 Canal Fund. Bonds for sales of Land, '. $21,538 46 Five per cent. State Stocks, 310,000 00 Loan to the city of Albany, 75,000 00 Deposits in banks for Canal Tolls collected, 1,833,229 41 Total Canal Fund, $2,240,050 87 228 GENERAL VIEW OF Canals designed to he constructed by the State. Chenango Canal, to extend from the Erie canal, in Oneida county, to Binghampton, in Broome county, on Susquehanna river. Length, 92| miles. Elevation from tlie Erie canal to the summit-level, 706 feet. Descent from thence to the Susquehanna river, 303 do. Total Lockag-e, 1,009 do. Estimated Cost, $944,775 36 Black River Canal, to extend from Rome to the High Falls on the Black river, 36 miles, with a navigable feeder of 9 miles at Boonville, and the improvement of 40 miles' river navigation from the High Falls to Carthage. Length of canal and river navigation, 76 miles. Rise and fall from Rome to the Black river, 1,078 feet. Estimated cost, $602,544 . Canals constructed by private Companies, Delaware and Hudson Canal. — Company, incorporated April, 1823, for the purpose of constructing a canal and rail-road from the Hudson river to the Coal Mines in Luzerne county, Penn., with a capital of $1,500,000. The canal was commenced in July, 1825; completed in October, 1828. Length of the canal, from tide- water of the Hudson to Honesdale, Wayne county, Pennsylvania, 108 miles. Length of the rail-road, from Honesdale to the Coal Mines in Carbondale, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 24 miles. The canal is from 32 to 36 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Coal is the most important article transported upon this canal, of which 43,200 tons were brought down in 1830. Amount of tolls, in 1831, (exclusive of coal- boats,) 819,500. Haerlem Canal. — Company incorporated April, 1826. Capital, 550,000 dollars. It is to extend from Hudson to East river, through Manhattan Island. Length, 3 miles, 60 feet wide, and from 6 to 7 deep. It is to be walled with stone on both sides, and to have a street on each side, 50 feet wide, its whole length, with a lock at each end to command the tide-water. The work is now in progress. Chittenango Canal. — Company incorporated in 1818. Length, 1^ miles. Extends from Chittenango Mill to the Erie Canal, with 4 locks. Sodus Canal. — Company incorporated in 1829. Capital, $200,000. Canal to extend from Seneca river to Great Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario. The following Canal Companies have been incorporated, which have not yet commenced operations. Harlaem River, Owasco and Erie, Auburn and Owasco, New York and Sharon, Niagara, Jefferson County, Oswego, Greenville, Black River, and Long Island. RAIL-ROADS. Mohawk and Hudson Rail-Road. — Company incorporated in April, 1826. Capital, $300,000, with permission to increase it to $500,000. It extends from Albany to Schenectady, and affords communication between the tide- water of Hudson river and the Erie Canal. Length, about 16 miles. Double-track — one now completed, the other in progress — was commenced in August, 1830. Cost, from $600,000 to $700,000. Saratoga and Schenectady Rail-Road. — Company incorporated April, 1831. Capital, $150,000. This rail-road forms a continuation of the NEW YORK. 229 Mohawk and Hudson Rail-Road, from the city of Schenectady to the villages of Ballston Spa and Saratoga, and unites these places with the line of steam-navigation upon the Hudson. Length, 20 miles. Commenced in 1831 ; completed in 1832. Cost, from $230,000 to 8250,000. Catskill and Canajoharie Rail-Road, — Company incorporated in 1830. Capital, $600,000. To extend from Catskill to Canajoharie : distance, 70 miles. The capital stock has been subscribed, and a part of the rail-road put under contract. Ithaca and Owego RaiURoad. — Company incorporated in 1828. Capi- tah $150,000. To extend from the village of Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga lake, to the village of Owego, on the Susquehanna river : distance, 29 miles. Capital stock subscribed, route surveyed and determined, and work no^v in progress. Haerlem Rail-Road. — Company incorporated in April, 1831. Capital, $350,000. To extend from Twenty-third street. New York city, to Haer- lem, The v/ork is now under contract. It is proposed to unite the con- templated rail-road from New York to Albany with a rail-road at the termination of the Fourth Avenue. Rochester Rail-Road. — Company incorporated in April, 1831, for the purpose of constructing a rail-road from Rochester to the head of navigation on Genesee river, below the falls, and opening a communication between the Erie canal at Rochester and Lake Ontario. Completed in 1832. Rail-Roads projected. New YorJc and Erie Rail-Road — Company incorporated April 14th, 1832. Capital, $10,000,000. To extend from the city of New York, or from some point in its vicinity, and to continue through the southern tier of counties, through Owego in the county of Tioga, to the shore of Lake I Erie, at some point between Cattaraugus creek and the Pennsylvania line, j To be commenced within four years from the date of the act of incorpora- j tion, one-fourth to be completed within 10 years, one-half within 15 years, ) and the whole to be completed within 20 years, under penalty of forfeiture i of the charter. | New York ami Albany Rail-Road. — Company incorporated April 17th, j 1832. Capital, $3,000,000. This rail-road is to commence at New York j city, opposite where the Fourth Avenue terminates, and running through ! the counties of Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, and Rensselaer, I to end on the Hudson, opposite Albany. Power is also granted to the| company to extend the rail-road to Troy, and to construct lateral rail-roads to the eastern limits of the counties above mentioned, to connect with any that may be made hereafter from Massachusetts or Connecticut. It is to be completed within ten years, under penalty of forfeiture of the charter. Troy Tvrnpike and Rail-Road. — Company incorporated in 1831, to construct a turnpike or rail-road from Troy to Bennington, Vermont. The necessary surveys have been made, and the stock subscribed. In addition to the above, the following Rail-Road Companies were incor- porated at the session of the Legislature in 1832 : Names. Capital. Lake Champlain and Ogdensburgh, $3,000,000 Watertown and Rome, 1,000,000 Utica and Susquehanna, (from Utica to the New York and Erie Rail-Road, 1,000,000 U " 230 GENERAL VIEW OF Name, Capital. Black River, (from the Erie Canal at Rome or Herkimer, to the St. Law- rence,) $900,000 Ithaca and Geneva, 800,000 Buffalo and Erie 650,000 Dutchess, (from Poughkeepsie to Connecticut line,) 600,000 Tonavi^anda, (from Rochester to Utica,) 500,000 Hudson and Berkshire, (from Hudson to Massachusetts line,) 350,000 Schoharie and Otsego, (from the Catskill and Canajoharie Rail-Road to the Susquehanna river,) 300,000 Danville and Rochester, * 300,000 Aurora and Buffalo, 300,000 Rensselaer and Saratoga, 380,000 Brooklyn and Jamaica, « 300,000 Fish-house and Amsterdam, 250,000 Warren county, (from Glen's Falls to Caldwell,) 250,000 Saratoga and Fort Edward, 200,000 Otsego, (from Cooperstown to Collierville,) 200,000 Albion and Tonawanda, 200,000 Auburn and Erie Canal, 150,000 Mayville and Portland, 150,000 Great au Sable, (to Port Kent and Peru,) 150,000 Saratoga and Schuylerville, 100,000 Elvira and Williamsport, - 75,000 PRIXrCZP^Ii STiLGS ROUTES. 1. Froyri NevjYork to Philadelpliiu, via Trenton. To Jersey City, N.J. Newark, Elizabethtown, . . Rahway, New Brunswick, . Kingston, Princeton, TRENTON,.... Morrisville, Pa. . . Tullytown, Bristol, Andalusia, Holmesburg, .... Frankfort, Philadelphia, .... 2. From New York to Philadelphia, via NeiD Hope. Elizabethtown, N.J. Westfield, Scotch Plains, . . . Plainfield, Bound Brook, . . . Somerville, Centreville, Flemington, Ringoes, Lambertsville, . . . New Hope, Pa. . . Hartsville, Hatboro\ Willow Grove,. . . Miles 1 9 5 5 12 13 3 11 1 6 4 6 4 4 5 15 Jenkintown, Philadelphia, .... 3. From New York to Albany: east side of Hudson river. To Yonkers, .... Dobbs' Ferry, . . . Sing-sing, Peekskill, Fishkill, Poughkeepsie, . . . Hyde Park, Staatsburg, Rhinebeck, Red Hook, Clermont, Livingston, Hudson, Columbiaville, . . . Kinderhook, . . . Schodack Centre, Greenbush, ALBANY, 4. From New York to Albany : west side of the Hud- son river. To Hoboken, N. J. Hackensack, .... New Prospect,. . Ramapo, N. Y. . Monroe Works,. Monroe, 3 96 10 106 16 5 21 10 31 12 43 20 63 13 76 7 83 5 88 6 94 6 100 8 108 5 113 9 122 5 127 7 134 10 144 6 150 1 151 1 11 12 10 22 10 32! 9 41 1 6 47! Chester, Goshen, Montgomery,. . . . Shawangunk,. . . . Newpaltz, Kingston, Saugerties, Maiden, Catskill, Athens, Coxsackie, New Baltimore,. . Coeymans, ALBANY, 5. From New York to Easthampton, L.L To Brooklyn, Jamaica, Hempstead, Babylon, Islip, Patchoque, Fireplace, Southampton, . . . Sag Harbor, Easthampton, . . . 6. From New York toOyster Ponds, L.L To Brooklyn, ! Jamaica, North Hempstead, Jericho, 53 57 67 76 88 105 117 119 129 134 140 147 150 162 12 21 39 46 59 66 69 107 114 12 23 27 NEW YORK. 231 Dix Hills,.... Smithtown, . . Coram, Riverhead, . . . Auquebogue, . Mattituck, . . , Southold, Oyster Ponds, 7. From New York to Geneva. To Jersey City, N.J. Newark, Orange, Livingston, Hanover Neck, . . Hanover, Morristown, Suckasunny, . . . . Stanhope, Andover, Newton, Augusta, Branchville, Sandiston, Montague, Milford, Pa Tafton, Clark stown, DundatF, Lenox, Hartford, Montrose, Friendsville, Warrenham, .... Owe go, N. Y.'... Candor, Danby, Ithaca, Trumansburg,. . . Covert, , . Lodi, Ovid, Romulus, Fayette, Geneva, 8. From New York to Flushing. To Williamsburg, Newton, Flusliing, 9. From New York to Litchfield, Ct. To Haerlem, . . West Farms, . . East Chester,.. White Plains, . North Castle,.. Bedford, South Salem, . . Ridgefield, .... 13 40 6 46 10 5G 18 74 5 79 5 84 8 92 11 103 1 9 10 4 14 6 20 2 22 24 7 31 10 41 4 45 6 51 6 57 6 63 2 65 6 71 5 76 3 79 24 103 15 118 10 128 7 135 6 141 9 150 10 160 11 171 8 179 10 189 12 201 9 210 11 221 3 224 9 233 4 237 5 242 10 252 3 255 2 5 7 4 11 8 4 12 4 16 11 27 8 35 9 44 5 49 6 55 Danbury, Ct. . Litchfield, . . . 10. From New York to Easton, Pa. To Jersey City, N.J, Newark, Caraptown, Springfield, Chatham, Morristown, Mendham, Ciiester, Washington, .... Schooley's Mount'n, Andersontovvn, . . Mansfield, New Village, . . . . Easton, 11. From Albany to Buffalo, via Utica. To Schenectady^. . Amsterdam, Caughnawaga,. . . Palatine Bridge, , Little Falls, Herkimer, Utica, Vernon, Oneida, Lenox, Sullivan, Manlius, Jamesville, Onondaga, Marcellus, Skaneateles, Auburn, Cayuga, Seneca Falls, .... Waterloo, Geneva, Canandaigva, . . . East Bloomfield, . West Bloomfield, . Lima, East Avon, Avon, Caledonia, Le Roy, Batavia, Pembroke, Clarence, Williamsville, . . . Buffalo 12. From Albany to Buffalo, via Cherry Valley. To Guildcrland, . . 10 30 40 52 73 80 96 113 118 125 130 136 141 148 156 162 169 178 181 185 192 208 217 222 226 231 233 241 247 258 272 280 288 298 Duanesburg, . . . Esperance, Carlisle, , Sharon, Cherry Valley, . . Springfield, .... Warren, Ritchfield, Winfield, Bridgewater, Sangerfield, .... Madison, Morrisville, .... Nelson, Cazenovia, Manlius, Fayetteville, .... Orville, Syracuse, Geddes, Camillus, Wellington, . . , Elbridge, Brutus, Auburn, Buffalo,s.s in No.l 1 13. From Albany to Lewision, via Rochester. To Elbridge, as in No. 12, . . . Weed's Port, . . Port Byron, . . . Montezuma,. . . Lyons, Newark, Palmyra, Macedonia, . . . Pittsford, Brighton, .... Rochester, .... Greece, Parma, Clarkson, .... Murray, Gaines, Oak Orchard, . Ridgeway, .... Hartland, New Fane, .... Lockport, Cambria, Lewiston, 14. From Albany to White Hall, via Sandy Hill. To Troy, 6 Lansingburg, .... 3 Waterford, 1 Mechanicsville, . . 8 Stillwater, [ 2 12 5 10 4 12 6 3 7 5 7 8 6 6 5 7 7 5 3 5 2 6 3 5 4 3 129 232 Schiiylersville, . . Nortliumberland , Fort Miller, Fort Edward, . . Sandy Hill, .... Kingsbury, .... Fort Ann, White Hall, .... 15. From Albany to White Hall via Argyle. To Troy, Lansingburg, .... Schateeoke, Easton, Greenwich, Argyle, Hartford, Granville, White Hall GENERAL VIEW OF 16. Fro7n Albany to Burlington, Vt. To Troy, Lansingburg, .... Cambridge, Salem, ......... Hebron, Granville, Poulteney,Vt. . . . Castleton, Hubbard stown, . . Sudbury, Whiting, Cornwall, Middlebury, Vergennes, Charlotte, Shelburn, Burlington, 17. From Albany to Colliersville. To Guilderland, Knox, , Gallupville, . . . Cobleskill, .... Richmondville, Worcester, .... Maryland, .... Colliersville, . . . 18. From Albany to Saratoga Springs. To Troy, Lansingburg, .... Waterford, Half Moon, Ballston, Saratoga Springs, 19. FromNewburg 9 34 46 53 64 74 80 86 91 97 103 108 119 130 134 141 to Owego. To Montgomery,. Bullville, Bloom ingsburg,. . Wurtsboro', Monticello, Bethel, Damascus, Pa. . . . Pleasant Mount, . Great Bend, Binghampton,N.Y. Owego, 20. Fro7n Oimso to Olean. To Athens, Pa. Chemung, .... Elmira, Painted Post, . . Campbelltown, . Bath, Kennedayville, Hornellsville, . . Almond, Angelica, Friendship, . . . Cuba, Hinsdale, Olean, 21. Frorn Elmira to Canandaigua. To Horse Head,. . Havanna, Rock Stream, . . . Starkey, Milo, Penn Yan, Gorham, Canandaigua, . . . 22. From Canan- daigua to Roches- ter. To Victor, Mendon, Pittsford, Brighton, Rochester, 23. Fro7n Utica to SachetVs Harbor. To Trenton, Remsen, Booneville, Leyden, Turin Martinsburgh, . . . Lowville, Denmark, Champion, Rutland, Watertown, 23 26 2,0 41 53 63 82 105 120 142 33 44 56 69 78 82 95 99 115 125 133 141 148 Brownsville, .... Sackett's Harbor, 24. From Utica to Ogdensburg. To Denmark, as in No. 23, Carthage, VVilna, Antwerp, Rossie, Hammond, Morristown, Ogdensburg, .... 25. From Roches ter to Portland Harbor. To Scottsville, . . . Caledonia, Fowlersville, .... York, Moscow, Perry, Castle, Pike, Centreville, Farmcrsville, .... Franklin, Ellicottsville, .... I-ittle Valley, Napoli, Randolph, Waterboro', Jamestown, Ellery, Mayville, Westfield, Portland Harbor,. 26. From Bath to Rochester. To Conhocton, . . Dansville, Sparta, Groveland, ...... Geneseo, Avon, Rush, Henrietta, Rochester, 27. From Catskill to Canajoharie. To Cairo, Freehold, Oak Hill, Livingstonville,. . Middleburg, Schoharie, Sloansville, Charleston, Canajoharie, .... 4 85 8 93 NEW YORK. 233 28. From Utica to Pleasant Mount, Pa. To New Hartford, Paris Sangerfield, .... Madison, Hamilton, Siierlmrne, North Norwich, Norwich, Oxti.rd, Green, .... Chenango Forks,. P>'\n^hfnnpton, . . (xreat Bend, Pa.. Pleasant Mount, . 29. From Johns- town to Bain- hridare. To Fort Plain,... Springfield, Cooperstown, ... Milford, Portlandville, . . . Collicrsville, .... Miifordville Huntsville, Unadilla, Bainbridge, . . . . • 30. From Saratoga Springs to Caugh- niiwn(ra. To Bullston, Milton, Gahvay, Broad Albin, .... Johnstown, Caaghnawaga,. . . 31. From Auburn to Oswego. To ^\'^eedsport, Cr,to, Trn, Hannibal, Oswego, 32. From Little Falls to Trenton. To Eatonville, . . . Fairfield, Middlcville, Newport, Poland, Russia, Trenton, 33. From Coopers- town to Oxford. To Burlington, . 4 5 9 6 15 6 21 7 28 11 39 4 43 8 51 8 59 14 73 8 81 11 92 15 107 23 130 14 15 29 10 39 8 47 4 51 4 55 5 60 6 66 9 75 15 90 5 12 7 19 4 23 15 3S 3 41 12 8 20 6 26 10 36 4 40 4 4 8 3 11 4 15 3 18 3 21 7 28 11 Garretsville, . . New Lisbon, . Butternuts,. . . Gilbertsville, . Mount Upton, Guilford, .... Oxford, 34. Fro^n Rome to Oswego. To Taberg, . . Camden, Williamstown, Union Square, Mexico, New Haven, . Scriba, Oswego, 35. From Fulton to Rochester. To Hannibal, . . Sterling, Wolcot, Port Bay, Williamson, . . . Ontario, Penfield Rochester, .... 36. From Kingston to Milford, Pa. To Marbletown, . Wawarsing, . . . . Wurtsboro', Port Jervis, Milford, Pa 37. From Auburn to Ithaca. To Flemming,. . . Sherwood's Corn'r Ludlowville, Ithaca, .... 38. Fiom Angelica to Clarkson, To Belfast, . . . Caneadea,. . . . Hume, Pike Gainesville, . . W^arsaw, .... Le Roy, Bergen, Brockport, . . . Clarkson, .... 39. From Catskill to Ithaca. To Cairo, . . . Durham, . . . Stamford, . . . 6 17 4 21 9 30 5 35 5 40 4 44 6 50 5 15 20 10 30 12 42 3 45 5 50 5 55 5 60 8 4 12 12 24 9 33 16 49 6 55 4 59 11 70 12 14 26 16 42 18 60 8 68 3 12 15 17 32 8 40 5 7 12 6 18 6 24 7 31 6 37 18 55 7 62 10 72 1 73 10 6 16 14 30 Hobart, Kortright, . . . Delhi, Meredith, Franklin, .... Sidney, Unadilla, .... Guilford, .... Oxford, Greene, Triangle, .... Lisle, Richford, .... Caroline, .... Ithaca, 40. Fro7n Sandy Hill to Roused Point. To Glenn's Falls, Caldwell, ...... Chestertown, . . . Schroon, Elizabethtown,. . Lewis, Keeseville, Peru, Plattsburgh, . . . Beekmantown, . Chazy, Champlain, . . . Rouse's Point, . . 41. From Saratoga Springs to Ben ninston. To Schuylersville Greenwich, Cambridge, White Creek Bennington, Vt,. . 42. From Platts- burgh to Ogdens- burg. ToCliateaugay,. . Malone, Bangor, Dickenson, Hopkinton, Parishville, Pottsdam, Canton, Ogdensburg, .... 43. From Sacketfs Harbor to Og- densburgh. To Watertown, . . Le Raysville, .... Pliiladelphia, .... Antwerp, Gouverneur, 3 9 18 12 28 10 16 7 9 5 9 10 6 9 6 11 234 GENERAL VIEW OF De Kalb, Hcuvel, Ogdenshurg, .... 44. From Hudson N. Y. to Bennington To Claverack, ... G.Barrington,Mas Stockbridge, .... Lenox, Pittsfield, Lanesburg, Cheshire, Adams, Williamstovvn, . . . Pownal, Bennington, 45. From Bvffalo to Youngstown. To Black Rock,. . Tonnewanta, .... Niagara Falls, . . . Lewiston, Youngstown,. . . . 46. From Utica to Ithaca. To New Hartford, Clinton, Marshall, Waterville, Madison, Eaton, New Woodstock 10 De Ruyter, Truxton, . Homer, . . . Cortland, . Dryden, . . Ithaca, . . . 47. From Peeks- kill to Ridgejield^ Ct. To Yorktown,. . . Somers, Salem Centre, . . . North Salem, Ridgefield, Ct. . . . 48. From Canan daigua to Buffalo. Bristol, Aliens' Hill,... Livonia, Geneseo, . . . . Moscow, Perry, Warsaw, ..... Orangevillc,. . , Sheldon, Wales, Willink, Hamburgh, . . Buffalo, 49. JProm Olean to Buffalo. To Chappelsburg, 12 Ellicottsville, . . . .| 15 Ashford, Springville, . . Boston, , Hamburg, . . , Buffalo, . 50. From Bvff to Erie, Pa. To Hamburg, . Evans, Kensington,. . . Fredonia, Westfield, Portland, Ripley, Burgettstown, Pa. Erie, , 51. From Ogdens burg to Montreal. To Canton, Madrid, Norfolk, Massena, Hogansburg, . . . Fort Covington,. . Montreal, 52. Fro7n Albany to Niagara Falls. To Batavia, as in No. 11, Lockport, Niagara Falls, , 258 30 21 33 42 48 60 68 128 288 309 NEW JERSEY. The early settlements and history of this State, present a scene of more variety and vicissitude than that of any of her sister colonies. The first settlement was nearly cotemporary with that of New York, and was made by the same people, the Dutch, who, in conjunction with some Danes, in 1624, established themselves at Bergen, which they so named after a town in Norway. Shortly afterward, colonies were estrblished on the river Dela- ware by the Swedes and Fins, and after the lapse of a few years in the same neighborhood by the English. After various changes of govern- ment, it was, in 1676, divided into the provinces of East and West Jersey : one was placed under the royal authority, and the other attached to the government of New York. In 1682, East Jersey was transferred to Wm. Penn and his associates. In 1702, both provinces were united under the government of New York : this continued until 1738, when, greatly to the advantage of the people, and the establishment of peace and good oi-der, the colony was taken un- der the immediate control of the crown, and so continued until the abolition of the royal authority by the revolution. Wm. Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Benjamin Franklin, was the last of the royal governors. In the revolutionary struggle, and in the incipient resistance to the oppres- sive measures of the mother country. New Jersey bore her full share, and NEW JERSEY. 235 in the hardships of an eight years' war, no member of the confederacy, it is probable, suffered so much. Her devotion to the cause of freedom is fully recorded in the date of her constitution, July 2d, 1776, two days be- fore the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress. This State is bounded N. by New York, E. by the Atlantic Ocean and New York, S. by Delaware Bay, and W. by Pennsylvania. It is 138 miles in length, and 50 miles in breadth ; the area is about 660 square miles, or 4,224,000 acres. The soil of this State is not naturally well adapted to agricultural pursuits, much of the land being either sandy or marshy ; yet its proximity to two ' of the largest markets in the United States, and the industry of the inhabit- ants, have rendered it exceedingly productive of all sorts of fruits and vegeta- bles common to the climate, together with grain and meats of various kinds. New Jersey is intersected by many navigable rivers, and has numerous streams for mills, iron works, and every species of manufactures requiring water-power. The principal of these streams are the Raritan, Hackensack, Passaic, Salem, Tom, Cohanzey, and Maurice rivers. The internal communications are generally good. The great thorough- fare between the northern and southern states passes through New Jersey, and the advantages which the State enjoys, as it regards distance and facili- ties in transporting goods to market, are not exceeded by those of any equally extended district of the country. In addition to the natural advan- tages of water communication, the State enjoys the benefit of many inter- nal improvements. The manufactures are extensive and flourishing. They are chiefly of iron, cotton, woollen, paper, leather, carriages, shoes, &c. One of the most flourishing manufacturing towns in the United States is Paterson, in this State ; it is situated just below the romantic falls of the Passaic, which supplies water-power to any extent. The numerous estab- lishments have created a very considerable town, containing about 800 houses, including 76 stores, nine churches, a bank, &c. The articles manu- factured here, annually amount in value to about 82,600,000 ; the raw materials of cotton, flax, and wool employed, amounted in 1832 to about four million pound weight, four-fifths of which was cotton. There is like- wise machinery of various kinds ; paper, buttons, &c. are produced to a considerable extent. The system of common school instruction has hith- erto been defective, but in consequence of the recent efforts of the friends of education, measures have been commenced which promise cheering re- sults. The State possesses a school fund, which commenced in 1816. The income from it, which is about 822,000, is annually distributed in small sums to such towns as raise an equal amount for the support of schools. Academies and private schools are numerous and excellent. There are in the State two Colleges ; Nassau Hall is at Princeton. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, .-. . . Essex, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Popula- tion. 22,41-2 31,107 4,936 14,093 41,911 28,431 31,060 County Towns. Hackensack. Mount Holly. Middletown. Bridgetown. Newark. Woodbury. <\ TRENTON, } Flemington. Counties. Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, . . . , Salem, . *. . . Somerset, . Sussex, ... Warren, . . Total, Popula tion. 23,157 29,233 23,666 14,155 17,689 20,346 18,627 320,823 County Towns. N. Brunswick' Freehold. Morristown. Salem. Somerville. Newton. Belvidere. 236 GENERAL VIEW OF POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. East and West Jersey, in 1701, 15,000 ; in 1749, 60,000. In 1790, 184,139. 1800, 211,149 1810, 245,562 1820 277,575 1830, 320,823 From 1790 to 1800, 27,010 1800 to 1810, 34,413 1810 to 1820 32,013 1820 to 1830 43,248 SLAVES. 11,423 12,422 10,851 7,557 2,254 Of the foregoing population of 1830, there were, white Males, 152,529; white Females, 147,737; deaf and dumb, 207 ; blind, 205 ; aliens, 3,365. Total whites, 300,266.— Free colored, 18,303; Slaves, 225. Total coloured, 20,.557. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Morris Canal. — ^This canal was commenced in 1825, and extends from Jersey City, on Hudson river, across the State of New Jersey to Delaware river, opposite Easton, Pennsylvania, where it connects with the Lehigh canal. It is 101 miles in length, from thirty to thirty-two feet wide at the surface of the water, from sixteen to eighteen at the bottom, and four deep. Rise and fall 1,657, of which 223 feet are overcome by twenty-four locks, and the remaining 1,334 feet by twenty-three inclined planes. There are, also, connected with this canal, four guard-locks, five dams, thirty culverts, twelve aqueducts, and more than 200 bridges. The water for this canal is supplied from Hopatcong Lake, situated 900 feet above tide-water. Cost, as estimated, somewhat more than $1,100,000. Delaware and Raritan Canal, extending from Lamberton on Delaware river, to New Brunswick on the Raritan, is now in progress. Length of the main canal, 38 miles; width at the surface, 75 feet, depth 7 feet. The water to supply this canal is to be conducted by a navigable feeder, 50 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, extending from Eagle Island on the Delaware, to its junction with the main canal at Trenton, about 20 miles. Whole expense of the canal, feeder, &c. estimated at 81,438,227. Manasquan River and Barnegat- Bay Canal Company, was authorized under the act of 21st February, 1833, with a capital of $5,000, to make a canal 40 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, from the mouth of the Manasquan river to the head waters at Lay ton's pond or ditch, in the county of Mon- mouth ; to erect tide-gates, and to take toll for passing through the canal for every scow, 8 cents per ton ; sail-boat, or small craft, 10 cents per ton ; and for every fish-boat, or skiff, 25 cents per ton : provided, that the canal be commenced within two, and finished within five years. A short canal of about four miles in length, in Upper and Lower Penn's Neck township, Salem county, connects the Salem creek with the Delaware river, and saves to sloops that ply in the creek, from 15 to 20 miles of the distance to Phila- delphia. RAIL-ROADS. Camden and Amboy Rail-road. — Company incorporated in 1829. It commences at Camden, opposite to Philadelphia, and terminates at Amboy. The distance from Camden to Amboy, in a direct line, is 60 miles ; by the rail-road 61 miles. This rail-road, being designed for steam locomotive engines, is to be eventually constructed in the most substantial manner ; but, at present, wooden rails are used for most of the line, in order that NEW JERSEY. 231 the embankment may be consolidated, before laying the permanent track. It is intended for a double track. Estimated cost of a single track, ^8,000 a mile. This enterprise has been undertaken by the Camden and Amboy Rail-road Company, united in pursuance of an act of the Legislature with the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company. To be completed during the present year. Upon this road, so far as finished, passengers and merchan- dise have been carried since February, 1833. Patei'soii and Hudson Rail-road Company, incorporated in January, 1831. Capital, $250,000, with liberty to increase it to 8500,000. It ex- tends from Paterson to Jersey City, on the Hudson river, opposite to New York. Length, 14 miles, 5 of which were in August, 1832, com- pleted and in use. Total estimated cost, including the machinery for in- clined planes, 8294,285. Elizabethtown and Somerville Rail-road is to extend from Elizabeth- town to Somerville. Company incorporated at the session of the Legisla- ture, 1830. Capital 200,000 dollars, with liberty to increase it to 400,000 dollars. West Jersey Rail-road. Company incorporated at the same session with the above. Capital 8500,000, with liberty to increase it to 82,000,000. To extend from the Delaware river in the county of Gloucester, or from some point on the Camden and Amboy Rail-road, to the township of Penn's Neck, on the same river, in the county of Salem. New Jersey Rail-road was incorporated in 1832. Capital, 750,000 dollars. This rail-road is to extend from New-Brunswick through Rahway, Woodbridge, Elizabethtown, and Newark, to Hudson river. Stock sub- scribed. A Company has also been incorporated for constructing a Rail-road con- necting the Morris Canal with Paterson and Hudson river Rail-road. Paterson and Fort Lee Rail-road Company^ incorporated by act of 8th March, 1832, has authority to employ a capital of 8200,000, in making a road from the town of Paterson to Fort Lee, on the Hudson river, not fur- ther than 50 feet from high-water mark ; to be commenced within one year from the 4th July, 1832, and completed within six years from that time, under penalty of forfeiture of the charter. NeiD Jersey^ Hudson^ and Delaware Rail-road Company, was incor- porated by an act of 8th March, 1832, with a capital stock of 81,000,000, and authority to increase it to 82,000,000, to be employed in making a rail-road and public highway, commencing at any point on the Delaware river, between the New York state line and the mouth of Paulin's Kill, and thence to the Hudson river, opposite the city of New York ; or to join any rail-road chartered or to be chartered, leading to or terminating at the Hud- son river, opposite the city of New York. Delaware and Johstown Rail or Macadamized Road Company, was incorporated under the act of 11th February, 1833, withacapital of 860,000, and liberty to increase it to 8200,000, for the purpose of making a public road from the mouth of Craft's Creek, upon the Delaware river, by the villages of Columbus, Jobstown, and Juliustown to New Lisbon, a dis- tance of 13 miles; the road to be commenced within ten years from the passage of the act, on penalty of forfeiture of the charter. 238 GENERAL VIEW OF FRIZTCIF^Ii STjA.GI: routss. 1. From Philadel- phia to Cape May. To Camden, N. J. Woodbury, Carpenter's land'g Glassboro', Malaga, Millville, Port Elizabeth, . . Dennis' Creek,. . . Goshen, Cold Spring-, .... Cape Island, .... 2. From Philadel phia to L. Branch, N.J. To Camden, N.J. Moorestown, .... Mount Holly, Jobstown, Prospertown, .... Freehold, or Mon- mouth., Colts Neck, Tinton Falls, Eatonton, Long Branch, . . . L. Branch Beach, 3. From Philadel- phia to Greenwich, N.J. To Camden, N.J. Woodbury, Clarksboro', Swedesboro', .... Sharptown, Salem, Hancock, Greenwich, 4. From Philadel- phia to Bridgetown N.J. To Camden, N.J. Woodbury, Carpenter's land'g Mullica Hill, .... Deerfield, Bridgetown, 5. From Philadel- phia to Absecum N.J. To Camden, N. J. Haddonfield, .... Longacoming, . . . May's Landing,. . Somers Point, . . . Miles 1 8 3 7 9 12 6 13 4 12 3 Bargaintown, . . . . Smith's Landing, Absecum, 6. From Philadel- phia to Tuckerton, N.J. To Camden, N.J. Haddonfield, .... Longacoming, . . . Atsion, Tuckerton 7. From Boston, Pa., to Newburg, N. Y. To Harmony, N.J. Belvidere, Hope, Johnsonburg,. . . . Newton, Fayette, Monroe, Hamburg, Vernon, NewMilford,N.Y. Warwick, Florida, Goshen, Hamptonburg, . . . Blooming Grove,. New Windsor,. . . Newburg, 8. From Newark to Deckertown. ToBellville Acquackanonck, . Paterson, Pompton, Newfoundland, . . Stockholm, Hamburg, Deckertown, .... 9. From New York to Neivton, N.J. To Newark, Morristown, Denville, Rockaway, Dover, Sparta, Newton, 10. From New Brunswick to Eas- ton. Pa. To Bound Brook, Somerville, 6 6 12 8 20 6 26 10 36 5 41 4 45 4 49 6 55 4 59 4 63 5 68 6 74 8 82 3 85 2 87 8 95 4 5 9 5 U 10 24 12 36 38 8 46 4 50 10 18 28 7 35 2 37 4 41 11 52 11 White House, Lebanon, .... Clinton, Perryville, . . . Bloom sburg, . Stillwater, . . . Easton, 11. From Trenton to Newton. To Pennington,. . Woodville, Ringoes, Flemington, Clinton, New Hampton, . . Mansfield, Belvidere, Newton, as in No. 7 12. From Trenton to Camden. To Bordentown, . Columbus, Jacksonville, .... Mount Holly, .... Moorestown, .... Camden, 13. From New York to Dover, N.J. To Newark, N.J. Bloom field, Caldwell, Parcipany, Denville, Rockaway, Dover, 14. From Mullica Hill to Greenwich. To Woodstown, . . AUowaytown, . . . Roadstown, Greenwich, 15. From Salem to Dividing Creek. Quintin's Bridge, AUowaytown, . . . Roadstown, Bridgetown, Fairtown, Cedarville, Newport, Dividing Creek, . . 16. From Eliza- bethtown to Easton Pa. To Springfield, PENNSYLVANIA. 