Class. Book_._. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT CojapiiipKTO op $ee page HUME & PARKER, Booksellers and Stationers, 104 Main St., NORFOLK, VA. THE UPSHUR NORFOLK, VA. Manufacturers of High Grade Fertilizers, suited to every crop. Amongst others the Celebrated GOLD MEDAL Brand of Bone and Peruvian, which remains unrivalled as the Best Fertilizer for COTTON, TOBACCO, CORN and WHEAT. Also, "NEW ERA" Champion Guano, "ROYAL" Ammoniated Super-Phosphate, "EXCELSIOR" Peanut Cuano, "EXCELSIOR" Potato Guano (8 per cent. Ammonia.) IMPORTERS OF PERUVIAN GUANO, KAINIT, ACID PHOSPHATE. We keep on hand all kinds of Fertilizing: Material and Chemicals. The officers of the Company are as follows: Walter F. Irvine. President: Frank E. W ilcox, Secretary , Uas- SErrA Marsden, Treasurer; Manager and Superintendent at Factory, K. U bALNDEKs. Analysis and Purity of all goods sold by us is guaranteed. Address P. O. BOX 355. UPSHUR GUANO CO., 156 Main St.. Norfolk, Va, IL ^€fe General and Commercial Guide TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH lU-USTRATCIl Can? M. 3ones, proprietor anfc publisher. €bwart> pollock, j£fcitor. ^ flllli .V >p- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, By CARY W. JONES, Norfolk, Va In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ^4* Pollock & Barcroft's Steam Presses. PREFACE. To thousands of readers in different parts of the country, this volume will he recognized— perhaps it may he welcomed also — as an old friend under a new name. • Its predecessor, "Norfolk as a Business Centre," ran successfully through four editions, as merely a private enterprise. The present work goes forth as the authorized organ, so to speak, of the enterprising and 'public-spirited firms, corporations and individuals to whose rapacity and energy are due the rapid progress made by the sister cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth to- wards commercial greatness, during the past twenty years. The principal Trades and Industries of the two Cities will be- found to be faithfully reviewed in the succeeding pages, which will contain also the announcements of the most successful and representative houses engaged in each. Many new and handsome illustrations are scattered through the vol- ume, in addition to many others which have become familiar by previous use. The Publisher takes this opportunity of extending his best thanks to the many friends who. by their wise counsel, kindly encouragement ami mate rial support, have enabled him to overcome the many obstacles with which he was confronted, and to express his earnest hopethat great and permanent benefit may accrue to the community as the direct res//// of his labor. NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH, /flSTOR>ICAL SKETChf. [INTRODUCTION. ORD BACON, in his classification of learning, assigns to History everything that_is related ^immediately to the memory: "I would thus include," he says, "all the particular facts and events that are known by the senses, as distinguished from Philosophy, which is the sum of the general and necessary truths that are known by the reason, and from Poetry which treats the realm of the imagination." In presi nt- ing to our readers an Historical Sketch of Norfolk and Portsmouth, our space will not permit us to use the adjective with the comprehensive definition of Lord Bacon, but simply to give a brief description of the establishment, settlement and growth of this great seaport, from the time of its foundation, in 1682, until the present date, 1886. The history of Norfolk and Portsmouth, as of every other American town or city, is inseparable, in its early pages, from that of the whole Northern American Continent, which, at the time of its first settlement, went under the general name of Virginia. As the vast extent of the Continent began to be appreciated, it was found expedient to divide it into two sections — North Virginia and South Virginia, — the former embracing all the discovered territory lying to the northward of the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, and the latter extending southerly from the same poinl as far as the Cape of Florida. EARLY DAYS. In 1553, Sir Walter Raleigh, "that great ornament to the British nation," fitted out an expedition to America, but, being prevente 1 by an accident from undertaking the voyage in person, he gave the command to his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who, armed with a patent from Queen Elizabeth, authorizing him to "explore and appropriate remote and barbarous lands, unoccupied by Christian powers, and to hold them as 6 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE feoffs or estates of the Crown," sailed from Plymouth, in June of the same year, with five ships, and in due time reached Newfoundland, which he took possession of in the name of the Queen. One of his vessels had turned back when only two days out; another was abandoned at Newfoundland, and a third was lost, with nearly one hundred men; and Sir Humphrey himself, during the voyage home, went down in one of the remaining two. Raleigh, however, was not discour- aged, but, obtaining a more extensive patent, on March 25th, 1584, together with the title of "Lord Proprietor" over the whole American Continent, sent out a second expedition, consisting of two ships, commanded respectively by the nautical adventurers Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, who landed on Roanoke Island, now a part of North Carolina, on the 13th day of the following July, and immediately opened commercial negotiations with the neighbouring tribes of Indians. The result ENTRANCE TO NORFOLK HARBOR IN 186?. proved most profitable to the English commanders, who returned home with glowing accounts of their discoveries. Then it was that the gallant Raleigh bestowed upon the Colony the name of VIRGINIA, in honor of England's Virgin Queen, who, in her turn, conferred upon Raleigh the distinction of Knighthood. In 1585, Raleigh fitted out a fleet of seven ships, which left the harbor of Plymouth on the 9th of April of that year, with one hundred and eighty colonists for the coast of Virginia. Sir Richard Grenville was commander of the squadron and Ralph Lane accompanied it as Governor of the colony, with Amidas as his assistant. Thomas Harriot, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, also accompanied the expedition. Gren- ville, instead of sailing at once for the colony, cruised along the West Indies, preying upon the rich Spanish merchantmen, and thus engendered among the colonists a spirit ill calculated to educate them for peaceful tillers of the soil, and delayed their arrival on the American coast until TO NORFOLK ami PORTSMOUTH. late in June, when they barely escaped shipwreck on a point of land which, from that circumstance, was named Cape Fear. After weathering this point, they reached, by sailing up the coast, O'cracoke Inlet and landed on Roanoke Island. Harriot had been Kaleigh's tutor in mathe- matics, and, being deeply interested in the results of the expedition, did all he could to restrain the avarice of the colonists, who were more anxious to secure gold and plunder than to make a peaceful settlement of the soil. But Harriot could not control the passions of Governor Lane and the •OLD ST. PAUL'S." other colonists, and dissensions arose between them and the natives. Gov. Lane, thinking that there was a conspiracy to destroy his colony, invited the King of the natives, Wingina, and his chiefs to a conference. They came, without weapons, and, at a preconcerted signal, Lane and his men fell upon them, and murdered them all in cold blood. This made enemies of those natives who before were friends, and each party stood on the defensive. The English, their supplies exhausted, could only depend on the woods and waters for a precarious subsistence, and the arrival of Sir Francis Drake, with his fleet, who took them back to England, was their \ . 8 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL^ GUIDE only deliverance. Drake's ships were scarcely out of sight of the coast, before a vessel with supplies for the colony arrived, but, finding no one there, it returned to England. Lane and his associates having contracted a taste for smoking tobacco, which was common among the natives, carried a supply of it to England, and soon it became so popular that the demand was greater than the supply. • Referring to this remote period of Virginia's history, Col. Wm. Byrd, in his Westover Mmuscripts, quaintly remarks : "Amongst other Indian commodities, they brought over some of that bewitching vegetable, to- bacco, and, this being the firs£ that ever came to England, Sir Walter thought he could do no less than make a present of some of the brightest of it to his royal mistress for her own smoking. The Queen graciously UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL PORTSMOUTH. accepted of it, but, finding her stomach sicken after two or three whiffs, it was presently whispared by the Earl of Leicester's faction that Sir Walter had certainly poisoned her. But Her Majesty, soon recovering her disorder, obliged the Countess of Nottingham and all her maids to smoke a whole pipe out amongst them." It is said that Qoeen Elizabeth herself afterwards became enamored of the weed, and that on one occasion, while she was smoking, Raleigh made her a wager that he could tell the weight of the smoke that she puffed from her lips in a given time, The Queen accepted the wager, Raleigh weighed the tobacco he put into her pipe, and, after she had smoked it, weighed the ashes, and claimed as the weight of the smoke the difference between the two. The Queen acknowledged that she had lost, but insisted TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 9 that he was the first alchemist who had turned smoke into gold. A modern chemist, however, would dispute the correctness of his test. Raleigh was not disheartened by his reverses, but the report of* his friend Harriot was so satisfactory that, in 1587, he sent out another colony under Governor John White, with a squadron of three ships, who sailed for Chesapeake Bay, where the Proprietor intended to establish a settlement. White reached Roanoke Island and found the fort built by Lane destroyed, and the huts overgrown with weeds and inhabited by deer. PLTROELL HOUSE, Ben. R. Brown & Co., Proprietors. While there, Manteo, a friendly native, came with his mother and relatives from Croatan Island and invited the visitors to his domain ; White took the opportunity to baptize Manteo, and conferred on him the title of Baron, and "Lord of Roanoke," the first and last peerage ever created within the borders of our Republic. Shortly afterwards White returned to England. He left as colonists 89 men, 17 women and 2 children. One of these was his daughter, Eleanor, who had married Mr. Dare, one of the Governor's assistants. Mrs. Dare, about a month afcer her arrival, gave birth to the first child of 10 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL filTDK English parents born in the New World, and called, her name Virginia, after the Province. Governor White carried back with him a quantity of potato plants, and, touching at Ireland, left there the germs of what has since become the staple crop of the Emerald Isle. When he reached Eng- land great excitement prevailed from the threatened invasion of the Span- iards, and it was not until April, 1588, that, by great exertion, Ealeigh was able to send White back with two ships loaded with supplies. In- stead of taking a straight course for Virginia, White cruised to secure Spanish plunder, and his vessels became so unseaworthy that he was com- pelled to return to England and it was not until 1590, that, with two ships, lie reached Roanoke Island, to find it deserted. What had become of the colonists is a mystery to this day. " Perhaps," says a writer, "The ' Lord of Roanoke' had taken them to Croatan Island, and, twenty years THE WHARVES OF NORFOLK IN 1865. after, when Jamestown was settled, Virginia Dare was a fair young Indian Queen. Who can tell ? " Thus ended Sir Walter Raleigh's fruitless efforts to establish his colony of Virginia. He had spent £40,000, and at Queen Elizabeth's death, in 1603, there was not, so far as is known, a single Englishman established in America. The gifted Raleigh had staked his all, his hopes of advancement and emolument, the smiles of his sovereign and the success of his life upon this, his gigantic effort to gain a footing in the " New World," to be called Virginia, in honor of his Queen. He failed, and his head was the price paid for his service. But the spirit of Raleigh animated others of his countrymen, and ten years after his death his scheme for colonizing Virginia was accomplished, and a settlement made at Jamestown. On the 19th of December. 1606, Captain Christopher Newport, with three small vessels and one hundred and five colonists, left England for TO NORFOLK AND I'ORTSMOUTIF. 11 the " New World." This was the first colony sent out by the London Company. They profited by the experience of former expeditions, and selected some score of farmers and mechanics to accompany the expedi- tion. Captain Newport, being unacquainted with the direct course, did not reach land until April, 1607, and while searching for Roanoke Island he encountered a severe storm, which compelled him to take refuge in Chesapeake Bay on the 26th of that month. Newport named the two headlands of this noble bay, capes Charles and Henri/, in honor of the two sons of his sovereign, James I., and from the comfortable harbor he found in the vast roadstead which flows into the bay opposite its mouth, he named the northern point "Point Comfort.'" After rounding this point he sighted a beautiful river, which, in honor of his King, he named the James. The fleet sailed up the river some distance, and on the 13th NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILROAD STATION". of May selected a site for the colony and began the settlement of dames- town. To Captain John Smith the success of this settlement is mainly duo. To his indomitable energy and wise policy the colony was indebted for its very existence during the troublous times of its early days, and his friendly acts towards the natives served him in the moment of peril when he was saved from instant death by Pocahontas. The history of this great man, the noblest type of the earliest settlers, is as familiar as household words, and needs no further notice at our hands. NORFOLK ESTABLISHED ASA TOWN. On the 8th of June, 1680, one hundred and eighty-eight years after the discovery of America, and seventy-three after the settlement of Jamestown, an Act of Assembly was passed which authorized the purchase of fifty 12 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE acres of land for the town of Norfolk. In 1662, two hundred acres of the land now included in the city of Norfolk, belonged to Lewis Vandermull, who that year, sold it to Nicholas Wise, Sr., a shipwright. The act for the purchase of this land was called "an Act for co-habita- tiora and encouragement of trade and manufacture,'' and instructs that the price paid for "the land shalbe tenn thousand pounds of tob.icco and caske, which sum the owner or owners thereof shalbe and are hereby constrained to accept, take, and receive, as free and valueable price for the said land forever." This act assigned to any person who would BIRD'S EYE VIEW FROM CUSTOM HOUSE build a dwelling and warehouse upon it, half an acre of said land in fee simple, on payment to the county of one hundred pounds of tobacco and cask, the building to be commenced within three months after assignment The act further required all produce of the colony to be brought to the warehouses established, one in each settlement, under this act, for storage, sale or shipment, and the penalty for failure to comply with this act was a forfeiture of the products. The act also provided, that " all goods, wares, English servants, negroes and other slaves and merchandise whatsoever that shalbe imported into this colony from and after the 29th TO NORFOIK AND VORTSMOT'TH. 13 14 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE day of September, which shalbe in the yeare 1681, shalbe landed on shore, bought and sould at such appointed places aforesaid, and at noe other place whatsoveer, under like penalty and forfeiture thereof." Tobacco sent to these warehouses was exempt from all executions, attachment, etc- So important was the establishment of trade marts considered, that it was further provided that all who would " cohabitt, dwell, and exercise their trades within the said appointed place,'' should be exempt from the arrest of their persons or seizure of their property for debts previously contracted, for five years, from the publication of the act. In pursuance of this authority, a tract which forms the north-western portion of the present City of Norfolk, was purchased, in 1682, for ten MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH STREET. thousand pounds of tobacco, from Nicholas "Wise, a carpenter, whose father had acquired some reputation as a local ship builder. We are told that the name Norfolk, was originally bestowed upon the district, (afterwards County,) " by one Col. Thorogood, one of the earliest settlers, in honor of his native county in England ; " and a similar senti- ment of patriotism would appear to have suggested the designation of other towns and localities in Virginia, which abounds in names borrowed from the mother-country. From this time forward the town appears to have enjoyed a long period of almost uninterrupted prosperity, during which her population continued to "increase and multiply" and her commercial influence to expand, for TO NORFOLK AND POUTSMOITII. 15 in September, 1736, she was formally incorporated, by royal charter, as a Borough, with a Mayor, Recorder and eight Aldermen. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. In 1775, however, the war-cloud of the Revolution burst over the un- happy country, and Norfolk was called upon to bear her share, or more than her share, of its horrors. Her burgesses were especially exasperated by the arbitrary conduct of Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Vir- ginia, who appropriated her harbor for the use of his fleet, and abused his power by many acts of tyranny. Having suffered defeat at the hands of the Colonists, under Col. Woodford, two weeks previously, near Great Bridge, Lord Dunmore proceeded, on New Year's day, 1776, to bombard and burn Norfolk, which he did so effectually that nearly the whole town was reduced to ashes and abandoned by her ruined people. During this THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, PORTSMOUTH. bombardment one of the cannon-balls from Lord Dunmore's fleet struck the east end of St. Paul's Church and imbedded itself in the wall, where it remains, a cherished souvenir, to this day. This wholesale destruction of property was, of course, a heavy and cruel blow to the young Borough, but so richly had she been endowed by boun- tiful Nature that, immediately after the cessation of active hostilities, numbers of merchants and speculators flocked in to avail themselves of her conspicuous advantages, and it is from this point that the real im- portance of Norfolk, as a great seaport, may be said to date. THE DISMAL SWAMP CANAL. Six years had scarcely elapsed since American Valor had firmly and finally established American Independence, before the trade of Norfolk had assumed such imposing proportions that some means of transports- 16 «EN"ERAL AND f'OMMERCTAL GUIDE tion, other than the natural channels, were deemed necessary to its accom- modation. After considerable discussion and delay, a charter was obtained by the States of Virginia and North Carolina, nnder which the Dismal Swamp Canal was commenced in 1787, for the purpose of forming a more direct highway between the inland navigable waters of the two States. The magnitude of this enterprise may to some extent be esti- mated by the fact that the Canal was not opened for navigation until 1828, having occupied more than forty years in its construction. It has conferred incalculable benefit upon Norfolk and Portsmouth, as well as upon the section of country which it traverses, and is now the property of a flourishing joint-stock company. It passes through one of the richest MARKET SQTJATJE, NORFOLK. lumber regions in the world, and has found its principal traffic in that essential commodity. GOSPOET NAVY YAED ESTABLISHED. The next important event which helped to shape the destiny of the sister cities was the establishment on the south bank of the river (now known as the Portsmouth side) of the Gosport Navy Yard in the first year of the present century and almost simultaneously with the death of the greatest of patriots and heroes — George Washington. The land was ceded by the Governor of Virginia to the United States Government by the authority of the General Assembly. This gave a new and healthy inpetus to the seaport's growth and was welcomed by her enterprising merchants as a veritable godsend. TO NORFOLK AND I'OKTsMOl'Tll. i; The town of Portsmouth sprang up rapidly, and promised to rival, if not eclipse, her elder sister, Norfolk. But, fortunately, a community of interests governed the influential classes of both towns, and their efforts were directed towards the establishment of a great common sea- port and business centre which should eventually develop into the main gate-way of commerce for the Middle Atlantic States. That this noble and patriotic object has been fully achieved, we shall presently demon- strate, on the infallible testimony of accumulated statistics. is GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE THE WAR OF 1812. In 1804, during his tour of Canada and the United States, Norfolk was visited by Erin's sweetest poet, Tom Moore, of melodious memory ! At this time, and during the few years that immediately followed, the Port seems to have made rapid strides in her ambitious path, and her possesions were deemed worthy of special protection, for Craney Island, at the mouth of the Eiver, was strongly fortified and garrisoned. And it was fortunate that this precaution had been so wisely taken, for in 1812 America de- clared war against Great Britain, and in June of the following year the enemy's fleet sailed proudly into Hampton Roads, for the avowed purpose of blockading the port and capturing our shipping. The Admiral, how- ever, had calculated without his host, for no sooner had he hauled within range, than the Craney Island batte.iies opened upon him with terrible THE NORFOLK STORAGE CO.'s WAREHOUSE. effect and compelled him to retire in shame and confusion. Indeed, so warm was his reception on that occasion, that he sailed away deeply, if not favorably, impressed with the substantial and self-sacrificing nature of that " Virginian hospitality " which was a well recognized characteristic of our people even in those early days. EAPID PROGRESS. During the next few decades nothing of consequence occurred to bring our Port into unusually prominent notice, or disturb the placid current which bore her along, with ever increasing speed, towards that important commercial position which, ere long, she was destined to occupy. Her shipping, however, had daily become more numerous, and she had multi- plied her docks and wharves for their accommodation. The low. swampy ground, which had formerly disfigured the towns and generated malaria, had in many places been filled in, and the streets widened and improved. Bridges and causeways had opened convenient communication with the TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 10 surrounding country and enhanced the value of suburban property. A steam ferry had been established between Norfolk and Portsmouth, and had brought into more intimate contact the dwellers on the opposite shores of the broad Elizabeth. Frequent fires had destroyed many of the ancient landmarks, and handsome new structures had taken their place. Births and marriages and deaths had left their customary footprints upon the social sands, and the population went on increasing! Lafayette, the earliest foreign friend of the American Republic, had paid Norfolk a visit in 1824, and had been welcomed with open arms In 1832 the State Legislature, which had hitherto appointed the Mayor of Norfolk, granted to the " freeholders " the privilege of electing that official. The year 1836 had been duly celebrated as the " Centennial " of Norfolk's incorporation THE OCEAN HOUSE. POKTSMOUTH. H. P. Harrington. Manager. as a Borough, and the following year had been marked by a brief visit from Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French. INCORPORATED AS A CITY. But the crowning glory of all occurred on February 13th, 1845, when, by an Act of the General Assembly, Norfolk's charter was amended, and she was launched upon the world with all the honors, privileges and responsibilities of a full-fledged City. With this important crisis for our starting point, we will now proceed to review briefly the principal events which have marked the succeeding years of our beloved Seaport's career, having special regard, however, to those influences which have mainly led to her developement into one of the most prosperous and important commercial depots on the coast of the North Atlantic. ... 20 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE. GEOGRAPHICAL. For the information of those to whom the geographical location of Nor ' folk and Portsmouth is not well known, we will here, with the indulgence of our resident readers, digress for a few moments, in order to describe those natural advantages which the intelligence and enterprise of the inhabitants have turned to such profitable account. Situated in latitude 36°, 50\ 50", the subtle but potent charm of their temperate climate has doubtless contributed no little to the success of their original settlement and subsequent growth. The haibor, which is both commodious and well BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF HARBOR, LOOKING TOWARDS GOSrORT. protected, is unsurpassed along this extended seaboard for depth, safety and capacity. Approached by a channel twenty-eight feet deep, it is open to the largest vessels in the mercantile service, while upon its broad, calm bosom might float, uncrowded, the navies of the world. Immediately opposite Norfolk, and about a mile distant, lies her sister City, Ports- mouth ; while the point to the eastward, formed by the confluence of the Eastern and Southern branches of the Elizabeth River, is occupied by the busy village of Berkley. The lazy current runs seaward in a north- westerly direction, until, at a distance of eight miles from the city, it TO NORFOLK ANT) PORTSMOUTH. 21 flows into Hampton Roads, of which the following is the official descrip- tion furnished by the United States Coast Survey : '•Hampton Roadstead is formed by the confluence of the James, Nan- semond and Elizabeth Rivers, and is bounded on the north by Old Point Comfort and the Hampton shore to Newport's News; on the east by a line drawn from Old Point Comfort Lighthouse to the Rip Raps, and continued to the west end of Willoughby bank ; on the south by Wil- loughby Bay and SewelPs Point Spit; and on the south-west and west by a line drawn from Se well's Point to Newport's News Point. Between these limits the Roads are about four miles long, with a depth of from four to fifteen fathoms, and excellent holding ground. At the eastern boundary the anchorage is three-quarters of a mile wide, and gradually widens towards the south-westward until abreast of the western end of THE NATIONAL SOLDIERS' HOME, HAMPTON. Hampton Bar, where it is a mile and three-eights wide, between the lines of three fathoms." We must remember that the above distances are given in nautical miles of 2,028 yards— over 15 per cent, more than the statute mile. This noble harbor empties its tide into Chesapeake Bay at Old Point Comfort, whence it reaches the Ocean through the gateway formed by Cape Charles and Cape Henry, known as "The Capes of Virginia," within one degree of which, to the south-eastward, flows the genial current of the famous Gulf Stream. Of all the harbors on the North Atlantic Coast, that of Norfolk is. without doubt, the most highly favored, being open to the ocean, from which it is also abundantly sheltered; of infinite capacity; at a safe dis- tance from the Northern region where ice blockades periodically threaten shipping and impede commerce : unobstructed by those reefs and bars 22 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE which render the seaports of the South at all times dangerous and Often inaccessible ; and having an enormous extent of agricultural country and forest lands directly tributary to it as the natural distributing point for its products, whether to the markets within the domains of the United States or to those of Transatlantic Nations. But we are not compelled to look only seaward in order to realize the superior commercial situation of Norfolk and Portsmouth, for we find by referring to the map that, by actual measurement, the vast and fertile ter- ritory comprising the States of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, '*Orff Tn5, CITY HALL. NORFOLK. Illinois, and those lying to the southward of them, is nearer this Port than New York, and must, sooner or later, become tributary to the former, as its enormous products increase in volume and demand new channels for cheap and rapid transportation. RETEOSPECTIVE. But to resume our retrospect: — Norfolk, as we have shown, was raised to the dignity of a City in 1845, from which date her track' appears to have received a new and powerful stimulus and to have developed with almost phenomenal rapidity. A spirit of enterprise also manifested itself among her merchants as well as in her municipal Council Chambers, and TO XOKFOLK A XI) I'OUTSMi H'Tfl . 88 resulted in many public improvements, among which we may mention the building of the present City Hall, the corner-stone of which was laid on August 23rd, 1847, with ;ill the "pride, pomp and circumstance"' of the Masonic ceremonial. Wise measures, pointing to the sanitary welfare of the City, were also adopted, including an excellent system of drainage and the reclamation of certain marshy hollows, whence emanated unwhole- some effluvia Here and there the sky was pierced by n graceful church UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE AMD FO.Si' urVlUi: XOtiKOLK. spire betokening the zealous piety of at least a portion of the community, while the erection of public hospitals and other similar institutions bore evidence of the charity and benevolence of all. THE FIRST RAILROAD. The year 1850 is a memorable one in our Seaport's history, for it wit- nessed the opening of her first railroad communication with her outer 24 GENERAL and commercial gttide world. On the 9th of Novemher the Norfolk and Suffolk section of the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad was completed, and the occasion was celebrated by a grand excursion which initiated a large number of our citizens into the mysteries, pleasures and discomforts of the "Iron Road." A year later the line was extended as far as Weldon, N. C, and almost simultaneously a public meeting was called to consider the feasibility of building a railroad to Petersburg, which resulted shortly afterwards in the formation of the Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad Company, to whose MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, LOOKING WEST FROM BANK STREET. capital stock the City of Norfolk subscribed $200,000, in December, 1852. The wisdom of this liberal measure has been amply vindicated, although at the time it met with some opposition. In the following year the Com- pany was formally organized and the work begun, but the road was not completed till 1859. At Petersburg it connected with the Southside Road, the western terminus of which was at Lynchburg, where it joined the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, thus forming a through line from Norfolk to Bristol, a distance of 401 miles. These three corporations TO NORFOLK AND PORTS MO ITU. 25 were subsequently consolidated and became the Atlantic .Mississippi & Ohio (noAv Norfolk & Western) Railroad Company. But we arc anticipating, and must "try back " to 1853, in which year the Norfolk Agricultural Society gave its first exhibition, which proved in all respects a most successful enterprise. It may truly be said of this Society and its successors, that they conferred a permanent and incalcul- able benefit upon the City and the surrounding country by fostering and THE UPSHUR GUANO CO.'S FACTORY, BERKLEY. encouraging agriculture in all its branches, and in developing the various mechanical industries upon which the tillers of the soil depend for their very existence. THE YELLOW PL AG UK. Pursuing our narrative with chronological arrangement, we now come to the darkest and saddest page in the annals of our Sister Cities. In the summer of 1855 an ocean steamer arrived in our waters having on board 26 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE a sailor infected with Yellow Fever. He died and was buried, but the fell disease was not to be satisfied with a single victim, and its pestilential breath was carried by the once healthful breezes into the very heart of the thriving communities on both sides of the harbor, spreading horror and desolation such as had never before, (and, thank God, have never since) been witnessed in Virginia or her neighboring States. For four months the fearful plague continued its ghastly work of destruction, and thou- sands of our people, regardless of color or class distinctions, perished helplessly under the fatal scourge. If so dire a calamity can be said to have possessed anyone bright element, it was surely to be discerned in the tender sympathy and noble self-sacrifice which it evoked from every sec- tion of the country on behalf of the stricken and bereaved. DISCIPLES' CHURCH. NORFOLK. When at last the fury of the pestilence had been appeased, and its brood- ing venom had been dissipated by the frosty blasts of October, we find the sorrowful but brave survivors returning to their gloomy homes and resum- ing their former avocations — with saddened hearts, indeed, but with a courage and determination for which we can find no adequate words of praise. Many of Norfolk's and Portsmouth'- most active and valued citizens were missing when the roll was called, and many a familiar voice, that had been wont to revive ambition and inspire confidence with its words of timely counsel and cheering encouragement, was now silent forever. But the decimated ranks were speedily rallied and the vacant places filled with new recruits, and for a time the work of progress went bravely on. