•i' ^Wi ^>.P HifjiSi^iiiiljii-M hi iiiiii mi'.i\ I i!i!s5>..,:K,. UPi m^ i . ii:i jiM !^^l:^^ii''^■;v. im' 11 i:i;!.jii;;,^|:';;-H''> I ' ' ' i, Iff sitt til Pill ^i^'^PJijIi':- i!iii:i1llfc':;:]n!;::'3H-^-^^ V,iill:':rili ;';■:! \m !^ *'i";:';ii;i:;-i ;;;;i,'i'li;!,!. Class Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT Francis C. Riciiter Author of the "History and Records of Base Bal Editor of "Sporting Life" and RICHTER'S History and T^ecords of BASE BALL The ^American ^}{ations Chief Sport "By FRANCIS C. RICHTER, Editor of ''Sporting Life'' Price $ 2.0 o PUBLISHED BY FrANCIS C. RiCHTER PHILADELPHIA, PA. I 9 I 4 vt Copyright, by FRANCIS C. RICHTER, Philadelphia, Pa. 1914. printed by The Dando Company philadelphia xA A'^ / 'IP MAR -4 i3l4 ©CI. A 3 02 75 7 FOREWORD Without boast or apology is laid before the base ball-loving public of America, by the undersigned, Founder and Editor of "Sporting Life,'' the oldest and best organ of the great sport of Base Ball, this ''History and Records of Base Ball.'' This volume is designed to supply the growing need of a concise, yet complete, record of our National Game, from its remote inception and humble beginning to the present period of magnificent develop- ment to real national stature. It is also designed to serve this purpose in such form as to make it valuable, possibly indispensa- ble, as a book of special information, of ready reference, and of general interest to all lovers and students of the great ganie. This book is also designed to preserve in compact form the invaluable playing records of the sport, heretofore so scattered and so neglected that they were in danger of becoming obscured, reduced to mere tradition, or lost altogether. From this stand- point this ''History and Records of Base Ball" I believe to be necessary, timely, and unique; and it is therefore submitted with- out apology. Of the merit of my work I make no boast, leaving the reader to judge that; and no further comment than to state that if it meets with public approval I shall feel deeply grateful, as well as amply rewarded for what has been to me a labor of love for, and devotion to, a sport to which I have given the willing service of a lifetime. (^;^^144 ei^ ^^^^^^' CONTENTS $art I PAGE -^^E Origin of Base Ball ii The First Professional League 37 ^The National League 47 '-The American League. 83 ^ The Old American Association 97 -The Base Ball Tours. 107 ^ The Wars of Base Ball 119 -The World's Championship Series 141 -The Minor Base Ball Leagues 155 $att II PAGE The General Records of Base Ball 163 The Batting and Fielding Records 173 The Pitching Records of Base Ball 181 The Great Pitchers of Base Ball 193 The Classics of Base Ball 201 ^art III page The Laws of Organized Ball 207 Playing Rules Development 227 The Leaders of Base Ball. 281 The Players of Base Ball 291 The Writers of Base Ball 299 ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece The Author FACING PAGE The Founders of Base Ball i^ The Keystone Club of 1865 13^ The Athletic Club of 1865 2^^^ The Cincinnati Club of 1869 31' Famous Players of First League 37"^ Arthur Pue Gorman, Pioneer 41^ Manager Harry Wright 45^ President William H. Hulbert 47'/ The Eight National League Presidents 53^/ Famous National League Players of the '80s 57^' Famous National League Players of the '90s 6i'^ National League Club Presidents of the '90s 65*' National League Club Presidents of the '90s 69*^ National League Club Presidents in 1913 73^ Famous National League Players of the Present "jy^ President John K. Tener, of The National League 81^ President Ban B. Johnson of The American League. . . . 83-^ Vice-President Charles W. Somers.of American League, 87^ American League Club Presidents 89"^ Famous American League Players of Early Days 91-^ Famous American League Players of Present Time 93'^ President H. D. McKnight, of The Old Association 97-^ Charles H. Byrne, of Brooklyn loi'^ Leaders of The Old Association 1031^ Famous Players of The Old Association 105^ Albert G. Spalding 107^ ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE All-American World Tourists of 1888 111/ Charles A. Comiskey 115/ Great Figures in Four Base Ball Wars 119^ William C. Temple^ Donor of Temple Cup 141^ Managers of Modern World's Champion Teams 149/ James A. Williams, Minor League Father 154/ Leaders in the Minor League World 157 v^ ^att II facing page Players, Holders of World's Records 163^ Greatest Batsmen of Base Ball 173/ Record Pitchers of Base Ball 181*^ Famous Modern Base Ball Pitchers i93>^ $art III FACING PAGE A. G. Mills, Author of First National Agreement 2071^ August Herrmann, Chairman, National Commission. . . 213 John E. Bruce, Sec-Treasurer, National Commission . . 223 ^ Henry Chadwick, "Father of Base Ball^' 227 ^ James A. Hart, Factor in Playing Rules Revision 255 ^ Benjamin F. Shibe 265 ^ Alfred J. Reach 2%\^ Some Famous Veteran Team Managers 29 1*^ Famous Veteran Major League Players 295 ^ Thomas D. Richter, Associate Editor, Sporting Life. . . 299^ PART I. (9rtgtn» Bebelopment, anb l^vog:ctsifi o{ $rofe)e(ie(tonal iSas^e PaU Founders of Game of Base Ball — 1839 to 1845 1 — General Abner Doubleday, of Cooperstown, N. Y., designer of the diamond and players' positions in 1839. 2 — Alexander J. Cartwright, of New York, organizer of first club devoted exclusively to Base Ball, the Knickerbockers in 1845. 3 — Duncan F. Curry, of New York, first Presi- dent of Knickerbocker Club, first base ball club in 1845. 4 — William H. Van Cott, of New York, first president of first National Association of Amateur Base Ball Clubs. ORIGIN OF BASE BALL Sije Mntion*^ #atne in America, 3tg ©rigin mh ©egign* WmU of ®e^timoni> Jfabors; tfje Cfjeorp tiEfjat pasie Jiall ©ebelopeb €ntmlp Jf ram an glmerican pop'sJ » ers( to i^obern 3t kROM the day that Base Ball began to assume form and substance, in 1845, up to 1857, the game was played irregu- larly, and without control of any kind until the clubs in and around New York, at a meeting held in New York City, Jan- uary 22, 1857, organized the National Association of Base Ball Players, embrac- ing sixteen New York clubs, at which a committee was appointed to draw up a constitution and by-laws. Affairs then languished until March 10, 1858, when another meeting was held at which organization was completed by the election of W. H. Van Cott as first president, the adoption of a constitution and the playing rules of the Knickerbocker Club, published in the opening chap- ter. These rules were, however, somewhat amplified, and new specifications for ball and bat, closely approximating those of the present day, were prescribed, the bat especially never having been changed except as to length, while the difference in the ball is a reduction in weight and size of half an ounce. In 1863, at a meeting held in New York City, the playing rules were further amplified, as will be seen by reference to the complete code pub- lished in a chapter on the "Playing Rules of Base Ball.'' From 1 861, to the end of the Civil War, the sport languished every- where except among the Northern soldiers, who played it at every opportunity during the various campaigns. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR a convention was held in New York on December 13, 1865, at which 91 clubs were represented, including clubs of St. Louis, Chattanooga, Louisville, Washington, Boston and Philadelphia, thus making the organization really national, though strictly amateur. No schedules were adopted, each club making its own schedules; and virtually the sole purpose of the organization was 38 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball to sanction rules for playing the game and to preserve its ama- teur status. It was not until 1866 that professionalism began to pervade the ranks and to raise a question that became more acute each year until 1870, when a split occurred that resulted in the formation of the first Professional Base Ball Association, whose brief career is epitomized in this chapter. In 1867 the Nationals, of Washington, D. C, under the lead of Arthur Pue Gorman, afterward United States Senator from Maryland, and with George Wright as team captain, made THE FIRST TRANS-ALLEGHENY TOUR, going as far as St. Louis. The team that made this epochal tour was as follows: George Wright, shortstop and captain; W. T. Williams, pitcher; Frank P. Norton, catcher; G. H. E. Fletcher, first base ; E. A. Parker, second base ; George H. Fox, third base ; S. L. Studley, left field; H. W. Berthrong, center field; Harry C. McLease, right field ; G. E. Smith, substitute. The team was accompanied by Colonel Frank Jones, president of the club, and Henry Chadwick, as official scorer. This team defeated the Capital City Club, of Columbus, O.; the Cincinnatis and Buck- eyes, of Cincinnati ; the Louisville Club, of Louisville, Ky. ; the Western Club, of Indianapolis; the Empire and Union Clubs, of St. Louis ; the Excelsiors and Atlantics, of Chicago ; and lost one game unexpectedly to the Forest City Club, of Rockford, 111., 29-23, owing to inability to hit Al Spalding, the 17-year-old pitcher of the Forest City Club. In that year, also, the Forest City Club, of Rockford, 111., started the practice of paying some of its players salaries. In 1868 the Cincinnati Red Stocking Club was organized on semi-professional lines, four of the players being paid small salaries. In 1869 the entire team was placed under salary, being thus the first undisguised professional team of record. This team that year made a tour of the entire country from New York to San Francisco, between May 10 and Novem- ber 5, and went through the season without a defeat, playing 65 games, of which they won all except a 17-17 tie game with the Haymakers, of Troy, N. Y., on August 27. This first pro- fessional team was made up as follows: Harry Wright, captain and manager; Asa Brainard, pitcher; Douglas AlHson, catcher; Charles Gould, first base ; Charles Sweasy, second base ; Fred The First League 39 Waterman, third base; George Wright, shortstop; Andrew J. Leonard, left field; Harry Wright, center field; Calvin McVey, right field; Richard Hurley, substitute. The players were paid $100 per month, the season running from March 15 to Novem- ber 15. This team not only went through THE 1869 SEASON WITHOUT A DEFEAT, but maintained that clean record of victories until the middle of June in the following year, their first defeat in two seasons being sustained at the hands of the Atlantics, of Brooklyn, in the latter city on June 14, 1870, by 8 to 7, in 10 innings. The Cincinnati team's career attracted intense national interest and had a vast stimulating influence upon the sport, but especially upon the development of professionalism ; in fact, the Cincinnati Reds set the standard for base ball teams and everywhere either new clubs on pure professional basis were organized for the express purpose of meeting or defeating the Reds, and the most famous of the established clubs threw aside all pretence and disguise of amateurism or even semi-professionalism, and be- came full-fledged professionals — and that, too, while still mem- bers of the amateur National Association of Base Ball Players. In this matter Chicago took the lead by organizing, in 1870, the White Stockings on professional basis for the express purpose of rivaling, and if possible, defeating the Cincinnati Reds. This team included Meyerle and Pinkham, pitchers; Crane and Mart King, catchers ; McAtee, first base ; Wood, second base ; Meyerle or Pinkham alternating at third base ; Hodes, shortstop ; Treacey, Cuthbert and Flynn, outfielders. The Atlantics forestalled the White Stockings in the matter of first defeating the Reds, but the White Stockings afterward defeated the Red Stockings twice in succession, which killed the Cincinnati Club, as that club was disbanded at the end of the season of 1870, the Wright brothers, Gould, and McVey going to the Boston Club. AMATEURISM TOTTERING TO ITS FALL. While the game was thus developing rapidly toward a pro- fessional basis, there was much controversy engendered by the existing conditions in the National Association. There was con- stant contention between the founders of the Association, who 40 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball desired to maintain it as an amateur organization, and those who endeavored to control the association in the interest of pro- fessionaHsm, and the result was a state of uncertainty, pretence and hypocricy which could not endure. Moreover, profession- alism had brought in its train betting by the public on important games, in which in time the players also participated. Other evils were secret negotiations with players by rival clubs, and endless contract-breaking, or "revolving," as it was then known, by the most-famous, and therefore most-sought, players. These two elements, gambling backers and contract-breaking players, had in time come into substantial control of the National Asso- ciation, and were creating conditions dangerous to the prestige of the sport as a national game. It was therefore a public relief and a future blessing to the sport, when the Cincinnati Red Stockings, in 1869, blazed the way for undisguised professional- ism, and did it so well and successfully that in the following year its example was followed by the new Chicago White Stock- ings and other prominent clubs, both East and West, thus open- ing the way for the creation of a purely professional associa- tion. This occurred in the Fall of 1870, when the National Association of Base Ball Players was disrupted. At the annual meeting a great battle was waged between the pure amateur and pure professional elements, and the former withdrew. At a meeting held in December, 1871, an effort was made to organize a new Amateur National Association, which was consummated in March, 1872, at a meeting held in New York. At this meet- ing seven colleges and ten amateur clubs were represented, and F. B. Wood, of the Champion Club, of Jersey City, was elected as president. This "National Association of Amateur Base Ball Players" died of inanition, after an innocuous existence, in 1874, and since that time Base Ball as a national sport has been wholly under professional control, although the National Amateur Ath- letic Union endeavors to maintain control and supervision over pure amateurs as part of its athletic authority. BIRTH OF organized BALL. The National Association of Professional Base Ball Play- ers was organized at a meeting held in New York, March 4, 1 87 1, at which for the first time an organization was formed on Arthur Pue Gorman First Manager to Take a Base Ball Team on a Trans-Allegheny Tour, in 1867 The First League 41 sectional lines, which basis major leagues have followed from that day to this time. The following cities were represented: Boston, Brooklyn, New York, Troy, Washington and Philadel- phia, in the East; and Chicago, Cleveland, Port Wayne and Rockford, in the West. Mr. J. W. Kerns, of the Troy, N. Y., Haymakers, was elected as president. These ten clubs started the season, but only eight finished it. The playing rules of the dis- rupted National Association of Base Ball Players were adopted with but few alterations. Herewith is given a list of the after- wards famous players composing the teams of the first purely professional organization and, therefore, the first recognized professional players of the national game: Athletics, of Philadelphia — Malone, catcher; McBride, pitcher; Fisler, first base; Reach, second base; Meyerle, third base; Radcliff, shortstop; Outhbert, left field; Sensenderfer, center field; Heubell, right field; Berkenstock, substitute. Bostons, of Boston — McVey, catcher; Spalding, pitcher; Gould first base; Barnes, second base; Shaffer, third base; G. Wright, short- stop; Cone, left field; H. Wright, center field; Birdsall, right field; Barrows and Jackson, substitutes. White Stockings, of Chicago — Hodes, catcher; Zettlein, pitcher; McAtee, first base; Wood, second base; Pinkham, third base; Duffy, shortstop; Treacy, left field; Foley, center field; Simmons, right field; Bannock, substitute. Eckfords, of Brooklyn — Hicks, catcher; Martin, pitcher; Allison, first base; Swandell, second base; Nelson, third base; Holdsworth, shortstop; Gedney, left field; Shelly, center field; Chapman, right field; Allison, substitute. Forest Citys, of Cleveland — J. White, catcher; Pratt, pitcher; Car- le ton, first base; Kimball, second base; Sutton, third base; Bass, shortstop; Pabor, left field; Allison, center field; E. White, right field. Forest Citys, of Rockford — Hastings, catcher; Fisher, pitcher; Mack, first base; Addy, second base; Anson, third base; Fulmer, shortstop; Ham, left field; Bird, center field; Stires, right field. Haymakers, of Troy — McGeary, catcher; McMullin, pitcher; Flynn, first base; Craver, second base; Bellan, third base; Flowers, shortstop; King, left field; Yorke, center field; Pike, right field. Kekiongas, of Fort Wayne — Lennon and Quinn, catchers; Mathews, pitcher; Foran, first base; Carey, second base; Williams, third base; Goldsmith, shortstop; Mincher, left field; Armstrong, center field; Kelly, right field; Hallinan and Dean, substitutes. Mutuals, of New York — C. Mills, catcher; Wolters, pitcher; Start, first base; Ferguson, second base; Smith, third base; Pearce, short- stop; Hatfield, left field; Eggler, center field; Patterson, right field; Higham, substitute. 42 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Olympics, of Washington — ^Allison, catcher: Brainard, pitcher; Mills, first base; Sweasy, second base; Waterman, third base; Force, shortstop; Leonard, left field; Hall, center field; Berthrong, right field; Glenn, substitute. DECLINE AND DEATH OF THE ASSOCIATION. At the first annual meeting of the National Association of Professional Ball Players, held at Cleveland, in March, 1872, Robert Ferguson, of the Brooklyn Atlantics, was elected as president of the Association, and it was declared as the policy of the Association not to permit anyone not a professional ball player to hold office. Eleven clubs were represented at the meeting and entered teams in the race. In 1873 Robert Ferguson was re-elected as president of the Association, and in this year only nine clubs entered teams in the race. In 1874 eight clubs entered the race, but Chicago was the only Western city represented, and afifairs were so loosely conducted that 96 of the 232 scheduled games were not played at all. In this year a ten-men and ten-innings rule was adopted and the scheme was tried of adding a second shortstop to the infield between first and second bases. The experiment was short-lived, however, as the public failed to approve of it and the rule was rescinded before the race began. In 1875, thirteen clubs entered in the race, which proved to be the last one of the first Professional Asso- ciation, as so many flagrant abuses, due to gambling and contract-breaking, had entrenched themselves in the organiza- tion that leading men in the organization who were not players, but business men, decided to withdraw and to organize a new league from the formation and government of which active players should be eliminated. This led to the organization of the National League, and the death of the first Professional Association at the end of the season of 1875. Following is the playing record of the Professional Association during its com- paratively brief span of life: SEASON OF 1 87 1. The first meeting of the Professional Association was held in New York City, and the following clubs were the original members of the organization in 1871 : Athletics, of Philadelphia ; Boston, Chicago, Forest City, of Cleveland; Forest City, of The First League 43 Rockford; Haymakers, of Troy; Kekiongas, of Fort Wayne; Mutual, of New York, and Olympics, of Washington. The Kekionga Club disbanded in July, and the Eckford Club, of Brooklyn, filled the vacancy, but its games were not counted. The Athletic Club won the championship with this team: Mc- Bride and Malone, battery; Fisler, Reach and Meyerle, base- men; Radcliff, shortstop; Cuthbert, Sensenderfer and Heubell in the outfield; Bechtel and Pratt, substitutes; Hicks Hayhurst, manager. The game that decided the championship was played on the Union Grounds, Brooklyn (the Chicagos being homeless owing to the destruction of Chicago by fire), on October 30. The Athletics, with McBride pitching against Zettlein, defeated Chicago and won the championship, by 4 to i. In this game the Athletics were without the services of Sensenderfer, Reach and Pratt, Berkenstock playing right field. The Chicagos had their full team in the field except Pinkham, for whom Bannock played third base. Levi Meyerle, of the Athletics, led all batsmen in batting, with .403. The record for the season was : Club. W. L. Athletic 22 7 Boston 22 10 Chicago 20 9 Mutual 17 18 Olympic 16 15 Club. W. L. Haymakers 15 15 Cleveland 10 19 Kekiongas 7 21 Rockford 6 21 SEASON OF 1872. In 1872, the Association was composed of the Athletic Club, Boston Club, Atlantic and Eckford Clubs, of Brooklyn; Lord Baltimore Club, National and Olympic Clubs, of Wash- ington; Forest City, of Cleveland; Haymakers, of Troy; Mu- tual, of New York; and Mansfield Club, of Middletown, Conn. The last-named club disbanded during the season. The Boston Club won the championship with the following team: Spalding and McVey, battery; Gould, Barnes and Schafer on the bases; George Wright, shortstop; Leonard, Harry Wright and Rogers in the outfield; and Birdsall and Ryan substitutes. Harry Wright, manager. Roscoe Barnes, of Boston, led the batsmen, with .374. The record for the season was : Club. W. L. Boston 39 8 Baltimore 34 19 Club. Cleveland Mansfield w. L. 6 15 5 19 44 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Mutual 34 20 Athletic 30 14 Troy 15 10 Atlantic 8 27 Eckford 3 26 Olympic 2 7 National 11 season of 1873. In 1873, the membership comprised the Boston Club, Ath- letic Club, the new Philadelphia Club, National Club, of Wash- ington; Baltimore and Maryland Clubs, of Baltimore; Mutual Club, of New York; Atlantic Club, of Brooklyn, and Resolute Club, of New Jersey. The Boston Club again won the cham- pionship, with 43 victories and 16 defeats; and the Philadelphia Club was second, with 36 victories and 17 defeats. The cham- pion team was: Spalding and White, battery; James O'Rourke, Barnes and Schafer on the bases; George Wright, shortstop; Leonard, Harry Wright and Manning, outfielders; Birdsall and Sweasy, substitutes; Harry Wright, manager. Bob Addy took Manning's place in the latter part of the season. Roscoe Barnes, of Boston, again led the batsmen, with .338. The record was: Club. W. L. Boston 43 16 Philadelphia 36 17 Baltimore 33 22 Mutual 29 24 Athletic 28 23 Club. W. L. Atlantic 17 17 Washington 8 31 Resolute 2 21 Maryland 5 SEASON OF 1874. In 1874, the Chicago Club, which had been knocked out of existence by the great fire of 1871, re-entered the arena. The membership this year comprised the Boston, Athletic, Mutual, Chicago, Atlantic, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Hartford Clubs. The Washington, Resolute and Maryland Clubs dropped out. Boston again won the championship, with 52 victories and 18 defeats. The Mutuals were second, 42-23; Athletics third, 33- 23. The winning team was: Spalding and McVey, battery; James White, Barnes and Schafer on the bases ; George Wright, shortstop; Leonard, Hall and James O'Rourke in the outfield; Harry Wright and Beals, substitutes, and Harry Wright, man- ager. In this year an additional player in the way of another shortstop in the infield was added, and the game was lengthened to ten innings. The innovation was so unpopular that it was summarily rescinded before the championship race started. John Harry Wright Organizer and Manager of the First Pure Professional Base Ball Club The First League 45 McMullin, of the Athletics, led the batsmen, with .387. full record: Club. W. L. Boston 52 18 Mutual 42 23 Athletic 33 23 Philadelphia 29 29 Club. W. Chicago 27 Atlantic 23 Hartford 17 Baltimore 9 The L. 31 32 37 38 SEASON OF 1875. This proved to be the last year of the Professional Asso- ciation, which had become permeated with dishonesty in the ranks, and therefore unpopular with the public. Thirteen clubs competed for the championship, St. Louis being the only one of the new entries that did not disband before the season closed. The clubs were the Athletic, Philadelphia and Centennial Clubs, of Philadelphia; Boston, Chicago, Mutual, Atlantic, Hartford, St. Louis, New Haven, Red Stockings, of St. Louis; Washing- ton, and Westerns, of Keokuk, la. The Bostons again won the championship, with 71 victories and eight defeats. The Ath- letics were second, with 53 victories and 20 defeats. The cham- pion Boston team was: Spalding and White, battery; McVey, Barnes and Schafer on the bases; George Wright, shortstop; Leonard, James O'Rourke and Manning in the outfield; Harry Wright and Beals, substitutes; Harry Wright, manager. Hel- fert and Latham each played first base during part of the sea- son. Roscoe Barnes, of Boston, led the batsmen, with .386. The record for the final season was : Club. New Haven . . Red Stockings Washington . . Centennial . . . Atlantic Western 77. L. 7 39 4 14 4 22 2 13 2 42 1 12 Club. W. L. Boston 71 8 Athletic 53 20 Hartford 54 28 St. Louis 39 29 Philadelphia 37 31 Chicago 30 37 Mutual 29 38 The Centennials played but few games, and their brief ex- istence is only noteworthy for the fact that with them began the sale of players, a custom that has grown to tremendous propor- tions since. The Centennial Club contained but two first-class players — Craver and Bechtel. The rival Athletic Club, of Phila- delphia, wanted these two, and two wealthy members of the 46 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball club paid an official of the Centennial Club $1500 to have the two players released and transferred to the Athletic Club. This was done, and shortly after the Centennial Club disbanded. It was a peculiar fact that the first sale of players brought retri- bution with it, as Craver turned out to be crooked, and Bechtel took Anson's place so of.ten that the latter became dissatisfied and later seceded to the Chicago Club. The season of 1875 was the last of the Professional Association, as in the Spring of 1876 the National League was organized. A tour of ENGLAND. The comparatively brief existence of the Professional Base Ball Association was made memorable by the fact that under its auspices Base Ball was taken to foreign lands for the first time. In 1874 two professional Base Ball teams went to England and gave exhibitions of our then just developing game in various parts of the United Kingdom. The two clubs were the Bostons and Athletics, and they sailed from Philadelphia on the steam- ship "Ohio," on July 16, arriving in Liverpool on July 27. The team which represented the former club contained Spalding, George Wright, Harry Wright, O'Rourke, Sam Wright, Barnes, Shafer, Leonard, Hall, McVey, Beals and Kent, the latter being the first baseman of the Harvard College team. On the Ath- letic team were Anson, Sutton, McBride, Battin, Gedney, Fisler, Clapp, McGeary, McMullin, Murnane and Sensenderfer. The two teams played 14 games of Base Ball in England, and attracted much attention by their brilliant fielding. Cricketers said that they never saw such field plays before, and they considered it really wonderful. Out of the 14 games played the Bostons won eight and the Athletics six, the contests taking place at Liver- pool, London, Dublin, Manchester and Sheffield. The base ball men returned on the steamer "Abbots ford," leaving Liverpool on August 27, and reaching Philadelphia on September 9. Dur- ing the trip in England the Americans played cricket with sev- eral crack English clubs and did unusually well, winning games from Princes, Surrey and Marylebone clubs in London, the Manchester Club, in Sheffield, and the All-Ireland Club in Dublin. :^^.i ■.