239 Morristown, Chester, Schoolcy's Mt.... Mansfield, New Village, . . . . Easton, 17. From Newark to Lanibertsville. To Elizabcthtown Rahway, Matouchin, Brunswick, Lanibertsville, as in No. 20 10 17 11 28 7 35 11 46 6 52 7 59 5 5 10 7 17 5 22 30 52 18. From Camden to Pemherton. To Evesham,. . . . Medford, Vincent Tow^n, . . Pemherton, 19. Froju Hohoken to Monroe Works. To Hackensack,. . New Prospect, . . . Ramapo, N. Y. . . Monroe Works,. . 20. From New Brunswick to 13 1 6 19 5 24 5 29 11 10 21 10 31 9 40 Lambertsville. To Rocky Hill, . . Hopewell, Woodville, Lambertsville, . . . For the distances from Trenton to Newark, see No. 10, N.Y. From Newark to Easton, Pa., see No. 1, N.Y. From Elizabeth T. to Flemington see No. 2, N.Y. PENNSYLVANIA. No one of the colonies settled by Europeans, made such rapid advances in population and prosperity as Pennsylvania. The philanthropy and wis- dom of its founder, the fertility of its soil, the healthfulness of its climate, the pacific disposition of the natives, and the lessons of experience derived from the settlement of other colonies in earlier days, and under more rigor- ous skies, all conspired to render this colony the most prosperous of any of which history gives an account. The founder of this great State was William Penn, the immortal asserter of toleration — a doctrine in his time unknown. He was the son of Sir William Penn, an admiral in the British navy. He united himself with the society of Friends, then a persecuted sect in England. For services rendered by his father, Charles II. in 1681 tendered him a tract of land in the western world, and called it Pennsyl- vania. Penn, with about 2,000 followers, left England, and arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware, in 1682 ; and proceeding up the river, laid out Philadelphia according to a plan which had been prepared by him in England. He returned shortly afterwards to his native country, where he died in 1718, aged 74 years. From the beginning of the 18th century, till the commencement of the revolution, the government was generally administered by deputies adopted by the proprietors who mostly resided in En o;! and. This State acted a conspicuous part in the war of the revolution. It was in her capital that declaration was made which, in a measure, changed the history of the world, and provided a vantage-ground on which the claims of human rights could be sustained. In 1776, a Constitution was formed, which was superseded by a second, adopted in 1790. Since the latter period, the course of Pennsylvania has been generally clear, serene, and brilliant. Pennsylvania is the greatest manufacturing State in the Union ; and Philadelphia takes the like rank among our manufacturing cities. Among the various branches for which this place is celebrated, paper, printing, and publishing are important items. A great number of gazettes, and many critical, scientific, and other periodical publications, are issued. In 1832, there were 67 cotton manufactories in the State, with an ag- gregate capital of $3,758,500, and making annually 21,332,467 yards of 240 GENERAL VIEW OF cloth. In iron manufactures, Pennsylvania excels any other State in the Union. Iron ore is very widely disseminated, and as greatly diversified in quality and richness. The iron mines in the eastern part of the State were explored and worked at an early period of colonial settlement, and had become an interest of great value before the revolution. Since the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation, iron has at all times employed a vast amount of capital and labor. The total value of manufactures, including about 250 different articles, is estimated at $70,000,000. The foundation of the wealth and improvement of this prosperous State, is deeply laid in her fertility of soil, her iron mines, her vast coal stratas, and the industry of her population. Belonging to the state is the magnifi- cent system of internal improvements, entitled the Pennsylvania State Ca- nals and Rail-roads ; besides many works of the same kind, the property of joint stock companies. This State is hounded on the north by New York and Lake Erie ; east by New Jersey ; south-east by Delaware ; south by Maryland and Vir- ginia, and west by part of Virginia and Ohio. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 307 miles, and its breadth 157 ; area 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres. The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehanna, Juniatta, Alleghany, Monongahela, and Ohio. The various ridges of the Alleghany range intersect the central parts of this State, whose general direction is from south-west to north-east. The valleys between many of these ridges are often of a rich black soil, suited well to the various kinds of grass and grain. Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. No State in the Union shows to the passing traveller a richer agricul- ture than this. It is emphatically a grain country, raising the greatest abundance of fine wheat. It produces all the fruits and productions of the northern and middle states, and is particularly famous for the great size, strength, and excellence of its breed of draught horses. This State spreads a wide surface in the Ohio valley, and is rapidly ad- vancing in wealth and population. New towns and villages are springing up in every direction. It abounds in all the elements of wealth and power. Public opinion has given it a strong impulse towards manufactures, and a gigantic system of internal improvements. Its inliabitants, though com- posed of all nations, are distinguished for their habits of order, industry, and frugality. The passing stranger, as he traverses the State, is struck with the nol)le roads and public works, with the well cultivated farms, and their commodious and imperishable stone houses, and often still larger stone barns. An agricultural country alike charming and rich spreads under his eye. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Adams, Allej^hany, . . Armstrong, . Beaver, Bedford, . . . Berks, j Population 21,37!) 50,552 17,701 24,183 County Towns. Gettysburg Pittsburg. Kittaning. Beaver. 24,502JBcdford. 53,152Reading. Counties. Population Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Centre, 19,746 45,745 14,581 7,076 18,879 County Towns. Towanda. ^ Doylestovvn, } Bristol. Butler. Ebensburg. Bellefonte. PENNSYLVANIA. 241 Chester, 50,910 Clearfield, 4,803 Columbia, 20,059 Crawford, 16,030 Cumberland, . . 29,226 Dauphin, 25,243 Delaware, 17,323 Erie, 17,041 Fayette, 29,172 Franklin, 35,037 Greene, 18,028 Huntingdon, . . 27,145 Indiana, 14,252 Jefferson, 2,025 Lancaster, .... 76,631 Lebanon, .... 20,557 Lehigh, 22,256 Luzerne, 27,379 Lycoming, 17,636 McKean, 1,436 Mercer, 19,729 West Chester. Clearfield. Danville. Meadville. Carlisle. HARRISBURG. Chester. Erie. Uniontown. Chambersburg. Waynesburg. Huntingdon. Indiana. Brookville. Lancaster. Lebanon. Allentown. Wilkesbarre. Williamsport. Smethport. Mercer. Mifflin, 21,690 Lewistown. Montgomery, . . 39,406 Norristown. Northampton, . 39,482 Easton. Northumberl'nd 18,133 Sunbury. Perry, 14,261 New Bloomfield Philadelphia, • . 188,797 Philadelphia. Pike, 4,843 1,265 Milford. Potter, Coudersport, Schuylkill, .... Somerset, 20,744 17,762 Orwigsburg. Somerset. Susquehanna,. . 16,787 Montrose. Tioga, 8,978 Wellsborough. Union, 20,795 New Berlin. Venango, 9,470 Warren. Warren, ....... 4,697 Washington. Washington, . . 42,784 Franklin. Wayne, 7,663 Bethany. Westmoreland, 38,400 Greensburg. York, Total.... 42,859 York. 1,348,233 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, 20,000 1763, 280,000 1790, 434,373 1800, 602,545 1810, 810,091 1820, 1,049,313 1830, 1,348,233 SLAVES. INCREASE From 1701 to 1763, 260,000 ' 1763 to 1790, 154,373 1790 to 1800, 168,172 1800 to 1810, 207,546 1810 to 1820, 239,222 1820 to 1830, 298,920 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 565,812; white Females, 644,088; deaf and dumb, 758; blind, 475; aliens, 15,365: total, 1,309,900. Free colored Males, 18,377; Fe- males, 19,553: total, 37,930. Slaves— Males, 172; Females, 231; total, 403. J^Tcic Counties. — The counties of Juniatta and Carroll have been organized since the census of 1830. 3,737 1,706 795 211 386 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Pennsylvania State Canals and Rail-roads. — These canals and rail- roads were undertaken at the expense of the State, and continue under the control of the Legislature as public property. The construction and man- agement of them are intrusted to three commissioners, appointed annually by the Governor. Lencth Delaware division, 591 Length. 63 Harrisburg line, i Susquehanna division, ^ North Branch do 551 West Branch do 24i Columbia East division, 10 Juniatta Branch do 89 Western Branch do 105 French Creek Feeder, 19^ Total, 4261 The main trunk of this system of canals commences at Columbia, at the termination of the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail-road, and extends thence westward 172^ miles till it meets the Alleghany Portage Rail-road at Holidaysburg. It recommences at the western extremity of the Rail- road, and continues westward 105 miles to the Monongahela river at Pittsburg. The following Canals, undertaken by the State, are now in active progress : Frankstoivn line of the Juniatta division, extending from Huntingdon to Holidaysburg, is 30^ miles in length, including about 15| miles of slack- water navigation. Beaver division commences upon the Ohio river at the mouth of Big 242 GENERAL VIEW OF Beaver, and extends to Newcastle. Length 24| miles, of which about two-thirds are slack-water and towing-path. Franklin line commences on Allegheny river, at the mouth of French creek, and extends up the latter stream till it meets the French creek feeder. Length 22\ miles, seventeen of which are slack-water and towing-path. Lycoming line commences at Muncy dam, and extends up the West branch of the Susquehanna, and terminates at the Big island, opposite to the mouth of the Bald Eagle. Length 41^ miles, of which about ten miles are slack-water. Wyoming line of the North Branch division commences at the Nanti- coke dam, and extends up the North Branch, and terminates near the mouth of Lackawannock creek. Length 16 miles. Columbia and Philadelphia Rail-road commences in the city of Phila- delphia, at the intersection of Vine and Broad streets, and terminates at Columbia. Length SlyV i^iles. It is designed for a double track throughout. Estimated cost of the whole work, 82,297,120 21 cts. Aver- age cost per mile, estimated, $28,173 63 cts. Allegheny Portage Rail-road. This rail-road commences at Holidays- burg, at the termination of the Frankstown line of the Juniatta division of the main trunk of the canal, and extends to Johnstown, where it meets the western division of the canal. Length about 37 miles. The summit of the mountain, where the Rail-road crosses it, is 1,398.71 feet above the basin of the canal on the eastern, and 1,171.58 feet above that on the western side. The rail-road is graded 25 feet wide for two sets of tracks. On each side of the mountain there are to be five inclined planes, intend- ed for stationary engines. The greatest inclination of these planes makes an angle of about six degrees with the horizon. Estimated cost of a double set of tracks and the necessary machinery, $1,271,718. Canals constructed by Private Companies. SchuylJcill Canal and Navigation Company, incorporated in 1815. The work was commenced in 1816, and the canal has now been in opera- tion several years. Length 110 miles ; breadth at the surface, 36 feet, at the bottom, 24 ; depth, 4 feet. Lockage, 620 feet. It extends from Phila- delphia to Reading, and thence to Mount Carbon. It comprises thirty-one dams, commencing at Fair-Mount water-works, near Philadelphia, by which is produced a slack-water navigation of forty-five miles; 125 locks, eighty feet long by seventeen wide, of which twenty-eight are guard-locks ; seventeen arched aqueducts, a tunnel of 450 feet in length, cut through and under solid rock, and sixty-five toll and gate-houses. The dams are from three to twenty-seven feet in height. Cost, to January 1st, 1830, $2,336,380. Union Canal. — This canal was constructed in 1827. It extends from Middletown, on Susquehanna river, to the head of the Girard Canal, two i miles below Reading, connecting the waters of the Susquehanna with those of the Schuylkill. Length, eighty miles, exclusive of Swatara feeder, which extends twenty-four miles. Its works comprehend a tunnel, 243 | yards in length, eighteen feet wide, and fourteen high ; two summit reser- voirs, containing 12,000,000 cubic feet of water, the one covering twenty- seven, the other eight acres ; two steam-engines, each of 100 horse power, and three water-wheels for feeding the canal by pumping; two dams, PENNSYLVANIA. 243 forty-three waste wiers, forty-nine culverts, 135 bridges, twelve small and two large aqueducts, two guard-locks of wood, ninety-two cut-stone locks, and fourteen miles of protection- wall of stone. Width at the surface of the water, thirty-six feet, at bottom, twenty-four ; depth, four feet. Dimen- sions of locks, 75 by 8^ feet. There is also connected with this canal a rail-road of about four miles in length, extending from the capacious basin at Pine Grove, to the coal mines. Cost of the canal and rail-road, exclu- sive of interest on loans, about $2,000,000. Lackawaxen Canal. — This canal commences at the termination of the Delaware and Fludson Canal, near Carpenter's Point, and unites with a rail-road at Honesdale. Length, thirty-six miles ; width at the surface, thirty-two feet, at bottom, twenty feet; depth, four feet. In 1825, the Lackawaxen Company was authorized to act with the Delaware and Hud- son Canal Company. Including seventeen miles of Lackawaxen river, these two canals, united, form a navigation of 117 miles. Cost, $16,000 per mile. Lehigh Canal, — Company incorporated in 1818. This canal extends from Easton, on Delaware river, to Stoddartsville, connecting Morris Canal with the Mauch Chunk Rail-road. Length, including 9| miles of slack- water pools, 46^ miles. Breadth, at the surface of the water, from sixty to sixty-five feet, at bottom, forty-five feet ; depth, five feet. It has forty- three locks, of which two are guard-locks, beside five guard-locks at the several pools. Locks, 100 feet by 22. Lockage, 360 i^eet. There are, also, eight dams, varying in height from six feet to sixteen ; four aqueducts, and twenty-two culverts. Cost, $1,558,000. Conestoga Navigatiofi. Company incorporated in 1825. It extends from Safe Harbour, on Susquehanna river, at the mouth of Conestoga creek, to Lancaster. Length, eighteen miles. The navigation is effected by a series of locks and dams. Locks, 100 feet by 22. Cost, $4,000 per mile. Conewago Canal, passing a fall of the same name on the Susquehanna river, is 2^ miles in length. Lockage, twenty-one feet. RAIL-ROADS. The Mauch Chunk Rail-road was commenced in January, 1827, and completed in May following. It extends from the coal mines, near Mauch Chunk, down an inclined plane to Lehigh river. The elevation of the mines above the river, at the point where the coal is received in boats, is 936 feet. The rail-road has a continued descent from the summit, so that the cars descend by their own gravity, and are drawn back by mules. Its length from the mines to the river is nine miles, and that of its branches at the ends and sides 4^. The coal is transported in cars, fourteen of which are connected together, containing a ton and a half each. A single conductor rides on one of the cars and regulates their movement. From 300 to 340 tons of coal are discharged daily at the river. Single track. Cost, $3,050 per mile. Mount Carbon Rail-road. — Company incorporated in the spring of 1829, and the road commenced in October following. It commences at Mount Carbon, and extends to Morris ville, and thence through Potts ville to the Forks. Two and three tracks. Cost, $100,000. Schuylkill Valley Rail-road commences at Port Carbon, and terminates at Tuscarora. Length, ten miles. It has fifteen lateral rail-roads inter- 244 GENERAL VIEW OF secting it, the united lengths of which amount to about thirteen miles. The main road has two tracks ; the lateral roads but one. Cost of the main ; stem, $5,500 per mile ; that of the lateral roads, §2,600 per mile. ; The Schuylkill Rail-road, thirteen miles in length, consists of a double track ; cost $7,000 per mile. Mill Creek Rail-road commences at Port Carbon, and extends up Mill Creek four miles. Single track. Cost, $14,000. About three miles of lateral rail-road intersect the main stem, which cost about $2,000 per mile. The West Branch Rail-road commences at Schuylkill haven, at the foot of Broad mountain. Length, including the west branch, fifteen miles. Double track on the main stem. Cost, $150,000. There are, in addition, lateral branches of a single track, five miles long, intersecting it, which cost per mile $2,000. Pine Grove Rail-road extends from the mines to Swatara feeder, five miles. Cost, $30,000. (See Union Canal.) The Little Schuylkill Rail-road commences at Port Clinton, and extends up the stream to the mines at Tamaqua, about twenty-three miles. Com- pleted in 1831. The Lackawaxen Rail-road commences at the termination of the Lack- awaxen and Delaware and Hudson Canal, connecting that canal with the coal-bed at Carbondale. Length, 16 miles, an elevation of 800 feet being overcome by five inclined planes, each from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in length. Single track. Cost, $6,500 per mile. The Central Rail-road extends from Pottsville to Sunbury, near the junction of the Susquehanna, with its western branch. A branch rail-road is to be constructed to Danville. The West Chester Rail-road leads from the borough of West Chester to Paoli, where it joins the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail-road. Com- pleted 1832. Estimated cost, including cars and all other charges, 90,000 dollars. Philadelphia and Trenton Rail-road, constructed in 1833, 26| miles. This rail-road extends from Philadelphia to Trenton, N. J. on the Dela- ware, via Bristol, and Morrisville opposite to Trenton. This will prove a great accommodation, particularly in seasons when the waters of the Dela- ware are low. Harrishurg and Chambersburg Rail-road. From Harrisburg, via Carlisle, to Chambersburg, 143 miles west by south from Philadelphia, 48 miles. • The Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Rail-road is about 19 miles in length, extending from Philadelphia to Norristown on the Schuylkill. Completed in 1832, as far as Germantown. A rail-road is also projected from Norristown to the Lehigh river, at Allentown. Philadelphia and Delaware County Rail-road is to extend from Phila- delphia, south-westerly, along the western margin of Delaware river. Leave has been obtained from the legislature of Delaware, to continue it through that State to the Maryland line, towards Baltimore. Sixty-seven other rail-roads have been projected in this State, and com- panies for constructing several of them have been incorporated. PENNSYLVANIA. 245 PR££7C£P.A.Ii STAGE HOITTJEIS, 1. From Philadel- phia to Pittshurg. To Buck tavern, . Paoli, WestWhiteland,. Downino-town,. . . Goatsville, Sadsbury, Paradise, lM7icaste)\ Mount Joy, Elizabethtown, . . Middletown, .... Hig-h Spire, HARRISBURG, Hogestown, Carlisle, Stoug-hstown,. . . . Shippensburg, . . . Green Village, . . . Chambersburg, . . St. Thomas, Loudon T McConnellsburg', . .Tuniatta Crossings Bedford, Schellsbui-g, Stoystown, Laughlin T Ligonier, Youngstown, .... Greensburg, Adamsburg, Stewartsville, Pittsburg, 2. From Philadel phia to Pitts burg, via Colum- bia and York. To Lancaster, as in No. 1,. . Columbia, .... York, Abbott's Town Oxford, Gettysburg, . . . Chambersburg, Pittsburg, as in No. 1, . . . 3. Frotn Philadel- I phia to Bah more, via Wil- mington, Del To Darby, . . . Chester, Marcus Hook, . Wilmington, . . Newport, Miles Miles. 10 9 19 5 24 5 29 7 36 3 39 13 52 10 62 12 74 7 81 3 84 3 87 6 93 9 102 9 111 13 124 8 132 6 138 5 143 9 152 6 158 7 165 20 185 15 200 9 209 20 229 16 245 3 248 10 258 10 268 6 274 7 281 20 301 62 10 72 12 84 15 99 5 104 9 113 25 138 158 296 7 8 15 5 20 8 28 5 33 Staunton, Christiana, New Ark, Elkton, North-East, Charleston, Havre de Grace, . Hall's ixj Roads, . Harford, Little Gun Powder Baltimore, 4. Frorn Philadel- phia to Balti- more, via Port Deposit. To Darby Nether Providence Concord, Kennet's Square, N. London X Roads, Port Deposit, .... Herbert's ><1 Roads Bell Air, Kingsville, Baltimore, 5. From Philadel- phia to Lancas- ter, via West Chester. To Haverford, . . . Newton, West Chester, . . . Marshalton, Gap, Strasburg, Lancaster, 6. From Philadel. phia to Mauch Chunk, via Potts- ville. To Morristown, . . Trap, Pottsdam, Reading, Hamburg, Orvngsburg, . . . . Pottsville, .". Middleport, Tuscarora, Tamaqua, Mauch Chunk, . . 7. From Philadel- phia to Lancas- ter, via Yellow Springs. To Gulf Mills, . . V2 1 34{ 4 38 5 43 5 48 6 54 3 57 1 7 64 5 69 6 75 7 82 16 98 7 6 13 8 21 12 33 10 43 18 61 8 69 6 75 7 82 16 98 12 5 17 10 27 4 31 17 48 •y 55 8 63 17 9 26 10 36 16 52 15 67 11 78 8 86 8 94 4 98 5 103! 15 118 15 Valley Forge, . . . Kiniberton, .... Yellow Springs, Marsh, Churchtown, . . . Earl, New Holland, . . Leacock, Lancaster, 8. From Philadel- phia to Montrose. To Rising Sun, . . Germantown, . . . Chesnut Hill, Spring House,. . . Montgomery Square. Lexington, Sellersville, Quakertown, . . . . Fryburg, Bethlehem, Hecktown, Nazareth, Jacobsburg, Windgap, Mount Pocono, . . Wilkesbarre, . . . . Kingston, New Troy, Exeter, Eaton, Tunkhannock,. . . Springville, Montrose 9. From Philadel. phia to Norris- toion. To Penn Towns'p, Manayunk, Roxboro', Norristown, 10. Froyn Phila- delphia to Easton. To Rising Sun, . . Jenkintown, Willow Grove, . . . Horseham, Doylestown, Danboro', Ottsville, Durham, Easton, 11. From Philada. to Winchester. To Lancaster, as in No. 1, . . . . 62 246 Columbia, York, Pigeon Hill, . . . , . Hanover, Petersburg-, Taney town, Md. . Bruceville, Middleburg, VVoodsboro', Walkersville, .... Frederick, Trap, Petersville, Knoxville, Harper's Ferry ,Va Charleston, Winchester, 12. From Harris- burg to Dundaff. To Dauphin, .... Peter's Mountain, New Buffalo, Montgomery's Ferry Liverpool, M'Kee's Half Falls Selinsgrove, Sunbury, Northumberland, . Danville, Bloomsburg, .... Berwick, Nanticoke, Wilkesbarre, .... Pittstown, Greenville, DundafF, 13. From Harris- burg to Pittsburg, via Huntingdon. To Juniatta Falls, Millerstown, .... Thompsontown, . Mexico, Mifflin, Lewistown, Waynesburg, . . . Huntingdon, .... Alexandria, Yellow Springs, . Frankstown, .... Holidaysburg, . . . Blair's Gap, Munster, Ebensburg, Armagh, Blairsville, New Alexandria, . Salem X Roads, . . Murrysville, Pittsburg, GENERAL VIEW OF 10 72 12 84 8 92 10 102 7 109 9 118 5 123 2 125 9 134 5 139 6 145 7 152 4 156 4 160 6 166 7 173 22 195 9 6 15 5 20 6 26 5 31 9 40 12 52 2 54 2 56 12 68 9 77 12 89 17 106 9 115 10 125 17 142 10 152 14 15 29 6 35 5 40 3 43 12 55 11 66 22 88 8 96 6 102 9 111 3 114 4 118 10 128 5 133 18 151 14 165 8 173 8 181 7 188 20 208 14. From Harris- burg to Balti- more. To Highspire, . . . Middleton, Falmouth, York Haven, . . . . York, Logansville, Strasburg, Weisesburg, Pa. . . Hereford, Baltimore, 15. From Pitts- burg to Steuben- ville. To Raccoon Cr. . . Briceland's ><| Roads Steubenville, 16. Fro7n Pitts- burg to Erie. To Bakerstown, . Woodville, Butler, Centreville, Mercer, Meadville, Waterford, Erie, 17. From Pitts- burg to Wheeling. To Harriotsville, . Canonsburg, . . . . Washington, . . . . Wheeling, 18. From Pitts- burg to Beaver. To Sewickly Bottom, Economy, Beaver, 19. Fro7n Easton to Elmira, N. Y. To Bath, Kernsvillc, Cherryville, Lehigh Gap, .... Lehighton, Mauch Chunk, . . Lausanne, Conyngham, .... Nescopec'-;, Berwick, New Columbia, . . Shinersville, Towanda, Burlington, Ridgebury, Elmira, 30 45 61 91 114 129 15 19 23 31 36 37 58 67 68 78 102 126 134 146 158 20. From Easton to Pleasant Mount. To Windgap, . . . Stanhope, Sterling, Clarkstown, .... Pleasant Mount, 21. Frojn Easton to Harrisburg. To Butztown, . . . Bethlehem, Allentown, Trexlertown, .... Kutztown, Reading, Womelsdorf, .... Myerstown, Lebanon, Palmyra, Hummelstown, . . HARRISBURG, 22. From Easton to Milford. To Richmond,. . . Mount Bethel, . . . Dutottsburg, .... Stroudsburg, .... Coolbaugh's, .... Bushkill, Dingman's Ferry, Milford, 23. From Lewis town to Erie. To Bellefonte, . . . Millersburg, Phillipsburg, . . . , Kylers ville, Clearjield, Curwinsville, . . . . Brookville, Clarion, Strattersville,. . . . Shippensville,. . . . Franklin, Meadville, Erie, 24. From Ebens- burg to Butler. To Lidiana, Kittaning, Butler, 25. From Harris- burg to Winches- ter, Va. To Hogestown, . . Carlisle, Stoughstown, . . . . Shippensburg, . . . 14 4 7 4 7 6 13 30 2 24 8 8 5 35 9 6 9 23 24 38 DELAWARE. 247 Green Villag-e, . . . Chamhersburg^ . . Greencastle, Hager''s Town,Md. Funkstown, Boonsboro', Sharpsburg-, Shepherd stown,Va Martinsburg-, .... Darkesville, Winchester, 26. From Reading to Lancaster. To Adamstown, . Reamstown, Ephratah, Litiz, NefFsville, Lancaster, 6 45 5 50 11 61 11 72 3 75 8 83 7 90 4 94 9 103 7 110 15 125 10 5 15 4 191 8 27; 4 31| 4 35 27. From Potts- ville to Belle- fonte, via Wil- liamsport. To Danville, . . . . Washingtonville, . Derry, Pennsborough, . . Williamsport, . . . Jersey Shore, . . . . Dunn's Town,. . . Bellefonte, 28. FromNorthum- berland to Lewis- town. To New Berlin, . . Middleburg, Beavertown, 32 8 40 5 45 14 59 14 73 11 84 10 94 24 118 11 5 16 6 22 Lewistown, . 29. From Bedford to Washington. To Somerset, .... Mount Pleasant, . Robstown, Williamsport, . . . Washington, .... 30. Frotn. Harris- burg to Hagers- towji, Md. To Carlisle, Menallen, Gettysburg, JFairfield, Waynesboro', . . . Leitersburg, Md.. Haserstown, .... 28 50 62 76 86 106 DELAWARE. The first European settlers in the territory, now constituting the State of Delaware, w^ere Swedes and Fins, a colony of whom was formed un- der the auspices of the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. In 1627, the first emigrants landed at Cape Henlopen, which they named Point Paradise, and to the country on both sides of the Delaware river, they applied the title of New Sweden. Hoarkill, now Lewistown, was founded in 1630, and other settlements were shortly afterwards established near Wilmington, at Upland, now Chester, and at Tinicum, in Pennsylvania. In 1655, the Swedish settlements fell under the authority of the Dutch, who united them to their colony of New Amsterdam, under the title of the New Netherlands. Nine years afterwards, the whole was conquered by the English, and granted by Charles II. to his brother James, Duke of York, who, in 1682, conveyed the Delaware settlements to Wm. Penn. At that period, Delaware was as at present divided into three counties, and from that time to the American revolution was known as the three lower coun ties upon the Delaware. In 1775, Richard Penn, then proprietor of Penn sylvania, resigned his jurisdiction over the lower counties, and in the fol lowing year, 1776, the dominion of Great Britain having been abolished a convention of representatives, chosen for the purpose, formed a constitu tion, and the territory taking the name of Delaware, became a free and independent State. In the revolutionary war, she labored and suffered greatly ; no part of the continent contributed better troops, or was more steadfast in the common cause than this little State. The Delaware regi- ment was distinguished for its bravery and efficiency among the regular forces. This State was the first to ratify and adopt the Federal Constitution. Subsequent to that period, the noiseless tenor of its history is sufficient proof of the advantages it has derived from the Union, and its own political administration. The only event of importance in its recent annals, is the forming of a new Constitution, which took place in 1792. The name of this State, the bay, and river, was derived from Lord De la War, one of the early settlers of Vircinia. 248 GENERAL VIEW OF The general aspect of Delaware is that of an extended plain, mostly favorable for cultivation. On the table-land forming the dividing ridge between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, is a chain of swamps, from which the waters descend j in one direction to Chesapeake, and on the other to Delaware Bay. The upper part of the State is generally a fine tract of country, and well adapted to the growing of wheat, and other grains. The staple commodity, how- ever, is wheat, which is produced of a superior quality. The flour is highly esteemed for its softness, and is preferred in foreign markets. Brandywine creek, in the upper part of the State, furnishes water-power for great and growing manufacturing establishments. The chief articles are flour, cot- tons, woollens, paper, and gunpowder. Delaware contains but few mine- rals ; in the county of Sussex, and among the branches of the Nanticoke, are large quantities of bog iron ore, well adapted for casting ; but it is not wrought to any extent. This State has a school fund of $170,000. There are academies at Wilmington, New Castle, Newark, Smyrna, Dover, Mil- ford, Lewistown, and Georgetown. Schools are established in every dis- trict of 4 miles square. No district is entitled to any share of the fund that will not raise by taxation a sum equal to its share of the income of the fund. The boundaries on the north are Pennsylvania, on the south Mary- land, on the east Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west Pennsylvania and Maryland. The extent from north to south is 90 miles ; from east to west 25 miles ; area in square miles, 2,120, or 1,356,800 acres. The principal streams, besides the Delaware, which forms a part of its boundary, are Brandywine creek, Christiana creek. Duck creek, Mispillion creek, and Indian, Chop- tank, and Nanticoke rivers. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population 19,911 29,710 County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Kent, DOVER. S New Castle, ) Wilminjrton. Sussex, Total, 27,118 Georgetown. New Castle, . . . 76,739 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. In 1790, 59,094 1800, 64,273 1810, 72,674 1820, 72,749 1830,. 76,739 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 28,845; white Femalei deaf and dumb, 3.5; blind, 18; aliens, 313: total whites, 57,601. Free colored Males, 7,882; 7,973: total, 15,855. Slaves— Males, 1,806; Females, 1,486: total, 3,292. From 1790 to 1800,. . 1800 to 1810,.. 1810 to 1820,. 5,179 8,401 75 1820 to 1830 3,990 SLAVES. 8,887 6,153 1 4,17 4,509 ! 3,292 =, 28,756; Females, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is partly in the state of Delaware and partly in Maryland, connecting Delaware river with Chesapeake bay. Length, 13f miles; breadth at the surface, 66 feet; depth, 10 feet, being designed for sloop navigation. It leaves Delaware river 45 miles below Philadelphia, passes across the peninsula, and communicates with Chesa- peake Bay at Back creek. It has two tide and two lift locks, 100 feet by DELAWARE. 249 22 feet in the chamber. The summit-level is 12 feet above tide-water. At the eastern termination of the canal, at Delaware City, a harbor extends 500 feet along the shore, from which two piers, that distance apart, project 250 feet into the river, nearly opposite Fort Delaware. Commenced in 1824 ; opened for navigation in 1829. Cost, $2,200,000. KAIL-ROADS. Newcastle and Frenchfown Rail-road is nearly parallel to the Chesa- peake and Delaware Canal, and is in direct competition with it. It extends from Newcastle on Delaware river to Frenchtown, in the state of Mary- land, affording communication between Delaware river and Chesapeake Bay. It consists of a single track with the requisite number of turn-outs, and is about 16^ miles in length — only 853 yards longer than a perfectly straight line drawn between its two extremities. It consists of 6 curve and 6 straight hnes. The curve lines vary in length from 1,939 to 8,296 feet. The radii of the three smaller curves are of 10,560 feet each ; the radius of the largest, 20,000 feet. The aoo;reo;ate lens;th of the curves is 5.16 miles; that of the straight lines, 11.3 miles. The graduation of the road departs from a perfect level by ascents and descents varying from 10 feet 6 inches to 16 feet 4 inches a mile; at one place, for about 4,000 feet, the slope is at the rate of 29 feet to the mile. The whole amount of excava- tion is about 500,000 cubic yards of earth, exclusive of the side drains. The amount of embankment 420,000 cubic yards. The road crosses 4 viaducts and 29 culverts, all constructed of substantial stone masonry. Width, 26 feet, exclusive of the side drains. Completed in 1832. Cost, including land, wharf, depots, and locomotive engines, 8400,000. Wilmington and Downingtown Rail-road. — Company incorporated in 1831. Capital, 8100,000, with liberty to increase it to $150,000. Rail- road to extend from Wilmington to the boundary line of the State, in the direction of Downingtown, Penn. nilTGIPAI. STAGS ROUTSS, 1. From Wihninfr. ton to Easton, Md. To New Castle^ . . St. George's, Middletovvn, .... Warwick, Head of Sassafras, Georgetown X R. Chesiertown, .... Church Hill, .... Centreville, Wye Mills Easton^ 2. From Wihning- Miles Miles. 