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 27 THE ALBEMARLE & CHESAPEAKE CANAL. Meantime the Twin Cities of the Elizabeth had not been unmindful of those interests which were to attract to their markets the products of the surrounding back country by providing easy and direct channels for their transportation. The Dismal Swamp Canal, to which we have already referred, had proved of immense value as an available highway communi- cating with portions of North Carolina, and another kindred enterprise, the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, bad been in progress for some time past, and was opened for traffic in January, 1850, when the first boat load of produce was towed by one of the Company'? steamers through its locks and landed on our wharves. Several regular lines of steamers, plying between this Harbor and other Atlantic seaports, bad also been in active operation for several years, mmBM VIRGINIA REACH HOTEL, J. P. Hprbach. Proprietor. including the New York Line and the Bay Line of Baltimore. To these were added in .lanuary,U860, the Boston Line which was establishsd to run in connection with the Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad. THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, in 1861, as President of the United States, was immediately followed, "as everybody knows," by the confederation of the Southern States and their secession from the Union. It is entirely beyond our province to record the events of the cruel war that ensued, although their influence upon the commercial standing of our two Cities was great and permanent. We may state in general terms, however, that during the whole disastrous strife, the Port of Norfolk and Portsmouth, if only by reason of its geographical situation, was necessa- 28 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE rily a " warm corner," and produced many as true heroes and heroines as ever drew sword or shed a tear for the " Lost Cause." After four seemingly interminable years of the most unnatural war in which civilized people had ever engaged, "meek-eyed Peace " once more shed her gentle influence over the blood-stained land, and in 1865, the surviving remnant of our brave contingent marched sorrowfully home- ward. Our two Cities had experienced many vicissitudes under military rule. Their gallant sons had defended their battlements while still a pos- sibility of success remained. After their evacuation they had submitted to the gentle (?) and humane (?) government of the Federal General, Ben- jamin F. Butler, surnamed "The Beast." They had gloried in the bril- liant achievements of their distant warriors, and had suffered agony too deep for tears over the later tidings of disaster and defeat. But it was over at last, thank God, and the returned soldier gladly resumed his former peaceful calling, determined to restore his home, with all convenient speed, to its past condition of tranquility and comfort. RECUPERATION. It was only too apparent, however, that many years of patient industry MASONIC TEMPLE. NORFOLK. must elapse before this district could hope to recover from the shock it had sustained. Our principal communications by land and water had been rendered practically valueless, having suffered serious damage which there was neither money nor credit to repair. Our commercial connections had been scattered to the four winds, and our back country laid waste- But it was not in the nature of our plucky citizens to be disheartened by such trifles as these. The new system of ruinous taxation and the greatly increased cost of living, combined with the hateful military rule under which it had pleased the Conquerors to place us, were additional obstacles, to be sure, but their undaunted courage was more than equal to the emergency, and we find that several new enterprises were inaugurated almost immediately after the termination of the war. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. WW 30 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE In the fall of 1865, the Virginia and North Carolina Immigration and Colonization Company, was incorporated, and the Merchants' and Manu- facturers' Exchange of Norfolk and Portsmouth Avas reorganized, after having heen closed for four years. OUR RAILROAD FACILITIES. Early in 1866, the Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad was repaired and reopened, having been almost demolished during the war, and was con- solidated, in 1870, with the Southside and Virginia & Tennessee Roads, as we have already stated, under the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi rtiiiii iuiSjjiij .fer-v. & Ohio Railroad, with a charter that provided for its extension to connect with the system of Kentucky Roads, and authorized a loan of $15,000,000, a large portion of which was negotiated in Europe. The line was immediately placed in excel- lent condition and thoroughly equipped throughout its whole length. This con- solidation brought us at once into direct communication with the interior, as far west as Memphis, and bestowed upon this Port advantages to which it had hitherto been a stranger. Through freights are now delivered at this terminus from the cities of the Far West, and through bills of lading are given at points on the Mississippi for cotton and other produce passing over this line to Liverpool and other foreign NORFOLK NATIONAL BANK. ports. THE NORFOLK & WESTERN R. R. A glance at the map will show that the Norfolk & Western (formerly the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio) Railroad with its connections, whose name is Legion, traverses the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Ala- bama and Mississippi, and is in several instances intersected by other trunk lines leading to all the larger Western Cities. Among others Ave may mention the Cincinnati Southern, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis, the Nashville & St. Louis, the Alabama & Chattanooga and the Vicksburg & Meridian Roads, Avhich, with their respective ramifications, leave scarcely a spot on this side of the Rocky Mountains beyond our reach. When it is remembered that a considerable proportion of the enormous grain and cotton yield of the prolific Western and South-western States must seek ultimate shipment from the Atlantic Coast, it will readily be seen that over the Norfolk & Western Railroad, in connection with our TO NORFOLK ANT) PORTSMOUTH. 31 coastwise steam lines, immense freights are shipped daily between the Northern Cities and all points South and West, via Norfolk and Ports- mouth. But this is not all. Our Port gives to this line exactly the outlet it needs for the enormous traffic offered to it in coal and we are glad to see that the Company fully appreciates the value of our situation in that respect. The steamships which seek this harbor will naturally find it to their advantage to take their supply of fuel from the place at which they receive or discharge their cargoes, and, knowing this to be the fact, the Norfolk & Western Railroad Company intend to exert every energy in order to make Norfolk harbor one of the largest coaling stations on the coast; and for this purpose they have erected upon their new terminal property at Lambert's Point, about four miles from the City, several large coal WARD MEMORIAL HALL, SOLDIERS' HOME, HAMPTON, piers with bins of capacity sufficient to meet all requirements, and have also extended the trestles and piers at their present depot for the accommo- dation of vessels of small tonnage. The coal territory of the South-west is being rapidly developed, and the output of this mineral is increasing daily. New mines will shortly be opened and this road will then be taxed to its utmost to move the immense yield. It is also under consideration by this enterprising Company to build at Lambert's Point a grain elevator of about 300,000 bushels capacity, which will be so constructed as to admit of its being enlarged at small cost as occa- sion may require, and we are very sanguine that W estern shippers will, before long, recognize the advantages offered by this Port for the shipment of th leir oram. 32 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GtlDE THE SEABOARD & ROANOKE R. R. The Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad, between Portsmouth and Wei don, had also suffered heavily during the war, but was repaired and put in good running order shortly after the restoration of peace. This road forms a connecting link between our dual Seaport and the whole system of roads throughout the Southern States, and is consequently one of the main arteries of our trade. At Weldon, N. C, it meets the Raleigh & Gaston Road, leading to Raleigh, the Capital City of North Carolina, where it joins the Raleigh & Augusta Road leading to Hamlet, and there intersects the Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to Charlotte, at which point we find roads running to Asheville, Columbia, Augusta, and other Cities whence direct communication is maintained with New Orleans. All these Roads, with one or two exceptions, give through bills of lad- ing to Norfolk or Portsmouth and constitute what is known as the "Sea- AMERIOAN FEftTILIZIXG CO.'S WAREHOUSE, NORFOLK. board Air Line System." The Seaboard and Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link between this Port and the Roads composing " The Atlantic Coast Line." This system, with its trunk roads, extends the whole distance from Portsmouth to Jacksonville, Florida, taking in the chief seaport cities, and is moreover fed by numerous tributary Roads run- ning up through the central and western parts of the Carolinas and Georgia. THE NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA & NORFOLK R, R. In the Fourth Edition of Norfolk as a Business Centre, published in 1884, (of which this volume is the successor.) mention was made of a new Railroad, then only in contemplation, designed to connect Delmar, in the State of Delaware, with some point on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, within easy reach by steamboat of Norfolk and Portsmouth. In the brief tO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 33 interval that has since elapsed, this line has become an established fact, and is known as the New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad. As its name indicates, it connects our Seaport with the two largest cities of the North, and, what is of infinitely greater importance, especially to the great trucking interests of this section, its route is so nearly direct that the whole distance between this harbor and New York, is traversed in eleven hours, or a saving of eight hours over the next shortest route. A powerful passenger steamboat, which also carries Pullman Sleeping and Drawing-room cars, connects Norfolk and Portsmouth with Cape Charles- near the southern extremity of the Peninsula, where the terminus of the Road is situated, — the distance between these two points, across Chesa_ peake Bay, being thirty-six miles. Thence the line is almost straight to Del mar— ninety-five miles. From Delmar to Philadelphia is 125 miles, and ninety miles further is the Commercial Metropolis of the United TILLEY'S PIANING MILL-, BERKLEY. States— New York. Passenger and freight cars go through between the extreme termini of the system — New York and Norfolk— without transfer, thus affording the only land and water transportation of its kind in the world. The scheme, when first proposed, was ridiculed as preposterous and impossible, and its successful accomplishment has not only vindicated the wisdom and crowned the ingenuity of its promoters, but has also con. ferred inestimable benefit upon the whole territory adjacent to the At- lantic Seaboard. It would, moreover, be difficult to calculate with any degree of accuracy the enormous advantages which this enterprise is des- tined to confer upon the Eastern States in the future, for the line is shortly to be extended to the southward, and we may expect, at an early date, to see Pullman cars running through Norfolk or Portsmouth from New York to Florida. Another passenger boat, capable of running eighteen miles an hour, is 34 'general and commercial guide now being bnilt for the Company, who also own three freight barges, each with a capacity of seventeen loaded cars. During the truck season, the boats will leave this Port about noon, daily, and the fruits and vegetables of this district will reach Philadelphia at midnight, and New York at 4 o'clock on the following morning, — thus saving a clear day over all pre- vious methods of transportation. This immense advantage will apply also to all truck coming to Portsmouth over the Atlantic Coast Line System, and those reaching our Port coastwise or by the Internal Naviga- tion Lines, from the Shores of Chesapeake Bay and the Sounds of Carolina. It will thus be seen that Norfolk and Portsmouth are connected by numerous and abundant avenues of transportation with all the Central MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, LOOKING EAST FROM BANK STREET. Southern and North-eastern States, which are reached by various routes affording the amplest conveniences for the carriage of their products and other freights to and fiom the best harbor on the Atlantic Coast. The reader, with the map before him, will readily understand why our Cities have attracted to themselves so large a share of these products, and already form the third Cotton Port of the United States. The great increase of cotton receipts in this port gives us the gratify- ing assurance that the planters of a large portion of the South have fixed upon Norfolk and Portsmouth as their most profitable market and most convenient port for foreign shipment, and that the future will bring us still greater and more abundant evidence of their confidence. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 35 But it is not to Cotton alone that Ave owe our commercial eminence. The products of our own State, from field and forest, pour into our mar- kets over the railroads and waterways with an ever increasing stream. HOSPITAL OF ST. VINCENT DE PAUL. The Peanut Crop of Virginia, grown principally in the Eastern Coun- ties, has increased from year to year, until its culture has become one of our most productive and profitable industries. STOCK RAISING. From South-west Virginia we receive large numbers of beeves for shipment to England and the Continent of Europe, where they command 36 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE high [trices. No section of the country produces finer cattle, and the export trade promises to grow in magnitude in proportion to the increas- ing demand in Europe for American beef. Stock farmers of the Old World, by reason of their very limited grazing lands, cannot successfully compete with those of America, and the day is even now at hand when the densely populated European States will be largely dependent upon this conntry for their meat supply. The magnificent and well watered grass lands in the Southwestern portion of this State possess an element of wealth which only needs development in order to produce enormous re- turns; and for the cattle trade of South-west Virginia, this port must always be the most advantageous shipping point to Europe. MINERAL WEALTH. But the Middle and Western Counties, through which the Norfolk & Western Eailroad passes, in addition to their agri- cultural and grazing advantages which are already fully recognized, possess hoards of incalculable wealth, deep buried beneath the soil, which are now being brought to light by the hand of science and practical industry, and which, in the near future, will be found equal, if they do not exceed, the mineral riches of any section of this vast Continent. In Tidewater Virginia the chief and most valuable of our subterranean deposits is Marl, which is found in great quantities and variety convenient to railway arid river transportation. All along the line of the Norfolk & Western Railroad fromFarm- ville to Bristol, zinc, iron and coal are found in great abundance, while copper, lead and even gold are occasionally met with. The mineral wealth of Virginia has attracted a great deal of attention during the last few years, and several mines and furnaces have been opened in the neighborhood of Lynchburg, and beyond. The proximity of the iron and coal deposits in what is known as the " Great Appalachian Coal Field," which is traversed by the Norfolk & Western Road, in South- West Virginia, affords facilities for the smelt- ing and manufacture of iron which are unsurpassed in the world. The lead mines of Wythe County have been in operation for many years and have yielded about 35,000,000 pounds. For a considerable period during the Civil War they furnished the principal supply of bullets used by the armies of the Confederacy. The development of the mineral resources of this region will greatly increase their production, and they must event- ually, either in their crude or manufactured state, come to this port for market or shipment. CITIZENS' BANK, (Main St , Norfolk) TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 37 THE CHESAPEAKE & OHIO R. R. In addition the three great Railroads already described, having their respective termini at Norfolk and Portsmouth, which with their wide- reaching connections have opened up to our trade the Southern and South- Western States, there is still another gigantic railway system which has quite recently established its Eastern terminus at Newport's News, within sight of Norfolk harbor, namely, the Chesapeake A ( >hio Railroad, through whose connections our intercourse with the West and North-west have been materially facilitated. This road traverses the richest coal and iron regions in the whole country and penetrates the fine grazing and agricul- tural lands of Kentucky, thus affording another avenue for the transpor- tion of the grain and other produce of the Central and Western States to the Atlantic seaboard. scj/-/-/r/?caaa NORFOLK COLLEGE FOR YOUNG LADIES. THE NORFOLK SOUTHERN R. R. This important Railroad was completed to Edenton. N. C, in 1882, and has already secured sufficient business, to and from the great Sound region of Carolina, to almost overtax its capacity. Its northern terminus is at the Village of Berkley, which is reached by the steam ferry from Norfolk and Portsmouth. The road is under excellent manage- ment and has met with splendid and well deserved success. When its contemplated extensions are completed it will prove yet another import- ant feeder to our markets, to which it even now carries cotton, fish and vegetables in immense and always increasing quantities. THE NORFOLK & OCEAN VIEW R. R. Of the Railroads in which Norfolk is directly interested, there now remain only two to be considered, and these two will, for the present at least, contribute as much to her pleasure as to her profit. The first and 38 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE. elder of these is the Norfolk & Ocean View Railroad, running from this City abouteight miles to the property of the Ocean View Hotel Co., by whom the Railroad is also owned. It has been very successful for the past six years as a quick and inexpensive means of escape from the heat and dust of the city, during the summer months, to the pure and bracing breezes fresh from the bosom of the deep. THE NORFOLK & VIRGINIA BEACH li. R. The other road is the Norfolk & Virginia Beach Railroad, which, as its name indicates, has its terminal points in this city and on the ocean beach of Virginia, respectively. The line is seventeen miles in length and is easily travelled in an hour. It is a charming trip to the seaside, where a FURNITURE WAREHOUSE OF AMES & STEVENS, (late S. A. Stevens & CVO handsome and commodious pavilion, capable of accommodating several thousands of guests, and a dining room with a seating capacity for eight hundred, have beem-erected by the Company. The bathing at " Virginia Beach " is said to be the best along the coast, and this young enterprise promises to rival in popularity any of the Summer Resorts from Maine to Florida, overlooking the Atlantic. OTHER RAILROADS. Among the other Railroads which, although not having their termini at Norfolk or Portsmouth, contribute nevertheless to their trade, is the Atlantic & Danville Railroad, which is already in operation from Clare- mont, on the James River, to Hickgford, a thriving village on the Peters- TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. :v.) burg & Weldon Railroad, about ninety miles from this Port. When completed it will run through some of the most fertile peanut and tobacco regions of Virginia to Danville, where it will connect with the Danville & New River Railroad, and thus reach the extreme south- western limits of the State. A large proportion of its freight will be brought here by rail or river, and the Tobacco element will probably enter shortly into our commercial negotiations. The great bulk of this crop has hitherto found its best markets in Richmond, Petersburg and the western cities of Virginia, where it is largely manufactured. There NORFOLK ACADEMY, (Dillard & Tunstall, Principals.) is at present no tobacco factory in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but we regard this industry as among the probabilities of the near future. TRANSPORTATION LINES. It must be admitted, from the above showing, that in the matter of Railroad communications, Norfolk and Portsmouth are pre-eminently blessed among Cities. Nor are they second to any seaport in the world of their size and population, as regards the number and capacity of the regular Steamboat Lines carrying passengers and freight to and from their piers. While disclaiming all intention to make " invidious distinc- tions," we shall refer to them in that order suggested by their several influences upon this port as a Business Centre, so far as the information at our command enables us to discriminate. The line which perhaps occupies the most conspicuous place, by reason 40 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE of its connection with the various railroads having their termini in the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, is the Old Dominion Steamship Com- pany, which connects us with New York on the one hand and Richmond on the other, and which for nineteen years, or more, has admirably met the demands of trade with its fine fleet of coastwise steamers running to and from our port three times a week, or oftener when occasion requires. A controlling interest in this line was purchased in February, 1882, by the Norfolk & Western. Seaboard & Roanoke and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads, as a measure of self protection and in the interest of the trade of our port. DOBIE & CO.'S COMMISSION HOUSE. The Bay Line gives us a daily passenger steamer between this port and Baltimore, with additional boats exclusively for freight, and hospitably maintains its reputation as, in more senses than one, a good feeder! The "floating palaces" of this company are at all seasons well patronized by the travelling public who have learned to fully appreciate the advantages of speed and economy, especially when combined with substantial physi- cal comfort. The Clyde Lines carry immense quantities of cotton and other produce to Philadelphia and the Northern markets and return to us laden with such manufactured articles as our necessities demand. The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company affords us direct access to Boston and the other great manufacturing cities of New Eng- TO NORFOLK AND l'ORTSMOTTH. II land, whither a considerable portion of our cotton, lor foreign and domestic consumption, finds its way annually. Besides those above mentioned, we have two steam lines running to Washington, and one to Richmond, while multitudes of smaller craft ply continually to and from the numerous towns, villages and "landings" on the rivers and sounds along the coast. LUMBER. For many years past* Norfolk has been one of the leading wood and lumber markets on the Atlantic. The canals and rivers which penetrate the great white-oak and pine forests of eastern Virginia and North Caro- lina afford cheap water transportation for the wood grown and lumber manufactured upon their banks, and the number and capacity of the saw mills tributary to this port are increasing every year. Besides the FREY BROS.' BOX FACTORY. BERKLEY. m enormous quantities of timber and lumber passing through Norfolk for domestic consumption, the trans-Atlantic trade in these commodities has of late years assumed very respectable proportions, although it may still be regarded as 'in its infancy. With the persistent application of that "push" which is one of the leading characteristics of our mercantile community, there can be little doubt as to the possibility of building up the export lumber trade until it becomes a source of magnificent revenue. PEANUTS. It is now, we presume, generally known that Virginia has become, within the last decade, the largest Peanut producing State in the Union, and that Norfolk is, par excellence, the peanut market of Virginia— that is, of the world— except, perhaps, Marseilles, France. Our trade in that article now exceeds a million and a half dollars annually, but has hitherto 42 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE be^n conducted almost exclusively with our own Northern and Western Cities. Indeed, no systematic effort has yet been made to create a foreign market for this valuable crop, but when its cultivation becomes more general, the surplus production will doubtless find a profitable sale abroad. OYSTERS. AVe feel a certain undefined delicacy, in which we trust our readers will sympathize, in referring to that modest but powerful factor in our com- mercial economy — the world-famous Norfolk Oyster. The whole of our WATER STREET, NORFOLK LOOKING EAST. harbor, with the adjoining estuaries, may be described as a vast oyster bed, and the "crop" is simply inexhaustible. Epicures and gourmets have agreed in pronouncing the Norfolk variety of this delicious bivalve to be the very finest yet discovered, as to both flavor and substance. Who has not experienced a sudden accession of appetite at the very mention of the choicest fruit-garden of the ocean — Lynnhaven Buy — which lies at the mouth of our river ? Nearly all the shallow tide-water inside the Capes of Virginia abounds with these nutritious testacea, and the trade they supply is very considerable. Many thousands of laborers find profitable employment in gathering and preparing for shipment this rich harvest of TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 4:5 Nature's Own sowing, and handsome fortunes have been realized in this important branch of our commerce. Nearly two millions of bushels pass through our market annually for distribution throughout the Old as well as the New World, and there is still plenty of room for multiplying the production almost ad infinitum. Our shoal waters also teem with an infinite variety of delicious fish, and the low lands of the eastern shore, watered by numerous rivers and creeks, form the natural feeding-ground of countless ducks, geese, swans and other wild fowl, with which our market is always abundantly sup- plied. THE CLIMATE. The delightful climate of Norfolk and Portsmouth is one of the chief HOTEL AT ROANOKE— on N. & W. R. R. attractions to the sojourner within our borders. Exempt alike from the extremes of heat in Summer and cold in Winter, our atmosphere is always temperate and salubrious, being softened and purified by the •'restless breath of Ocean.'' For many winters past, invalids from the North and West have sought shelter among us from the severity of their own climate, and many others who have merely intended to rest here for a day, en route to Florida or some other Southern sanitarium, have found in our genial latitude all that they sought, and have remained with us for awhile, to their great and lasting benefit. Snow and ice occasionally visit us about Christmas-time, as if to remind us of the recurring season, but it is very rarely that we suffer any inconvenience from the continu- ance of cold weather. 44 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE .But if the Winter be mild and genial, the Summer in this favored locality is simply delicious, especially when compared with that of the Northern and interior cities. The ocean breezes seem never to grow weary in fulfllling their merciful mission towards those who are unable to escape from the over-heated city, while the watering places of Chesapeake Bay and the ocean beach are within an hour's run, by rail or water, to those more fortunately situated. Another great source of health and comfort is the excellence of the surf bathing at these summer resorts, which is nowhere surpassed for convenience and safety. There is splendid fishing, moreover, which the disciple of the "gentle art" can enjoy to his heart's content. Our seaside Hotels also, compare most favorably with SEABOARD COTTON COMPRESS. those of the fashionable and expensive resorts of the North, and the visitor will find upon their tables all the delicacies of the land and the sea — fish, crabs, oysters, vegetables and fruit — in great abundance and of the finest quality, according to their seasons. THE SOLDIERS' HOME, HAMPTON. Centuries ago, as we have seen, Old Point Comfort was known to the hardy voyager as "a haven of rest.". Not then, as now, •'The lordly mansion and the heavenward spire. Checkered the landscape," — for only a barren strip of land was to be seen where the infrequent rushes nodded in the breeze and the fierce wolf made his lair unmolested. Still it proved"a welcome shelter to the distressed and storm-tossed mariners TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 45 who sought its friendly shore, and many a grateful voice awoke its echoes " with hymns of lofty cheer." Great changes have marked the scene since those days of peril and ad- venture, and the once desolate marshes are now reclaimed and dotted with "tower and town and hamlet," far as the eye can reach. On nearing Old Point from Norfolk, the visitor will notice from the steamer's deck, to the left of Fortress Monroe and fronting the waters of Hampton Roads, an imposing structure, surmounted by a spangled dome and surrounded by other handsome buildings, all delightfuly situated in the midst of ornamental trees and statuary, beyond which are broad stretches of highly cultivated land. This is the Southern Branch of the National Home for Disabled Veteran Soldiers. THE GOVERNOR'S RESIDENCE, SOLDIERS' HOME, HAMPTON. It was founded in 1871, by the Federal Government, as an asylum for wounded and disabled veterans, so that the original title given to this locality — Old Point Comfort — still holds good, for its beacon shines like a star of hope, and it is a veritable "haven of rest" for soldiers wrecked in war. At first only fifty inmates were sheltered, but as the location became better known for the recuperative virtues of its climate and water, the number gradu- ally increased, until at the present time sixteen hundred and fifty old sol- diers are accommodated. Captain P. T. Woodfin, the present Governor, took charge on January 17th, 1873, and at every turn it will be found that the evidences of his prosperous rule multiply. Inmates are seen walking about, comfortably clothed, along the dry, solid drives or graveled paths, — veritable pathways of roses in Summer. A base-ball park meets the view ; agricultural grounds appear, carefully attended to, and many beau- tiful and substantial buildings are clustered near each other in such 46 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE a manner as to enhance the beauty of the landscape, while along the water front a solid plank walk has been laid, protected by a stout rail- ing, and wide enough to be named " The Boulevard." There is also a substantial wharf, a commodious bath house, a rakish-looking yacht and many other aquatic improvements, for use or ornament, too numerous to mention. The officers of the institution are Captain P. T. Woodfin, Gov- ernor ; Captain Wra. Thompson, Treasurer, Secretary and C. S. ; Dr. S. K. Towle, Surgeon. General Geo. B. McClellan was for several years local manager, and took great interest in the institution. Since his death, General James S. Negley, M. C, from Pittsburg, Pa., has been chosen his successor. The main building has been re-modeled and enlarged. Broad piazzas run the entire length of each of its four stories. There are wash rooms and bath rooms on every floor, which are reached by wide stairways and an elevator constantly running to accommodate the lame and infirm. The quarters are neat, light and cheerful. The building is lighted by gas, heated by steam in Winter, and so situated as to catch the bracing sea breeze in Summer. A visit to the observatory will repay the effort, as it presents an ever changing panorama, by sea and land. Ward Memorial Hall, built from funds bequeathed by Mr. Horatio Ward, of London, Eng- land, contains on its main floor the dining room, where 750 inmates are accommodated at one sitting. In the same building may also be found a billiard hall, free to the inmates, and a theatre, where Church services are also held. The new hospital, just completed at a cost of $125,000, under the eyes of eminent architects, stands the peer of any structure of its class in this or any other country. A fine military band under the leader- ship of Professor Leavey gives da ly concerts from 3 to 4 p. m , Sundays excepted. The Officer s Quarters are neat cottages built along the water front. The Governor's and Treasurer's offices may be found in a convenient brick building near Ward Memorial Hall. There is also an extensive con- servatory and a fire engine honse attached to the Home. The Library Building contains nearly five thousand books in its reading room, and receives over a hundred newspapers daily. It is patronized by more than sixty per cent, of the inmates. There are Quartermasters' store houses and shops, a store, a house set apart for the use of smokers, brick stables, a laundry, gas house and soap house. An artesian well supplies excellent water. The infantry, recruited from men who still love to play soldier, have an armory, and are organized as the Woodfin Guards. Tbe artillery have a section of light, twelve-pound guns, and come to the front when a salute is to be fired. Two G. A. R. posts are organized and flonrish- iug. A temperance society — The Veteran Lodge — has recently been formed. Both Protestant and Catholic chaplains hold religious services weekly. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 47 This institution has received under its friendly shelter thousands of broken down men. It has sent many of them away with renewed health and strength — now active citizens, able to take their part once more in the battle of life. 'TRUCKING." Our laboring classes enjoy exceptional advantages over those of almost NORFOLK STF,AM BAKERY- (James Roid & Co. Proprietors.) every other section, from the great variety of our leading industries, some of which are certain to be at all times in need of additional assistance to meet the press of business. The whole region round about us is little else than an immense garden in which are raised the early vegetables and 48 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE fruits for the Northern markets. From early in the Spring till late in the Fall a constant succession of crops employ a large force of field hands, and thousands of men, women and children are daily engaged in gather- ing, packing and shipping the products of our " truck farms," at wages that are always fairly remunerative and often liberal. We have seen as many as fifteen hundred hands at a time on one farm picking strawberries, at an average rate of $1.25 per day, including women and children. The enormous quantities of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Watermelons, Cantaloupes, Kale, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Spinach, Lettuce, Eadishes, Tomatoes, Asparagus, Beans, Peas, Irish and Sweet Potatoes, Beets, Onions, Celery and other Fruits and Vegetables raised in this section would seem almost fabulous to one who has not himself witnessed the vast scale on which this business is conducted. The products of this industry alone give ample employment, during the season, to the magnifi- cent steamships running between this Port and New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, their capacity being sometimes taxed to its utmost limit to furnish the necessary transportation, the New York line frequently dispatching two steamships per day, loaded with vegetables, and we have known a single boat of this line to carry 12,000 barrels of potatoes, besides other cargo, on one trip. The natural fertility of our soil, maintained and enhanced by skillful treatment, together with the mildness of the climate, enables many of our -truckers" to produce two — and occasionally even three — successive crops from the same land during one season ; and it is a very general practice among our farmers to reap a good crop of corn in the Fall from the soil which in the Spring had yielded a rich harvest of early vegetables. By a fortunate agreement of seasons, the truck crop is no sooner dis- posed of than the Oyster business demands attention, and the same labor which has gathered in the fruit of the soil is now available for securing the treasures of the sea. As we have stated, the Oysters and Fish of oui waters supply exhaustless products at the simple cost of gathering, and thousands of our people earn a comfortable livelihood during the Fall and Winter months in gathering, packing and shipping them to Northern and Foreign markets. Until within the last few years Baltimore almost monopolized the Oyster trade, but the superior conveniences of our situation and climate hive given our packers an advantage which is now generally appreciated. This branch of our trade, already large, as we have said, is capable of almost infinite expansion. In addition to the Oyster, great quantities of Fresh Fish and Crabs are shipped by the dealers to all parts of the North. CORN. As the commercial centre of Eastern North Carolina and Tidewater Virginia, Norfolk and Portsmouth have always concentrated the Corn TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 49 trade of these sections. Prior to the war, the rich bottom lands of the rivers which permeate the coast of these two States, were among the largest corn producing regions in the country, and Norfolk became one of the most important Corn markets of the Union. In those days, however, the railroad system of the country was but imperfectly developed, and there was little or no competition for the freights of the West. The cost of transporting corn to the seaboard was, consequently, almost prohibitive, and even since the war the farmers of Iowa have found it more profitable to burn their corn for fuel than to ship it as produce. The railroad competition, however, which has distinguished later years, QUEEN STREET MARKET. has removed this barrier to the agricultural industry of the West, and corn from its over flowing graneries is now pouring into the seaboard Cities at remunerative prices. At the same time the farmers of Virginia and North Carolina have recovered, in a great degree, the prosperity of ante- bellum days, and are again bringing under cultivation their naturally fertile lands. The result has been a very marked increase in our Corn receipts, with every prospect of a still greater improvement. With our extended railroad connections there is no reason why a large portion of the Western Wheat crop should not also be attracted to our market. When it is remembered that this Port is situated 150 miles nearer the sea than Baltimore, it would seem that the very logic of geography should se- cure to us preference over that City as the point for shipment, provided we 50 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE can offer equal transportation facilities. And this we can now do through the expanded connections of the Norfolk & Western, and the completion of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Newport's News. IMPORTS. And not only as a domestic market and point of export does this Har- b}r offer peculiar advantages. She recognizes no superior in America as a port of entry also. Directly connected with England by two steam- ship lines and a numerous fleet of sailing vessels engaged in the cotton trade, and also with all the chief cities of the North by regular steam lines, inferior to none in capacity aud strength, it enjoys every facility for the importation of foreign wares at the lowest freights, as well as for the purchase of domestic manufactures at as favorable rates as can be ob- tained elsewhere in this country. Our merchants buying from first hands could thus duplicate all bills at Northern prices, giving their customers the benefit of the difference in freight. A BRIGHT PROSPECT. For the future of Norfolk and Portsmouth as a great Commercial Cen- tre we now entertain no fear. By slow degrees, and in defiance of many adverse circumstances, we have moved steadily along in the march of progress, until, at last, our claims have been fully established and our great natural advantages recognized, at home and abroad. Our trade in its various branches has continued to improve, and is now in a more pros- perous condition than ever before. Oar municipal affairs are unem- barassed and our external relations on a most satisfactory footing. Our manufactures have increased in number and importance, and the value of our real estate has advanced beyond precedent. Cotton buyers from Eng- land and the Continent, representing the largest dealers in the World, are to be met with on our streets during the season, availing themselves of the unusual facilities afforded by our market for the purchase and shipment of this great staple product of our tributary soil. The depth and safety of our harbor offer unusual attractions to ships of the largest class, while our port charges and wharfage rents are more reasonable than those of other American seaports. And, finally, the activity, liberality and enter- prise of our merchants and manufacturers give ample assurance that the succeeding pages of our history will be adorned and brightened with the fulfilled hopes and redeemed promises of to day. So much, then, in support of our volume's title — " General and Com- mercial Guide to Norfolk and Portsmouth." Our sketch has been less in the nature of an argument than of a simple narative of such facts as would assist us in tracing accomplished results to their legitimate, although sometimes remote, causes, and we have endeavored throughout to avoid such undue depth of coloring as would expose our picture to the suspi- cion of infidelity or exaggeration. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 51 But before closing this preliminary chapter it will be well to enumerate briefly some of those principal industries and trades to which Norfolk and Portsmouth owe their commercial importance and prosperity, premising, however, that a separate and more detaile 1 notice will be devoted to eaeia, in its proper place, in the later pages of this edition. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. A Cotton Manufacturing Company was organized in 1880 by a number of our citizens, assisted by a few Northern capitalist?, and is now doing an MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, LOOKING WEST. excellent trade. The success of this enterprise will no doubt provoke com- petition, and we may expect to see other cotton factories at work here be- fore long. With easy and direct access to the plantations which produce the raw material, as well as to the great coal fields of Western Virginia, it must be obvious that our position is favorable as compared with the New England States, and there is no reason that we know of why Norfolk and Portsmouth should not become a great cotton manufacturing centre as well as a great cotton market and seaport. Distance and a severe climate are the 52 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE natural enemies to the manufacturing industries, and against these our rivals at the North must always have to contend. The consideration of the cotton question, in its various stages, and of the great benefits which it has conferred and continues to confer upon our Port, suggest to us the advisability of manufacturing the bagging in which it is baled, and thus again entering into competition with the Northern factories. At present the jute of which this bagging is made is imported in its crude condition to New York where it is manufactured and sold at a large profit to Southern consumers. Of the manufactured article some 4,000,000, yards pass through Norfolk annually, and it has occured to us that this would be an admirable point for both its importa- tion and manufacture. It could be carried here at small expense by cotton ships, which seldom arrive with a full cargo, and the cheapness of labor in this vicinity, combined with our excellent lines of transportation to the cotton region, would enable us to compete successfully with those less favorably circumstanced. We may mention that a very good quality of jute has been grown in the Eastern Counties of Carolina, and we have no doubt that extended experiments would result in its profitable and perma- nent cultivation. Before leaving the* subject of Cotton, it will not be amiss to mention the increasing demand for Oil Cake which is made of compressed cotton-seed and is shipped in large quantities to Great Britain and the Continent as a condition-food for cattle. It is a lucrative and growing branch of trade and we would suggest the advantage of conducting it in this neighbor- hood, and thus securing for our people the additional benefit of manufac- turing this article at the shipping port. The manufacture of Fertilizers in our immediate vicinity has, of late years, grown to be one of our most important industries, and therearenow several flourishing factories for this commodity within a very short dis* tance of the City, which, between them, have almost monopolized the trade of the Eastern sections of Virginia and the Carolinas. Baltimore and Philadelphia still supply hundreds of thousands of bags in which these Fertilizers are packed, but a bag factory has been established in Petersburg, Va., and it is reasonable to expect that Norfolk, being such a large consumer, will shortly follow the good example set by our sister City. SHIP BUILDING FACILITIES. Ship Building is another industry for which our port is admirably adapted, but which has hitherto been sadly and unaccountably neglected. Nowhere can be found a situation better suited by Nature and circum- stances for carrying on this business than Norfolk Harbor, and yet it has never been attempted here by private enterprise, on any considerable scale, since the infancy of the first settlement, now more than two centuries ago. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 53 We have " ample room and verge enough," together with a sufficient depth of water, for building and launching the largest vessels, while an abund- ance of wood and iron ot the best quality, is near at hand, and therefore com- paratively cheap. Add to this the important consideration that in our temperate climate active out-door work can be carried on, almost without interruption, during the whole year, and the pertinent question, "Why is not Norfolk Harbor one of the great ship-building stations of the world? " will be difficult to answer. But here, again, we are constrained to express our firm conviction that some considerable portion of the enor- BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, N. & W. R. R.— View from Wild Cat Knob. ■inous accumulations of capital now lying almost idle in many parts of the couutry nrust, ere long, seek just such investments as we have indi- cated above. '• Some day," too, we may reasonably expect some enterpris- ing capitalists to construct a Sectional Dry Dock which is indispensable to the thorough overhauling of ships in need of repairs. The want of such an institution has already proved a serious d.uiwback to our commer- cial progress and if we desire the establishments regular and permanent lines of foreign or coastwise steamships, with Norfolk or Portsmouth as one of their termini, we must make such provision .for their repair as ac- 54 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE cident or decay may render necessary, instead of sending them off to other ports in search of suitable accommodations. WRECKING. But it affords us pleasure and encouragement to be able, in this connec- tion, to refer to a corporation whose services have already been extremelv valuable and promise to become still more so as its business .and facilities increase — we mean the Baker Salvage Company, of Norfolk, — the only wrecking company operating on this coast, south of New York. Five years have not yet elapsed since its incorporation, but it has saved pro- perty of the aggregate value of several millions of dollars, and is at the present time engaged on important salvage work at many points on the coast of North and South America. Several ocean steamers, with valu+ able cargoes, and innumerable schooners and other small craft, which would have become total losses but for their timely service, have been floated, rescued and brought safely into port by expeditions sent out by this enterprising company, which is composed and officered exclusively by practical business men of this locality. The company owns two steamers, three sailing vessels and several pontoons, together with complete and abundant wrecking apparatus, and can fit out and dispatch an expedition at a moment's notice, to the relief of any vessel in distress, and there are several steamers and other craft now carrying valuable freights and earn> ing handsome profits for their owners, which have been raised from the bed of the ocean by the efficient crews in the employ of the Baker Salvage Company, whose existence at this central point on the seaboard should alone prove a strong argument with ships' captains in favor of seeking a cargo to or from this port. SUMMARY. Of the lumber trade of this district we have already said sufficient to indicate its magnitude and importance, which are still on the increase- Year by year new saw-mills spring into existence and extensive additions are made to the old ones. Huge piles of lumber are to ba seen on our wharves in every direction, awaiting shipment, and the value of this one commodity manufactured and handledjiere annually may be reckoned by millions of dollars. We have also several Peanut "factories," supplied with patented ma- chinery for polishing and cleaning the hulls of these tuberous delicacies. These factories employ several hundreds of hands, principally females, and are therefore a great boon to the community. Norfolk handles about five-sixths of the whole Virginia crop, which is distributed from this point over the North and West. There are many other interests busily at work in our two Cities which add their welcome quota to the general welfare and furnish thousands of our industrious people with the means of earning a sure and comfortable TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 55 livelihood, and these will receive due attention under their appropriate heads. But before closing our sketch and proceeding to the consideration of the hard facts and figures upon which it is based, we will venture to tax the patience of our indulgent readers for a few more minutes while we briefly review some of the more superficially apparent characteristics of our thriving and progressive Sea-port. To begin with, our streets present at all times a scene of active, healthy and cheerful industry, such as would have met with the warm approval of the Apostle who admonished the Romans to be '• not slothful in busi- ness," and the observant visitor is at once impressed with the fact that the community is fully alive to the value of time and opportunity. Many of our resident families are of British descent, and the social traditions of the Mother Country have not been entirely extinguished. Vulgarity and snobbery, in all their forms, are as intolerable here as in the Capitals of Europe, while there is a total absence from our society of that exclu- siveness which would refuse to the stranger, just because he is a stranger, a hearty and cordial welcome. We have an excellent Street Eailway service which already reduces distance, within the corporate limits of Norfolk, to insignificance, and extensions are now contemplated which will connect the central business thorough- fares with the most populous and important suburban points. Our Hotel accommoda- tions are almost perfect. Our system of Pnblic Schools is excellent, while our Private Seminaries, both for girls and boys, are of a very superior order, and take front rank among the many institutions in which our citizens take just and honest pride. Norfolk's business men, moreover, have taken the in- home savings bank, Norfolk, itiative, so for as Virginia is concerned, in providing a first-class educational establishment on a strictly commercial basis, and the Norfolk College for Young Ladies, one of the most flourishing schools in the South, is the property of a local joint-stock company. Churches, representing all religious denominations and every school of architecture, are to be met with at frequent intervals, and Asylums, Hos- pitals, and other monuments to the divinely implanted benevolence of the human heart, occupy some of the most conspicuous sites in both Cities. Our Public Buildings also compare favorably with any in the country, while our Banks, Stores and Warehouses reflect the utmost credit upon the enterprise of our business men. 56 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE THE LOCAL PRESS. Norfolk and Portsmouth probably support more newspapers than any other Cities of their size and population in the United States, if not in the world. In Norfolk there are four dailies, the Landmark and Virgin- ian being published in the morning, and the Public Ledger and Evening Neivs in the afternoon. Besides Ihese, with their weekly editions, there are four excellent weekly papers, the Sunday Gazette, the Weekly Herald, the Democratic Banner and the County Farmer and Trucker. In her Sister Cky, across the river, are published the Portsmouth Enterprise and Portsmouth Times, daily, the Tidewater Times, Portsmouth Ob. server and Baptist Companion, weekly. All of these journals enjoy a good circulation and a liberal advertising patronage, and exercise a useful influ- ence through the extensive territory which they overspread. As corporations, our credit is high and our taxes low. We have abund- ant banking facilities, together with a patriotic disposition on the part of our financial institutions to promote legitimate business enterprise. Our Eire Departments and Water Supply are exceptionally good, and our sys- tem of Drainage is perfect. Moreover, Norfolk two years ago adopted the Brush-Swan Electric Light for her streets and public buildings, and the fall of night upon the land is now but a signal for a brilliant illumina- tion of her thoroughfares. RECREATIONS. In the matter of amusements Norfolk and Portsmouth are by no means * badly off. Van Wyck's Academy of Music, in Norfolk, is one of the hand- somest and most perfectly equipped Opera Houses -in the whole country, and a week rarely passes, during the Fall and Winter months, in the course of which its boards are not occupied by the leading dramatic or operatic talent of the day. She has also an excellent amateur musical association, of which Santa Cecilia is the tutelary patroness. This Society has a numerous membership from among our " best people "—ladies and gentlemen — and gives freqnent public entertainments, assisted by profes- sional artistes. Oxford Hall, Portsmouth, is also a popular place of amusement and first-class talent is frequently to be seen on its boards. Shooting and fishing afford endless delight to the sportsman, for game and fish are plentiful. Capital fox-hunting can always be had in our immediate neighborhood in the Winter, while boating excursions and trips to the seaside, riding and driving, surf-bathing and yachting can here be indulged in to the heart's content during the balmy months of Sum- mer, which melt away only too quickly, like the bright enchantment of a dream. And in addition to these enjoyments which belong to our vicinity and may be had for little more than the mere trouble of accepting, our residents and visitors can at any time board one of the splendid passen- ger boats and take a coasting trip either North or South, or on the lovely TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 57 Bay of Chesapeake, or else they can with equal ease take the train, and after a few hours' comfortable travel through exquisite scenery, reach the grand and picturesque uplands of Western Virginia where many marvels of Nature and art await their admiration ; as, for instance, the Colossal Natural Bridge of Virginia, near Lexington ; the wonderful and fantas- tic Caverns of Luray; the health-restoring mineral springs at Blue Ridge and elsewhere; the boundless Forests, the noble streams and leaping waterfalls — to say nothing of the busy mines and furnaces, tunnels and viaducts, which bear witness to the ingenuity of industrious man. A SUGGESTION. It is well known to those who have honored the pages of " Norfolk as a Business Centre " with their careful perusal, that we have always been strongly in favor not only of extending the City limits of Norfolk so as to include the outlying villages of Atlantic City, Brambleton and Berkley, with the intermediate land now lying waste, but also of the much grander scheme of consolidating with it the City of Portsmouth and its suburbs, thus forming one large and influential municipality of nearly sixty thou- sand inhabitants, having one government, one splendid harbor, one citi- zenship, one name, one identity and one common interest. Within the broad area of the new City's boundaries there would be plenty of room for everything except those small jealousies which have heretofore been known to mar the ought-to-be harmonious relations between the respective inha- bitants of the " Twin Cities." Such a measure as we have indicated would result in the reduction of public expenses, together with the greatly enhanced value of real and personal property, and, above all, the consolidated corporation would rejoice in that added self-respect which belongs of right to numerical greatness, and also in that strength which proverbially attaches to Union. Once more we avail ourselves of the opportunity now afforded of urg- ing upon our readers and the public-spirited members of each community the advisability, if not necessity, of bringing about this amalgamation of our interests and our forces, in order tuat we may, with recruited energy and redoubled power, assert our proper position among the great Cities of the Nation. CONCLUSION. We now lay aside our pencil, for our sketch is completed. It is but an outline-drawing at the best ; but it has been our honest desire to produce a faithful portrait rather than a nattering picture, and we leave it to the intelligent and impartial public to decide whether our work shall be awarded the credit which we have striven to secure for it, or be consigned as a failure to the pitiful doom of perpetual obscurity. We frankly admit that the foregoing essay is sadly deficient in literary merit ; but, as we 58 NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. have claimed nothing for it on that score, the fear of adverse criticism has not alloyed the gratefulness of our task. Our object has been to direct the attention of the outside world to the natural and acquired advantages of our busy Sea-port asatrreat Commer- cial Centre, where capital can always find safe and profitable investment and where honest labor can at all times command steady and lucrative em- ployment; also, to point out to our own people how these advantages might in some respects be improved and developed. If this has been accomplished we are more than satisfied. To those who have never visited our shores we extend a warm invita- tion and promise a cordial welcome. To our fellow citizens of Norfolk and Portsmouth we tender our hearty congratulations upon the continued and marked improvement which their trade has shown in all its branches- From all we would ask a patient perusal of this volume to its end, for it contains the record of a busy, thriving and virtuous community. «S§l ,M ar ClffiMTS. 60 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE OUR BUSINESS EXCHANGES. THE MERCHANTS' AND MANUFACTURERS' EXCHANGE OF NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. TOHIS important aud influential organization, which takes the place of a Board of Trade among the Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the "Twin Cities," was revived and reconstituted in 1883, and is now in active and useful operation. Its objects are to dissem- inate general commercial information, reconcile differences, adjust claims, regulate freights, watch over and protect the mercantile interests of the double sea-port and oppose all attempts, no matter where, when, or by whom they may be made, to discriminate in any way to her disadvantage. The membership of this Exchange is numerous and comprises the leading business men and firms among the Bankers, Manufacturers, Merchants, Shippers and Wholesale dealers of both Cities. The following gentlemen compose the present officers and managers of the Exchange, and their names cannot fail to inspire the utmost confidence among those who main- tain commercial relations with Norfolk and Portsmouth: President, D. S. Burwell ; First Vice-President, T. A, Williams ; Second Vice-President, J. F. Cecil; Treasurer, R. A. Dobie; Secretary, E. B. Freeman; Superin- tendent, J. M. Widgeon ; Board of Managers, C A. Nash, R. Y. Zachary, C. A. Woodward, W. M. Hannah, Jas. T. Borum and M. L. T. Davis. The Exchange was re-organized, as above, on the 1st of January, 1886, and numbers among its active members most of the leading business houses of Norfolk and Portsmouth. Its offices are at No. 88 Water Street, on the corner of Commerce Street. Judging from past results, it is per- fectly safe to predict that, the usefulness of this Association will increase, year by year, in proportion to the demands made upon it by our constantly increasing trade. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 61 THE NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH COTTON EXCHANGE was organized in 1 874, and incorporated in 1877. It is almost impossible to estimate the advantages which have acorued to our commercial in- terests through the labors of this most useful Corporation, but that the results of its supervision have been immensely beneficial is apparent to all those who are interested in the movement of Cotton to and beyond this Port. Here, as elsewhere, the receipts during the past two years have been light when compared with the immediately preceding seasons, "but," to quote from the Secretary's last annual report to the President and Board of Directors of our Cotton Exchange, dated August 31st, 1885, « notwithstanding this, the direct exports show a material increase during the same period, thus demonstrating that the reputation of the Port, both as a market and a shipping point, has been well maintained in the leading Cotton marts of Great Britain and the Continent. ' The splendid facilities for the handling and shipment of cotton which have signalized this Port, through its powerful Compresses and its magnificent coastwise lines of steam- ships have been further augmented by the opening of the New York, Phila- delphia & Norfolk Railroad, which commenced operations in November last." The Cotton Exchange Building is situated on Water Street, at a conve- nient distance from the warehouses and offices of the principal houses engaged in this branch of our trade. The membership list of this Ex- change bears the names of all the leading Cotton factors, dealers and brokers of both Cities. Its officers are: President, W. H. Holmes ; Vice- President, J. N. Vaughan; Treasurer, W. D. Rountree ; Superintendent and Secretary, Norman Bell ; Board of Directors, E. Fachiri, G. S. Frangopulo, E. C. Brooks, Adam Tredwell and M. L. Enre. The Association has always been under excellent management, as is evident by the good work it has accomplished. In fact it is not easy to understand how our Cotton trade prospered as it did before the Exchange was organized twelve years ago, and it is Still more difficult to imagine how it would now get along at all without the assistance and guidance of this Corporation. •W&Jitf&V 62 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE RAILROADS. P§0 nothing more than to the railroads terminating at this point, do Norfolk and Portsmouth owe their material advancement, and scarcely any sea-port along the middle Atlantic coast enjoys greater facilities of the kind. The Norfolk & Western (formerly the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio) Railroad, with its connections, traversing the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, and intersect- ing other trunk lines throughout the West and Southwest, covering thereby an immense "freight field," rich and varied in its wonderful natural resources ; the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad, extending to Weldon, North Carolina, and being the connecting link between Portsmouth and the great "Atlantic Coast Line," a system reaching as far south as Jack- sonville, Florida, and traversing a large portion ot the "Cotton Belt;" the gigantic Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad system, now terminating at Newport's News, but soon to reach Norfolk directly by means of immense barges, transporting the loaded freight cars, and thus giving unbroken communication with the Pacific coast; the New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad, from Cape Charles, on the Eastern Peninsula of Vir- ginia, to Delmar, Delaware, and thence over the Pennsylvania Lines to Philadelphia and New York, shortening the distance between this poiut and the great Northern markets by eight hours ; the Norfolk Southern Railroad from Norfolk to Elizabeth City and Edenton, North Carolina, a short line, but one that furnishes a fair qu >ta of traffic — these lines, all under active and intelligent control, have sought deep water in Norfolk harbor, which, as a consequence, both as a port of foreign trade and as a local business centre, is, as proven by statistics, making such cheering TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 63 progress as to confirm the hope that this may yet become the leading sea-port between New York and New Orleans, and cause even those two great marts of trade to look well to their laurels. In addition to the above lines, there are others now under contempla- tion, which, when completed, will greatly stimulate the growth and traffic of the Sister Cities. The Chicago & Norfolk Railroad, an air line route between these two cities, is being considered by foreign capitalists, and surveys of a part of the distance have been made. Surveys, too, have been made for a proposed lire from Norfolk to tap the Richmond & Danville System, at Goldsboro, North Carolina, a plan, which, if consummated, will prove of immense value to Norfolk and Ports- mouth, and connect us with over 4,000 miles of rail through a highly prosperous section. Of roads that are purely local, Norfolk has two, the Virginia Beach Railroad and the Ocean View Railroad, both short, narrow-gauge lines, connecting the city, as their names would indicate, with adjacent watering places. These lines do a fine freight and passenger business, and have opened up a good truck section. From the above exhibit, it will be seen that Norfolk and Portsmouth are pre-eminently blessed in the matter of rail connection with all points of the United States. 64 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Norfolk and Western R. R. The Great Trunk Line to the South and West. THE MOST IMPOKTANT LINK IN THE Great Southern Mail and Kennesaw Routes. STEEL RAILS! WELL BALLASTED! THOROUGHLY EQUIPPED! WM THE MOST POTES1UE PORTION OF VIRGINIA From Tide-water to the Mountains. L0C7IMD 7m0]MG I¥g M^E ^RE THE PEAKS OF OTTER, THE POPULAR BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, ALLEGHANY SPRINGS, MONTGOMERY WHITE vSULPHUR, YELLOW SULPHUR, SALT POND MOUNTAIN, and other resorts where, every season, gather thousands from all sections of the Union, seeking Health and Pleasure. Close Connections at Junction Points with diverg- ing Roads North, South, East and West. Guide Books to Springs and Summer Kesorts and Schedules of Trains mailed free to any address, upon application to J±. POPE, General Pas. & Ticket Agent, ROANOKE, VA. CHAS. G. EDDY, Vice-President. I JOSEPH H. SANDS, General' Manager. TO KORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 85 THE OLD RELIABLE ! Ha, Tennessee ani deoma Air Line. JSL ; FROM oston, Providence, flew Y or k, Philadelphia & Baltimore. AND FROM i*» - o TO .A-T^L POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST. ^Through Rates Given and Quick Time Made. All Claims for Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly Adjusted. THIS T^HVIE IS COMPOSED OF Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co. from Boston and Providence ; Old Do- minion S. S. Co. from New York ; Phila., Wilmington & Balto. R E and Clyde Line Steamers from Philadelphia ; Baltimore Steam Packet Co. from Balihnore ; Norfolk and Western (A. M. & O.) R. R. ; East T>nn , Va. & Georgia R. R. ; Memphis & Charleston R. R. Nashville. Chat. & St. Louis R. R. : Western & Atlantic R. R. ; Vickburg & Meridian R R. : Mobile & Ohio R. R.. Illinois Cental R. R., and their connections. Have Tour Goods Marked: VA.,TENJST.& G-A. AIR LINE. AGENTS : C PGAITHER - - --•'•- 290 WASHINGTON STREET. BOSTON E. H.ROCKWELL, - - - - INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE I. R. WEST LAKE, - - - NEW YORK AGENT JOHNS WILSON - - - 44 S. FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA W P CLYDE & CO., - - - 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA W. H. FITZGERALD, - - 157 W. BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE ;r. •/'. /'A IJVE, Forwarding Agent, Norfolk, Ya. W. 8. FftAJVJB'ZIJV, Auditor Claims and Expenses, Norfolk, Ya. %ffOMAS 'PIJVCJS.JVE2", Gen'l. Eastern Afft., 303 'Broadway, JV. )'. 66 GENERAL AtfD COMMERCIAL GUIDE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILWAY SHORTEST, QUICKEST AND BEST KOITTE TO Connecting with Fast Express for Louisville and Cincinnati. PULLMAN CARS RUN THROUGH TO THE WEST. RUNNING Two Trains tit Cacfi Birectioti BETWEEN And the only Line by which merchants of one city can visit the other and return the same day. Leave Norfolk by C. & 0. transfer Steamer John Romer, connecting with Chesapeake and Ohio trains at Newport News. fflE C|IES£PE£P iW W» Is the Great Summer Eesort Line of America. Send to one of the Agents of the Company for Descriptive Catalogues. I! Ever Displayed from a Car Window. Ticket Offices in Norfolk, under Atlantic Hotel, W. T. Walke, Ticket A^ent; at the Purcell House, W. J. Flouknoy, Agent; at Portsmouth, Va., W. V. H. Williams, Ticket Agent; at Old Point Comfort, in the Hygeia Hotel, J. N. Smith, Ticket Agent; and on board Steamer John Romer. C. W. SMITH, H. W. FULLER. General Manager, General Pass. Agent. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. Stf New York, Phila. k Norfolk R.R. Co., DOUBLE DAILY PASSENGER and FREIGHT LINE BETWEEN Norfolk, Portsmouth, Old Point Comfort and BALTIMORE,Wilmington, Philadelphia, New York, Boston and all Points East and West. Passenger Trains only 11 hours between New York and Norfolk. Pullman Palace and Parlor Cars are ran through without transfer. The only Line by which passengers are not subjected to transfers. Fast Freight Trains composed of Cars built expressly for the transpor- tation of Vegetables and other perishable freight are run between Nor- folk and Philadelphia, New York and Boston, daily except Sundays, affording a great saving in time over all other lines. Freight Cars are Run Through from Norfolk 1 TO ) PHILADELPHIA, NEW Y0f[K AND ^VOIDING REOTDMN6 0F flLIi BUgipf^.** iyj>f n§t@t arf o ilgk liiih Connections at Norfolk with all water lines to North Carolina ; the Norfolk and Western R. R. and Norfolk Southern Railroad; at Ports- mouth with the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad and the Atlantic Coast Line ; at Del mar with the Pennsylvania Railroad— over all of which through rates and Bills of Lading are issued. Tickets on Sale ai All Principal Dices North and South. Ft. B. COOKE, General "Passenger and Freig?it Agent, NORFOLK, VA. 68 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Norfolk Southern Railroad Company. THE QUICK AND RELIABLE DAILY ROUTE TO EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA, FOn FREIGHT AIVI> PASSENGERS. (Lt; COMXflTECTICmS s-S ELIZABETH CITY, With Old Dominion Steamship Company's Steamers.Shenandoah and Newberne,for Newberne. Washington and all points on Neuse, 1 rent and Tar Rivers. Also with Company's Steamers. MARY E ROBERTS and MARTHA E DICKERMAN, which leave Elizabeth City every Tuesday and Friday night, for Columbia, bpruils Bridge, Creswell, Mantio, Fairfield, Cum Neck, and other landings on the Pasquotank, North, Little, Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers. EDENTON, With Roanoke. Norfolk and Baltimore steamboat Company's, U. S. Mail Steamer Plymouth, daily for all landings on the Roanoke River, connecting at Jamesville with J . & vv. it. K lor Washington, and at Williamston, with trains of Albemarleand Raleigh Rail Road for Tarboro and other stations. Connection is made with Steamers for Windsor and for points on the Cashie and Chowan Rivers Through rates to all points and close connection at Norfolk with Steam Lines to and from Baltimore. Philadelphia, New York, Boston, etc. Through tickets on sale at Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York and at princi pal Stations. H. C. HUDG-INS, General Freight and Pass. Agent. M. K. KING. General Manager. ATLANTIC COAST LINE. SEABOARD AIR LINE. EXPRESS, FREIGHT d PASSE1R LIS m POBTSMWL BETWEEN ALL POINTS NORTH MD SOUTH. Ship via. the following Steamship Lines : Boston. *) Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Co. Providence. J New York Old Dominion S. S. O. Philadelphia Clyde Line Baltimore Baltimore Steam Packet Co For further information apply to SOL HAAS, Traffic Manager. fb NORFOLK AND PORTSMOTTTH, SP STEAMSHIP AND STEAMBOAT LINES. W^ I 1% ' i 4 - — - . ''^csr -JHORFOLK'S magnificent harbor and her central position on the At- ri|] lantic seaboard of the United States have combined to make her a 4- ^. most important Sea-port, and the enormous quantities of produce which almost naturally find their way here for shipment led, even in the earliest days of her commercial growth, to the establishment of regular lines of sailing vessels to carry away her accumulations of cotton, grain and other mercantile commodities to distant American and foreign markets. In due course of time steam superceded canvas, and the lines of sailing vessels trading with Norfolk were replaced by the predecessors of the mag- nificent lines of steamers which now make regu'ar and frequent trips to and from tliis point. When business was resumed after the close of the civil war, in 1865, a few steamers of indifferent construction and limited capacity were put upon our waters, but as trade grew, and the demand for increased facilities became more imperative, larger, finer and greatly im- proved vessels for passenger and freight traffic were added from time to time ,70 GENERAL AKD COMMERCIAL GUIDE and the old ones withdrawn. It is not our intention to give any lengthy his- tory of the various lines now carrying our trade, nor to enter into detailed des- cription of the magnificent steamships employed, for it would require great space and greater skill to do justice to the subject, but we are con- strained to say that the management of these lines is in-the hands of most competent men who fully appreciate the requirements of our trade and exercise great energy and ability in the conduct of our immense transpor- tation business, which has made our- -harbor-famous among the great sea- ports of the world. The various railroads terminating at Norfolk and Portsmouth form the inland connections of these steamship lines, and through bills of lading are issued between all points in the United States. THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. Among the many great institutions which lend their aid in developing Norfolk's commercial importance and in establishing her claim to be ranked among the leading sea-ports of the nation, the Old Dominion Steamship Company is undoubtedly entitled to the most prominent men- tion. In 1867, when the echoes of the terrible Civic Strife had hardly died away, and Virginia lay crushed in spirit and bankrupt in resources, this Company was established in succession to the old New York and Vir- ginia Steamship Company, and has since that date gradually increased in wealth and favor until it has become one of the most substantial and in- fluential corporations in the country. Its magnificent fleet of ocean and river steamers ply between this port and New York, City Point, Rich- mond, Newbern aud Washington, (North Carolina") and many minor points on the sounds and rivers of the Old North State, aud also to Hamp- ton, Old Point, Fortress Monroe, Smithfield, Cherrystone, Yorktowu and Matthews. The fleet comprises about twenty-five iron and wooden vessels aggregating over 20,000 tons burthen. The distance between New York and Norfolk is 285 nautical miles, and the steamers of this line generally make the trip in twenty-five hours, with great regularity. The passenger accommodations of the Old Dominion steamships are of the most comfortable and luxurious character ; the saloons are substan- tially and elegantly furnished, the tables well supplied, and in fact the vessels are wanting in nothing calculated to make a trip upon them enjoy- able in the extreme. During the Company's career of nineteen years not a single life entrusted to its care has been lost. Through the worst storms and series of marine disasters these steamships have always passed in perfect safety. When the larger of them steam up the river they look as though they were conscious of their beauty, and under the skillful man- agement of their officers, glide quickly but majestically into their docks, there to be relieved of their immense cargoes. 16 NORfrOtK AKD PORTSMOUTH. 71 The parent offices of the Company are at 235 West Street, New York. The principal officers are: Commodore N. L. McCready, President; Jno. M. Robinson, Vice-President; W. II. Stanford, Secretary and II. A. Bourne, Superintendent. In Norfolk Messrs. Culpepper and Turner represent the Company's interests, with their office on the extensive wharf property on Water Street, immediately at the foot of Church. In every department of the Company's service experience and efficiency are the stepping-stones to preferment. The following is a list of the principal steamers owned by the Old Do- minion Steamship Company : The Roanoke, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 2,354 tons; Geo. W. Couch, master; New York. Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. The Guyandotte, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 2,354 tons; J. A. Kelley, master; New York, Norfolk, Newport's News and West Point. The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, passengers and freight, 2,222 tons; J. A. Smith, master; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, passengers and freight, 2,0(38 tons; J. G. Hulphers, master: New York, Norfolk, City Point, and Richmond, The Richmond, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 1,43(J tons; Richard Boaz, master; New York, Norfolk, Newport's News and West Point. The Manhattan, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 1,400 tons: Frank Stevens, master; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. The Seneca, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 3,000 tons; G. M. Walker, master; New York, Norfolk, Newport's News and West Point. The Breakwater, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 1,110 tons; N. H. Jenny, master; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. The Northampton, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 400 tons; P. McCarrick, master; daily between Norfolk and ( dd Point and tri-weekly between Norfolk, Cherrystone, Matthews, Ware River (Gloucester County) and Poquosin River. The Accomac, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 434 tons; O. G. Delk, master; daily except Sundav, between Norfolk, Nausemond River and Suffolk. The Shenandoah, wooden side-wheeler, passengers and freight, 330 tons; T. M. Southgate, master; between Elizabeth City and Newbern, connecting with Nor- folk Southern Railroad. The Newberne, iron propeller, passengers and freight, 400 tons; W. T. Pritchett, master; between Elizabeth City and Washington, N. C, connecting with Norfolk Southern Railroad, The Luray, wooden side- wheeler, passengers and freight, 330 tons; George Schermerhorn, master; between Norfolk, Old Point, Hainjiton, Newport's News and Smithfield, daily except Sunday, THE BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY. (old bay line.) This Company owns and operates the most magnificent passenger steamers on the Atlantic coast. They are the palace steamers of Chesa- peake Bay, being new, adapted to a high rate of speed, beautiful in form, substantial in construction, and furnished most sumptuously. With trav- ellers this line is regarded as one of the finest and best in the country ; forming a portion of the popular route between the North and South Under the able management of the president, Col. John M. Robinson, assisted by a corps of competent officers, the Company has become one of the most thoroughly equipped in the country, and has proved itself of *t% GEKERAI AND COMMERCIAL GtTtDE great service in advancing the best interests of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The Norfolk offices of the Company are at the Bay Line wharf, foot of West Main Street, and Mr. Wm, Randall is the agent. In Portsmouth, the Company's offices are at the depot of the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad. The steamers of the Bay line make close connection at Portsmouth with the regular passenger trains of the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South and Southwest, and at Baltimore Avith the Philadel- phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, for Philadelphia, New York and all points North; with the Baltimore & Ohio, Northern Central, and Pennsylvania Railroads for the North and Northwest; with the Allan, Continental, West India & Pacific and Hopper & Johnson steamship Lines for Liverpool ; with the Continental for London and North German Lloyd's for Bremen. The steamers of the Bay Line are : The Carolina, iron side- wheeler, 984 tons, built in 1877; 75 state-rooms, passen- ger capacity, 500; W. C. Whittle, master. The Florida, wooden side-wheeler, 1,230 tons, built in 1876; 75 state-rooms, passenger capacity 500. The Virginia, "iron side-wheeler, 1,300 tons, built in 1879: 80 state-rooms; passenger capacity 500; W. J. Bohanan, master. The Seaboard, iron propeller, for freight, 602 tons. * The Roanoke, iron propeller: for freight, 531 tons. The Transit, wooden propeller, 473 tons. The Westover, iron propeller, tons. The Gaston, iron propeller, 846 tons, for freight. THE CLYDE LINES. Of the great steamship interests controlled by Messrs. W. P. Clyde & Co., of Philadelphia and New York, it is not within our province to treat in this volume, except in so far as their influence has aided the develop- ment of our Cities and State. Their New England lines and coast lines to the other seaboard States, their lines to the West Indies and South American ports have all, Ave believe, secured a profitable trade, but with them we have no concern at present. The enterprising OAvners have, Iioav- ever, established two lines for carrying freight to and from Norfolk and Portsmouth and these are under the able management of Captain James W. McCarrick, General Southern agent, whose office in Norfolk is at the Company's Avharves on Water Street. The following vessels compose Clyde's regular local fleet, but others are always ready to lend their assistance Avhen the exigencies of our large trade require their services ; The Wyoming, wooden propeller, 1,200 tons, A. J. Hines, master; Phila delphia, Norfolk and Richmond. The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, S, C. Piatt, master; Philadelphia. Norfolk and Richmond. The Ashland, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, J. S. Tunnell, master; Philadel- phia, Norfolk and Richmond. .The Goldsboro, wooden propeller, 1,000 tons, J. S. Bennett, master; Baltimore, Norfolk, Newbern and Washington, N. C. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 73 The Experiment, wooden propeller, 403 tons, R. H.Cannon, master; Baltimore. Norfolk, Ncwbern and Washington, N. C. The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons. VV. L. Pierce, master; Baltimore, Nor- folk, Newbern and Washington, N. C. The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, J. A. Burgess, master; Baltimore, Norfolk, Newbern and Washington, N. C. . The Gulf Stream, iron propeller, l,500tons. The Fanita, iron propeller, COO tons. The Santee. wooden propeller, 700 tons. The Regulator, iron propeller, 1,000 tons. THE DISMAL SWAMP CANAL STEAMERS. These steamers ply regularly through the Dismal Swamp Canal and their cargoes are generally very large each way. Captain Henry Roberts, the able and energetic superintendent of the canal, is also superintendent of the steamboat line, and his office is on Higgins' wharf, Water Street. The Dismal Swamp Canal will admit sharp built vessels drawing five feet of water, and lighter built vessels four feet. The locks Avill admit 96 feet length and 16? feet breadth of beam. The steamers and their routes are as follows: Wm. B. Rogers, wooden propeller, 70 tons; Norfolk, Elizabeth City and all the landings on Dismal Swamp Canal. Thomas Newton, wooden propaller, 70 tons; Norfolk, Elizabeth City and all the landings on Dismal Swamp Canal. THE ALBEMARLE & CHESAPEAKE CANAL. The Great Canal System of which this forms an important link in con- nection with the Chesapeake & Delaware and Delaware & Raritan Canals, provides direct and safe inland navigation for steamboats, sailing vessels, rafts, &c, from New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore to Virginia, North Carolina and the South, avoiding the dangers and delays attending the outside voyage and saving insurance. This system again connects with the Erie Canal at New York and small steamers or vessels towed by tug boats can thus pass from the sounds of North Carolina to Butfalo, N. Y., without unloading, and thence by the great Lake routes to Chicago and other Western and Northwestern points. THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COM- PANY. This Company is one of the most useful and enterprising corporations having any direct influence on Norfolk's welfare, in which, of late years, it has been a consistent and prominent factor. By means of its magni- ficent line of steamships, which compare favorably with those of any line trading along our extended seaboard, we are brought within a forty-eight hours' run of Boston and thirty-six hours of Providence, R. 1. Besides the steamers which make their regular trips directly between these Northern Cities and Norfolk, there are others owned by the same Com- pany which extend their trips as far south as Charleston, S. C, and Sa- 74 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GTTIDE vannah Ga., calling at this port when occasion requires. The spacious wharves at the west end of Main Street owned by the Boston Wharf and Warehouse Company, are occupied by the Merchants' & Miners' Trans- portation Company, of which latter corporation General V. D. Groner is the efficient general agent, with his office at this port. The vessels owned by the Company are as follows : The Chatham. 2,800 tons, Wm. F. Hallett, master. The Decatur H. Miller, 2,29G, tons, F. M. Howes, master; Norfolk and Boston, The Berkshire, 2,0 U tons, Jno. S. Marsh, Jr., master; Norfolk and Boston. The Alleghany, 2,014 tons, John C. Taylor, master; Norfolk and Boston. The George Appold, 1,4">6 tons, E. R. Warren, master; Norfolk and Pro- vidence. The Blackstone, 1,147 tons, G. W. Foster, master; Norfolk and Providence. The John Hopkins, 1,470 tons, H. D. Foster, master; Baltimore and Savannah, Ga. The William Crane, 1,416 tons, G. W. Billups, mrster; Baltimore and Savan- nah, Ga. The William Lawrence, 1,049 tons, E. E. Kent, master; Baltimore and Sa- vannah, Ga. The McClellan, 9.H tons, W. Snow, master; Baltimore and Charleston, S. C. The Saragossa, 788 tons, master: Baltimore and Charleston, S. C. The steamers of this Company connect here with the several Railroads having their termini at Norfolk, in addition to which they call at New- port's News and West Point where they make connection with the systems of the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Richmond & Danville Railroads, respectively. THE POTOMAC STEAMBOAT LINE between Norfolk and Washington affords at once the cheapest and most charming means of travel that can be thought of. The steamers are first-class and swift. The Potomac River is seen in all its beauty ap- proaching and leaving the National Capital, which is the most beautiful city in the world. Whether for business or pleasure, this route is the best. Summer or Winter. TO NORFOLK ANT) PORTSMOUTH. 75 OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP CO.'S LINES. TO AND FROM NEW YORK. ROANOKE, SENECA, G UYANDOTTE, RICHMOND, OLD DOMINION, WYANOKE, BREAKWATER. MANHATTAN, Passenger Steamers leave NORFOLK for NEW YORK at 6 P.M., every Mon- day, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and leave NEW YORK for NORFOLK at 3 P. M. every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday. FOR RICHMOND— Steamers leave Norfolk every Sunday, Wednesday and Friday Nights, arriving at Richmond next morning. Steamers NORTHAMPTON, LURAY and ACCOMACK, sailing daily, except Sunday, run a regular morning and afternoon schedule between Norfolk, Old Point, Hampton, Newport's News, Smithfield, Nansemond River, and Suffolk and make tri-weekly trips to Cherrystone, Mathew-s, Poquosen and Ware Rivers- Steamers leave Norfolk for Cherrystone and Poquosin River, every Monday. Wednesday and Friday A. M., and for Mathews and Ware River, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday A. M. For Newberne and Washington, N C, and Points on Neuse. Trent. Tar and Pamlico Rivers. Steamers Shenandoah and Newberne. leave Elizabeth City, N. C, every Monday and Thursday, connecting with trains of the Norfolk Southern Rail- road. For further information apply to CULPEPER & TURNER. AGENTS. £6 GEN-ERA'!, A"NT> COMMERCIAL "6rrTr>E BAY LINE FLORIDA, CAROLINA, VIRGINIA, GASTON, STEAMERS ROANOKE, SEABOARD, WESTOVER. IE! FOB Ml iBETWiEESisif Baltimore, Old Poiut, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and all Points MMBl* AMI BAUTMrBBf'. Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily, except Sundays, from foot of Union Dock, at 7 P. M., and from Canton Wharf at 8:45 P. M., on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW YORK at 4 P. M., and PHILADELPHIA at 6 P.M. Passengers leave WASHINGTON at 5:30 P. M., connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. Connect at PORTSMOUTH with Express Train of Seaboard and Roanoke R. R. for all points South. Going NORTH leave PORTSMOUTH at 5:45 P.M., NORFOLK at 6:15 P. M..and connect at Canton Wharf, BALTIMORE, with Express Train for PHILADEL- PHIA and NEW YORK, reaching PHILADELPHIA at 11 A. M., and NEW YORK at 1 P. M. The BAY LINE also connects at BALTIMORE for WASHING- TON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST. THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE Connects BALTIMORE, via the Virginia. Tennessee and Georgia Air Line at NOR- FOLK, with all poiuts in South-Side and South-Western Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi ; aud via the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air. Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all points in North and South Carolina, Geor^ gia, and all points South and South-west. Connects Norfolk and Portsmouth, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Northern Central Railway, with all points West, via " North German Lloyd's Line ;" with Bremen, via " Allan," ;' Continental." "West India and Pacific," " Hooper and Johnston's" Steam- ship Lines for Liverpool; via " Continental" Line for London and Harve ; via "Tully" Line for London and Newcastle-on-Tyne — over all of which through Bills of Lading and rates are issued. Freight Received and Forwarded Twice Daily, Except Sunday: W. RANDALL., Agent. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. CLYDE'S -■ . BETWEEN New York and Charleston, S. C. New York and Wilmington, N. C. New York, Hayti & San Domingo. Philadelphia, Richmond & Norfolk. Philadelphia and New York. Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C. Philadelphia and Washington, D. C. and Alexandria, Va. Baltimore, Norfolk, Newberne, and Washington, N. C. Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk Line. WM. P. CLYDE & CO., General Managers, No. 35 Broadway, New York, - 12 South Wharves, Philada. JAS. W. McCARRICK, Gen'l Southern Agent, Norfolk,Ya. 78 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE FOR BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE, The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Co. THE ONLY'DIRECT LINE. THE SPLENDID STEAMSHIPS CHATHAM, Captain Wm. A. Halleti, D. H. MILLER, Captain Frank M. Howes, BERKSHIRE, Captain F. S. March, Jr. ALLEGHANY, Captain Jno. C. Taylor, JOHNS ^HOPKINS, Captain H. D. Foster, GEO. APPOLD, Captain F F Warren. Leaving Norfolk for Boston every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday P. M., at six o'clock, from the Boston Wharf. For Providence every Wednesday and Saturday at the same hour. Splendid passenger accommodations and reasonable rates. The finest excursions and short voyages to be had on the coast. Freight accommodations unlimited. For particulars apply to V. D. GRONER, General Agent NORFOLK, vA. Potomac Stoamboat Co. FOR WASHINGTON, D, C. THE ELEGANT STEAMERS J EORGE EXCELSIOR ! Composing a daily line throughout the Summer aud tri-weekly in the winter. Leaving Norfolk about 4 P. M. This is one of the most delightful trips in the world, and the cost is so low as to be within the reach of pvervbody. Either for passengers or freight, j 3 leave the Boston Wharf. apply to V. D. GROWER, Agent. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 79 Dismal Swamp Canal i Steamers. 1 . B. ROGERS OR THOMAS NEWTON LEAVE NORFOK EVERY 3^> AT 7 A.M.^ — For all Landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal. Freights for the above Steamers received daily from 8 A. M. to 5 P. M. HENRY ROBERTS, Superintendent. jtfE D!Sjv1/\L SW^.J^ip C^JSI/XL. will admit sharp built vessels drawing five feet of water; lighter built vessels, four feet. The Locks will admit 96 feet length, and 16J feet breadth of beam. Rafts secured with chains must not be over 1-1 feet wide ; secured with binders, not over 12 feet wide. They must be well secured to the satisfaction of the I a- nal authorities. Steamers will not be admitted without a permit from this office. HENRY ROBERTS, Supt., Higgins' Wharf, Norfolk, Va. OFncEIJ!-i: JOHN B. WHITEHEAD President HENRY ROBERTS Superintendent H, C. WHITEHEAD Secretary and Treasurer S. W. GARY COLLECTOB DIRECTORS : J. B. Whitehead, W. H. C. Ellis, C. W. Newton, J. v. Leigh, so GENERAL AND COMMEEClAL GUIDE INLAND NAVIGATION. THE Albemarl esapeake Canal WITH THE Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and Dela- ware and Raritan Canal. COMPLETE THE INLAND NAVIGATION PROM Now York, FkiUfykii, Baltimore uh Norfolk TO NORTH CAROLINA AND THE SOUTH. By Canals and Inland Navigation for steamboats, sailing vessels, rafts, &c. avoiding the dangers of Hatteras and the Coast of North Carolina, SAVING TIME AND INSURANCE. DIMENSIONS OF CANALS AND LOCKS CANAL. Albemarle and ( !hesapeake ( !anal, New Berne and Beaufort Canal. - Fairfield Canal Chesapeake and Delaware, Delaware and Raritan Canal, Erie (New York) Canal, 12 miles. 14 4:! 345 LOCKS Length. Width. 220 ft. 40 ft. no locks. no locks. 220 ft. 24 •• 220 " 34 " 110 •• 18 ■• Depth. 7 ft. jight draft Steamers for Charleston. Savannah. Florida and West Indies take this route. For rates of tolls- and maps of Canal, apply at COMPANY'S OFFICE, No. 21 Granby Street, Norfolk. Va. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMor'Di. 81 BANKS AND BANKERS. 