%;3^""^ft^.. William H. Hulbebt The Chicago Leader Who Founded the National League in 1876 (Reproduced from Spalding's "America's National Game.") NATIONAL LEAGUE Wbt ^otoer laaiiicJ) ^abeb ttje (Same, ^feetcfi of tfte ©r= gani^ation tICfjat J^esJcueb Pas(e pall Jfrom ®ecap anli Cfjreateneb ©eatfj; Cbolbeb a i9etd Jfunbamental passisJ of Operation; anb ^laceb 3t ©n a Jfirm Jpountration. I HE National League was formed in the Spring of 1876 to take the place of the Professional Association of Base Ball Players, which had fallen into disrepute owing to the predominance of the gam- bling element in it; and this organization marked a new era in Base Ball, inasmuch as the new organization lifted the game out of the slough into which it had fallen, purged it of every- thing that was dishonest, and made it popular and respected. It had a hard struggle for existence for some years, but held fast to its guiding principle — honest sport — and finally emerged from the darkness of doubt into the full light of success and prosperity, went to the front as the premier base ball league, and has ever since maintained its place at the head of the base ball world, although many times hard pressed by rivals and enemies. The National League was organized February 2, 1876, in New York City, by delegates from the following professional clubs: Athletic, of Philadelphia; Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Hart- ford, Louisville, Mutual, of New York City; and St. Louis^j,. The meeting was the result of the labors of the late William A. Hulbert, of Chicago, who, in the Fall of 1875, conceived the plan of a new league, and with the assistance of A. G. Spalding, formulated the document which afterwards became the constitu- tion of the new league and was instrumental in uprooting the abuses that were killing the game. Mr. Hulbert has been justly acclaimed the "Father of the League," because to his great labors alone the organization and maintenance of the League were due. This was acknowledged by the League in 1882, when Mr. Hulbert died, in the following resolution : "Resolved, That to him alone is due the credit of having founded the National League, and to his able leadership, sound judgment and impar- 48 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball tial management is the success of the League chiefly due." At the organization meeting, Hon. Morgan G. Bulkeley, later Governor of Connecticut, was chairman, and Harry Wright, secretary. The constitution prepared by Mr. Hulbert was adopted with slight changes. Mr. Bulkeley, of Hartford, Conn., was elected president, and N. E. Young, secretary. The salary attached to the latter office, held by Mr. Young continuously to 1885, was $400, but thereafter it became $4000. The new con- stitution completely changed the Base Ball system. The League, from being an association of players, became a league of clubs; no city with less than 75,000 population, nor less than five miles from any other city, could be admitted; a form of players' con- tract was adopted, which prevented clubs robbing one another; and stringent rules were adopted against contract-breaking, game-selling, gambling and liquor selling on club grounds, and the buying of pool-tickets on ball games by ball players. Thus was laid upon solid lines at the start the senior Base Ball league of the world. STORY OF THE ORGANIZATION. f Apropos to the above concise description of the causes and motives that led to the organization of the National League, the following article on the first meeting of the National League is quite interesting, as it was written for the League Guide of 1877 by the late Henry Chadwick, the "Father of Base Ball," and the first and greatest writer on Base Ball of that now remote period: The close of the professional Base Ball season in 1875 left anything but a desirable condition of things prevailing in the then existing National Professional Association. That bane of all sports, pool gambling, had found an opening for its poi- sonous influence in the ranks of the fraternity, and the old National Association found itself powerless to drive it out of the Base Ball body politic. In fact, the time was ripe for needed reformatory measures, and the best men in the legislative coun- cils of the fraternity deemed it proper to take the initiative ih a strenuous effort to improve the morale of the professional ranks, and to raise the stock company club business up to the plane of honorable work, alike in the clubs as on the fields. With this object in view, a preliminary meeting of the Western base ball men was held at Louisville, Ky., in January, 1876, at National League 49 which time the first steps were taken towards the organization of the National League. There were present at this meeting Messrs. W. A. Hulbert, A. G. Spalding and Louis Meacham, of Chicago; Charles A. Fowle, of St. Louis; Charles E. Chase, of Louisville; and John A. Joyce, of Cincinnati. The outcome of this preliminary meeting at Louisville was the appointment of a special committee, which was given the power to confer with representatives of all the clubs desirous of taking part in the reform work.i What the objects in view were are sufficiently expressed in the circular letter of the committee sent to the clubs in question, which we append: Chicago, January 23, 1876. The undersigned have been appointed by the Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis Clubs a committee to confer with you on matters of interest to the game at large, with a special reference to the reformation of existing abuses, and the formation of a new asso- ciation, and we are clothed with full authority in writing from the above-named clubs to bind them to any arrangement we may make with you. We therefore invite your club to send a representative, clothed with like authority, to meet us at the Grand Central Hotel, in the city of New York, on Wednesday, the second day of February next, at 12 M. After careful consideration of the needs of the pro- fessional clubs, the organizations we represent are of the firm belief that existing circumstances demand prompt and vigorous action by those who are the natural sponsors of the game. It is the earnest recommendation of our constituents that all past troubles and differ- ence be ignored and forgotten, and that the conference we propose shall be a calm, friendly and deliberate discussion, looking solely to the general good of the clubs who are calculated to give character and permanency to the game. We are confident that the propositions we have to submit will meet with your approval and support, and we shall be pleased to meet you at the time and place above men- tioned. Yours respectfully, W. A. HULBERT, CHAS. A. FOWLE. This circular letter was sent to the Bostons, Hartfords, Athletics, of Philadelphia, and Mutuals, of New York. The effect of the above circular was a gathering of duly accredited representatives of the Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis and Louis- ville clubs of the West, for which Messrs. W. A. Hulbert and Charles A. Fowle were empowered to act; and of the Athletic, Boston, Mutual and Hartford clubs, of the East, respectively 4 50 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball represented by G. W. Thompson, N. T. Apollonio, W. H. Cam- meyer, and M. G. Bulkeley; the meeting in question being held at the Grand Central Hotel in New York, on February 2, 1876. Mr. Bulkeley acted as chairman, and Harry Wright, of the Bos- ton Club, as secretary. The Western committee, who had inaugurated the reform movement, came prepared with a consti- tution and by-laws, which were adopted with but slight altera- tions. Under this new constitution important changes were introduced in the government of the new association, the first of which made it a league of clubs, instead of, as before, an asso- ciation of players. Then, too, the entrance fee for membership was changed from $10 to $100. In addition, no club could be admitted to membership from any city of less than 75,000 inhab- itants, nor from any town within less than five miles from the locale of a League club, this latter clause giving for the first time proprietary rights over the city the club represented. features of the organization. / The new League was governed by a board of five directors, who had charge of the affairs of the organization. Special rules governing the engagement of regular players were adopted for the first time, the same being in the form of written contracts. This at once put a stop to the "revolving" which had previously been indulged in with impunity. The expulsion of a player from a club cut him off from employment in any League club until he was reinstated. All players expelled for proved dishonesty were forever debarred from future employment in any League club. Thus was the needed reform in the business of running stock company professional clubs duly inaugurated. The first presi- dent of the League was M. G. Bulkeley, who, together with Messrs. Apollonio, Cammeyer, Fowle and Chase, comprised the first Board of Directors, they representing the Hartford, Bos- ton, Mutual, St. Louis, and Louisville clubs. N. E. Young was elected secretary at a salary of $400 a year. All the clubs of the newly-formed League formally resigned from the "National Association of Professional Base Ball Players," and that Asso- ciation thus became a defunct institution. The playing rules of the League for 1876 admitted of a substitute entering a game prior to the fourth inning. A special rule rendered any player National League 51 interested in a bet on the game, or who had purchased a pool ticket on the contest, subject to prompt expulsion. The pitcher occupied a position six feet square, and he was required to deliver the ball "with the arm swinging nearly perpendicular at the side of the body" and the arm, being swung forward, had to pass below the line of his hip. This was designed to prevent the underhand throw, but it failed of its object. Virtually nine unfair balls were allowed to be delivered before the batsman was given his base on called balls. There was no rule in the code that year prohibiting the fair foul hit. There was then no special staff of umpires, and the result was constant wrangling about selecting umpires for match games, five names having to be sub- mitted, from which list a choice was to be made. Altogether, although the new code was an improvement over the old one, the amended rules were lacking in many essential points^ THE teams of the INITIAL RACE. The official list of League Club players for 1876, as pub- lished in the League Guide of that year, follows: Athletics (of Philadelphia)— A. J. Reach, A. Knight, W. D. Fisler, W. Fouser, *D. W. Force, E. B. Sutton, G. W. Hall, *D. Eggler and *L. Meyerle. Boston— *H. Wright, J. E. Borden, T. McGinley, T. Murnane, T. I. Beals, H. C. Schaefer, *A. J. Leonard, J. O'Rourke, J. F. Manning, F. T. Whitney, W. R. Parks and George Wright. Manager, *H. Wright. Chicago— A. G. Spalding, J. White, C. A. McVey, R. C. Barnes, A, C. Anson, J. P. Peters, P. A. Hines, O. Bielaski, J. W. Glenn, J. F. Cone, *R. Addy and F. H. Andrus. Manager and Captain, A. G. Spalding. Cincinnati— C. H. Gould, S. J. Fields, W. C. Fisher, C. J. Sweasy, H. Kessler, C. Snyder, C. W. Jones, R. Clack, D. P. Pierson and A. S. Booth. Manager, C. H. Gould. Hartford — *Robert Ferguson, D. Allison, W. A. Cummings, Thos. Bond, E. Mills, J. J. Burdock, T. Carey, T. York, J. J. Remsen, P. Cas- sidy, R. Higham and W. H. Harbidge. Manager and Captain, * Rob- ert Ferguson. Louisville — J. C. Chapman, J. A. Devlin, W. Scott Hastings, C. Snyder, *W. L. Hague, J. Gerhardt, C. Fulmer, A. A. Allison, J. C. Carbine, G. Bechtel and J. J. Ryan. Manager, J. C. Chapman. Mutual (of New York)— * Robert Mathews, N. W. Hicks, J. Start, *James Hallinan, A. H. Nichols, E. Booth, J. J. Shandley, W. J. Boyd and W. H. Graver. Manager, *W. H. Cammeyer. 52 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball St. Louis— G. W. Bradley, L. Pike, *E. E. Cuthbert, J. V. Battin, R. J. Peake, J. W. Blong, *D. McGee (Mack), Thomas P. Miller, *H. T. Dehlman, M. H. McGeary and *Jolin E. Clapp. Manager, *S. M. Grafeen. *Deceased. The officers of the above clubs were as follows: Athletic — Thomas J. Smith, president; A. H. Wright, secretary. Boston — N. T. Apollonio, president ; Harry Wright, secretary. Chicago — W. A. Hulbert, president; A. G. Spalding, secretary. Cin- cinnati — J. L. Keck, president; G. H. Van Vorhees, secretary. Hartford — M. G. Bulkeley, president; W. F. Hilton, secretary. Louisville — W. N. Haldeman, president; G. K. Speed, secre- tary. Mutual — W. H. Cammeyer, president and secretary. St. Louis — J. R. C. Lucas, president; Charles A. Fowle, secretary. Of the above list of players, those in active service in the field 10 years afterward, were: Knight, Sutton, Force, Eggler, Man- ning, O'Rourke, Anson, White, Hines, Jones, Burdock, York, Remsen, Harbidge, Snyder, Gerhardt, Matthews, Start and Battin. Of the delegates who were present at the first meetings in Louisville and New York, only A. G. Spalding is still iden- tified with the game. THE initial season OF 1876. We now give a concise review of the continuous campaigns of the National League as compiled and published in Sporting Life some years ago and now brought up to date of the publi- cation of this History and Records of Base Ball. In the initial season of 1876, the Chicago, Hartford, St. Louis, Boston, Louisville, Mutual, Athletic and Cincinnati Clubs contested the first regularly defined schedule of championship games. The clubs were managed as follows: Chicago, by A. G. Spalding; Hartford, by Robert Ferguson; St. Louis, by S. M. Graffen; Boston, by Harry Wright; Louisville, by J. C. Chapman; Mutual, by W. H. Cammeyer; the Athletics by Al H. Wright, and Cincinnati, by C. H. Gould. Each club was required to play 10 games with every other club. The Chicagos won the cham- pionship. The season's record was: Club. W. L. Pet. Club. W. L. Pet. Chieago 52 14 .788 Louisville 30 36 .455 St. Louis 45 19 .703 Mutual 21 35 .375 Hartford 47 21 .691 Athletie 14 45 .237 Boston 39 31 .557 Cineinnati 9 56 .135 The Eight National League Presidents in 38 Years of Existence 1— Morgan G. Bulkeley, first president, 1876. 2— William H. Hulbert, second president, 1877-1882. 3— A. G. Mills, third president, 1883-1884. 4— N E. Young, fourth president, 1885-1901. 5— Harry C. Pulliam, fifth president, 1903-1908. 6— John A. Heydler, sixth president, 1909. 7— Ihomas J. Lynch, seventh president, 1910-1913. 8— John K. Tener, eighth president, 1914. National League 53 The champion Chicago team was as follows: A. G. Spald- ing, pitcher and manager; James White, catcher; McVey, Barnes and Anson on the bases ; Peters, shortstop ; Glenn, Hines and Addy in the outfield. Roscoe Barnes, of the Chicago Club, led the League batsmen with 403. THE SEASON OF 1 877. At the annual meeting of the National League, December 7, 1876, the Athletic and Mutual Clubs were expelled for their failure to make a second Western trip and complete their sched- ule of championship contests. The remaining six clubs con- tested for the championship in 1877, but the Cincinnati Club failed to pay its annual dues and thereby forfeited its member- ship, and its games were thrown out. Mr. Hulbert was elected president to succeed Mr. Bulkeley. The League for this season also agreed to pay umpires $5 per game. It was also agreed to respect all contracts with players of non-League clubs. The season was a financial failure everywhere, and the outlook for the game and the League was dark; but firmness and skill saved the League and with it the game, and even through the dark days of 1877 was laid the foundation for the future great suc- cess of the League. The event of the season, and the most important in its future bearing upon Base Ball, was the expul- sion of A. H. Nichols, William H. Craver, George Hall and James A. Devlin by the Louisville Club for selling games. These men were never reinstated, although great pressure was brought to bear at times in their behalf. The Louisville Club was the first club that had the courage to grapple with the gambling evil, and this action had the effect of putting a complete check to dis- honest ball playing. The Boston team this season won the cham- pionship. The record was: Club. W. L. Pet. Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 31 17 .648 Louisville 28 20 .583 Hartford 24 24 .500 St. Louis 19 29 .396 Chieago 18 30 .375 Cineinnati 19 53 .268 The champion team was: Bond, pitcher; Brown, catcher; James White, George Wright and Morrill on the bases; Sut- ton, shortstop; Leonard, James O'Rourke and Schaefer in the outfield ; Will White, substitute ; Harry Wright, manager. James L. White led the League batsmen, with .385. 54 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball THE season of 1 878. At the annual meeting, the Cincinnati Club was reinstated, the St. Louis and Louisville Clubs resigned and Hartford was dropped. Indianapolis, Milwaukee and Providence were admit- ted. This left but six clubs to compete for the championship, which was again won by Boston. The record follows: Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 41 19 .707 Cincinnati 37 23 .617 Providence 33 27 .550 Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 30 30 .500 Indianapolis 24 36 .400 Milwaukee 15 45 .250 The champion team this season was composed as follows: Bond, pitcher; Snyder, catcher; Morrill, Burdock and Sutton, on the bases; George Wright, shortstop; Leonard, James O'Rourke and Manning in the outfield. The batsmen of the League were led by Abner Dalrymple, of Milwaukee, with .356. THE season of 1 879. This season showed considerable improvement, financially, over the two preceding seasons. Eight clubs competed for the championship, Buffalo and Cleveland taking the places of Mil- waukee and Indianapolis in the West, while Troy and Syracuse were added to the Eastern circuit. George Wright left the Bos- ton Club this year, taking O'Rourke with him, and joined the Providence team, which, under Wright's captaincy, won the championship. The record was : Club. W. L. Pet. Providence 55 23 .705 Boston 49 29 .628 Chicago 44 32 .579 Buffalo 44 32 .579 Club. W. Cincinnati 38 Cleveland 24 Troy 19 Syracuse 15 L. Pet. 36 .514 53 .312 56 .253 47 .242 The champion team was: Ward, pitcher; Brown, catcher; Start, McGeary and Hague on the bases ; George Wright, short- stop; York, Hines and James O'Rourke in the outfield. George Wright was manager. The batsmen were led by Anson, of Chi- cago, with .407. During the season Al McKinnon was expelled from the League for failure to fulfill his contract with the Syra- cuse Club. The season was also notable for the first introduction of the Reserve Rule, which was adopted by the League upon motion of Mr. A. H. Soden, of the Boston Club. Under the National League 55 terms of this rule, each club was permitted to reserve five men for 1880. In this year also the admission rate was fixed per- petually at 50 cents. THE SEASON OF iSSo. In this year the Worcester team took the place of the dis- banded Syracuse team. The season was principally notable for the attempt of the League to eradicate the evil of drunkenness and other dissipations among the players; the constitution being amended so as to permit clubs to suspend players during the sea- son without pay, and to also suspend them for the following season for infraction of the rules. At a special meeting held at Rochester, February 26, 1880, another important move was made, with a view to checking the growing practice of negotiating with players before the close of a playing season. All the clubs agreed not to negotiate with any players for 1881 prior to October 2^. A rule was adopted prohibiting the playing of games on Sun- day — which rule remained in rigid effect until 1892. The Chi- cagos won the championship for this season. The record was : Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 67 17 .708 Providence 52 32 .619 Cleveland 47 37 .559 Troy 41 42 .494 Club. W. L. Pet. Worcester 40 43 .482 Boston 40 44 .474 Buffalo 24 58 .293 Cincinnati 21 59 .263 The champion team was composed of Corcoran and Gold- smith, pitchers ; Flint, catcher ; Anson, Quest and Williamson, on the bases; Burns, shortstop; Dalrymple, Gore and Kelly in the outfield; A. C. Anson, manager. George Gore, of Chicago, led the League batsmen, with .365. THE SEASON OF 1 88 1. In this year Cincinnati withdrew from the League owing to the adoption of a new rule by the National League, prohibiting the sale of liquor on League grounds. Detroit took the place of Cincinnati. The League at its annual meeting also passed a resolution never to reinstate the blacklisted crooks, Devlin, Hall, Nichols and Craver. The Chicagos this season, under Anson's management, again won the championship with the same team as in 1880, with the addition of Andy Piercy as substitute. The record follows : 56 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 56 28 .667 Providence 47 37 .559 Buffalo 45 38 .542 Detroit 41 43 .488 Club. W. L. Pet. Troy 39 45 .464 Boston 38 45 .458 Cleveland 36 48 .429 Worcester 32 50 .390 Anson, of Chicago, once more came to the head of the League batsmen, with a percentage of .399. In this year was repealed the rule permitting runners to be put out while return- ing to first base on called foul balls — a rule which had greatly- handicapped base running. In this year also, the pitching dis- tance was lengthened from 45 feet to 50 feet. THE SEa'sON of 1 882. This year there was no change in the circuit, and Chicago, under Manager Anson, won the championship for the third suc- cessive season, with precisely the same team as in the two pre- ceding seasons. The record was: Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 55 29 .655 Providence 52 32 .619 Buffalo 45 39 .536 Boston 45 39 .536 Club. W. Cleveland 42 Detroit 42 Troy 35 Worcester 18 L. Pet. 40 .512 41 .506 48 .422 66 .214 The memorable events of the season were the death of President Hulbert, founder of the League, in Chicago, April 10, and the expulsion of Umpire Higham, at a special meeting in June, on charge of collusion with pool gamblers, preferred by the Detroit Club. President Hulbert was born in Burlington Flats, N. Y., October 23, 1832, went to Chicago with his parents in 1834, was educated at Beloit College, and in 1850 entered upon a successful business career. He did not become connected with Base Ball until 1875, when he attended the National Association convention in New York as a delegate of the Chicago Club. At that convention he became so strongly imbued with the necessity for reform in the government of the game that he conceived the plan of the National League, which he carried out in the follow- ing year. He was a man of striking individuality, strong convic- tions, great force of character, and original in his ideas. No president was then elected to succeed Mr. Hulbert, Mr. A. H. Soden serving as the chairman of the League for balance of the year. This year Daniel Brouthers, of Buffalo, led the League batsmen, with .367. In this year the three-feet line beside the Famous National League Players of the '80s 1— A. C. Anson, first base. 2— Fred Pfeffer, second base. 3— Wil- liam Nash, third base. 4 — Ed Williamson, shortstop. 5^ — George Wood, left field. 6 — James Fogarty, centre field. 7 — Sam Thompson, right field. 8 — Mike Kelly, catcher. National League 57 first base path was adopted; and the umpire was forbidden to reverse any decision in any case involving only judgment. THE SEASON OF 1883. The season was an eventful one in the history of the League, because it marked the beginning of an era of power and pros- perity for the organization. Not only was there a big boom in the attendance, but the League materially strengthened its circuit by dropping the small towns, Troy and Worcester, and admit- ting in their places the great cities of New York and Philadel- phia, who secured, respectively, the Troy and Worcester players. One of the most able men ever connected with Base Ball, A. G. Mills, was elected President of the League; Herman Doescher was expelled upon charges of dishonorable conduct preferred by the Detroit Club; and 15 players, suspended for minor offenses, were reinstated. This season was also notable for the adop- tion of the Tripartite Agreement — afterwards the famous National Agreement — ^by the National League, American Asso- ciation and Northwestern League, for the purpose of checking the prevailing system of player-piracy and many double-con- tract transactions. A. G. Mills was chairman, and O. P. Caylor, secretary of the Arbitration Committee, under the Tripartite Agreement. The record of the season's campaign was : Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 63 35 .643 Chicago 59 39 .602 Providence 58 47 .592 Cleveland 55 42 .567 Club. Buffalo New York W. . . . . 52 46 L. 45 50 58 81 Pet. .536 .479 Detroit Philadelphia .... . . . . 40 . . . . 17 .408 .173 The champion team of Boston was composed of Whitney and Buffington, pitchers; Hines and Hackett, catchers; Morrill, Burdock and Sutton, on the bases; White, shortstop; Hornung, Smith and Radford in the outfield; and John F. Morrill, man- ager. In this year the National League abolished the "out on first foul bound catch," thus making the game a fly-catch game entirely. The League batsmen were again led by Brouthers, with .371. In this year for the first time in history a regular staff of umpires at fixed salaries was appointed by the League, the umpires chosen being S. M. Decker, Frank Lane, W. E. Fur- long and A. T. Odlin. 58 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball the season of 1 884. There was no change in League membership. The year was notable for the organization of the Union Association for the purpose of waging war upon the Reserve Rule. A special chap- ter is devoted to this first war, and it need not, therefore, be enlarged upon here. The existence of the Union Association outside the pale of the National Agreement led to a great deal of contract- jumping, and one club — Cleveland — suffered so severely from the mid-season desertion of Glasscock, McCormick and Briody — and the desertion at the start of the season of Dunlap and Shaffer, reserved players — that it retired from the League at the end of the season. The season of the National League was a profitable one despite the war, and the campaign an exciting one. Providence won after a hard fight, through the work of Radbourn, who pitched in 71 games, of which he won 57, lost 12, tied 2. This wonderful record was heightened by the fact that he pitched 38 consecutive games in August and September, win- ning 34 of them, including a run of 18 consecutive victories ; in- cidentally Providence won 20 straight games — a major league record to this day. The record of the League campaign was : Club. W. L. Pet. Providence 84 28 .750 Boston 73 38 .658 Buffalo 64 47 .577 Chicago 62 50 .554 Club. W. L. Pet. New York 62 50 .554 Philadelphia 39 73 .348 Cleveland 35 77 .313 Detroit 28 84 .250 The champions were: Radbourn, Conley, pitchers; Gilligan and Nava, catchers; Start, Farrell and Denny on the bases; Irwin, shortstop ; and Carroll, Hines and Radford in the outfield ; and Frank Bancroft, manager. Pitcher Charles Sweeney started the season with the Providence Club, but jumped in mid-season to the St. Louis Club, of the "outlaw" Union Association. James O'Rourke, of Buffalo, led the League batsmen, with .350. In this year President J. Ford Evans, of the Cleveland Club, died. THE SEASON OF 1885. This year was not a good one for the League, because for the first time it permitted the policy of expediency to rule it and made mistakes which plagued it years afterward. The Cleveland Club withdrew, and the League then proposed to admit the St. National League 59 Louis Union Association Club under Henry V. Lucas, the presi- dent of the "wrecking" Union Association, despite the fact that St. Louis was American Association territory under the National Agreement. This led to a series of wrangles with the American Association, which was finally bluffed into permitting the loca- tion of a League club in St. Louis, The Brooklyn Club, which had purchased the Cleveland team, had technically violated the National Agreement by negotiating the deal for the players before October. On this the League made its bluff, demanding either the expulsion of Brooklyn or the cession of the St. Louis territory. The Association, sooner than lose Brooklyn or risk a fracture of the National Agreement, and consequent war with the League, yielded, and induced President Von der Ahe to con- sent to a division of the St. Louis territory with the Lucas club. When it became evident that the League would admit Mr. Lucas, and, for his sake, pardon the deserters of the previous season, President A. G. Mills, who was bitterly opposed to such a stulti- fication, resigned the presidency of the League, and Mr. Young was elected his successor, the offices of president, secretary and treasurer being combined. After a series of five continued meet- ings, the deal was completed. The St. Louis Club was admitted March 5 ; and on April 18, Briody, Glasscock and McCormick, the contract-breakers, were reinstated and fined $1000 each; Seery, another contract-breaker, was reinstated upon payment of a $500 fine ; Shafer and Dunlap, reserve jumpers, were also for- given and fined $500 each. The season was fairly successful, financially. In a playing sense, however, it was a walkover for Chicago and New York, the former winning the pennant in the final series between the two during the closing week of the sea- son. The record was : Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 87 25 .776 New York 85 27 .758 Philadelphia 56 54 .509 Providence 53 57 .481 Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 46 66 .410 Detroit 41 67 .379 Buffalo 38 74 .339 St. Louis 36 72 .333 The champion Chicago team was: Clarkson and McCor- mick, pitchers; Flint, catcher; Anson, Pfeffer and Williamson, on the bases ; Burns, shortstop, and Dalrymple, Gore and Kelly in the outfield ; and A. C. Anson, manager. The League batsmen were led by Roger Connor, of New York, with .371. In this year 6o Richter's History and. Records of Base Ball the famous "Brotherhood of Ball Players" was organized by John M. Ward as a "fraternal organisation designed to co-operate with the National League in the honest conduct and the continued elevation of the game, and to improve the relations between the clubs and the players." the season of 1886. This year witnessed more changes in the League circuit. The Detroit Club bought out the Buffalo Club, and transferred its best players — the famous "Big Four" — White, Rowe, Rich- ardson and Brouthers, to Detroit. The Providence Club resigned its membership. The vacancies were filled by Kansas City and Washington. The pennant race was chiefly between the cham- pion Chicagos and the vastly strengthened Detroit team, the for- mer finally winning by a narrow margin. The record was: Club. W. Chicago 90 Detroit 87 New York 75 Philadelphia 71 L. Pet. 34 .725 36 .707 44 .630 43 .622 Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 56 51 .478 St. Louis 43 79 .352 Kansas City 30 91 .247 Washington 28 92 .233 The winning team was: Clarkson, McCormick and Flynn, pitchers ; Kelly and Flint, catchers ; Anson, Pfeffer and Burns on the bases; WiUiamson, shortstop; Dalrymple, Gore, Kelly, Ryan and Sunday in the outfield; and A. C. Anson, manager. Mike Kelly, of Chicago, led the League batsmen, with .338. During this season, the existence of the League Players' Brotherhood was for the first time revealed by the Sporting Life. the season of 1887. In this year the League's circuit was once more revised. The St. Louis Club had proved unprofitable and ruined its owner, Lucas, and he gave up the battle. The Kansas City Club was badly located and was retired. The Indianapolis Club was organized and admitted, and the Pittsburgh Club suddenly resigned from the American Association just before the League meeting in November, and was admitted to the old organization. The playing season was an excellent one, financially, and the pen- nant race close and exciting, the star Detroit team finally win- ning after a hard fight. The record was : Famous National League Players of the '90s 1 — Fred Tenney, first base. 2 — John A. MtePhee, second base. 3 — ■ John McGraw, third base. 4 — Hugh Jennings, shortstop. 5 — E. J. Dela- hanty, left field. 6 — W. Lange. centre field. 7 — W. ("Buck") Ewing, catcher. 