5 10 15 9 24 6 30 3 33 4 37 15 52 6 58 11 69 6 75 12 87 1 ton to Georgetown. ToSt.Geofge's,.. CantwelPs Bridge, Smyrna, DOVER, Camden, Canterbury, Frederica, Milford, Milton, Georgetown, 3. From George- town to Eastville, Va. 15 7 22 12 34! 12 46 3 49 i 5 54 5 59 7 66 12 78 8 86 To Millsborough, Dagsborough, . . . St. Martin's, Berlin, Newark, Snow Hill, 54j Sandy Hill, Horntown, Modest-town, . . . Drnmmondton, . Onancock, Pungoteague,. . . Belle Haven, . . . Eastville, 14 27 36 44 52 62 68 81 95 99 109 117 131 MARYLAND. The territory now forming the State of Maryland was granted by Charles I. to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an eminent statesman who had been Secretary to James I. The first settlement was formed by his son, Leonard Calvert, together with about 200 Catholic emigrants, most of whom were persons of property. They located themselves on the north side 250 GENERAL VIEW OF of the Potomac river, at an Indian town called Piscataway. The country granted to Lord Baltimore was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the Queen of England. The principles upon which the settlement of this colony was established were alike honorable to the humanity and wisdom of the founder. They were similar to those adopted by Roger Williams, in the planting of Rhode Island, and subsequently by Wm. Penn on a larger scale in the settlement of Pennsylvania. They advanced the prosperity and population of Maryland at a rapid pace, and have left imper- ishable brilliancy on the character of Lord Baltimore. The colony was an asylum for the persecuted of religious sects, from all parts of the world, which circumstance, with the hospitality of the natives, the fruitfulness of the soil, and mildness of the climate, tended greatly to its early growth and prosperity. In 1699 the seat of government was fixed at Annapolis, where it has ever since remained. From the restoration of Charles II. until the revolu- tion of 1668 the government continued in the proprietor, but upon that event taking place it was wrested from him by the Protestant Association in arms, and tendered to William and Mary, by whom it was accepted, and it continued a royal province until 1716. The descendant of the proprie- tor renouncing the Catholic faith, the government was restored to him, and continued in the proprietary family until the revolution which estab- lished the independence of the United States. The people of Maryland were not backward in supporting the cause of freedom. The spirit which was first roused in 1765, and which blazed forth in 1776, displayed itself on both occasions in that province, during the revolutionary war ; and especially in the southern campaigns under Gen. Green, the bravery and good conduct of the Maryland line were con- spicuous. In 1788 the convention of this State adopted the federal con- stitution, by a large majority. Two years after, the State ceded to the general government that part of the District of Columbia which lies east of the Potomac river, for the seat of the national legislature. In the last war with Great Britain, the maritime parts of this State were subjected to a marauding warfare, as harassing and vexatious to the people, as it was dishonorable to the enemy ; in his last attempt on Baltimore, made with a considerable force, towards the close of the contest, he was forced to retreat to his ships with considerable loss, and entirely disappointed in his views. Maryland is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Delaware; east by Delaware and the Atlantic; south-west and west by Virginia. Length 196 miles, and 120 miles in breadth ; area in square miles 10,950, in acres 7,008,000. The principal rivers are the Potomac, which divides it from Virginia, the Susquehanna, Patapsco, Pawtuxent, Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke. The maritime part of this State is penetrated far into the interior by Chesapeake Bay, as a vast river dividing it into two distinct portions, called the eastern and western shores. These shores include a level, low, and alluvial country, intersected by tide-water rivers and creeks, and like the same tracts of country farther south are subject to intermittents. The genuine white wheat, which is supposed to be peculiar to this State, is raised on these shores. Above the tide-waters, the land becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commences the Allegheny mountain, with its numerous ridges : the valleys between them are of a loamy and rich soil, yielding fine wheat and all the productions of MARYLAND. 251 the middle, together with some of those of the southern States. The national road passes through the wide and fertile valleys in which Frederick and Hagerstown are situated, being broad belts of the same admirable soil which is seen in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Among these moun- tains and hills the air is clastic, the climate salubrious, and the waters clear and transparent. In manufactures and commerce, Maryland sustains a very respectable rank ; numerous woollen and cotton mills, copper and iron rolling mills are established in and near Baltimore, and are also scattered over other parts of the State. Flour and tobacco are the staple productions : the exports of the former are very great, and of the latter the product is considerable and of excellent quality. The imports into Maryland in 1831 were 84,826,577, and the exports of domestic articles for the same period $3,720,506, of foreign produce 8578,141 ; total, 84,308,647. The great Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road now in progress in this State is by far the most stupendous national work of the kind ever undertaken in this or any other country. The entire distance will exceed 300 miles ; on this road every mode of passage, by horse car power and locomotive steam car power, and wind power by sails, has been adopted. The route of this great undertaking is through a country abounding in every variety of splendid scenery that mountains, valleys, cascades, rivers, forests, and the wildness of nature in her mountainous retreats, can furnish. Various other works of the same kind are in contemplation. When these shall be completed, Maryland will probably come in for her full share of the trade of the west. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population Allegheny, 10,602 Ann Arundel,. . 28,295 Baltimore, .... 120,876 Cah^ert, 8,899 Caroline, 9,070 Cecil 15,432 Charles, 17,666 Dorchester, . . . 18,685 Frederick, .... 45,793 Harford, 16,315 Kent, 10,502| Cutnberland. ANNAPOLIS. Baltimore. Pr. Frederick T. Denton. Elkton. Port Tobacco. Cambridg-e. Frederick. Bell Air. Chestertown. Counties. Montgomery, . Prince George, Queen Anne, . St. Mary's, Somerset, .... Talbot, Washington, . Worcester, ... Total, Population County Towns. 19,816 20,473 14,390 13,455 20,155 ] 2,947 25,263 18,271 446,913 Rockville. Up. Marlboro'. Centreville. Leonardtown. Princess Anne. Easton. Hagerstown. Snowhill. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1660, 12,000; in 1676, 16,000; in 1701, 25,000; in 1733, 36,000; in 1749, 85,000; in 1755, 108,000; in 1763, 70,000, whites. INCREASE. In 1790, 317,728 1800, 345,824 1810, .380,.546 1820 407,350 1830, 446,913 From 1790 to 1800, 26,096 1800 to 1810, 34,722 1810 to 1820, 16,804 1820 to 1830, 39,563 or the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 147,31.5; white Females, 143,778; deaf and dumb, 131; blind, 156: total whites, 291,093. Free colored Males, 34,920; Females, 28,0-22 : total, 52,942. Slaves— Males, .53,429 ; Females, 49,449 : total, 102,878. SLAVES. 103,036 108,554 111,502 107,398 102,878 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. — Charter granted by Virginia, 1824; confirmed by Maryland and Congress, 1825. Commenced in 1828. Pro- 252 GENERAL VIEW OF posed length 341:5: miles; to extend from tide-water of the Potomac river above Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and terminate near Pitts- burg, Pennsylvania. Breadth at the surface of the water, from 60 to 80 feet ; at the bottom, 50 feet ; depth from 6 to 7 feet. The first 2 miles of this canal above Georgetown are 70 feet wide on the surface, and 7 feet deep ; the next 2 miles are 80 feet wide, and 6 feet deep. The remaining distance to the Point of Rocks, (44 miles) 60 feet wide and 6 deep. Five miles from Georgetown the canal is planned for constructing branches severally to Alexandria, Baltimore, and to the navy-yard at Washington. The locks are to be of stone, 100 feet by 15. Amount of lockage required on the whole canal, 3,215 feet. At the summit-level, upon the Allegheny Mountain, a tunnel is required 4 miles and 80 yards long, with a deep cut 1,060 yards long at the western end, and another 14 yards long at the eastern end, each of which opens into a basin of 880 yards in length and 64 in width. The original estimate of the cost was $22,375,000 ; but it is supposed that it will fall much short of that sum. $1,000,000 of the stock have been subscribed by the United States. Port Deposit Canal is a public work of the State of Maryland. Its length is 10 miles, extending from Port Deposit on the east bank of the Susquehanna, along a line of rapids, northward, to the boundary of Ma- ryland. Potomac river Canals. — At Little or Lower Falls, three miles above Washington, is a canal 2^ miles long. Difference of level 37 feet and 1 inch, overcome by 4 locks of solid masonry. At Great Falls, 9 miles above, is a canal 1,200 yards long, lined with walls of stone. Difference of level, 1Q% feet surmounted by five locks, 100 feet long, and from 10 to 14 wide. RAIL-ROADS. Baltimore and Ohio UaiZ-roacZ.— Company incorporated in 1827, by the legislatures of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The ceremony of laying the first stone was performed July 4, 1828; but active opera- tions were not commenced till the autumn of the same year. Capital, $5,000,000. This rail-road, when completed, is to extend from Baltimore to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, or to some other point on the Ohio river, thus afTording communication between the waters of Chesapeake Bay and those of the Ohio. Seventy-three miles of this rail-road are to be completed in the course of the autumn of 1832, from Baltimore to the Point of Rocks on Potomac river, including a branch rail-road to Frederick. Lengtli of the main stem from the Depot of the Company in Pratt-street, Baltimore, to the Point of Rocks, double track, 67| m. From the Depot to the City Block, 2 m. Branch from the main stem to Frederick, single track, 3i m. Total, 73f Average cost of a single track, $15,500 a mile. Total cost of a single track, $1,101,615 Average cost of a double track, $27,128 a mile. Total cost of a double track, $1,906,853 The breadth of the tracks is 4 feet 9^ inches between the rails. From January 1, to September 30, 1831, the number of passengers on the portion of the rail-road from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills (13 miles) MARYLAND. 253 was 81,905 ; and within the same period 5,931 tons were transported upon it, yielding an income of $31,405, and involving an expense of $10,994. Transportation is effected by horses and steam locomotive engines. The progress of the rail-road beyond the Point of Rocks has been inter- rupted by a law-suit between the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road Company and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, which has been decided in favor of the latter. Measures are now in progress for the extension of the rail-road to the mouth of the Shenandoah. A further extension of 30 miles will carry it to Williamsport, and another of 75 miles, to Cumber- land, and a country abounding in rich bituminous coal. From this point to Pittsburg the distance is 140 miles, making the whole length 325 miles. Upon the route selected for this rail-road there are only two summits for the distance of 180 miles. The approach to the first of these summits, at Parr Spring Ridge, is by an acclivity so gradual as not to exceed 18 feet to the mile. From the western side of this ridge, to the coal mines near Cumberland, the route for the whole distance, is adapted to steam locomo- tive engines. From the eastern base of the Alleghany mountain, a series of inclined planes will be required to overcome a summit of 1200 feet; from thence the road may be constructed upon a line so nearly level to the Ohio river, as to be traversed by steam locomotive engines without diffi- culty. Baltimore and Snsquehanna Rail-road. — Commenced in 1830. To extend from Baltimore to York, Pennsylvania. Length, 76 miles. The portion of the rail-road lying in Maryland, is in active progress. Seven miles, commencing at Baltimore, have already been completed at the expense of $13,350 a mile. The next division of 8 miles, is now under contract. When completed, it is supposed the cost of the rail-road will be reduced to $11,000 a mile. As the Act of the legislature of Maryland incorporating the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail-road Company has not been concurred in by the legislature of Pennsylvania, the rail-road, at present, will termi- nate at the boundary line of the State of Maryland. The company is authorized to construct a lateral rail-road, commencing at the main stem, within ten miles of Baltimore, through Westminster to the head waters of Monocacy river. Baltimore and Washington Rail-road is a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road, and has been undertaken by the same company. The route has been surveyed. Length from the point of intersection at Elk- ridge landing to Washington, about 33 miles. A rail-road has been projected from Baltimore to Annapolis. FRIITCIPil.Ii STAGE ROUTES. 1. From Baltimore to Washington City Elkridge Landing Waterloo, Vansville, Bladensburg, .... WASHINGTON, 2. From Baltimore to Wheeling, Va. To Catonsville, . . EUicott's Mills, . . Mile.^ Miles. 7 6 13 11 24 8 32 6 38 1 6 4 10 West Friendship, Cooksville, Lisbon, Poplar Springs, . . Parrsville, New Market,. . . , Fredericktown, . . Middletown, . . . , Boonesborough,. . Has^erstown, Park Head, Hancock, 8 18 6 24 2 26 3 29 3 32 7 39 9 48 8 56 8 64 9 73 19 92 5 971 Bevansville, 17 114 Flint Stone, 10 124 Cumberland, 13 137 Frostburg, 10 147 Tomlinsons, 10 157 Somerfield, Pa. . . 19 176 Uniontown, 21 197 Brownsville, .... 12 209 Beallsville, 8 217 Hillsborough, 3 220 Washington, 11 231 Claysville, 11 242 w 254 West Alexandria Triadelphia,Va.. Wheeling, Va.. . 3. From Baltimore to Lancaster, Pa. To Hereford, .... Weisesburg, .... Strasburg-, Logaiisville, York, VVrightsville, .... Columbia, Mountville, Lancaster, 4. From Baltimore to Annapolis. Sweetzer's Bridge, Brotberton, ANNAPOLIS, . . 5. From Baltimore to Chambershurg, Pa., via Gettys- burg. To Pikesville, . . . Reisterstovvn, .... Westminster, .... Petersburg, Gettysburg, Chambershurg, . . 6. From Baltimore to Chambersburg, via Emmitsburg. ToReisterstown,. Westminster, .... Uniontown, GENERAL VIEW OF ti 248 10 258 y 267 21 3 24 10 34 7 41 7 48 11 59 1 60 4 64 6 70 4 16 20 10 30 8 8 16 12 28 15 43 10 53 24 77 16 11 27 7 34 Taneytown, . . Emmitsburg,. Waynesburg,. ChamhersburSi 7. From Washing- ton City to Freder- ick. To Georgetown, . Rockville, Middlebrook, Clarksburg, Hyatstown, Frederick, Fro7n Jieisters- toicn to Carlisle^ Pa. To Hampstead, . . Manchester, Hanover, Abbottstown, . . . . East Berlin, York Sulphur Sp's, Carlisle, 9. From Frederick to York, Pa. To Walkersville,. Woodsboro', Middleburg, Bruceville, Taneytown, Petersburg, Hanover, Pigeon Hill, Y(yrk 10. From Freder- ick to Winchester. To Trap, Petersville, Knoxville, Harper's Ferry, . . Charleston, Winchester, 11. From Wash- ington to Annapo- lis. To Upper Marlboro Queen Anne, . . . Davidsonville, . . ANNAPOLIS,. 12. From Annapa lis to Cambridge. To Broad Creek, Queenstown, Wye Mills,.. Easton, Trap, Cambridge, . 13. From George- town, D. C, to The Ridge. WASHINGTON, Piscataway, Pleasant Hill,. . . . Port Tobacco, . . . Newport, Chaptico, Leonardtown, .... Great Mills, St. Inigoes, The Ridge, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The District of Columbia is a tract of country ten miles square, situated on both sides of the Potomac river, 120 miles from its mouth, and 290 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It contains Washington county, lying on the north-east or Maryland side of the river, in which are Washington City and Georgetown. Alexandria county is on the Virginia or south-east bank of the Potomac, and in it is located the city of Alexandria. The District was ceded to the United States in 1790, by the States of Maryland and Virginia, and in 1800 it became the seat of the general government of the United States. It is subject to the immediate and exclusive legislation of Congress, yet the laws of the two states from which it was taken remain in force in the respective parts taken from each. The City of Washington is the capital of the United States ; it is the residence of the President, and the other chief executive officers of the national government. The buildings belonging to the United States are : 1st. The Capitol, a large and massy building of the Corinthian order, ^tuated near the west- ern extremity of the Capitol square, 73 feet above tide ; it is of freestone, com- DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 255 posed of a central edifice and two wings, and is of the following dimen- sions, viz : Length of front, feet . . . 350.5 Depth of wing-s 121.6 East projection, 65 West do 83 Height of wings to top of balustrade, 70 " " centre dome, 120 Length of Representatives' Hall, 95 Height do 60 Length of Senate Chamber, 74 Height do 42 Height of Rotunda, 90 Diameter do 90 The wings were nearly completed, when the British army, under Gene- ral Ross, (who was afterwards slain in battle near Baltimore,) m August, 1814, made a sudden incursion, after defeating the American troops at Bladensburg, gained possession of the city, setting fire to the Capitol, Presi- dent's House, Public Oflice, &c., unconnected with the operations of war, reducing the whole to ashes, together with the valuable library of Congress. The foundation of the north wing was laid in the presence of General Washington, on the 16th Sept. 1798, and that of the centre on the 24th of May, 1818, being the anniversary of its destruction by the British. The building covei-s one and a half acres, and 1820 square feet, exclusive of its circular inclosure for fuel, and elegant area and glacier on the west front. The square contains 22^ acres, embracing a circumference of f of a mile and 185 feet, inclosed by a substantial iron railing, with very neat gate- ways, gravel-walks, and a beautiful bordering of shrubbery and flowers, forming a delightful promenade for the use of the citizens. Opposite to the west front is the botanic garden ground, well adapted for the purpose in- tended ; it is under the care of the Columbian Institute. At the west front of the Capitol is placed the beautiful marble monument (which lately stood in the Navy-Yard) erected by the American officers to the memory of their brethren who fell jicfore Tripoli in the year 1804. 2d. The President's House is two stories high, with a lofty basement, and is 180 feet long by 85 wide; from each end there is attached the ne- cessary offices, stables, coal and ice houses, &c., with a colonnade front, and rising to a level with the main floor of the house ; the roofs being flat, afford a promenade ; it is built of freestone, is crowned with a balustrade, the roof covered with copper, the entrance from the north is through a lofty portico, which is })rojected from the front so as to leave room for car- riages to pass under between the platform and outer columns ; the house stands on an elevation in the centre of a large reservation of ground ; the view to the south is extremely beautiful and picturesque. 3d. Four buildings, erected 300 feet east and west of the President's House, for the accommodation of the principal departments and subordinate offices of the government. They are each two stories high, with freestone basements, and covered with slate ; the two new ones, facing north, are each 130 feet long by 60 wide, with handsome porticoes of the Ionic order ; the two south ones are 150 feet long by 57 wide. 4th. The General Post Office, on E street north, occupies the whole of the south front of square 430, being 200 feet long; it is 3 stories high, and in it are the General Post Office, City Post Office, and Patent Office ; it is a very neat and commodious edifice, well adapted to the purposes for which it is used, on high ground, about equidistant from the Capitol and the President's House. 5th. A verv extensive Navy-Yard, inclosed on the north and east by a 256 GENERAL VIEW OF lofty wall, with a handsome gateway and guard-rooms, a large and com- modious dwelling for the commandant, and others for different officers at- tached to the yard ; extensive timber-sheds, warehouses, shops for black- smiths, coopers, turners, plumbers, joiners, sail-makers, boat-builders, &c., a steam-engine, which works two sets of saws, drives a tilt hammer, turners' lathes, &c. ; there are also 2 very large ship-houses. The Columbus 74, Potomac and Brandywine frigates, of 44 guns each, and several other ves- sels of war, have been built at this yard ; there is also a neat and tastefully arranged armory ; and there is a vast quantity of naval stores, and cannon of every size, deposited in the yard. 6th. Marine Barracks, situated north of the Navy- Yard, occupies the whole of square 927 ; the building is upwards of 700 feet in length, with a colonnade facing into the square ; in the centre of the square are the offi- cers' quarters ; at the north of the square is the commandant's house, which is very large and commodious ; and at the south is an armory and work- shops. The yard is neat, and kept in excellent order. 7th. A substantial Navy Magazine, with a house for the keeper, and wharf for convenience of receiving and sending off powder, &c. ; it is situ- ated at the east end of the city, on the Anacostia branch of the Potomac. 8th. At the southern extremity of the city stands the extensive Army Arsenal and Laboratories for arms and the manufactory of military stores, with large sheds and houses for the storage of caissons, cannon, carriages, &c., and a magazine, occupying a large space of ground in a beautiful and commanding situation. 9th. The Penitentiary is situated on the public ground north of the Ar- senal ; it is a lofty building, of brick, inclosing within it the cells for the convicts, four tiers high ; built of freestone, and properly secured by strong iron doors ; attached to it are spacious buildings for the^ warden and keep- ers ; the warden's house faces the Potomac, and in front of it is a substan- tial wharf for the convenience of the establishment ; the ground is inclosed by a lofty brick wall extending from near the Potomac to James's Creek. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Alexandria, . . . 9,608 Alexandria. Washington, . . Total, .... 30,262 Washington, Georgetown. 39,868 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1800, 14,093 1810, 24,023 1820, 33,039 1830, 39,868 INCREASE. SLAVES. From 1800 to 1810 9,930 5,395 1810 to 1820, 9,016 6,376 1820 to 1830 6,829 6,058 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 13,761 ; white Females, 13,876: total, whites, 27,647. Free colored Males, 2,646; Females, 3.517: total, 6,163. Slaves— Males, 2,778; Females, 3,280 : total, 6,058. VIRGINIA. The name of Virginia, though now properly belonging to only one of the States of the American Union, was originally given to the whole extent of country, afterwards divided into thirteen colonies. It was bestowed (in honor of Queen Elizabeth) by Sir Walter Raleigh, upon that part of North America which he attempted to colonize. VIRGINIA. 257 Virginia was the Jirst anglo-American colony, and the first germ of a mighty nation. James I. in 1606, granted to two Companies, the London and Plymouth, all that part of the American coast from N. latitude 34° to 45°, under the names of North and South Virginia. The latter effected an actual settle- ment on the Powhatan, now James river, and there commenced the United States. The early advance was very slow, the colony being regarded with indifference in England. In 1619, the first Legislature was convened — an advantage more than counterbalanced the ensuing year, by the introduc- tion of the first African slaves. As an English Colony, Virginia was royal in its political features and feelings. In the long revolutionary struggle, from 1642 to 1660, the peo- ple sided with the royal party. The revolution of 1688 extended its effects into every section of British domination, in which Virginia shared its bene- fits. For a considerable period she enjoyed great internal tranquillity, and experienced nothing to interrupt her growth. In the year 1732, she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons ; the great statesman and patriot who was destined afterwards to achieve the independence of all the colonies. In the colonial war of 1755, Virginia was truly distinguished. In that of the American revolution, she was, in many respects, the leading State ; and the illustrious Washington was only one of many of her sons who shone in that day of events. Since the peace of 1783, she has retained an elevated rank in the family of States. Fruitful of illustrious men, she has given four Presidents to the Union. During the late war with Great Britain, her citizens displayed great patriot- ism in opposing the common enemy ; and her maritime frontier suffered severely from his predatory incursions. The distinguishing national traits of the Virginians are frankness, gene- rosity, decision, and unshrinking perseverance. Nature has bestowed on Virginia advantage of position, soil, climate, and navigable rivers. She is often distinguishad by the title of the Ancient Dominion, probably from the circumstance of her having been the first settled of the colonies. This State is bounded on the north by Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Ohio ; south by North Carolina and Tennessee ; east by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. Extent from north to south, 220 miles ; from east to west, 370 miles. Area, about 64,000 square miles, or 40,960,000 acres. The principal rivers are the Potomac, Shenandoah, James, Rappahan- nock, Mattapony, Pamunky, York, Rivannah, Appomattox, Elizabeth, Not- toway, Meherrin, Staunton, Ohio, Sandy, Great Kanawha, Little Kanawha, and the Monongahela, and its principal branches. The Alleghany range of mountains, with its numerous ridges, covers the whole middle section of this State, and gives it a rugged surface. The country east of the moun- tains descends gradually to the flat and sandy alluvion of the coast. The district west of the mountains is hilly. The soil varies greatly, being sandy and sterile on the coast, very fertile on the banks of rivers, and productive in the valleys of the Alleghanies. The climate is equally varied, being hot, moist, and unhealthy in the lower alluvial country, and cool and salubrious among the mountains. To the productions common to the northern and middle sections of the Union, this State adds the sweet potato, the finest tobacco, and in the southern parts cotton as a crop. The productions of W2 -—.—-—— 258 GENERAL VIEW OF the north and the south, apples and wheat, cotton and tobacco, meet here as in Tennessee in the western country. The temperature, soil, and cir- cumstances are supposed to be favorable in the highest degree to the culti- vation of the grape and the silk mulberry. The principal minerals found are iron, coal, limestone, and also some copper and black lead. Gold has been lately found in considerable quantities. The belt of country in which this metal exists, extends through Spottsylvania, and some neighboring counties, in a south-west direction, into North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. In this State the gold is diffused over large surfaces, and has not been found sufficiently in mass, except in a few places, to make mining profitable. The United States' Mining Company in Spottsylvania county, about 10 miles above Fredericksburg, are at present working mines which promise to yield a handsome remuneration. The gold is here found embedded in quartz, containing from ten to forty per cent, in weight of native metal, and so pure as to rise as high as twenty-three to twenty-three and a half carats. The number of cotton manufactories in 1832 was seven, with an aggre- gate capital of $290,000, making annually 675,000 yards of cloth. This State has a Bank Capital of $5,607,000, and a Literary Fund of $1,233,523; $45,000 of which is annually appropriated to the education of the poor. There is also a fund devoted to internal improvements, of $2,100,591 ; the whole capital employed in which is about 3^ millions. The amount of imports in 1831 was $488,522 ; exports, $4,150,475; of which $4,149,986 was domestic, and $489 foreign produce. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Accomack,. . . . Albemarle,. . . . Alleghany,. . . . Amelia, Amherst, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Berkeley, Bottetourt, . . . . Brooke, ....... Brunswick, . . . Buckingham,. . Cabell Campbell, Caroline, Charles City, . . Charlotte, Chesterfield,. . . Culpeper, Cumberland, . . Dinvviddie, . . . . Elizabeth City, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Franklin, Frederick Population County Towns. 16,656 22,618 2,816 11,036 12,071 19,926 4,002 20,246 10,518 16,354 7,041 15,767 18,351 5,884 20,350 17,760 5,500 15,252 18,637 24,027 11,690 21,901 5,053 10,521 9,204 26,086 8,221 14,911 25,046 Drummond T. Charlottesville. Covington. Amelia, C.H. Amherst, C. H. Staunton. Warm Springs. Liberty. Martinsburg. Fincastle. Wellsburg. Lawrenceville. Maysville. Barboursville. Campbell, C. H, Bowling Green Charles City, C.H Marysville. Chesterfield,c.H. Fairfax. Cumberrd,C.H Dinwiddle, C.H, Hampton. Tappahannock. Fairfax, C. H. Warrenton. Palmyra. Rocky Mount. Winchester. Counties. Giles, Gloucester, .... Goochland,. . . . Grayson, Greenbrier, . . . Greensville, . . . Halifax, Hampshire, . . . Hanover, Hardy, Harrison, Henrico, Henry, Isle of Wight, . James City, . . . Jefferson, Kanawha, . . . . King and Queen King George,. . King William, . Lancaster, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Loudon, Louisa, Lunenburg, . . . Madison, Mason, Population County Towns. 5,274 10,608 10,369 7,675 9,006 7,117 28,034 11,279 16,253 6,798 14,722 28,797 7,100 10,517 3,838 12,927 9,326 11,644 6,397 9,812 4,801 6,461 6,241 3,680 21,939 16,151 11,957 9,236 6,534 Parisburg. Gloucester, C.H. Goochland, C.H. Greensville. Lewisburg. Hicksford. Halifax, C.H. Romney. Hanover, C.H. Moorfields. Clarksburg. RICHMOND C. Martinsville. I.ofWight,C.H. Williamsburg. Charleston. Charleston. King&aueen,CH King George, CH KingW^illiam,CH Lancaster, C. H. Jonesville, Weston. Logan, C. H. Leesburg. Louisa, C. H. Lewistown. Madison. Point Pleasant. VIRGINIA. 259 Matthews, .... 7,664 Matthews, C.H. Princess Anne, 9,102 Princess Anne.CH Mecklenburg, . 20,477 "Boydton. Prince William, 9,330 Brentsville. Middlesex, .... 4,122 Urbanna. Randolph, 5,000 Beverly. Monongalia,. . . 14,056 Morgantown. Richmond, 6,055 Richmond, C.H. Monroe, 7,798 Union. Rockbridge, . . . 14,244 Lexington. Montgomery, . . 12,306 Christiansburg. Rockingham, . . 