11 N April of hist year (1885) the community sustained a severe shock by the failure of the Exchange National Bank, of Norfolk, and the jL Banking House of Bain & Bro., of Portsmouth, followed almost im- mediately by the suspension of the Farmers' Bank, of Norfolk. Over four millions of dollars were thus suddenly withdrawn from use, and the collapse of these financial institutions, which had long been regarded as among the strongest and soundest in the country, very naturally produced a feeling of intense anxiety, not only among the business men of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and the other depositors and stock-holders of the broken Banks, but also among those numerous planters, truckers and country merchants who had hitherto entrusted their interests to our mercantile houses. The blow fell without a moment's warning, and it was impossible to say how far its disastrous effects might reach. Similar catastrophes had oc- curred in New York and other business centres, bringing widespread ruin in their train : and why should Norfolk and Portsmouth be expected to escape equally calamitous consequences? All confidence in personal in- tegrity, as well as in commercial stability, was shaken to its foundation, and it was felt that a great and terrible crisis was at hand. But the days and weeks went by without developing any further weak- ness, and it became apparent at last that the danger had been exagger- ated; for not one single private failure had resulted from the closing of the Banks. While numerous individuals had lost their all, and much dire distress had overtaken those unfortunate depositors whose savings of a life- time had been sunk and lost in an hour, the business concerns of both cities revealed unexpected strength, and what might have proved a most disastrous panic was thus happily averted. The official investigation into the affairs of the Exchange National Bank showed that for years past it had been insolvent, and that its nominal capital had long ago been practi- cally buried beneath a load of hopelessly bad investments, and forever with- drawn from useful and legitimate circulation. No sooner, however, had the full extent of our damage been realized, than the business men of Norfolk and Portsmouth, with characteristic 82 General and commercial ctriDE pluck and energy, set to work to retrieve their losses and to restore the credit which these events had shaken, at home and abroad. The Nor- folk National Bank took the place of the Exchange National, with a larger actual capital than the nominal stock of its predecessor, and num- bering among its directors several gentlemen who had suffered most heavi- ly from the previous collapse ; the Bank of Bain & Bro. was succeeded by the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank, a corporation comprising many of the leading merchants, capitalists and professional men of Portsmouth; and several of the other banks of both cities have increased their capital stock. The result of these important changes is that the publie confidence has been completely restored, and the rate of discount has been reduced from nine to six per cent. Our Banks are kept busy all the year round, but in the Cotton Season they are at their busiest, when it would be almost impossible to make prompt and accurate settlements without the machinery of the Clearing House, which was established in 1871, and is composed of the Presidents and Cashiers of the following Banks, namely: the Citizens' Bank, Wm. H. Peters, President, Walter H. Doyle, Cashier ; the Norfolk National Bank, C. G. Ramsay, President, Caldwell Hardy, Cashier ; the Bank of Commerce, James E. Barry, President W. 8. Wilkinson, Cashier; the Ma- rine Bank, Walter H. Taylor, President, Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier; the Bank of Portsmouth, Legh R. Watts, President, E. Alex, Hatton, Cashier ; and the Banking House of Burruss, Son & Co. The following figures, for which we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. W. S. Wilkinson, the Manager, show the respective totals of the Clearing House transactions during the month of November in each year begin- ning with 1876 $1,252,675 00 1881 $2,626,234 00 1877 1,117,280 00 1882 2,648,819 00 1878 1,230,756 00 1883 3,082,346 00 1879 1,500,926 00 1884 3,891,700 00 1880 2,024,200 00 1885 5,592,900 00 The Savings Banks, of which We have several, are conducted on conser- vative and judicious principles, and greatly assist in promoting the mate- rial welfare of large numbers of our people — clerks, mechanics, laborers — who rely entirely upon their daily earnings, and are unable to lay by money except in small amounts. On the whole we believe that the above facts justify us in assuming that the Financial Institutions of Norfolk and Portsmouth are in a healthier condition to-day than at any previous period in the history of this great Sea Port, and that, under their present competent management and liberal policy, they will henceforth constitute the strongest pillar in the edifice of our ever-growing; trade. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 83 WILLIAM II. PETER8, PRESIDENT AV.vi/n:i{ ii. DOYLE, CASH 1 Kit ^citizens umR - of Morfolk^ Va. Established uxdek State Laws in iis<>7. Capital $t 00.000 Surplus, ^2o f ooo DIRECTORS : WM. H. PETEKS, WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, GEO. C. REID, CHAS. II. ROWLAND, T. A. WILLIAMS, J. G. WOMBLE. Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount Days — Wednesday and Satur- day. Interest allowed on Savings Deposits. Exchange Issued on all Principal Cities of Europe. CeiiliEOTiefflS M^DE Tip PR0MPTOY REMITTED. NEW YORK CORRESPONDENTS: Bank of New York— National Banking Association. 84 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE EH Q cd 1— 1 >— 1 -J w : w j Q s * o si 5 PC o EH Q < I z €0 r M Si CQ O < 2 5 O w OS _£ > CD m 05 H rj 03 ffl OS 03 ■*-> ■.rH a as U (7} 0) U 03 CD CO 03 S io" S CO — ' 2 .5 > C3 GO •— i i^ W — J cud t3 a r3 (8 ^ CJ CO c3 a el =« g 5 o EH P o A3 eg -^ o 3 M bC c3 "^ H " CD G sS < "3 e*-i a ■ O c3 03 o — CO q a: O ^zr o O c 1 — 1 <3J H3 o3 — c (S PS w b/j r^T' •+J o> O o h & W Q ft (0 *« -3 r, -? « as i & 3 P- "3 5 - — «i fe c o "3 a 2 . 01 it c3 * o <5 S3 en n c S CO o S3 5 — £ 03 a C 3 > J4 o 3 2 o S3 — o S3 CO 1 /■ 3 M S3 $ -~ 9 a J3 S3 5S 3 S 5 * ej 4» o £2 /^ **-' 7 - 3 □ o ° ^ ^.2 a- P< M -d §5 tic o -: g fc OB S • << M M • W 3 ° S H P- « i o ^ § g « "■3 T3 m fci £ Bo ~ 3 TO S ^ b o ^ »■, c ■= 5 .-S ^ Eh i^ r^ *-' t- ^ 7. O o P ^ : (£ - 1 "w •• •_, Ji iJ % c . H o2j O -s* eg . Q ^? 2 g B H ^ K C ». 5 S g a a pa $ 2 W o tt M =2 - C5 ps . S S S d fe ^ q « ^ o y o o {£ p ^ ^ TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. >>.S OF COMMERCE, (Cliartered under Stale Laws, 1st July, 1X78.) .IAS. K, BARRY, President. W. S. WILKINSON, Cashier. Ill CAPITAL, $50,000. SURPLUS, $34,000. DIRECTORS : JAS. E. BARRY, J. D. GALE, J AS. REID, SAM'L MARSH. .!. VICKERY, B. T. BOCKOVER, R. W. SANTOS, \\ . A. GRAVES, W. S. WILKINSON. Transacts a General Banking Business. Collections Made on All Points at Current Rates. Interest Allowed on Deposits in Savings Department. New York Correspondent : NATIONAL PARK BANK. Philadelphia Correspondent: FIRST NATIONAL BANK. Boston Correspondent : MAVERICK NATIONAL BANK. n~v OF NORFOLK VA. CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. W. H. TAYLOR. President. HUGH N. PAGE, Acting Cashier. Collections remitted for on day of payment. No charge for collections payable with exchange. No extra charge for collections on Rich- mond, Petersburg, Lynchburg and Suffolk. Ya. DIRECTORS. JAS. T. BORTjjU. of W. F. Allen & Co., Wholesale Grocers." M. L. T. DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co., Wholesale O racers. C. B. DUFFIELD, Attorney at Law. W. W. GWATHMEY, of Gwathmev & Co.. Com mission Merchants. L. HARMANSON. of Harmanson A Heath. Attorneys at Law. B. P. LOYALL. of Tavlor & Lovall, Family (irocers. WASHINGTON REED, of Peters & Reed, Commission Merchants. CHAS. REID, of Chas. Reid tt Son. Commission Merchants. WASHINGTON TAYLOR, of Washington Taylor A- Co.. Whole- sale Grocers. 86 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE 9k OF NORFOLK, HA- STATE INSTITUTION— CHARTERED 1874. Authorized Capital, $100,000. Paid-Up Capital, - $50,000 Interest Paid on all Savings Deposits of Ten Dollars andL TJp^vvai*<• partment. 'Paid up Capital, - - - $51,000 null tided 'Profits, - .S'.OOO DIRECTORS = Judge Legb R Watts, of Watts & Hatton, Attorneys-at-Law. O. V. Smith, General Claim aud Trace Agent, Atlantic ("oast and Seaboai'd Air Lines. R. J. Neely of K. J. Neely & Co., Wholesale Lumber Merchants. Jas. F. Crocker, Attorney-at^Law. Joseph Bourke, Family Grocer. Jno. H. Hume, of R. G. Hume & Rro.. Books and Stationery. A P. Grice, Treas. Lewis' Spring Manufacturing Co. Thos. Scott, of Scott & Flemming. Furniture Dealers. Richard Cox, Trucker, Norfolk County, "Va. Correspondents:— Importers and Traders' 'National Bank and Bank of New York N. B. A., New York ; First National Bank, Philadelphia ; National Revere Bank, Boston ; Merchant*' National Bank, Baltimore. JOHN T. GRIFFIN. President J. H TOOMER, Cashier. Merchants' and. Farmers' Bank, PORTSMOUTH, VA. A UTHOPIZBP CA PITA I, I PA IP IJV CA PI 2 A L, $150,000. $50,000. This Bank opened for business on Tuesday, December 1, 1885, and re- spectfully soliciis the accounts of bankers, merchants, farmers and others. While allowing customers the benefit of its advantages, and affording them liberal facilities for conducting their banking business, the Board of Directors pledge themselves that the institution shall be managed on the principle of sound and conservative banking. A specialty will be made of collections, to which careful and prompt attention will be given. DIRECTORS : JOHN T. GRIFFIN, HENRY KIRN, JOSEPH A. PARKER, THOS. J BAKLOW, GEO. L . N EVILLE, JAM ES PARRISH, B. H. OWENS, JAS T. BORUM, R. C MARSHALL. 88 GENERAL AN!) COMMERCIAL GUIDE FERTILIZERS S.URING the past few years the demand for this article has been far in excess of the supply of natural guano and manure, and has led to its manufacture on a very large scale. In the newly and sparsely settled territories of the West where the land has been under cultivation for a comparatively short period, the need of an artificial stimulus to the soil has as yet been little felt. But in the East it has become indispensa- ble. The ground has been tilled by succeeding generations until its nour- ishing power is exhausted and requires periodical and systematic renew- ing to render it once more fertile and productive. Especially is this the case in the eastern portion of Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas where the trucking business is so extensively carried on. The richest soil can only supply a certain limited amount of nutrition to the vegetation it sus- tains, and when that nutrition has been withdrawn by over cropping, it must be restored either by the slow process of natural recuperation or by such artificial means as science may suggest and experience approve. Tak- ing the natural Peruvian guano as the standard, and the character and quantity of the crop as the test, it is most gratifying to be able hereto assert, on the testimony of scores, nay, hundreds of the practical farmers and horticulturalists of the Eastern and Southern States, that the Norfolk factories are furnishing them with a perfect substitute for natural guano and at much more acceptable prices than the latter can be procured at. Manufactured phosphates are easy of adulteration, as the apparent virtues < 1 1' the ingredients can be sustained by the intermingling of certain sub- stances which, although making a good showing according to the analysis are nevertheless utterly worthless as plant food. The agriculturalist, therefore, cannot exercise too much caution in the purchase of this essen- tial factor to his success, and he should make his selection not only from his knowledge of the manufacturer and the reputation of the brand, but also with a view to the special requirements of his soil and the nature of the crop under which it is to be used. The most experienced farmer need never regret the use of a fertilizer if he will only be guided in its choice and application by the experience of others and not place too much faith in the representations of irresponsible agents and dishonest manufac- TO NORFOLK ANfr PORTSMOUTH. 89 turers, who, like their goods, have no reputation to lose and are satisfied to thrive for the moment by fleecing the unwary. The efficacy of first, class fertilizers is now universally acknowledged and there are few who even try to dispense with them. Like steam and gas and electricity, they were at first regarded with suspicion and scepticism, but have finally established themselves in the public confidence. The application of certain chemicalg in correct proportions will force the growth of cotton and other crops just as surely as the rays of the sun will ripen them. There are several large companies and firms engaged in this business in and around Norfolk, and although their output is enormous, it is, nevertheless, inadequate to the demand. Large additions are contemplated and being made to some of the factories and it is expected that their increased facilities will shortly enable them to meet the necessities of the trade. It is also most encouraging to know that while other cities find a market for their fertilizers in certain portions of this and the adjoining States, the Norfolk brands have ob- tained a firm foot-hold around and beyond them, and they are held in high estimation wherever they have become known, from the remote mountain passes to the shore of the ocean, and the reason of this has been that our manufacturers and dealers have had the honesty and good sense to put upon the market only such goods as could not fail to give perfect satisfaction to the consumers. {»() GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE American Fertilizing Company, box_ot_L OF NORFOLK VA. Importers of Guanos and Chemicals, and Manufacturers of High Grade and Standard Super-Phosphates, Nos 163 and 165 WATER STREET, - NORFOLK,VA. C. L. UPSHUR. President. W. J. UOBINS, Secretary. UPSHUR'S STANDARD 10 PER CENT. AMMONIA UUANO. This is one of the very highest grade guanos on the market, aud will grow any crop as quick and give as large a yield as any Peruvian guano, no matter what grade it is, and claims to be second to nothing in the market. It is especially fine for top dressing, or used in any way Peruvian is used, and good on all crops. It is made of the highest grade and finest materials. Analysis : 10 per cent, am- monia, 16 to 20 per cent, bone phosphate, 2 to ^ per cent potash. 8QNE Upshur's Standard 1 per Cent. Ammonia Guano. OR SPECIAL IRISH POTATO GUANO. Upshur's Peruvian Mixture, especially for Cotton, Tobacco, &c. This is prepared from bone flour, fish and Peruvian Guano, and is one of the best preparations for cotton on the market. Analysis 3 per cent, ammonia, 15 to '20 per cent, bone phosphate lime, 1 to 2 per cent, potash. We keep on hand the best Peruvian Guano, in its natural state, and guarantee it perfectly pure and of the highest grade. We also offer for sale Lobos's Guano, Standard Analysis. Also, all kinds of Fertilizing Chemicals, such a Sulph. Am- monia, Nit. Soda, Sulph. and Muriate Potash. Kainit, Bone Dust, Pure Fish Scrap, Fine Ground Fish, South Carolina Acid Phosphate, &c, &c. Ou«r Presi- dent is an experienced manufacturer of guanos, also a practical farmer, and em- ployees of the Company are practical and experienced fertilizer manufacturers and dealers. AMERICAN FERTILIZING CO. C. L. UPSHUR.. President TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. '.♦1 President : J. 0. Spencer. Vice-President & Treasurer : R. McD. Spencer. Secretary: J. Merchant. Assistant Treasurer : V. TavlOr. THE HODGDON & SPENCER CO. 'eruvian Gitne, laiait IBM m\ k l.)4 and 15(5 Water Street.. NORFOLK;, VA 92 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE ESTABLISHED 1*21. -#1886*- GURUS HID I SIM ST NORFOLK, VA., IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN Ho, 1 Peruvian Guano, 10&6 percent. AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE FOLLOWING HIGH GRADE STANDARD BRANDS OF FERTILIZERS, so long and satisfactorily used and endorsed by the TRUCKERS of the great MARKET-GARDEN SECTION OF EASTERN VIRGINIA, than whom none more critically test, and better know the needs of Plants ; " LEESIDE" (10 per cent. Ammonia) $55.00 per ton, cash. " FARMERS' CHALLENGE "or «F.C." Guano, (7 per cent ) . . $46.00 per ton, cash. " FARMERS' FAVORITE " or "F.F." Guano, (5 per cent.) . . $36.00 per ton, cash. "SOLUBLE FINE GROUND FISH'' (9 per cent.) . . . $34.00 per ton, cash. 'RAW SLAUGHTER- HOUSE BONE MEAL," . . . . $35.00 per ton cash. " DISSOLVED SLAUGHTER-HOUSE BONE." .... $37.50 per ton, cash. "SOLUBLE POTASH PHOSPHATE," $25.00 per ton, cash. " VIRGINIA LAND RENOVATOR,'' $15 00 per ton, cash. S. C. Floats, Laud Plaster, Kaiuit and Agricultural Chemi- cals sold as low as articles of equal purity can be in this mark 't. Highest market price paid for Staves and Treenails. CHARLES REBD & SON, OFFTCE, / 4 A'/V/SOA X'JJi'BBT, NORFOLK, YA. Factory, Money Point. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 93 SUPER-PHOSPHATE | A^ND Pocomoke /*T 0\^Pronounced ^1 ft V / b! ' ^^ all who have 1 ># to be THE BEST FERTILIZER IN USE Cotton, Tobacco, Peanuts, Corn, Early Truck, &c. MANUFACTURED BY npp, lloYd, qA^o|l ^ dj^Ydew, 1 1 ^ EGHFOLE, VA. ^ PCCOEOEE, EID. ^ 94 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE NOTTINGHAM, WRENN & STYRON, MANUFACTURERS OF "1F0LK FERTILIZER" H AGRICULTURAL \M\ LIE The Norfalfe g§5||tefp IS OHE.4JP A1XI> RELIABLE, Unsurpassed for Cotton, Tobacco, Corn, Peanuts, Oats, Vegetables and Grasses. We have the PRACTICAL TESTS by Farmers and Planters that this Fertilizer is an Excellent Article for producing and increasing yield of all drops. WE OFFER SHELL LIME AT LOW PRICES, in cargo lots or smaller quantities, as desired. SEND F"OR CIRCULARS. Factory, Burton's Point, near Navy Yard. Office, 54 Main Street, NORFOLK. VA. F. S. ROYSTER, E. STRUDWICK. Tarboro, N.C. Hillsboro, N. C. ROYSTER & STRUDWICK, Cotton Factors .4l>'T> Wholesale Dealers in Fertilizers, ©I1MAI KAINIT, Acid Phosphate, Farmers' Friend Fertilizer, NORFOLK, VA. Stocks at all North Carolina and Virginia Ports. Write for Circulars, Prices, &c. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. §S CAKY W. JONES. E. B. BAIN. B. G. BAGLEY. FOR ALL CROPS USE JGNES, BAIN& CO.'S 6*m TH A W7P\ ATTY A 'ATA ** } Insoluble " 1.79 Total - " 10.80 Potash *■« Soda ;;^ (1 Ammonia - ,{J Signed, ' WM. H. TAYLOR, M. D., State Chemist. APPLY TO OUR NEAREST AGENT OR DIRECT TO US. JONES, BAIN & CO., Manufacturers.. Petersburg, Ya. 6EXERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE OUR EXPORT CO AI« TFADE. THE NEW COALING STATION ON HAMPTON ROADS AT LAMBERT'S POINT IN THE LOWER HARBOR OF NORFOLK. HE Appalachian chain of mountains, reaching from Pennsylvania to Carolina, and passing through Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia, s is filled with the finest coal beds on the American Continent, The (.earns of Semi-Bituminous Coal are found to yield the best steam coal. and the further to the South they extend the finer the quality appears to be- come. The Cumberland Coal, which finds its principal out'et at George- town and Baltimore, claims superiority over the Clearfield and other semi-bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, for steam purposes, while the New River coals, which seek tide-water at Richmond and Newport's News furnish a steam coal consideied even better than the best George's Creek from the Cumberland region. But in Tazewell County, Virginia, the per- T6 NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. M fection of Semi-Bituminous Steam Coal has been found, the seams all pro- ducing the same character of coal, containing less sulphur and ash than the more northerly products. About two years ago the Norfolk & Western Railroad connected these mines, which are situated in and around the town of Pocahontas, in the Flat Top Mountains, with the port of Norfolk, and so excellent has the coal proved for steam-generating purposes, that im- mense quantities are brought daily to Norfolk for local consumption, and for shipment, principally to New England ports. The best conducted railroads in the East and the fastest local steamship lines are using th e Pocahontas Coal. It produces steam quicker, and has less clinker than other semi-bituminous coals, and English engineers who have used it on the ocean state that it comes nearer to the best Welsh Coal than any they have ever obtained in the United States. As Hampton Roads, from its situation mid-way between the Gulf of Mexico and the Banks of Newfoundland, with its safe harbor and easy access, was admirab y adapted for a coaling station for ocean steamers, the Norfolk & Western Railroad Company, with a view to extending the facilities for the steam marine in this particular, have constructed berth s for bunkering steamers at their grand coal pier at Lambert's Point, with 6 feet of water, and the most approved chutes, 45 feet high, enabling steamers of any size to be coaled with the greatest possible dispatch. Hampton Roads is bounded on the west by the James River, at the mouth of which Newport's News is situated, and on the south by th e Elizabeth River at the mouth of which is Lambert's Point. These two points are equi-distant from the Capes of Virginia, the advantage of a fraction of a mile by the ship channel being in favor of the latter. The Pier is five eighths of a mile long, with double tracks and chutes on both sides. It has now berths for coaling three large steamships at the same time besides ample accommodations for coastwise vessels, and is capable of be- ing doubled in capacity, should business require it. The Pier is in a safe harbor and the river bottom, being of soft mud, can be easily kept dredged to any required depth. The Virginia Pilots' Association have certified that they can put a steamship drawing 25 feet at the I'ier at any time. The United States Signal Corps have a station at Cape Henry, con- nected with the Norfolk City station by telegraph, and this station has telephonic communication with the Pier. Steamers therefore when pass- in o- the Capes can, by signaling, give the "Pier from 2 J to 3 hours notice of their comin., so that everything can be in readiness for them. By using the code letters 'L. M. B." they will be rep rted as coming for coal, and by giving their number, their name will also be reported. One ad- vantage of this announcement is to have the Health Officer <>n hand, wh is obliged to visit all vessels from foreign ports all the year round, and from domestic Southern ports from 1st of May to 1st of November. In case t)A GENERAL AKt> COMMERCIAL GtJlbE of windy weather, if the services of a tug are needed as a precaution in berthing a steamer, they are supplied, free of charge, by the Railroad. When desired, work is done during all hours of the night, and by the accommodation of the Collector of the Port and his assistants, vessels reported as passing the Capes before 3 P. M. are entered in the afternoon as late as 6 P. M. In fact everything is done to afford the greatest pos- sible dispatch. All the Atlantic cables have offices in Norfolk, and mes- sages can be transmitted to and from Europe with the same facility as in New York. Lambert's Pier, although only completed sufficiently to com- mence business last Spring, has already a fair share of bunkering busi- ness, and must gain rapidly in popularity on account of superior coal and facilities for dispatch. The following figures, showing the shipments of Pocahontas Semi- Bituminous Coal during the year 1885, not including local and harbor- deliveries, will afford the best proof of its great and growing popularity. January 6,489 Tons February 7,639 March 24,484 April 31,251 May 28,951 June 28,500 July 27,037 August 29,454 September 25,751 October ...29,382 November 28,441 December 31,022 298,401 Being a Monthly average of over 24,866 Tons « Weekly " " 5,738 " " Daily " " 817 " TO NORFOLK AND PORTTMOUTH. 00 Norfolk & Western Railroad Co. CASTNER & CO., Limited, GEHEfjAL TIDE-WATEfj COAL AGENTS. . POCAHONTAS FLAT TOP SEMI- BITUMINOUS SHIPPING POINT Lambert's Pier, near Norfolk, Va. Unequalled as a Coaling Station for Steamers. Our coal piers have a draft of water of 26 feet at low tide, enabliog us to coal the largest steamers with ease and unusual dispatch. Steamers will save over 200 miles of journey by coaling at Norfolk rather than at Halifax and also avoid delays and clangers caused by fogs and ice in the vicinity of Halifax. GENERAL OFFICE: 203 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. Branch Houses at New York, Boston and Baltimore. WILLIAM LAMB & CO., Agts. WLLIAM LAMB & CO., SHIP AND STEAMSHIP AGENTS, MARKET SQUARE, NORFOLK, VA. "Brancft Office at Fort Monroe, Hampton 'Jioads, Virginia. Vice-Consulates of Germany, Sweden and Norway. 100 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE LUMBER, STAVES, &o. lPftY reason partly of our extremely favorable geographical situation, in Wy close proximity to the noble white oak and pine forests of the eastern ^ shore of Virginia and North Carolina, this trade has always been one of the most important in which the capital and enterprise of Norfolk and Portsmouth have been engaged. We enjoy a central and convenient posi" tion for the accumulation of logs which reach our mills through the rivers and canals having their estuaries on the branches of the Elizabeth, and are here converted into the lumber and staves of commerce. The magnitude of the lumber business done in this port is not generally known even among our own citizens, and it wall therefore surprise many to learn that in 1885 it reached nearly $2,000,000, of which amount about $500,000 worth was exported to foreign markets. The white oak timber of this section is highly esteemed for use in ship building on acconnt of its fine grain and toughness, and it has always been in special demand by the Navy Department. The pine forests, in addition to the millions of feet of lumber which they annually contribute to our trade, also furnish excel- lent masts and epars for our shipping. Our trade in staves is conducted chiefly with the West Indies and the Mediterranean, where they are manu- factured into barrels and casks for sugar, molasses rum and wine. Our white oak staves are much sought after by the grape growers of Southern Europe, as they do not injure the delicate flavor of the wine, as other coarser woods are said to do. As a natural consequence of these favor- able conditions, a glance round the shores of our noble harbor reveals numerous lumber yards, saw mills, planing mills, box factories and other kindred establishments, all of which show evidence of enjoying a brisk trade. A. A. McCULLOUGH, DEALER, l|4 CO^L, LUPBER, And All Kinds of Building Material, GRAN BY STREET, NEAR ATLANTIC HOTEL, NORFOLK, VA. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 101 EDWARD M. TILLEY, Wholesale Dealer in all descriptions of SAWED AND PLANED LUMBER, AT M Y Mill and Wharf in Berkley. Keeps constantly on hand Stocks of Dry Lumber of the following descriptions: Flooring, Scantling, Ceiling, Step Plank, Joist, Partition [reeded], Dressed Boards, Weather Boards, Shingles, Bricks, &c. Cut from Cypress and Yellow Pine Stock. ;A"W Mill 3 m OFFICE IN BERKLEY, Cor, MOHTELAHT and LIBERTY STS, 1, M, TILLEY. Telephone Connections. 102 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE THE CARMAN LUMBER CO AND K<< PLANING MILLS J Manufacturers of and Dealers in all kinds of Rough and Dressed Lumber, Laths,&c, *KL8eiflN6 flflD ceiling -HfcA SPECIALTY.*- P. O. Address, Box 185, Norfolk, Va, lo NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 103 MANUFACTURERS OF X « CO CO £ czuD £ CO QC PRICES QUOTED UlPON APPLICATION. Dressed Boxes 1 Cent additional. For Cash 10 per cent, from Prices (Rioted. Apply for furthei information to Mill in Berkley, Va. or to Wright's Confectionery Store at Ferry Wharf Portsmouth, _Va. - Berkley, Va. Also Manufacturers of a CHEAP BLOCK WOOD Wood delivered in Norfolk or Brambleton at the Low Trice of $150 per % cord. .tfy.UU per eord ,J. W. Biirbour. .John Turner. J. W. BARBOUR & CO., X XT -^fCXjU IVJU& x?xz JJjhJXAJi£xJ&t3 : J i' Lime, Laths, Hair, Plaster, Cement, Shingles, Etc., Etc. NO. «S« WATER OTBJEET* NORFOLK, VA. Large Stock of Seasoned Cypress Always on Hand. G. ARMSTRONG & SON, S a ^y a n d P 1 a n i ng J|| Manufacturers of and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in KILN DRIED FLOORBNC AND CEILING, Lumber, Laths, Shingles, and Posts, VEGETABLE AND FFtXJIX BOXES. Bill Timber a Specialty. PORTSMOUTH, VA. 104 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GTJTDE HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS /JY a "N arriving at Norfolk or Portsmouth for the first lime, th^ stranger \y^ cannot fail to be impressed most favorably with the superiority of our hotel accommodations ; and this is admitted to be one of the hest criterions by which to gauge the general commercial prosperity — or other- wise — of every city. It must he confessed that in this respect most of our Southern provincial towns are sadly deficient, and the traveller is certain to be agreeably surprised at the comfort and elegance with which he finds himself surrounded when he first accepts our Sea-port's hospitality. But the explanation of this fact is simple anough. As the terminus of many busy Railroads and the calling place of many lines of pasengcr steam- boats, the Sister Cities receive and entertain many thousands of transient visitors during the year, and first-class hotels have heen, for many years past, not only an absolute necessity to the public, but also a source of handsome revenue to their proprietors, who vie with each other in supply- ing the wants and increasing the comforts of their guests. The buildings are all that the most fastidious could desire — lofty, com- modious, well lighted and well ventilated, within easy distance of railroad depots, steamboat wharves, churches, places of amusement, street railways, banks, stores, &c, well furnished and provided with parlors, reception rooms and elevators; cleanly, comfortable, well managed and absolutely devoid of those trilling but numerous discomforts which usually render hotel life so unattractive. Our markets are acknowledged to be among the very best in the whole country and abound in every variety of fish, game, fruits, vegetables and all other luxuries for the table. As these are for the most part the pro- ducts of the land and water in our own immediate neighborhood, the Hotel charges at Norfolk and Portsmouth are extremely moderate when compared with those of other cities, and it frequently happens that travel- lers who call here en route between the distant points at the North and South, intending to rest but a single day, find themselves so comfortably quartered that they remain with us for weeks or months at a time, and repeat their visits at tho earliest opportunity. The large patronage which our Hotels enjoy, at all seasons of the year, is the best possible testimonial to their excellence. TO NORFOLK ANt> POUTSMOTTH. ]0S -»:+: NEW PURCEIiIi H00gE,| <- Corner Main and Church Streets. The Dining Room. Reception Room, Parlors, Halls, Office and a large num- ber of the bed rooms are heated by steam, thus affording a pleasant temperature in the coldest weather. Passenger Elevator. Electric Bells in Bed Rooms. Telephone and Telegraph Call in Office. A special feature of the NEW PURCELL is a number of Sample Rooms on the ground floor. The Street Cars pass immediately by, offering a quiok, cheap and comfortable transit to nearly all parts of the city, abo connecting in the summer season with Steam Cars for Ocean View and Virginia Beach— the popular Summer Resorts. SIAGLE'S "TRANSFER" BUS and BAGGAGE WAGON attend all Trains and Steamers. BEN. R. BROWN & CO., Proprietors. loo ofcNERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Corner High and Court Streets. FOETSMOCTH, V A. , ' ¥ t f This well known Leading Hotel has been thoroughly renovated aiid furnished, and now offers unsurpassed accommodations to mm hundred RHINE WINE ROOMS, Orchestrion and Billiard flails, SUMMER GARDEN AND LUNCH ROOMS. 143 & 145 Church St., opposite Opera House, NORFOLK, VA. 02CHESTBI0X CONGESTS EVEEY SIGHT. 108 OEXEItAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE &m Botetourt County, Virginia. PHIL. F. BROWN, - - Proprietor. 41 Miles West of Lynchburg, Va. ft o 72 OPEN FOR VISITORS FROM JUnE AST TO I5TH OCTOBER. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 109 OUR EXPORT TRADE, BHIS is a topic of such extent and involves such varied interests that it is found almost impossible to do it full justice within the circum- scribed limits to which we are confined. The wonderful and constantly growing export trade of Norfolk and Portsmouth has been unprecedented in the commercial annals of any maritime community in America. The many doubts, fears and anxieties whioh attended its es- tablishment have long since disappeared, together with the numerous vicissitudes which attended the early stages of its development, and it has become a recognized and established factor in the commercial econ- omy of this important Business Centre. The accomplishment of this most satisfactory result is due entirely to the energy and perseverence of our public-spirited merchants and bank- ers, supported by the press of the Cities and State. The first cotton ever shipped at Norfolk for a foreign port composed the cargo, valued at $119,023, of the British steamer Ephesus which sailed for Liverpool in the Spring of 1866, but was wrecked on Sable Island. The total exports for that year in assorted cargoes was valued $413,405 ; that of 18S5 amounted to nearly $13,000,000. Such a marvellous groAvth in twenty years discloses a degree of vitality which requires no comment in order to im- press its meaning upon an intelligent people. The whole direct exports of cotton from Norfolk and Portsmouth dur- ing the season ending August 31st, 1885, amounted to 295,817 bale, , valued at $14,279,835. In addition to these there were shipped at Nor- folk during the same season, on through bills of lading for Great Britian and the Continent, via Baltimore, Boston, New York and Philadelphia, 65,917 bales, for which this port cannot take credit, as they were not cleared here. Several large cotton compresses are kept busy night and day during the season reducing the bales to convenient dimensions for stowing in the holds of European steamers, and our present wharves are altogether inadequate to the necessities of this one article of foreign shipment. But there is good reason for believing that this last deficiency will shortly be made good by the completion of the improvements contemplated by some of the 110 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Railroad and Transportation Companies. The following tabular state- ment respecting our Export Cotton Trade will be found of interest: Exports of Cotton by bales for 20 years, from September 1st to August 31st, each year : .SEASONS. BALES. 