8 — W. Keeler, right field. Club. W. Detroit 79 Philadelphia 73 Chicago 71 New York 68 L. Pet 45 .637 48 .610 50 .587 55 .553 National League 6i Club. W. L. Pet Boston 61 60 .504 Pittsburgh 55 69 .444 Washington 46 76 .377 Indianapolis 37 89 .294 The champion Detroit team was composed of: Getzein, Baldwin, Conway, Twitchell and Weidman, pitchers; Bennett, Briody and Ganzel, catchers; Brouthers, Dunlap and White on the bases; Rowe, shortstop; Richardson, Hanlon and Thompson in the outfield ; and W. H. Watkins, manager. The leading bats- man of the league was Albert Maul, of Pittsburgh, with .450 in 16 games, but the actual leader was Anson with .421 in 122 games. All the batting averages were high because the pitching rules had been amended to count bases on balls as base hits ; and four strikes were necessary for an out instead of three strikes. These rules were repealed the following season. In the Fall of this year the Brotherhood of Ball Players demanded and was accorded recognition by the League as an organization. The re- sult was a conference, at which the Brotherhood submitted a new form of contract, which was adopted by the League ; the Brother- hood agreeing to recognize the Reserve Rule upon condition that the salary of a player should not be reduced while under reserva- tion. THE season of 1 888. This year was uneventful, as there was no change in the circuit. The season was the most prosperous on record, all the clubs except Detroit, Washington and Indianapolis making money. The pennant race was confined to four clubs — New York, Chi- cago, Philadelphia and Boston, and these made a great race. New York finally winning by a magnificent streak of good work, com- mencing with July and lasting to the finish. The Detroits met with an unparalleled series of accidents to players, which deprived them of all chance for the pennant. The record was : Club. W. L. Pet Detroit 68 63 .519 Pittsburgh 66 68 .493 Indianapolis 50 85 .370 Washington 48 86 .358 The champion team was : Keefe, Welch, Titcomb, Crane and George, pitchers; Ewing, Brown and Murphy, catchers; Connor, D. Richardson and Whitney on the bases; Ward, shortstop; O'Rourke, Gore, Slattery, Foster and Tiernan in the outfield; Club. W New York 84 Chicago 77 Philadelphia 69 Boston 70 L. Pet 47 .641 58 .578 61 .531 64 .522 62 Richter's History anp Records of Base Ball and James Mutrie, manager. The League batsmen were led by Anson, of Chicago, with .343. It was in the Fall of this year the League enacted some legislation which subsequently led to the great revolt of the Brotherhood and the organization of the Players' League. This legislation was the classification rule, fathered by President John T. Brush, of the Indianapolis Club, which was designed to reduce the ever-growing salaries, and practically nullified the Brotherhood contract. Under this law (passed during the absence of John M. Ward, the Brotherhood leader, with the Spalding party, including the Chicago and All- American teams, on a tour of the world) all the players of the League were to be graded into classes from A to E, with the corresponding salaries funning from $1500 to $2500, the latter being the maximum amount that could be paid. All sorts of regulations were prescribed with a view to rendering evasion impossible. But the law was evaded, nevertheless, and oppressed some players, while others escaped its operation entirely. This rule was the subject of incessant complaint by the players, and caused intense and constantly growing irritation among them. In this year the New York Club was suddenly deprived of the old Polo Grounds at iioth Street, and played on Staten Island from April to August, opening the new Polo Grounds at 155th Street August 6, with Pittsburgh, defeating the latter, 7-4. THE SEASON OF 1889. This year was the culmination of a series of prosperous years. This was due partly to the eclat of the Spalding tour around the world and partly to the evening up of the teams. The great Detroit team disbanded. Cleveland resigned from the American Association and was admitted to the League in place of Detroit. The stars of the Detroit Club were then well dis- tributed, Boston getting four, Pittsburgh three, Philadelphia one, and Cleveland the remainder. The result was one of the closest races in the history of Base Ball. The championship remained in doubt until the last games had been played, and the positions of no less than six clubs depended upon the results of the last day's play. The New York team won the pennant after a hard all- season fight with Boston. The record: National League 63 Club. w. L. Pet. New York 83 43 .659 Boston 83 45 .648 Chicago 67 65 .508 Philadelphia 63 64 .496 Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 61 71 .462 Cleveland 61 72 .459 Indianapolis 59 75 .440 Washington 41 83 .331 The winning team was: Keefe, Welch, O'Day, Crane and Hatfield, pitchers; Ewing, Brown and Murphy, catchers; Con- nor, D. Richardson and Whitney on the bases ; Ward, shortstop ; O'Rourke, Gore, Tiernan and Slattery in the outfield ; and James Mutrie, manager. The League batsmen were once more ranked by Brouthers, of Boston, with .373. In this year Tim Keefe, of New York, established a new pitcher's record with 19 consecu- tive victories. During the season the Brotherhood leaders repeat- edly demanded a hearing by the National League of the com- plaints against the Brush Classification Rule, but the League refused to consider the matter until the regular Fall meeting; whereupon the Brotherhood leaders throughout the remainder of the season negotiated secretly with capitalists in various cities for the organiaztion of a new major league. THE season of 189O. This was one of the most eventful seasons in Base Ball his- tory. In the Fall of 1889 the great body of players embraced in the Brotherhood revolted, and with the aid of capitalists organ- ized a new league, named the Players' League, and placed clubs (in whose management the players had a voice) in Boston, Brooklyn, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleve- land and Buffalo. The National League retired Indianapolis and Washington ; admitted the Cincinnati and Brooklyn Clubs, which had resigned from the American Association; weaned back a number of its star players with large salaries; and filled up its teams with the best young players picked from the minor leagues. Contrary to expectation it developed a lot of good teams which made a capital race. To make the battle short, sharp and decis- ive the National League boldly scheduled in opposition to the Players' League, notwithstanding the latter 's star teams. The result was a division of patronage which caused heavy losses to both sides. The National League race, however, increased in interest during the season, while the Players' League teams became demoralized, owing to friction with the heavily-losing backers. The result of the race was: 64 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Club. W. L. Pet. Brooklyn 86 43 .667 Chicago 83 53 .610 Philadelphia 78 53 .595 Cincinnati 78 55 .586 Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 76 57 .571 New York 63 68 .481 Cleveland 44 88 .333 Pittsburgh 23 114 .168 The champion Brooklyn team was composed as follows: Carruthers, Terry, Lovett, pitchers; Daly, Clark and Bushong, catchers ; Foutz, Collins, Pinkney, basemen ; George Smith, short- stop; O'Brien, Corkhill, Burns, Donovan, outfielders; William McGunnigle, manager. Pitcher John Luby, of Chicago, was titu- lar batting leader, with .342 for 30 games; but J. Glasscock, of New York, was the real leader with .336 for 124 games. In this season pitcher Luby, of Chicago, also won 17 consecutive games. THE season of 1 89 1. This season witnessed another war. In the Fall of 1890, A. S. Stern sold his Cincinnati Club, for $40,000, to Al Johnson, who was the backer of the Cleveland Club, of the Players' League, but the National League tied the money up in court and awarded the Cincinnati franchise to John T. Brush. Later, negotiations with the backers of the Players' League led to consolidation of the rival clubs in the cities in which there were conflicting clubs, thus wiping out the Players' League. The National League then assisted in the reorganization of the American Association, shar- ing the Boston and Philadelphia territory with it. On the eve of the season a dispute arose over players Stovey and Bierbauer, claimed by the Philadelphia Athletic Club, but signed by the Bos- ton and Pittsburg Clubs, respectively. An appeal to the Board of Arbitration, composed of Messrs. Krauthoff, Thurman and Rogers, was decided against the Athletic Club, and then the American Association withdrew from the National Agreement and played out the season as an outlaw organization. The National League enjoyed a good season and race, which resulted as follows: Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 87 51 .630 Chicago 82 53 .607 New York 71 61 .538 Philadelphia 68 69 .495 Club. W. L. Pet. Cleveland 65 74 .468 Brooklyn 61 76 .445 Cincinnati 56 81 .409 Pittsburgh 55 80 .407 The champion Boston team was manned as follows: J. Clarkson, Nichols, Staley, pitchers ; Bennett, Ganzel, catchers ; National League Presidents Dueing 12-Club Regime in the '90s 1— Dr. T. H. Stuckey, president Louisville Club, 1892. 2— Chris Von der Ahe, president St. Louis Club, 1892-1897. 3 — Edward H. Hanlon, president Baltimore Club, 1893-1900. 4 — John T. Brush, president Cin- cinnati Club, 1891-1902. 5 — William C. Temple, president Pittsburgh Club, 1892. 6— George W. Wagner, president Washington Club, 1892- 1900. National League 65 Tucker, Joe Quinn and Nash, basemen; Long, shortstop; Lowe, substitute; Brodie, Stovey, Mike Kelly, Martin Sullivan, out- fielders ; Frank Selee, manager. Billy Hamilton, of Philadelphia, led the batsmen, with .338. THE season of 1892. This year witnessed the enlargement of the National League to twelve clubs on a ten-year basis, through absorption of the American Association. In the Fall of 1891 the latter began to raid the National League for star players and also secured back- ing and a ground for a team in Chicago. By skillful maneuver- ing, the National League made deals with the various American Association club owners, purchased four clubs outright and adrnitted Baltimore, Washington, St. Louis and Louisville to membership, the Washington franchise having been purchased by the Wagner brothers, of Philadelphia, who had just sold their Athletic Club to the National League. The season was divided into two series, the first running from April to July and the second from July to October. Boston finished ahead in the first season with 52 victories and 22 defeats for .703 ; and Cleve- land won out in the second season with 53 victories and 23 defeats for .697. In the play-off post-season series Boston defeated Cleveland, 4 games to i game. On the whole season the Boston Club was awarded the championship as per this rec- ord. Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 102 48 '.680 Cleveland 93 56 .624 Brooklyn 95 59 .617 Philadelphia 87 66 .569 Cincinnati 82 68 .547 Pittsburgh 80 73 .516 Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 70 76 .479 New York 71 80 .470 Louisville 63 89 .414 Washington 58 93 .384 St. Louis 56 94 .373 Baltimore 46 101 .313 The champion Boston Club was composed as follows : Nich- ols, Clarkson, Staley, Stivetts, pitchers; Bennett, Ganzel, Kelly, catchers; Tucker, Quinn, Nash, basemen; Long, shortstop; Lowe, Duffy and McCarthy, outfielders ; Frank Selee, manager. The batting leaders of the season were Childs, of Cleveland, and Brouthers, of Brooklyn, tied at .335. The season was a financial failure. Ten of the clubs lost heavily and only two clubs, Pitts- burgh and Cleveland finished even financially. In June, at a 5 (^ Richter's History and Records of Base Ball special meeting held in New York, the League decided to scale the enormous salaries, heritages of the wars of 1890-91. Accord- ingly each club was given permission to cut all salaries from 30 to 40 per cent., or to release refractory players, agreeing not to approach or sign such players. All clubs, except Philadelphia and Brooklyn, availed themselves of this permission to cut sala- ries and only one player — Mullane, of St. Louis — refused to sub- mit, and he remained idle balance of season. THE season of 1 893. In this year the National League returned to the one-season schedule and Boston again won the championship after a rather interesting season-long race with Pittsburgh. In this year the pitching distance was increased from 50 feet to 60 feet 5 inches, at which it has remained since. The season record was : Club. W. Cincinnati 65 Club. W. Boston 86 Pittsburgh 81 Cleveland 73 Philadelphia 72 New York 68 Brooklyn 65 L. Pet. 44 .662 48 .628 55 .570 57 .558 64 .515 63 .508 Baltimore 60 Chicago 57 St. Louis 57 Louisville 50 Washington 40 L. Pet. 63 .508 70 .462 71 .445 75 .432 75 .400 89 .310 The champion Boston team this year was as follows : Nich- ols, Gastright, Staley, Stivetts, pitchers; Bennett, Ganzel, Mer- ritt, catchers; Tucker, Lowe, Nash, basemen; Long, shortstop; Carroll, Duffy, McCarthy, outfielders; Frank Selee, manager. The batting leader was Jacob Stenzel, of Pittsburgh, with .409. THE season of 1 894. The season was uneventful, but marked the gradual return of prosperity with peace. The season witnessed the rise and suc- cess, under E. H. Hanlon, of the Baltimore team, which intro- duced what was called "aggressive ball," which later developed strife and rowdyism which required the herculean efforts of many years to subdue. The Baltimore team won the cham- pionship after a hard fight with Ward's New York Giants. The season record : Club. W. Club. W. Baltimore 89 New York 88 Boston 83 Philadelphia 71 Brooklyn 70 Cleveland 68 L. Pet. 39 .695 44 .667 49 .629 56 .559 61 .534 61 .527 Pittsburgh 65 Chicago 57 St. Louis 56 Cincinnati 54 Washington 45 Louisville 36 L. Pet. 65 .500 75 .432 76 .424 75 .419 87 .341 94 .277 National League 67 The champion Baltimore team was manned as follows : Mc- Mahon, Hawke, Gleason, Esper, pitchers; Robinson and Clarke, catchers ; Brouthers, Reitz, Bonner and McGraw, basemen ; Jen- nings, shortstop; Joe Kelley, Brodie, Keeler, outfielders; E. H. Hanlon, manager. The batting leader this season was Hugh Duffy, of Boston, with .438. THE SEASON OF 1 895. In this year the Spaldings and the former Players' League stockholders in the New York Club sold a controlling interest in the New York Club to Andrew Freedman. Baltimore again won the pennant, Cleveland this time being the runner-up. The record : Club. W. L. Pet. Baltimore 87 43 .669 Cleveland 84 46 .646 Philadelphia 78 53 .595 Chicago 72 58 .554 Brooklyn 71 Boston 71 60 .542 60 .542 Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 71 61 .538 Cincinnati 66 64 .508 New York 66 65 .504 Washington 43 85 .336 St Louis 39 92 .298 Louisville 35 96 .267 The champion Baltimore team this year was made up as fol- lows: Hoffer, A. Clarkson, Hemming, Esper and "Sadie" Mc- Mahon, pitchers ; Robinson and Clarke, catchers ; Carey, Reitz, Gleason and McGraw, basemen; Jennings, shortstop; Kelley, Brodie, Keeler, outfielders; E. H. Hanlon, manager. Jesse Bur- kett, of Cleveland, with .423, led the League batsmen. On Octo- ber 3 of this year, Harry Wright, the ''Father of Professional Base Ball," died, in his 54th year. Charles Radbourn, the great pitcher, also died this year. THE SEASON OF 1 896. In this season the Baltimores won the championship for the third and last time. In this year Andrew Freedman quarreled with John T. Brush and thus caused a factional split in the League which widened with the years, created disorganization, and almost wrecked the organization. The factional fight was between the "Big Five" — New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chi- cago and Pittsburgh — led by Mr. Freedman, of New York, and Colonel John I. Rogers, of Philadelphia; and the Little Seven," composed of the remaining clubs, led by President Brush, of Cincinnati. The championship record of 1896 was as follows : 68 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Club. W. L. Pet. Baltimore 90 39 .698 Cleveland 80 48 .625 Cincinnati 77 50 .606 Boston 74 57 .565 Chicago 71 57 .555 Pittsburs 66 63 .512 Club. W. L. Pet. New York 64 67 .489 Philadelphia 62 68 .477 Washington 58 73 .443 Brooklyn 58 73 .443 St. Louis 40 90 .308 Louisville 38 93 .290 The champion Baltimore team this season was : Hoffer, Esper, Pond, McMahon, Hemming, pitchers; Robinson and Clarke, catchers; Jack Doyle, Reitz, Donnelly and McGraw, basemen ; Jennings, shortstop ; Kelley, Brodie, Keeler, outfielders ; Ed. Hanlon, manager. The League batting leader again was Jesse Burkett, with .410. the season of 1897. In this year Boston wrested the championship from Balti- more, the latter losing the ardently- wished- for honor of being a League record-breaker with four successive pennants. The rec- ord follows: Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 93 39 .705 Baltimore 90 40 .692 New York 83 48 .634 Cincinnati 76 56 .576 Cleveland 69 62 .527 Brooklyn 61 71 .462 Club. W. L. Pet. Washington 61 71, 462 Pittsburgh 60 71 .454 Chicago 59 73 .447 Philadelphia 55 77 .417 Louisville 52 78 .400 St. Louis 29 102 .229 The champion Boston team of 1897 was: Nichols, Klobe- danz, Lewis, Stivetts, pitchers; M. Bergen, Ganzel, Lake, catch- ers; Tenney, Lowe, Collins, basemen; Long and Allen, short- stops ; Duffy, Hamilton, C. Stahl and Yeager, outfielders ; Frank Selee, manager. W. Keeler, of Baltimore, with .432, led the League in batting. In this year President Charles H. Byrne, of the Brooklyn Club, one of the ablest men in Base Ball, died. : THE season OF 1 898. I In this year the Boston Club again won the championship, under a schedule lengthened to 154 games, with greater ease than in the preceding season. The season's record was : Club. W. Boston 102 Baltimore 96 Cincinnati 92 Chicago 85 Cleveland 81 PhiladelDhia 78 L. Pet. 47 .685 53 .644 60 .605 65 .567 68 .544 71 .523 Club. W. New York 77 Pittsburgh 72 Louisville 70 Brooklyn 54 Washington . . . '. 51 St. Louis 39 111 L. Pet. 73 .513 76 .486 81 .464 91 .372 101 .336 111 .260 National League Presidents During 12-Club Regime in the '90s 1— Arthur H. Soden, president Boston Club, 1876-1906. 2— Andrew Freedman, president New York Club, 1895-1902. 3— Charles H. Byrne, president Brooklyn Club, 1890-1897. 4— Alfred J. Reach, president Phil- adelphia Club, 1883-1902. 5— James A. Hart, President Chicago Club, 1892-1905. 6— Frank De Haas Robinson, president Cleveland Club. 1899- 1900. National League 69 The champion Boston team's players were: Lewis, Nichols, Klobedanz, Willis, pitchers; M. Bergen and G. Yeager, catchers; Tenney, Lowe and Collins, basemen; Long, shortstop; Duffy, Stahl, Hamilton, outfielders; Stivetts, substitute; Frank Selee, manager. Keeler, of Baltimore, again led the League batters with .379. In this year the League, at the instigation of John T. Brush, passed the "Brush Purification Rule." By this meas- ure was created an alien board, composed of Messrs. L. C. Krauthoff, Louis Kramer and Fred Stearns, to try and to punish all cases of indecent conduct or obscene language by ball players upon the field. This measure was bitterly resented by the players and derided by the press, and was repealed within a year, not one case having reached the board. THE SEASON OF 1 899. The season marked the passing of the great Baltimore team. The leading members of this team, with Manager Hanlon, were transferred to and amalgamated with the Brooklyn team, while a makeshift team was placed in Baltimore under McGraw's man- agement. The Robisons pursued a similar policy with Cleveland after securing control of Von der Ahe's St. Louis Club. The reinforced Brooklyn team won the championship after a bruis- ing battle with Boston and Philadelphia. On the face of the returns at the end of the race the Brooklyn team had won the pennant with loi victories and 62 defeats, for .682. But the club played George Wrigley illegally in September, and upon appeal of the New York Club the Board of Directors threw out 16 games in which Wrigley had participated, making the official record as follows : Club. W. Brooklyn 88 Boston 95 Philadelphia 94 Baltimore 84 St. Louis 83 Cincinnati 83 L. Pet. 42 .677 57 .625 58 .619 58 .592 66 .557 67 .553 Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 76 73 .510 Chicago 75 73 .507 Louisville 75 77 .493 New York 60 86 .408 Washington 53 95 .358 Cleveland 20 134 .130 The champion Brooklyn team was manned as follows: Hughes, Kennedy, Dunn, Mcjames, pitchers; Farrell, McGuire, catchers ; McGann, Jennings, Daly and Casey, basemen ; Dahlen, shortstop ; J. Anderson, Joe Kelley, Keeler, F. Jones, outfielders ; 70 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Ed Hanlon, manager. This year Ed Delahanty, of Philadel- phia, with ,408, led the League batsmen. THE season of I9OO. This year the National League returned to the eight-club circuit. Cleveland, Baltimore, Washington and Louisville were vacated. The Louisville team was consolidated with the Pitts- burgh team. Cleveland was ceded to the Western League, which this year assumed the American League title, while Baltimore and Washington were allowed to remain idle, though the Eastern League desired the territory. The Brooklyn team again won the pennant. The season record: Club. W. L. Pet. Brooklyn 82 54 .603 Pittsburgh 79 60 .568 Philadelphia 75 63 .543 Boston 66 72 .478 Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 65 75 .464 St. Louis 65 75 .464 Cincinnati 62 77 .446 New York 60 78 .435 The champion Brooklyn team this year was manned as fol- lows: McGinnity, Kennedy, Kitson, pitchers; Farrell, McGuire, catchers ; Jennings, Daly, DeMontreville, L. Cross, basemen ; Dahlen, shortstop; Kelle}^ Sheckard, Keeler and F. Jones, out- fielders; Ed Hanlon, manager. The champion batsman of the League was John H. Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .380. THE SEASON OF IQOI. This year the National League entered its fourth war. The American League decided upon further expansion after having in 1900 secured admission to Chicago. Being unable to come to terms with the National League for franchises for Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia, the American League withdrew from the National Agreement, occupied Washington, Baltimore, Boston and Philadelphia, and made a successful raid on National League players, the Boston, Brooklyn and Chicago teams being hard hit. In this year the National League also introduced the foul-strike rule, and the rule compelling the catcher to play con- tinuously under the bat. The League also abrogated the National Agreement, thus compelling the minor leagues to organize their National Association. The season's race was a hot one between Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Brooklyn, the Smoky City team win- ning a National League pennant for the first time. The record: National League 71 Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 90 49 .647 Philadelphia 83 57 .593 Brooklyn 79 57 .581 St. Louis 76 64 .543 Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 69 69 .500 Chicago 53 86 .381 New York 52 85 .380 Cincinnati 52 87 .374 The champion Pittsburgh team was composed as follows: Leaver, Chesbro, J. Tannehill, Poole, Phillippi, pitchers ; Zimmer, O'Connor, G. Yeager, catchers ; Bransfield, Ritchey, Leach, base- men ; Ely and Wagner, shortstops ; F. Clarke, Beaumont, and A. Davis, outfielders; and Fred Clarke, manager. Burkett, of St. Louis, was the League batting leader, with .382. THE SEASON OF I902. Prior to the opening of this season the National League and American League raided each other for players, with the advan- tage remaining with the American League, which also transferred its Milwaukee franchise to St. Louis. At the annual meeting of the League in New York the organization became deadlocked in a battle over the presidency, Messrs. N. E. Young and A. G. Spalding having received four votes each. After the 25th ballot the Young delegates left the room, and then Col. John L Rogers, acting as chairman, ordered the 26th ballot, and declared A. G. Spalding elected. The latter assumed charge of the National League records, but the Young delegates refused to acknowledge his election and secured an injunction. To this the Spalding fac- tion filed a demurrer. The case dragged along all Winter until March 29, when Judge Truax overruled the Spalding demurrer. The National League met on April i, when Mr. Spalding resigned the presidency he had claimed, and Mr. Young also withdrew his candidacy, thus ending the factional fight and the legal proceedings. Messrs. Temple, Ward, Soden, Talcott, Elliott and Pulliam all refusing to accept nomination for the presidency, it was decided, on April 3, to leave the presidential office vacant. Mr. Young was elected secretary-treasurer and a Board, consisting of Messrs. Brush, Soden and Hart, was appointed to conduct the affairs of the League during the 1902 season. Mr. Brush was appointed chairman of this committee, with power to act. Mr. Brush had sold his Cincinnati Club to a Cincinnati syndicate headed by Mr. Herrmann, and had pur- chased from Mr. Freedman an interest in the New York Club. 72 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball During the season Mr. Brush's committee purchased the Balti- more American League Club and transferred Manager McGraw and the pick of the team to New York. The League race this year was a walkover for Pittsburgh. The season record: Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 103 36 .741 Brooklyn 75 63 .543 Boston 73 64 .533 Cincinnati 70 70 .500 Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 68 69 .496 St. Louis 56 78 .418 Philadelphia 56 81 .409 New York 48 88 .333 The champion Pittsburgh team this year was : Chesbro, Tan- nehill, Doheny, Leever, Phillippi, pitchers; H. Smith, Zimmer, O'Connor, catchers; Bransfield, Ritchey, J. Burke, Leach, base- men; Wagner, shortstop; Conroy, Clarke, Beaumont, A. Davis, Sebring, outfielders; Fred Clarke, manager. C. Beaumont, of Pittsburgh, led the League in batting, with .357. In the Fall of this year Mr. Brush succeeded Andrew Freedman as president of the New York Club. THE season of I9O3. The absence of any National Agreement whatever during 1902 placed everything in chaotic condition and in the Fall the raiding for players continued with disastrous results. The National League then took the bull by the horns, elected Harry C. Pulliam as president, and made peace overtures to the Ameri- can League. In January a truce was declared and a peace treaty signed. Next, the National Agreement now in force was formu- lated and signed by the National League, the American League and the National Association of Minor Leagues, at a meeting held in Buffalo, August 25 to 30; and then peace once more prevailed in the base ball world. The Pittsburgh team, though somewhat riddled, won the League pennant for the third con- secutive time. The record : Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 91 49 .656 New York 84 55 .604 Chicago • 82 56 .594 Cincinnati 74 65 .532 Club. W. L. Pet. Brooklyn 70 66 .515 Boston 58 80 .420 Philadelphia 49 86 .363 St. Louis 43 94 .314 The champion Pittsburgh team this year was: Phillippi, Leever, Doheny, Kennedy, Veil, Thompson, Pfeister, Marshall, pitchers; Phelps, Carisch, Smith, Weaver, catchers; Bransfield, Presidents of National League Clubs in Office to 1914 Inclusive 1 — Charles H. Ebbets, Brooklyn Club, Dean of the magnates, 1884- 1914. 2 — Barney Dreyfuss. Pittsburg-h Club, second in length of service. 1899-1914. 3 — August Herrmann, Cincinnati Club, third in length of service, 1903-1914. 4 — Charles W. Murphy, Chicago Club, fourth in length of service, 1906-1914. 5— James E. Gaffney, Boston Club, fifth in length of service, 1911-1914. 6 — Harry N. Hempstead, New York Club, sixth in length of service, 1913-1914. 7 — Schuyler Britton. St. Louis Club, seventh in length of service, 1913-1914. 8— William F. Baker, Philadelphia Club, junior member of the league, 1914. National League 73 Ritchey, Leach, basemen; Wagner, shortstop; Kruger, substi- tute; Clarke, Beaumont, Sebring, outfielders; Fred Clarke, man- ager. J. Wagner, of Pittsburgh, was the actual batting leader of the League, with .355. THE SEASON OF I904. In this year the National League, under President Pulliam, conducted its affairs so well that it recovered nearly all of its popularity and prestige. A new champion team also came to the front in the New York Giants, who won the flag after a great race with Chicago. At the end of the season President Brush refused to permit the New York team to play a post-season World's Championship series with the Boston American League Club. The season record: Club. W. L. Pet. New York 106 47 .693 Chicago 93 60 .608 Cincinnati 88 65 .575 Pittsburgh 87 66 .569 Club. W. L. Pet. St. Louis 75 79 .422 Brooklyn 56 97 .366 Boston 55 98 .360 Philadelphia 52 100 .342 The champion New York team was manned as follows: McGinnity, Ames, Elliott, G. Wiltse, Mathewson, L. Taylor, pitchers; Bowerman, Warner, Marshall, catchers; McGann, Gil- bert, Devlin, basemen ; Dahlen and Dunn, shortstops ; Bresnahan, Mertes, Donlin, Browne, outfielders ; John J. McGraw, manager. The League batting leader was Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .349. THE SEASON OF I905. In 1905, New York again won the pennant in rather easy fashion, Pittsburg and Chicago making the race. The season was chiefly noteworthy for the success of President Pulliam's efforts to suppress rowdy ball playing. At the end of this season the New Yorks and Athletics, of the American League, played the first of the modern World's Championship Series, under rules formulated by President Brush, and adopted by both major leagues, which made the World's Series an annual event, and placed it within sole control of the National Commission. The season record: Club. W. L. Pet. Club. W. L. Pet. New York 105 46 .686 Cincinnati 79 74 .516 Pittsburgh 96 57 .627 St. Louis 58 96 .377 Chicago 92 61 .601 Boston 51 103 .331 Philadelphia ; 83 69 .546 Brooklyn 48 104 .316 74 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball The champion New York team this year was: McGinnity, Mathewson, L. Taylor, G. Wiltse, ElHott, Ames, pitchers; Bow- erman, Bresnahan, Marshall, W. Clarke, catchers; McGann, Gil- bert, Devlin, basemen; Dahlen and Strang, shortstops; Donlin, Mertes, Browne, outfielders; John J. McGraw, manager. The League batting leader was "Cy" Seymour, of Cincinnati, with .377. THE SEASON OF I906. In this season the famous Chicago Club passed from the control of John R. Walsh and James A. Hart to Charles W. Murphy and Charles P. Taft, respectively journalist and capital- ist, both of Cincinnati. Under the new ownership and the able management of Frank Chance, the Chicago team came to the front with a rush and won the championship — after an interval of 20 years — ^by the largest number of victories in major league history. The season record: Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 116 36 .763 New York 96 56 .632 Pittsburgh 93. 