20,683 Harrisonburg. Morgan, 2,694 Bath. Russell, 6,714 Lebanon. Nansemond,. . . 11,784 Suffolk. Scott, 5,724 Estillville. New Kent, 6,458 New Kent, C.H. Shenandoah, . . 11,423 Woodstock. Nicholas, 3,346 Summersville. Southampton, . 16,074 Jerusalem. Norfolk, 24,806 Portsmouth. Spottsylvania, . 15,134 Fredericksburg. Northampton, . 8,641 Eastville. Stafford, 9,362 Stafford, C. H. Northumberl'nd 7,953 Heathsville. Surry, 7,109 Surry, C.H. Nottoway, .... 10,130 Nottoway, C.H. Sussex, 12,720 Sussex, C. H. Nelson, 11,254 Lovington. Tazewell, 5,749 Jeffersonville. Ohio, 15,584 Wheeling. Tyler, 4,104 Middlebourne. Orange, 14,637 Orange, C. H. Warwick, 1,570 Warwick, C.H. Patrick, 7,395 Taylorsville. Washington, . . 15,614 Abington. Pendleton, .... 6,271 Franklin. Westmoreland, 8,396 Westmorerd,c.H Pittsylvania, . . 26,034 Competition. Wood, 6,429 Parkersburg. Pocahontas, . . . 2,542 Huntersville. Wythe, 12,163 Evansham. Powhatan, .... 8,517 Scottsville. York, 5,354 Yorktown. p_ i 5,144 Kingwood. Prince Edward, 14,107 Pr.Edward,C.H Total in 1830, 1,211,375 Prince George, 8,367 Pr.George,C.H. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1642, 20,000; in 1660, 30,000; in 1703, 60,606; in 1749, 85,000; in 1763, 170,000; viz: about 70,000 whites, and 100,000 negroes. In 1790,... ... 747,610. INCREASE. SI,AVES. 1 292,627 346,968 NCREASE. 1800,... ... 880,200 From 1790 to 1800, . . 132,590 54,341 1810,... ... 974,622 1800 to 1810 .. 94,422 392,518 45,550 1820,. . . ...1,065,366 1810 to 1820, . . 90,744 425,153 32,635 1830,... ...1,211,375 1820 to 1830, . . 146,009 469,724 44,571 Of the above population, there were, white Males, 347,887; white Females, 346.333; deaf and dumb, 422; blind, 230; aliens, 513: total whites, 694,270. Free colored, 47,348; Slaves, 469,757; colored deaf and dumb, 132; blind, 445; total colored. 517.105. Counties organized since the census of 1830: Fayette, Floyd, Jackson, Smyth, Page, and Rappa- hannock, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. Dismal Swamp Canal connects the Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound. It passes over the Dismal Swamp from Elizabeth to Pasquotank river; length, 23 miles ; rises only 16^ feet above the level of the Atlantic; it is 40 fee^ wide at the surface, and has a depth of 6^ feet. It receives the waters of a feeder from Lake Drummond of 4| feet depth and 5 miles in length. This work has co.st directly or indirectly about 8800,000. James and Jackson River Canal and Navigation. — James river admits vessels of 125 tons to Rockett's, the port of Richmond. At that city com- mence the falls or rapids, to pass which a series of short canals have been constructed. The Richmond canal enters a basin in the western side of the city ; it is 25 feet wide, and 3 deep, extends 2\ miles to where it enters the river; there are 12 locks, and the fall is 80 feet. Three miles above the first is a second short canal, with three locks overcoming 34 feet fall. These canals and locks, with other slight improvements, opened a naviga- tion at all seasons of 12 inches water to Lynchburg. The James River Company in 1825, Dec. 10th, declared a canal navigation complete to the head of the falls, called Maiden's Adventure Goochland County. 30^ 260 GENERAL VIEW OF miles above Richmond. Width of canal, 40 feet; depth of water, 3| feet; fall overcome, 140| feet, and cost $623,295. There is also a canal on James river, around Irish falls, 7 miles in length, and 96 feet lockage. Cost, $340,000. The above works may be considered as the commencement of a series of improvements for the purpose of connecting the waters of James river with those of the Great Kanawha, and when completed will afford the shortest and most direct line of communication from the Ohio river to the At- lantic Ocean. To hnprove the channels of the Roanoke and its confluents, companies have been formed in both North Carolina and Virginia. Sloops ascend the Roanoke to Weldon, above Halifax, and the Chowan to Winton. By a report of the Virginia Roanoke Company, Dec. 1828, it appeared that the improvements had been such as to admit steamboat navigation to Salem, in Bottetourt county, west of the Blue Ridge, overcoming upwards of 900 feet fall in 244 miles, following the river channel. Danville navigation was also (1828) so greatly improved, as to admit, by a mixed series of locks, sluices, and side-cuts, a regular navigation into Rockingham county, N. C. at the village of Leaksville, 152 miles, following the bends of the river. RAIL-ROADS. The Petersburg and Roanolee Rail-road commences at Petersburg, and extends 60 miles a little west of south to Weldon, in North Carolina, and to the foot of the falls in Roanoke river. The line is very direct, gradua- tion in no place exceeding 30 feet per mile. This road being in the direct line of the principal southern travelling, will no doubt become a most im- portant link of communication, and derive great emolument from the trans- portation of travellers and merchandise. The Manchester Rail-road extends from Manchester (opposite to Rich- mond) nearly a due west course to the coal mines. Single track, length 1 3 miles. The Portsmouth and Roanolee RaU-road is to extend from Portsmouth (opposite to Norfolk) to Weldon, N. C. ; length, about 80 miles. The fol- lowing Rail-roads are projected, and some of them will probably be com- menced shortly : From Richmond to the Potomac river, at or near the mouth of Potomac creek, a distance of about 65 miles. From Harper's Ferry to Winchester, 27 miles ; from Richmond to Lynchburg ; from Lynchburg to Knoxville ; and from Lynchburg to New River. FRIXTCIPikXi STiSLGE ROUTSS. 1. From Washing- [Harrisville, 4 168 Cumberland,C.H. 20 145 ton City to War- renton, N. C. OS 191i Ca Ira, 5 TiO Miles Miles. Gholsonville, .... 6 197 Farmville, 15 165 To Alexandria, . . 7 .White Plains 8 205' Pr. Edward, C.H. 5 170 Occoquan, ...... 16 23 iMonroe, N. C 9 2141 Marysville, 18 188 Dumfries, 9 32 Warrenton, 15 229 Halifax, C.H... 30 218 10 4 42 46 2. From Washing- Milton, N.C 24 24^ Stafford, C.H.... Falmouth, 9 55 ton City to MiL ton,KC. ^ 3. From Washing. Fredericksburg, . . 1 56 ton City to Lynch- Vielleboro', 14 70 To Fredericks- bnrg, Va. Bowling Green, . . 9 79 burg, as in No. 1 56 To Alexandria, . . 7 Hanover, C.H.. .. 23 102 Pottiesville, 32 88 Fairfax, C.H... 14 21 RICHMOND,.., 20 122 Gardner's y. Roads 9 97 Centreville, 7 28 Petersburg", 22 144 Thompson's XI Roads 21 118 New Baltimore,. . 17 45 Ritchiesville, .... 20 164 Cartersville, 7 125' Warrenton, 6 51 VIRGINIA. 261 Jefferson, Fairfax, 10 15 61 76 Barboursville, . . . Stannardsville,. . . 6 15 76 91 Suffolk, 25 15 26 41 Somerton, Orange, C. H. ... 17 93 Magaughey's T.,. 22 113 Winton, N.C 22 63 Barboursville, . . . 13 106 Harrisonburg, . . . 12 125 Ahosky Bridge,. . 12 75 Charlottesville,. . . 18 124 Rosemeath, 32 107 Coveville, 18 142 10. From Rich. Tarboro' 20 127 Lovingrston, 15 157 mond to Catlets. Oak Grove, 22 149 New Glasgow,. . . 20 177 burg. Ken., via Stantonsburg, . . . 6 155 Amherst, C. H. .. 3 180 Lynchburg, Fayetteville, 80 235 Lynchburg, 18 198 To Hallsboro',... Scottsville, 17 15 32 14. From Norfolk 4. From Washing. Cujnberland,C.H. 25 57 to Wilmington, N. ton City to Win- Concord, 49 106 C.,via Washington chester, Va. Lynchburg, 14 120 and Newbern. To Georgetown, . 1 New London, . . . 11 131 To Elizabeth City, Prospect Hill, . . . 10 11 Liberty, ....... 15 146 as in No. 15, . . 43 Leesburg, Snickersville,. . . . 25 17 36 53 Fluke's, 17 13 163 176 By the Steam-boat down the Pas- Fincastle, Battletown, 8 61 Sweet Springs, . . 35 211 quotank river to Winchester, 10 71 White Sulphur Sp. 11 222 Wade's Point, . 20 63 Lewisburg, 10 232 To the mouth of 5. From Washing. Clintonville, 10 242 the Roanoke R. 45 108 ton to Harper's Sewell's Mountain 22 264 By land to Ply- Ferry, Va. Gauley's Bridge, . 28 292 mouth, 8 116 To Leesburg, .... 31 Charleston, 33 325 Washington, .... 35 151 Waterford, 7 38 Coalsmouth, 15 340 Newbern, 35 186 Hillsboro', 5 43 Barboursville, . . . 26 366 Trenton, 20 206 Harper's Ferry, . 9 52 Guyandotte, 8 374 South Washington 56 262 Catlettsburg, 10 384 Wilmington, 38 300 6. Frojn Richmond to Blountsville, 11. FromRichmond 15. From Norfolk Ten. to Catlettsburg, to Edenton, N. C. To Flukes, as in via Lovingston, To Deep Creek,. . 9 No. 10, 163 Covington, Sfc. New Lebanon,.. . 22 31 Big Lick, 10 173 ToGoochland,C.H. 28 Elizabeth City, . . 12 43 Salem 7 180 Columbia, Scottsville, 19 20 47 67 Woodville, Hertford, 10 10 53 63 Blountsville, as in No. 16, 152 332 Warren, 6 73 Edenton, N.C 15 78 Warminster, 9 82 7. From Richmond Lovingston, 8 90 1 6. From Win- to Norfolk. Lexington, 40 130 chester to Blounts- To Cross Roads, . 20 Collier T 10 140 ville, Ten. New Kent, C.H.. 10 30 Covington, 33 173 To Stephensburg, 9 Williamsburg,. . . 28 58 Callaghan's, 5 178 Strasburg, 11 20 Yorktown, 12 70 White Sulphur Sp. 16 194 Woodstock, 11 31 Hampton, 22 92. Lewisburg, 10 204 New Market, 20 51 Norfolk, 22 114 Catlettsburg, as in Harrisonburg, . . . 18 69 No. 10, 152 356 Mount Crawford, 8 77 8. From Richmond Mount Sidney, . . . 8 85 to Tappahannock. 12. From Rich. Staunton, 10 95 To Hanover T. . . 18 mond to Staunton. Greenville, 12 107 Brandy wine, 5 23 ToGoochland,C.H. 28 Fairfield, 12 119 Dunkirk, 5 28 Columbia, 19 47 Lexington, 11 130 Clarksville, 3 31 Wilmington, .... 10 57 Natural Bridge, . . 15 145 Tappahannock, . . 19 50 Charlottesville,.. . 24 81 Pattonsburg, 10 155 New York, 20 101 Fincastle, 12 167 9. From Richmond Waynesburg,. . . . 8 109 Amsterdam, 4 171 to Harrisonburg. To Montpelier, . . 23 Staunton, 13 122 Salem, 18 27 189 216 Ckristiansburg, . . Cuckooville, 23 46 13. From Norfolk, Newbern, 17 233 Louisa, C.H..... 8 54 Va.,to Fayette. Evansham, 28 261 Newark, 6 60 ville, N. C. Pleasant Hill, . . . 15 276 Gordonsville, 10 70 To Portsmouth,.. 1 Seven Mile Ford, . 18 294 262 GENERAL VIEW OF Abingdon, . Blountsville, 17. From Win- chester to Cum- berland, Md. To Pughtown,. . . Cacapon River, . . Springfield, Frankfort, Cumberland, Md. . 18. From Nor- folk to Raleigh, N.C. To Portsmouth, . . Suffolk, Somerton, Winton, N.C Murfreesboro',. . . Jackson, Halifax, Enfield Nashville, RALEIGH, .... 19. From Staunton to Catlettsburg, Ken. Augusta Springs, Warm Springs,. . Hot Springs, .... White Sulphur Sp. Lewisburg, 1 25 15 22 12 121 *12 12 30 44 317 341 26 41 63 75 96 108 120 150 194 53 58 90 100 Catlettsburg, as in No. 10, 20. From Frede- ricksburg to Win- chester. To Falmouth, . . . Spottedville, Elk Run Church, Warrentoti, Salem, Paris, Millwood, Winchester, 21. Fro7n Fairfax C. H. to Win- Chester. To Aldie, Middleburg, Upperville, Paris, Millwood, Winchester, 22. From Frede- ricksburg to Char- lottesville. To Orange, C.H.. Gordonsville, .... Charlottesville, . . . 23. Fro7n Clarks- burg to Marietta. To Lewisport, . . . Pennsboro', 152 252 1 10 11 8 19 14 33 18 51 14 65 7 72 11 83 20 6 26 8 34 4 38 7 45 11 56 37 8 45 22 67 29 12 41 Marietta 37 24. From Lynch- burg to Dan- ville. To Campbell, C.H. Marysville, Competition, Danville, 25. From Lewis- burg to Newbern, via Salt Sulphur Springs. To Union, Salt Sulphur Sp. Red Sulphur Sp. Peterstown, .... Parisburg, Newbern, , 26. From Peters- burg to Norfolk. To Pr. George, C. IT. Cabin Point, Surry, C.H. Smithfield, Norfolk, 27. From Law- renceville to Halt- fax C. H. To Lombardy Grove, Boydton, Clarksville, Halifax, C.H.... 78 NORTH CAROLINA. In North Carolina, the first attempt by the English at colonization in America, was made. This country originally formed part of that exten- sive region which by the French was named Florida, and by the English Virginia, and included in the patent granted in 1584 to Sir Walter Raleigh, by Queen EHzabeth. Under the auspices of thatjiobleman, a small num- ber of adventurers were landed in 1586, who were probably cut off by the natives, as no trace of their existence could afterwards be obtained. Two or three other attempts were at different times made to establish colo- nies, which, however, proved abortive. About the year 1650, some emi- grants from Virginia made the first actual settlement of whites, and in 1661, a second English colony from Massachusetts reached and settled themselves on Cape Fear river. After many vexatious struggles, the infant colony obtained, in 1667, a representative government. But two years afterwards, it was thrown into confusion by an attempt to introduce the fanciful constitution, so famous under the name of Locke's scheme of government. This wild project was soon abandoned, and like most of the other English colonies, the advance of Carolina was slow, and its history rendered horribly memorable, by a most destructive savage war in 1712. Previous to 1717, Carolina had been a proprietary government, but after NORTH CAROLINA. 263 that period it was brought under the control of the crown, and so continued to the revolution, which separated the Carolinas, with the other American colonies, from Great Britain. In 1720 the colony of CaroUna was found too unwieldy for convenient government, and was separated into two dis- tinct governments, under the relative names of North CaroHna and South Carolina. In 1775, an insurrection took place of the inhabitants of the western counties, who styled themselves " Regulators," and complaining of oppressions practised in the administration of justice, professed a desire to regulate these matters by destroying the lawyers. With this charitable view, they organized themselves into a body of 1500 men, but Governor Tryon marched against them with a force of about 1000 militia, and totally defeated them ; three hundred were killed, and the rest sued for mercy. Soon after this period the contest with the mother country commenced, and although this colony had suffered perhaps less than any other from British misgovernment, the majority of the inhabitants joined heartily with their brethren of the other colonies, in opposition to the schemes of the ministry, and afterwards in the declaration of independence. During the war of the revolution, North Carolina was for a considerable time the theatre of hos- tilities, in which much blood was spilt, and where some of the most bril- liant achievements of the contest were performed. The battle of Moor's Creek bridge. King's Mountain, and Guilford Court-House, will remain in history imperishable memorials of the bravery and patriotism of its inhab- itants. Since the peace of 1783, her progress has been so tranquil as to afford but few materials for remark. North Carolina is bounded on the north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by South Carolina, and west by Tennessee. Length 362 miles, and breadth 121 miles ; area, 43,800 square miles, or 28,032,000 acres. The country, for more than 60 miles from the coast, is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. The greater portion of this district, except along the water- courses, is a vast forest of evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers are insalubrious. Having passed this monotonous region, we emerge to the pleasant and midland parts of the State, at the base of the Alleghanies, from whose summits the eye traverses an immense extent of beautiful country to the west, and vision is lost in the agreeable succession of hill, dale, forest, and valley, with an elastic and salubrious atmosphere. The soil of North Carolina resembles that of Virginia : in the level parts it is generally poor, in the hilly country more fertile, and the productions are much the same as in the more northern States. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and flax, are cultivated ; Indian corn is abundant throughout the whole State, and cotton is raised in considerable quantities ; tobacco, rice, and sweet potatoes, abound, and the soil and climate are favorable to the growth of the grape and mulberry. From their pines, the people extract tar, pitch, and turpentine. The exports consist of cotton, tobacco, lumber in vast quantities, tar, pitch, turpentine, &c. &c. They amounted in 1831, to $341,140. This does not, however, present a fair estimate of exports, compared with that of the other States, as a large portion is shipped from Charleston. The gold mines of North Carolina have lately excited much interest, and with those of the other southern States, are becoming an object of national importance. The number of persons engaged in mining operations in the whole of the gold district, is estimated at upwards of 20,000 ; the weekly 264 GENERAL VIEW OF product of all the mines is supposed to be $100,000, or about 5 millions of dollars annually ; but a small proportion of this, however, is sent to the United States' mint, or remains in the country : the greater part is exported to Europe, particularly to Paris. In this State, the gold mines are princi- pally in the counties of Burke, Rutherford, Mecklenburg, Rowan, David- son, and Cabarras ; in almost any part of this district, gold may be found in greater or less abundance mixed with the soil. It exists in grains or masses from almost imperceptible particles, to pieces of one or two pounds weight ; one of the largest lumps ever found, was dug up in Cabarras county — it was worth between 7 and 8000 dollars. Lumps from the value of 1 or 200 to 1000 dollars, are not uncommon. There are innumerable dio-crincrs over the whole country, and a host of adventurers, relinquishing all other employments, are digging the hill-sides for gold. The opening of the mines indubitably proves that they were known in past ages ; cru- cibles and other mining instruments have been repeatedly discovered under circumstances to preclude the possibility of their having been left there by descendants of the European races. This region is believed to be more abundant in gold than any other on the globe. The inhabitants of this State, in general, have a marked character for sobriety and morality, and a sturdiness of independence ; they are endeavoring to remedy past neglect of common schools, by fostering private seminaries and Sunday-schools. POPULATION OF COUNTIES . Counties. Population County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Anson, 14,095 Wadesborough. Lenoir, 7,723 Kingston. Ashe, 6,987 Jefferson. Lincoln, 22,455 Lincolnton. Beaufort, 10,969 Washington. Macon, 5,333 Franklin. Bertie, 12,262 Windsor. Martin, 8,539 Williamston. Bladen, 7,811 Elizabethtown. Mecklenburg, . 20,073 Charlotte. Brunswick, . . . 6,516 Smithville. Montgomery,. . 10,919 Lawrenceville. Buncombe, 16,281 Asheville. Moore, 7,745 Carthage. Burke, 17,888 Morganton. Nash, 8,490 Nashville. Cabarras, 8,810 Concord. New Hanover, . 10,959 Wilmington. Camden, 6,733 Jonesborough. Northampton, . 13,391 Jackson. Carteret, 6,597 Beaufort. Onslow, 7,814 Onslow, C. H. Caswell, 15,185 Yancy. Orange, 23,908 Hillsborough. Chatham, 15,405 Pittsborough. Pasquotank, . . . 8,641 Elizabeth City. Chowan, 6,697 Edenton. Perquimans, . . 7,419 Hertford. Columbus, .... 4,141 Whitesville. Person, 10,027 Roxborough. 13,734 14,834 Pitt, 12,093 12,406 Greenville. Cumberland, . . Fayetteville. Randolph, Ashborough. Currituck, .... 7,6.55 Currituck, C.H. Richmond, .... 9,396 Rockingham. Davidson, 13,389 Lexington. Robeson, 9,433 Lumberton. Duplin, 11,291 Kenansville. Rockingham,. . 12,935 Wentworth. Edgecombe,. . . 14,935 Tarborough. Rowan, 20,786 Salisbury. Franklin, 10,665 Louisburg. Rutherford, . . . 17,557 Rutherfordton. Gates, 7,866 Gates, C. H. Sampson, 11,634 Clinton. Granville, 19,355 Oxford. Stokes, 16,196 Salem. Greene, Guilford, 6,413 18,737 Snow Hill. Greensborough. Surry, 14,504 4,732 Rockford. Tyrrel, Columbia. Halifax, 17,739 Halifax. Wake, 20,398 RALEIGH. Haywood, 4,578 Waynesville. Warren, 11,877 Warrenton. Hertford, 8,537 Winton. Washington, . . 4,552 Plymouth. Hyde 6,184 Hyde, C. H. Wayne, 10,331 Waynesboro'. Iredell, 14,918 Statesville. Wilkes, 11,968 Wilkesboro'. Johnston, Jones, 10,938 5,608 Smithfield. Trenton. Total, .... 738,470 NORTH CAROLINA. 265 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, 5,000; in 1749, 45,000 ; in 1763, 95,000. INCREASE. In 1790, 393,951 1800, 478,103 1810, 555,500 1820, 638,829 1830, 738,470 From 1790 to 1800, 84,152 1800 to 1810, 77,397 1810 to 1820, 83,329 1820 to 1830, 99,641 SLAVES. 1 100,571 133,296 168,824 205,017 245,601 33,275 35,528 36,193 40,584 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 235,954; white Females, 236,889; deaf and dumb, 230: blind, 223; aliens, 206: total whites, 472,843. Free colored Males, 9,561; Females, 9,982 : total, 19,543. Slaves— Males, 124,313 ; Females, 121,288 : total, 245,601. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. Dismal Swamp Canal. (See Virginia.) The North-west Canal connects North-west river (which empties into Currituck sound) with the Dismal Swamp Canal. Length, 6 miles ; width, 24 feet ; depth of water, 4 feet. Weldon Canal, constructed by the Roanoke Navigation Company, extends around the falls of the Roanoke, near Weldon, in Halifax county. By this canal a communication is established with the valleys of the rivers Dan and Staunton. Length, 12 miles, in which distance the river falls 100 feet. Chnbfoot and Harlow Canal opens a communication for small craft, between Newbern and Beaufort. The average depth of water is four feet. Other canal companies, viz. the Cape Fear, the Yadkin, the Tar River, the New River, and the Catawba, have done much to improve the inland navigation of the State. RAIL-ROADS. Fayetteville Rail-road. — A company was incorporated in 1831, for the purpose of constructing a rail-road from Fayetteville to Cape Fear river. Capital, ^20,000. Cape Fear and Yadkin Rail-road. — Company incorporated in 1832. Capital, 82,000,000, to be divided into shares of $100 each. This rail- road is to commence at Wilmington, and extend to the Yadkin river, by the way of Fayetteville ; thence by the way of Salisbury to Beatty's Ford, or to such other point of junction on the Catawba river, as may be found practicable. Distance from 230 to 250 miles. The work must be com- menced within three years, and completed within thirteen, under penalty of forfeiture of the charter. The State has reserved to itself the right of connecting with this, other rail-roads, leading to any other part or parts of the State. Central Rail-road. — Company incorporated in 1832. Capital, two mil- lions of dollars. This rail-road, like that above described, is intended to connect the western part of the State with the sea-board. The Petersburg Rail-road is to extend into this State to Weldon. The Portsmouth and Roanoke Rail-road is to connect Norfolk, Virginia, and Weldon. (See Virginia.) 266 GENERAL VIEW OF FB.lNClTA.la STILGH ROXTTSS. 1. From Warren. ton to Cheraw, S. C. To Louishurg. RALEIGH, . Averasboro', . Fayetteville, . . Randallsville,. Laurel Hill, . . Brigfhtsville, . . Cheraw, 2,' From Warren- ton to Marion, C.H. To Louishurg, RALEIGH, . Averasboro', . Fayetteville, . . Lumberton, . . Leesville, .... Marion, C. H. 3. From Milton to Yorkville, S. C. To Yancy, Lenox Castle, . . . Greenshoro\ Salem, Lexington, Salisbury, China Grove, .... Concord, Charlotte, Yorkville, S.C.... 4. From Raleigh to Asheville. To Pittshoro\ . . . Ashhoro\ Salisbury, Miranda, Mount Mourne,. . Beattie's Ford,. . . Lincolnton, VVilsonville, Rutherfordton,. , . Murraysville, .... Asheville, 5. From Raleigh to Shown^s Cross Roads. ToChapelHill, .. Hillsbor6\ Mason Hall, Greensboro\ Salem, Miles Miles. 27 30 57 36 93 25 118 25 143 14 157 13 170 14 184 27 30 57 36 93 25 118 33 151 10 161 33 194 13 16 29 25 54 28 82 21 103 18 121 10 131 13 144 18 162 35 197 33 39 72 46 118 10 128 17 145 8 153 16 169 13 182 41 223 41 264 15 279 28 13 41 9 50| 35 85' 30 115 Huntsville, Hamptonville, . . . Wilkesboro\ Jefferson, Shown's >< Roads. 6. From Salem to Greenville, S. C. Huntsville, Statesville, Hokesville, Morganton, Brindletown, . . . . Rutherfordton, . . . Gowansville, S. C. Greenville, S. C. . 7. From Cheraw to Shoivn''s > Lowndes, 136,806 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. SLAVES. In 1820, 75,448 I 11 32,814 1830, 136,806 From 1820 to 1830, 61,358 ll 65,659 32,845 Of tlie above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 38,466; white Females, 31,977; deaf and dumb, 29; blind, 25: total whites, 70,443. Free colored Males, 288; Females, 231: total, 519. Slaves— Males, 33,099 ; Females, 32,560 : total, 65,659. The following counties have been organized since 1830 :— Atala, Carroll, Choctaw, Clark, Holmes, Jasper, Kemper, Lauderdale, Leake, Nashoba, Noxubbee, Oaktibbeha, Scott, Smith, Tallahatchee, Winston, and Yalobusha. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. A Board of Internal Improvement was organized by the Legislature in 1829, consisting of the Governor and three Commissioners. The Board was authorized to employ a civil ensrineer, and to negotiate a loan of the sum of 8200,000 upon the credit of the State, to be appropriated to the improvement of the navigable streams and public roads within the State. By an act of Congress, passed March 1, 1817, five per cent, of the neat proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State were reserved for making roads and canals ; and three-fifths of this (called the three per cent, fund) are subject to appropriation by the State Legislature to those objects within the State ; the other two-fifths are at the disposal of Con- gress for roads leading to the State. RAIL-ROADS. A Rail-road is projected from Woodville^ in this State, to St. Francis- ville, in Louisiana. Three routes have been surveyed, and one of them selected for the greater portion of the distance. Length, 28 miles. Cost, estimated at a little less than ^6,000 a mile. * The principal part of the above tribes have left the State, and the remainder are expected to remove in the course of the present season. 284 GENERAL VIEW OF A route for a rail-road has also been surveyed from Viclcshurgy in War- ren county, to Clinton, in Hindes county, the distance of about 55 miles. The books have been opened, and a large part of the stock taken. No doubt is entertained of its going into operation. There is a " Pass," from the Mississippi river, near St. Helena, to the Yazoo river, about 100 miles above the mouth of the latter, which is about to be opened at a comparatively trivial expense. Boats navigating the Mis- sissippi, by taking this course, will save about 50 miles ; but still more will be gained in ascending, as the current of the Mississippi will be avoided. FRIITCIF.A.II STAaH ROUTES. 1. From Columbus to New Orleans, La. Choctaw Agency Doak's Stand, .. Madisonville, . . . JACKSON,... Clinton, Raymond, Rocky Spring, . . Port Gibson, . . . 22 92 114 18 132 28 160 10 170 9 179 30 209 11 220 Fayette, Washington, .... Natchez, Woodville, Laurel Hill, La.. . St. Francisville, . . Baton Rouge, . . , . Manshac, Iberville, or St GabrieVs Church, Donaldsonville. 1 227 25 252 6 258, 36 294 15 309 14 323 29 362 12 374 7 381 22 403 Bringiers, Bonnet Carre, . . NEW ORLEANS 2. From JacJcson to Vicksburg. To Clinton, . . . Amsterdam,. . . Montalban, . . . Vicksburg, .... 413 442 478 LOUISIANA. Previous to the year 1811, the name of Louisiana belonged to the whole of that vast and ill-defined tract of country which was ceded by France to the United States in 1803. On the territory of Orleans becoming a State, it adopted the general name for its particular appellation, and the remaining portion of the original Louisiana has received distinct denominations. The first settlement within the limits of this State was made by a small French colony in 1699, under the command of M. D'Iberville. The city of New Orleans was founded in 1717. In 1763 the whole of Louisiana was ceded to Spain, but from the resistance of the inhabitants, that power did not obtain possession until 1769. Spain retained her authority in this province until 1800, when, by a secret treaty, it was re-ceded to France. The renewal of the war in Europe, after the peace of Amiens, not permitting France to take possession of Louisiana, it was transferred to the United States for the sum of 60 millions of francs, or about 15 millions of dollars, in April, 1803, and in the following December, given up to the American authorities. By an act of Congress, passed March, 1804, Louisiana was definitively subdivided. The northern part, above latitude 33°, was named the territory of Louisiana, and the lower section, the territory of Orleans. In 1811, having acquired an adequate population. Congress granted the inhabitants power to form a State constitution. In 1812, the necessary steps having been taken, the State of Louisiana was ranked in the list of independent States of the Union. A powerful British army invaded this State, December, 1814, but after some partial actions, the enemy was utterly defeated, January 8th, 1815, and the country abandoned by them shortly afterwards. This event gave to Louisiana a classic interest in the history of the United States, and lefl her to the peaceable pursuits of the arts of social life, and the cultivation of her soil. LOUISIANA. 285 The purchase of Louisiana, although vehemently censured at the time, by the party opposed to Mr. Jefferson, is now admitted on all hands to have been an act of great political wisdom. It closed up a broad source of con- troversy with foreign powers, added an almost boundless tract of fertile country to our territory, and extended the duration of the Union, by gain- ing for the western States the great natural outlet for their productions. This State is bounded on the north by Arkansas territory and the State of Mississippi ; on the east by the same State ; on the south by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the west by the Mexican dominions. The 33d degree of north latitude is the northern boundary, west of the Mississippi river, and the 31st degree on the east of that river ; the Pearl river is its extreme eastern boundary, and the Sabine its western. It is in length 240 miles, by 210 in breadth. It contains 48,220 square miles, or 30,860,800 acres. Three-fourths of the State are without an elevation, that can be properly called a hill. The pine woods generally have a surface of a very particu- lar character, rising into fine swells, with table surfaces on the summit, and ^alleys from 30 to 40 feet deep. But they are without any particular range. and, like the waves of a high and irregular sea. The alluvial soil is level, and the swamps, which ai*e the only inundated alluvions, are dead flats. The vast prairies, which constitute a large portion of the surface of the State, have, in a remarkable degree, all the distinctive aspects of prairies. To the eye they seem as level as the still surface of a lake. They are, except the quaking prairies, higher and drier than the savannas of Florida. The new and remote parish taken from Natchitoches, called Claiborne, is a high and rolling country. — There are considerable hills beyond the Mississippi alluvions, east of that river. But generally speaking, Louisiana is one immense plain, divided into pine-woods, prairies, alluvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands. On the banks of the Mississippi, La Fourche, the Teche, and the Ver- million, below lat. 30^ 12' north, wherever the soil is elevated above the annual inundations, sugar can be produced ; and the lands are generally devoted to this crop. In all other parts of the State, cotton is the staple. The best districts for cotton are the banks of Red River, Washita, Teche, and the Mississippi. Rice is more particularly confined to the banks of the Mississippi, where irrigation can be easily performed. — The quantity of land within the State adapted to the cultivation of the three staples, has been estimated as follows : sugar, 250,000 acres ; rice, 250,000 ; cotton, 2,400,000. Some of the sugar-planters have derived a revenue in some years of $600 from the labor of each of their slaves ; from $350 to $450 is the ordinary calculation. The cultivation of cotton is believed to be equally profitable. The amount of sugar has gradually increased in this State, from 1783 to the present time. A duty of 2^ cents per pound on foreign sugar, from 1803 up to 1816, and of 3 cents until recently, and at present 2^, and of 10 cents a gallon on molasses until last year, and at present 5 cents, has been the occasion of this advance in the cultivation of the sugar-cane. It is estimated that 150,000,000 pounds of sugar are annually consumed in the United States, and that more than 100,000,000 of pounds are now made in Louisiana, Florida, and Georgia, but by far the greatest part in Louisiana. In this State there are at the present time about 50,000,000 of dollars invested in the sugar business, in lands, slaves, steam-engines, and other property ; the quantity of sugar made here in 286 GENERAL VIEW OF 1810, is estimated at nearly 10,000,000 of pounds, so that in 20 years the increase has been about ten-fold. The extensive prairie land, in the south-west part of the State, embracing the district of Opelousas, and the greater part of Attakapas, is most admi- rably adapted to the rearing of cattle, and has hitherto been used almost exclusively for that purpose. Many of the richer planters on the Teche and Vermillion, have stock farms established on Mermentau and Calcasiu rivers, and count their cattle by the thousand. The population is principally confined to the settlements on the Missis- sippi. In the upper settlements the inhabitants are principally Canadians ; in the middle, Germans ; and in the lower, French and Spaniards. A few years since, a majority of the inhabitants were Roman Catholics. The clergy of this order, however, are not numerous ; and the constant intro- duction of emigrants from the north is effecting a rapid revolution in all the institutions of the country. In journeying from New Orleans to the mouth of Sabine river, men are met with in every stage of civilization. In New Orleans, and other places on the banks of the Mississippi, the sugar and cotton planters live in splen- did edifices, and enjoy all the luxury that wealth can impart. In Attaka- pas and Opelousas, the glare of expensive luxury vanishes, and is followed by substantial independence. In the western parts of Opelousas, are found herdsmen and hunters ; the cabins are rudely and hastily constructed, and the whole scene recalls to the imagination the primeval state of society. The exports from Louisiana are not confined to its own produce. The bulky articles of all the western States go down the Mississippi, and are cleared out at New Orleans. The value of the exports in 1804, was $1,600,362. In the year ending 30th of September, 1831, the value of imports at New Orleans, from foreign countries, was $9,761,588. Of exports, there were shipped from that city during that year to foreign coun- tries, $15,752,029, and coastwise, $11,418,622; total, $27,170,651. There was exported the same year, of cotton, 170,541,259 lbs. ; of tobacco, 36,132 hhds., and sugar, 55,351,259 lbs., exclusive of what was sent up the Mississippi river, the amount of which almost equalled what was shipped to the Atlantic States and to foreign countries. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Parishes. Population Ascension, .... 5,426 Assumption,. . . 5,669 Avoyelles, 3,484 Baton Rouge, E. 6,698 Baton Rouge,W 3,084 Catahoula, 2,581 Claiborne, 1,764 Concordia, 4,662 Feliciana, East, 8,247 Feliciana, West, 8,629 Iberville, 7,049 Jefferson, 6,846 Lafayette, 5,653 Lafourche, Int'r 5,503 Natchitoches,. . 7,905 Orleans, 49,838 Plaquemines, . . 4,489 Donaldsonville. Assumption,CH Marksville. Baton Rouge. Harrisonburg. Russellville. Concordia. Jackson. St. Francisville. Iberville. Coquille. Vermillionville. Thibadeauxville Natchitoches. ^ElV ORLEAJfS Fort Jackson. Parishes. PointCoupee,. Rapides, St. Bernard, . . St. Charles, . . . St. Helena, . . . St. James, .... St. John Baptist, St. Landry, . . St. Martin's, . St. Mary's, . . St. Tammany, Terre Bonne, Washington, Washita, .... Total, in 1830, Population Seats of Justice. 5,936 7,575 3,356 5,147 4,028 7,646 5,677 12,591 7,205 6,442 2,864 2,121 2,286 5.140 215,739 Point Coupee. Alexandria. St. Helena. Bringier's. Bonnet Carre. Opelousas. St. Martinsville, Franklin. Covington. Williamsburg. Franklinton. Monroe. LOUISIANA. 287 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. SLAVES. In 1810, 76,556 1820, 153,407 1830, 215,739 From 1810 to 1820, 76,851 1820 to 1830, 62,168 34,660 69,064 109,588 34,404 40,524 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 49,794 ; Females, 39,397 ; deaf and dumb, 45; blind, 38 ; aliens, 1,700 : total whites, 89,441. Free colored, 16,441 ; Slaves, 109,588. The parishes of Carroll and Livingston have been organized in this State, since 1830. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS CANALS. Carondelet Canal extends from Bayou St. John, to a basin in the rear of the city of New Orleans. It is 1^ miles long, 30 feet wide, and 4 deep. Lafourche Canal passes from the river Lafourche, 16 miles below its efflux from the Mississippi. It opens from the right bank of the river into a small creek uniting with lake Verret, and is navigable only in times of high water. Plaquemine Canal is a short cut from the Mississippi into Bayou Pla- quemine ; navigable only in times of high water. New Orleans and Teche Canal is a partly executed navigation of 100 miles in length, extending from a point on the Mississippi, opposite to New Orleans, to the waters which unite with Teche river, at Berwick's bay. RAIL-ROADS. LaTce Ponchaftrain Rail-road. — Company incorporated in January, 1830, with exclusive privileges for 25 years. It is about 4^ miles long, extending from Lake Ponchartrain to New Orleans. Single track. It is perfectly straight, and nearly level, the ascent and descent being only 16 inches. Completed in April, 1831. Cost, 815,000 a mile. An act of Congress has been obtained, establishing a port of entry on lake Ponchar- train ; and an artificial harbor and breakwater are now constructing at the termination of the rail-road. West Feliciana Rail-road, to extend from the Mississippi, near St. Fran- cisville, to Woodville in the State of Mississippi. (See Mississippi.) In the legislature of this State, a bill was lately introduced in which the most magnificent scheme of internal improvement ever contemplated, was submitted. The bill proposes the incorporation of a company with a capi- tal of twenty millions, to construct a rail-road from New Orleans to Baton Rouge, St. Francisville, and Clinton, thence eastwardly to the boundary line of Mississippi. It is recommended as part of a great route through Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Virginia, to Washington city. One of its advocates affirms, that if these States will pass laws to authorize the construction, companies will be formed for con- tinuing the road, so that within twenty years a trip from New Orleans to Washington will not occupy more than six days. [For the stage route from New Orleans to Natchez, see route No. 1, Mississippi.] ARKANSAS. The earliest settlement of whites within the limits of the territory of Arkansas, was made by the Chevalier de Tonti, in 1685. Proceeding from a fort then recently established on the Illinois river, he penetrated to the 288 GENERAL VIEW OF mouth of the Mississippi. On his return, in ascending the Mississippi river, he sailed up the Arkansas to the principal village of the Indians of that name, with whom he formed an alliance. Here he built a fort, and at the desire of the natives, left some of his men to settle among them. At that period, the Arkansas Indians were deemed one of the most powerful tribes in the country ; and the French, to preserve peace with them, and to secure their trade, intermarried among them, and adopted most of their habits and manners. The new settlers found their numbers gradually augmented, by the arrival of emigrants from Canada, who descended the Mississippi. The progress of settlement was, however, extremely slow, and whatever events may have happened in this territory, between the commencement of the eighteenth century and the period of its transfer to the United States, his- tory has not recorded them. In February, 1819, it was enacted by Con- gress, that that portion of country situated between north latitude 33° and the southern boundary of Missouri, should be erected into' a Territorial Government, under the designation of the Territory of Arkansas. The population of this Territory is increasing with such rapidity, that it is proba- ble but a short period will elapse before it will take its station among the States of the Union. This Territory is bounded on the north by Missouri, east by the Missis- sippi river, which separates it from Tennessee and the State of Mississippi, south by Louisiana, and west by a line drawn from the south-western cor- ner of Missouri to Fort Smith, on the Arkansas river, and thence by a due south line to the Red River, up Red River to the point where the western limit of the United States from the Sabine to Red River intersects that stream, and thence down that line to the 33d degree of north latitude. Its southern line is the 33d degree of north latitude, and northern 36° 30'. Its length, from north to south, is 245 miles, and mean breadth about 212 ; its area is 51,960 square miles, or 33,241,600 acres. The principal river is the Arkansas, which flows down from the Rocky Mountains. Its course is nearly through the centre of the territory from west to east ; and it affords at all times steam-boat navigation to Little Rock, 250 miles from the Mis- sissippi, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, nearly 400 miles higher up ; the other important streams are the Red River, (which flows through the south-west angle of the territory,) St. Francis, White, and Washita rivers. Arkansas has considerable advantages for commerce ; nearly every part of it has a direct and easy communication with New Orleans, the great emporium of trade for the whole Mississippi valley. The surface of the country exhibits much variety. In the eastern portion, along the Missis- sippi river, it is level, and often overflown by that noble river and its large confluents, which have their course through this territory. In the central part it is undulating and broken, and in the western section it is traversed by the Ozark mountains, which are estimated to attain an altitude of 3,000 feet above the ocean. The other considerable elevations are the Black Hills, north of the Arkansas, and the Washita Hills, or Masserne Moun- tains, on the head waters of the Washita river. The soil is of all quali- ties, from the most productive to the most sterile ; much of it is of the latter description. It has, however, a sufficient amount of excellent land to enable it to become a rich and populous State, which it will unquestionably be at no distant day. The column of emigration has begun to move in this direc- tion, and several thousands have been added to its population within the last ARKANSAS. 289 three years. Of the products of Arkansas, cotton is the staple ; corn and sweet potatoes thrive well ; wheat, and other small grains, have not been cultivated to a great extent ; peaches are remarkably fine ; apples do not succeed, except on the elevated parts of the territory, at a distance from the Mississippi. The wild fruits, grapes, plums, &c. are abundant. Among the curiosities of this country may be mentioned the vast masses of sea- shells that are found dispersed over different tracts of it : they are generally found in points remote from limestone, and answer a valuable purpose to the inhabitants, who collect and burn them for lime. The Hot or Warm Springs, are among the most interesting curiosities of the country ; they are in great numbers. One of them emits a vast quantity of water : they are remarkably limpid and pure, and are used by the people who resort there for health, for culinary purposes. They have been analyzed, and exhibit no mineral properties beyond common spring-water. Their efficacy, then, for they are undoubtedly efficacious to many invalids that resort there, results from the shade of adjacent mountains, and from the cool oxygenated mountain breeze, the conveniences of warm and tepid bathing, the novelty of fresh mountain scenery, and the necessity of temperance imposed by the poverty of the country, and the difficulty of procuring supplies. During the spring floods of the Washita, a steam-boat can approach within 30 miles of them. At no great distance is a strong sulphur-spring, remarkable for its coldness. In the wild and mountain scenery of this lonely region, there is much of grandeur and novelty to fix the curiosity of the lover of Nature. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population County Towns. Counties. Population 2,806 County Towns. Arkansas, 1,426 Arkansas. Lawrence, Jackson. Clarke, 1,369 Clarke, C. H. Miller, 356 Miller, C. H. Conway, 982 Harrisburg. Monroe, 461 Monroe, C. H. Chicot, 1,165 Villemont. Phillips, 1,152 Helena. Crawford 2,440 1,272 Crawford, C.H. Greenock. Pone 1,483 2,395 Scotia. Crittenden, .... Pulaski, LITTLE ROCK. Hempstead, . . . 2,512 Hempstedd,CH Sevier, 634 Paraclifta. Hot Spring, . . . 458 HotSpring,C.H. St. Francis,.... 1,505 Franklin. Independence, . 2,031 Batesville. Union, 640 Corea Fabre. Izard, 1,266 Izard, C. H. Washington, . . 2,182 Fayetteville. Jackson, Jefferson, 333 772 Litchfield. Jefferson, C. H. Total in 1830, 30,388 Lafayette, 748 Lafayette, C. H. Of the foregoing population, there were, white Males, 14,195; white Females, 11,476; deaf and dumb, 10; blind, 8 : total whites, 25,671. Free colored, 141; Slaves, 4,576. Total population in 1830, 30,388. The following new counties have been laid off since 1830 .—Carroll, Greene, Pike, Scott, and Van Buren. For the stage route from Little Rock to Bainbridge, Missouri, and Shawneetown, Illinois, see route No. 5, Missouri. TENNESSEE. Like most others of the newly established States, Tennessee derives her name from her chief river. In the language of the Indians, by whom this district was inhabited when first visited by the whites, the word Ten-assee is said to have signified a curved spoon, the curvature to their imagination resembling that of the river Tennessee. The territory now comprising this 290 GENERAL VIEW OF State, was included in the second charter of North Carolina, granted by Charles II. in 1664, but no settlement of whites was made so far westward until 1754, when a few families located themselves on Cumberland river, but were driven away by the savages. The first permanent settlement was made by the erection of Fort Loudon, in 1757. A war with the Cherokees broke out in 1759, and in the ensuing year Fort Loudon was taken, and the garrison and the inhabitants massacred. In 1761, Colonel Grant forced the Indians to a peace, and a treaty was made with them which encouraged emigration. About 1765, settlements commenced on the Holston, and gradually increased ; though harassed by Indian warfare, the hardy frontier men penetrated deeper and deeper into the forest ; and at the commence- ment of the revolutionary war, the population had increased to a considera- ble extent, who unanimously supported the measures of Congress against the oppressions of the mother country, and were in consequence much harassed by the Cherokees, who, incited by the intrigues of the British, made numerous attacks upon the frontier settlements. The brilliant victory of King's Mountain, achieved by the hardy riflemen of Tennessee and Kentucky, was a momentous event in the history of both ; it gave them a name in the annals of their country, and by destroying the power of the Royalists in that quarter, gave them security against the savages. Internal discord, however, distracted the country for several years. Between 1784 and 1789, attempts were made to form East Tennessee into a separate State, by the name of Frankland. In 1790, North Carolina ceded the whole of what is now Tennessee to the United States, and the same year it was made the territory south-west of the Ohio. The territo- rial government continued until June, 1795, when the inhabitants of both Tennessees being found to amount to 77,262 persons, a convention was called, which met at Knoxville, Jan. 11, 1796; and on February 9th re- ported a Constitution for the new State, which, on the first of June, of the same year, was received into the confederacy as an independent member. Since the period of her admission into the Union, Tennessee has main- tained an honorable rank among her sister States. Her citizens have been surpassed by no others in patriotism and bravery, to which the conquest of the Seminoles, and still more signally the victory of New Orleans, bear witness. In population, the growth of this State has been remarkably rapid, although many of its citizens have emigrated to the comparatively newer settlements in Mississippi and Alabama. Tennessee is bounded on the north by Kentucky ; east by North Caro- lina; south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and west by Arkansas Territory, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. It is 430 miles long, and 104 broad, and contains 40,000 square miles, or 25,600,000 acres. The principal rivers are Mississippi, Terlnessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Duck, Holston, French-Broad, Nolichucky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion, Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk river. Tennessee is washed by the great river Mississippi on the west, and the fine rivers Tennessee and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. The western part is undulating ; some of it level ; in the middle it is hilly ; and the eastern part, known by the name of East Tennessee, abounds in mountains, many of them lofty, and presenting scenery pecu- liarly grand and picturesque. Of these mountains the Cumberland, or TENNESSEE. 291 great Laurel Ridge, is the most remarkable. Stone, Iron, Bald, Smoky, or IJnaka mountains, join each other, and form, in a direction nearly north- east and south-west, the eastern boundary of the State. The geological formation of this State is wholly secondary, except a small portion of the eastern part, which is transition, and numerous spots on the banks of rivers, which are alluvial. A considerable portion of the State is bedded on lime-stone. A large deposit of gypsum has been lately discovered. Copperas, alum, nitre, and lead, are among the minerals. Some silver has been found. Coal is supposed to be plentiful. Saltpetre is so abundant as to form a great article of commerce. There are several mine- ral springs, and many valuable salt springs. The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western part of the State has a black, rich soil ; in the middle are great quantities of excellent land ; in the eastern, part of the mountains are barren, but there are many fertile valleys. There is a great profusion of natural timber, poplar, hickory, walnut, oak, beach, sycamore, locust, cherry, sugar-maple, &c., and in many places are great quantities of cane remarkably thick and strong. The State also abounds with medicinal plants, such as snake-root, ginseng, Carolina pink, angelica, senna, annise, spikenard, &c. Tennessee is also well supplied with animals and birds of various kinds, and the rivers abound in divers sorts of fish. The climate is generally healthful. In East Tennessee, the heat is so tempered by the mountain air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf of Mexico on the other, that this part of the State has one of the most desirable climates in North America. The middle part resembles Ken- tucky in climate. The winter in Tennessee resembles the spring in New England. Snow seldom falls to a greater depth than 10 inches, or lies longer than 10 days. Cumberland river has been frozen over but three times since the country was settled. Cattle are rarely sheltered in winter. In the western parts there are some low bottoms on which the inhabitants are subject to bilious fevers, and fever and ague in the autumn. The great business of the State is agriculture. The soil produces abun- dantly cotton and tobacco, which are the staple commodities. The inhabit- ants also raise a plentiful supply of grain, grass, and fruit. They export cotton, tobacco, and flour, in considerable quantities ; also saltpetre, and many other articles. The principal commerce is carried on through the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and from them through the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. This State also supplies Kentucky, Ohio, &c. with cotton for inland manufactures ; and from East Tennessee considerable numbers of cattle are sent to the sea-ports on the Atlantic. Nashville University, at Nashville, is a respectable institution, with con- siderable endowments. East Tennessee College is at Knoxville. Green- ville College, the oldest in the State, is at Greenville ; and there is a theo- logical school at Maryville. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Anderson, . Bedford, . . Bledsoe, . . Blount, . . . Population 5,310 30,386 4,648 County Towns, Clinton. Shelbyville. Pikeville. 11,028 Maryville. Campbell, . Carroll, . . . Carter, . . . Claiborne, , Population 5,110 9,397 6,414 8,470 County Towns. Jacksboro'. Huntingdon. Elizabethtown. Tazewell. 292 GENERAL VIEW OF Cocke, Davidson, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Grainger, Greene, Hamilton, Hawkins, Hardiman, . . . . Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, . . . . Henry, Hickman, Humphrey, . . . . Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, . . . . Lincoln, Madison, Maury, McNairy, 6,017 28,122 7,265 1,904 8,652 2,748 15,620 5,801 18,703 10,066 14,410 2,276 13,683 11,655 4,868 5,334 8,748 12,249 8,199 6,187 9,698 11,801 14,498 5,411 22,075 11,594 27,665 5,697 Newport. NASHVILLE. Charlotte. Dyersburg. Somerville. Jamestown. Winchester. Trenton. Pulaski. Rutledge. Greenville. Dallas. • Rogersville. Bolivar. Savannah. Brownsville. Lexington. Paris. Vernon. Reynoldsburg. Gainesboro'. Dandridge. Knoxville. Lawrenceburg. Fayetteville. Jackson. Columbia. Purdy. McMinn, . . . Marion, Monroe, .... Morgan, Montgomery, Obion, Overton, .... Perry, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, . . Rutherford, . . Sevier, Shelby, Smith, Sumner, .... Stewart, .... Sullivan, .... Tipton, Warren, .... Wayne, .... Weakley, . . . Washington, . . White, Williamson, . . . Wilson, Total in 1830, 14,4691 5,508 13,708 2,582 14,349 2,099 8,242 7,094 8,186 11,341 13,272 26,134 5,717 5,648 19,906 20,569 6,968 10,073 5,317 15,210 6,013 4,797 10,994 9,967 26,638 25,472 Athens. Jasper. Madisonville. Montgomery. Clarksville. Troy. Monroe. Shannonsville. Washington. Kingston. Springfield. Murfreesboro'. Sevierville. Memphis. Carthage. Gallatin. Dover. Blountville. Covington. McMinnville. Waynesboro'. Dresden. Jonesboro'. Sparta. Franklin. Lebanon. 681,903 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1800, 105,602 1810, 261,727 1820 420,813 1830, 681,903 INCREASE. From 1800 to 1810, 156,125 1810 to 1820, 159,086 1820 to 1830, 261,090 SLAVES. 13,584 44,535 80,107 141,603 INCREASE. 30,951 35,572 61,496 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 275,068 ; white Females, 260,680 deaf and dumb, 208; blind, 176; aliens, 121: total whites, 535,748. Free colored Males, 2,330 Females, 2,225 : total, 4,555. Slaves— Males, 70,216 ; Females, 71,387 : total, 141,603. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Internal improvements in Tennessee are as yet merely prospective. Sur- veys have been made under a late appropriation of Congress, with a view to the improvement of the navigation of the Tennessee river. Others have been made to ascertain the practicability of effecting a navigable communi- cation between the head waters of the Hiwassee and Savannah rivers, and also between the Tennessee and Coosa, by the valleys of Lookout and Wills' creeks, and by those of the Chickamauga and Little rivers. It is also proposed to connect the Hiwassee river with the head waters of the Connesauga, the most northern branch of the Coosa; from whence, by the improvement of the river channels, and a series of rail -roads, a communi- cation is intended to be completed to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, at Mobile. (For a detail of the plan of this improvement, see Alabama.) A rail-road from Jackson, in Madison county, to Memphis, on the Mis- sissippi river, is intended to be commenced in a short period, and is regarded as a work that will add much to the convenience of the western part of the Slate. TENNESSEE. 293 FHIZrCIFAIi ST^GS ROUTES. 1. From Nash- ville to Tuscum- bia. Good Spring, . . . . Franklin, Spring Hill, Columbia, ....... IMount Pleasant, . Lawrencehurg^ . . Florence, ....... Tuscumbia, 2. From Nashville to Huntsville, Al.t via Mur- freesboro'. To Mount View, . Murfreeshor@\ . . . Sheibyville, Lynchburg, FayetteviUe, Hazle Green, .... Meridianville, . . . Huntsville, 3. From Nashville to Huntsville, via Columbia and Pu- laski. To Columbia, as in No. 1, . . . Pulaski, Elkton, Huntsville, .... 4. From Nashville to Memphis. To Chesnut Grove Charlotte, Reynoldsburg, . . . Huntingdon, . . . . Jackson, Bolivar, Middleburg, Somerville, Morning Sun, . . . Raleigh, Memphis, 5. From Nashville to MilVs Point, Ken. To Reynoldsburg, as in No. 4, . Paris, Cullen, Dresden, Troy, Mill's Point, . . Miles 12 6 12 12 10 23 46 4 Miles. 18 30 42 52 75 121 125 33 59 73 86 102 109 117 75 90 120 40 78 109 147 175 182 198 219 231 239 108 122 131 160 179 6. From Blounts- ville to Hunts- ville, Air, via Knoxville and McMinnville. To Kingsport, . . . Surgoinesville, . . Rogersville, Bean's Station, . . Rutledge, Blain's ^ Roads,. Knoxville, Campbell's Station Kingston, Sparta, McMinnville, .... Winchester, Salem, New Market, Al. Huntsville, 7. From Knoxville to Nashville, via Sparta and Mur- freesboro\ Campbell's Station Kingston, ...... Sparta, McMinnville, Danville, Ready ville, Murfreesboro', . . . Jefferson, Mount View, .... NASHVILLE,. . 8. From Knoxville to Nashville, via Sparta and Leba- non. To Sparta, as in No. 7 Allen's Ferry, . . . Liberty, Alexandria, Lebanon, NASHVILLE,. . 9. From Shawn's Cross Roads to Knoxville. To Elizabethtown, Jonesboro\ Greenville, Wood's Ferry,. . Newport, Dandridge, .... New Market, . . . Knoxville, 33 43 61 70 82 103 119 144 206 231 273 283 300 317 41 103 128 150 158 170 180 192 203 121 138 145 161 192 52 76 86 98 113 127 147 10. From Knox- ville to Huntsville, Al. To Marysville,. . . Madisonville,. . . . Athens, Washington, . . . . Pikeville, Mount Airy, . . . . Delphi, Jasper, Belief onte, Al. . . . Woodsville, Huntsville, 11. From Knox ville to Spring Place, Geo. Campbell's Station New Philadelphia, Athens, Calhoun, Spring Place, Geo, 12. From Ashe- ville, N. C, to Nashville, To Warm Springs, Newport, Ten. . . Dandridge, .... New Market, . . . Knoxville, NASHVILLE, as in No. 8, . . . 13. From Sparta to Glasgow, Ken To Milledgeville, Gain€sboro\ .... McLeansville, . . Tompkinsville,Ken Glasgow, 14. From Sparta to Gallatin. To Milledgeville Mount Richardson Carthage, Dixon's Springs, Hartsville, Cairo, Gallatin, 15. From Jackson to Memphis. To Denmark, . Brownsville, . . . Durhamville, . . 36 25 15 14 20 192 Z2 294 GENERAL VIEW OF Covington^ 7 50 Cheek's X Roads, 24 87 Huntsville, as in Randolph, 16 66 Bean's Station, . . 12 99 No. 10 199 284 Memphis, 34 100 18. From Florence, 17. From Warm AL, to Memphis. 16. From Ashe- Springs, N, C. To Savannah, . . . 49 mile, N. C, to \Purdv 17 66 Bean's Station. To Newport, Ten.. 25 \Bdivar, 28 94 To Warm Springs 36 Sevierville, 30 55 Memphis, as in Greenville, Ten... 27 63 Marysville, 30 .85 No. 4, 64 158 KENTUCKY. The earliest accounts received of the valley west of the Alleghany mountains, were communicated by traders, who, in their intercourse with the Indians, had extended their discoveries far into the wilderness. By whom the territory of this prosperous commonwealth was first explored, is a matter of uncertainty, and has given rise to some controversy : as early as 1754, James M'Bride and others, and in 1767, John Finley of North Carolina, travelled over the country watered by the Kentucky river. The latter, on his return to North Carolina, communicated an account of his observations to Col. Daniel Boon, who, with a few others, set out in 1769 to explore the country ; after undergoing great hardships from the fatigues incident to such an adventure, and from the hostility of the Indians, the adventurers, with the exception of Boon, determined to return home: the latter, to whom dangers and difficulties seem to have been familiar through Ufe, continued an inhabitant of the wilderness until 1771, when he returned to his home, and in two years afterwards set out with his own and five other families, and forty men, to form a settlement. They were followed at various times by a considerable number of emigrants ; and in 1780, after a very severe and rigorous winter, they determined to abandon the country for ever, but were diverted from this step by a seasonable reinforcement of emigrants. In 1777, the Legislature of Virginia, of which State the terri- tory in question formed a part, erected it into a county, and in 1782, a supreme court was established. With the revolutionary war the principal difficulties of the inhabitants terminated; settlements were now rapidly made, and as early as 1785, a project of separation from Virginia was formed, but from various causes, was not effected until December 1790, when Kentucky became independent of Virginia, and on June 1st, 1792, was admitted into the confederation of the States. It was not until the treaty of Greenville, made by General Wayne, in 1795, that the inhabit- ants of Kentucky were entirely freed from Indian hostility ; previous to this period many of them had fallen in the field of battle, or in their corn fields or houses, by the hands of their savage foes. The growth of this State was now so rapid that she soon obtained a respectable rank and influ- ence, and naturally took the lead among the western States. The declara- tion of war in 1812 was received with acclamation, and supported with zeal, by her patriotic citizens ; at one time upwards of 7000 Kentuckian volunteers and militia were in the field, and so universal was the desire to share in the danger and glory of the war, that the executive authorities were obliged to limit the numbers. During this period the chair of the State government was filled by Isaac Shelby, a hero of the revolutionary war, who, at an advanced age, manifested the same enterprise and bravery KENTUCKY. 