1865-6 733 1866-7 14,168 1867-8 8,279 1868-9 7,527 1869-70 4,745 1870-1 5,142 1871-2 4,687 1872-3 8,282 1873-4 20,346 1874-5 67,212 SEASONS. BALES. 1875-6 108,693 1876-7 116,855 1877-8 , 159,357 1878-9 203,536 1879-80 257,065 1880-1 328,818 L881-2 331,817 1882-3 372,529 1883-4 243,381 1884-5 295,817 Reference to the tables of Direct Exports shown on the two following pages will demonstrate the growth of the trade since January 1st, 1865. aq © T) NORFOLK AND POKTTMOUTH. :-: ^ 2 ^ '£. f- ¥ 5" 5 - 2Lo>3 3 3 n (Jq (W £ s S O H4 O ■ -a bi n *• -} O o o S3 XC43ICOO 4-1 CO © 01 is c te oo ►4 ~ W -! X OS 09 "J 4-i toot^ssooiooa: IOMM»OOOi.QM ■m oi w tc oi H-ntosioon^'j-i aoo53::3:'X::ooM4--- ROOlObSOKOOOOOOMOoD -irf'-cnoooo^ooootac oi o o o o o o q-i ©or: o ~i o • OS Ol oo . OS 00 44 • rf*. os ao OS : - 4- -i OS -1 00 ■s© 1—1 to CO OO X cs 00 tO 09 00 CO to QC OS ,_, •6© <3© 05 CT tc tO iS 44 -J 44 OS 4- 4i- CD -I 00 oo to OS or tO — -I -1 .. 0< O 00 IS 09 CO O CD © 44 -t 4- OC Si -/ os o o o - oi — CO co to 55 00 -4 OS O Oi i— CO ti. CO -J Ol OT OT O o c o o o ooo o oo o o o o o coo 111 a w o w X no O H w > H O r w CO 112 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE m W U H < m H O cu w H a w -2 co o oo OJ •* m © I-H "* eo © r- oc o co H © i-i O M £- © in © co lO rt< 1> CD »C © ©'©*©" 00 CM t- © CM CO SOrtO rtBIO C> CO ■<*■ CD t- © COOSC1 © 00 00 t- io"© t- a. © i-i 99- © oo co © o H » OD l- C) © i-l -f © © © © iO T-l t- O oo oo © © 00 CO .fi OS Eh i 1 in X TO KORFOLK AWD PORTSMOUTH. 113 Vice Consulates of Great Britian, Netherlands, and J Brazil. Ai?cnt* for Lloyd's. Liverpool, Glasgow, Italian, Dutch, French, Austrian. New York and Philadelphia Underwriters. ESTABLISHED 1786. Steamship Agents and Ship Brokers NORFOLK, VA. CABLE ADDRESS, "MYERS, NORFOLK." Vessels chartered to and from European and West India Ports, and Merchandise Forwarded to all Points at Lowest Rates. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. INCORPORATED 1 883. miuY. The Importation of all kinds of Foreign Salt a Specialty. OFFICERS = M. L. T. HA VIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co., President. T. A. WILLIAMS, of T. A. Williams & Co., Vice-President. W. C. DICKSON, of W. C. Dickson & Co., Treasurer. WASHINGTON TAYLOR, of Washington Taylor & Co.,.S0c'y W. D DEN BY, Superintendent DIRECTORS : M L T DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co., Norfolk, T A.WILLIAMS, of T. A. Williams & ( O.Norfolk. JAS. T. BOKUM. of W. F Allen & Co., Norfolk. WASHINGTON TAYLOK, of Washington Taylor & c o., Norfolk RICHARD EVANS, of Evans, Burwell & Tazewell. Norfolk W C DICK>ON. of W C. Dickson & Co.. Norfolk. W\ G. W. PARKER, of W. & .1. Parker. Portsmouth CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. Il4 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GtJtDfi COTTON AND COMMISSION. LTHOUGH the Porb of Norfolk and Portsmouth enjoys several dis- ||j|tinct and separate claims as an important Business Centre, it is principally to Cotton that she owes her commercial reputation. Thanks to the intelligence, prudence and enterprise of the business men who have turned to the best account her great natural advantages, she has grown and prospered until to-day she stands second on the list of cotton ports in the United States as to her receipts, and third as to her direct foreign exports. In the season of 1858-9 Norfolk's receipts of cotton amounted to 6,174 bales, in 1865-6 they were 59,096 and in 1882-3 they reached 800,133 bales, the largest number ever recorded, and 80,617 bales in excess of any other year. There has been a considerable falling off during the last two seasons, but this has been owing to the shortness of the crop, and our port has received its full proportion. Millions of dollars worth of the snow r y staple passes through our market every year, and some of the wealth which it represents stays here in the form of commissions, cost of handling, freights, and so forth, and the storage room necessary to ac- commodate this vast bulk has become so scarce that the value of land and warehouse property adjoining the wharves has become greatly enhanced. The Cotton Compress Companies do much to relieve the delay in loading vessels, their business being to reduce the bulk of the cotton bales in their powerful steam presses to one-third of their original size. When thus compressed the bales are easy to handle and convenient to stow, and the stevedores see that no time is lost in "speeding the parting guest." The following table exhibits the receipts of cotton by bales at Norfolk during the past 27 seasons, beginning with September 1st and ending with August 3 1st of each year: Year. Bales. Year. Bales. 1858 -' 9 6,174 j i873-'4 472,446 1859-'60 17,777 1874-'5 393,672 1860-'l 33,193 1875-'6 469,998 [1861 to 1865— The Civil War,] 1876-'7 509,612 1865-'6 59,096 1S77-'S 430,557 1866.'7 126,287 1878-'9 443,285 1867-'s 155,591 1879-'80 597,086 1868-'9 164,789 1880-'l 713,026 1869-'70 178,352 1881-'2 622,883 1870-'l ..302,930 1882-'3 800,133 l871-'2 258,730 1883-'4 582,872 1872 - 5 3 405,412 1884-'5 545,418 • TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 115 Subjoined is a statement of the receipts and shipments of cotton as re- corded on the books of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange, for access to which we are indebted to the courtesy of the Secretary, Mr. Norman Bell : BALES. Season t874-'5— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1875. .. 393,072 Shipments, coast wi«« 326,281 Exported Great Britain. . . . 63,629 Exported Continent :;.."is:; 67,212 Total Shipments 393. 193 Season 1 8 75-'l »— Receipts year ending 31st August. 1876. . 169,968 Shipments coastwise 361,053 Exported Great Britain 103,869 Exported France L,8l7 Exported Continent , .. 3,007 L08,693 Total Shipments 169,746 Season 1876-'7 — Receipts year ending 31st August. 1877.. 509,612 Shipments, coastwise 391,838 Exported Great Britain 112,245 » Exported France 1,602 Exported Continent 3,008 116,855 Total Shipments 508,693 Season l877-'8— Receipts year ending 31st August. 1878 130,557 Shipments, coastwise 271,144 Exported Great Britain 157,153 Exported France 2.204 159,357 Total shipments 430,501 Season l878-'9— Receipts year ending 31st August. 1879... 4 13,285 Shipments coatwise 239,1* 8 Exported Great Britain 199,815 Exported France ... 713 Exported Continent 3,008 203,536 Total shipments 442,694 Season l879-'80— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1880 597,086 Shipments coastwise 337,226 Exported Great Britain 246,674 Exported France 1.470 Exported Continent 8,912 257,065 Total shipments 594,291 Season 1880-' 1— Receipts year ending 31st Angust, 1881 713,026 Shipments coastwise £92,079 Exported Great Britain 316,046 Exported France 2.850 Exported Continent 9,922 328.818 Total shipments. 720,897 Season 18Sl-'2— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1882. . 622,883 Shipments coastwise 289,032 Exported Great Britain 311,879 Exported France 2.580 Exported Continent 17,358 331,817 Total shipments :.' 620,849 116 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Season l882-'3— Receipts year ending August 31st, 1883... ^ 800.133 Shipments coastwise 411,833 Exported Great Britain 341,083 Exported Continent...... 30,546 372.539 Total shipments 787,362 Season l883-'4— Receipts year ending August 31st, 1884... . - - . 583,879 Shipments coastwise 345,450 Exported Great Britain 332,793 Exported Continent...., '20,588 243,381 Total shipments 588,837 Season 1884-'.")— Receipts year ending August 31st, 1885... ^ 545,418 Shipments coastwise 250,089 Exported Great Britain 277,607 Exported Continent ... 18,150 205,817 Total shipments 552,806 The Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange has proved a powerful factor in building up our cotton trade. The Exchange Building is situated on Water Street, near the centre of that business of which it is at once the guide, protector and acknowledged head. The actual cash capital em- ployed in the cotton commission business in the two Cities constituting the port of Norfolk is roundly estimated at $2,500,000. Besides the commission merchants who devote their attention exclusive- ly to cotton, there are many who deal largely in general produce as well. This branch of the business employs considerable capital, for it is often necessary to supply the farmer and planter with provisions, implements, fertilizers, and even seeds, on credit for several months before his crops are marketable and he finds himself in a position to make a settlement. Great prudence is therefore required, and it is generally exercised, by our commission merchants in the selection of their custom, but an occasional failure gives evidence of mistaken judgment or misplaced confidence. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. ip &• •**m m nnmii * 117 w> COTTON FACTORS A.ND- suciicr jI Commission Mercf'tau ts No. 64 Water Street, Special attention paid to the sale of Cotton, Corn, Peanuts and Country Produce generally. Liberal advances made upon Consignments in hand, and the highest market prices guaranteed. Prompt returns made unless otherwise instructed. Refer to The Citizens' Bank, Norfolk, Va. R. A. DOBIE & CO. DO STRICTLY A COMMISSION BUSINESS, 118 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE A. F, ETHEPiEDGE. E. C. BROOKS. ESTABLISHED 1839. HTHHBEDEB k BROOKS COTTON FACTORS, General Commission Merchant 5 AND DEALERS IN Guano, Coal, Lime, Plaster, Cement and Hay, PORTSMOUTH, VA. SPECIAL TO Most lands need Lime, and to fill the wants we are manufacturing Which we put up in new four-bushel bags, and deliver to cars or bo.ils (Ten to the Ton) at FIVE DOLLARS DPER TOA; In Car Lots of 10 Tons, $4.50. Cash with order. fl^We keep the BEST COTTON FERTILIZERS, which we sell very low for cash. Correspondence Solicted. ETHEREDGE & BROOKS, No§. 307 to SIS High Street, PORTSMOUTH, VA, tO NORFOLK AND 1'ORTSMOUfH. Ll9 J. W. PERRY & CO., Cotton Factors and toral Commission Merchants, Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf, Norfolk, Va. CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. The Sale of COTTON a Specialty. Do EXCLUSIVELY a COMMISSION BUSINESS. «ooi>kh>c;e, FIEL1> cV CO., Grain and Flour Commission and Brokerage, NORFOLK, VA. R. W. STIRESj, shipping and commission merchant, And Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Empty Truck Barrels, Boxes, Berry Crates, FiYE WEEKft not including a two weeks recess at Christmas. Students will be received however, at any time. The design of this place of instruction is to afford to the youth of this section a thorough preparation for College, and the United States Naval and Military Academies, or to prepare them to enter at once upon the practical business of life. Boys and Girls of all ages are taken and careful attention is bestowed upon all alike. In connection with this Institute during the Winter months we conduct a COMMERCIAL NIGHT SCHOOL for young men, where Book-keeping, Mathematics. Penmanship, and the English Branches are taught. For Circulars containing terms, course of studies, &c, &c, address the Principal, No. 206 COURT STREET, I». O. Box 173. PORTSMOUTH, VA. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. M1BICAI raUJvCK OP YI RICHMOND. L2J FACULT Y PROFESSORS. and Children. JOHN S. WFLI.FORD. M. P.. l'i-r.-vr.. i.f W,,m J. S. DORSEY CULLEN, M. D., Surgery. WILLIAM II. TAYLOR. M. D.. Chi mi CHRISTOPHER TOMPKINS, M. I'.. I M MH'IN I.. .1 oiks. ji. Ik. Practice oi HENRY M. LEVY, M. Ik. 1 IivmoIm^v .in. I Pathologj John X. I'IMIl K. M. D., Materia Ye lira and rheraneutie*. GEORGE BENJAMIN JOHNSTON, M. D., General and Special Inatoraj id Pharmacy. :saud Diseases of thePuerpera! State. in* 1 . ADJUNCT FACULTY. .roiix R. wheat . M .D., 'Demonstrator of Anatomy. CHARLES M. SHETLDS, M. D., Diseases of the Eye, Ear and Throat. WM. AUGUSTUS LEE, M. D„ Obstetrics and |]|-imm> of the Puerperal state CHARLES II. THAI KI.EY. M. IK. Chemistry. ARMISTEAD L. WELLFOKD, M. i> . Pis. ,e-.- ..f Women and Children WILLIAM T. OPPENHEIMER, M. I>.. Surgery LEWIS C. BOSHER, M. P.. Anatomy. WILLIAM F. MERCER, M. P.. Materia Medlea and Therapeutics. EDWARD ''. SMITH. M. IK. Phvsioloprv and Patholoirv. CHARLES A. BLANTON, M. 0., Praotice of Medicine The forty-ninth ANNUAL SESSION begins October 1st, nth particulars, or further information address S, and will continue siz months. For catalojru^ M. L. James, M. D., Dean of the Faculty, 312 East Grace Street, Richmond, Va, 124 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE I^OTJIVl^E:!} : 1865. THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL, PETERSBURG, VA. W. GORDON McCABE, (U. of Va.), Head Master. Instructor in Ancient Languages, French, German and Early English. Assistant Masters : JAMBS EOY MICOU, (IT. of Va.), Instructor in Mathematies. JOHN DUNN, M. A., (IT. of Va.), Asst. Instructor in Mathematics and German. W. G. MANLY, (IT. of Va.), Asst. Inetructor in Greek and English. J. CALVIN LESTER, Asst. Instructor in Mathematcis and English. Continuous Session from October 1st to June 30th. The University School is mainly preparatory to the University of Virginia, the Professors of which Institution endorse it most heartily. (See Catalogue.) During the past twenty years it has also prepared and sent up to Princeton, West Point, Annapolis, Boston Institute of Technology, and other Institutions of high grade, a great number of pupils whose uniform success is the best guarantee of the thoroughness of the instruction in the School. For Board, Tuition, Washing:, Fuel and Lights, Per Session of Nine Months, (payable half-yearly) $340 00 The Head Master takes into his own family a limited number of boarders. As these places are usually taken promptly, early application is advisable. ZW No boarding pupils are received for less time than the whole session. The health of Petersburg is excellent. For Catalogues and detailed information, address W. GORDON McCABE, Head Master, TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 125 College of Physicians and Surgeons, BALTIMORE, MD. JF'aLCiiXty of* ]>Xedic»ino : THOMAS OPIE. M. D.. Prof, of Obstetrics and Dean of the Faculty. JOHN S. LYNCH, M. D., Prof, of Prin. and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Prof, of Chest and throat. THOMAS S. LATIMER. M. D., Prof, of Physiology and Diseases of Children. A. F. ERICH, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Women. AARON FRIEDEN WALD, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Eve and Ear. CHARLES. F. BEVAN, M. D.. Professor of Anatomy, Genito-Urinary and Orthopedic Surgery. OSCAR J. COSKERY, M. D.. Prof, of Surgery. ABRAM B. ARNOLD, M. D., Prof, of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of the Nervous System . RICHARD GUNDRY, M. D.. Professor of Materia Medica, Thera- peutics and Mental Diseases. WM. SIMON M. D., Ph. D.. Professor of Chemistry. Auxiliary Professors and Special Lecturers. GEORGE H. ROHE, M. D.. Prof, of Hygiene and Clin. D ermatology. J. W; CHAMBERS, M. D., Lecturer on Applied Anat omy of Nerv- ous System. N. G. KEIRLE. M. D., Lecturer on Pathological Histology. J. H. BRANHAM. M. D., Lecturer on Regional Anatomy. W. D. BOOKER, M. D., Lecturer on Physiology. R. B. WINDER, M, D.. D. D. S., Prof, of Prin. and Prac. Dental Surgery as applied to Medicine. F. RUDOLPH NORDMANN, M. D., Demonstrator of Chemistry, JNO. F. HANCOCK, Phar. D., Lecturer on Pharmacy. J. W. CHAMBERS, M. D.. Demonstrator of Anatomy, J. H. BRANHAM, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. WM. D BOOKER, M. D.. Demonstrator of Physiology. WM. T COUNCILMAN, M. D.. Pathologist at Bay View. N. G. KEIRLE, M, D., Demonstrator of Pathology. The Regular Winter Session will begin OCTOBER 1st, W ami end MAR^H 15th, 1387- ffil ^^^Z a ^i^Z^^^^o^^ ] Zri Sffi deceives a la ^ h ^S ^W^'^rofteVtrU- oases during the whole year and furnishes for each student bedside instruction and experience. . H,„T M fn«n.ii. The Maryland Woman's Hospital connectei by a covered way with the ^ctoreHalls, enables the Professors of Gynecology to demonstrate practically the \anous diseases of women and to perform operations before the class Bay View, the Alms-house of Baltimore, which contains (TO1 beds, has recently been thrown open for the Clinical instructions of the students of this sch ol The Physiological, Chemical and Pathological Laboratories are fu ly equipped and in working order. Attendance on demonstrations is required ol every student. The Anatomical Rooms are spacious and airy an 1 dissecting material is abundant. For full information concerning the College or for the catalogue and Announcement of 18E6, address THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean, 179 N. Howard Street. 126 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE I 161 WEST LOMBARD ST.. BALTIMORE, MD. This Institution was inaugurated and lias been in successful operation since 1874. Having been liberally aided by the Legislature of Maryland, no cost nor pains have .been spared, to make it as perfect as possible in all its departments. Large, neat and thoroughly ventilated PRIVATE ROOMS, furnished with every modern appliance and convenience, can be secured at all times. There are two Resident Physicians always on hand, ready to afford as- sistance and conduce to the comfort of the inmates. The strictest privacy is assured. All communications confidential. HOSPITAL COMMITTEE, 1( 1 W. Loiulai d St., Baltimore, Md. TO NORFOLK AND POfcTSMOtttfi. l'>? IRON WORKS, FOUNDRIES AND MARINE RAILWAYS. i^fONSPICUOUS among the necessities of a prosperous sea-port are such ^ establishments as are above enumerated, and we may assert without fear of contradiction that they are very essential also to the success of agricultural and manufacturing interests. In this respect Norfolk and Portsmouth are very well off. having several flourishing establishments of each class, and there is no tear of any emergency arising which would compel us to go beyond our own boundaries in order to supply our neces- sities. At present our works are busy enough to furnish employment to every iron worker, boiler maker and ship carpenter in the two cities, and it frequently happens that our iron masters are obliged to import labor. During every month of the year, but more noticeably while the busy win- ter season is upon us, the iron works and marine railways of Norfolk and Portsmouth are taxed to their fullest capacity. The clang of the mallei and hammer in the machine shops, and the rattle of the chains as some renovated vessel returns to her "native element," are familiar sounds to our citizens by day and by night, and would be sadly missed were they to cease. In times of financial depression, the trades to which we now allude are among the first to exhibit signs of weakness, and the enforced idleness of the laboring classes exercises a most injurious effect upon the whole body commercial. But fortunately the reverse is no less true. .Money is largely kept in circulation by those who are paid off daily, weekly or monthly, and when these are steadily employed at fair wages, as is gener- ally the case here with those to whom we now particularly refer, the healthful influence is felt throughout the community. Boilers, portable and stationary engines, agricultural machinery, locomotives, all of the best material and most skillful workmanship, are among the products of our iron works and foundries. They are manufactured chiefly for the cotton and timber districts of the South, and have invariably given complete sat- isfaction, even when tested in competition with those bearing the names of famous Northern establishments. Our marine railways are not large enough for the demands sometimes made upon them, and it occasionallv happens that a vessel is delayed for some days before her repairs can be attended to; but this is a fault that will shortly be remedied, as we ai\. informed. On the whole, we have good cause for pride and gratification at the progress already made in these branches of industry in the two Cities, and there is every reason for believing that a prosperous future is before them. 128 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE ELIZABETH IRON WORKS, CHAS. W. PETTIT, PROPRIETOR. Nos. 280 to 286 Water Street, .9 ^A^m Manufacturer of Steam Engines, Boilers, SAW AND GRIST MILLS, SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGERS, FORCINGS & CASTINGS. Southern Agency of the celebrated Craiiey Boiler Cleaner, for the removal of Mud and Sediment from Boilers. Send for descriptive cir- cular. Special attention given to the repairs of STEAMBOATS and MACHIN- ERY of all kinds. fi@~MACHINISTS AND BOILER MAKERS sent to any part of the Country to repair work. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. GEO. W. DUVAL & CO , 129 Corner Water and Nebraska Sts., NORFOLK, VA. »~*~> ENGINES, BOILERS, SAW MILLS, AND ALL KINDS OF HMMLliRY ©4 III Mif UVM^nM VAfflUfc fllsSO REP/ORI^G JiW TJIE SHORTER NOTICE. CASTINGS FURNISHED AT REASONABLE RATES. ^"Particular Attention Paid to Steamboat Work.-^a Duval's Patent Improved BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect remedy for Leaky Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any Engineer, and are guai'anteed to stop the leaks. STEAM SECTIOHAL MARINE RAILWAY SPiip Builiep — AND LUMBER MANUFACTURER Saw and \ Planing * Mills, Scroll Sawing. All Kinds of Brackets and Mouldings FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE. Nos. 209 to 223 Water Street, - NORFOLK, VA. Sfar ^aRer. 130 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE WM. H. TAPPET. ALEX. STEEL. TAPPEY & STEEL, PETERSBURG, YA. [manufacturers of Engines, Tobacco, Cotton and Hay Presses, Saw, Grist and Sumac Mills, and Mill Gearing Generally. ELEVATORS FOR STORES AM) FACTORIES. NEW AND SECOND-HAND ENGINES FOR SALE. We guarantee satisfaction, as we have done for forty years. TAPPEY & STEEL, PETERSBURG, VA. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 131 •TWO. L. THOMAS. Shipwright, Sparmaker, Caulker, &c. ^SEQTlbfljU. STEAM MAWflE WMlWAYi** NORFOLK HARBOR. Opposite Portsmouth, Va. ADDRESS. 311 SOUTH STREET, PORTSMOUTH, VA. ^STEHM ENGINES -AND BOILERS*- ALI> STYLES AND !«-; I y: 1 : >-; . Wood Working and Grist Mill Machinery, CYLINDER AND MACHINE OILS, O. B. GOODWIN. 66 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. J. H Watters, Pres't. H. Hodges, Sec'yand Treas. Jules Morein, Supt. Norfolk Iron Railing and Manufacturing Company, Limited Successors to II. HODGES & CO. and JULES MOREIN, i 41 WATER STREET, - NORFOLK, VA. Dealers in anrl Manufacturers of Iron Fronts and Columns, Wrought Malleable, Wire anrl Cast Iron Ornamental and Plain Railing: of all kinds. Spiral Steps. Fountains, Vases, Ornamental Architectural Castings of every description, Sc. gP" Lightning Rods Furnished and Put up. 316, 318, 320 & 322 Thirteenth Street, N. W- 1863 WASHINGTON, D. c. 1886 THOS. SOMERYILLE k SOHS, Manufacturers and Importers of and Dealers in PIUiYIBEES' SUPPLIES, OnCPT h l TT17Q ( STEAM HEATING SUPPLIES, Of til AL I 1 LO. / STAR NOISELESS TANKS FOR WATER CLOSETS. Steam Pumps, Steam Gauges, Lubricators, &c, Cistern, Well and Force Pumps. Lead, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron and Terra Cotta Pipes, 132 GENERAL and commercial gttide PEANUTS. ITHIN the last ten years Tidewater Virginia has developed a won- derful trade in this product, and has outstripped all other States in its cultivation. In the season of 1S73-4 Virginia produced only 225,000 bushels, while in 1884-5 her yield amounted to 2,000,000 bushels. The light, sandy soil seems to suit the crop exactly, and the peanuts grown in this section command a higher price than those raised in any other vState. Norfolk stands pre-eminently above any other mar- ket in America in this specialty, the importance of which, however, and its influence upon other branches of our trade is not as yet fully appre- ciated. The " factories" or cleaning establishments in the City give em- ployment to hundreds of hands, and make large daily shipments of as- sorted peanuts to all points at the North and West, from Maine to Texas. The factories are supplied with machinery for cleaning and polishing the hulls and assorting the nuts according to size, thus saving a great deal of time and trouble as compared with the old system of washing and distrib- uting by hatid. The peanut is of African origin, and was introduced to this country by some trading vessel — probably a " slaver." The African nut, however, is of inferior quality as an article of food, although it is ex- tremely valuable as a commercial commodity, for it produces a large pro- portion of the so-called olive oil of French manufacture. Nearly the en- tire crop of this State is grown within the limits of a few counties imme- diately contiguous to Norfolk, namely: Sussex, Surry, Southampton, Isle of Wight, Nansemond, Warwick and Princess Anne, and about four-fifths of the whole yield is purchased by our dealers and distributed by them to the various points of consumption. After Virginia the States of Tennes- see and North Carolina produce the largest crops, and the following com- parative statement of each year's yield since 1873 will be found of interest to those engaged in the trade : Season. 1873-4 . 1874-5 . 1875-6 . 1876-7 . 1877-8 . 1878-9 . 1879-80. 1880-1 . 1881-2 1882-3 . 1883-4 . 1884-5 . 1885-6 . Virginia. 225,000 350.000 450,000 780.000 405,000 875,000 1,350,000 1,500,000 825,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 1,500.000 Tennessee. 175,000 200,000 235,000 500,000 325,000 425,000 750,000 750,000 250,000 460,000 800,000 1,250,000 700,000 North Carolina. 60,000 120,000 100,000 125,000 100,000 90.000 120,000 120,000 75.000 140,000 150,000 300,000 200,000 Total. 460,000 670,000 785.000 1,450,000 830,000 1,390,000 2,220,000 2,370,000 1,150,000 1.850,000 2,450,000 3,550,000 2.400.000 Other counties not enumerated above are beginning to cultivate the peanut, and it is expected that before long those of Prince George, York, Norfolk, Elizabeth City and Mathews will be able to contribute a fair amount to the grand total. Notwithstanding the large increase in pro- duction, the demand appears to be gaining upon it, and prices are well sustained. TO NORFOLK AND roRTRMOlTH. 133 ^^THE %v NORFOLK STORAGE m. The Largest Peanut Establishment in the World. WHOLESALE DEALERS IK Fancy Hand-picked and Extra Hand-picked ■ f JT_ ^\\TAc\ r/3> i% £§ < i^^ ! ' Weekly prices furnished on application. Correspondence Solicited. FACTORIES: Nos. 153, 155, 157 159 AIM) 1G1 WATER STREET, 134 B F. WALTERS. GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE JAMES MONTGOMERY F. L. SLADE. WALTERS & CO., Wholesale Dealers in and Polishers of Hand-Picked Virginia Peanuts. We Clean, Grade, Repack and Shell, and are Proprietors of the following CELEBRATED BRANDS: "Maud S." "Cocks/' * St. Julian," " Choice Virginias." All quotations at Factory, and subject to fluctuations of the market. When in need of goods it will to your interest to communicate with us, as we are the LARGEST OPERATORS IN THE WORLD, Unti- ling more Peanuts than all the othqr Cleaners in Virginia comhined. WALTERS <5c CO. Dffice and Factory, 7 and 9 Atlantic Street, NORFOLK, VA. TO NORFOLK ANT) POUTSMOl'TH. t^« r ' COAL. WOOD AND ICE DEALERS. IN addition to the immense amount of coal and wood necessarily con- sumed by our own people during the year, a large business is done in m these commodities with the shipping in our port, and also with deal- ers in the surrounding country. The Norfolk & Western and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads supply the greater part of the demands of this market, and the rest is brought from Pennsylvania and Maryland. Except for the purposes of steam, the trade becomes dull from the opening of Spring till the time arrives for laying in the Winter's supply. A good trade is car- ried on during the Winter months in what we might term retail quantities with those who are unable to buy more than a ton or so of coal, or a cord or two of wood, at a time. During the busy season our coal and wood yards are severely taxed to supply their customers. But the principal trade is that which is shipped from this port in bulk, and the Norfolk & Western Railroad Company has recently erected immense bins at Lam- bert's Point and thus made Norfolk harbor the greatest coaling depot on the coast. The finest steam coal in the world comes over its line from Western Virginia, and can be delivered here at comparatively low prices. This improvement is expected to attract numerous coastwise and oeean steamships to our waters, and to give a new impetus to our general com- mercial interests. The wholesale and retail ice business of the two Cities, which, in several instances, is conducted by those who deal in fuel, is also very considera- ble. Large quantities are shipped to the fisheries of North Carolina, as well as to other points south of Norfolk, while the home consumption is by no means small during the Summer months. The combined transac- tions in these three commodities during the year 1885 amounted to within a fraction of $750,000, upon a capital of less than a third of that sum. GEO. W. TAYLOR. WICKHAM TAYLOR. GEO. W. TAYLOR PORTSMOUTH. 137 GROCERIES. S IS the case in all mercantile communities, the grocery trade here holds an important and influential position, for it is the trade of all others which affects all classes in city and country and com- mands universal attention. The business transacted in Norfolk and Portsmouth during the last year has involved the enormous sum of $8,000,000, including the sales effected by the retail establishments. This is a great increase of trade as compared with former years, and there is every reason to believe that the improvement will continue, for the coun- try merchants all over the Eastern districts of Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia are beginning to realize the important fact that they can buy as good articles here as are to be met with in the Northern mar- kets, while at the same time they can save money in freights and trans- portation expenses by purchasing them nearer home. Failures in this branch of trade occur here with gratifying infrequency. On the contrary, it is almost entirely in the hands of discreet and experi- enced firms whose financial strength is considerable and constantly on the increase. The stocks of groceries kept on hand are usually of a very extensive and varied character, and are augmented by such alien articles as powder, shot, buckets, brooms, tubs, rope and other commodities in general use, but not strictly belonging to this category. These goods are shipped in great quantities to all parts of the Southern seaboard, as well as to the villages and hamlets of the interior, and Norfolk and Portsmouth are thus kept in intimate communication with their rural neighbors and customers- who frequently visit our wholesale establishments to renew their stocks, sometimes buying whole car-loads, and sometimes a single box or barrel, according to the season of the year and the requirements of their agricul- tural constituencies. Our excellent transportation facilities by land and water to and from every great market of this Continent and Europe have enabled us already to build up an immense grocery trade, but there is still plenty of room for expansion, and we are among those who believe that Norfolk and Ports- mouth will at some not distant day become the great central distributing point for all the South-eastern States. To this end we must invite the di- rect importation of coffee, fruits and other foreign produce, and discour- age the practice sometimes adopted by ships' captains of coming here in ballast. The approximate amount of capital invested in the grocery trade of •.Norfolk and Portsmouth is $1,000,000. 