60 .608 Philadelphia 71 82 .464 Club. W. L. Pet. Brooklyn 66 86 .434 Cincinnati 64 87 .424 St. Louis 52 98 .347 Boston 49 102 .324 The champion team was made up as follows: M. Brown, Reulbach, Lundgren, Pfeister, Overall, J. Taylor, pitchers; Kling, Moran, Walsh, catchers; Chance, Evers, Steinfeldt, base- men; Tinker, shortstop; Hofman, substitute; Sheckard, Schulte, Slagle, outfielders; Frank Chance, manager. The batting leader this year was Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .339. THE SEASON OF I907. In this year Chicago again won the pennant with almost as much ease as in the preceding campaign. The season was note- worthy for the record-breaking attendance at all games and for the fact that the National League cleared off entirely its great load of war debts. The record : Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 107 45 .704 Pittsburgh 91 63 .591 Philadelphia 83 64 .566 New York 82 71 .536 Club. W. L. Pet. Brooklyn 65 83 .439 Cincinnati 66 87 .431 Boston 58 90 .392 St. Louis 52 101 .340 The champion Chicago team was: M. Brown, Reulbach, National League 75 Lundgren, Pfeister, Overall, Fraser, Durbin, pitchers; Kling, Moran, Olis, catchers; Chance, Evers, Stemfeldt, basemen; Tin- ker, shortstop; Hofman, substitute; Sheckard, Schulte, Slagle, Howard, outfielders ; Frank Chance, manager. The League bat- ting leader was again Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .350. THE SEASON OF I908. This year Chicago won the pennant for the third successive time — ^thus equaling the National League records of Boston, Bal- timore and Pittsburgh, and giving to Chicago the honor of being the only Western city to twice harbor a three-time winner. This time the Chicago team had to make a tremendous fight for the flag and it only won out with the most remarkable finish in the history of Base Ball, in which for the first time in five years the winner failed to reach the century mark in victories. The race ended October 7 with the New York and Chicago teams tied for first place — an unprecedented occurrence in the history of major leagues. This was due to the fact that the New York- Chicago game of September 23 ended in a tie by decision of Umpires O'Day and Emslie, owing to a lapse by player Merkle. With McCormick, of New York, on third base and Merkle on first base and two out, Bridwell hit safely, and the runner from third base scored what should have been the winning run. Mer- kle, however, instead of running to second base and touching it, ran off first base to the club house, while the crowd surged over the field. Second baseman Evers secured the ball, touched sec- ond base, and claimed an out for Merkle. Umpire O'Day, who watched the play, allowed the out, thus cutting off the run that had scored, under the rule that no run could score when the third man was put out at first base or on a force-out. Meantime the crowd, thinking the game was over, swarmed on the field, making it impossible to resume play, and Umpire O'Day called the game on the ground of darkness. The New York Club protested the decision and the Chicago Club demanded that the game be played off on the following day, the last day of the series. This the New York Club refused to do, and the Chicago Club claimed a forfeit. President Pulliam sustained Umpire O'Day's decision and denied Chicago's claim of a forfeit. Both clubs appealed to the Board of Directors, which held a special meeting at Cincinnati October 76 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball 5. Meantime the race had become so close that in October Pitts- burgh and Chicago were first and second, with one more game between themselves to play, while New York was a close third, with three more games with Boston to play. The decisive Pitts- burgh-Chicago game was played at Chicago October 4 and was won by Chicago, thereby eliminating Pittsburgh. On the fol- lowing day the National League Directors met with the situa- tion that if New York won the three Boston games it could tie with Chicago and if the game of September 23 were awarded New York the latter would win the championship. The Board of Directors — Messrs. Ebbets, Herrmann and Dovey — after long and careful consideration of the facts and the evidence in the case, sustained President Pulliam's decision, declaring the dis- puted game a tie, denied Chicago's claim of forfeiture, and ordered the New York and Chicago Clubs to play off the game on the first clear day after the close of the scheduled season on October 7. The Directors based their authority for reaching this decision on the constitutional provision that "each club must play 22 championship games with every other club," and, there being a "dispute between clubs," the Board had sole jurisdiction without appeal from the decision or review by even the National League. The order to play was made mandatory on both clubs. The New York Club won the three scheduled games with Bos- ton, thereby tieing Chicago for first place. The play-off of the tie game of September 23 occurred, as per order of the Board of Directors, in New York October 8 before the greatest crowd ever at any ball game. Chicago won the game, 4 to i, thus cap- turing its third successive pennant — under conditions which have had no parallel in base ball history. The record of the race follows : Club. W. L. Pet. Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 99 55 .643 Cineinnati 73 81 .474 Pittsburgh 98 56 .636 Boston 63 91 .409 New York 98 56 .636 Brooklyn 53 101 .344 Philadelphia 83 71 .539 St. Louis 49 105 .318 The champion Chicago team this year was as follows: Pitchers, Reulbach, M. Brown, Lundgren, Overall, Fraser, Pfies- ter, Coakley; catchers, Kling, Moran; manager and first base, Chance; second base, Evers; third base, Steinfeldt; shortstop, Tinker; outfielders, Sheckard, Slagle, Schulte, Howard; utility, Famous National League Players of the Present 1 — Ed Konetchy, first base. 2 — Larry Doyle, second base. 3 — John Lobert, third base. 4 — Hans Wagner, shortstop. 5 — Bob Bescher, left field. 6 — Thomas Leach, centre field. 7 — C. Cravath, right field. 8 — James Archer, catcher. National League 'jy Hofman, Zimmerman. The League batting leader was again Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .354 — this making the sixth time in 12 years he had led the League in batting; a record to date unequaled by any other player in the history of Base Ball. In this year was introduced a rule prohibiting the soiling of any new ball, put into play, by either the pitcher or other players. In this year, also, Frank De Haas Robison, former president of the Cleveland and St. Louis Clubs, died. THE season of IQOQ. In this year Pittsburgh won the championship once more after an interregnum of six years. It was a fitting reward for the Pittsburgh Club in building and dedicating the magnificent new Forbes Field in this year — one of the show places of the National League. The 1909 race was entirely lacking in sensa- tional or extraordinary happenings, in marked contrast to the exciting campaign of the previous year. From the start there were only three pennant contenders, namely, Chicago, New York and Pittsburgh, and the latter early in the race assumed a lead which was maintained to the end and which was rarely threat- ened. The result was a bitter disappointment to the Chicago Club, which had hoped to establish a new National League rec- ord with four successive championships. Following is the com- plete 1909 record: Club. W. Pittsburgh 110 Chicago 104 New York 92 Cincinnati 77 L. Pet. 42 .724 49 .680 61 .601 76 .504 Club. W. L. Pet. Philadelphia 74 79 .484 Brooklyn 55 98 .359 St. Louis 54 98 .355 Boston 45 108 .294 The champion Pittsburgh team was made up as follows : Fred Clarke, manager; pitchers, Leever, Camnitz, Adams, Phil- lippi, Leifield, Willis, Maddox; catchers, Gibson, O'Connor and Simon; infielders, Abstein, Storke, J. Miller, Byrne, Barbeau, Wagner, Abatticchio; outfielders, Clarke, Leach, Wilson and Hyatt. Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .339 for 137 games, led the National League for the seventh time — an unprecedented record. In this year the Playing Rules were amended to the effect that the "umpire must announce all team changes to the spectators;" new definitions were made as to "when the ball is in play ;" that the batting order must be "delivered before the game to the 78 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball umpire at the home plate;" that the batsman must be declared out "if he steps from one batsman's box to the other while the pitcher is in his position ready to pitch ;" that the base runner be declared out "if he pass a preceding runner before the latter has been legally put out." The rules relating to the duties and powers of the umpires under the double-umpire system were also revised and made more stringent. In this year also, Harry Clay Pul- liam, fifth president of the National League, died on July 29, in New York City. His remains were interred in Louisville, Ky., his native city. President Dovey, of the Boston Club, and Presi- dent Durham, of the Philadelphia Club, also died suddenly dur- ing the 1909 season ; and the famous manager, Frank Selee, also passed away. In this year the National League also adopted as its standard ball the cork center ball, invented by Mr. B. F. Shibe, of Philadelphia, for the use of the National League official outfitters, A. G. Spalding & Bros., of New York. Secre- tary-Treasurer John A. Heydler was appointed President of the League to fill the unexpired term of the deceased Harry C. Pulliam. THE season of I9IO. In this season the Pittsburgh team failed to retain the cham- pionship — ^being thus the only National League champion team failing to repeat within 20 years, or to be more precise, since 1890, the year of the Brotherhood War. The Chicago team, which won the championship in 1906, '07, '08, and finished sec- ond in 1909, won the pennant in 1910, thus also establishing a new record, being the first major league champion team to win a pennant three successive years, lose it, and then recover it within a year. The 1909 champion and world's champion team finished third this year, being beaten out of even the place by New York. Following is the complete 1910 season record: Club. W. L. Pet. Chicago 104 50 .676 New York 91 63 .591 Pittsburgh 86 67 .562 Philadelphia 78 75 .510 Club. W. L. Pet. Cineinnati 75 79 .487 Brooklyn 64 90 .416 St. Louis 63 90 .412 Boston 53 100 .346 The champion Chicago team was composed as follows: Manager, Frank Chance; pitchers. Cole, Overall, M. Brown, Reulbach, Mclntire, Foxen, Richie; catchers, Archer, Needham, National League 79 Kling; first base, Chance, Luderus; second base, Evers and Zimmerman; third base, Stein feldt; shortstop, Tinker; out- fielders, Sheckard, Schulte, Hofman, Kane, Beaumont, Miller. The titular champion batsman of the National League was pitcher Crandall, of New York, with .342 for 43 games, and outfielder Goode, of Boston, with .337, for 24 games; but the actual champion was Sherwood Magee, of Philadelphia, with .331 in 154 games. No changes whatever in the Playing Rules were made in this year. Former Umpire Thomas J. Lynch, of New Britain, Conn., was elected president of the League at the Winter meeting as the result of a deadlock between Robert L. Brown, of Louisville, Ky., and John M. Ward, the former Brotherhood leader. Mr. John A. Heydler, who had been appointed president during the 1909 season to fill out the term of the deceased president, Harry C. Pulliam, did not permit his name to be presented in nomination for the Presidency and was re-elected secretary-treasurer. Colonel John I. Rogers, former treasurer of the Philadelphia Club died in this year. Third base- man John Lobert, of the Cincinnati team, made an official record of 13 4-5 seconds in circling the bases. THE SEASON OF I9II. The 191 1 season produced a new champion team in the New York Giants — their first pennant capture since 1905, when they coupled World's Series honors with the National League championship. This 191 1 pennant capture by the Giants was in direct line with the singular rule of progression which, for some occult reason, had been in vogue in the senior league for nearly a decade, which always made the place team of one year the champion team in the succeeding year unless the pennant- holder repeated. The 191 1 race was the closest, and most excit- ing since 1908, and it was not until the last month of the race that the pennant-winner was indicated. The complete 191 1 rec- ord is as follows: Club. W. L. Pet. New York 99 54 .647 Chicago 92 62 .597 Pittsburgh 85 69 .552 Philadelphia 79 73 .520 Club. W. L. Pet. St. Louis 75 74 .503 Cineinnati 70 83 .458 Brooklyn 64 86 .427 Boston 44 107 .291 8o Richter's History and, Records of Base Ball The champion New York team was made up as follows: Manager, John J. McGraw; pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Ames, Wiltse, Crandall, Drucke; catchers, Myers, Wilson, Hart- ley, Paulet; first base, Merkle; second base, Doyle; third base, Herzog; shortstop, Fletcher; substitute infielder, Devlin; out- fielders, Murray, Snodgrass, Devore, Becker. This year there were two titular leaders ahead of the actual batting leader, namely, Kirke, of Boston, with .360 in 20 games; and Jackson, of Boston, with .347 in 39 games. But the actual leader was Wagner, of Pittsburgh, with .334 in 130 games. Bescher, of Cin- cincinnati, led in base running with 80 stolen bases. In this year President M. Stanley Robison, of the St. Louis Club ; and Presi- dent W. Hepburn Russell, of the Boston Club, died suddenly. THE SEASON OF I9I2. In the year 19 12 the New Yorks won the championship for the second successive time, and with greater ease than in the preceding season. In fact, but for a prolonged mid-season slump the Giants would probably have made a record-breaking race of it. As it was, the Giants won over 100 games on the season and were never headed from May 20 to the end of the race. Fol- lowing is the complete record of the 1912 race: Club. W. L. Pet. New York 103 48 .682 Pittsburgh 93 58 .616 Chicago 91 59 .607 Cincinnati 75 78 .490 Club. W. L. Pet Philadelphia 73 79 .480 St. Louis 63 90 .412 Brooklyn 58 95 .379 Boston 52 101 .340 The champion New York team was manned as follows: Manager, John J. McGraw; pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Tesreau, Ames, Wiltse, Crandall; catchers, Myers, Wilson, Hartley; infielders, Merkle, Doyle, Herzog, Fletcher, Shafer; outfielders, Murray, Snodgrass, Devore, Becker, McCormick, Burns. In this year infielder Henry Zimmerman, of Chicago, was the batting leader with .372 in 145 games. Bescher, of Cin- cinnati, led the base runners with ^y stolen bases. During this season, pitcher Marquard, of New York, won 19 successive games pitched, thus equaling the record held by Tim Keefe, of New York, since 1889. Pitcher Tesreau, of New York, pitched a no-hit game ; and pitcher Lavender, of Chicago, made a record John K. Tener Governor of Pennsylvania and Eighth President of the National League; Elected December 10, 1913 National League 8i of 30 consecutive scoreless innings. During the year the new- Cincinnati Field was dedicated and the corner-stone of the new Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn, was laid. The new National Agree- ment was officially promulgated on July 20, after many months of laborious revision. John T. Brush, president of the New York Club, died on November 6. The Base Ball Players' Fra- ternity, under the lead of David Fultz, a New York lawyer, and formerly a professional ball player, was organized, most of the National League players joining the organization. During this season the New York team won 16 consecutive games — within four games of the National League record made by Providence in 1884. In this year Secretary Heydler reintroduced the "earned run" in the pitching records, by giving a separate table of averages based upon the "earned run," against which were charged all runs due to base hits, stolen bases, bases on balls, hit batsmen, and wild pitches. THE SEASON OF I9I3. The 191 3 campaign of the National League was devoid of interest or excitement, as the New York team won the cham- pionship for the third successive time, and with greater ease than in the preceding campaign, as the team gained the lead on June 30 and was never again headed, the Philadelphia Club alone being able to give the Giants a real battle, as Chicago and Pitts- burgh were never dangerous in the later stages of the race. Fol- lowing is the season record : Club. W. L. Pet. New York 101 51 .664 Philadelphia 88 63 .583 Chicago 88 65 .575 Pittsburgh 78 71 .523 Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 69 82 .457 Brooklyn 65 84 .436 Cincinnati 64 89 .418 St. Louis 51 99 .340 The champion New York team was rhanned as follows: John J. McGraw, manager; pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Tesreau, Demaree, Wiltse, Crandall, Fromme; catchers, Myers, Wilson, McLean, Hartley; infielders, Merkle, Doyle, Herzog, Fletcher, Grant, Shafer; outfielders, Murray, Snodgrass, Burns, McCormick, Thorpe and Cooper. The titular batting leader of the League was pitcher Yingling, of Brooklyn, with .383 for 40 games ; but the actual batting leader was first baseman Daubert, 6 82 Richter's History ani> Records of Base Ball of Brooklyn, with .350 for 139 games. No team or individual records were made in this year, but noteworthy performances were plentiful, chief of which were runs of 14 and 13 consecu- tive victories by New York ; and a run of 50 consecutive innings without a base on balls by pitcher Mathewson, of New York. An incident of the season was the dedication of the magnificent new Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn — a plant costing about $750,000. In this year the Philadelphia Club passed from the control of Messrs. Taft and Murphy, to a syndicate headed by William H. Locke, secretary of the Pittsburgh Club. Locke was elected president by the reorganized Philadelphia Club corporation, but became ill in April and died at Atlantic City in August. In the Fall of this year the Base Ball Players' Fraternity, at the insti- gation of President David L. Fultz, presented a demand for 17 concessions involving changes in the contract and in terms of the new National Agreement, which demands were referred to the National Commission for consideration and decision at its annual meeting in January, 1914. At the National League meet- ing, on December 9, 1913, Governor John K. Tener, of Penn- sylvania, was unanimously elected as president in succession to Thomas J. Lynch, of New Britain, Conn. — and for four years, an unprecedented thing in National League history. Byron Bancroft Johnson Founder and Only President of the American League AMERICAN LEAGUE 3Rfee anb ^rogres^sf of atfife goung ILeague; fte ©nlj> Organisation SBifticfi Cber pall tleamsi SCafeen ©nee to #reat Pritain, anb ®ttjiee ^rounb ttje ?lliiorlb. ^pnopsJfe of Completeb aCripsf anb tfie IS^orlb tCout in ^rogresfs; to Januarp, 1914* HI ^i< IL 1 ps- -^ IHREE times in the history of organized ball have American base ball teams been sent abroad, through private enterprise and devotion, to spread the gospel of America's national game among foreign nations — with beneficial effects, at least, upon the prestige of the game here, but with no great or lasting results in the matter of sowing fruitful seed on foreign ground. It was a remarkable fact or coincidence that each trip should have been taken at the culmination of three epochal periods in the develop- ment of the sport. The first of these tours was in 1874, when the Athletics and Boston teams added a brilliant chapter to the very brief career of the first Professional Association. The sec- ond tour came at the height of the expansion of the '80s — was its culmination in fact, as within a year thereafter the rebellion of the National League Players' Brotherhood set the game back ten years. This was the first tour of the world by the Chicago and Ail-American teams, in the Winter of 1888-89, under the auspices of Mr. A. G. Spalding. The third great event, which is the second tour of the world, is in progress as we write, and caps the greatest decade of material and artistic success in the history of the game. This is the globe-circling tour of the Chi- cago American League and the New York National League teams, under the auspices of President Charles A. Comiskey, of Chicago, and Manager John J. McGraw, of New York. Here- with is given a concise, yet complete, record of the first two tours and a resume of the third tour up to the time this volume goes to press : THE VISIT TO EUROPE IN 1 874. The career of the Professional Association was marked by one great event which gave Base Ball an international import- io8 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball ance, viz. : the trip of the Boston and Athletic teams to England in 1874. This was a tremendous achievement, which stood unique and unrivaled until the Fall of 1888, when an even more gigantic undertaking was accomplished by A. G. Spalding, of Chicago, who successfully carried and exhibited two complete professional base ball teams entirely around the world. It is a singular coincidence, which probably has never before been com- mented upon, that the trip to England should have preceded the collapse of the Professional Association, and that 16 years later the tour "around the world" should have preceded the gigantic revolt of the Brotherhood players, which so nearly ruined the National League and largely revolutionized the base ball busi- ness. Both events are of such importance and had such great bearing on base ball as to make them especially interesting and worthy of a brief review in these pages. The first memorable trip was broached early in the season of 1874, and A. G. Spalding and Mr. Briggs, of Boston, went to England early in February to make arrangements for the tour. The two were well received in London and their project was indorsed. Mr. C. W. Alcock, a leading English cricketer, was engaged as business manager. He perfected the details while Spalding returned to America for his work with the Boston team. The two teams, with a number of friends, sailed from Philadelphia on the "Ohio," July 16. The Athletic party was in charge of director David F. Houston, now deceased, while President Charles H. Porter, of Boston, had the Boston contingent under his wing. The Athletic team was com- posed of McBride, Clapp, Anson, McGeary, Sutton, Battin, Ged- ney, McMullin, Murnane, Fisler and Sensenderfer. The Boston players were Harry and George Wright, Spalding, Barnes, Sha- fer, McVey, Leonard, O'Rourke, Hall, Beals and Kent, a Har- vard player, who took White's place. Sam Wright also accom- panied the party to play in the cricket games. Two newspaper men — Al Wright, of the Philadelphia "Mercury," and H. J. Kempton, of the Boston "Herald," also made the entire trip. The record of the base ball games played during the trip was as follows : The Base Ball Tours 109 Date. Where Played. Result. July 30 — Liverpool, England Athletics, 14 ; Boston 11. July 31 — Liverpool, England Boston, 23 ; Athletics, 18. August 1 — Manchester, England Athletics, 13 ; Boston, 12. August 3 — Lord's Ground, London Boston, 24 ; Athletics, 7. August 6 — Prince's Ground, London Boston, 14 ; Athletics, 11. August 8 — Richmond, London Athletics, 11 ; Boston, 3. August 10 — Crystal Palace Ground, London Boston, 17; Athletics, 8. August 11 — Crystal Palace Ground, London Athletics, 19 ; Boston, 8. August 13 — Kensington Oval, London Boston, 16 ; Athletics, 6. August 15— Sheffield, England Boston, 19 ; Athletics, 8. August 16— Sheffield, England Boston, 18 ; Athletics, 17. August 20 — Manchester, England Athletics, 7 ; Boston, 2. August 24 — Dublin, Ireland Boston, 12 ; Athletics, 7. August 25 — Dublin, Ireland Athletics, 15 ; Boston 4. Totals : Athletics victories, 6 ; Boston victories, 8. Total runs: Athletics, 161; Boston, 183. The Americans also played seven games of Cricket in which they were successful, defeating with ease some of the crack English teams. They, however, played i8 men against I2 Brit- ish cricketers. The scores follow: American vs. American. Opponent. Date. 1st. 2nd. Ttl. 1st. 2nd. Ttl. August 3— 4-12 Marylebone, on Lord's Ground, 107 ... 107 105 ... 105 August 6— 7-11 Prince's C. C, at Prince's Grd., 110 ... 110 21 39 60 August 8— 8-13 Richmond C. C, at Richmond,* 45 . . . 45 108 . . . 108 August 13—14-11 Surrey C. C, at Ovalf 100 111 211 27 2 29 August 15—17-12 Sheffield, at Sheffield 130 ... 130 43 45 88 August 20—24-11 Manchester, at Manchester ... 121 100 221 42 53 95 August24— 25-11 All-Ireland, at Dublin 71 94 165 47 32 79 684 305 989 303 171 564 ♦Unfinished innings ; only six wickets down, t Second innings unfinished ; only four wickets down. Financially the trip was a failure, so far as England was concerned; but the clubs managed to pay expenses from the receipts of exhibition games in this country. The receipts were: July 13, Farewell game in Boston $1,253.24 July 15, Farewell game in Philadelphia 2,648.82 September 10, Reception game in Philadelphia 1,321.50 September 12, Reception game in Boston 1,612.00 Four games in United States $6,835.66 Games in Europe 1,679.70 $8,515.36 Aside from the financial failure, the trip was a most suc- cessful one and enjoyable to all concerned, no accident or inci- dent occurring to mar the pleasure of the tourists. They left Queenstown for home August 27, in the "Abbottsford," and after a stormy voyage, arrived in Philadelphia, September 9, 1874. THE SPALDING WORLD's TOUR OF 1888-89. The second base ball tour was the trip around the world, in 1888-1889, of two base ball teams under the auspices of A. G. no Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Spalding, of Chicago, and Leigh S. Lynch, a well-known theatri- cal manager. It was at first contemplated to take the teams to Australia only, but after the arrival in the Antipodes the plan was changed to embrace a trip clear around the world. The party included the Chicago team and a picked team of profes- sionals called the All- Americas, and were under the personal direction of Mr. A. G. Spalding, who projected the tour and assumed the financial responsibility therefor. A. C. Anson cap- tained the Chicago team, which was made up of Baldwin and Tener, pitchers; Daly, catcher; Anson, Pfeffer and Burns, on the bases ; Williamson, shortstop ; and Sullivan, Ryan and Pettit in the outfield. Pitcher Van Haltren accompanied the Chicago team to San Francisco, where he remained. The All-America team, captained by John M. Ward, had Healy and Crane, pitchers; Earle, catcher; Carroll, Manning and Wood, on the bases; Ward, shortstop; and Fogarty, Hanlon and T. Brown in the outfield. The tourists also included the veteran base ball player and cricketer, George Wright, who was selected to coach and captain the two teams in the proposed cricket matches in Australia. Harry C. Palmer, of Chicago, also made the entire trip as special correspondent of the Sporting Life (whose stories of the tour as published in Sporting Life^ are here epitomized), and several other correspondents also went with the party, which left Chicago in a special train October 20, 1888, and consumed exactly six months in completing the circumfer- ence of the globe. Mr. A. G. Spalding was the leader of the party; Leigh S. Lynch, business manager; H. H. Thompson, assistant ; John K.. Tener, treasurer and cashier. The two teams played exhibition games en route to San Francisco. A record of these games is appended : Date. Clubs. Cities. Pitchers. Score. Oct. 20 — Chicago vs. America. .Chicago Spalding, Hutchinson. 11-6 Oct. 21 — Chicago vs. America. .St. Paul Baldwin, Healy 8-5 Oct. 22 — Chicago vs. America .. Minneapolis ...Baldwin, Healy 1-0 Oct. 22 — America vs. Chicago. .Minneapolis .. .Van Haltren, Tener... 6-3 Oct. 23 — Chicago vs. America. .Cedar Rapids ..Tener, Hutchinson... 6-5 Oct. 24 — ^America vs. Chicago. .Des Moines ....Hutchinson, Baldwin. 3-2 Oct. 25 — America vs. Chicago . .Omaha Healy, Ryan 12-2 Oct. 26 — Chicago vs. America. .Hastings Baldwin, Van Haltren, 8-4 Oct. 27 — Chicago vs. America . .Denver Tener, Healy 16-2 Oct. 28 — America vs. Chicago . .Denver Crane, Baldwin 9-8 Oct. 29 — Chicago vs. America. .Colorado Sp'gs. Ryan, Healy 3-9 Oct. 31 — ^America vs. Chicago. .Salt Lake City .Crane, Tener 19-3 Nov. 1 — America vs. Chicago. .Salt Lake City .Healy, Baldwin 10-3 The Base Ball Tours hi Date. Clubs. Cities. Pitchers. Score. Nov. 4 — ^America vs. Chicago. .San Francisco .Healy, Baldwin 4-4 Nov. 11 — America vs. Chicago.. San Francisco .Van Haltren, Tener .. 9-6 Nov. 14 — Chicago vs. America . .Los Angeles . .Baldwin, Healy 5-0 Nov. 15 — ^America vs. Chicago . .Los Angeles . . Crane, Tener 7-4 The record of the games played by the two teams with out- side clubs, en route to San Francisco and in California is as follows : Date. Clubs. Cities. Pitchers. Score. Oct. 21— St. Paul vs. Chicago. Nov. 6 — Haverly vs. America Nov. 8 — Chicago vs. Stockton Nov. 8 — Pioneer vs. America . Nov. 9 — America vs. Stockton Nov. 10 — Chicago vs. Haverly . . St. Paul Duryea, Tener . . 8-5 . San Francisco . . . Anderson, Crane, 12-5 . Stockton Tener, Harper . . 2-2 . San Francisco . . . Purcell, Healy . . 9-4 .Stockton Crane, Baker... 16-1 . San Francisco . . . Baldwin, Inal . . . 6-1 The party sailed from San Francisco on the steamship "Ala- meda," November i8, i888. After stopping .at Honolulu, where they were entertained by the late King Kalakaua, of the Sand- wich Islands, the tourists proceeded on their journey and made their next stopping place at Auckland, New Zealand, where a game was played. The long voyage terminated December 14, when the party arrived at Sydney, New South Wales. Their original schedule called for a series both of base ball and cricket games throughout the length and breadth of Australia; but on account of a change in the program the principal cities only were visited, and, with perhaps one exception, base ball games alone were there played. Wherever they appeared in Australia, they were accorded a generous welcome and royally treated, not so much as ball players, but as representatives of the great West- ern Republic. Banquets and receptions were of daily occurrence, and the exhibitions were well attended, the Australians evincing the liveliest interest in America's national game. The correct record of the victories and defeats of the two teams after leaving San Francisco is as follows : 1888. Place. Pitchers. Winners. Score. December 10 — ^Auckland Baldwin, Crane Chicago 22-13 December 15 — Sydney Healy, Tener ...... .America 5-4 December 17 — Sydney Healy, Baldwin America 7- 5 December 19 — Sydney Healy, Tener America .... 