295 that had gained him an honorable distinction at the battle of King's Moun- tain. Kentucky is bounded on the north by the Ohio river, which sepa- rates it from the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois ; east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the State of Missouri ; the greatest length is about 400 miles, breadth 170, area 40,500 square miles, or 25,920,000 acres. The principal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, which flows along the State 637 miles, following its windings ; the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cum- berland, Kentucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt, and Rolling. Cumberland mountains form the south-east boundary of this State. The eastern counties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and broken. A tract from 5 to 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and broken land, interspersed with many fertile valleys. Between this strip, Green river, and the eastern counties, lies what has been called the garden of the State. This is the most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide, and comprises the counties of Mason, Fleming, Montgomery, Clarke, Bourbon, Fayette, Scott, Harrison, Franklin, Wood- ford, Mercer, Jessamine, Madison, Garrard, Casey, Lincoln, Washington, and Green. The surface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and friable, producing black walnut, black cherry, honey locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-tree, mulberry, elm, ash, cotton-wood, and white thorn. The whole State, below the mountains, rests on an immense bed of limestone, usually about eight feet below the surface. There are every- where apertures in this limestone, through which the waters of the rivers sink into the earth. The large rivers of Kentucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of any other part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities ; the rivers having generally worn very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices formed by Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and difficult ascent, four times as high. In the south-west part of the State, between Green river and the Cumberland, there are several wonder- ful caves. The principal productions of Kentucky are hemp, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Salt springs are numerous, and supply not only this State, but a great part of Ohio and Tennessee, with this mineral. The principal manufactures are cloth, spirits, cordage, salt, and maple-sugar. Hemp, tobacco, and wheat, are the principal exports. These are carried down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, and foreign goods received from the same place in return. Louisville, on the Ohio, is the centre of this trade. The introduction of steam-boat navigation on the Ohio has been of incalcu- lable benefit to the commercial and manufacturing interests of Kentucky. In addition to the important commerce with New Orleans, by the channel of the Mississippi river, Kentucky has intimate commercial relations with the chief cities on the Atlantic seaboard. There is a tract of country in the south-western part of the State, east and north of Cumberland river, and watered by Green and Barren rivers, about 100 miles in extent, called the barrens, which, a few years since, was a beautiful prairie, destitute of timber. It is now covered with a young growth of various kinds of trees. These, however, do not prevent the 296 GENERAL VIEW OF growth of grass, and an almost endless variety of plants, which are in bloom during the whole of the spring and summer, when the whole region is a wilderness of the most beautiful flowers. The soil is of an excellent quality, being a mixture of clay, loam, and sand. Through thjs country there runs a chain of conical hills, called hiohs. Horses are raised in great numbers, and of the noblest kinds. A hand- some horse is the highest pride of a Kentuckian, and common farmers own from ten to fifty. Great numbers are carried over the mountains to the Atlantic States ; and the principal supply of saddle and carriage horses in the lower country is drawn from Kentucky, or the other western States. The horses are carried down in flat boats. Great droves of cattle are also driven from this State, over the mountains, to Virginia and Pennsylvania. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Adair, Allen, Anderson, . . . Barren, Bath, Boone, Bourbon, . . . . Bracken, . . . . Breckenridge, Butler, Bullitt, Caldwell, . . . . Callaway, . . . . Campbell, . . . . Casey, Christian, . . . . Clarke, Clay, Cumberland, . Daviess, Edmondson, . Estill, Fayette, Fleming, . . . . Floyd, Franklin, . . . . Gallatin, Garrard, Grant, Graves, Grayson,. . . . . Greene, , Greenup, ... Hancock, . . . . Hardin, Harlan, Harrison, ... Hart, Henderson, . Henry, Hickman,. . . Hopkins, . . . Jefferson, . . . Population County Towns. 8,217 6,485 4,520 15,079 8,799 9,075 18,436 6,518 7,345 3,058 5,642 8,.324 5,164 9,883 4,342 12,684 13,051 3,548 8,624 5,209 2,642 4,618 25,098 13,499 4,347 9,254 6,674 11,871 2,986 2,504 3,880 13,138 5,852 1,515 12,849 2,929 13,234 5,191 6,659 11,387 5,198 6,763 Columbia. Scottsville. Lawrenceburg. Glasgow Owingsville. Burlington. Paris. Augusta. Hardinsburg. Morgantown. Shepherdsville. Princeton. Wadesborough. Newport. Liberty. Hopkinsville. Winchester. Manchester. Burkesville. Owensborough. Brownsville. Irvine. Lexington. Flemingsburg. Prestonburg. FRAJ^KFORT. Port William. Lancaster. Williamstown. Mayfield. Litchfield. Greensburg. Greenupsburg. Hawsville. Elizabethfown. Mount Pleasant. C3mthiana. Munfordsville. Henderson. New Castle. Columbus. Madisonville. Counties. 23,979 iLouisville. Jessamine, .... Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, .... Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston,. . . . Logan, Madison, Mason, McCracken,. . . Meade, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, . . Morgan, Muhlenburg, . . Nelson, .....*.. Nicholas, Ohio, Oldham, Owen, Pendleton, . . . . Perry, Pike,.. Pulaski, Rockcastle, . . . . Russell, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer, Todd, Trigg, Union, Warren, Washington, . . Wayne, Whitelcy, Woodford, . . . . Total, in 1830. Population County Towns. 9,960 4,313 2,206 3,900 5,229 11,002 5,971 13,012 18,751 16,919 1,297 4,131 17,694 5,340 10,240 2,857 5,340 14,932 8,834 4,715 9,588 5,786 3,863 3,330 2,677 9,500 2,865 3,879 14,67 19,030 5,813 6,812 8,( 5,916 4,764 10,949 19,017 8,685 3,806 12,273 Nicholasville. Barboursville. London. Louisa. Clarksburg. Stanford. Salem. Russellville. Richmond. Washington. Wilmington. Brandenburg. Harrodsburg. Tompkinsville. Mount Sterling West Liberty. Greenville. Bardstown. Carlisle. Hartford. Westport. Owentown. Falmouth. Perry, C. H. Pikeville. Somerset. Mount Vernon. Jamestown. Georgetown. Shelbyville. Franklin. Taylorsville. Elkton. Cadiz. Morganfield. Bowling Green. Springfield. Monticello. Williamsburg. Versailles. 688,844 KENTUCKY. 297 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. In 1790, 73,677 1800, 220,959 l5lO, 406,511 1820, 564,317 1830, 688,844 From 1790 to 1800, 147,282 1800 to 1810, 185,552 1810 to 1820 147,806 1820 to 1830, 124,527 SLAVES. INCREASE. 12,430 43,344 30,914 80,561 37,217 120,732 40,171 165,350 44,618 Of the above population, there were, white Males, 268,024 ; white Females, 250,654 ; deaf and dumb, 283; blind, 156; aliens, 173: total whites, '518,678. Free colored Males, 2,559; Females, 2,257; total, 4,816. Slaves— Males, 82,231; Females, 83,119: total, 165,350. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Louisville and Portland Canal. — Incorporated in 1825. Completed in 1831. Length, 2 miles; breadth, at the surface, 200 feet, at bottom, 50. This canal was constructed to overcome a fall of 22 feet on the Ohio river, at Louisville. The entire bed of this canal is excavated through a ledge of lime rock, and a part of it to the depth of 12 feet. Its locks, bridges, &c. are built in the most substantial manner, and contain 4989 perches of stone masonry, equal to about 30 common canal locks. It is a work of great utility, as well as great expense ; 827 boats, 406 of which were steam- boats, passed. this canal in 104 days, in 1831. It is calculated that there will annually pass this canal about half as much tonnage as is employed in the coasting trade of the United States. From the difficulty of excavat- ing earth and rock from so great a depth and width, together with the con- tingencies attending its construction from the difference of level between the highest and lowest stage of the water in the Ohio river, amounting to about 60 feet, it is necessarily a work of great magnitude, having cost more than any other similar extent of canal work in the United States, and for its length, is perhaps the most important hydraulic work of the kind ever executed. Lexington and Ohio Rail-road. — Incorporated in 1830. Commenced in 1831. Capital $1,000,000. This road extends from Lexington to Frankfort, on Kentucky river, 25 miles, and from thence to the Ohio river, near Shippingport, two miles below Louisville ; total length, 66 miles. The maximum grade of this rail-road is 30 feet a mile, and the minimum curva- ture 1000 feet radius. It is constructed for locomotive steam-engines of great power and speed. PRIirCIF.A.1. STAGE ROUTZSS. 1. From Maysville to Louisville. To Washington^ . May's Lick, Ellisburg, Miller sburg, Paris, Lexington^ Versailles, FRANKFORT,. Hardinsville, . . . . Clay Village, . . . . Shelbyville, Simpsonville, . . . . Boston Miles Miles. 4 8 12 13 25 11 36 7 43 18 61 12 73 13 86 8 94 8 102 5 107 8 115 4 1191 Middletown, . . . Louisville, From Louisville to Nashville. To West Point,. Elizabethtoion,. . Munfordsville, . . Three Forks, . . . Dripping Spring Smith's Grove, . Bowling Green,. Franklin, Tyree Springs, . Haysboro', 7 126 12 138 21 22 43 27 70 15 85 10 95 3 98 13 111 20 131 21 152 15 167 NASHVILLE,.. 3. From Catletts- burg to Frankfort. To Little Sandy, . Tripletts Owingsville, Mount Sterling, . . Winchester, Lexington, FRANKFORT,. 4. From Frankfort to Nashville, Ten. To Lawrenceburg, 12 173 62 78 91 106 126 151 298 GENERAL VIEW OF — ^1 Salvisa, q '^l 8. From Lexing- ton to Nashville. Shavsrneetovirn, 11. . 15 110 Harrodshurg, .... 9 30 Perry ville, 10 40 To Nicholasville, . 13 14. From Frank- Lebanon, 19 59 Shaker T 12 25 fort to Cincinnati, New Market, 6 65 Harrodsburg, .... 7 32 Ohio. Allenton, 9 74 NASHVJLLE,as To Georgetown, . . 17 Campbellsville, . . 3 77 in No. 2, 176 208 Williamstown, . . . 27 44 Greensburg, 12 89 Gaines' X Roads, 16 60 Monroe, 13 102 9. Fro7n Lexing- Florence, 8 68 Glasgow, 20 122 ton to Frankfort, Covington, 11 79 Scottsville, 23 145 \na Georgetown. Cincinnati, 1 80 Gallatin, 37 182 To Doneraile, . . . 6 Henderson, 10 192 Georgetown, 7 13 15. From Hopkins- NASHVILLE,. . 14 206 Great Crossing's,. 2 15 ville to Nashville. FRANKFORT,. 15 30 To Oak Grove, . . 12 5. From Frank- Clarksvillcy ..... 13 25 fort to Somerset. 10. From Lexing- Lowes, ... 25 50 To Lawrenceburg, 12 ton to Richmond. NASHVILLE,. . 21 71 9 9 21 30 To Athens, Richmond, 10 15 25 1 6. From Harrods- Harrodsburg, Danville, 11 41 burg to Richmond. Stanford, 11 52 11. From West To Danville, .... 11 Waynesburg-, 17 69 Point to Shaw- Lancaster, 11 22 Somerset, 17 86 neetown, II. To Little York,. . 14 Richmond, 22 44 6. Frotn Lexing- Brandenburg, . . . 4 18 17. From Nash- ton to Bean's Sta- Hardinsburg,. . . . 26 44 ville to Shawnee. tion. Ten. Owensboro\ 42 86 town, II. To Nicholasville, . 13 Henderson, 30 116 To Springfield,. . 25 Lancaster, 23 36 Morganjield, 25 141 Adairville, 11 36 Stanford, 8 44 Mount Zion, .... 5 146 Russellville, 12 48 Crab Orchard,. . . 10 54 Raleigh, 5 151 Shawneetown, 11., Mount Vernon, . . 12 66 ShaM^neetown, . . . 5 156 as in No. 13, . . 110 158 London, 14 80 Barbourville, 31 111 12. From Bowling 18. From Louis- Cumberland Ford, 14 125 Green to Nash- ville to Lebanon. Cumberland Gap, 18 143 ville. To Shepherdsville, 24 Tazewell, 12 155 To South Union,. 14 Bardstown, 18 42 Bean's Station, . . . 17 172 Russellville, 14 28 Fredericktown, . . 8 50 Adairville, 12 40 Springfield, 9 59 7. From Lexing- Springfield, 11 51 Lebanon, 8 67 ton to Cincinnati. NASHVILLE,.. 25 76 To Centreville, . . 13 19. From Russell. Jacksonville, 3 16 13. From Russell- ville to Smithland. Cynthiana, 10 26 ville to Shawnee- To Elkton, 15 Falmouth, 22 48 town, II. Hopkinsville, .... 20 35 Grant's Lick, .... 18 66 To Greenville,... 34 Oakland, 10 45 Alexandria, 7 73 Madisonville, .... 23 57 Princeton, 16 61 Newport, . Cincinnati, 1/1 R7 Carlo, 18 75 Salem, 99 90 1 88 Morganjield, .... 20 95 Smithland, 15 105 OHIO. The French were the first to explore the c ountries on the water s of the Ohio. In 1 680, M. de la Salle traversed, before j iny other European, th e region between the lakes and the Mississippi. He \ vas followed by man y of his countrymen, who, for upwards of half a cen tury, seem to have 1 been ex- clusively the visitors of this region ; their obj ect was the prosecutio n of the fur trade, and, unlike their English neighbors , they manifested littl e dispo- sition to appropri ate thee 3untry by settlem ent? .By the conquest of Can ada, 1 OHIO. 299 and the treaty of 1763, Great Britain succeeded to all the French posses- sions lying between the Alleghany and the Missouri. The beautiful valley of the Ohio was now thrown open to the American trade ; but from whatever causes it may have arisen, the British government was not disposed to encourage settlements. The Indians were still numerous and powerful ; and on the breaking out of the war of independence, were enticed by the British to take part against the frontier settlers. In 1787, Congress began the exercise of its jurisdiction over the country west of the Alleghany mountains. By an act of that body, a territory was created, called the Territory north-west of the river Ohio ; and in the same year preparations were made for the first civilized settlement made within its limits. General Rufus Putnam and the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, led a small colony from Mid- dlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, who located themselves at Mari- etta, at the mouth of the Muskingum river. Similar to every settlement made on a frontier exposed to savage war, the first years of Ohio were spent in constant hardship and alarm. The treaty of Greenville, and the surren- der of Michigan, in 1796, gave peace to the west, and emigration poured over the mountains to the Ohio valley. In 1800, Ohio and Michigan' were formed into a separate territory ; but having acquired sufficient numbers in Ohio to form a separate State, Michigan was detached April 1802, and the former authorized to form a Constitution. January 1802, after every neces- sary formality was complied with, Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State. Though as a member of the confederacy, her history is blended with that of the nation, we cannot omit an expression of admiration at a progress in power, resource, and energy, that has no parallel in history. — Less than half a century ago, all was a wilderness, inhabited only by sav- age beasts, or by still more savage men ; now, 1834, with a million of inhabitants, her cities, towns, canals, roads, colleges, schools, and other improvements, excite the admiration of the world. The State of Ohio is- bounded on the north by Lake Erie, and IVIichigan Territory; east by Pennsylvania and Virginia.; south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Western Virginia and Kentucky, and west by Indi- ana. Its length is 210 miles, and mean breadth 200, containing about 40,000 square miles, or 25,000,000 acres. The Ohio river forms the boundary of this State, on the south-east and south, for near 500 miles. The rivers which flow into Lake Erie on the north, are Maumee, San- dusky, Huron, Vermillion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula; those on the south flowing into the Ohio, are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, Little and Great Miami. The Au-Glaize and St. Mary's in the western part of the State, are branches of the Maumee. The interior and northern parts of the country, bordering on Lake Erie, are generally level, and in some places marshy. Nearly one-third of the eastern and south-eastern part is very hilly and broken. The hills are exceedingly numerous, but they seldom rise into considerable mountains. Immediately upon the banks of the Ohio, and several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval or meadow-land, of great fertility. In the interior, on both sides of the Scioto, and on the Great and Little Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of level and rich land in the State. In many parts there are large prairies, particularly on the head waters of the Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two Miamis. Some of these prairies are low and marshy, producing large quantities of 300 GENERAL VIEW OF coarse grass, from 2 to 5 feet high ; some of which is of a tolerably good quality : other prairies are elevated, and are frequently called barrens ; not always on account of their sterility, for they are often fertile. The most elevated tracts of country between the rivers, are the wettest and most marshy in the State ; and the driest land is that which borders on the vari- ous streams of water. Among the forest trees, are oak of various species, maple, hickory, beach, birch, poplar, sycamore, ash, pawpaw, buckeye, cherry, &c. This State produces abundantly everything which grows in the middle States. Corn grows luxuriantly, yielding, on rich alluvial bottom lands, from 50 to 75 bushels per acre ; 50 bushels per acre are a common and almost average crop. Wheat grows finely in this State ; and flour is ex- ported in vast quantities by the Ohio and Lake Erie to southern and eastern markets. Many steam-mills have been erected in this State, especially in the vicinity of the Ohio river, for the manufacturing of flour. Mills for the same purpose, propelled by water, are to be found in every part of the State. Rye, oats, buckwheat, &c. are produced abundantly in all parts of the State-. Horses, cattle, and hogs are here raised in great numbers, and driven to an eastern market ; and thousands of barrels of beef and pork are boated from all the towns on the navigable streams, for the southern part of the valley, or to New York. Coal is found in great quantities in the eastern parts. Iron ore has been discovered, and wrought pretty extensively in several places, particularly on the south of Licking river, 4 miles west of Zanesville, on Brush creek, and in some other places. Salt springs are found on some of the eastern waters of Muskingum, and on Salt creek, 28 miles south-east of Chillicothe, where there are considerable salt-works. The summers are yrarm and pretty regular, though somewhat subject to tornadoes. Spring and autumn are very pleasant ; and the winters gene- rally mild. In some parts, near the marshes and stagnant waters, the inhab- itants are subject to the fever and ague ; but the climate, generally, is ac- counted remarkably healthful. Ohio takes the lead among the western States with regard to manufac- tures. Some of the most important manufacturing towns are Cincinnati, Zanesville, Steubenville, and Chillicothe. The fabrics of these manufacto- ries have found their way even to the cities on the Atlantic seaboard, and entered into successful competition with the finished articles of European manufacture. The exports from this State consist of flour, corn, hemp, flax, beef, pork, smoked hams of venison, whiskey, peach-brandy, and lumber. The important interests of education have by no means been neglected in Ohio. The principal seminaries in this State are the University of Ohio, at Athens ; Miami University, at Oxford ; Western Reserve College, at Hud- son ; Kenyon College, at Gambler, and the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. A system of common schools has been lately introduced by law into this State. " An act to provide for the support and better regulation of com- mon schools" was passed by the Legislature in March, 1831, "to take effect and be in force from and after the first day of May" following. This act declares, " that a fund shall be raised in the several counties in the State for the use of common schools, for the instruction of the white youth OHIO. 301 of every class and grade, without distinction, in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and other necessary branches of education ; — that for this pur- pose there shall be annually levied and assessed upon the ad valorem amount of the general list of taxable property in each county of the State, the property of blacks and mulattoes excepted, three-fourths of a mill on the dollar ; that the trustees of each incorporated township in this State, where the same has not been already done, shall lay off their township into school districts in a manner most convenient for the population." Further provisions are made for carrying the system into effect. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population 12:231 County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Adams, West Union. Lorain, 5,696 Elyria. Ashtabula, 14,584 Jefferson. Logan, 6,440 Belle fontaine. Athens, 9,787 Athens. Madison, 6,190 London. Allen, 578 Marion, 6,551 Marion. Butler, 27,142 Hamilton. Medina, 7,560 Medina. Behnont, 28,627 StClairsville. Meigs, 6,158 Chester. Brown, 17,867 Georgetown. Mercer, 1,110 St. Mary's. Champaign, . . . 12,131 Urbana. Miami, 12,807 Troy. Clarke, 13,114 Springfield. Monroe, 8,768 Woodfield. Clermont, 20,466 Batavia. Montgomery, . . 24,362 Dayton. Columbiana,. . . 35,592 New Lisbon. Morgan, 11,800 McConnellsville Coshocton, 11,161 Coshocton. Muskingum, . . 29,334 Zanesville. Cuyahoga, .... 10,373 Cleveland. Perry, 13,970 Somerset. Crawford, 4,791 Bucyrus. Pickaway, 16,001 Circleville. Clinton 11,436 6,204 Wihiiington. Greenville. Pike, 6,024 18,826 Piketon. Dark, Portage, Ravenna. Delaware, 11,504 Delaware. Preble 16,291 Eaton. Fairfield 24,786 Lancaster. Putnam, 230 Fayette, 8,182 Washington. Paulding, 161 Franklin, 14,741 COLUMBUS. Richland, 24,008 Mansfield. Gallia 9,733 Gallipolis. Ross, 24,068 Chillicothe. Geauga, 15,813 Chardon. Sandusky, 2,851 L'r. Sandusky. Green, 14,801 Xenia. Shelby, 3,671 Sydney. Guernsey, 18,036 Cambridge. Scioto, 8,740 Portsmouth. Hamilton, .... 52,317 Cincinnati. Seneca, ... 6,159 Tiffin. Hocking, 4,008 Logan. Stark 26,588 Canton. Highland, 16,345 Hillsborough. Tuscarawas, . . 14,298 New Philada. Harrison, 20,916 Cadiz. Trumbull, .... 26,123 Warren. Hancock, 813 Finley. Union, 3,192 Marysville. Hardin, 210 Hardin. Van Wert, .... 49 Willshire. Henry, 262 Napoleon. Washington, . . 11,731 Marietta. Holmes, 9,135 Millersburg. Wayne, 23,333 Wooster. Huron, 13,346 Norwalk. Williams, 387 Defiance. Jefferson, 22,489 Steubenville. Warren, 21,468 Lebanon. Jackson, 5,941 Jackson. Wood 1,102 Perrysburg. Knox, Lawrence, .... 17,085 5,367 Mount "Vernon. Burlington. Total, in 1830, 937,903 Licking, 20,869 Newark. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1790, 3,000 1800, 45,365 1810 230,760 1820, 581,434 1830 937,903 1NCRE.\SE. From 1790 to 1800, 42,365 1800 to 1810, 185,395 1810 to 1820, 350,674 1820 to 1830 356,469 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 479,790 ; white Females, 448,30.1; deaf and dumb, 446; blind, 251; aliens, 5,524: total whites, 928,093. Free colored Males, 4,826; Fe- males, 4,760 : total, 9,586. 302 GENERAL VIEW OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANALS. The Ohio State canals are the Ohio Canal., which connects Lake Erie, at Cleveland, with the Ohio river, at Portsmouth ; and the Miami Canaly which connects the town of Dayton, situated on the Great Miami river, with the Ohio river, at Cincinnati. Ohio Canal, xMain trunk, 310 miles. Navigable feeder from main trunk to Columbus, 11 " Navigable feeder from main trunk to Granville, 6 " Muskingum side-cut, from the Muskingum river at Dresden, 3 " Navigable feeder from the Tuscaravi^as river, 3 " Navigable feeder from the Walhonding river, 1 " Total lengtli of Ohio canal and branches, 334 miles. Miami Canal, Main trunk...... 65 > 66 miles. Hamilton side-cut, 1 S Total length of canals in Ohio constructed at the public expense, and owned by the State, 400 « Lancaster lateral canal, constructed by the citizens of Lancaster, under an act of incorporation, 9 " Total length of canals in Ohio, 409 miles. The Ohio Canal is now completed. This great work was commenced I on the 4th of July, 1825, and has been carried forward at a steady rate. Although many difficulties have been encountered in its prosecution, it has already imparted a new aspect to the country through which it passes, and has in many places quadrupled the value of the land near its course. The Miami Canal has been navigated from Dayton to the head of the Main street in Cincinnati, since the spring of 1829. It is expected that a second division of this work will be commenced in the course of a year, under the provisions of an act of the Legislature, passed at the last session. This division will extend from Dayton to the valley of the Miami river, 30 or 35 miles. And it is believed that the time is not distant, when a still further extension of this canal will unite it, at Defiance, with the Wabash and Maumee Canal, now constructing by the State of Indiana ; and that thence the two will be extended by a common trunk to Lake Erie, at Maumee Bay. RAIL-ROADS. The following Rail-road Companies have been incorporated by the Legis- lature : — Richmond, Eaton, and Miami ; Mad-river and Lake Erie ; Port Clinton and Lower Sandusky ; Franklin, Springborough, and Wilmington ; Erie and Ohio ; Columbus, Delaware, Marion, and Sandusky ; Cincinnati and St. Louis ; Cincinnati, Harrison, and Indianapolis ; Pennsylvania and Ohio ; Milan and Newark ; Milan and Columbus ; Chillicothe and Lebanon. Mad-river and Lake Erie Rail-road is to commence at Dayton, at the head of the Miami Canal, and extend to Sandusky on Lake Erie, thus, by means of the canal and rail-road, opening a communication between Cin cinnati and the lake. Distance, upwards of 200 miles. Pennsylvania and Ohio Rail-road is to commence at Pittsburg, Penn and to terminate at Massillon, on the Ohio Canal, about 50 miles south of ' OHIO. 303 Lake Erie. Distance, 108 miles. Cost, estimated at from $15,000 to $18,000 per mile. The national road from Cumberland into the west, is completed to the vicinity of Columbus, It is laid out from Columbus through Indianapolis and Teri-e Haute, in Indiana, to Vandalia, in Illinois, and will terminate at St. Louis. There is nowhere in our country a finer road than the part of it which is finished from Wheeling to Columbus. It is now of great advan- tage to Ohio, and will be far more so when the whole line is completed. FRZirCIPikl. STilGS ROXTTSS. 1. From Cleave- land to Cincin. nati. To Strongsville, . Brunswick, Medina, Guilford, Jackson, Wooster, Loudonville, . . . . , Mount VerRon, . , Sunbury, Gfenoa, Blendon, , , COLUMBUS,... Cincinnati, 2. Fro7n Wheeling, Va., to Cincinnati, via Zanesville and Columbus. To St. Clairsville, Morristown, Fairview, Middieburn, Wasliington, . . Cambridge, . . . Norwich, Zanesville, . . . . Irville, Hanover, Newark, Granville, COLUMBUS,. Franklin ton, . . , Lawrenceville,. . Springfield, . . . . Yellow Springs, Xenia, AVaynesville, . . . Lebanon, Sharonville, .... Reading-, Cincinnati, .... 3. From Wheeling to Maysville, Ken. To Zanesville, . . . Sotnerset, Rushville Miles 15 7 7 6 6 12 20 21 23 5 7 10 113 22 29 35 41 53 73 94 117 122 129 139 252 18 28 36 42 50 62 74 85 92 100 108 136 137 159 179 186 196 210 220 235 239 249 92 100 Lancaster, Tarlton, Kingston, Chillicothe, Bainbridge, Sinking Spring,, . West Union, .... Maysville, Ken.. . 4. From Wheeling to Cincinnati, via Chillicothe. To Zanesville, as in No. 2,.... Chillicothe, as in No. 3, Cincinnati, as in Na24, 5. From Wheeling to Cincinnati,via Circleville and Lebanon. To Zanesville, as in No. 2, Cincinnati, as in No. 12 6. Frotn Sandusky City to Cincin. rtati,via Dayton. Lower Sandusky,. Fort Seneca, .... Oakley, Tymochtee, Upper Sandusky, Grand, Hardin, Belief ontaine, .... West Liberty, . . . Urbanna, Springfield, Fairfield, Dayton, Alexandersville, . . Miamisburg, .... Franklin, Middletown, Hamilton, Carthage, I 110 125 133 143 161 1 200 218 Cincinnati,. 143 236 235 37 43 55 64 74 90 110 120 130 143 156 166 173 176 183 189 202 217 7. From Ashtabula to Wheeling, Va To Jefferson, .... Austinburg, . . . Morgan, Orwell, Ploomfield, .... Bristolville, . . . Warren, , Canfield, , Columbiana, . . . New Lisbon, . Wellsville, .... Knoxville, .... SteubenvillCj . . Wellsburg, . . , Wheeling, .... 8. From Sandusky City to Cincin- nati, via Spring- field and Yellow Sp-ings. To Springfield, as in No. 2, ... From Springfield to Cincinnati, via Yellow Springs, as in No. 2, . . 9. From Zanesville to Cleaveland. To Dresden, Roscoe, Coshocton, Newcomerstown, Gnaddenhutten, . . New Philadelphia, Zoar, Sandy ville, Canton, Greentown, Union, Middleburg, Talmadge, Northampton, . . . Stow, 6 223 13 16 143 70 304 GENERAL VIEW OF Cleaveland, as in 14. From Cincin. Cleaveland, 5 105 No 9R 156 rtnfi fn Jnd.i.nnn/nn. lis, via Lawrence- 18. From Erie 10. From Colum- burg. Pa.,to Cleaveland bus to Sandusky. To Cheviot, / To Fairview, 9 To Blendon, . . . . 10 Elizabethtown, . . 10 17 Springfield, 11 20 Genoa 7 17 Hardinsburg^, Lawrenceburg,. . . :- 20 Salem, 10 30 Sunbury, 5 22 2 22 Kingsville, 8 38 Mount Vernon, . . 23 45 Manchester, 9 31 Ashtabula, 7 45 Fredericktown, . . Belleville, 7 9 52 61 Napoleon, Greensburg, 21 12 52 64 Geneva, 8 2 53 55 Harpersfield, Mansfield, 10 71 Shelbyville, 22 86 Unionville, 4 59 Truxville, 12 83 mDIA:N-APOLIS, . 27 113 Madison, 2 61 New Haven, .... 11 94 Painesville, 12 73 Lafayette, 5 99 15. From Cincin. Mentor, 6 79 Norwalk, 13 112 nati to Greenville. Euclid, 18 97 Milan, 4 116 To Carthage, 6 Cleaveland, 6 103 Sandusky, 12 128 Hamilton, Middletown, 15 13 21 34 19. From Steuben. 11. From Steuben. Franklin, 6 40 ville to Wooster. ville to Chardon. Miamisburg-, 7 47 To Richmond, . . . 11 To Richmond,.. . 11 Alexundersville,. . 3 50 Annapolis, 5 16 Rocktovirn, 17 28 Dayton, 7 57 Germano, 5 21 Centreville, 5 33 Little York 8 65 New Rumley, . . . 6 27 New Harrisburg, Waynesburg, .... 7 40 Union, 4 69 New Hagerstown, Leesville, q 36 6 46 West Milton, .... 6 75 2 38 Canton, ........ I'' ^H Troy, 6 81 New Philadelphia, Canal Dover, . . . . Mount Eaton, . . . 19 50 Randolph, Rootstown, 15 5 73 78 2 25 83 108 3 17 53 70 Greenville, Ravenna, 6 84 Wooster, 15 85 Shalersville, 5 89 16. From Dayton Mantua, 4 6 93 99 to Indianapolis. To Liberty, 7 20. From Beaver, Pa., to Lower Auburn,' Newbury, 7 106 West Alexandria, 14 21 Sandusky. Chardon, 9 115 Eaton, 5 25 To Ohioville, .... 11 Richmond, 16 42 Foulkstown, 7 18 12. From Zones. Centreville, 6 48 New Lisbon, 14 32 ville to Cincinnati, Germantown, . . . 7 55 New Garden, . . . 9 41 via Lebanon. To Lancaster, . . . 36 Dublin, 4 7 59 66 Paris, Osnaburg, 14 6 55 61 Lewisville, Circleville, 22 58 Middleton, 6 72 Canton, 4 65 Williamsport, . . . 10 68 Charlottesville,. . . 8 80 Massillon, 8 73 New Holland, . . . Washington, .... 8 10 76 86 Greenfield, Columbia, 9 10 89 99 Dalton, 11 11 84 95 1 Wooster, Wilmington, 22 108 mniAJ^TAPOLIS, . 12 111 Jeromesville, 15 110 Clarksville, Rochester, 9 8 117 125 17. From Beaver, Mifflin, 10 8 120 128 1 I Mansfield, Lebanon, 7 132 Pa.,to Cleaveland. Truxville, 12 140 1 Cincinnati, 29 161 To Griersburg, . . 12 New Haven, 11 151 Petersburg, 9 21 La Fayette, ... . 5 156 Poland, 9 30 Norwalk, 13 169 13. From Cincin. Boardman, 3 33 Monroeville, 6 175 nati to Indianapo- lis, via Brookville. To Cheviot, . 5 38 8 181 „ Els worth, Milton, 5 8 43 51 York, 9 9 190 199 Lower Sandusky, . Miami, 10 17 Palmyra, 3 54 Harrison, 8 25 Edinburg, 7 61 21. From Youngs. 1 New Trenton,.. . 7 32 Ravenna, 6 67 town to Salem. 1 Brookville, • 11 43 Stow, 10 77 To Hubbard, .... 6 Somerset, 15 58 Hudson, 6 83 Brookfield, 6 12 Rushville, 16 74 Twiiisburg, 5 88 Hartford, 5 17 1 Hanover, 17 91 Bedford, 7 95 Vernon, 5 22 1 1 WDMJ^APOLIS, . 24 115 Newburg, 5 lool Kinsman's, 6 28 1 OHIO. 305 Williamsfield, . . . Andover, ....... Pierpont, Kelloggsville, . . . Salem, 23. FromSteuben- ville to Zanesville. ToBloomfield,... Greene, Cadiz^ Moorfield, Londonderry, . . . Winchester, Cambridge, Zanesville, 23. From Cleave- land to Lower Sandusky. To Brooklyn, Rockport, Dover, Elyria, Amherst, Henrietta, Florence, Eldridge Milan, Norwalk, Monroeville, Lyme, York, Lower Sandusky, . 24. From Chilli, cothe to Cincin- nati. To Bainbridg^e, . . Hillsboro\ 37 25. From Poland to Fairport. To Youngstown, Weathersfield,. . Warren, Southington, . . . Farmington, . . . Parkman's, .... Burton, Claridon, CJiardon, ...... Concord, Painesville, .... Fairport, Williamsburg, Batavia, Newtown, . . . Cincinnati, . . . 26. From Colum- to Upper San To Worthington Delaware, Norton, Marion, Little Sandusky, . Upper Sandusky, 27. From Colum bus to Ports- mouth. South Bloomfield, Circlcville, Chillicolhe, Piketon, Lucasville, Portsmouth, 65 93 28. From Marietta to Zanesville. To Carroll, Waterford, Olive Green, . . . . McConnellsville, . Blue Rock, Zanesville, 29. From Lebanon to Brookville, In. To Monroe, Hamilton, Rossville, Oxford, Springfield, Brookville, 30. From Lancas- ter to Mount Vernon. To Pleasantville, . Thornville, Newark, Newton, Utica, Mount Vernon, . . 3L From Lancas- ter to Columbus. To Courtwright, . Lithopolis, Oregon, COLUMBUS,... 