138 GtfXERAL AKD COMMERCIAL GUIDE ESTABLISHED 1865. M. L. T. DAVIS & CO., Wholesale Dealers in all Kinds of IES, PROVISIONS, FISH, FLOUR, SALT, &c, 91!Water, corner Commerce St. W. F. ALLEN. ESTABLISHED 1864. J T. BORUM. W.F. ALLEN &CO., WHOLESALE GROCERS, 99 Water St. & 18, 22, 26 & 30 Rotef s Lane, NORFOLK, VA. Flour and Meats a Specialty. Special attention given to (Jar Load quantities of Molasses, OIL WORTH & CO, WMOZMSA.LJS FLOUR, BUTTER AND CHEESE, ~LT Roanoke Ave., WM. J. DILWORTH. I MnDCAl V W A JNO. J. BUttKK. NORFOLK, VA. ROB'T. I BOSMAN. I ' W. C. KINC, Agent., foffee Roaster and Manufacturer of Mustards, Pepper, &c. WHOLESALE DEALER IN TEAS, COFFEES, WOOD AND WILLOW WARE, CANNED GOODS. No. 45 Roanoke Avenue, Norfolk, Va. E&- Peanuts and Coffes Roasted for the Trade. BAKERIES. 1| N THE manufacture and sale of such articles as pertain to. establish- I ments of this kind, Norfolk and Portsmouth occupy an excellent and ^JL by no means small territory, and enjoy a trade of the safest and most desirable character. We .have in the two Cities several good bakeries, but only one as yet that is operated by steam upon a large scale, or whose pro- ducts find any considerable demand at distant points. The smaller pro- ducers, however, are well sustained by the local retail trade, and the con- sumption of their goods is large and general. Our wholesale grocers and commission merchants are thelargest handlers of these goods, and very rarely offer articles manufactured elsewhere in competition with the staple articles of home make. Fancy cakes, crackers, &c, are shipped from here over the entire South, and may even be found upon the shelves of many stor s in foreign ports. The marine trade in this line is also very large, as our goods are known to retain their freshness and flavor even when ex- posed to severe atmospheric changes. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. ESTABLISHED 1856. Ill NORFOLK STEAM BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY, 87 Main Street, Norfolk. Va. Parties ordering our goods through their Commission Merchants will get them at Factory Prices. Weddings, Parties and Pic-Nic Orders a Specialty. 142 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE AGRICULTURE, TRUCKING AND REAL ESTATE. IfUfHAT "Eeal Estate is the basis of all wealth" is a fact so well under- stood that it requires no additional proof, and admits of no success- ful contradiction, and this volume would be incomplete unless it touched briefly, at least, upon the real estate and agricultural interests of this immediate district. It is not practicable, however, within the limited space allotted to this topic to enter into an exhaustive discussion of its merits. We shall therefore content ourselves with calling attention to a few of the more prominent features of the subject. Three conditions are essential to the success of the agriculturalist: first, he must have a fairly productive soil; second, a favorable climate, and third, a good market. With these points in his favor, his success is sure, provided he brings to bear a fair amount of energy, capital and skill in pursuing his calling. We will now see how this section compares with others as regards the three important conditions above mentioned. The North has a fairly '•productive soil" and a '-'good market," but lacks the "favorable cli- mate." The West has a good soil, but is sadly deficient in both markets and climate. While this section of the South has a fairly productive soil, a fine market and a favorable climate. Our soil, with intelligent manage- ment, backed by our mild and fine climate, can be easily and quickly made to produce as abundant crops as the Western lands, while our better markets insure much more remunerative returns. Our field embraces a circuit, say of 80 miles round the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, within which may be found several varieties of soil. These maybe again divided into two general classes or grades, viz.: a light sandy loam, and a darker clay loam, most of which is underlaid with a good substantial sub-soil of a clayey nature. On these two varieties of soil may be successfully and profitably grown all the fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains of the United States, with the exception of a few of the semi-tropical fruits. It might be well in this connection to state that our land in this field ranges from ten to sixty feet above the level of the sep, at mean high water, and is penetrated in hundreds of places by sounds or arms of the sea which are not only well supplied with fish, and in many instances with oysters, but also afford the means of floating the produce of thousands of farms direct to the market or the consumers — the cheap- est transportation in the whole world. These arms of the sea also afford to Norfolk and Portsmouth. L43 thorough and efficient drainage. Marl, which is an excellent fertilizer, underlies much of our soil, and is used extensively by our farmers and truckers. Our trucking interests are very large, although chiefly confined to a radius of about fifteen or twenty miles round the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, from which field is annually shipped nearly $3,000,000 worth of produce. Our soil is well adapted to this business, and our ship- ping facilities are such that the products are laid down in New York in about 22 hours after leaving our wharves. Immense quantities of early fruit and vegetables are shipped to Northern cities by steamer, and to the principal Western cities in refrigerator cars. Our geographical location is such as to give us special advantages in the shipping business and to insure us cheap freights— a point worthy the attention of every one seek- ing a home. This trucking business affords employment to thousands of men, women and children, to whom are paid large sums of money daily. This money finds its way to the retail and wholesale dealers ; then to the importers and manufacturers at the North, East and West, from whom it returns to us in due course in payment for the shipments of produce made to these points. Here it is again distributed and gathered up as before; thus keeping up a steady volume of trade throughout the entire year. The profits of the trucking business vary, of course, with the season, the soil and the farmer. Instances are frequent of very large net cash returns- say $200 to $400 per acre. This is, however, exceptional, but within our own knowledge one man from thirteen acres has fed, clothed and educated a family of seven children, bought for one of his sons a farm for $5,000, for another a farm for $3,000, has $2,500 lent out on security, and a suffi- cient bank deposit for the " rainy day." The man who has accomplished these results can neither read nor write, and land that he bought a few years ago for an insignificant price now commands $200 per acre, and is rapidly advancing in value. The tendency of real estate in price is stead- ily upward, and will not halt until our lands rate as well as those lying equally distant from New York, Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia. Our light soil will grow oats, com, rye, &c, and outside the trucking belt proper is found a heavier clay loam, which is excellent corn, grass and wheat land. The average price of our wheat and corn land is about $15 per acre, and of our more valuable trucking land lying near the city about $40 per acre. The average price of wheat throughout the year is $1, corn 50 cents, oats 45 cents per bushel, and hay $20 per ton. All these crops can be successfully and profitably grown upon our soil, and are in demand here m excess of the supply. A fair average yield of corn is 25 bushels (shelled) to the acre, of oats 35 bushels, of wheat 15 bushels, and of hay 1 J to 2 tons. These yields are without fertilizers or manures of any kind. A thorough system of culture, with liberal use of manure and a rotation of crops, will double the above yields. Our soil is susceptible of the highest culture, is easily worked Summer and Winter, is all productive 144 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GtJIDE when cleared of timber, and has never been exhausted, as are the old cot- ton and tobacco lands of the interior. Our geographical position exempts us from the extremes of Northern cold and Southern heat, and this favorable situation is supplemented by the influence of the Gulf Stream, which flows close to our shores. The temperature of this current being nearly uniform throughout the year, our thermometers rarely register above 95° in Summer or below 20° in Winter. This happy combination of circumstances gives us long growing- seasons free from frosts, the practical result to the agriculturalist being- two crops during the same year from the same land. Corn may be planted in April, May and June, and it all reaches full maturity untouched by frosts, and for this reason brings from 3 to 5 cents more per bushel in New York than any raised where the growing season is just a little too short at both ends. The mildness of the climate also allows stock to run out nearly all Winter without extra feed or shelter. Thousands of people visit this section each Winter to avoid the Northern cold, and many come here for the refreshing, invigorating sea breezes of Summer. Besides having one of the finest and largest local markets to be found in the whole country, we are called upon to supply New York, Boston, Prov- idence, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and other Eastern cities with early fruits and vegetables, which we also transport largely to the Western cities, even as far as San Francisco, in refrigerator cars. Our surplus is always in demand, and prices are usually high. Our peanut crop, for which this port is especially noted, finds its way to all Northern, Eastern and Western cities. This trade is assuming mam- moth proportions, not less than 2,000,000 bushels being annually handled in Norfolk alone. We enjoy many valuable means of transportation by rail and water, by which immense amounts of produce find their way to this market where they are quickly and cheaply transferred to steamers waiting to receive them and are cheaply transported to and laid down in Northern markets fresh and sweet. The steady tendency of real estate is upward and there is no investment so sure of yielding a safe and profita- ble return. We can now safely and fairly claim to be the " Garden of the South." What we need is more general farming, more oats, corn, hay, wheat and rye; more pigs, chickens, cattle and sheep. A little deeper ploughing, a little higher cultivation, broader views, better stock and implements and about a thousand good men with a fair amount of capital, energy and skill, to develope some of our idle lands which may now be had at very mod- erate prices, and which are infinitely more valuable than those of the interior on account of their productiveness, their proximity to market and the geniality of the climate which is unexcelled in, the United States. tO NORFOLK AND POKTTMOUTH. L4fi E. C. LINDSEY. A. JEPFEHS. E.G. LINDSEY & CO., 12* Main Street, Norfolk, Va. DEALERS IN REAL ESTATE. We are prepared to lay before our customers a list of hundreds of farms of all sizes and prices, varying in size from 4 acres to 20,000 acres, and in prices from $10 per acre to $200. These lands, when due allowance is made for our many nat- ural and acquired advantages, are the cheapest lands in the United States. Dollars and cents are not the only things to be considered in selecting a home. There is such a thing as climate, and hundreds of thousands of people at the North and West are just beginning to find it out. The cold and unfriendly Northern Win- ters are convincing thousands of the advisability of securing homes in a milder climate. Catarrh, asthma, consumption and other kindred diseases, incidental to the Northern latitudes, are driving many South. This section offers a happy com- promise between the Southern extreme of heat and the Northern extreme of cold — half \va} r between Canada and Florida. Our produce reaches New York in 22 hours by steamer, and in 12 hours by a combined rail and steamboat route, without being exposed to the delays and dangers of " Stormy Hatteras *' Our freights a- e cheap to all Northern points. Our roads are excellent, our soil fairly productive, our markets the best in the United States. Our land in vicinity of Norfolk is elevated from 10 to 80 feet above the sea level, is all underlaid with a good substantial clay sub-soil, and with fair ordinary care and skill can be made the most productive in the United States. Our growing season is long— 8 months and sometimes 9 without frost sufficiently heavy to do damage. Enclose stamp for circulars and further particulars, and come and see before purchasing else- where. We make Real Estate our specialty, keep several teams constantly on the road, and take pleasure in showing our many advantage s to parties desiring to invest, without any expense to them. We are just getting at considerable ex- pense a map of Norfolk and surrounding country, which we can furnish at 20 cents each in postage stamps. Yours truly, E. C. LINDSEY & CO. P. S. — Farming Lands Our Specialty. 146 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL ntrtDfc FURNITURE, CHINA, GLASSWARE, &c. TfHE trade in these articles has assumed very great importance of late years, and there are very few cities south of Philadelphia that can boast of as handsome warerooms and as large assortments of stock as can be found in these two Cities. Every conceivable article of house- hold furniture can be purchased here at factory prices, and the variety in design, material, quality and price is simply endless. Every taste and every pocket can be suited, whether the article sought be intended for the parlor, drawing room, chamber, office or school. There are several liberal and enterprising firms engaged in this business in Norfolk and Ports- mouth, and they can afford to sell their goods at reasonable figures, for the reason that they make their purchases at the manufactories and obtain the most favorable rates. Carpets of every description, from the ordinary floor-covering of domes- tic make to the costly products of the European and Oriental looms, are to be seen here in rich profusion, together with mats, rugs, oilcloths, mat- tings and other kindred wares. China, crockery, glassware, lamps and a host of other commodities, which we have no space to enumerate, are affiliated to this branch of trade and are kept here in large quantities. Pianos and organs from the most famous factories in the world find an excellent market here, and the most absolute guarantee is given with each instrument sold. North Carolina and Eastern Virginia find this a most advantageous market at which to make their selections, and each succeeding year brings increased business to our dealers. There are still a few of our people who refuse to acknowledge excellence unless they import it direct from some distant market, but experience has taught the great majority of consumers that it is more, economical, as well as infinitely more satisfactory, to deal with merchants whom they know personally and meet every day, reliable and responsible business men, whose reputations are without reproach and who are always accessible when, through some accident or unsuspected defect, a guarantee may have to be made good. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 147 J. 8. AMES. S. S. STEVENS AMES Ac STEVENS. Successors to S. A. STEV BNS & CO. CORNER MAIN AND GRANBY STREETS, Furniture, Carpeting, Pianos, Organs, CHINA AND GLASS. Largest and Most Complete Stock in Virginia. Selling at Wholesale and Retail. £^**Our prices are guaranteed as low as in New York or Baltimore. „J£3 AMES & STEVENS. 14* GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE FARREL & HERRING'S CHAMPION SAFE. The Best Sale in the World. Free from Rust, Mould and Dampness- PRIZE MEDALS AWAHDE J. o o •i— • CO o © co* SB CD O EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE, PARIS. Two Medals and Diploma Awarded at Centennial, 1876. ipttii : mm tiiiiiii it nit PHILADELPHIA. PRINCIPAL SALESROOM AND ADDRESS, m mm ri L & eo„ 631 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 14'.» 218 AND 220 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. OPPOSITE THE PURCELL HOUSE.) Manufacturer of ^F" XJ Ft WT I TURE^ AND DEALER IN ^BALTIMORE AND NEW YORK PRICES DUPLICATED. JfflE PERFECTED CpIGWft The Best and Cheapest Type- Writer in Existence. Beautiful and Strong. Write to the undersigned for particulars. Copying and Reporting done in the neatest and most correct manner, upon reasonable terms. KENTON C. MURRAY, NORFOLK, VA., Reporter, Type-Writer, Copyist and Teacher. W. H. HUGHES^ DEALER IN CHINA, CROCKERY, GLASSWARE, LAMPS, LANTERNS, TABLE CUTLERY, Oil* STOVES! AND A GENERAL LINE OF House- Furnishing Goods. 303 HIGH STREET, PORTSMOUTH, TA. ELAINE OIL A SPECIALTY. 150 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE '111 UNDERTAKERS AND EMBALMERS, No. 86 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA. All work executed in first-class style and on the shortest notice. Open day and night. All orders by Telegraph promptly attended to. Connected by Telephone, Call 316. D. V. GASKINS, Residence, 714 Washington St. CHAS. H. STURTEVANT, Residence. 308 Third St. GASKINS & STURTEVANT, jikr No. S 1 Middle Street, TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. SEEDSMEN. 151 #feURROUNDEI) as we are by an immense tracking area, it is not to %jk be wondered at that the seed trade has grown and prospered until So it has reached its present imposing proportions. Sales are not made exclusively to truckers, however, for large quantities are consigned to al- most all parts of the United States where the soil is suited to the cultiva- tion of vegetables indigenous to this climate. The seedsmen of Norfolk ate particularly careful to insure to the seed the highest condition of vi- tality and make it their special aim to produce only such seed as will be best adapted to the soil and climate in which they are intended to propagate. The business has here been conducted upon such correct principles that large orders from distant points keep our seedsmen constantly employed. To build up and retain the trade of our own truckers from year to year requires the utmost integrity and activity on the part of the dealer, for a single failure would shake the confidence of a whole district in the purity and reliability of his goods, and would inflict almost irreparable injury upon his business. He must also have a practical knowledge of planting, cultivating, gathering and handling, or success will be difficult, if not impossible, of achievement. It is gratifying to know that all these quali- fications are possessed in a conspicuous degree by Norfolk's seedsmen. -Helm porters, Growers and Dealers,^ No. 7 MARKET SQUARE, NORFOLK, YA. Offer to Truckers, Farmers and Private Families, a complete assortment of Field, Garden and Flower feed's which their long experience warrants them in saying will be found unsurpassed as to purity and germinating qualities, and perfectly adapted for profitable Southern cultivation. ^-CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. -A.T- No. 46 ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA. 152 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT SUPPLIES, STOVES, HARDWARE, TINWARE, ETC. IN every business centre, especially if it be also an important sea-port, the trade in the numerous indispensable articles embraced in the m above caption must necessarily hold foremost rank. In Norfolk and Portsmouth it is conducted by practical and energetic men who recognize its great influence, not only upon the commercial interests of the cities themselves, but also upon the wide surrounding territory, with its various mechanical industries and general requirements. The port of Norfolk is naturally the central point of large railroad, steamboat, milling and other manufacturing interests, and controls an immense business in the com- modities now under consideration. The time was when a trifling acci- dent to its machinery would necessitate the stoppage of a mill or factory for an indefinite period, and impose great inconvenience and loss upon its owner ; but this state of things has been entirely done away with, and any want can now be supplied, or any defect repaired by skilled hands without the expense and delay incidental to the old regime. Mill and Machinists' supplies of all descriptions are furnished from this point to the innumerable mills and factories of this immediate neighborhood, as well as to those of the adjoining States ; while, in the matter of Stoves, Ranges, and other articles expressed by the generic terms " hardware" and "tinware," our dealers have long since established themselves so firmly in the public confidence throughout this whole section that rivalry or competition from other points have gradually lost their terrors and are now almost unknown. TO NOEFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 153 Gum and Leather Belting, BAW MILL, Steamboat & IRailroab Supplies, Sheet Gum, Lard Oil, Kerosene Oil, Signal Oil, Sperm Oil. Cylinder Oil, Fish Oil, Jute Packing, Cotton Packing, Brass Tubing, Safety Valves, Water Gauges, Steam Gauges, Steam Whistles, Bolts, Nuts and Washers, Galvanized Boat Spikes, Hand and Force Pumps, Iron Valves and Cocks, Brass Valves and Cocks, Taps, Reamers and Drills, Steam and Hand Pumps, Expansion Joints. Combination Columns, Golden Machinery Oil, Lubricators and Oil Cups, Usidurian Packing, Soap Stone Packing. Asbestos Packing, Tallow, Waste. Nails, Files. Lanterns, Bellows, Axes, Forges, Anvils, Sledges, Chains, Anchors, Coil Heaters, Tackle Blocks, Steam Hose, Water Hose, Boat Spikes, Lace Leather, Swage Sets, Emery Sets, Grindstones, Crowbars, Cant Hooks, Gauge Cocks, Air Cocks, Pipe Tongs, Pipe Wrenches, Pipe Vices, Wickersham Packing, Italian Hemp Packing, American Hemp Packing, Scotch Glass Tubes, Boiler Tube Cleaners, Stock and Dies Damper Regulaters, Heavy Pipe for Drive Wells, Inspirators or Boiler Feeders, Manilla Rope and Spun Yarn, Cast Iron Water and Gas Pipes, Straightway Valves and Hydrants, Tucks Packing. Round cind Square, West Virginia Lubricating Oil, Lap Welded Charcoal Iron Boiler Tubes, Cast Iron Fittings for Wrought Iron Pipe. Wrought Iron Pipe for Steam, Water and Gas, Malleable Iron Fittings for Wrought Iron Pipe, Power Hand Machines for Cutting and Threading, «fcc, &c, &c. 4 and <> West Market Square, and 118 Water Street, Norfolk, Virginia. 154 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE 1VEAFF dfc OO., Manufacturers of and Dealers in Plain, Japanned & Stamped TINWARE, Ifes, flanges, jpatefi^ HOUSE PUBH1SHTO GOODS, Metallic Roofing, Guttering & Spouting OFFICE AND SALESROOM, 89 MAIN ST. Factory, Water and Nlvison Streets, NORFOLK, VA. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 155 CITY HALL STOVE HOUSE, (>4 Bank Street, Opposite Cove, Manufacturers and Dealers in Stoves, Furnaces, Rangos and Fireplace Heaters, Metallic Roofing, Glittering, Spouting, Galv. Iron Cornice and Ventilating, Tinware and Lamp Goods. Repairs furnished for any Stove made in the United States. Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fating. Agents for Sexton's "Grand" and Barstow's " Crystal " Fire" place Heaters: also the Happy Cook Range. Job work in all the above branches promptly executed. HOWARD & ODEND'HAL. HOLMES & WEAVER, ^Successor to S. W. WEAVER & CO), Manufacturers and Dealers in Cooking and Heating Stoves, Architectural Sheet Metal Work, Ranges Fire-place Heaters, &c, Tin, Copper, Sheet Iron and Japanned Ware, Lamps, Lanterns, House Furnishing Goods, Roofing, Guttering, Repairing, Plumbing, Jobbing, &c. 116 Water Street, - - - NORFOLK, YA. Guns, Revolvers, Fishing Tackle, Base-Ball AND SPORTING GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 108 High Street, Gun Repairing a Specialty. • PoRTSMOUTH,VA. 156 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE /OTATR :giki CARTER R. BISHOP 1 CO., MANUFACTURERS OF BURLAP ® COTTON -^"q\S 1 4 m /MSS§S>- -. ■ m — ) FOR (- Peanuts, Fertilizers, Grain, Flour, Meal, Sumac, Etc. PLAIN OR PRINTED. Headquarters for Sacks,Bags and Bag Twine. OUR FACTORY IS RUN BY STEAM, AND HAVING RECENT- LY DOUBLED OUR CAPACITY, WE ARE NOW PRE- PARED TO EXECUTE ALL ORDERS WITH NEATNESS AND DISPATCH. OUR LARGE AND RAPIDLY GROWING TRADE DEMONSTRATES THAT OUR GOODS ARE AS WE REPRESENT THEE AND OUR PRIi ES MODERATE, TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 157 BOOKS, STATIONERY AND PAPER. fi HE quality and quantity of reading matter in circulation among the people of any community will be found a very accurate test of their intellectual capacity and refinement. Where there are well patron- ized public or circulating libraries, many and notarising book stores car- rying large and well selected assortments of standard literature, there will also most certainly be found a large proportion of cultivated and well in- formed readers. And this may justly be claimed by Norfolk and Ports- mouth where the book business has been successfully conducted by men whose own high education and mental culture eminently qualify them to cater to the intellectual requirements of their neighbors. We have several handsome and well stocked book and stationery stores where all commodi- ties usually kept by first-class establishments of the kind are to be found in great abundance and endless variety, including choice selections of paintings, engravings and photographs, stereoscopes and a host of other articles which may be grouped under the generic term, " fancy." These stores are all doing an excellent business and are sources of much enjoy- ment to our appreciative citizens as well as to the visitors with whom our hotels are always filled. ROBERT JOHNSTON, WHOLESALE DEALER IN <^A11 Kinds of Paper and Stationery.^ INKS AND ENVELOPES A SPECIALTY. 43 ROANOKE AVENUE. - - NORFOLK, VA. E. G. HUME & BEO., 224 High St., Portsmouth, Va. Books, Stationery, PIANOS AND ORGANS. WE SELZ A T 2 HE LO WES / /'A'/r/;s. JtlP Merchants' orders filled at New York wholesale prices. m~ Address all orders 224 HIGH St., PORTSMOUTH, Va. 158 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE # i3J \ i\ H" [7 IP' All the Leading School and College Text Books, COUNTING HOUSE AND SCHOOL A*»C1^ ^ Hi BL^JNK BOOK J^jAJNUf^CJU^fl^S, LPfflOGl^PjnjVIG flJ^D Pl^IJVITIjVG, Card and Wedding Invitations Engraved to Order. Fancy Goods of every Description, in Russia, Plush and Leather (roods. BEST NOW MADE AT FACTORY PRICES. Hume & Parker, Booksellers and Stationers, DEALERS IN Fancy Goods, Pianos and Organs, 104 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. Spoci&l Att&Mti&st to Jtmfelfaimg*. TO NORFOLK AND PORTTMO UT1I. 159 5*> o m so 3-03" > t> c ^ c 2-3-* 1 21 p o-h —. - - t^ 3 3 3 ^ ■K W*3 i ~ Old EST ga^O I r P.O. a BUILDERS' MATERIALS. ^r great has been the progress in this department of our trade that ^k many of the comparatively humble and cheap dwelling houses Ijjp built in Norfolk and Portsmouth during the past few years surpass in durability, comfort and elegance the costlier mansions of former times While the character of these buildings has improved, the cost of building has considerably decreased. The quality of the bricks manufactured in this neighborhood is good, although our yards are as yet only turning out rough work, and the fine pressed bricks are still imported from Philadel- phia and Baltimore. Our dealers in building material occupy extensive warehouses, and their stocks of Finishing Limes, Cement, Plaster, Laths, Cornice, Paving and Building Bricks, etc., are large. Surrounded by saw- mills, this is an excellent market for Sash, Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, Brackets, etc., and millions of feet of excellent building lumber of home manufacture find ready sale here at low figures. Contractors find the supply of regular goods abundant and there is every facility at the mills in the neighborhood for the prompt and satisfactory execution of their orders. 100 and 102 Water Street, Norfolk, Va„ RECEIVERS AND SHIPPERS OF ALL KINDS OF BUILDING AND FINISHING LIMES, SHELL LIMES, CEMENTS OF ALL KINDS, Plaster, Laths, Pipe Clay, Bricks, Slates, Tar, &c. Sfeg- Special Rates in Freights and Prices for Wholesale Lots. lfiO GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE WINES, LIQUORS, TOBACCO, CIGARS, ETC. T no period has the trade in these articles seen better days in Nor- ||j! folk aud Portsmouth than the present. While a few years ago only a limited business was done in a limited field, to-day our dealers make consignments to the far South and South-west, and even in the Northern States some of their brands are in steady demand. Our principal markets are in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia ; but our territory is rapidly widening as our enterprising dealers engage in compe- tition with those of other cities. There are no important tobacco facto- ries at this point, but we are closely allied to the producing and manufac- turing districts, and handle so much of this great staple product of our State and North Carolina, that our commercial interests are perceptibly influenced by the success or failure of this crop. Nearly all the factories in these two States are represented by agents in Norfolk, and large quan- tities are purchased by our cigar manufacturers and dealers. In many cases the Liquor and Tobacco trades are combined, for which reason we find it expedient to review them under one heading. The wholesale and retail business in Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Tobacco and Cigarettes, during the last few years, has reached the average sum of three and a half millions of dollars annually, divided almost equally between the " liquids " and the "solids." This estimate includes lager beer, ale and other fermented bev- erages, which have come into very general use of late. We have many attraclive retail stores and "gardens" where large and varied, stocks of goods are kept — goods of every clime and quality — from which the thirsty and weary may select his refreshment according to the dictates of his palate. Light clarets and other pure wines of domestic manufacture are also becoming very popular, and the habits of our people, so far as their drinking is concerned, are gradually conforming to those of our Teutonic cousins, many of whom are among our most highly respected fellow citi- zens. Cigars are manufactured here on a somewhat extensive scale, while the famous factories of Virginia and North Carolina keep us well supplied with the most popular varieties of smoking and chewing tobacco and cigarettes. Some of these days we hope to see our own factories competing for the extensive foreign trad? which is now to a great extent supplied through, instead of from this Port. TO NORFOLK AN!) PORTSMOUTH. 161 fc P PHILADELPHIA, PA. GRAND REFRIGERATOR DEPOT for the STORING and DE- LIVERY of LAGER BEER, ALE, TORTER and STOUT to the TRADE of Norfolk, Portsmouth and vicinity, also chief distributing point for Eastern Virginia and Eastern and Central North Carolina. Orders respectfully solicited and carefully and promptly executed, di- rect from the Icehouse. THE BERNER k ENGEL BREWING COMPANY, NORFOLK DEPOT flflD OFFCE: Madison Street, near Clyde Line Wharves, F. W. ADAMS. Manager. ~wTfT ALLEN & IonT WHOLESALE 97 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. Fine Whiskies, Rum, Gin and Brandies. SOLE AGENTS FOE Saratoga Ymhj Water. . Orders Filled at Bottlers' Prices. Correspondence solicited. 162 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE J. & E. MAHONEY, Wholesale Liquor Dealers, PORTSMOUTH, YA. CERTIFICATE OF STATE ASSAYER : I have made a careful chemical examination of samples of L \KE DRUM MOND RYE WHISKEY, selected from the stock of Messrs. J. & E Mahonev. Portsmouth, Va., and representing the products of different years, and find them free from adulterations and impurities. I can, therefore, commend this Whiskey for use as a medicinal agent or beverage. WM. H. TAY^LOR, M. D., State Chemist. ESTABLISHED IIV 1S75. JOHN McHUGH & CO., Rectifiers and Wholesale Liquor Dealers, Nos. 94 Water and 23 Elizabeth St., Norfolk, Va. ANDREW J. DALTON, 125 Main Street, NORFOLK, VA., Will take pleasure in supplying you with everything in his line. WINES, BRANDIES, GINS, WHISKIES, AND LIQUORS OF ALL KINDS IN LARGE OR SMALL QUANTITIES. BAR + AND * BILLIARD 4- ROOM. IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC WINES. LIQUORS AND CIGARS. ^"MONTICELLO WHISKEY 7 of 1880. EGif~ Brunswick-Balke Collender Company's Billiard Tables. Sill 4- i41til f No. 60 Roanoke Avenue, Norfolk, Va. HARRY SALE, Proprietor. LtiiioIi Xfcoom. TO NOIiFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. B. F. BAXTER Ac CO., Wholesale Dealers in Tobacco and Manufacturers of 163 ♦♦KITE OXaAJK8,** Cor. Avenue I) and 10th Sts., New York. SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTING AGENCY, No. 76 WATER ST., NORFOLK. VA D. W. TODD, Jr., & CO., Wholesale Liquors, Tobacco, Cigars and Snuff, 113 AND 115 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. ESTABLISHED 1867 /( Manufacturers of and Dealers in All Kinds of Cigars, Tobacco aad 3P£pe 182 Main Street, Norfolk. Va. Dixie Shirts, Acme Drawers, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. We employ the most EXPERIENCED CUTTERS SKILLED OPERATORS, and use the most improved steam machinery in our factory. Write for printed blanks for self-measurement. ORDERS SOLICITED. ^ H. T. MILLER & CO., Cor. 9th and Main Sts., Richmond, Va. 164 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GtJIDE BBaiBblatem >THEv^- EllOjffal! BRAMBLETON AVE., NORFOLK, VA. Weddings, Funerals. Dinner Parties, and all Public Occa- sions promptly supplied with choice Flowers, made up in beautiful designs as ordered. 