6-3 December 22 — Melbourne Tener, Crane Chicago .... 5-3 December 24 — Melbourne Baldwin, Crane Chicago 5-3 December 24 — Melbourne Healy, Tener America 15-13 December 26 — Adelaide Healy, Tener America 19-14 December 26 — Ballarat Baldwin, Healy Chicago 12-9 December 27 — Adelaide Ryan, Simpson Chicago 11-4 December 28 — Adelaide. Healy, Baldwin America 11- 7 112 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball 1889. Place. Pitchers. Winners. Score. January 1 — Melbourne Tener, Healy Chicago 14- 7 January 1 — Melbourne Baldwin, Crane Chicago .... 9-4 January 3 — Melbourne Baldwin, Crane Chicago 5-0 Victories for America, 6 ; victories for Chicago, 8. The party sailed from Melbourne January 7, 1889, and after playing at Colombo, Ceylon, and before the Pyramids, in Egypt, concluded their sea voyage February 15, when they arrived at Brindisi, Italy. The two teams then played a series of games at Naples, Rome, Florence, Paris, London, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Glasgow, Belfast and Dublin. Every- where the party were well received and dined and wined. In England they were made the recipients of special courtesies at the hands of the best people, and the Prince of Wales honored them by attending one of the games. The records of the vic- tories and defeats scored after the two teams left Australia is as follows: 1889. Place. Pitchers. Winners. Score. February 9 — Cairo, Egypt, Pyramids . . . Healy, Tener . . . America 10-6 February 19 — Naples, Italy Healy, Baldwin . America 8-2 February 23 — Rome, Italy Tener, Crane . . . Chicago 3-2 February 25 — Florence, Italy Healy, Baldwin . America 7-4 March 8 — Paris, France Crane, Tener . . . America 7-6 March 12 — London, England Baldwin, Healy . Chicago 7-4 March 13 — London, England Crane, Tener . . . America 7-6 March 14 — London, England Healy, Baldwin. America 5-3 March 15 — Bristol, England Ryan, Crane . . . Chicago .... 10-3 March 16 — Lay ton, England Baldwin, Crane . Chicago 12-6 March 19 — Sheffield, England Tener, Crane ... America 10-0 March 20 — Bradford, England Baldwin, Healy . Chicago 6-3 March 21 — Glasgow, Scotland Crane, Baldwin . America .... 8-4 March 22 — Manchester, England Healy, Tener . . America 7-6 March 25 — Belfast, Ireland Healy, Tener . . . America 9-8 March 26 — Dublin, Ireland Baldwin, Crane 4-3 Total American victories, 11 ; Chicago victories, 5. The drawn games were as follows : 1889. Place. Pitchers. Score. January 26 — Colombo, Ceylon Crane, Baldwin 3-3 March 18 — Birmingham, England Healy, Baldwin 4-4 March 23 — Liverpool, England Baldwin, Crane 4-4 The party finally sailed for home on the steamship "Adri- atic" from Queenstown, March 28, and arrived in New York April 6. They were tendered a banquet at Delmonico's by the citizens of New York, which was an imposing affair. Mr. A. G. Mills was chairman, and Chauncey Depew, Mark Twain, Daniel Dougherty, Mayor Chapin, of Brooklyn; Mayor Cleveland, of Jersey City; and other distinguished gentlemen, including Theo- dore Roosevelt, attended and made speeches. The Base Ball Tours 113 The party then proceeded to Philadelphia, where they were received by the officials of the Philadelphia Club, welcomed by Mayor Fitler, and on the evening of April 10 banqueted at the Hotel Bellevue by the Sporting Life. This was declared to be the finest banquet of the many that had been tendered the tour- ists. The affair was sumptuous in all its details, but the speeches were the feature of the evening. It was essentially a base ball banquet ; the national game was the one topic of the evening, with everybody en rapport. Editor F. C. Richter presided, President Thomas S. Dando delivered the welcoming address, and eloquent, as well as appropriate, speeches were made by President Smith, of Select Council ; Colonel McClure, of the "Times ;" Colonel John I. Rogers, A. G. Spalding, C. H. Byrne, A. C. Anson, John M. Ward, A. J. Reach, Henry Chadwick, M. Richards Muckle and others. Over 300 guests were present. Games were played by the Chicago team at Buffalo, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Indianapolis, en route home. Chicago was reached April 20. In the afternoon a game was played, and in the evening the tour wound up with a banquet at the Palmer House, tendered by the citizens of Chicago. Thus ended a tour the like of which had never before been undertaken. The finan- cial outcome of the great trip was, it was believed, entirely satis- factory to the projectors, Messrs. Spalding and Lynch. A full account of all the details of the trip, together with all the scores of the games played, appeared in the Sporting Life weekly, from the beginning to the end of the trip. THE COMISKEY-m'gRAW WORLD TOUR OF I913-I4. During the season of 191 3 President Comiskey, of the Chi- cago American Club, determined to carry into execution the plans of another World Tour, which he had had in mind for many years. When he was the leading manager-captain of the old American Association, in the '80s, he had nourished a secret ambition to make a tour of the world at some time in the future. When the Spalding Tour of the World was broached circum- stances compelled him to decline participation therein, but he determined that if time and fortune favored he would head a similar venture. Since the expansion of the American League Mr. Comiskey has succeeded in acquiring great wealth, and so, 114 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball during the 191 3 season, he saw his way clear to putting his long- cherished plans into execution. He interested Manager McGraw, of New York, in the venture, with a view to securing the New York National team as a counter-attraction and rival to the Chicago American team, which Comiskey decided to take around the world. After Comiskey and McGraw had entered into an agreement as to the nature, scope and time of the tour the entire Summer was consumed in arranging the details, engaging the players, and routing the tour, and long before the start of the tour over $45,000 had been spent in the preparatory work and in advance payments on transportation. At the eleventh hour the projectors were embarrassed by the refusal of a num- ber of Chicago and New York players to carry out their agree- ments to make the tour, and several weeks were spent securing other players from various major league teams in place of the recreants. After herculean labor the start was made from Chicago October 19, after a preliminary game had been played at Cincinnati on the previous day. After the farewell game in Chicago the two teams played 31 exhibition games, working their way through Illinois, Iowa, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Cali- fornia and Oregon, going from Seattle by boat to Victoria, B. C, whence they sailed for Japan on the "Empress of Japan," on November 19, 191 3. The trip was a great artistic and finan- cial success. Following is the record of the American part of the tour : 1913. Where Played. Results. October 18— Cincinnati Giants, 11 ; White Sox, 2. October 19— Chicago Giants, 3 ; White Sox, 1. October 20— Springfield Giants, 6 ; White Sox, 4. October 21— Peoria White Sox, 6 ; Giants, 4. October 22— Ottumwa White Sox, 7 ; Giants, 3. October 23— Sioux City Giants, 6 ; White Sox, 3. October 24 — Blue Rapids White Sox, 8 ; Giants, 5. October 25— St. Joseph White Sox, 4 ; Giants, 3. October 26— Kansas City Giants, 6 ; White Sox, 2. October 27— Joplin Giants, 13; White Sox, 12. October 28— Tulsa White Sox, 6 ; Giants, 0. October 29— Fort Smith White Sox, 7 ; Giants, 1. October 30 — Bonham Giants, 4 ; White Sox, 1. October 31— Dallas White Sox, 9 ; Giants, 3. November 1 — Beaumont Giants, 3 ; White Sox, 2. November 2 — Houston White Sox, 9 ; Giants, 4. November 3 — Marlin Giants, 11 ; White Sox, 1. November 4 — Abilene Rain. November 5 — El Paso White Sox, 10 ; Giants, 7. November 6 — Douglass Giants, 14 ; White Sox, 5. November 7 — Bisbee Giants, 9 ; White Sox, 1. November 8 — Los Angeles White Sox, 5 ; Giants, 3. Charles A. Comiskey The Chicago Magnate Who Is One of the Greatest Figures in Base Ball The Base Ball Tours 115 19r3. Where Played. Results. November 9 — Los Angeles Giants, 7 ; White Sox, 7. November 10 — San Diego Giants 4 ; White Sox, 3. November 11 — Oxnard Giants, 3 ; White Sox, 2. November 12 — Sacramento Rain. November 13 — Oakland White Sox, 5 ; Giants, 2. November 14 — San Francisco White Sox, 3 ; Giants, 2. November 15 — San Francisco Giants, 6 ; White Sox, 3. November 16— Oakland White Sox, 12 ; Giants, 8. November 16 — San Francisco White Sox, 4 ; Giants, 2. November 17 — Medford Giants, 3 ; White Sox, 0. November 18— Portland White Sox, 2 ; Giants, 0. November 19 — Seattle Rain. Total games won Giants, 15 ; White Sox, 15. The above tour netted a total of $97,240 for 31 games played, or an average of more than $3000 per game. Had it not rained on the final day, when a double-header was to have been played at Tacoma and Seattle, the $100,000 mark would have been passed. At all points the tourists were showered with attentions, such as banquets, receptions and theatre parties. Before the tourists left Seattle for Victoria, several players who had played in nearly all of the games up to that time, severed their connection with the party. These were pitcher Tesreau, pitcher Mathewson and catcher Myers, of the New Yorks; and infielder Rath, catcher Schalk, first baseman Chase and pitchers Russell and White, of the Chicago team. Those who embarked on the "Empress of Japan" were as follows : White Sox — Pitchers, Jim Scott, Joe Benz, John Faber, Waiter Leverenz; catchers, Andy Slight, Jack Bliss; first base, Tom Daly; second base, Herman Schaefer; shortstop, Buck Weaver; third base, Dick Egan; outfield, James Callahan, Sam Crawford and Steve Evans. Giants — Pitchers, Bunny Hearne, George Wiltse; catchers. Ivy Wingo; first base, Fred Merkle; second base, Larry Doyle; third base, John Lobert; shortstop, Mike Doolan; outfield, Lee Magee, Jim Thorpe and Mike Donlin. Other Tourists — Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Comiskey, Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Comiskey, Mrs. James J. Callahan, Margaret Callahan, Daniel Cal- lahan, Mrs. John McGraw, Mrs. Lawrence Doyle, Mrs. George Wiltse, Mrs. John Lobert, Mrs. James Thorpe, Mr. and Mrs. William Klem, Mr. and Mrs. J. Mullen, Mr. and Mrs. James McAleer, Mr. and Mrs. William Buhl, Dr. Frank Finley, the Rev. John McNamara, A. T. Kin- ney, H. Struckman, B. Birchell, Sidney Mercer, N. L. O'Neil, Ted Sullivan, Mrs. Hugh E. Keough, Mrs. N. R. McLean, Mrs. Daniel Hardon, Mrs. Samuel Crawford, N. E. McBride, James Hill, Mrs. Frank Isbell and infant daughter; Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Farrell; Gus Axelson, William Ryan, Frank Farrell and A. P. Anderson. A. Anderson was in charge of the tour after leaving America. In the White Sox party all except James McAleer and his wife ii6 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball were from Chicago. Coming on the boat the party found a 125- pound cake, presented by the Northern Pacific Railroad. It was decorated on top with pictures of Comiskey Park and the Polo Grounds. It was cut Thanksgiving Day. The tourists reached Yokohama, Japan, on December 6, four days late, owing to severe storms which threw the ship out of its course. Upon arrival in Japan the tourists proceeded to travel and play on the following schedule: December 3, Yokohama; December 4, Kobe; December 6, Naga- saki; December 8, Shanghai; December 11 and 12, Hongkong; Decem- ber 14 and 15, Manila; January 1, Brisbane; January 4, 5, 6, Sydney; January 7 and 8, Melbourne; January 9 and 10, Adelaide; January 13 and 14, Freemantle; January 23, Colombo; February 2 and 3, Cairo; February 24, Alexandria; February 7, Naples; February 8 and 9, Rome; February 10, Florence; February 11, Milan; February 12, Monte Carlo; February 13, Nice; February 14, Marseilles; February 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, Paris; February 20, 21, 22 and 23, London. The teams will visit Edinburgh on February 24 and 25; Glasgow, February 26; Dublin, February 27; Queenstown, February 28 and March 1, being due to arrive in New York on March 6. The tourists arrived in Yokohama, Japan, on December 6, four days late, as stated, and proceeded at once by rail to Tokio, where they were given an enthusiastic reception alike by the natives and resident Americans. On December 6 the White Sox defeated the Giants, 9-4. On the following day a combination team of the White Sox and Giants defeated Keio University, the best team in Japan, 16-3, and then the White Sox defeated the Giants, 12-9. The tourists then proceeded to Nagasaki, Shanghai and Hongkong. At Hongkong the Giants beat the White Sox, 7-4. The tourists next sailed for the Philippines, reaching Manila December 17, where the tourists were entertained by a local citi- zens' committee and the Army and Navy Club. Games were played December 16 and 17, the White Sox defeating the Giants, 2-1 and 7-4. On the night of December 17 the tourists sailed for Australia, reaching Brisbane on January 2, 1914. In the fore- noon of that day the Giants defeated the White Sox, 2-1, and in the evening they departed for Sydney, N. S. W., arriving there on January 3. Before 10,000 enthusiastic spectators two games were played on that day. In the first game the White Sox defeated an Australian team, lo-i, and then the White Sox defeated the Giants, 5-4. On January 5 two more games were The Base Ball Tours 117 played at Sydney, the Giants defeating an Australian team, 14-0, and the White Sox defeating the Giants, 5-4, after which the tourists departed for Melbourne evening of January 5. An enthusiastic reception was accorded the tourists upon their arrival at Melbourne on January 6, and a great crowd that afternoon witnessed the triumph of the Giants over the White Sox, ^-2.. On January 7 the tourists ended their sojourn at Melbourne with two games, the Giants defeating an Australian team, 18-0, and then defeating the White Sox, 12-8. The tourists left Melbourne on January 8 for Adelaide and reached that port on January 9, but remained only about three hours at Adelaide, canceling the game there, and proceeding direct to Fremantle. The game scheduled for that place was also canceled, as the tourists arrived late. On January 13 the tourists left Perth, Australia, on the steamship "Orontes" for Colombo, Ceylon, where they were scheduled for a game on January 23. Then they go to Egypt to play a game under the Pyramids, after which they will start on the homeward journey, via Europe, by way of Italy, Germany, France and England. Great Figures in the Four Wars That Have Made Base Ball History 1 — Henry Boyle, leading pitcher of the Union Association in 1884. 2 — Fred Dunlap, St. Louis manager in the Union Association of 1884. 3 — John M. Ward, leader of the players in the revolt of 1890. 4 — Ed Hanlon, associate leader of the players in the revolt of 1890. 5 — George W. Wagner, Philadelphia backer in the players' revolt of 1890. 6 — J. Earle Wagner, leader of the American Association in the war of 1891. 7 — Ban B. Johnson, leader of the American League in the war of 1901- 1902. 8 — Charles Somers, provider of the sinews of war to the American League in 1901-1902. 1^ ■taei*- BIG WARS OF BASE BALL OTifjicfi 3nterrupteb tije ^rosresfjs at fte Jgational (game* ®f)e aanion iteague in X884, anb tfie ^la|>erss* Heague in 1890 tlore Wbim^ Wip anb Causfeb jHore or %t^^ €xten= jBJitie ^Reorganisation. American Eeague €ntorceb 3^eformjsJ. HE progress of organized Base Ball has been halted at various times by base ball wars — five of them to be exact. In each case, however, the result was beneficial by reason of the lessons taught and the experience gained. These five wars were the National League-American Associa- tion war in 1882; the Union Association war in 1884 ; the National League-Players' League war in 1890 ; the National League- American Association war of 1891 ; and the National League-American League war of 1901-1902. Three of these wars are dealt with in our story of the old American Association and of the present American League; they are part of the record of their careers and, therefore, need not be elabo- rated upon here. Of the other two we herewith give a brief resume : THE UNION ASSOCIATION WAR. When the National League, American Association and Northwestern League formed the Tripartite Agreement in the Fall of 1883 a number of ambitious base ball promoters con- ceived the idea of organizing a new major league at the expense of the two existing leagues, using opposition to the newly-estab- lished reserve rule as a bait for the players. The chief promoter was a wealthy young St. Louisan named Henry V. Lucas. At a meeting held in Pittsburgh, September 12, 1883, the Union Association was organized with a circuit consisting of St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Bos- ton and Altoona. H. B. Bennett, of Washington, was elected president and Warren W. White, also of Washington, secretary. At a subsequent meeting, however, H. V. Lucas, of St. Louis, was chosen as president; Thomas W. Pratt, of Philadelphia, as vice-president; and W. W. White, of Washington, secretary. 120 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Mr. Lucas dominated the organization and spent a vast deal of time, money and energy upon it. The National League and American Association were raided for players and about 50 became tangled up in the new movement, but before the season opened most of these players repented and refused to live up to their contracts. Lucas, being the admittedly wealthy man of the combination, managed to hold the bulk of his players and this made his team so strong that he had a complete walkover in the race. The only noted players who joined the Union Asso- ciation were Fred Dunlap, Sam Crane, George W. Bradley, George Schaefer, Fred Shaw, "One-Armed" Daly, Henry Boyle, C. Sweeney and Atkinson. The sensation of the season was the desertion of McCormick, Briody and Glasscock, of Cleveland, in mid-season, to the St. Louis Club. The public did not take kindly to the personnel or methods of the Union Association and the season was a complete failure. Within six weeks Altoona disbanded and was succeeded by Kansas City. In August the Keystones, of Philadelphia, disbanded, the Wilmington, Eastern League, team taking its place. In September Wilmington quit and was succeeded by Milwaukee. The Chicago team was trans- ferred to Pittsburgh in August and was disbanded there in Sep- tember, St. Paul filling the vacancy. Only five clubs finished the season and St. Louis won the championship in hollow style. The complete season record : Club. W. L. Pet. 16 .850 St. Louis 91 Cincinnati 68 35 .660 Baltimore 56 48 .536 Boston 58 51 .532 Pittsburgh 40 45 .471 Nationals 47 66 .416 Club. W. L. Pet. Keystone 21 46 .313 Kansas City 14 63 .182 Milwaukee 8 3 .727 Altoona 6 19 .240 Wilmington 2 15 .118 St. Paul 2 6 .250 The champion St. Louis team was composed of Sweeney, Boyle, Hartnett and Werden, pitchers; Dolan, Brennan and Baker, catchers; Joe Quinn, Dunlap and J. Gleason, basemen; Whitehead, shortstop; D. Rowe, Schaefer and a battery player, outfielders; Fred Dunlap, manager. An effort was made during the succeeding Winter to reorganize the Union Association, but the National League gave that movement its death-blow by admitting Lucas and his St. Louis Club to the National League. Big Wars of Base Ball 121 THE PLAyERS LEAGUE WAR. Five years after the affair of the Union Association the Players' League was organized to war upon the National League. This organization grew out of a series of controversies between the National League and the Brotherhood over questions of con- tract, player-classification and salary-reduction. The movement for the new league was secretly conducted by the officers of the Brotherhood, headed by John M. Ward, during the season of 1889. Capitalists for an eight-club league and sites for new ball parks in each city conflicting with the National League were secured, and at a meeting held on December 16, 1889, i^ New York, the Players' League was permanently organized with a ten-year co-partnership between the eight clubs represented. All the authority was vested in a Central Board of Directors in which the players had equal representation with the capitalists. The reserve rule was abolished and absolute one-year contracts with privilege of renewal for two years were substituted. The players were also to share in the profits of the clubs equally with the capitaHsts. The officers selected were: President, Colonel E. A. McAlpin, of New York; vice-president, John Addison, of Chicago; secretary-treasurer, Frank H. Brunnell, of Chicago. The circuit was composed of Boston, Brooklyn, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Buffalo and Cleveland. After successfully defending four injunction suits brought by the National League clubs, the Players' League opened in 1890 with every promise of popular support, but in a short time con- tentions between the players and the capitalists arose and grew to such proportions as to vitally affect discipline. Seven of the all-star teams fell far below form and expectation. The con- flicting schedule with the National League also divided the patronage and in time disgusted the public, and to make matters worse the press was divided between the contending factions, which led to an excessive amount of public recrimination. As a result the attendance at both National League and Players' League games dwindled steadily as the season progressed and before mid-season was reached it became evident that both leagues would lose heavily financially, and therefore the battle had become one of a "survival of the fittest." And here was 122 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball where the weakness of the Players' League began to tell heavily, as the inexperienced capitalists lost confidence in the project and began to weaken badly toward the close of the season, especially when in September a long spell of continuous wet weather put the finishing touches to the misfortunes of this league. The League, however, managed to worry through the season and Boston won the championship after a most disappointing race, considering the supposedly all-star composition of the various teams. The record: Club. W. L. Pet. Club. W. L. Pet. Boston 81 48 .628 Philadelphia 68 63 .519 Brooklyn 76 56 .576 Pittsburgh 60 68 .469 New York 74 57 .565 Cleveland 55 75 .423 Chieago 75 62 .547 Buffalo 36 96 .273 The champion Boston team was manned as follows: Rad- bourn, Gumbert, Daley, Kilroy, Madden, pitchers; Kelly, Mur- phy, Swett, catchers; Brouthers, Quinn, Nash, basemen; Irwin, shortstop ; H. Richardson, T. Brown, Stovey, outfielders ; Arthur Irwin, manager. Browning, of Cleveland, led the League bats- men with .391. During the Winter strenuous efforts were made by the players to reorganize the League for the following sea- son. In September the Players' League as a body had purchased the Cincinnati National League Club for $40,000 and placed it in the hands of four trustees. A series of exhibition games in Cincinnati in October proved a complete frost and still further depressed the Players' League capitalists, particularly those in the East. A series of conferences between the Players' League capitalists and the National League magnates during the Winter resulted in giving the Players' League its death-blow. The New York and Brooklyn Clubs entered into secret negotiations to sell out to the National League and this resulted in a "rush for cover" by all the other Players' League clubs. The final result was that the New York, Brooklyn, Pittsburgh and Chicago clubs were consolidated, Cleveland and Buffalo were purchased outright; and Boston and Philadelphia were given franchises in the reorganized American Association. And so ended the Play- ers' League. TWO MORE BASE BALL WARS. In addition to the above-described wars the National game witnessed two other struggles of grave import. In 1891 the Big Wars of Base Ball 123 American Association — which had just been reorganized after the destructive Players' League war of 1890 — seceded from the National Agreement, owing to a quarrel over two players, and after a hard one-year battle, was defeated by the National League and absorbed by the latter body. This story is told in detail in our chapter on the old American Association. The fourth, and last, great war in Base Ball is so modern that its recol- lection is still fresh in the public mind. That was the memorable battle between the old National League and the young Western minor league, the American League, which began in 1901 and lasted until the Winter of 1902. This war grew out of the minor league's determination to expand Eastward and resulted in the triumph of the young league and its secure establishment as a great major league upon equal basis with the old National League. The story of this war is briefly, but accurately, told in our chapter on the American League. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF PEACE. Since the settlement of the National League-American League War of 1901-02 there has been constant peace and ever- increasing prosperity in professional Base Ball. In the major leagues the game has reached its apogee. The attendance has been increasing from year to year; clubs have been so firmly established that most of them now not only own their park sites, but have erected upon them virtually indestructible stadiums of steel and concrete, excelling in point of spaciousness, comfort, convenience, and splendor anything the new or old world has ever seen, not even excepting the historic Roman structures ; and the number of first-class players has increased to unexampled degree while the compensation has been the highest accredited any body of professional men in the history of the world. This great prosperity has been shared by the minor leagues, which have not only increased in number from nine in 1901 to forty- three in 1 91 3, but which have attained a degree of stability which at one time only major leagues could aspire to. An idea of the immensity of the minor league operations may be gleaned from the following extract from Secretary John H. Farrell's report at the annual meeting of the National Association in November, 191 3, at Columbus, O. : 124 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Pursuant to requirements I submit herewith the Twelfth Annual Report of this oflace, covering a resume of the business coming to this office during the current year. Forty-three League organizations, embracing 302 cities and towns in the United States and Canada, qualified for membership in 1913. Number of telegrams received in this office during current year, 2881. Number of telegrams transmitted by this office, 2214. Number of players' contracts received, recorded and promulgated, 8588. Number of terms accepted, examined and promulgated, 1726. Number of players released by purchase, 2209. Number of optional agreements approved, 159. Number of optional agreements exercised, 155. Number of players reported to this office for release, 3185. Number of players reported for suspension, 1083. Number of players reported for reinstatement, 427. Number of players declared ineligible, 2. Number of drafted players returned under waiver rule, 7. Number of official bulletins issued by this office, 32. Copies of official bulletins mailed from this office during current year, 15,125. Total number of disputed cases handled during the current year, 803. Number of players drafted by major leagues, 88, of which the National League drafted 45, and the American League 43. Num- ber of players drafted by National Association clubs, 189. Total amount received through this office for drafted players, including money re- funded on National Association drafts disallowed: National League $ 59,100 American League 58,450 National Association 109,700 Total $227,250 Amount paid on optional agreements $ 58,800 Amount paid on drafted players returned under waiver rule 7,200 Amount paid for release by purchase of National Association players 188,250 Grand total received through this office for drafted players, optional agreement players and released by purchase players 481,500 In transacting the business of the National Association, together with the collecting of evidence in disputed cases, correspondence with players, managers, club owners, directors, league secretaries and league presidents, 24,000 letters were handled by this office. Conditions such as are convincingly demonstrated in the above editorial and official statements, served to make the decade from 1903 to 1913, inclusive, truly the golden age of Base Ball — a time in which the mutuality of interest of employer and employee and the relation of sport to press and public were more fully recognized by those in control of the sport than ever before. THE SOLID BASIS OF SUCCESS has been, and is at this writing, the National Agreement, described Big Wars of Base Ball 125 in another chapter in this History and Records of Base Ball. This fundamental code of laws provided a form of government and of administration for Base Ball which has proven in all ways the best and most successful system ever devised for the safe, sane, and honest conduct of Base Ball — or, indeed, any other sport known to man. Under this beneficent system, the National League, the American League, and that great federation of minor leagues, the National Association, have worked together hand-in- hand for the conduct of the great sport; with competent con- sideration for and protection of its exponents of every class and every degree of individual ability; and with fullest assurance to the American public of the continuous maintenance of the rigid integrity and absolute honesty of the cleanest, finest, and most enjoyable