32. From Chilli, cothe to Gallipolis. Richmond Dale, . Jackson, Gallipolis, MICHIGAN. The country now constituting the territory of Michigan, was visited as early as 1648, by Jesuit missionaries from Canada, who converted many of the natives to Christianity, and erected several chapels in different parts of the country. About 1667, the traffic of the fur traders was considered of so much consequence that a body of military was sent from Lower Canada to protect thein, by whom Detroit was founded, and some time afterwards Michillimackinac ; these, in connexion with other posts, enabled the French to extend their trade to the vicinity of the Mississippi river. In 1763, Michigan was ceded, with other parts of Canada, to the British government. This region, so remote from the Atlantic, was peopled slowly, and at the end of the revolutionary war, when ceded to the United States by the treaty of Paris, contained but few inhabitants. Under various pre- tences the British colonial agents retained Detroit, with all that is now Michigan, until after the treaty of Greenville, and the United States did not obtain actual possession of the country until 1796. The territory was 2 A2 306 GENERAL VIEW OF formed in 1805, and had to sustain more than a share of the vicissitudes of the last war between the United States and Great Britain, and was in 1812 actually overrun and taken possession of by the troops of the latter, but in the ensuing season was retaken by an army of the United States, under the command of General Harrison. Relieved from the calamities of war, and laid open to Atlantic commerce and emigration by the great western canal of New York, the advance of Michigan in population has been rapid, and is at present estimated at from 50 to 60,000 souls. This territory will probably be admitted into the Union as an independent State, in the course of the present or following year. The country to which the name of Michigan is usually confined, is a large peninsula, with its base resting upon the States of Ohio and Indiana, and bounded on the east and north-east by Lake Huron, for a distance of 250 miles, and having Lake Michigan for its western boundary, an extent of 260 miles. It is in length about 288, and in breadth at the widest part, 190 miles. Its area being 38,000 square miles, or 24,320,000 of acres. Politically speaking, how- ever, Michigan embraces, besides the territory stated, that vast region situ- ated between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river, and Lake Superior and the State of Illinois, a territory 550 miles in extent from east to west, and upwards of 400 miles from north to south ; this is officially designated the territory annexed to Michigan, and it is also known as the North-west Territory. This region will probably soon be separated from Michigan proper, and organized as a distinct government under the title of the Ouis- consin or Huron territory. Michigan proper is generally a level country, having no mountains, and not many elevations that can properly be called hills. The centre of the peninsula is a table-land, elevated, however, but a few feet above the level of the lakes. Along the shore of Lake Huron there are in places high bluffs : along the east shore of Lake Michigan are immense hills of pure sand, of from 50 to several hundred feet in height, which have been blown up by the almost constant western winds sweeping over the lake and the sandy margin on its eastern side. The peninsula abounds in rivers : none of these have much extent of course, and but few of them are navigable to any considerable distance inland. Grand river is the largest : it empties into Lake Michigan : its whole course is about 150 miles, and it is navigable 50 miles from the lake to the rapids for sloops and steam-boats, and above that point there is sufficient depth of water for boats 50 miles farther. The St. Joseph's river is a considerable stream, and empties into Lake Michigan at the south-west angle of the territory. It is, like Grand river, navif:^able for large sloops to the rapids, and above them has a still farther extent of boat navigation. It flows through a very fertile region, variegated by prairies and high forests ; the country on this river is not surpassed, in point of beauty and fertility, by any in the Union. Newburyport, Niles, South Bond, and Saranac or St. Joseph's, on this river, are recent settlements, and bid fair to become flourishing and prosperous towns. A steam-boat trades regularly between the mouth of this river and Chicago, on the opposite side of the lake. The other considerable streams which flow into Lake Michigan, are the Kekamalazoo, Maskegon, Pent- water, Monistic, and Aux Betsies. Those which flow into Lake Erie, are the Maumee, Raisin, and Huron rivers. The Maumee is an important stream on account of the facilities which it, in connexion with the Wabash, will afford for inland navigation, by means of an intervening canal. This MICHIGAN. 307 river is navigable for steam-boats up to the rapids at Maumee and Perrys- burg in Ohio. The Clinton is the only considerable river which falls into Lake St. Clair. The Belle, and Black, or Dulude, fall into St. Clair river. The Saginaw, a considerable and important river, running northward, falls into Saginaw Bay, which is a part of Lake Huron. Many other, but smaller streams, fall into the same lake, such as the Thunder Bay, Sandy, Aux Carpe, and Cheboeigon rivers. The eastern parts of this territory, from various circumstances, became first settled. Within the few last years a great mass of emigrants have begun to spread themselves over this fine and fertile country. Situated, as it is, between the west, the south, and the east, with greater facilities for extensive inland water communication than any other country on the globe, with a fertile soil, of which millions of acres are fit for the plough, with a healthful climate, and with a concurrence of circumstances, inviting north- ern population, there can be no doubt that it will soon take its place as a State, and rival its western sister States. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, turnips, peas, apples, pears, plums, cherries, and peaches are raised easily and in abundance. It is a country more favorable to cultivated grasses than the western country. In short, it is peculiarly fitted for northern farmers. No inland country, according to its age, popu- lation, and circumstances, has a greater trade. A number of steam-boats and lake vessels are constantly plying in this trade, which is with Macki- nack, Detroit, Chicago, and Ohio. The climate of this region, in consequence of its being level and penin- sular, and surrounded on all sides but the south, with such immense bodies of water, is more temperate and mild than could be expected from its lati- tude. The southern parts have mild winters, and the spring opens as early as in any part of the United States in the same latitude : the position of the northern parts must subject it to a Canadian temperature. The winter commences here early in November, and does not terminate until the end of March. At Detroit, in 1818, the mean heat of January was 24°, and in 1820, the mean heat of July was 69°, of December 27°. At Mackinack, one of the most northern settlements in the United States, the mean heat of October was 45°, of November 32°, and of December 21°. POPULATION OF COUNTIES IN MICHIGAN PROPER, IN 1830. Counties. Berrien, Cass, , . . Lenawee, Macomb, Michillimackinac, Monroe, Oakland, Population 315 919 1,491 2,413 877 3,187 4,911 County Towns. Niles. Edwardsburg. Tecumseh. Mount Clemens. Mackinac. Monroe. Pontiac. Counties. Population St. Clair, 1,114 St. Joseph, 1,313 Van Buren, . . . 5 Washtenaw, . . 4,042 Wa}me, 6,781 Total, 27,378 County Towns. Palmer. W. Pigeon Prairie Ann Arbor. DETROIT. POPULATION OF COUNTIES IN THE TERRITORY ATTACHED TO MICHIGAN. The following counties are situated between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi nver, in the Territory at present attached to Michigan Counties. Population County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Brown, Crawford, 1,356 692 Menomonie. Prairie duChien Chippewa, ilowa, 626 1,587 SaultdeSt.Mary Helena. Total, 4,261 308 GENERAL VIEW OF Total population of Michigan in 1830, 31,639 ; of whom were, white Males, 18,168 ; white Fe- males, 13,178; deaf and dumb, 15; blind, 5: total whites, 31,346. Free colored, 261; Slaves, 32: total colored, 293. Tlie following new counties have been made since 1830 :— Allegan, Arenac, Barry, Branch, Cal- houn, Clinton, Eaton, Gladwin, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ionia, Isabella, Ingham, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lapeer, Midland, Montcalm, Ottawa, Oceana, Saginaw, Sanilac, and Shiawassee. FRINCIFAZi STAGS ROUTES. 1. From Lower Sandusky to De- troit, M. T. To Perrysburg, Maumee, Port Lawrence, Monroe, Brownstown, . . Mong-uagon, . . DETROIT, . . 32 1 33 10 43 18 61 18 79 4 83 19 102 2. From Monroe i Tecumseh. To Atkinson,. . . Raisinville, Summerfield, . . . Blissfield, Adrian, Tecumseh, 3. From Detroit to 7 I 4 11 5 16 14 30 12 42 10 52 Chicago. To Lafayette, . . . Ypsilanti, Jonesville, Coldwater, Sturges' Prairie, . Mottville, Edwardshurg, . . . South Bend, In. . . Chicago, 32 100 120 145 162 184 200 292 INDIANA. In common with the extensive region on the waters of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi, the territory now forming this State was visited at an early period by French traders and adventurers from Canada. About the year 1702, they established several small settlements at various places on the Wabash river ; and among others at Vincennes, which, for a long period, was de- nominated the Post, but subsequently received its present name after that of one of its commanders. The settlers were for near a century almost separated from the rest of mankind, and had, in many respects, assimilated themselves with the savages, with whom they had intermarried. During the war of the American revolution, Vincennes was reached and taken by a British force, and again reached and retaken by a small army, under the command of Colonel George Rogers Clarke ; and the inhabitants mani- fested a disposition so favorable to republican principles, that at the close of the war the general government of the United States ceded to them a tract of land in the neighborhood of Vincennes. From that period until the peace established by the treaty of Greenville, the widely scattered popu- lation of this region suffered severely from the attacks of the savages. In the year 1811, in consequence of the murders and depredations committed by them, a military force, under the command of General Harrison, was sent against them, by whom they were defeated, and compelled to sue for peace. During the late war, the tide of emigration was almost completely arrested. Many of the settlements were broken up by the savages ; but immediately on the termination of the contest, the tide set strongly again through Ohio to this State, and population poured in upon its woods and prairies. It has since been filled up with unexampled rapidity. Previous to the year 1800, Indiana was included in the territory north-west of the Ohio ; after that period, Indiana, and the territory now forming the State of Illinois, continued to be united under the title of Indiana Territory, until 1809, when they were separated into distinct territorial governments. In December, 1815, the inhabitants amounting to sixty thousand, the Legis- lature petitioned Congress for admission into the Union, and the privilege of forming a State constitution. A bill for this purpose passed Congress in April, 1816 ; a convention of delegates met in conformity to it, by whom a State constitution was adopted, and Indiana became an independent State, and a member of the Union, in December following. INDIANA. 309 The State of Indiana is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Michigan ; east by Ohio ; south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky, and west by Illinois, from which it is separated in part by the Wabash river. The mean length is about 260, and mean breadth 140 miles ; area, about 36,000 square miles, or 23,040,000 acres. The Ohio river flows along the southern extremity of this State for upwards of 350 miles, estimated by the course of the stream. The principal river, besides the Ohio, is the Wabash, with its numerous branches, of which the most important are the Salamanic and Mississinewa, both entering on its south- ern side in the upper part of its course ; from the north it receives the Little, the Eel, and Tippecanoe rivers, and from the west several considerable streams, having their course mostly in the adjoining State of Illinois ; these are the Big and Little Vermillion, Embarrass, Bon Pas, and Little Wabash: and from the east the following are received, whose course is wholly within this State, viz. Sugar Creek, Raccoon Creek, and White and Patoka rivers. The White river is a valuable channel for trade, as it drains the central part of the State, and has several large confluents, of which its east and west forks are the principal. In the north-west part of the State are the Kankakee and Pickamink, both head waters of the Illinois river ; in the north and north-east are the rivers St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, and the St. Joseph of Maumee; the former falls into Lake Michigan, and the latter, uniting with the St. Mary's river at Fort Wayne, forms the Maumee, which flows in a north-easterly directio« into Lake Erie. The streams in the southern part of the State, are the White Water, a tributary of the Miami river, and Laughery, Indian, and Anderson's creeks ; also, Big and Little Blue rivers, and Great and Little Pigeon creeks, all of which flow into the Ohio river. There are no mountains in Indiana ; the country, however, is more hilly than the territory of Illinois, particularly towards Ohio river. A range of hills, called the Knobs, extends from the falls of the Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, which in many places produces a broken and uneven surface. North of these hills lie the Flat Woods, 70 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of bottom and prairie land ; both together, from three to six miles in width. Between the Wabash and Lake Michigan, the country is mostly champaign, abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, lakes, and swamps. A range of hills runs parallel with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami to Blue River, alternately approaching to within a few rods, and re- ceding to the distance of two miles. Immediately below Blue River, the hills disappear, and there is presented to view an immense tract of level land, covered with a heavy growth of timber. There are two kinds of prairies, the river and the upland prairies ; the former are bottoms destitute of timber, and are said to exhibit vestiges of former cultivation; the latter are from 30 to 100 feet more elevated, and are far more numerous and extensive. Some of them are not larger than a common field, while others extend farther than the eye can reach. They are usually bounded by heavily timbered forests, and not unfrequently adorned with copses of small trees. In spring and summer, they are covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and fragrant flowers, from six to eight feet high. The soil of these plains is often as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The prairies bordering on the Wabash are particularly rich. , 310 GENERAL VIEW OF Wells have been dug in them, where the vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth is from two to five feet. The principal productions of this State are wheat, Indian com, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, pulse, beef, pork, butter, whiskey, and peach- brandy. Not far from Big Blue River there is a large cave, the entrance of which is on the side of a hill, that is about 400 feet high. Here are found great quantities of sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salt, and of nitre, &c. The climate is generally healthful and pleasant, resembling that of Ohio. The Wabash is frozen over in the winter, so that it may be safely crossed on the ice. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population County Towns. Allen, Bartholomew, . Boone, Carroll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dearborn, Decatur, Delaware, Dubois, Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Gibson, Greene, Hamilton, Harrison, Hancock, ..... Hendricks, .... Henry, , Jackson, Jefferson, ..... Jennings, . . . . , Johnson, Knox, , Lawrence, . . . , Madison, 996 5,476 621 1,611 1,161 10,686 1,616 1,423 3,238 4,543 13,974 5,887 2,374 1,778 935 9,112 : 6,361 7,619 10,190 5,418 4,242 1,757 10,373 1,436 3,975 6,497 4,870 11,465 3,974 4,019 6,525 9,234 2,238 Fort Wayne. Columbus. Thorntown. Delphi. Logansport. Charlestown. Bowling Green. Frankfort. Fredonia. Washington. Lawrenceburg. Greensburg. Muncytown. Portersville. Pulaski. Connersville. New Albany. Covington. Brookville. Princeton. Bloom field. Noblesville. Cory don. Greenfield. Danville. Newcastle. Brownstown. Madison. Vernon. Franklin. Vincennes. Bedford. Andersontown. Counties, Marion, Martin, Monroe, Montgomery,. . Morgan, Orange, Owen, Perry, Pike, Posey, Putnam, Parke, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, St. Joseph, . . . . Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Sullivan, Switzerland,. . , Tippecanoe, . . . Union, Vanderburg, . . Vermillion,. . . , Vigo, Warren, Warrick, .... Washington, . Wayne, Population County Towns. Total, in 1830, 7,192 2,010 6,577 7,317 5,593 7,901 4,017 3,369 2,475 6,549 8,262 7,535 3,912 3,989 9,707 287 3,092 6,295 3,196 4,630 7,028 7,187 7,944 2,611 5,692 5,766 2,861 2,877 13,064 18,571 IJVnMJVAPOLIS Mount Pleasant. Bloom in gton. Crawfordsville. Martinsville. Paoli. Spencer. Rome. Petersburg. Mount Vernon. Greencastle. Rockville. Winchester. Versailles. Rushville. South Bend. New Lexington. Shelbyville. Rockport. Merom. Vevay. Lafayette. Liberty. Evansville. Newport. Terre Haute. Williamsport. Boonsville. Salem. Centreville. 341,582 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCREASE. In 1800, 5,641 1810, 24,520 1820, 147,178 1830, 341,582 From 1800 to 1810 18,879 1810 to 1820, 122,658 1820 to 1830, 194,404 SLAVES. 133 237 190 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 176,513; Females, ltJJ,507; deaf and dumb, 104 ; blind, 72 ; aliens, 280 : total whites, 338,020. Free colored Males, 1,792 ; Females, 1,770 : total, 3,562. The following new Counties have been laid off since 1830:— Grant, Huntingdon, La Grange, La Porte, Miami, and Wabash. INDIANA. 311 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. CANAL. Wabash and Erie Canal. By the Legislature of 1832, an act was passed supplemental to an act providing means for the construction of this canal. By this act, steps were taken to realize and render available the donation of lands, granted for this purpose, by the United States. Com- missioners were appointed to borrow money on the credit of the State for the prosecution of the work, and a train of measures arranged tending to a speedy completion of a union between the waters of Lake Erie and Indiana. RAIL-ROADS. Eight joint-stock companies were incorporated by the same Legislature for constructing rail-roads from Ohio river to Indianapolis, the seat of gov- ernment, and to different places on the river Wabash. Capital stock of all the companies, $4,000,000. An act was passed in January, 1832, to ratify and confirm an act of the Legislature of Kentucky, incorporating a company to build a bridge across the Ohio river, near the falls at Louisville. Capital, $500,000, divided into shares of $50 each. The privilege of subscribing one-fifth of this amount each, is reserved for a certain time to the States of Kentucky and Indiana, and the city of Louisville. Strict provisions are made for the security of the navigation of the Ohio, by boats and vessels of every description. FRZirCIFiLlli ST^GE ROITTSS. 1. From Indiana- polis to Terre Haute. To Belleville, Danville, Greencastle, Gallatin, Terre Haute, . . . . 2. From Indiana- polis to Madison. To Franklin, Edinburg-, Columbus, Geneva, Vernon, Lancaster, Madison. 3. From Louisville, Ken. to Vincennes. To New Albany, . Greenville, Fredericksburg-, . • Paoli, Hindostan, Mount Pleasant, . Washington, .... Berryville, Vincennes, 4. From Vincennes to Lafayette. To Carlisle, Miles MUes. { 20 7 27 22 49 35 84 12 96 20 12 32 11 43 12 55 11 66 12 78 9 87 4 10 14 16 30' 17 47; 24 7li 4 75: 16 91; 6 971 14 ml 19 Merom, .... Terre Haute, Clinton, . . , . Montezuma, . Newport,. . . . Perrysville, . Covington, . . Portland, . . . Attica, Lafayette, . . . 5. Frotn Louisville, Ken., to Orleans. New Albany, In . . Jefferson ville,. . . . New Providence,. Salem, ... Orleans, 6. From Richmond to Cincinnati. To Brownsville, Liberty, Dunlapsville, . . Fairfield, Brookville, . . . New Trenton, . Harrison, Cheviot, Cincinnati, .... 7. Fro77i Brookville to Centreville. Bloom in sr Grove 14 33 32 65 15 80 8 88 9 97 15 112 7 119 7 126 7 133 26 159 4 3 7 18 25 17 42 20 62 10 5 15 5 20 7 27 6 33 10 43 7 50 18 68 7 75 6 1 i Connersville, . . . . Milton, Centreville, From Madison to Terre Haute. To Lancaster, . . . Vernon, Geneva, Columbus, Bloomington, .... Bowling Green,. . Terre Haute, .... 9. From Vincennes to Evansville. Princeton, Sandersville, .... Evansville 10. From Prince- ton to Mt. Zion, Ky. To Owensville, . . Cynthiana, New Harmony,. . Mount Vernon, . . Mount Zion, Ken . 11. From Cincin nati to Indianapo- lis, via Brookville. See route No. 13, Ohio. 115 21 32 44 79 120 144 312 GENERAL VIEW OF 12. From Cincin nati to IndianapO' lis, via Lawrence- burg,. 113 See route No. 14, Ohio. 13. From Dayton to Indianapolis, via Centreville. See route No. 16, Ohio. Ill ILLINOIS. The name which now belongs exclusively to this State, was, during a great part of the last century, bestowed upon all that vast tract of country which lies north and west of the Ohio, and was derived from the river Illi- nois, which, in the language of the Indians, by whom its banks were inhab- ited, signifies the river of men. The first settlements within the present limits of Illinois, were, like those of Indiana, made by the French, and were the consequence of the adventurous enterprise of M. De la Salle, in search of the Mississippi. This traveller set out from Canada, in the year 1670, in company with Father Hennepin and a few followers, and passing up the lakes to the head of Lake Michigan, descended the Illinois river. After remaining some time, he returned to Canada ; from whence he set out with a number of volunteers in 1673, for Illinois, and shortly afterwards founded the settlements of Kaskaskia and Cahobia. Here La Salle left his colony, and descended the Mississippi to its mouth. At the commence- ment of the eighteenth century, the settlements in Illinois are represented to have been in a flourishing situation. The descriptions given by French writers of the country at this time, were of the most captivating kind ; its beautiful scenery, fertile prairies, and supposed mineral wealth, were painted in glowing colours, and a new paradise seemed to open to Frenchmen on the banks of the Illinois. The settlements here, like those of Indiana, however, soon degenerated, and by degrees assimilated their manners to those of the Indians, among whom they resided. Of these savages the number and varieties at the epoch of the first settlement, and since, are not well ascertained ; in 1780, there were, according to Hutchins, twelve tribes inhabiting different parts of this State, the aggregate number of whose warriors amounted to near 6000 men. At the close of the revolutionary war, and by the treaty of 1783, the country was claimed under the char- ter of Virginia, and held by that State until ceded to the United States in 1787. It was then made a part of the territory north-west of the Ohio river ; in 1800, when the present State of Ohio was, with Michigan, formed into a separate territory, Illinois and Indiana remained united, and continu- ed one territory under the name of the latter, until 1809, when they were separated into two, and a distinct territorial government was established for the district now forming the State of Illinois. Indiana lying eastward and in the direction of the stream of emigration, preceded Illinois as a State : the admission of the latter into the Union took place in December, 1818. The State of Illinois is bounded north by the territory attached to Michi- gan ; east by Michigan and the States of Indiana and Kentucky ; south by Kentucky and Missouri ; and west by the State and territory of Missouri. Its medium length is about 350 miles, and medium breadth 170 ; the area being about 59,500 square miles, or 38,080,000 acres. The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash, form about two-thirds of the whole boundary of this State. The other most considerable rivers are the Illinois, Kaskaskia, Muddy, Saline, Little Wabash, Mackinaw, Crow Meadow, ILLINOIS. 313 Rainy, Vermillion, Spoon, Rocky, Sangamon, Embarrass, Fox, Des Plaines, &c. The peninsula between the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, has been sur- veyed for military bounty lands. Congress appropriated for this object 3,500,000 acres ; and the surface actually surveyed amounts to an area about equal to 240 townships, each 6 miles square ; equal to 8,640 square miles, or 5,530,000 acres, nearly. It was necessary that the number sur- veyed should exceed the number appropriated, as the act of Congress pro- vides that the several portions granted shall be fit for cultivation. These lands are described as being very good. The southern and middle parts of the State are for the most part level. The north-western section is a hilly, broken country, though there are no high mountains. The climate resembles that of Indiana and Ohio. The low and wet lands in the southern part are unhealthy. The soil has been divided into six distinct kinds. 1. Bottom land, bear- ing a heavy growth of honey-locust, pecan, black-walnut, beach, sugar- maple, buckeye, pawpaw, grape-vines, &c. This land is of the first quality, and is found in grcater or less quantities on all the considerable rivers. It is of inexhaustible fertility, and is annually cultivated without manure. 2. Newly formed land, found at the mouths and confluences of rivers. It pro- duces sycamore, cotton-wood, water-maple, water-ash, elm, willow, oak, &e. There are many thousand acres of this land at the mouth of the Wa-' bash, and at the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi. It is annu- ally inundated, and is unhealthy. 3. Dry prairies, approaching the rivers and bordering on the bottom land, from 30 to 100 feet higher, and from 1 to 10 miles wide. These prairies are destitute of trees, except where they are intersected by streams of water and occasional tracts of woodland. It has been estimated that as much as two-thirds of the whole State consists of open prairie. The dry prairie has a black rich soil, well adapted to purposes of agriculture, and is covered with rank grass. 4. Wet prairie, found remote from streams, or at their sources. This is generally cold and unproductive, abounding with swamps and ponds, covered with tall coarse grass. 5. Land covered with timber, moderately hilly, well watered, and of a rich soil. 6. Hills, of a sterile soil and destitute of timber, or covered with stinted oaks and pines. The prevailing forest tree in Illinois is oak, of which as many as 13 or 14 different species have been enumerated. Honey-locust, black- walnut, mulberry, plum, sugar-maple, black-locust, elm, bass-wood, beach, buck- eye, hackberry, coffee-nut, sycamore, spice-wood, sassafras, black and white haws, crab-apple, wild-cherry, cucumber, and pawpaw, are found in their congenial soils throughout the State. White pine is found on the head branches of the Illinois. Copper and lead are found in several parts of the State. Coal has been discovered in several places, on the Big Muddy, in great quantities near Brownsville, on the Kaskaskia, near the town of that name, near the town of Edwardsville on the Illinois, 50 miles above the Illinois lake, and in other places. Salt water is found in several places, sufficient to furnish immense quantities of salt. The famous salt-works belonging to the United States are in the vicinity of Shawneetown. Iron-ore has also been discovered. Sulphur springs, chalybeate springs, and very strong impregnations — 314 GENERAL VIEW OF of pure sulphurate of magnesia or Epsom salts, abound in different parts. In the southern part of the State a number of sections of land have been reserved from sale on account of the silver ore which they are supposed to contain. The lead-mines in the vicinity of Galena, are very extensive and valuable. The mineral has been found in every portion of a tract of more than 50 miles in extent in every direction, and is supposed to occupy a territory of more than twice that extent. The ore lies in beds, or horizontal strata, varying in thickness from one inch to several feet. It yields 75 per cent, of pure lead. The staple productions of Illinois are Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, beef, pork, horses, tobacco, and lead. The castor bean is raised, and oil is manu- factured from it, but not in large quantities. Good cotton is produced for home consumption, and is manufactured extensively in the families of farmers, into coarse fabrics, for domestic uses. Hemp, flax, and silk- worms succeed well. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, gooseberries, and currants, arrive at great perfection. Counties. Adams, Alexander, . . . . Bond, Calhoun, Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Edgar, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Jo. Daviess, . . . Knox, Lawrence, . . . . Macon, Macaupin, . . . . Madison, Population County Towns. 2,186 1,390 3,124 1,092 3,940 755 2,330 3,117 1,649 4,071 2,704 4,083 1,841 7,405 7,674 2,616 483 41 1,828 2,555 1,596 2,111 274 3,668 1,122 1,990 6,221 Quincy. America, Greenville. Gilead. Aurora. Maysville. Carlyle. Palestine. Albion. Paris. VANDALIA. Frankfort. Lewistown. Equality. Car roll ton. McLeanboro'. Venus. Middletown. Brownsville. Mount Vernon. Vienna. Galena. Knoxville. Lawrenceville. Decatur. Carlinville. Edwardsville. Counties. Population Marion, Mercer, Montgomery,. . Monroe, Morgan, Perry Pike 2,125 26 2,958 2,000 12,714 1,215 2,396 3,316 1,310 4,429 12,960 2,972 7,078 2,959 4,716 3,239 5,836 308 2,710 1,675 2,553 6,091 Pone Peoria, > Putnam, ^ ' ' * * Randolph, Sangamon, Shelby, St. Clair, Schuyler, . . > McDonough, ] Tazewell, Union, Vermillion, .... Warren, Wabash, Washington, . . Wayne, White, Total, in 1830, 157,575 County Towns. Salem. Hillsborough. Waterloo. Jacksonville. Pinckneyville. Atlas. Golconda. Peoria. Hennepin. Kaskaskia. Springfield. Shelbyville. Belleville. Rushville. Macomb. Mackinaw. Jonesborough. Danville. Warren. Mount Carmel. Nashville. Fairfield. Carmi. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1810, 12,282 1820, 55,211 1830, 157,575 From 1810 to 1820, 42,929 1820 to 1830, 102,364 SLAVES. 168 917 746 Of the above population of 18:iO, there were, white Males, 82,202 ; white Females, 72,974 ; deaf and dumb, G4; blind, 36; aliens, 447: total whites, 155,176. Free colored Males, 82:); Females, 824 : total, 1,653. Slaves— Males, 3G1 ; Females, 385 : total, 746 Colored, 2,399. V\^hole popula- tion, 157,575. The following new counties have been made since 1830 : — Coles, Cook, Effingham, Jasper, La Salic, McLean, and Rock Island. ILLINOIS. 315 INTERNAL IIVIPROVEMENTS. The lllijiois and Michigan Rail-road is intended to commence at Chi- cago, on Lake Michigan, and continue in a south-westerly direction 11^ miles to the summit-level : in this distance the ascent is only 25 feet. After passing the summit-level it is to cross and continue along the river Des Plaines to the foot of the Illinois rapids, the distance of 85 miles, with a descent of exactly two feet a mile : thus giving, in a distance of 96^ miles, only 193 feet of rise and fall. From the termination of this rail-road, the Illinois river is navigable about 250 miles to the Mississippi. A canal has been for some time past projected, to traverse the same route as that described above for the rail-road. The route has been surveyed, and about 480,000 acres of land granted by the general government to the State for carrying it on. Much greater difficulties than were at first anticipated, have been ascertained to exist in the nature of the ground, from Chicago to the Des Plaines river, a distance of 20 miles, there being a sub- stratum of solid limestone a few feet below the surface. This circumstance will probably render the rail-road the more eligible improvement ; the com- pletion of either or both of them, will make Chicago a place of conse- quence, and will open up admirable facilities for the transportation of mer- chandise from the eastern to the Mississippi region of the Union. PXlI270IF.aii BTJ^aH HOUTSS. 