10.000 Choice Roses. Flowers or PI mts delivered to the Express Company se- curely packed Orders bv mail or Telephone No. 161. Orders left at our City Office, No. HO Main Street, (Weed's Jewelry Store) will be telephoned and have prompt attention. BENJ. REYNOLDS, Superintendent: MANUFACTURERS OF FINE CARRIAGES, BUGGIES AND HARNESS. 14-16, 24 And 2G UNION St., NORFOLK, Va. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 165 DRY GOODS AND NOTIONS- ffHE Wholesale branch of this trade is one of the largest contributors to the general advancement of our market, and each season seems to add to its importance and strength. It is in the hands of men who have been thoroughly educated to the special requirements of their difficult calling, and who have won success through the exercise of well trained judgment and long practical experience in the business. Their stocks embrace all classes of goods, from the lowest grade of American to the finest Foreign fabrics ; their warehouses are capacious and their capital necessarily large — thus rendering Norfolk superior to most South- ern cities as a point of supply for Southern markets. U V WHOLESALE NO, 108 MAIN STREET, JTO^FeiiK, Yfl. MANUFACTURERS OF SHIRTS, DRAWERS, &c. J. W. HUNTER & CO., 40, 42 and 44 Commerce Street, Norfolk, Va. 166 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE Established 1857 W. H. OLIVER & SON, Sail Makers AWNINGS, Tents & Flags Nos. 1 and 2 mtulm Campbell's Wharf i.^; '-i, OVER Baker's Wrecking COMPANY. NORFOLK, VA. Old Sails bought and sold. Canvas furnished at Factory Prices. FENTRESS & O'BRIEN, ^Fresco, Ornamental and Plain Painters.*- No. -( DEALERS IN ) — WAZZ TjLTEK, iriADOW SHADE*, d-c, 9 Bank Street, . - NORFOLK, VA AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. f?HIS important branch of our trade is in the hands of practical and experienced men, who are thoroughly familiar with its require- ments, and many of the latest improvements in labor-saving agri- cultural machinery owe their origin to our local inventive genius. A very large capital is engaged in this business within the limits of the Twin Cities, and the products of our foundries are largely employed all over the South-eastern States, especially in Eastern Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. By judicious foresight and unremitting energy the trade has been put upon a firm basis, and is daily enlarging its field of operations. Planters and farmers are not slow to appreciate any valuable improvement in machinery, and are at all times ready to adopt new and advanced ideas when presented to them in the form of implements peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of special crops ; and on almost every farm within the ter- ritory which geographically belongs to this distributing point may be found the latest designs in cotton gins, plows, cultivators, drills, reapers, mowers, &c; in fact, everything calculated to make agricultural life pleas- ant and remunerative. Well-established brands of farming implements find ready purchasers at established prices, and the planters throughout this and the adjoining States may rely upon being suited here with all they" may require in this line and on such terms as should render compe- tition unprofitable, if not impossible. R. WHITE. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. HOUSE ESTABLISHED IN 1831. 167 L. R. WHITE. S- fi WHITE & BRLU Agricultural Implement Manufactory and Machine Shops. OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE : 96 and 98 Water, and 25, 27, 29 and 31 Elizabeth Streets. FOUNDRY AND WORKS : 222 to 244 Water Street, NORFOLK, VA. Steam Engines, Saw Mills, Grist Mills, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers, Cotton Gins, Cotton Presses, Corn and Cotton Planters, Corn Shellers, Threshers and Separators, Horse Powers, Fan Mills, Cider Mills, Plows, Harrows, Cultivators, Seed Drills and all kinds of Farming Tools and Machinery of the most approved patterns. WHITE'S CLIPPER PLOW was award- ed the First Premium on both One and Two Horse Plows in the FIELD TRIAL held at North Carolina State Fair October, 1880, in competition with TWELVE of the leading Plows in use in the South. Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of the Celebrated Stonewall Cotton Gins. Feeders and Condensers, Atlas, Clipper, White's Chilled, White's Combined and Daisy Turning Plows, White's Combined, Stonewall and Carolina Cotton Plows. If We have the largest and best appointed Agricultural Implement and Ma- chine Foundry in the East, or South, and use nothing but the best brands of Virginia Pig Iron, from which is produced the best finished, best wearing and strongest Plow Casting yet offered, at prices as low or lower than is charged for inferior quality. We have a full line of patterns for a majority of the leading Plows used in Virginia and the South, and can furnish Castings from same at short notice. We have a full corps of experienced pattern makers and can make patterns for any kind of Castings and furnish same with dispatch. Catalogues Mailed on Amplication. 168 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE ESTABLISHED 1829. H. M. SMITH & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 1532 Main St., Richmond. SOLICIT ORDERS FOR Portable Steam Engines, Farm and. Saw Mills, and. OF THE BEST SOLE AGENTS FOR THE DEDERICK HAY AND COTTON RESSES PATENTEES OF THE Richmond Thresher and Gleaner, Introduced seven years since; has made an admirable record. More than one thousand have been sold, and every purchaser has given it the most unqualified approval. . It is the most convenient, portable and best made Thresher and Cleaner now in use. It threshes rapidly and cleans more perfectly than any other pattern. De- scriptive ciroulars sent on application. We have constantly in stock the largest assortment of Agricultural Implements to be found in the. Southern States, and all especially adapted for the work of this section of the country. In addition to our own work, we are the general agents for GEISER'S PATENT SELF-REGULATING Grain Separator, Cleaner and Bagger, WELL KNOWN THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. The Champion Reaper and Mower, Champion and Deering Twine Binders. And all the leading Implements in the South. We handle none but the beet, and guarantee satisfaction. We are the General Agents of Washburn & Moen for the best Barbed Wire made in this country— 2 Barbs. 4 Barbs, Plain, Galvanized and Japanned. N. B.— 200 page Catalogue for 1880 is now ready, and wdl be sent free to all who intend purchasing goods in our line. Address H. M. SMITH & CO., I*. O. Hox 8. Ri oil m oiid, v». TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 169 MISCELLANEOUS. IN the preceding pages, special attention has been directed, under dis- tinctive headings, to many of the principal branches of trade which m engage the manufacturing, industrial and mercantile classes of Nor- folk and Portsmouth, and it must be admitted that not only does the present condition of their affairs make a most creditable showing, but also that their existing advantages are in a fair way to be considerably augmented, and that their future is rich in promises of continually in- creasing prosperity — promises which will certainly be redeemed, provided the people remain faithful to themselves and to their traditions. Besides the more prominent subjects already reviewed, there are others, too num- erous for separate classification, and yet too productive of good in their combined influence upon the community to justify their being passed by without mention. These include what may be described as the ordinary trades to be found, in a more or less flourishing state of existence, in ev- ery town of even moderate dimensions, and we may safely state that in our own cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, they maintain a uniformly healthy and prosperous condition. The windows and show cases of our Dry Goods and Fancy Goods establishments, Clothiers, Milliners, Jewel- ers, Confectioners, Druggists, Boot and Shoe Merchants present a most attractive assortment of the commodities peculiar to their several branches of business, while Florists, Tent and Sail Makers and dealers in Carriages, Harness, &c, carry large and well selected stocks, which compare favora- bly with those of any other sea-port or commercial centre in the country. In short, there is no spot on the earth's surface where the necessaries, oomforts and luxuries of life, in all conceivable forms, are more abund- ant and more easily obtainable, than they are in Norfolk and Portsmouth, and if those who have been accustomed to send to Northern cities for their supplies, will only give this market a fair trial, they will certainly have no cause to regret the experiment, which will no doubt result in se- curing their permanent patronage for our " Home Trade." 170 GEKfiRAL AKD COMMERCIAL GtTIDE A MUTUAL ENDOWMENT SOCIETY of the CITY of NORFOLK. Chartered by the Legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina. REORGANIZED SEPTEMBER, 1884. ( Col. ALEX. SAVAGE, Superintendent. Officers : \ A. E. HALL, Treasurer. ( E. T. POWELL, Secretary. GEO. R ATKINSON, JR., GENERAL INSURANCE AGENT, 316 HIGH STREET, PORTSMOUTH, Va. ^"Policies issued at lowest rates in first-class English and American companies. BURK <3c CO., The Clothiers and Gents' Furnishers, Manufacturers on an extensive scale of FIRST-CLASS GARMENTS, 112 AND 114 MAIN STREET, - - - NORFOLK, VA. EDWARD RAUSCHERT, Watchmaker and Jeweler, DEALER IN CLOCKS, WATCHES AND JEWELRY. No. 227 HIGH St. (old No. 55), PORTSMOUTH, VA. ' Repairing done at short notice, A. V. PEARCE, DEALER IN FINS BOOT'S AND SHOES. A FINE STOCK OF HATS, TRUNKS AND VALISES. 309 High St., Opposite Oxford Hall, Portsmouth, Va. Dr. F. A. WALKE. J. N. WILLIAMS. WALKE & WILLIAMS, DEALERS IN mas, rains, oiks, »©# Corner Water St. and Roanoke Sqr., Norfolk, Ya. if 4 ifff'T .lips mr L^JH&jyjEki^ JUL ,# JMoMUilfl DEALER IN Scrap and Damaged Cotton, Old Metals, Rags & Bones. HIGHEST MARKET PRICES PAID. Nos. 1 38 and 1 40 Water Street, - NORFOLK, VA. TO NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 171 The Dismal Swamp Lottery Co., FOR THE EXTENSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF DISMAL SWAMP CANAL, NORFOLK, VIRGIN"]®., The franchise of this enterprise is based upon the charter granted by the Leg- islature of the State to the Dismal Swamp Canal Company, and its legality has been fairly tested before the Courts. The object in view is the "improvement and extension" of the Canal, recog- nized to be one of the most important works of internal improvement now claiming the support of the business community. With proper encouragement of this enterprise, lawfully inaugurated by the Company, it is believed that the Canal, connecting the waters of Virginia and North Carolina, can be so^ enlarged in capacity and extended in reach, as to add vastly to its great worth. Information upon any subject relating to the enterprise will be promptly given upon application to _ _ CEO. T. ROGERS, 207 Main Street, NORFOL K, VA. JOHN C. ASBURY, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW AND NOTARY PUBLIC. CORNER BANK AND MAIN STREETS. pg° Close attention given to all busine?s. JOHN C. BAKER, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW. KOOM 4, ACADEMY OF, MUSIC, MAIN St., NORFOLK, Va. ^-Notary Public and Commission er of Deeds for State of North Caro l ina. RICHARD H. BAKER & SON, ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, LOWENBERG BUILDING, MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. REFERENCES: Citizens and Marine Banks : Bank of C ommerce, Norfolk. BORLAND & WILLCOX, Will practice in the State and Federal Courts of Norfolk and the surrounding Country, and in the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, in Richmond, Va. T R. BORLAND, T. H. WILLCOX, Attorney for the Commonwealth, ^SSffiSK or SSSS&g* REFERENCES: Marine Bank, Norfolk ; National Bank ; Home Savings Bank, and other Banking institutions of Norfolk, Va. 172 GENERAL AND COMMERCIAL GUIDE L. HARMANSON. JAMES E. HEATH. Harmanson & Heath, ATTORNEYS AT LAW. OFFICES IN BUILDING 57 MAIN St. (opposite Atlantic Hotel), NORFOLK, Va. JAS. G. HOLLADAY. JOHN NEELY. HOLLADAY & NEELY. ATTORNEYS AT LAW. (UllCix • 104 MAIN St., NORFOLK. u,,lt c» • 407 COURT St., PORTSMOUTH. ^"Practice in all the Courts, State and Federal, of Cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth; in the Courts of the adjoining- Counties and in the Supreme Court of Appeals. References : Norfolk National Bank. Marine Bank. ~ R C. MARSHALL" Attorney at Law, NO. 209 HIGH STREET, PORTSMOUTH, Va, E^P Practices in State and Federal Courts. THOMAS NORRIS, Jr., ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW. E3P Careful attention given to business. NORFOLK, VA. RICHAKD WALKE. WM. W. OLD. WALEE & OLD, ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS AT LAW, OFFICES : Lowenbergs New Building, Main Street, opposite the Post Office, NORFOLK, \ T A.. References : The Citizens, Marine and other Banks of the City of Norfolk, Merchants and Farmers Bank of Portsmouth, C. W. Grandy & Son, Norfolk, Va., R. T.- Wilson; & Co., New York. H. L. WORTHINQTON, (For eight years Deputy Clerk City Courts), Attorney at Law and Commissioner in Chancery, VIRGINIAN BUILDING, NORFOLK, Va. J^*" Particular attention given to Conveyancing of Real Estate and Exami- nation of Titles. Collections promptly attended to. F. A. JETER, Surgeon Dentist, 2 I 8 Main Street (Opposite Purcell House.) Practitioner of Dentistry for 25 years in Richmond, Va. I use all the late approved ap- pliances in filling', and extract teeth without pain. All gold worfe a specialty. Roots crowned with elegance without pain, with latest improved crowns. Sets teeth on gold, rubber, oellti- loid or continuous gum work that cannot be surpassed for beauty, mastication or comfort to wearer. I am inserting skeleton plates that do not cover the roof of the mouth; also lining rubber plates with gold at little more expense, and more healthful and pleasant to the tissues of the mouth. All work warranted. Uive me a call. Chloroform, gas and cocaine used at my discretion. INDEX. General Subjects, Page. Albemarle & Chesap'ke Canal. The 27 Bright Prospect, A 50 Chesapeake & OhioR. R., The 37 Climate, The 43 Conclusion 57 Corn 48 Dismal Swamp Canal, The 15 Early Days 5 First Railroad, The 23 Geographical 20 Gosport Navy Yard Established... 16 Historical Sketch 5 Imports 50 Incorporated as a City 19 Introductio-n 5 Local Press, The 56 Lumber 41 Mineral Wealth 36 N. Y. Phila. & Norfolk R. R., The 32 Norfolk & Ocean View R. R. , The 87 Norfolk & Va. Beach R. R.. The. ... 38 Norfolk & Western R. R.. The 30 Norfolk Established as a Town 11 Page. Norfolk Southern R. R., The Other Railroads Oysters Peanuts Principal Industries Railroad Facilities, Our Rapid Progress Recreations , Recuperation Retrospective Revolutionary War, The Seaboard & Roanoke R. R., The... Ship Building Facilities Soldiers' Home, The Stock Raising Suggestion, A Summary Transportation Lines Trucking War Between the States, The War of 1812, The Wrecking Yellow Plague, The 37 38 42 41 51 30 18 56 28 22 15 32 52 44 35 57 :,4 3!' 47 27 18 54 25 Illustrations. Page. Am. Fertilizing Co's Warehouse... 32 Ames & Stevens' Fur. Warehouse 38 Atlantic Hotel, Norfolk 17 Bird's Eye View of Norfolk Harbor 20 Blue Ridge Springs 53 Citizens' Bank, Norfolk 36 City Hall, Norfolk 22 Conf 'derate Monumen t, Ports mouth 1 5 Custom House, Norfolk 23 Disciples' Church, Norfolk 26 Dobie, R. A. & Co's Com. House... 40 Entrance to Norfolk Harbor 6 Freeman. Lloyd, Mason & Dryden's Fertilizer Factory 2!) Frey Bros.' Box Factory. Berkley 41 General View of Norfolk Harbor... 13 Gov's Residence, Soldiers' Home... 45 Home Savings Bank, Norfolk .">.-> Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul... 35 Hotel at Roanoke 43 Main St., Norfolk, From Bank St... 24 Main St. , Norfolk, From Market S'q 51 Main St., Norfolk, Looking East... 34 Main St., Norfolk, Looking West 14 Page. Market Square, Norfolk 16 Masonic Temple, Norfolk 28 Norfolk Academv 39 Norfolk & Wt-stern R R. Station... 11 Norfolk College for Young Ladies 37 Norfolk National Bank 30 Norfolk Steam Bakery 47 Norfolk Storage Co*s Warehouse... 18 Ocean House , Portsmouth 1 ' ' "Old St. Paul's," Norfolk 7 Post Office, Norfolk 23 Purcell House, Norfolk 9 Queen Street Market, Norfolk 4:> Seaboard Cotton Compress 44 Soldiers* Home, Hampton 21 Tilley's Planing Mills, Berkley 33 Upshur Guano Co's Factory Berk'y 25 United States Naval Hospital, Portsmouth 8 View From Custom House, Norfolk 1 2 Virginia Beach Hotel 27 Ward Memorial Hall, S'ld's Home 31 Water St., Norfolk, Looking East 42 Wharves of Norfolk, The 10 174 Index. £rafc>e Notices. Page. Agricultural Implements 166 Agriculture and Real Estate 142 Bakeries 140 Banks and Bankers 81 Books, Stationery and Paper 157 Builders' Materials 159 Business Exchanges, Our 60 Coal, Wood and Ice 135 Cotton and Commission 114 Dry Goods and Notions 165 Export Coal Trade, Our 96 Export Trade, Our 109 Fertilizers 88 Furniture, China and Glassware. . 146 Groceries 137 Page. Hotels and Restaurants Iron Works, Foundries and Marine Railways Lumber, Staves, etc Miscellaneous Paanuta Professional Cards Railroad nnd Steamboat Supplies. . Railroads Schools and Colleges Seedsmen Steamship and Steamboat Lines.... Stoves, Hardware, Tinware, &c... Tobacco, Cigars, etc Wines and Liquors 104 127 100 169 132 171 152 62 120 151 69 152 160 160 announcements. Academical Institute 122 Adams, F. W., Manager 161 Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. 80 Allen, W. F. & Co 138 Allen, W. F. & Son 161 American Fertilizing Co 90 Ames & Stevens 147 Armstrong, G. & Sons 103 Asbury, J. C 171 Atkinson, Geo. R., Jr 170 Atlantic Coast Line 68 Atlantic Hotel 107 Baker, John C 171 Baker, R. H. & Son 171 Baltimore Steam Packet Co 76 Bank of Commerce 85 Bank of Portsmouth 87 Bank Saloon 162 Barbour, J. W. Co • ■ 103 Barrett, G. & R 139 Barry, Jas. E., President 85 Baxter, B. F. & Co 163 Bav Line 76 Beil, Irvine & Co 119 Bell. Norman, Supt. and Sect'y 61 Bergner & Engel Brewing Co 161 Bigbie, J. H. & Co 139 Bishop, C. R. &. Co 156 Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co. Cover Blue Ridge Springs 108 Borland & Willcox 171 Bowden, Geo. E , President 86 Brambleton Floral Co 164 Brown, Ben. R. & Co 105 Brown, Phil. F 108 Burk& Co 170 Burruss, Son & Co 86 Carman Lumber Co 102 Castner & Co 99 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 66 Christian Brotherhood 170 Citizens' Bank 83 Clyde's Steam Lines 77 Clyde, Wm. P. & Co . 77 College of Phy's and Surge, Bait. 125 Cooke, R. B , Gen. Pass. & Frt. Agt. 67 Culpeper & Turner, Agents 75 Dalton, A. J 162 Davis, M. L. T. & Co 138 Davis, M. L. T., President 113 Denby, W. D.. Superintendent 113 Dilworth, W. J. & Co 140 Dismal Swamp Canal and Steamers 79 Dismal Swamp Lottery Co 171 Dobie, R. A. & Co 117 Dodson, R. S. , Proprietor 107 Doyle, Walter H. , Cashier 83 Duval, Geo. W. & Co 129 Elizabeth Iron Works 128 Etheredge & Brooks 118 Farrel & Co 148 Fentress & O'Brien 166 Franklin, W. S., Auditor Claims & Expenses 65 Freeman, E. B., Sec'y 60 Freeman, Lloyd, Mason, & Dryden 93 Frey Bros 103 Fuller, H. W., Gen. Pass. Agt 66 Gamage, John O. & Sons 159 Gaskins & Sturtevant 150 Goodridge, Field & Co 119 Goodwin. O. B 131 Graves, W. A 129 Griffin, John T. , President 87 Groner, V. D , Agent 78 Gurley & Bro Back inside Cover Haas, Sol., Traffic Manager 68 Hardy, Caldwell, Cashier 84 Harmanson & Heath 172 Harrington. H. P.. Manager 106 Hatton, E. Alex., Cashier 87 Hey,C. H 170 Hines S. H. &. Co 150 Hodgdon & Spencer Co 91 Holladay & Neely 172 Holmes & Weaver 155 Ikdex. 175 Page. Home Savings Bank 86 Howard & Odend'hal 155 Hudgins, H. C. Gen. Ft. & Pas' Agt. 68 Hughes, W. H 149 Hume & Parker 158 Hume, R. G. & Bro 157 Hunter, J. W. & Co 165 Irvine, W. F., President, Front inside Cover. James, Dr. M. L., Dean 123 Jeter, Dr. F. A 172 Johnson, W. P. & Co 165 Johnston, Robert 157 Jones, Bain & Co 95 King, M. K., General Manager. ... 68 King, W. C, Agent 140 Klepper, Joseph 107 Lamb, Wm. & Co 99 Lamb, Wm. & Co., Agents 99 Lindsey, E. C. & Co 145 Lowe, John Z 139 Mahoney, J. & E 162 Mapp & Co 154 Marine Bank 85 Marshall, R. C 172 Maryland Lying-in Asylum 126 Mayer & Co 153 Medical College of Virginia 123 Merchants' & Farmers' Bank 87 Merchants' & Manufacturers' Ex'ge 60 Merchants' & Miners' Trans. Co. . . 78 Merriam, G. & C. & Co 159 Miller, H. T. & Co 163 Moritz, I. & Co 163 Murray, K. C 149 Myers & Co 113 McCabe, W. Gordon, Head Master 121 McCarrick, J. W. , Gen. Soth'n Agt. 77 McCullough, A. A 100 McHugh, John& Go 162 Mclntyre, F. P 149 National Brass Works 131 New Purcell Bar & Billiard Room. 162 New Purcell House 105 N. Y., Phila.. & Norfolk Railroad... 67 Niemeyer & Co 119 Norfolk & Portsmouth Cotton Ex.. 61 Norfolk & Western Railroad 64 Norfolk College For Young Ladies 121 Norfolk Importing & Exporting Co 113 Norfolk Iron Railing & M'f'g Co.... 131 Norfolk Iron Works 129 Norfolk National Bank 84 Norfolk Southern Railroad Co . 68 Norfolk Storage Co 133 Norris, Thomas, Jr 172 Nottingham & Wrenn 136 Nottingham, Wrenn & Styron 94 Ocean House 106 Old Dominion Steamship Co 75 Oliver. W. H. & Son 166 Opie, Dr. Thomas, Dean 125 Page, Hugh N., Acting Cashier 85 Payne, W. T., Forwarding Agent... 65 Page. Pearce, A. V 170 Percy, H. C, Cashier 86 Perry, J. W. & Co 119 Peters, Wm. H., President 83 Pettit, Chas. W 128 Pope, A., Gen. Pass. & Ticket Agt. 64 Portsmouth Male & Female High School 122 Potomac Steamboat Co 78 Powell, E T., Sec'y 170 Purcell House 105 Ramsay, C. G , President 84 Randall, W. , Agent 76 Rauschert, E 170 Reid, Chas. & Son 92 Reid, James & Co 141 Reynolds, Ben j., Supt 164 Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamboat Co Back inside Cover Roberts, Henry, Superintendent.. . 79 Roper, John L. , President 121 Royster & Strudwick 94 Rogers, Geo. T. , Manager 171 Sale, Harry 162 Sands, Jos. H., Gen. Manager 64 Saunders, Rev. R. M., Principal 121 Savage, Alex., Supt 170 Seaboard Air Line 68 Smith, C. W., Gen. Manager 66 Smith, H. M. & Co 168 Somerville, Thos. &Sons 131 Spencer, J. C, President 91 Stires, R. W 119 Stokes, W. H., Principal 122 Tait, George & Son 151 Tappey & Steel 130 Taylor, Geo. W. & Co 135 Taylor, W. H., President 85 Taylor, Washington, Secretary 113 Thomas, John L 131 Tilley,E. M 101 Todd, D. W., Jr., cS: Co 163 Toomer, J. II., Cashier 87 Trant, Trugien & Hill 136 Upshur, C. L, President 90 Upshur Guano Co... Front inside Cover University School, Petersburg.. . . . 124 Virginia Bag Factory 156 Va., Tenn. & Ga. Air Line 65 Voight, R. P. & Co 1 39 Walke&Old 172 Walke& Williams. 170 Walters & Co 134 Warren's Seed Store 151 Watts, Legh R., President 87 Webster's Unabridged Dictionary . 159 Whitehead, H. C, Sec. & Treas.... 79 White, S.R. & Bro 167 White W. N L55 Widgeon, J. M., Supt 60 Wilkinson, W. S., Cashier 85 Worthington. 11. 1 172 Wrenn. A. & Son 161 Wynne, R. H., Secretary 121 176 Index. Classified llnfcey to Business announcements. Page. Agricultural Implements. Smith, H. M. & Co 168 White, S. R. & Bro 167 Architectural Iron Works. Norfolk Iron Railing & Mfg. Co.... 131 Asylums. Maryland Lying-in Asylum 126 A ttorneys-af-Law. Asbury, J. C 171 Baker, J. C 171 Baker, Richard H. & Son 171 Borland & Willcox 171 Harmanson & Heath 172 Holladay & Neely 172 Marshall. R. C 1 72 Norris, Thos. Jr 172 Walke& Old 172 Worthington, H. L 172 Agents — Coal. Lamb, Wm. & Co.., <»9 Bag Manufacturers. Bishop, Car terR. & Co., Petersburg 156 Bakers and Confectioners. Reid, James & Co Ill Banks and Bankers. Bank of Commerce 85 Bank of Portsmouth 87 Burruss, Son & Co 86 Citizens' Bank 83 Home Savings Bank 86 Marine Bank. 85 Merchants' and Farmers" Bank 87 Norfolk National Bank 84 Barrel Dealers. Stires, R. W 119 Belt Makers — Gum and Leather. Mayer & Co 153 Billiard and Pool Rooms. Atlantic Hotel 107 Klepper, Joseph 107 New Purcell House 162 Ocean House 106 Booksellers and Stationers. Hume & Parker 158 Hume, R G. & Bro 157 Johnston, Robert 157 Page. Brass Works. Somerville, Thos. & Sons 131 Brewers and Bottlers. Bergner & Engel 161 Builders' Materials. Gamage, John O. & Sons 159 McCullough, A. A 100 Trant, Trugien & Hill 136 Butter, Cheese and Provisions. Bigbie, J. H.&Co 139 Dilworth, Wm. J. & Co 140 Canal Companies. Albemarle and Chesapeake 80 Dismal Swamp 79 Carpets and Oil Cloths. Ames & Stevens 147 Mclntyre. F. P 149 Carriage, Buggy and Wagon Builders. Wrenn, A. & Son 164 China, Glass and Queen sware. Ames and Stevens 147 Hughes, W. H 149 Cigar Manufacturers. Baxter, B. F. & Co 163 Cigar and Tobacco Dealers. Baxter, B F. & Co 163 Moritz, I 163 Todd, D. W. Jr., & Co 163 Clothing. Burk&Co 170 Coal Exporters. Castner & Co., Limited 99 Coal and Wood Dealers. Boot and Shoe Dealers. Pearce, A. V 170 Castner & Co 99 Frey Bros 103 McCullough, A. A 100 Niemeyer & Co 119 Nottingham & Wrenn 186" Taylor. Geo. W. & Co 135 Trant, Trugien & Hill 136 Coffee and Spice Mills. King, W. C, Agent 140 Index. 177 Page < 'ommission Merchants. Bell, Irvine & Co 119 Dnl)ie. R. A. & Co 117 Etheredge & Brook* 11* Good ridge. Field & «:»> Ill* Gurley & Br>> Back Inside Cover Niemever & Co 119 Perrv.J. W. & Co 119 Stire's, R. W 119 Confectioners. Reid, James & Co 141 Consuls — Foreign. Lamb, Wm. Germany, Sweden, and Norway " 99 Myers. Barton, Great Britain, Netherlands and Brazil 113 Cotton Factors. Dobie. R. A & Co 117 Etheredge & Brooks 118 Niemever. & Co 119 Perrv,J. W. & Co 119 Royster& Strudvviek 91 Dentists. Jeter, F. A 172 Dictionaries. Webster's— G. & C. Merriam & Co. 159 Druggists — Wholesale and Retail. Walke & Williams 170 Dry Goods — Wholesale. Johnson, W. P. & Co 165 Hunter, J. W. & Co 105 Exchanges. Merchants' & Manufacturers' of Norfolk & Portsmouth, E. B. Freeman. Secretary J. M. Widgeon. Superintendent. 00 Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange, Norman Bell, Super- intendent and Secretary 61 Engines Boilers &c. Duval, Geo. W. & Co 129 Elizabeth Iron Works 128 Goodwin, O. B 131 Pettit, Chas. W 128 Tappey& Steel 130 Fancy Goods and Notions. Hunter, J. W. & Co Fertilizer Manufacturers and Dealers. American Fertilizing Co 90 Etheredge & Brooks 118 Page. Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Drydt-n. 93 Hodgdon & Spencer Co 91 .lours. Bain <£ Co 9"i Niemey«r & Co 119 Nottingham Wrenn & Styron 94 Reid, <'has. & Son ' «)'2 Royster& Strudwick 94 Upshur Guano Co. Front Inside Cover Florists and Seedsmen. Brambleton Floral Co 164 Tait, Geo. & Son Ifil Warren's Seed Store l- r >l Furniture Dealers. Ames & Stevens 117 Mclutyre.F. P 149 Grocers — Wholesale. Allen, W. F. & Co 138 Barrett, G. &R 139 Bigbie, J. H. & Co 139 Davis, M. L.T.& Co 138 Lowe, John Z 139 Voight, R. P.&Co 139 Gun & Locksmiths. White, W. N 155 Hay, Grain & Mill Feed. Etheredge & Brooks 118 Niemever &Co 119 Trant, Trugien& Hill 136 Guano and Chemicals — Importers. American Fertilizing Co 90 Hodgdon & Spencer Co 91 Reid, Chas & Son 92 Upshur Guano Co. ..Front Inside Cover Hotels. Atlantic 107 Blue Ridge Springs 108 New Purcell House l <,: ; Ocean House ln,; Ice Dealers. Nottingham & Wrenn 13 6 Taylor, Geo. W. &Co 135 Insurance Agents. Atkinson, Geo. R. Jr 170 Insurance Companies — Life. Christian Brotherhood 170 Iron Founders and Machinists, Duval, Geo. W. & Co 129 Goodwin, O. B 131 Norfolk Iron Railing & M'f'g. Co.. 131 Pettit, Chas. W 128 Tappey&Steel 130 White, S. R. & Bro 167 178 ftSTDEX. Page. Junk Dealers. J Hey.Chas. H 170 Lime, Plaster & Cement. Barbour, J. W. & Co 103 Etheredge & Brooks 118 Gamage, John O. & Son 159 McCullough, A. A 100 Trant, Trugien & Hill 136 Lotteries. Dismal Swamp Lottery Co 171 Lubricating & Illuminating Oils. Goodwin, O. B 131 Mayer & Co 153 Walke& Williams 170 Lumber Dealers. Armstrong, G. & Son 103 Barbour, J.W.'&Co 103 Carman Lumber Co 102 Graves, Wm. A 129 Gurlev & Bro Back Inside Cover McCullough, A. A 100 Tilley, Edward M 101 Marine Hallways. Graves, Wm. A 129 Thomas. John L 131 Mechanics' Tools. Mayer & Co 153 Mills — Saw and Planing. Armstrong, G. & Son 103 Carman Lumber Co 102 Graves, Wm. A 129 Tilley, E. M 101 Notions and Hosiery — Wholesale. Hunter, J. W. & Co 16r» Miller, H. T. & Co 163 Oil Dealers. Goodwin, O. B 131 Mayer & Co 153 Walke & Williams 170 Painters — House & Sign. Fentress & O'Brien ... 166 Paper — Wholesale. Johnston, Robert 157 Peanuts — Wholesale. Norfolk Storage Co 133 Walters & Co. .:. 134 Pianos and Organs. Ames & Stevens 147 Hume & Parker U8 Hume, R. G. & Bro 157 Page. Plumbers' Supplies. Somerville, Thos. & Son 131 Railroads. Atlantic Coast Line 68 Chesapeake & Ohio K6 New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk (IT Norfolk & Western 64 Norfolk Southern 68 Seaboard Air Line 68 Virginia, Tennesee & Georgia Air Line 65 Railroad, Steamboat, Mill & Ma- chinists Supplies. Mayer & Co 153 Real Estate Dealers. Lindsey, E. C. & Co 145 Reporters — Short- Hand. Murray, K. C 149 Restaurants. Klepper, Joseph 107 Sale, Harry 162 Sacks. Virginia Bag Factory 156 Saddlers & Harness Makers. Wrenn, A. & Son 164 Sailmakers. Oliver, W. H. & Son 166 Safes. Farrel<£ Co... 148 Saloons and Bar Rooms. Atlantic Hotel 107 Bank Saloon 162 Klepper, Joseph 107 New Purcell House 162 Ocean House 106 Schools d- Colleges. College of Physicians & Surgeons, Baltimore 125 Medical College of Virginia 123 Norfolk College for Yonng Ladies. 121 Stokes.. W. H., Portsmouth 122 University School. Petersburg 124 Salt Importers. Norfolk Importing & Exporting Co. 113 Seedsmen. Tait, Geo. & Son 151 Warren's Sie 1 Store 151 Ship Brokers. Lamb, Wm. & Co 99 Myers&Co 113 Index. Pagb. Shipwrights. (haves, Wm. A 129 Thomas, John L 131 Shirts & Drawers — Manufacturers. Hunter, J. W. & Co 165 Miller, H. T. & Co 163 Staves (I/id Shingles. Armstrong, G. & Son 101 ( iurlev & Bi o Back Inside Cover McCullough.A. A 100 Tilley.E. M 101 Steam Pumps. Mayer & Co ' Somerville, Thos. & Sons 131 Steamship and Steamboat Agents. Culpeper & Turner 75 Groner, V. D 78 Gurley & Bro Back Inside Cover Lamp, Wra.&Co 99 McCarrick, Jas. W. ...• 77 Mvers& Co 113 Randall, Wm 76 Roberts, Henry 79 Steamship and Steamboat Companies. Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Co. 80 Baltimore Steam racket Co. ... 76 Bay Line 76 Clyde's Steam Lines 77 Dismal Swamp Canal & Steamers.. 79 Merchants' & Miners' Trans. Co — 78 Old Dominion Steamship Co 75 Potomac Steamboat Go 78 Roanoke. Norfolk & Baltimore Steamboat Co Back Inside Cover Stoves and Tinware. Holmes & Weaver 15") 17'.) Pagj . Howard & Odend'hal 155 Mapp & Co b r 'i Summer Resorts. Blue Ridge Springs 1" w Tin and Start Iron Workers. Mapp & Co 151 Tobacco Manufactun rs. Black well's Durham Tobacco Co. Cover Tobacconists — Wholesale. Baxter, B. F. & Co 163 Moritz, I. &Co 163 Todd, D. W. Jr., & Co 163 Type Writers. Murray, K. C 149 Undertakers. Gaskins & Sturtevant 15(1 Hines, S. H.& Co lfi Watchmakers and Jewelers. Rauschert, Edward 170 Wines and Liquors — Wholesale. Allen, Wm. F. & Son 161 Dalton, Andrew J 162 Mahoney, J.& E 162 McHugh, John & Co l< ; 2 Todd, D. W. Jr., & Co 163 Wood and Willow Ware. King, W. C, Agent 1 *'» Vegetable d : Fruit Box Manufac turers. Armstrong, G. & Son 103 Frey Bros 108 Jhingles and Lumber! CURLEY * BRO., General Commission Merchants, ay r ,Ef V~ -1«cuulloi Carry in stock the largest line of Cypress Heart and Sap Shingles, rived and sawed, in the Norfolk market— sizes, 3 to 7 inches wide and 20 to 24 inches long. The durable and lasting qualities of Cypress Shingles make them a cheaper roof covering than any other material. Can supply on demand in small, or cargo lots at lowest market rates, and load at our wharves free of expense to the buyer, giving quick dispatch to vessels or steamers. FETIDQllTWEI^S FOI^ CYPRES JSjnjV T GLE$. Laths of pine and cypress always on hand, and lots of consigned lumber gen- erally in yard, direct from the mills. Bills of LUMBER cut to order at short notice, suitable for building and farm purposes. Agents for several large mills give us rare facilities in this line. Our business being strictly COMMISSION, we can give best terms to buyers. Liberal advances made on consignments of COTTON, TAR, LUMBER, HAY and Country Produce of all kinds. Prompt returns to shippers, and all charges made upon customary usages. Steamboat %inc to IRoanofce IRiver. GURLEY & BRO. are Agents for the New Iron Steamers ceppe, mete0r Tip flfljaniTep OF THE Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamboat Company, FORMING A TRI- WEEKLY LINE FROM NORFOLK TO THE ROANOKE RIVER, WINDSOR, and all landings on the CASHIE river, and Takboro, and all sta- tions on the Albemarle and Raleigh R. R. Freight at lowest rates, and received daily at our Pier at McCullough's wharf. CD CO > H - a § u o <* < f* ^ g o w 7i o 03 (A O O c3 !.§ ^ bJD-S ^H CD J 2 -^ bo 2 ^3 yj CB O Q .2-§ O (8 ■=£ 5 o E o © O ft c° ° ft 2 y o o CC C O O ^ a ft 0) o c o s o © a-S C «) Jo * 3 £ a — M) ' c ©._ ■M 1- E« — o c o C0 O -p ■p— < a o G) h u 00 H PQ > H