outdoor sport on earth. In this connection, also, can- dor and fairness compel the statement here that much of the wonderful success of this great governmental system was, and is, in large part due to the character, ability, and industry of those who have administered the system. Government by Commission was a happy thought; happier still was the selection of such a staff of executives as Messrs. August Herrmann, Ban. B. John- son, Thomas J. Lynch, the late Harry Pulliam, and last, but not least, John K. Tener, now a member of the National Commission by virtue of his recent election as President of the National League. Their constructive service to the National game cannot be over-estimated, and will never be forgotten. the inevitable coming to pass. It was not to be expected that the wonderful success achieved under the National Agreement could be maintained indefinitely without exciting undue ambition within the ranks, the envy of outsiders, and the rapacity of the players — ^the latter always susceptible to temptation by appeal to their cupidity or to the egotism developed by excessive adulation of the press and public. Moreover, the history of the game demonstrates that every decade developed conditions that led to war either through for- eign influence or internal causes. It was hoped that under the dual-major-league system and the three-party National Agree- ment all causes of internal dissatisfaction had been allayed and all avenues for foreign attack had been closed ; nevertheless indi- 126 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball cations of trouble were not lacking toward the close of the fourth decade of organized ball. In 1907 a scheme within the National Association to organize a third major league through a combina- tion of elements in the Eastern League and American Associa- tion — the two largest leagues in the National Association fold — was discovered and rigorously squelched. No further trouble within the citadel of organized ball was anticipated, but in 1 910 the powers of organized ball received a shock through the accidental discovery of the secret operations of a Cincinnati promoter named D. A. Fletcher in the interest of a proposed third major league. THE REMARKABLE FLETCHER EPISODE. This Mr. Fletcher originally promoted a post-season tour of the country by two All-Star teams of American and National League players, and had actually signed all of the players for the tour at sums of $500 to $1000 each, to be paid in advance of the tour. Deeming the innovation dangerous to organized ball the National Commission forbade the use of the ball parks of all National Agreement clubs by the All-Star teams, thereby killing the scheme. Fletcher threatened reprisal with the organization of a new major league, and for a time made a serious situation, as he claimed to have the signatures of 80 star players of the two major leagues to agreements to sign contracts of a new league on or before February 11, 191 1, upon payment of $10,000 bonus in cash to each player so signing. That as many players signed these options as was claimed by Fletcher is a question; but that a great many players did actually sign these conditional contracts there is no doubt, which was a reflection upon their judgment, and a sad commentary upon their individual lack of appreciation of good treatment and their loyalty to a system under which the game was flourishing as never before, and under which the ball player had reached the highest standard of personal income, private consideration and public importance. Despite his advan- tages. Promoter Fletcher failed to enlist capital for his proposed new league, largely for the reason that the press of the country frowned upon the scheme; gradually the bulk of the players upon whom he had options re-signed with their respective clubs. Big Wars of Base Ball 127 and before the 191 1 season opened the danger had blown over — not, however, without leaving some apprehension for the future. INDEPENDENT LEAGUE MOVEMENTS. In 19 12 two attempts were made to organize independent leagues which were designed to form the basis for ultimate expan- sion to major-league status, without the pale of the National Agreement. In the West, Mr. James T. Powers, of Chicago, attempted to organize a Columbian League, as a purely Western League, with Chicago as its center, but after working on the scheme for some months he announced postponement for a year. At the same time Mr. W. A. Witman, of Reading, Pa., organized the United States League with clubs located in Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, New York, Washington, Reading and Rich- mond. This league elected Mr. Witman as president and adopted a schedule beginning May i and ending September 28. The sea- son started as scheduled, but within 20 days the Cincinnati Club transferred all of its home games ; on May 23 the Cleveland Club disbanded ; on May 24 the Washington team disbanded ; on May 30 the Reading team closed its season at home ; on June i Presi- dent Witman filed petition of voluntary bankruptcy at Reading, Pa., and the same day the Richmond team disbanded. At a meet- ing of the remaining clubs, at Pittsburgh, on June 2, Captain Marshall Henderson, of Pittsburgh, was elected president with a view to continuing the league with new clubs, but on the fol- lowing day the Cincinnati team disbanded, and the players filed suit for unpaid salaries. On June 5 the season was declared ended with this record : Club. W. L. Pet. Pittsburgh 19 7 .731 Richmond , 15 11 .577 Reading 12 9 .571 Cincinnati 12 10 .545 Club. W. L. Pet. Washington 6 7 .462 Chicago 10 12 .455 Cleveland 8 13 .400 New York 2 15 .118 THE INDEPENDENT FEDERAL LEAGUE. In the 191 3 season Mr. Witman reorganized the independent United States League with clubs located in Baltimore, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Reading, New York, Newark, Washington and Lynchburg. The race started on May 10, and came to an end in three days — this proving the quickest and most ridiculous 128 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball failure in the long history of Base Ball, a history teeming with ill-advised club and league ventures and with failures of large and small degree. In the meantime Mr. Powers, of Chicago, had succeeded in forming an independent league in the West. The league was organized as the Federal League, in Chicago, with clubs located in Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, St. Louis and Covington, Ky. — the latter being intended to draw from Cincinnati. Mr. John T. Powers, of Chicago, was elected as president and Mr. James A. Ross, of Indianapolis, as secre- tary. A schedule, running from May 6 to September 14, was adopted. The teams were composed of discarded veteran major league players, many young and inexperienced players, and a few minor league reserve-jumpers. Contrary to general expecta- tion, the league played out the season, and with but one change in circuit, namely, the transfer of the Covington team on June 20 to Kansas City, Mo., with a record of 21 victories and 21 defeats. The season record was as follows : Club. W. L. Pet. Indianapolis 75 45 .625 Cleveland 63 54 .538 St. Louis 59 59 .500 Club. W. L. Pet. Chieago 57 62 .479 Kansas City 53 65 .449 Pittsburgh 49 71 .408 The champion Indianapolis team was manned as follows: William Phillips, pitcher and manager ; catchers, Texter, Massey, Ellsworth ; pitchers, Neenan, Bishop, Link, Billiard, Bair, Kaiser- ling; first base, Dolan, Meyers; second base, Scott, Vandegrift; third base. Murphy, Tiemeyer ; shortstop, Alcock, Robinson ; out- fielders, Jones, Gaston, Kaiser, Cates, Keener, Conroy. FEDERAL LEAGUE DECLARES WAR. During the 191 3 season the independent Federal League had made no attempt to secure players of organized ball and had only clashed with the latter through invasion of protected territory — to which overt act the powers of organized base ball paid no attention. Encouraged by the partial success of the season and by the passive attitude of the organized ball world, the Federal League magnates, at a secret meeting held at Indianapolis on August 2, 191 3, decided to remain on independent lines and to expand to eight-club basis for 19 14. President Powers, organ- izer of the league, was given a vacation until September 20. Mr. Big Wars of Base Ball 129 J. A. Gilmore, of Chicago, was elected temporary president and Mr. Lloyd Rickart, of St. Louis, was elected as temporary sec- retary. At a meeting held at Indianapolis on November 2, Balti- more and Buffalo were admitted to the league ; and former Man- ager George Stovall, of the St. Louis American League Club, was engaged as manager of the Kansas City Club — he being the first major league player to jump reservation. At a meeting held at Chicago on November 15, acting President Gilmore was elected as president for a year and Mr. Rickart was elected as secretary for the same term; and each club posted $25,000 as guarantee to meet all obligations. It was also announced as the policy of the organization to respect all organized ball contracts, but to disregard reservation rights in negotiating with and sign- ing players — which was in effect a declaration of war upon organized ball. At this meeting E. H. Hanlon, of Baltimore, former manager of the Baltimore and Brooklyn National League Clubs, allied himself with the Federal League as a delegate of the Baltimore Club. After this meeting up to the end of the 19 13 year, there were many rumors of Federal League negotiations with prominent major league players, but no positive announce- ments of desertion from the ranks of organized ball, until Decem- ber 2y, when .shortstop Joseph Tinker, who had just been sold by Cincinnati to Brooklyn ; and pitcher Mordecai Brown, of Cin- cinnati, signed with Federal League clubs. On this day also it was announced that the Cleveland franchise had been placed in Toronto. THE PLAYERS FACTORS IN WAR. Up to this time the Federal League had received no positive encouragement from individual major league players, but the Base Ball Players' Fraternity — an organization embracmg National League, American League, International League and American Association players to the number of about 700 — had given the independent league movement passive support through a decision of "neutrality" by their leader. President David L. Fultz, pending National Commission action upon some demands for important concessions presented to the supreme governing body by the Fraternity through President Fultz — the players thus once more proving themselves disquieting factors in a crisis, as 9 130 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball they did in 1884, 1890, 1901 and 1902. In 1884 there was no player organization, so no great harm was done. In 1890 the players were organized and this fact enabled them to play a ruin- ous part in the great catastrophe of that year, namely, the National League-Players' League war. The defeat of the Players' League in that monumental conflict destroyed the Players' Brotherhood and for ten years there was no concerted action of any kind by the players of any league. THE second players' BROTHERHOOD was organized in 1900 by the players of the National League after the league circuit had been reduced from twelve clubs to eight clubs. During the 1900 season team meetings were held to consider a plan of organization submitted by President Gompers, of the Federation of Labor. At a general meeting, held in New York, June 10, 1900, the League Players' Protective Association was permanently organized with Charles L. Zimmer, president; William Clarke, treasurer; Hugh Jennings, secretary; and for- mer player Harry L. Taylor (afterward a Judge in New York State) as attorney for the Association. Later the American League and Eastern League players were organized into affiliated organizations. At a meeting held September 10, the American League and Eastern League players were admitted to full mem- bership; a grievance committee, consisting of one member from each club was elected; and a new form of contract, drawn by Lawyer Taylor, was adopted and a committee to present the same to the National League was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Zimmer, Jennings and Taylor. Simultaneously an order was promulgated to all members to sign no contract or agreement pending conference with the National League or without the approval of Lawyer Taylor. UNTENABLE BROTHERHOOD DEMANDS. When the National League met in New York December 10, 1910, it appointed Messrs. Soden, Brush and Rogers a committee to publicly confer with the Players' Committee. At this hearing Lawyer Taylor stated that in substance the players' demands were: i — The abolition of "farming" and "claiming" players; 2 — the abolition of sales and assignments of players without their Big Wars of Base Ball 131 consent ; 3 — the limitation of players' reservation to a fixed period of three years, or five years. The National League Committee before adjournment requested these demands be put in writing. When these written demands were presented it was found that they were radically different from Lawyer Taylor's oral demands. In the written memorandum it was found that these radical points were embodied: First — Club owners not to have the right to "reserve" players at a salary less than that paid in the preceding year, nor for more than three years. Second — Not to buy, sell, assign, trade, lend, accept, select or claim service of any player, for any period in any way, without his written consent. Third — Club owners to pay physicians' fees for injuries received in actual play. Fourth — No player to be suspended without pay more than three times a season, or two weeks at a time. Fifth — Committee of Arbitration, one member to be chosen by owners, one by the players, and a third by these two, such committee to pass on all differences between players and owners. In addition to this, in the contract drawn by Lawyer Taylor all reference to the National Agreement and the National League constitution was omitted; the word "assign" was everywhere stricken out ; the arbiter was made omnipotent ; secret agreements and side contracts were forbidden; and the player was given equal rights with the club owner to serve ten days' notice of release from contract for violation of any of its provisions. THE players' demands REFUSED. As these conditions were utterly incompatible with the suc- cessful conduct of professional ball the League Committee reported the matter to the League with a negative recommenda- tion. The League accepted the report, discharged the Committee and took no further action. The Players' Committee then asked for another hearing, offering to withdraw all demands except the three demands publicly discussed, which appeal was declined by the Kational League. The Players' Committee then, after con- sultation with Attorney Taylor, issued a formal notice to all members of the Association that another effort for a re-hearing at the League's Spring meeting would be made, pending which no contracts should be signed, except that the American League — 132 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball which had accepted the demands of the Players' Association — could sign its own players. demands scaled down. A special meeting of the Players' Protective Association was held at Cleveland, February 4, at which over 30 delegates from the National League, American League and Eastern League were present. At this meeting the new contract was revised to more nearly meet the club owners' views, and the players' demands were whittled down to three, viz. : ( i ) The abolition of all forms of "farming;" (2) the abolition of the sales system without the consent, in writing, executed in triplicate, of the player involved ; (3) the reference of all club disputes with players to temporary Boards of Arbitration in each case, with $100 penalty upon either party for failure to accept the Board findings. Notice was also issued that the decree against signing contracts was still in effect, and that no players should sign with the American League except those who had finished in 1900 with that organization. This was done to prevent National League players deserting to the American League, which was in open revolt against the National Agreement. By this order the Association protected both the National League and the original American League players, and for a time saved the Players' Association from disruption. President Zimmer was appointed a committee of one to again wait on the National League. ' - A compromise REACHED. At the League Spring meeting in New York a new com- mittee — Messrs. Brush, Hart and Soden — met to discuss the new demands of the Players' Association, formulated at the Cleveland meeting, with Mr. Zimmer. After a seven-hour con- ference a compromise was reached. The League committee agreed to the first two demands ; also to reduce the option in all new contracts to one year, thus making each new contract vir- tually a two-year contract; also not to transfer a team in a body from a disbanded club at less salary or to a league inferior in rank. In return Mr. Zimmer waived the Arbitration Committee demand, it being held that if adopted the game would become demoralized by endless appointments of and squabbles with arbi- Big Wars of Base Ball 133 tration committees. These changes were embodied in a new con- tract which the League approved, and Mr. Zimmer was further- more entrusted with the printing of the same on behalf of the National League. A FUTILE AND DEADLY CONCESSION. When this compromise was reached the League demanded that the Players' Association protect the National League against the violation of the option clause by its members, and also to expel deserting players. This Zimmer was not prepared to grant, but after consultation with players Doyle and Keeler and instruc- tion by wire from Attorney Taylor he submitted the following notice to players : "As president of the Players' Protective Association, and as its authorized representative, I hereby agree, in return for the concessions granted by the National League this 26th day of February, 1901, that all National League or Eastern League players vrho may sign American League contracts will be suspended pending action by the Players' Protective Association as a body. "CHARLES ZIMMER." This was promulgated at once by Mr. Zimmer, and, the ban being lifted, player-signing began at once. The notice, however, proved futile to prevent desertion of National League players to the American League. The futility of the agreement lay in the fact that suspensions were only temporary, and had to be made permanent by vote of the Association "as a body ;" in short, by a majority vote of all members, which it was impossible to obtain, as the ball players, as a mass, refused, from their viewpoint, to expel a fellow-member for attempting to get the highest possible salary. As the inter-league war continued throughout 1901 and 1902, and more players deserted to the American League, the players became still more divided in sentiment, and as the Ameri- can League, as a body, became hostile to the Players' Association, which the National League had attempted to use for its own pro- tection, the Players' Protective Association quietly died in 1902, with no mourners at its bier. THE THIRD PLAYERS'' ORGANIZATION was, after another lapse of ten years, revived in 1912, by David L. Fultz, a former major league player, and later a practicing 134 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball lawyer in New York City — a "limb of the law" thus, for the third time in history, becoming a leader of professional base ball play- ers. This latest organization was the outcome of the strike of the Detroit players in May, 191 2, out of sympathy with outfielder Cobb, who was properly suspended by President Johnson for an assault upon a spectator in the grandstand of the New York Club during a game upon the New York Club's grounds. The strike lasted three days and was settled at a special meeting of the American League, held in Philadelphia, at which the Detroit players were fined three days' pay each and player Cobb was ordered to trial before President Johnson, who, after ten days' suspension without pay, reinstated him with a stinging reprimand for provoking the row with the New York spectator he assaulted. The preliminary steps were taken at secret meetings in Mr. Fultz's law offices about the time the major leagues were on their Eastern trips. The American League delegates met on July 21 and the National League delegates on August 4 — each time in Lawyer Fultz's office. At these meetings it was decided to incor- porate the organization under the title "Base Ball Players' Fra- ternity," and Lawyer Fultz was delegated to secure a charter and to perfect the plans for the organization. a charter was granted to David L. Fultz on behalf of the new organization on Septem- ber 5 by New York Supreme Court Justice Delany, who signed the certificate of incorporation. In support of the petition of incorporation affidavits from 17 present players of the two major leagues were submitted, and every club excepting the Athletics, of the American League, was represented. In the certificate five reasons were given for the forming of a Base Ball Players' Fra- ternity, viz., the association will endeavor to protect the reasonable contractual rights of the players, and as well strive to enforce reasonable contractual obligations toward the managers; it will work toward the establishment of proper and pleasant relations with the public and toward the preservation of the general public welfare as regards the public's favorite game; and, in addition, it will insure to all base ball players expert legal advice in all their troubles. No managers or officers of the respective clubs are eligible for membership. Big Wars of Base Ball 135 a permanent organization was effected in New York City on October 20 at a meeting held in Lawyer Fultz's offices. Every club in the National and Ameri- can Leagues was represented except the two Boston Clubs and the Cleveland Club, of the American League, and 288 players were enrolled as members. Present at the meeting besides Law- yer Fultz were the following directors : Christy Mathewson, New York Nationals; Edward Sweeney, New York Americans; Jake Daubert, Brooklyn; Mike Doolan, Philadelphia Nationals; Ira Thomas, Philadelphia Americans; John Henry, Washington; John Evers, Chicago Nationals ; G. Harris White, Chicago Ameri- cans; Ty Cobb, Detroit; Mike Mowrey, St. Louis Nationals; Derrell Pratt, St. Louis Americans ; John Miller, Pittsburgh, and Richard Egan, Cincinnati. The election of officers for the year resulted as follows: President, David L. Fultz; vice-presidents, Christy Mathewson, Edward Sweeney, Mike Doolan and Ty Cobb ; secretary, Jake Daubert. No treasurer was elected at this meeting. These officers were to act as an advisory board, to which all disputes or questions involving the rights of the players were to be referred for settlement, as well as other matters. ATTEMPTS TO CREATE ISSUES. At the annual meeting of the Fraternity in New York, Octo- ber 16, 191 3, President Fultz was re-elected — with an advisory board consisting of players Ray Collins, Jacob Daubert, John P. Henry and John B. Miller — notwithstanding the fact that during the season the National Commission, irritated by repeated cen- sorious communications from President Fultz, had stated pub- licly that it would have no further dealings with him. President Fultz's first letter to the National Commission, in June, demanded that a player suspended upon complaint of an umpire be first given a hearing; to which the National Commission replied that such a proceeding would cause delays inimical to discipline and destructive of the immediate efficacy of the rule. President Fultz then made a demand upon the National Commission that in all cases where a major league player was to be transferred to a minor league his major league contract should follow him. To two letters on this subject the National Commission replied, show- ing that such a rule would have ruinous effect upon the minor 136 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball leagues ; limit the number of players taken on for trial by major league clubs, thereby hindering the advance of young players; and would have in time a lowering effect upon the standard of major league salaries. Not satisfied with these replies, President Fultz, in apparent anxiety to create an issue, attempted to pro- long the controversy, both directly and through the public press, whereupon the National Commission, in a public communication, made a final answer to President Fultz, concluding with the state- ment that it would give the players, individually or collectively, hearing at any time and upon any question, but would have no further dealings with Mr. Fultz. THE FRATERNITY MAKES DEMANDS. Thereafter President Fultz troubled the National Commis- sion no more except by way of continuous criticism, over his sig- nature, of National Commission decisions in a New York maga- zine ; but most of the Summer of 1912 he spent in successful efforts to bring the International League and American Association players into the Fraternity's fold. Pending the annual meeting of the Base Ball Players' Fraternity, Mr. Fultz also formulated the alleged grievances of the players into a list of demands, 17 in number, and of varying degrees of importance, which were approved by the Fraternity as a body and ordered to be presented to the National Commission and National Board by President Fultz, pending consideration of, and action upon which, all mem- bers of the Fraternity were pledged not to sign 1914 contracts. The demands were as follows: First — When a player receives 10 days' notice of unconditional release he shall be free to sign with any team immediately, the con- tract to run from the expiration of the 10-day period. Second — National Association players shall receive 10 days' notice before they can be released unconditionally. Third — When a player is transferred he shall be transferred sub- ject to all of the terms of his contract. Fourth — When a player is transferred he shall be furnished with a writing which shall be binding on all the parties concerned, showing what clubs have a claim on him, and what the claim is. Fifth — When a player receives his unconditional release or when waivers are asked upon him, he shall be notified in writing to that effect. Sixth — At the time contracts are sent out every player shall receive a copy to be kept by him for his own use. Big Wars op Base Ball 137 Seventh — All written agreements, whether embodied in formal contract or not, shall be binding upon both the club and player. Eighth — Every team shall furnish each player two complete uni- forms, exclusive of shoes. Ninth — Every team shall pay the actual traveling expenses of its players from their homes to the training camps, or so much thereof as does not exceed the expense from the league city to the training camp. Tenth — If a regular contract is not tendered a probationary player before the expiration of the 45-day probationary period, he shall be a free agent. Eleventh — If a player has been in the major leagues for any por- tion of the playing season of 10 different years, and if at any time after the beginning of his tenth year no team in such league desires his services, he shall receive his unconditional release, subject, how- ever, to reservation by the club which signs him. Twelfth — If a player has been in the major and the Class AA leagues for any portion of the playing season of 12 different years, and if at any time after the beginning of the twelfth year no team in such leagues desires his services he shall receive his unconditional release, subject, however, to reservation by the team which signs him. Thirteenth — When a team asks for waivers on a player it shall not be permitted to withdraw requests. Fourteenth — When a player is fined or suspended he shall be given notice in writing, stating the amount of the fine or the duration of the suspension and the reason therefor. Fifteenth — No player shall be discriminated against or his posi- tion in organized base ball in any way affected because of his con- nection with the Fraternity. Sixteenth — Every park shall be equipped with a blank wall painted dark green placed back of center field in line with the pitchers' plate and home base of sufllcient size to afford a background for pitched balls. Seventeenth — Before a ball player shall be released outright to a team of lower classification waivers shall be secured first from all teams in his classification, and then from all teams, if any, between that classification and the one to which he goes, according to their priority and grade. Before a drafted or purchased player shall be released under an optional agreement prior to expiration of the season following his draft or purchase, waivers shall be secured from all teams, if any, between that classification and the one to which he goes, according to their priority and grade. Before a drafted or purchased player after the expiration of the season following his draft or pur- chase, or any other player at any time, shall be released under an optional agreement, waivers shall be secured from all teams in his classification at $1500 if he be a major leaguer, and $750 if he be an "AA" classification player. This paragraph, however, is subject to requisitions 11 and 12. Waivers having been secured as set forth in either of the two foregoing paragraphs, a player may then be released under an optional agreement at any price, which shall be the same for all classifications, by tendering him to the lower classifica- tions according to their priority in grade; provided, however, that in all cases where waivers are to be secured from the "AA" classifica- 138 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball tions, they need be secured from only the International League and the American Association. Some of these demands were so inconsequential that it was a matter of surprise that they should have been presented at all in combination with such radical, and virtually revolutionary, demands — two of which had already been denied by the National Commission informally in reply to President Fultz's letters, as stated above — as were embodied in Clauses i, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12 