1. Frojii Shawnee- Carlyle, 17 102 Carrollton, 40 60 town to Bain- VANDALIA,... 30 132 White Hall, 14 74 bridge, Mo. Miles Miles. Manchester, 9 83 To Vienna, 40 5. From Salem to Jacksonville, .... 11 94 Mount Pleasant, . Jonesboro\ 10 50 St. Louis, Mo. To VANDALIA, Berlin '^1 115 10 60 26 Spritigjield, 15 130 Bainbridge, Mo.. . 10 70 Greenville, Hickory Grove,. . 20 10 46 56 9. Frotn St. Louis 2. From Shatvnee- Edwardsville, . . . 25 81 to Springfield, via Carlinville. town to St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. . . . 22 103 Mo. Edwardsville, II. 22 To Equality, 10 6. From Vandalia Carlinville, 40 62 Curran, 19 29 to Galena. Macaupin Point, . 24 86 Frankfort, 16 45 To Hillsboro\ 28 Springfield, 28 114 Nashville, 46 91 Macaupin Point, . 23 51 Belleville, 34 125 Springfield, 28 79 10. From Belleville 15 140 Peoria, 66 99 145 244 to St. Charles, Mo. Dixon's Ferry, . . . 3. From Vincennes, Galena, 61 305 To CollinsviUe, . . 11 In., to St. Louis,Mo. Edwardsville, . . . 8 19 Lawrenceville, II. 10 7. From Vincennes, Lower Alton, .... 12 31 Maysville, 40 50 In., to Danville. Upper Alton, .... 2 33 Salem, 37 87 To Palestine, II. . 25 St. Charles, Mo.. . 28 61 Carlyle, Lebanon, 25 29 112 141 York, 15 10 40 50 Darwin, Belleville 12 15 1.53 168 Paris 26 14 76 90 11. Fro7n Vin- cennes, In., to St. Louis, Mo Bloom field, Georgetown, .... 16 106 St. Louis, Mo., 4. From Shawnee- Danville, 14 120 via Vandalia. town to Vandalia. To Salem, as in To Equality, 10 8. From St. Louis No. 3, 87 Moore's Prairie, . 43 53, to Springfield, VANDALIA,... 26 113 Mount Vernon, . . 14 67 via Carrollton. St. Louis, as in Walnut Hill, .... 18 85 To Lower Alton, . 20 No. 5, 771 190 316 GENERAL VIEW OF MISSOURI. The French, to whom the discovery of the Mississippi is owing, were the first adventurers into the territory within the limits of the State of Missouri. Many years, however, elapsed after the discovery, and the colony near the mouth of the Mississippi had risen into considerable importance, before any attempt was made to form a settlement so high up the river as its junction with the Missouri. The first settlers generally planted themselves on the eastern side of the Mississippi. Previous to the treaty of peace of 1763, by which Canada was ceded to Great Britain, few grants of land had been made on the western bank, and these were mostly for the purpose of mining. The first permanent settlements in the State of Missouri appear to have been made at St. Genevieve and New Bourbon, which were founded soon after the peace of 1763. In the succeeding year, St. Louis, the principal town in the State, was commenced. It was founded by a company of traders, associated under the name of Pierre, Laclade, Maxan, & Co., who rightly conceived it to be a spot where the trade of the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the other great rivers of that region, was likely to centre. In 1780, St. Charles, on the Missouri, was established ; and in 1787, New Madrid, on the Mississippi, which had been previously a settlement of hunters and traders, was laid out in the form of a regular built town, under the direction of Gen. Morgan, of New Jersey. The settlements and towns remained feeble and scattered until after the cession of Louisiana to the United States. In 1804, Louisiana was divided, and the territory of Missouri created*. Emigration, though not very rapid, carried the population in 1819 to the constitutional amount to entitle the people to a State government. Application was accordingly made to Con- gress, at the session of 1819-20, and after a stormy and protracted debate, turning principally on the admission or rejection of slavery, permission was given to the people of Missouri to form a constitution, admitting slavery under certain restrictions. Complying with the conditions, a constitution was formed, and on the 10th of August, 1821, Missouri became one of the United States. This State is bounded north and west by the Missouri Territory ; east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee ; and south by Arkansas Territory. Its length is about 280 miles, and medium breadth 220; the area being 61,600 square miles, or 39,424,000 acres. The Mississippi river runs 550 miles along the eastern border of the State, whilst the Missouri flows 384 miles through it, and enters the Mis- sissippi. The western line of this State is the meridian which passes through the point of junction of the Kansas and the Missouri rivers. Besides the great rivers Mississippi and Missouri, this State is watered by various others of considerable magnitude. The largest are the Osage, Grand, Salt, Chariton, Gasconade, Merrimac or Marameo, Big Black, and St. Francis. The Osage is a large river, navigable for boats 660 miles. Steam-hoat namgation from St. Louis. — St. Louis is 1,200 miles, by the course of the river, above New Orleans, and is, next to that city, the largest and most commercial town on the Mississippi. In the summer of 1831, there were six steam-boats regularly employed between St. Louis and New Orleans. A trip from one place to the other and back again usually occu- MISSOURI. 317 pies 24 days; the shortest time in which one was ever made, 18 days. The usual fare for cabin passengers descending, $20 ; ascending, $25 ; for deck passengers, $5 either way. Freight per lOOlbs. descending, 37^ cents ; ascending, 62^ cents. From St. Louis to Louisville, 630 miles: 10 boats are regularly employ- ed : usual time of a trip, 10 or 11 days ; the passage one way usually being somewhat more than three days ; fare of cabin passengers about 815, either way ; deck passengers, 84 ; freight about 25 cents per lOOlbs. Boats also run regularly to Cincinnati, 150 miles above Louisville. From St. Louis to Fever River, about 480 miles : several steam-boats are regularly employed : time occupied by a trip, about 10 days : fare for passengers ascending, 812 ; descending, 89. The route of some of the boats is occasionally extended to St. Peter's River, 400 miles further up. In 1831, two boats were employed in running from St. Louis up the Missouri to Franklin, 200 miles, and to Fort Leavenworth, 200 miles further : freight to Franklin 75 cents per lOOlbs., and to Fort Leavenworth from 81.25 to $1.50; from Franklin down, 25 cents per lOOlbs. From St. Louis to Pekin, on Illinois river, 180 miles: several boats are regularly employed. Steam-boats, also, come occasionally to St. Louis from Pittsburg and other places. A great proportion of the land in this State is of the richest kind, pro- ducing corn, wheat, rye, oats, flax, hemp, and tobacco, in great abundance. The lands bordering on the Missouri, are exceedingly rich. They consist of a stratum of black alluvial soil, of unknown depth. As you recede from the banks of the rivers, the land rises, passing sometimes gradually, and sometimes abruptly, into elevated barrens, flinty ridges, and rocky cliffs. A portion of the State is, therefore, unfit for cultivation ; but this part of it, however, is rich in mineral treasures. The land is either very fertile or veiy poor ; it is either bottom land or clifl^, either prairie or barren : there is very little of an intermediate quality. The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, and very favorable to health. The most remarkable feature in Missouri is its lead-mines, which are estimated to cover an area of about 3,000 square miles. The centre of the lead-mine district is about 70 miles south-west from St. Louis, and the principal diggings are included in an extent of 30 miles in one direction by 15 in another. The lead-ore is found in detached masses, and not in veins. The business of mining is, consequently, very uncertain. The ore is of that species called galena, and yields from 75 to 80 per cent. About 3,000,000 pounds of lead are annually made, giving employment to about 1,200 hands. In this region, are likewise found copper, zinc, manganese, antimony, iron, calamine, cobalt, &c. These lead-mines were wrought by the French, 100 years ago. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Counties. Population 8,859 6,159 1,780 5,338 3,023 5,904 7,445 County Towns. Counties. Population County Towns. Boone, Callaway, Chariton, Clay Columbia. Fulton. Chariton. Liberty. JEFFERSON C. Booneville. Jackson. Crawford, Franklin, Gasconade,. . . . Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, 1 Lafayette, 1,721 3,484 1,545 10,854 2,823 2,592 2,912 Little Piney. Union. Gasconade. Fayette. Independence. Hereulaneum. Lexington. Cole, Cooper, Cape Girardeau, 2B2 318 GENERAL VIEW OF Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Montgomery,, . New Madrid,. . Perry, Pike, Ralls, Randolph, .... Ray, 4,059 2,371 4,837 3,902 2,350 3,349 6,129 4,375 2,942 2,657 Troy. Fredericktown. Palmyra. Levvistown. New Madrid. Perryville. Bowling- Green, New London. Randolph. Richmond. St. Charles,... St. Louis, St. Genevieve, St. Francois,. . Saline, Scott, Washington, Wayne, Total, in 1830, 4,320 14,125 2,186 2,366 2,873 2,136 6,784 3,264 140,455 St. Charles. St. Louis. St. Genevieve. Farmington. Benton. Potosi. Greenville. Of the foregoing population, there were, white Males, 61,405; white Females, 53,390; deaf and dumb, 27; blind, 27: total whites, 114,795. Free colored, 569; Slaves, 25,091 : total, 140,455. The following new Counties have been laid off since the census of 1830 :— Audrain, Clarke, Lewis, Monroe, Pettis, Ripley, Stoddard, and Van Buren. FRixrciPiiii sT^as roxttes. 1. From St. Louis to Palmyra. To Waltonham,. . St. Charles, ..... Troy, Auburn, Bowling Green, . . Frankford, New London, .... Hannibal, Palmyra, 2. From St. Louis to Fayette. To St. Charles, . . Stockland, Lewistown, Fulton, Millersburg, .... Columhia, Miles Miles. 6 14 20 37 57 16 73 16 89 11 100 12 112 8 120 10 130 20 10 30 45 75 35 110 ]0 120 14 1.34 Franklin, Fayette, . 3. From St. Louis to Jefferson Bar- racks, 4. From Bain- bridge, Mo., to Little Rock, A.T To Jackson, Greenville, Hix's Ferry, A.T. Columbia, Jackson, Batesville, Little Red River, . LITTLE ROCK, 5. Fro7n Jackson 26 160 13 173 10 12 55 67 56 123 16 139 14 153 50 203 33 236 67 303 to St. Louis, Mo. To Perryville, . . Kaskaskia, 1 1 . . . Waterloo, Columbia, St. Louis, Mo. . . . 6. From Fayette to Independence. To Chariton, Walnut Farm,. . . Petitsaw Bluff, . . Lexington, Pleasant Grove,. . Independence, . . . 7. From Jefferson City to Fulton. To Hibernia, . . . Fulton, 50 84 93 112 21 51 74 88 113 23 MISSOURI TERRITORY. This vast extent of country, lying between the State of Missouri, Ar- kansas Territory, and the Mississippi river on the east, and the Rocky Mountains on the west, comprises the greater part of the western slope of the Mississippi valley, and is almost wholly uninhabited, except by Indians. It is part of the Louisiana purchase, and has been explored by Lewis and Clark, by Pike, and the gentlemen of Long's expedition. The number of In- dians in this territory, is estimated at from 120,000 to 140,000. The Sioux, or Dacotahs, Pawnees, and Osages, are the most numerous and powerful. The surface and soil of this great territory are different from any other of the same dimensions on the globe. The lower courses of the rivers that enter the Mississippi from this region, are wooded. In proportion as we ascend towards the mountains, the wood becomes more scarce, and the upper tributaries of those streams run through open prairies. There is also a fertile belt along the banks of all these streams, but in proportion as we diverge from them, the land becomes more sterile and parched. We sometimes travel whole days, without seeing water. A large portion of this country may be likened to the Great Sahara, or African desert. There is, however, in the most sterile parts, a thin sward of grass and herbage. — Countless droves of buffaloes, elk, and deer, range upon these vast prairies. MISSOURI TERRITORY. 319 They will probably, at some future period of our national existence, be replaced by herds of domestic cattle, and flocks of sheep, followed by mov- ing bands of shepherds. To the west of these plains, the Rocky Mountains rise up in an abrupt manner, presenting a steep front, with numerous frown- ing, rocky precipices, and having many summits, covered with perpetual snow. Their black, precipitous, and desolate appearance, has probably obtained for them the name of the Rocky Mountains. They separate the waters of the great tributaries of the Mississippi from those that fall into the Columbia, Colorado, and other waters of the Pacific, In many places, the waters that run into the tributaries of the Mississippi, rise near those that fall into the Pacific. Thus has Nature kindly provided points of easy transit from the eastern to the western side of these frowning and appa- rently impassable barriers. It is asserted, by persons engaged in the fur trade, that following up the valleys of the sources of the Platte river to the opposite valleys of the waters that flow into the Pacific, a good road was found, and easily passable by loaded wagons. The great river of this territory is the Missouri, which, with its tributa- ries, drain three-fourths of it; the principal of which are, the Yellow-Stone, or Roche Jaune, Little Missouri, Running Water, Platte, and Konzas, with their numerous branches, which enter on its south and west sides, and the Marias, Milk, Jacque, and Sioux, which run in on the opposite side. Red River, of Lake Winnepeek, flows for some distance through the north-east- ern part of this region : its principal branch is the Assiniboine, one of whose tributaries rises within a mile of the north bank of the Missouri. Red River is a broad, deep, and interesting stream, abounding with fish, and Ithe country along its banks with elk and bufl^aloes. It is on the banks of this remote river, that Pembina, Lord Selkirk's interesting settlement, is located, just within the northern boundary of the United States. The Ar- kansas river forms, for a considerable part of its upper course, a portion of the national boundary. The head waters of this stream were first explored by Pike, and afterwards more thoroughly by Long. It runs through a country where the traveller can often see nothing but a grassy plain, bound- less to the vision. The Semerone, or Negracka, Grand, Saline, and the Canadian river, which enters on its south side, near 600 miles from the Mississippi, are the most important of its branches. The most considerable streams which enter the Mississippi, in this terri- tory, are the St. Peter's, Lower Iowa, and the river Des Moines. The St. Peter's enters the Mississippi about 10 miles below the falls of St. Anthony, by a mouth 150 yards wide, and a depth of 15 feet water. Fort Snelling, a military garrison belonging to the United States, stands on the south bank of the Mississippi, at the junction of the two rivers. It is the most remote post in this section of the Union. The other military posts of the United States are Cantonment Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, a short distance above the Little Platte, and beyond the western limits of the State of Mis- souri. Cantonment or Fort Gibson, is situated on Grand River, two miles ! above its junction with the Arkansas. This is the most remote point of j steam-boat navigation on the Arkansas river, it being 640 miles from the! Mississippi by the meanders of the river. FortTowson is on the Kiameche,! a branch of the Red River, just above its junction with that stream, and a| few miles beyond the western boundary of Arkansas territory. These posts are all garrisoned by United States' troops, and are intended to check 320 GENERAL VIEW OF and keep in awe the Indian tribes in their vicinity. On our General Map of the United States will be found Fort Calhoun, at the Council Bluffs, on the Missouri river, a short distance above the Platte river. This was a mili- tary station of the United States, but has been for some time abandoned. Fort Mandan, on the north bank of the Missouri, not far below the Little Missouri, was the wintering place of Lewis and Clark, in 1 804-5, on their journey to the Pacific Ocean. This is still retained, though improperly, on maps. OREGON TERRITORY. To this region the United States have acquired a title by the Louisiana treaty, by the discovery of the principal river, and by interior exploration. It is, however, contested by Great Britain, who claims, not that the title is in her, but that the region is unappropriated, and open to the first comer. By a convention concluded in 1828, to last twelve years, it was agreed between the United States and Great Britain that neither government should take possession of it, or occupy it, to the exclusion of the other, during the period of the convention, which either party might renounce upon giving twelve months' notice. This territory has been so named in the congressional discussions that have taken place in reference to the country. It was first discovered by the Spaniards, who, however, did not penetrate into the interior. In 1791 Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston, entered the great river of this region, and from him it received the name of his ship. The celebrated navigator, Capt. Vancouver, was then at Nootka Sound, and the discovery was very frankly and fortunately communicated to him, who sent one of his principal officers to examine the channel, and in his narrative admits the fact ; thus placing the right of prior discovery in the United States, beyond dispute, on British evidence. In 1805, Lewis and Clark were sent out by the United States' Government, for the express purpose of exploring this country : they navigated the Missouri to its source, and crossing the Rocky Mountains, descended the Columbia river to the Pacific Ocean, and spent the winter on its shores ; they returned by the same river to the mountains, and most of the exact information that we have of the country is from them. The question of settling this territory permanently, has been more than once debated in Congress : were such settlement author- ized, and rendered secure by the requisite military establishments, there can be no doubt that it would receive large accessions of settlers. Some attempts have been made by individuals to induce the United States' Government to take possession formally of the territory; and in 1810, a private expedi- tion, at the expense and under the direction of John Jacob Astor, Esq. of New York, actually formed an establishment, and named the principal depot Astoria. This colony of 120 men, went out well provided for trade and agriculture. Two years after the first settlement of Astoria, they had established themselves at five other places ; these posts, however, have not been sustained : some have been abandoned, and others have passed into the possession of the British Hudson's Bay Company, which has trading establishments, Extending through various parts of this region, from the mountains to the Pacific. The boundary of this great region on the north OREGON TERRITORY. 321 is the parallel of 54° 40',* north latitude, which forms a provisional bound- ary line between this territory and the Russian American possessions ; on the south the parallel of 42° north latitude separates it from the Republic of Mexico ; on the east is the territory of Missouri ; and on the west the Pacific Ocean. The surface of the country, so far as it is known, is bro- ken and mountainous ; it is traversed on its eastern boundary by the vast ridges of the Rocky Mountains, many of the elevated peaks of which rise above the limits of perpetual congelation. Westward of the mountains the country descends by regular slopes, in form of immense terraces or descend- ing plains, disposed regularly one below the other. At the distance of from 120 to 160 miles from the Pacific, and nearly parallel with the coast, a range of mountains extend, which have as yet received no general desig- nation ; the highest peaks have been named Mount Jefferson, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helen's, Mount Regnier, &c. The only rivers explored in this territory are the Columbia or Oregon, and its branches. This noble stream has its head waters near those of the Missouri, and collects its tribute for a wide extent along the western dividing ridges of the Rocky Mountains ; its principal tributaries are Lewis', Clark's or Flat Head, M'Gillivray's, Okina- gan, and the Multnomah rivers. The Columbia and its branches abound in the finest salmon, which seem to constitute the chief article of food of the natives west of the Rocky Mountains. Seals and other aquatic animals are taken in great numbers, and the skins shipped to China, which consti- tutes one of the chief articles of trade from this part of the world. The country bordering on the Columbia and its branches, is represented as hav- ing a good soil, and is covered with heavy timber, consisting chiefly of various species of fir ; many of the trees being of enormous height. The other rivers of any note are the Caledonia and Frazer's or Tacoutche Tesse, (and its principal tributary Thompson's river) : these flow into the Gulf of Georgia. On the head waters of the two last mentioned streams, the Hudson's Bay Company has some trading houses or forts. There are several lakes in this region; the largest are Flat Bow, the Upper and Lower Lakes of the Columbia, Caledonia Lake, the source of the river of that name, and the Okinagan Lake, from which flows a considerable branch of the Columbia. On the coast of this territory are the countries, denomi- nated by British navigators. New Georgia, and New Hanover ; and imme- diately north of the northern head waters of the Columbia, and west of the Rocky Mountains, is New Caledonia. Of these remote countries but little is known with certainty. There are numerous tribes of Indians west of the Rocky Mountains, the whole numbers of which, within this territory, are estimated at 100,000. Some of these are singularly designated, as Flat Heads, Flat Bows, Pointed Hearts, Pierced Noses, &c. The Shoshones or Snake Indians, are the most powerful, and are supposed to amount to about 15,000. The representation of this region on our general map of the United States, is probably more complete, for its scale, than any other extant : in addition to what is found in the latest maps, many items of information, derived from the late work entitled Ross Cox's Adventures on * By an inadvertence in the engraving of our general Map of the United States, the north- ern boundary line of this territory has been carried along the parallel of 54°.north latitude, instead of 54° 40'. Those who may consult this part of the map will please consider this. The i(Po{ latitude will be a belt of about 46^ English miles, which should be added on and north of the engraved line. 322 GENERAL VIEW OF the Columbia River, have been introduced into it. The climate on the coast of the Pacific is believed to be milder than on the same parallels of latitude on the Atlantic. When Lewis and Clark left this country in March, the prairies were in blossom, and the forwardness of the season seems to have corresponded with that of North Carolina, at the same period. The win- ters are rainy, and among the mountains the cold is very severe* OUISCONSIN TERRITORY. (Pronounced Wiscon'sin.) This vast region has hitherto been politically connected with Michigan ; but as that territory has as distinct geographical limits as any State in the Union, and this region is only connected with it by circumstances of a tem- porary nature, which no doubt will in a short period cease to exist, it is evident that this section of the United States ought to be viewed, geograph- ically at least, as a territory by itself. It is in length, from east to west, about 550 miles, and 400 in breadth, from north to south ; the area is about 100,000 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior and the British Possessions ; south by the State of Illinois ; east by Lake Michi- gan, and west by the Mississippi river, and by a line drawn from its source to the northern boundary of the United States, which separates it from Mis- souri territory. The principal rivers, besides the Mississippi, are the Ouis- consin, Chippeway, St. Croix, and Rum River, all of which flow into the Mississippi. The streams which run into Lake Superior are numerous, but brief in their length of course ; the most considerable of them are the St. Louis, Montreal, Ontonagon, and Huron. The Mennomonie, Wolf, and Fox rivers flow into Green Bay. The largest tributary of the Mississippi, in this territory, is the Ouisconsin, which rL«?es in the northern interior of the country, and has a course of between 3 ?ind 400 miles, with a shallow and rapid current : it is, however, generally beatable in good stages of the water, and is 800 yards wide at its mouth. There is a portage of 1^ miles between this and Fox river ; it is over a flat prairie, so little elevated above the water level of the contiguous rivers, that small craft are navigated, in seasons of high water, from one stream to the other. The Chippeway is a considera- ble branch of the Mississippi, and enters just below Lake Pepin ; it is half a mile wide at its mouth, and is navigable for boats upwards of 100 miles. It communicates by a short portage with Lake Superior, by the Montreal river. A canal of six miles, over a perfectly level plain, would connect this stream with the preceding, and furnish a continuous navigation from Bufl^alo to the Mississippi river. On the banks of the Mennomonie, a tribu- tary of the Chippeway river, the settlements of Bloomingport and Fairport have been formed under the auspices of, and on a tract of country belonging to, the Mississippi Land Company of New York ;* the same that has been * This tract is represented on the Map. It is situated between 44° 26' and 46° north lati- tude, and 13'^ and 16° longitude west from Washington. It is principally in Crawford county, in Ouisconsin, or the territory annexed to Michigan. It is now owned and claimed by an asso- ciation of gentlemen residing principally in the State of New York, under the title of the Mississippi Land Company of New York. They claim it as grantees of the heirs of the late Captain Jonathan Carver, and their title was recognized by the chieft of the Sioux Nations, in 1821, and again formally recognized and confirmed in 1824, by the chiefs, before the late Wm. P. Van Ness, Esq. Judge of the District Court of the United "States for the Southern Dis- OUISCONSIN TERRITORY. 323 hitherto known as Carver's Tract. The soil, in the vicinity of the settle- ment, is of good quality, partaking of woodland and prairie in convenient proportions ; and the river is beatable at all seasons, except when closed by ice, affording a constant communication with the Mississippi. Green Bay settlement is situated at the outlet of Fox river, and is prosperous and thriving. Prairie du Chien is a considerable village ; it is a place of importance as an outlet from the Upper Mississippi to its lower waters. It is situated near a beautiful prairie, and at certain seasons of the year it is populous, bustling, and busy. Curious modes of justice^ and of dispatching business, have been adopted here by prescription. Frequent voyages are made from St. Louis to this place in steam and keel-boats. This is a fine region for hunt- ers : in the upper part of the country, buffaloes, elk, bears, and deer are numerous, and beavers, otters, and muskrats are taken for their furs ; the trappers and Indians roam over immense prairies in pursuit of their objects. In some parts of it, the soil is fertile ; white and yellow pine, and white birch, are common among the forest-trees. All the water-courses, ponds, and marshes are covered with wild rice, which constitutes a considerable part of the food of the inhabitants. This is a country abounding in minerals : in it lead is found in great abundance, and also copper and iron. The lead region is in the southern part of the territory ; it extends from the Ouiscon- sin to Rock river, and is probably 200 miles in length, by 100 in breadth. The ore is supposed to be inexhaustible, and very rich, yielding from 50 to 85 per cent. The southern parts of this extensive region, possess a cH- mate comparatively mild, and not much unlike that of the northern parts of Missouri. At the Falls of St. Anthony, the summers are temperate, and the winters frequently very cold. The whole population is at present esti- mated at fi'om 20,000 to 25,000. The Mississippi river was ascended above the Falls of St. Anthony, as early as 1680, by Father Hennepin, who remained some time in the coun- try, and endeavored to convert the savages to Christianity. This territory was also subsequently visited by La Hontan, who traversed it to some ex- tent ; the geographical descriptions of both are, however, difficult to be recog- nized at this time. Between the years 1766 and 1768, Capt. Jonathan Carver, an officer in the Massachusetts provincial line, who had served with reputa- tion under General Wolfe, in the conquest of Canada, visited and explored a considerable portion of this region. He remained some time among the natives, and succeeded in an eminent degree in gaining their confidence and friendship. He afterwards visited England, for the purpose of publishing an account of his travels, and obtaining remuneration from the British government for his services in the prosecution of what was certainly an object of great national advantage, the country he had explored being at that period almost entirely unknown in England. He was, however, treated trict of New York. The deed, or gift from the Indians to Captain Carver, was dated on the first of May, 1767, and is stated to have been granted for services rendered to the Indians during Carver's visit among them; and copies of it will be found in the second edition of Car- ver's Travels, published in London in 1781, and in the archives of Congress, and of the War Department of the United States. " The tract contains between eight and nine millions of " acres of land, and is described as beginning at the Falls of St. Anthony, on the east bank of " the Mississippi river, running south-east as far as the south end of Lake Pepin, where the " Chi ppeway joins the Mississippi; and from thence eastward five days' travel, accounting " twenty English miles a day ; and from thence north six days' travel, accounting twenty Eng- I " lish miles per day ; and from thence to the Falls of St. Anthony, in a direct straight line." 324 GENERAL VIEW OF OUISCONSIN TERRITORY. with marked ingratitude, and not only failed in obtaining remuneration for his services, but his charts and papers, which he had previously submitted to government, were withheld from him, so that he was prevented from pub- lishing his work until nearly ten years afterwards. There can be little doubt that the principal if not the sole reason, why Captain Carver was dis- appointed in the support he expected from the British government for his services, was owing to the peculiar condition of the American colonies and Great Britain. The work of Carver presented a favorable view of the country and its future resources, and it did not accord with the designs of the ministry of that day to give it sanction or currency. The most modern and accurate account of this country, is to be found in Colonel Long's Second Expedition. The military posts are Fort Brady, at the Sault de St. Mary ; Fort How- ard, at Green Bay ; Fort Winnebago, at the Portage, between the Fox and Ouisconsin rivers ; and Fort Crawford, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ouisconsin, below and adjoining the village of Prairie du Chien, all of which are garrisoned by troops belonging to the United States' army. A bill is now before the Congress of the United States, having for its object the admission of Michigan Proper into the Union, as a new State, and the organization of the region described above into a distinct territorial government. In the selection of a general name, for which Ouisconsin and Huron have both been proposed, the former will probably be adopted, in consequence of being the name of its principal river. The counties in this territory are Brown, Chippeway, Crawford, Iowa, and Michillimackinac, a part of which is on the eastern side of Lake Michigan. (For the popula- tion of these, see Michigan.) KTZ ftfi ^°-n^ ' <0^ *o »^V^-.%. y.-Av^.%. .»^.-Jsi:-X ..- iO^ ."5,*°' "> V' .^' VL'» ^ .0^ .!.•«- <>