and 17, each requiring National Agreement amendment — a difficult matter considering the unanimity requisite to amendment — par- ticularly as the minor leagues were quite as gravely affected as the major leagues by some of the players' demands. THRESHING OUT THE DEMANDS. The National Association, at its annual meeting in Novem- ber, at Columbus, O., considered the demands affecting the minor leagues, voiced its opinions and referred them to its National Board for joint action with the National Commission. The American League, at its November meeting in Chicago, and the National League, at its December meeting in New York, also went over the demands thoroughly, and instructed their respective mem- bers of the National Commission as to their views on the various demands, and then the National Commission set the time and place for consideration of the Fraternity's demands as January 6, 19 14, at Cincinnati, O. Previous to this, however. Chairman Herrmann, of the National Commission, in a speech at the National Association meeting in Columbus, had served notice that the National Commission had decided upon its policy and that the independent Federal League would not be molested unless it sought to secure signed or reserved National Agreement players ; that in such event the courts would be resorted to to enforce the option clause in the contract ; that all deserting players would be treated as contract-breakers, never to be re-admitted to organized ball ; and that the National Commission would not treat with Presi- dent Fultz, of the Players' Fraternity, alone. The last-named stand of the National Commission for a time threatened to create a dead- lock on the question of a hearing for the Fraternity, but this was obviated when, on December 26, President Fultz answered that he had appointed a committee of five players to meet the National Big Wars of Base Ball 139 Commission and National Board on January 6. Pending this joint conference, players Joseph Tinker and Mordecai Brown, respectively of the Brooklyn and Cincinnati National League Clubs, produced a new complication by violating the pending "neutrality" rule of the Fraternity, and signing, respectively, with the Chicago and St. Louis Clubs, of the independent Federal League, as managers. THE players^ demands SETTLED. The hearing of the Players' Fraternity demands took place at Cincinnati on January 6, after the annual meeting of the Na- tional Commission. The session was public and the deliberating parties were the National Commission, the National Board and the Players' Fraternity Committee, consisting of President Fultz and players Ray Collins, Edward Reulbach, John B. Miller, John Henry and Jacob E. Daubert. The session consumed a day and half a night, and the result was a compromise under which the National Commission granted 11 of the 17 demands, modified 2, rejected 3, and held the 17th demand in abeyance for future mutually agreeable reconstruction. WHAT THE PLAYERS SECURED. The demands granted by the National Commission were as follows : No. I, that a released player shall be free to sign with any other club immediately, but his contract to run from the expiration of the lo-days' period. No. 2, modified. No. 4, that a player transferred shall be notified in writing of all the con- ditions of his transfer. No. 5, that a player shall be notified of his unconditional release in writing. No. 6, that a player shall receive a copy of his contract. No. 7, that all written agree- ments shall be mutually binding. No. 8, that clubs shall furnish all uniforms at their expense. No. 9, that all clubs pay traveling expenses in training season. No. 10, that players not tendered regular contracts before the expiration of the 45-days' probation- ary period shall be free agents. No. 11, that players serving 10 years in major leagues shall be free agents. No. 11, same rule applied to minor leagues, amended from 12 to 15 years. No. 14, that fined or suspended players shall be notified in writing. No. 15, that no player shall be discriminated against because of his I40 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball fraternity connection. No. i6, that all parks be equipped with a blank wall, painted green. WHAT players DID NOT GET. The National Commission and National Board declined to accept without modification demands 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13 and 17. No. 2, which asked that "National Association players shall receive lo-days' notice before they can be released unconditionally," was modified to include a five-days' notice of release to Class AA and Class A players, but took no notice whatever of leagues in any lower classification. No. 3 was conceded by the Players' Fraternity with announcement that they leave it to the Com- mission to do what the latter considered equitable. It reads: "When a player is transferred he shall be subject to all the terms of his contract." In No. 5, the inclusion of waivers was eliminated and the rule will now read: "When a player is given his un- conditional release he shall be notified in writing to that effect." No. 7, which dealt with side agreements, was amended so that no side agreements are permissible and that a club making a side agreement be fined $500 by the National Commission. No. 12, which reads: "If a player has been in the Major and Class A A leagues for any portion of the playing season for 12 different years, and if at any time after the beginning of the twelfth year no team in such leagues desires his services, he shall receive his unconditional release, etc.," was modified to read 15 years instead of 12 years. No. 13, that waivers shall not be with- drawn, was rejected as impractical. A SATISFACTORY CONCLUSION. The most discussed question was Demand 17, which con- tained five paragraphs relating to waiver rules, a complex sub- ject, which produced hours of debate and on which the National Commission made its firmest stand. The Fraternity's aim in this demand was to so regulate waivers as to prolong the term of players as long as possible in the highest leagues and to make it more difficult than heretofore to shunt them into the smaller leagues. The National Commission fully agreed with the in- tent of the request, but, after much argument, it was decided that the manner in which it was worded was not feasible and would not work out. It was therefore decided to draft new waiver rules to be considered at a future meeting. William C. Temple Former Pittsburgh Club President Who Donated the Temple Cup for Post-Season Honors WORLD^S CHAMPIONS Accurate anb SnteresJtmg JRecorb of tfie ^eriesf $laj>eb, €ber g>ince tfte SnsJtitution of 3Ribal ifWajor leaguejef, Pettoeen tfje iWajor league Champion Wtam^ for tije g>ttpreme tCttle of **®tie Cfjampions; of tfie «orlb/' ^ A ^w "^ ^*=^ ■ FEATURE of modern Base Ball which came into being with the S3^stem of dual major leagues, inaugurated in 1882 with the advent of the first American Associa- tion as a rival to the then supreme National League, was an annual series of games between the champion teams of the major leagues, decisive of what was termed the supreme, or the world's, championship. These series have always been of absorbing interest and an historical review of the events forms an interesting part of the history of Base Ball. Such a review was compiled and published in Sporting Llfe some years ago, and is now reprinted here and brought up to date by the writer, who has been in intimate touch with the modern World's Series, of which he has been one of the official scorers since 1905, by annual appointment of the National Com- mission. Up to 191 3 there had been 16 such World's Cham- pionship Series, of which is herewith given THE CHRONOLOGY. The first World's Championship series of record was played in 1884 between the Providence team, champion of the National League, and the Metropolitan team, of New York, champion of the American Association. These inter-league series were played annually until 1890, inclusive. The National League- American Association war of 1891 interrupted the series. After the con- solidation of the National League and American Association in 1892 the i2-club National League divided the. schedule into two seasons, and at the end the leading team of each season played a final series for the championship of the entire season. In 1893 the National League abandoned the double-season plan and with it went the post-season championship series. In 1894 the series was revived as a post-season event, the first and second teams of 142 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball the National League playing a post-season series under National League auspices, for a cup donated by President Temple, of the Pittsburgh Club. This was contested for annually from 1894 to 1897, inclusive, when the National League abolished the series. the modern series. From 1897 to 1903 there was no major league post-season series of any kind, as in these years the National League alone occupied the major league field. In 1901 the American League expanded, which caused the National League-American League war of 1901-02. After the Cincinnati Peace Treaty was signed by the two rival leagues and a new National Agreement was adopted in 1903, the World's Championship Series was resumed, Pittsburgh and Boston being the contestants. In 1904 the Bos- ton team again won the American League championship, but the National League had a new champion team in the New York Club. When challenged, according to custom, by Boston, the New York Club refused to play a World's Series, and Boston claimed the World's Championship title by default. The Ameri- can League declared that New York's refusal to play was a vir- tual violation of the spirit, if not the letter, of the Peace Treaty, while New York based its refusal to play upon the fact that there were no formal rules to govern a contest in which the prestige and honor of each league were involved quite as much as the glory of the individual club. To remedy this defect Presi- dent Brush, of the New York Club, formulated a complete set of rules to govern such contests in future. the governing rules. This code of rules was submitted to the two major leagues and adopted by each, with some slight amendments, and under these rules the World's Championship Series, which were made mandatory, have since been played annually. Under these rules the conduct of the series was placed under the absolute control of the National Commission, and the contesting clubs were bonded in the sum of $10,000 for the faithful performance of all of the rules governing the series. The number of games was fixed at seven, three for each ground of the contesting clubs, the choice of the first three games to be determined by lot, and the World's Champions 143 place of the seventh game by the Commission. Two umpires from each league must be chosen to officiate. The winning club receives a pennant and each player of the winning team a suit- able emblem provided by the Commission. The players of the two clubs receive 60 per cent, of the gross receipts of the first four games, of which amount 75 per cent, is assigned to the winning team and 25 per cent, to the losing team (this propor- tion was subsequently changed to 60 and 40 per cent.). The National Commission receives 10 per cent, of the gross receipts from all games, and after this amount and that of the players have been deducted, the remaining sum is divided equally between the two clubs. Under this arrangement the World's Series has since been played to general public satisfaction and ever-increasing interest and attendance. We give herewith a concise but accurate record of all world's championship series: THE 1884 SERIES. Between the Providence Club, of the National League, and the Metropolitan Club, of the American Association. Results: October 23 — Providence vs. Metropolitans, Polo Grounds 6-0 October 24 — Providence vs. Metropolitans, Polo Grounds 3-1 October 25 — Providence vs. Metropolitans, Polo Grounds 11-2 Providence victories, 3. THE PLAYERS. Providence — Pitchers, Radbourn, Conley; catchers, Gilligan, Nava; basemen. Start, Farrell, Denny; shortstop, Irwin; fielders, Car- roll, Hines, Radford. Manager, Frank Bancroft. Metropolitan — Pitchers, Keefe, Lynch; catchers, Holbert, Reip- schlager; basemen, Orr, Troy, Esterbrook; shortstop. Nelson; fielders, Kennedy, Roseman, Brady. Manager, James Mutrie. THE 1885 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the St. Louis Club, of the American Association. Results: October 14 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at Chicago (eight innings) ... 5-5 October 15 — Chicago vs. St. Louis, at St. Louis (eight innings, forfeited) 9-0 October 16 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at St. Louis 7-4 October 17 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at St. Louis 3-2 October 22 — Chicago vs. St. Louis, at Pittsburgh (seven innings), 9-2 October 23 — Chicago vs. St. Louis, at Cincinnati 9-2 October 24 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at Chicago 13-4 Chicago victories, 3; St. Louis victories, 3; drawn, 1. The winner of the contest was to receive $1000, contributed by A. G. Spalding, of Chicago, and Chris. Von der Ahe, of St. Louis. The purse was equally divided. 144 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball THE PLAYERS. Chicago — Pitchers, Clarkson, McCormick; catcher, Flint; basemen, Anson, Pfeffer, Williamson; shortstop. Burns; fielders, Dairy mple, Gore, Kelly, Sunday. Manager, A. O. Anson. St. Louis — Pitchers, Oarruthers, Foutz; catcher, Bushong; base- men, Comiskey, Robinson, Latham; shortstop, Gleason; fielders, Welch, Nicol, O'Neil. Manager, Charles Comiskey. THE 1886 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the St. Louis Club, of the American Association. Results: October 18 — Chicago vs. St. Louis, at Chicago 6-0 October 19 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at Chicago (eight innings) 12-0 October 20 — Chicago vs. St. Louis, at Chicago (eight innings) .... 11-4 October 21 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at St. Louis (seven innings) ... 8-5 October 22 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at St. Louis (six innings) 10-3 October 23 — St. Louis vs. Chicago, at St. Louis (ten innings) 4-3 St. Louis victories, 4; Chicago, 2. THE PLAYERS. St. Louis — Pitchers, Carruthers, Foutz, Hudson; catcher, Bushong » basemen, Comiskey, Robinson, Latham; shortstop, Gleason; fielders, O'Neil, Welch, Foutz, Hudson. Manager, Charles Comiskey. Chicago — Pitchers, McCormick, Clarkson; catchers, Flint, Kelly; basemen, Anson, PfefCer, Burns; shortstop, Williamson; fielders, Dal- rymple. Gore, Ryan. Manager, A. C. Anson. THE 1887 SERIES. Between the Detroit Club, of the National League, and the St. Louis Club, of the American Association. Results: October 10 — St. Louis vs. Detroit, at St. Louis 6-1 October 11 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at St. Louis 5-3 October 12 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Detroit (13 innings) 2-1 October 13 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Pittsburgh 8-0 October 14 — St. Louis vs. Detroit, at Brooklyn 5-2 October 15 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at New York 9-0 October IT — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Philadelphia 3-1 October 18 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Boston 9-2 October 19 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Philadelphia 4-2 October 21 — St. Louis vs. Detroit, at Washington (A. M.) 11-4 October 21 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Baltimore (P. M.) 13-3 October 24 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Detroit 6-3 October 25 — Detroit vs. St. Louis, at Chicago 4-3 October 26— St. Louis vs. Detroit, at Detroit 9-2 Detroit victories, 10; St. Louis, 4. Total receipts, $42,000; expenses, $18,000; balance, $24,000, divided equally between Detroit and St. Louis. THE PLAYERS. Detroit — ^Pitchers, Getzein, Baldwin, Conway; catchers, Bennett, Ganzel; basemen, Ganzel, Brouthers, Dunlap, White; shortstop, Rowe; World's Champions 145 fielders, Thompson, Hanlon, Richardson, Twitehell. Manager, W. H. Watkins. St. Louis — Pitchers, Carruthers, Foutz, King; catchers, Bushong, Boyle; basemen, Oomiskey, Robinson, Latham; shortstop, Gleason; fielders, O'Neil, Welch, Foutz. Manager, Charles Comiskey. THE 1888 SERIES. Between the New York Club, of the National League, and the St. Louis Club, of the American Association. Results: Score. Receipts. October 16— New York vs. St. Louis, at New York ... 2-1 $2,876.50 October 17— St. Louis vs. New York, at New York... 3- 3,375.50 October 18— New York vs. St. Louis, at New York... 4- 2 3,530.00 October 19— New York vs. St. Louis, at Brooklyn 6- 3 1,562.00 October 20— New York vs. St. Louis, at New York... 6- 4 5,624.50 October 22 — New York vs. St. Louis, at Philadelphia (8 innings) 12-5 1,781.60 October 24 — St. Louis vs. New York at St. Louis (8 innings) 7-5 2,624.00 October 25— New York vs. St. Louis, at St. Louis 11- 3 2,365.00 October 26 — St. Louis vs. New York, at St. Louis (10 innings) 14-11 411.00 October 27— St. Louis vs. New York, at St. Louis ... 18-7 212.00 Total receipts $24,362.10 New York victories, 6; St. Louis, 4. Expenses, $8,000, divided equally between New York and St. Louis. THE PLAYERS. New York — Pitchers, Welch, Crane, Keefe, George; catchers, Ewing, Brown, Murphy; basemen, Connor, Richardson, Whitney; short- stop. Ward; fielders, O'Rourke, Slattery, Tiernan. Manager, James Mutrie. St. Louis — Pitchers, King, Chamberlain; catcher, Milligan; base- men, Comiskey, Robinson, Latham; shortstop. White; fielders, O'Neil, Lyons, McCarthy. Manager, Charles Comiskey. THE 1889 SERIES. Between the New York Club, of the National League, and the Brooklyn Club, of the American Association. Results: Score. Receipts. October 18 — Brooklyn vs. New York, at New York (8 innings) 12-10 $4,224.00 October 19— New York vs. Brooklyn, at Brooklyn.. 6-2 8,086.00 October 22 — Brooklyn vs. New York, at New York (8 innings) 8-7 2,590.50 October 23 — Brooklyn vs. New York, at Brooklyn (8 innings) 10- 7 1,522.50 October 24 — New York vs. Brooklyn, at Brooklyn.. 11-8 1,450.50 October 25 — New York vs. Brooklyn, at New York (11 innings) 2-1 1,278,00 10 146 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball October 26— New York vs. Brooklyn, at New York.. 11- 7 1,656.00 October 28 — New York vs. Brooklyn, at Brooklyn.. 16- 7 1,292.00 October 29— New York vs. Brooklyn, at New York.. 3- 2 1,528.50 Total receipts $29,628.00 Victories — New York, 6; Brooklyn, 3. THE PLAYERS. New York — Pitchers, Keefe, Welch, Crane, O'Day; catchers, Ewing, Brown; basemen, Connor, Richardson, Whitney; shortstop. Ward; fielders, O'Rourke, Gore, Tiernan. Manager, James Mutrie. Brooklyn — Pitchers, Terry, Carruthers, Lovett, Hughes; catchers, Visner, Bushong, Clark; basemen, Foutz, Collins, Pinckney; shortstop, G. Smith; fielders, O'Brien, Corkhill, Brown. Manager, W. McGun- nigle. THE 1890 SERIES. Between the Brooklyn Club, of the National League, and the Louisville Club, of the American Association. Results: October 17 — Brooklyn vs. Louisville, at Louisville 9-0 October 18 — Brooklyn vs. Louisville, at Louisville 5-3 October 20 — Brooklyn vs. Louisville, at Louisville 7-7 October 21 — Louisville vs. Brooklyn, at Louisville 5-4 October 25 — Brooklyn vs. Louisville, at Brooklyn 7-2 October 27 — Louisville vs. Brooklyn, at Brooklyn 9-8 October 28 — Louisville vs. Brooklyn, at Brooklyn 6-2 Victories — Brooklyn, 3; Louisville, 3; drawn, 1. THE PLAYERS. Brooklyn — Pitchers, Lovett, Carruthers, Terry, Hughes; catchers, Daly, Bushong, Clark; basemen, Foutz, Collins, Pinckney; shortstop, G. Smith; fielders, O'Brien, Corkhill, Burns, Donovan. Manager, W. McGunnigle. Louisville — Pitchers, Stratton, Ehret, Daily, Meekin; catchers, Ryan, Weckbecker; basemen, Taylor, Shinnick, Raymond; shortstop, Tomney; fielders, Hamburg, Weaver, Wolf. Manager, John Chapman. THE 1892 SERIES. Between the Cleveland team (first season winner), and the Boston team (second season winner), both of the National League. Results: October 17 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Cleveland (11 innings) 0-0 October 18 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Cleveland 4-3 October 19 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Cleveland 3-2 October 21 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Boston 4-0 October 22 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Boston 12-7 October 23 — Boston vs. Cleveland, at Boston 8-3 Victories — Boston, 5; drawn, 1. THE PLAYERS. Boston — Pitchers, Nichols, Stivetts, Staley; catchers, Kelly, Ben- nett, Ganzel; basemen. Tucker, Quinn, Nash; shortstop. Long; fielders, Lowe, Duffy, McCarthy. Manager, Frank Selee. World's Champions 147 Cleveland — Pitchers, Young, Clarkson, Cuppy; catcher, Zimmer; basemen, Virtue, Childs, Tebeau; shortstop, McKean; fielders, Burkett, McAleer, O'Connor. Manager, Oliver Tebeau. THE 1894 SERIES. Between the Baltimore (champion) and New York (second place) teams, of the National League, for the Temple Cup. Results: October 4 — New York vs. Baltimore, at Baltimore 4-1 October 5 — New York vs. Baltimore, at Baltimore 9-6 October 6 — New York vs. Baltimore, at New York 4-1 October 8 — New York vs. Baltimore, at New York 16-3 Victories — New York, 4. THE PLAYERS. New York — Pitchers, Rusie, Meekin; catcher, Farrell; basemen, Doyle, Ward, Davis; shortstop, Fuller; fielders, Burke, Van Haltren, Tiernan. Manager, John M. Ward. Baltimore — Pitchers, Gleason, Esper, Hemming, Hawke; catcher, Robinson; basemen, Brouthers, Reitz, McGraw; shortstop, Jennings; fielders, Kelley, Brodie, Keeler, Bonner. Manager, Ed Hanlon. The net receipts, after paying expenses, were a little over $18,000, divided 65 per cent, to the victors and 35 per cent, to the losers. THE 1895 SERIES. Between the Baltimore (champion) and Cleveland (second place) teams, of the National League, for the Temple Cup. Results: October 2 — Cleveland vs. Baltimore, at Cleveland 5-4 October 3 — Cleveland vs. Baltimore, at Cleveland 7-2 October 5 — Cleveland vs. Baltimore, at Cleveland 7-1 October 7 — Baltimore vs. Cleveland, at Baltimore 5-0 October 8 — Cleveland vs. Baltimore, at Cleveland 5-2 Victories — Cleveland, 4; Baltimore, 1. THE PLAYERS. Cleveland — Pitchers, Young, Cuppy; catcher, Zimmer; basemen, Tebeau, Childs, McGarr; shortstop, McKean; fielders, Burkett, Blake,. McAleer. Manager, Oliver Tebeau. Baltimore — Pitchers, Hoffer, McMahon, Esper; catchers, Robinson, Clarke; basemen, Carey, Gleason, McGraw; shortstop, Jennings; field- ers, Kelley, Brodie, Keeler. Manager, Ed Hanlon. The net receipts for the series were $14,752. ' ^ THE 1896 SERIES. Between the Baltimore (champion) and Cleveland (second place) teams, of the National League, for the Temple Cup. Results: October 2 — Baltimore vs. Cleveland, at Baltimore 7-1 October 3 — Baltimore vs. Cleveland, at Baltimore 7-2 October 5 — Baltimore vs. Cleveland, at Baltimore 6-2 October 8 — Baltimore vs. Cleveland, at Cleveland 5-0 Victories — Baltimore, 4. 148 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball THE PLAYERS. Baltimore — Pitchers, Corbett, Esper, Pond, McMahon, Hemming, Hoffer; catchers, Robinson, Clarke; basemen, Doyle, Reitz, McGraw; shortstop, Jennings; fielders, Kelley, Brodie, Keeler, Donnelly. Man- ager, Ed Hanlon. Cleveland — Pitchers, Chamberlain, Young, Cuppy, Wallace; catcher, Zimmer; basemen, Tebeau, Childs, McGarr; shortstop, Mc- Kean; fielders, Burkett, McAleer, Blake. Manager, Oliver Tebeau. The Baltimore players realized about $200 per man, while Cleve- land got about $117 per man. THE 1897 SERIES. Between the Boston (champion) and Baltimore (second place) teams, of the National League, for the Temple Cup. Results: October 4 — Boston vs. Baltimore, at Boston 13-12 October 5 — Baltimore vs. Boston, at Boston 13-11 October 6 — Baltimore vs. Boston, at Boston 8-3 October 9 — Baltimore vs. Boston, at Baltimore 12-11 October 11 — Baltimore vs. Boston, at Baltimore 9-3 Victories — Baltimore, 4; Boston, 1. THE PLAYERS. Baltimore — ^Pitchers, Nops, Corbett, Hoffer; catchers, Robinson, Bowerman; basemen, Doyle, Reitz, McGraw; shortstop, Jennings; fielders, Kelley, Stenzel, Keeler. Manager, Ed Hanlon. Boston — Pitchers, Klobedanz, Nichols, Hickman, Stivetts; catch- ers, Bergen, Ganzel; basemen, Tenney, Lowe, Collins; shortstop. Long; fielders, DufCy, Hamilton, Stahl. Manager, Frank Selee. THE 1903 SERIES. Between the Pittsburgh Club, of the National League and the Bos- ton Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendaoace, October 1— Pittsburgh vs. Boston, at Boston 7-3 16,242 October 2 — Boston vs. Pittsburgh, at Boston 3-0 9,415 October 3— Pittsburgh vs. Boston, at Boston 4-2 18,801 October 6 — Pittsburgh vs. Boston, at Pittsburgh 5-4 7,600 October 7— Boston vs. Pittsburgh, at Boston 11-2 12,322 October 8— Boston vs. Pittsburgh, at Pittsburgh 6-3 11,556 October 10— Boston vs. Pittsburgh, at Pittsburgh 7-3 ^''' 17,038 October 13 — Boston vs. Pittsburgh, at Boston 3-0 7,455 t , : — ' Total 100,429 Victories — Boston, 5; Pittsburgh, 3. The receipts netted over $50,000. The Boston players received $1,182 each, the Boston Club $6,699.56. The Pittsburgh players, though defeated, fared better, as President Dreyfuss gave them his share, each player receiving $1,316.27, in addition to their salaries in full to October 15. Leaders of the Teams That Won World's Series Under National Commission Auspices 1 — James J. Collins, manager Boston American League Club in 1903. 2 — John J. McGraw, manager New York National League Club in 1905. '3 — Fielder Jones, manager Chicago American League Club in 1906. 4 — Frank Chance, manager Chicago National League Club in 1907-1908. 5 — Fred Clarke, manager of Pittsburgh National League Club in 1909. 6 — Connie Mack, manager of the Athletic American League team in 1910-11- 13. 7 — J. Garland Stahl, manager Boston American League team in 1912. Worud's Champions I49 THE PLAYERS. Boston — Pitchers, Young, Dineen, Hughes; catchers, Criger, Far- rell; basemen, Lachance, Ferris, Collins; shortstop. Parent; fielders, Dougherty, Stahl, Freeman. Manager, James J. Collins. Pittsburgh — Pitchers, Phillippi, Leever, Vail, Kennedy, Thomp- son; catchers, Phelps, Smith; basemen, Bransfield, Ritchey, Leach; shortstop, Wagner; fielders, Clarke, Beaumont, Sebring. Manager, Fred Clarke. THE 1904 DEFAULT. In this season the New York Club won the championship of the National League, and the Boston Club again captured the American League pennant. At the conclusion of the season the Boston Club, as usual, challenged the New York Club to a World's Championship Series. The New York Club, for various reasons, refused to play with the Boston Club, and the latter retained the World's Championship title by default. The two champion teams this year were manned as follows: THE PLAYERS. Boston — Pitchers, Young, Dineen, Gibson, Tannehill, Winter; catchers, Criger, Farrell, Doran; basemen, Lachance, Ferris, Collins; shortstop, Parent; fielders, Selbach, Stahl, Freeman. Manager, James J. Collins. New York — Pitchers, McGinnity, Mathewson, Ames, Elliott, G. Wiltse, L. Taylor; catchers, Bresnahan, Marshall, Warner; basemen, McGann, Gilbert, Devlin; shortstop, Dahlen; substitute, Dunn; fielders, Bresnahan, Miller, Donlin, Browne. Manager, John J. McGraw. THE 1905 SERIES. Played for the first time under the auspices of the National Com- mission, between the New York Club, of the National League, and the Philadelphia (Athletics) Club, of the American League. Results: "' '*^ Score. Attendance. Receipts. October 9 — New York vs. Philadelphia, at Philadelphia 3-0 17,955 $12,736 October 10 — ^Philadelphia vs. New York, at New York 3-0 24,992 18,988 October 12 — New York vs. Philadelphia, at Philadelphia 9-0 10,991 8,348 October 13 — New York vs. Philadelphia, at New York 1-0 13,598 10,689 October 14 — ^New York vs. Philadelphia, at New York 2-0 24,187 17,674 Total 91,723 $68,435 Victories — New York, 4; Philadelphia, 1. The players' share of the four games was $27,434.88. The division of receipts therefore netted each New York player $1,142, and each 150 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Athletic player $383. The latter were given the Athletic Club's share of the receipts, bringing their share up to a little over $800 per man. THE PLAYERS. New York — Pitchers, Mathewson, McGinnity, Ames; catcher, Bres- nahan; basemen, McGann, Gilbert, Devlin; shortstop, Dahlen; fielders, Mertes, Donlin, Browne. Manager, John J. McGraw. Athletics — Pitchers, Plank, Bender, Coakley; catchers, Schrecken- gost. Powers; basemen, Davis, Murphy, Lave Cross; shortstop, Monte Cross; fielders, Hartsel, Lord, Seybold. Manager, Connie Mack. THE 1906 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the Chicago Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. BecolDte October 9 — Americans vs. Nationals, at West Side 2-1 12,693 $13,910.00 October 10 — Nationals vs. Americans, at South Side 7-1 12,595 13,800.00 October 11 — ^Americans vs. Nationals, at West Side 3-0 13,667 14,056.50 October 12 — Nationals vs. Americans, at South Side 1-0 18,384 19,989.50 October 13 — Americans vs. Nationals, at West Side 8-6 23,257 23,834.00 October 14— Americans vs. Nationals, at South Side 8-3 19,249 20,861.00 Totals 99,845 $106,550.00 Victories — Chicago Americans (White Sox), 4; Chicago Nationals (Cubs), 2. Players' share, $33,407.70; club owners' share, $44,695; National Commission, $10,655. THE PLAYERS. Chicago Americans — Pitchers, White, Owen, Walsh, Altrock; catcher, Sullivan; basemen, Donohue, Isbell, Rohe; shortstops, Tanne- hill, Davis; fielders, Dougherty, Jones, Hahn. Manager, Fielder Jones. Chicago Nationals — Pitchers, Brown, Reulbach, Pfiester, Overall; catcher, Kling; basemen. Chance, Evers, Steinfeldt; shortstop. Tinker; fielders, Sheckard, Hofman, Slagle, Schulte. Manager, Frank L. Chance. THE 1907 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the Detroit Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. Receipts. October 8 — Chicago vs. Detroit, at Chicago (11 innings) 3-3 24,377 $29,162.50 October 9— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Chicago.. 3-1 21,901 26,430.50 October 10— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Chicago. . 5-1 13,114 16,212.50 October 11— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Detroit... 6-1 11,306 17,285.50 October 12— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Detroit... 2-0 7,370 12,638.00 Totals 78,068 $101,728.50 Victories — Chicago, 4; tie game, 1. World's Champions 151 Players' share, $54,933.39; club owners' share, $36,622.26; National Commission, $10,172.85. The Chicago players received 60 per cent., which, with check of President Murphy, netted them $45,000. The Detroit players received 40 per cent. President Yawkey added $15,000, giving them a total of $30,973.36. THE PLAYERS. Chicago — Pitchers, Brown, Reulbach, Overall, Pfiester; catchers, Kling, Moran; basemen, Chance, Howard, Evers, Steinfeldt; shortstop. Tinker; fielders, Sheckard, Sfagle, Schulte. Manager, Frank L. Chance. Detroit — Pitchers, Killian, Mullin, Donovan, Siever; catchers, Schmidt, Payne, Archer; basemen, Rossman, Schaefer, Coughlin; short- stop, O'Leary; fielders, D. Jones, Crawford, Cobb. Manager, Hugh Jennings. THE 1908 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the Detroit Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. Receipts October 10— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Detroit... 10-6 10,827 $16,172.00 October 11— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Chicago.. 6-1 17,543 26,927.00 October 12— Detroit vs. Chicago, at Chicago.. 8-3 14,543 27,767.00 October 13— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Detroit... 3-0 12,907 19,231.00 October 14— Chicago vs. Detroit, at Detroit... 2-0 6,210 9,577.50 Totals 62,030 $99,674.50 Victories — Chicago, 4; Detroit, 1. Players' share, $62,232; club owners' share, $19,681; National Com- mission's share, $9,491. THE PLAYERS. Chicago — Pitchers, Overall, Pfiester, Brown and Reulbach; catchers, Kling, Moran; infielders, Chance, Evers, Tinker, Steinfeldt; outfielders, Hofman, Sheckard, Schulte; substitute, Howard. Manager, Frank L. Chance. Detroit — Pitchers, Summers, Donovan, Mullin, Killian and Win- ter; catchers, Schmidt and I. Thomas; infielders, Rossman, Downs, Schaefer, O'Leary and Coughlin; outfielders, Mclntyre, Crawford and Cobb; substitute, D. Jones. Manager, Hugh Jennings. THE 1909 SERIES. Between the Pittsburgh Club, of the National League, and the Detroit Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. Eeceipts. October 8 — Pittsburgh vs. Detroit, at Pitts- burgh 4-1 29,264 $40,271.50 October 9 — Pittsburgh vs. Detroit, at Pitts- burgh 2-7 30,915 41,884.50 October 11— Detroit vs. Pittsburgh, at Detroit, 6-8 18,277 20,676.00 October 12— Detroit vs. Pittsburgh, at Detroit, 5-0 17,036 21,103.00 October 13— Pittsburgh vs. Detroit, at Pitts- burgh 8-4 21,706 32,173.00 October 14— Detroit vs. Pittsburgh, at Detroit, 5-4 10,535 12,517.50 October 16— Detroit vs. Pittsburgh, at Detroit, 0-8 17,562 19,677.00 Total 145,295 $188,302.50 Victories — Pittsburgh, 4; Detroit, 3. 152 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Players' share, $66,924.90; clubs' share, $102,547.35; National Com- mission's share, $18,830.25. The Pittsburgh players received $1,825.22 each, and the Detroit players received $1,274.76 each. No bonus was paid to the players by either club, the National Commission having, by rule, forbidden a practice which had come to be an abuse. THE PLAYERS. Pittsburgh — ^Pitchers, Leever, Camnitz, Adams, Phillippi, Leifield, Willis, Maddox; catchers, Gibson, O'Connor, Simon; infielders, Abstein, Miller, Byrne, Wagner, Abbaticchio; outfielders, Clarke, Leach, Wilson, Hyatt. Manager, Fred Clarke. Detroit — Pitchers — Mullin, Works, Summers, Willett, Donovan, Killian; catchers, Schmidt, Stanage, Beckendorf; infielders, T. Jones, Delahanty, Schaefer, Bush, O'Leary, Moriarty, Killifer; outfielders, D. Jones, Mclntyre, Crawford, Cobb. Manager, Hugh Jennings. THE 1910 SERIES. Between the Chicago Club, of the National League, and the Ath- letic Club, of the American League. Results: Score, Attendance. Beceipts October 17 — ^Athletics vs. Chicago, at Phila- delphia 4-1 26,891 $37,424.50 October 18 — Athletics vs. Chicago, at Phila- delphia 9-3 24,597 35,137.00 October 20— Chicago vs. Athletics, at Chicago, 5-12 26,210 36,751.50 October 22— Chicago vs. Athletics, at Chicago, 4-3 19,150 27,550.50 October 23— Chicago vs. Athletics, at Chicago, 2-7 27,374 37,116.50 Totals 124,222 $173,980.00 Victories — ^Athletics, 4; Chicago, 1. Players' share, $79,071.93; clubs' share, $77,510.06; National Com- mission's share, $17,398.00. Bach Athletic player received $2,062.79; and each Chicago player received $1,375.16. THE PLAYERS. Chicago — Pitchers, Cole, Overall, M. Brown, Reulbach, Mclntire, Richie; catchers. Archer, Kling, Needham; infielders, Chance, Evers, Zimmerman, Tinker; outfielders, Sheckard, Schulte, Hofman. Manager, Frank Chance. Athletics — Pitchers, Coombs, Plank, Bender, Morgan, Krause; catchers, I. Thomas, Lapp, Livingston; infielders, Davis, Collins, Baker, Barry, Mclnnis, Houser; outfielders, Oldring, Lord, Strunk, D. Murphy, Hartsel. Manager, Connie Mack. THE 1911 SERIES Between the New York Club, of the National League, and the Ath- letic Club, of Philadelphia, of the American League. Results: World's Champions 153 Scora Attendance. Receipts. October 14 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 2-1 38,281 $77,359.00 October 16 — Athletics vs. New York, at Phila- delphia 3-1 26,286 42,962.50 October 17 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 2-3 37,216 75,1593.00 October 24 — Athletics vs. New York, at Phila- delphia 4-2 24,355 40,957.00 October 25 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 4-3 33,228 69,384.00 October 26— Athletics vs. New York, at Phila- delphia 13-2 20,485 36,109.00 Totals 179,851 $342,364.50 Victories — ^Athletics, 4; New York, 2. Players' share, $127,910.61; clubs' share, $180,217.44; National Com- mission's share, $34,236.25. The Athletic players received $3,654.58 each, and the New York players received $2,436.39 each. THE PLAYERS. Athletics — Pitchers, Coombs, Bender, Plank; catchers, I. Thomas, Lapp, Livingston; infielders, Davis, Mclnnis, Collins, Baker, Barry; outfielders, Oldring, Lord, Strunk. Connie Mack, Manager. New York — Pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Wiltse, Ames, Cran- dall; catchers, Myers, Wilson; infielders, Merkle, Doyle, Herzog, Fletcher; outfielders, Devore, Snodgrass, Murray. Manager, John J. McGraw. THE 1912 SERIES. Between the New York Club, of the National League, and the Boston Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. Receipts October 8 — New York vs. Boston, at New York 3-4 35,730 $75,127.00 October 9 — Boston vs. New York, at Boston (11 innings) 6-6 30,148 55,369.00 October 10— Boston vs. New York, at Boston, 1-2 34,624 63,142.00 October 11 — New York vs. Boston, at New York 1-3 36,502 76,644.00 October 12— Boston vs. New York, at Boston, 2-1 34,683 63,201.00 October 14 — New York vs. Boston, at New York 5-2 30,622 66,654.00 October 15— Boston vs. New York, at Boston, 4-11 32,694 57,196.00 October 16 — Boston vs. New York, at Boston (10 innings) 3-2 17,034 30,500.00 Totals 252,037 $490,833.00 Victories — Boston, 4; New York, 3; one game tied. Players' share, $147,088.85; clubs' share, $295,143.40; National Com- mission's share, $49,083.60. The Boston players received $4022 each; and the New York players received $2,566 each. 154 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball THE PLAYERS. Boston — Pitchers, Wood, Hall, Bedient, O'Brien, Collins; catchers, Oarrigan and Cady; InlSelders, Stahl, Yerkes, Gardner, Wagner, Bngle; outfielders, Lewis, Speaker, Hooper, Henriksen. Manager, J. G. Stahl. New York — Pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Tesreau, Ames, Cran- dall; catchers, Myers, Wilson; infielders, Merkle, Doyle, Herzog, Shafer, Fletcher; outfielders, Murray, Snodgrass, Devore. Manager, John J. McGraw. THE 1913 SERIES. Between the New York Club, of the National League, and the Athletic Club, of the American League. Results: Score. Attendance. Receipts. October 7 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 4-6 36,291 $75,255.00 October 8 — ^Athletics vs. New York, at Phila- delphia (10 innmgs) 0-3 20,563 49,640.00 October 9 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 2-8 36,896 75,763.50 October 10 — ^Athletics vs. New York, at Phla- delphia 6-5 20,568 49,645.00 October 11 — New York vs. Athletics, at New York 1-3 36,682 75,676.50 Totals 151,000 $325,980.00 Victories — Athletics, 4; New York, 1. Players' share of receipts, $135,264.19; clubs' share, $158,218.30; National Commission's share, $32,497.51. The Athletic players received $3,246.36 each; and the New York players received $2,164.22 each. THE PLAYERS. Athletics — Pitchers, Bender, Plank and Bush; catchers, Schang and Lapp; infielders, Mclnnis, E. Collins, Baker, Barry; outfielders, B. Murphy, Oldring and Strunk. Manager, Connie Mack. New York — Pitchers, Mathewson, Marquard, Tesreau, Demaree, Crandall; catchers, Myers, McLean, Wilson; infielders, Merkle, Wiltse, Doyle, Fletcher, Shafer, Herzog; outfielders. Burns, Snodgrass, Murray. Manager, John J. McGraw. James A. Williams Founder of the First Minor League in 1877, and Secretary of the Old Association THE MINOR LEAGUES a igational ^gisociation Cmtiracins OTfitfjin 3ts^ g>tielterms airms; ^U of tfje jWinor iteaguesJ ^cattereb ©ber Cfjfe l^asit Country; anb jForming fte ^artp of tlje ^econb ^art to tfje ^^rotettibe J^ational Agreement, iSoto in jForce. #^' "^.■■'*i«i' AVING now disposed of the major leagues to the satisfaction of our readers, we hope, we now come to consideration of those nurseries of professional Base Ball, the minor leagues, whose story was first told in Sporting Life some years ago, and is now given below in more com- plete form and with the addition of rec- ords, brought up to date. The minor leagues of this country have been great factors in the development and nationalization of Base Ball, yet they always had, until the last decade, a more or less precarious existence. Their federation in 1901 into the National Association of Professional Leagues materially changed and improved their status and gave them a standing and stability almost equal to that of the major leagues. As a matter of fact, the minor leagues today constitute the greater part of Base Ball by reason of the vast territory covered and the truly national character of their federation. THE FIRST MINOR LEAGUE. The minor leagues were slow in development. The "father" of the professional minor league system, under strict rules and regular schedule — as we now know it — was the famous "Jimmy" Williams, still living in Columbus, O. He conceived the idea of organizing a thoroughly professional minor league, and his idea was carried into execution at a meeting in Pittsburgh, February 20, 1877, the call for which was signed by L. C. Waite, of St. Louis; H. D. McKnight, of Pittsburgh, and J. A. Williams. W. A. Cummings, of the Live Oaks, of Lynn, was president, and Williams, secretary, treasurer and executive officer. This was the first thoroughly organized league of that period outside the National League, and it lasted several years. It was called the International League and its membership in 1877 comprised 156 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball the following clubs: Allegheny, of Pittsburgh, Pa.; Buckeye, of Columbus, O. ; Live Oak, of Lynn, Mass. ; Manchester, of Man- chester, N. H. ; Maple Leaf, of Guelph, Ont. ; Rochester, of Rochester, N. Y. ; and Tecumseh, of London, Ont. The Tecum- sehs won the championship. "Jimmy" Williams' subsequent offi- cial and honorable connection with the American Association is a matter of history. In this year, also, there was started a small league in New England, and a union of small clubs in the West, called the "Western Base Ball Alliance ;" but the only real rival to the International League was the Western League, which was organized in 1879, by Ted Sullivan, and lasted two years. PROTECTION FOR MINORS. The base ball revival of the '80s, beginning with the suc- cessful organization of the American Association, brought sev- eral more minor leagues into action, the strongest of which was the Northwestern League of i88i-'82-'83. The adoption of the Tripartite Agreement, afterwards enlarged to the National Agreement, for the first time gave investors in minor league Base Ball opportunity for protection, and for several years minor leagues grew in number and strength. Their existence was still precarious, however, as their hold on players expired with each season. Sporting Life made a long and hard fight for the extension to all of the minor leagues of the reservation privilege, which was finally granted in 1888 by the National League and American Association after the jgublication of Editor Richter's Sporting Life "Millenium Plan" had suggested the reservation- and drafting system which has been in vogue ever since, respec- tively, 1888 and 1892. A NEW ERA. The new universal reservation system brought in its train the player-purchase practice and under this system the leading minor leagues managed to exist fairly well from 1888 to 1901, although the National Agreement protection of that period left much to be desired. In the Fall of 1901, with the National- American war at its height, the National League, deeming itself handicapped by protection of minor leagues, abrogated the National Agreement and left the minor leagues without support Leaders of the Early Days and Present Time in the Minor League Field 1 — Ted Sullivan, of Dubuque, la., organizer of the Northwestern League in 1879. 2 — P. T. Powers, of New York, first president of the National Association. 3 — M. H. Sexton, of Rock Island, Ills., present president of the National Association. 4 — John H. Farrell, of Auburn, N. Y., secretary of the National Association since foundation in 1901. 5 — Ed G. Barrow, of New York, president of International League, oldest minor league in existence. 6 — Thomas W. Chivington, of Chicago, presi- dent of the American Association, greatest minor league of the West. 7 — Norris L. O'Neill, of Chicago, Ills., president Western League, oldest minor league in the West. 8 — W^. M. Kavanaugh, president of the Southern Association, oldest minor league in the South. The Minor Leagues 157 in any direction. Thrown upon their own resources the minors resolved to organize a federation of their own. In this matter Editor Richter, of Sporting Life, and President Sexton, of the Indiana-Illinois-Iowa League, took the initiative. At a meeting held in Chicago, September 5, 1901, the organization of THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for a ten-year term was effected by seven leagues. P. T. Powers, of New York, was elected president, and J. H. Farrell, of Auburn, N. Y., secretary, and a new National Agreement apply- ing solely to minor leagues was adopted. The reservation and draft systems, league classification and salary limits of the old major league agreement were amplified and incorporated in the new minor league agreement. At a meeting held in New York, October 24-25, 1901, the organization of the National Associa- tion was perfected and a National Board of Arbitration was elected. THE CHARTER MEMBERS of the organization were the Western League, Eastern League, Pacific Northwest League, I. L I. League, Western Association, New England League, New York League, Southern League, Connecticut League and California League. Within a month President Hickey, of the Western League, was expelled for organizing a new American Association in Western League ter- ritory. The American Association was conducted as an outlaw organization for two years and then admitted to the National Association. Upon the settlement of the National-American League war in 1903 the two major leagues formulated a new National Agreement which was so broad in scope and fair in terms that the National Association as a body willingly became a party thereto. THE TREMENDOUS GROWTH of the minor leagues under the auspices of the National Agree- ment and the aegis of their own National Association is strik- ingly illustrated by the bare statement that upon the threshold of the 191 3 base ball season there were in active existence 43 leagues, embracing over 300 clubs, and employing over 5000 players at a monthly expenditure of over $600,000 in salaries. 158 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Herewith is given a list of these leagues as classified under the National Agreement: CLASS AA LEAGUES. International League — Providence, Jersey City, Newark, Balti- more, Rochester, Buffalo, Toronto and Montreal. American Association — Columbus, Indianapolis, Toledo, Louis- ville, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Milwaukee and Kansas City. Pacific Coast League — San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Portland, Venice. CLASS A LEAGUES. Western League — Omaha, Denver, Wichita, Topeka, Sioux City, St. Joseph, Des Moines, Lincoln. Southern League — ^Atlanta, Chattanooga, Nashville, Memphis, Bir- mingham, Mobile, Montgomery, New Orleans. CLASS B LEAGUES. New York League — Utica, Wilkes-Barre, Elmira, Troy, Scranton, Albany, Syracuse, Binghamton. Eastern Association — New Haven, Hartford, Bridgeport, Holyoke, Springfield, Pittsfield, Waterbury, New London. New England League — Worcester, Lowell, Lawrence, Fall River, Portland, New Bedford, Brockton, Lynn. Texas League — Austin, Beaumont, Dallas, Fort Worth, Galveston, Houston, San Antonio, Waco. Northwestern League — Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Portland, Van- couver, Victoria. Tri-State League — ^Allentown, Wilmington, Trenton, Harrisburg, Atlantic City, York. Indiana-Illinois-Iowa League — Peoria, Springfield, Quincy, Deca- tur, Danville, Davenport, Bloomington, Dubuque. Central League — Dayton, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Evansville, Springfield, Terre Haute. CLASS C LEAGUES. South Atlantic League — Albany, Ga.; Charleston, Macon, Jackson- ville, Savannah, Columbus. Virginia League — Roanoke, Petersburg, Richmond, Newport News, Portsmouth, Norfolk. Western Tri-State League — North Yakima, Wash.; Walla Walla, Wash.; Pendleton, Ore.; La Grande, Ore.; Baker, Ore.; Boise, Idaho. South Michigan League — Adrian, Lansing, Battle Creek, Flint, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Saginaw, Bay City. Canadian League — Berlin, Hamilton, London, Brantford, Guelph, St. Thomas, Ottawa, Peterboro. Wisconsin-Illinois League — Appleton, Wausau, Rockford, Racine, Madison, Oshkosh, Green Bay, Milwaukee. Northern League — St. Paul, Minneapolis, Virginia, Duluth, Winni- V peg, Grand Forks, Superior, Winona. The Minor Leagues 159 CLASS D LEAGUES. Union Association. The Ohio State League. North Carolina League. Illinois-Missouri League. "Kitty" League. Texas-Oklahoma League. Cotton States League. Western Canada League. Kansas State League. Georgia Empire League. New York-New Jersey League. Michigan State League. Central Association. The Nebraska League. New Brunswick-Maine League. Appalachian League. The Border League. California State League. The Interstate League. South California League. Alabama-Georgia League. Empire State League. The Mink League. The above leagues comprise the National Association, sub- scriber to the National Agreement as party of the second part, the National League and American League, jointly, as party of the first part. Mr. Michael H. Sexton, of Rock Island, 111., has been president of the National Association since 1909, succeed- ing P. T. Powers, of New York, resigned. Mr. John H. Farrell, of Auburn, N. Y., is secretary-treasurer, a position he has held continuously since the organization of the National Association in 1901. MANY world's RECORDS. are held by minor league clubs and players, thus attesting the importance of the minor leagues to base ball not only as pre- paratory schools for the major leagues, but as capable, self- sustaining base ball institutions. Here are some of the world's records held solely by minor leaguers: Best Individual Strike-Out Record— Pitcher William Mitchell, of San Antonio (Texas League); pitcher Frank Davis, of Knoxville (Appa- lachian League); pitcher Fred Applegate, of Paris (Blue Grass League); each struck out 20 batsmen in a nine-inning game, respectively, in 1909, 1912, 1912. Best Extra-Innings Strike-Out Record — Pitcher George Pearce, o'f Scranton (New York League), struck out 15 Wilkes-Barre batsmen in the first nine innings and 22 men in the entire game of 13 innings, 1912. Longest Run of Consecutive Victories — The Corsicana team, of the Texas League, in 1902, won 27 consecutive games. Same year the Charlotte team, of the Carolina Association, won 25 consecutive games. In 1912 the Wilkes-Barre team, of the New York League, won 25 con- secutive games. Best Pitcher's Winning Record — In 1904 pitcher Baxter Sparks, of the Yazoo, Miss., Club, of the Delta League, pitched 33 games, of which he won 21 in succession. Best Season Strike-Out Record — In 1910, pitcher Vean Gregg, of the Portland Club, of the Pacific Coast League, struck out 367 men in i6o Richter's History and. Records of Base Ball 395 innings, an average of 8.34 strike-outs per game for 44 full games pitched. Best Modern Base Stealing Records — In 1912, outfielder Ralph Meyers, of the Spokane (Northwestern League) Club, stole 116 bases in 159 games. In 1913, outfielder James Johnston, of San Francisco, stole 124 bases in 201 games. Best No-Hit Pitching Records — In 1912, pitcher Grrover Brandt, of Beaumont (Texas League), disposed of the Fort Worth Club, 4-1, with- out a safe hit in 12 innings. Same year, pitcher Wormwood, of Fall River (New England League), disposed of Worcester in a tie 2-2 game of 12 innings, without a safe hit. Longest Professional Game — At Bloomington, 111., May 81, 1909, in the 1. 1. 1. League, Bloomington and Decatur played 26 innings, Decatur winning, 2-1. Second Longest Professional Game — At Devil's Lake, July 18, 1891, Grand Forks and Fargo played 25 innings without a run being scored by either team. Modern Home-Run Record — In 1903, in the Texas League, the Paris team, in a game with Corsicana, made nine home runs. Before this, however, in 1895 in the Western League, Minneapolis had achieved the same feat against Kansas City. Base on Balls Record — In the Carolina Association, on May 19, 1911, outfielder Woodson, of Charlotte, drew six bases on balls in as many trips to the plate in a nine-inning game off pitchers Coombs and Clark, of the Ander- son team. Individual Home-Run Record — In 1895, first baseman Perry Werden, of the Minneapolis, Western League, Club, made 45 home runs. In 1901, catcher Roth, of the Evansville, Central League, Club, made 36 home runs. In 1895, outfielder Bottenus, of Rochester, made four home runs in one game. In 1913, catcher Jackley, of Iron ton (Ohio State League), made four home runs in a game against Hamilton. Shortest Game Record — In the Southern League, on September 19, 1910, at Atlanta, Ga., Atlanta and Mobile played a full nine-inning game in 32 minutes. In the same league and on the same day, at Nashville, the Nashville and New Orleans teams played a nine-inning game in 42 minutes. Double- Header Record — In the Pacific Coast League, July 30, 1905, the Los Angeles and Oakland teams played a double-header — each game of nine innings — in one hour and 38 1-2 minutes. The first game was played in 47 1-2 minutes ; the second in 51 minutes. Pitchers' Shut-Out Record — In 1903, pitcher Oliver Faulkner, of the Wilmington, Del., Club, shut out opposing teams for 77 consecutive innings. Longest Distance Throwing Record — Sheldon Lejeune, of the Evansville (Central League) Club, at Cincinnati, October 10, 1910, threw a standard ball under proper conditions, 426 feet 6 1-4 inches — thus surpassing the record of John Hatfield, of 400 feet 7 1-2 inches, made October 15, 1872, at Brooklyn. The above tells more eloquently than words the need and value of the National Association and the tremendous growth of Base Ball under the present proper and competent auspices of the supreme National Agreement, than which no better sys- tem of national government can be devised or even wished. PART II. 3i&ecortis{ Csstablts^teb tn ^U Bepartmentsi of Sj^voitii^ional Pas(e Pall 11 Players Who Hold World's Records in Various Departments of the Game 1 — John Wagner, Pittsburgh, holder of best record for consecutive batting. 2 — John Lobert, of Philadelphia, holder of record for circling the bases. 3 — Edward J. Delahanty, joint holder with Lowe of batting total for one game. 4 — Robert L. Lowe, joint holder with Delahanty of batting total for one game. 5 — Sheldon Ijejeune, holder of the world's record for long distance throwing. 6 — Harry D. Stovey, holder of the best season record for stolen bases. 7 — George Gibson, holder of record for catching most games in a 154-game season. 8 — Tyrus Cobb, holder of the record for safe hitting in 40 consecutive games. BASE BALL RECORDS Complete anb Correct ^resfentation oC ^U exceptional Club anb 3Jnbitiibual performances^ in Various; 2Separt= mentis of tfje (game, ^fticft 3|abe peen ^ccepteb as; ^utljen= tic 3Recorbs; Jf rom tlje €arlj> ©apsJ to ttje ^rej^ent Cime, ECORDS made in the practice of profes- sional Base Ball have always been a matter of public interest — and also of much con- troversy for the reason that many of them, especially those made in the early forma- tive period of the game, lacked authen- ticity. This was partly due to the many vicissitudes of the game up to the time, in the early '80s, when its organization assumed stability by reason of ever-increasing public interest and press support ; and partly owing to the fact that until this time there was much indifference to or neglect of the statistical side of the sport on part of expo- nents and chroniclers. Nevertheless, there are enough records, both of doubtful and attested authenticity, to make quite a respectable volume of statistics, which should find a permanent place in such a history of the game as is here presented. Hence, we give as complete and correct a list of Base Ball Records as it is possible to dig up out of the Base Ball archives of the four great periods of successive development of the sport into permanent form, namely: First, the formative period from 1871 to 1883; second, the developing period from 1883 to 1890; third, the recon- struction period from 1890 to 1901 ; fourth, the culminating period from 1901 to 1914. Many of these records are of no great value from the standpoint of comparison, owing to the frequent changes in conditions, rules and paraphernalia. But this applies principally to pitching and fielding records, and in only small degree to batting and base-running feats, as in the latter two departments natural skill and speed cannot well be aided by such accessories as distance or delivery rules, or protective implements. In presenting these Records we divide them into general, batting, fielding, running and pitching records, giving the last-named a special chapter owing to their multiplicity. We should add that many of the records enumerated below are also given in our chap- ter on the "Minor Leagues*." The General Records follow : 164 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball LONGEST GAMES OF RECORD. The longest professional base ball game ever played was one of 26 innings, between the Bloomington and Decatur teams, both of the Indiana- Illinois-Iowa League, at Bloomington, May 31, 1909. This unique contest was a pitchers' battle the entire 26 innings. In the final inning, Fisher, of Decatur, was hit by a pitched ball and Purtell scored him with a three- bagger. A protest was entered by Bloomington, on the ground that Fisher, who scored the winning run, should have advanced no further than third on Purtell's hit. Fisher was on first base when Purtell hit to right and ran to third base, Fisher scoring. The umpire called Purtell out for not touching second base. The home team, therefore, claimed that Pur- tell's hit was only a single and that the side was out when Purtell failed to touch second, two batters having been retired previously. The Bloom- ington and Decatur teams started at 2 o'clock to play a double-header, and the game lasted until after 7 o'clock. The fielding was excellent, consider- ing the length of the game and the fact that rain had put the grounds in bad shape. Burns for Decatur and Clarke for Bloomington pitched the entire game. Score : Bloomington. AB. B. B. p. A. E. Long, cf 10 1 1 10 Keenan, 3b 8 12 4 1 Cutshaw, 2b ... 9 1 7 3 1 Melchoir, lb ... 10 2 28 1 Nova's, rf 10 3 3 Snyder, ss 9 2 10 7 Irwin, If 9 4 Langdon, c 9 3 13 3 Clarke, p 8 110 *McNamara ... 1 Decatur. ab. r. b. p. a. e. Moore, 2b 9 8 4 1 Ruby, If 9 1 6 Barkwell, 3b ... 10 1 3 9 Foster, lb 10 30 1 Jenkins, rf 10 3 3 1 Cote, cf 11 1 9 1 Fisher, c 8 1 13 2 1 Purtell, ss 9 2 6 10 Burns, p 10 1 3 8 Totals 86 2 11 78 35 3 Totals 83 1 13 78 28 2 Bloomington. 1000000000000000000000000 0—1 Decatur .... 0010000000000000000000000 1—2 Two-base hits — Snyder 2, Barkwell. Three-base hit — Keenan. Struck out by Clarke 11, Burns 6. First on balls — Off Clarke 7. Double plays — Purtell, Moore ; Burns, Fisher, Foster. Hit by pitcher — Keenan, Purtell, Barkwell, Fisher. Left on bases — Bloomington 11, Decatur 16. Stolen bases — Ruby, Moore, Jenkins 2, Keenan, Long. Sacrifice hits — Moore 2, Snyder, Clarke, Cutshaw. Passed ball — Langdon. Time — 4.30. Umpire — Clark. The complete standing records for extraordinarily long match games in the various departments of the base ball world are as follows : Longest amateur game — Brooklyn Athletic Club vs. East End All-Stars, 30 innings; score, Brooklyn Athletic Club, 4; East End All-Stars, 1; played at Cleveland, O., July 4, 1907. Longest professional game — Bloomington vs. Decatur; 26 innings; score, Decatur 2 ; Bloomington, 1 ; played at Bloomington, Ills., May 31, 1909. Second longest professional game — Grand Forks vs. Fargo ; 25 innings ; score, to 0; played at Devil's Lake, July 18, 1891. Longest mixed game — Manchester (Professional) vs. Harvard Col- lege ; 24 innings ; score, to ; played at Boston, Mass., May 11, 1877. Longest American League game — Boston vs. Athletics ; 24 innings ; Athletics, 4; Boston, 1; played at Boston, September 1, 1906. Longest National. League games — Cincinnati vs. Chicago ; 20 innings ; score, 7 to 7 ; played at Cincinnati, July 30, 1902. Philadelphia vs. Chicago, 20 innings ; score, Chicago, 2 ; Philadelphia, 1 ; played at Philadelphia, August 24, 1905. Longest college game — Wesleyan College vs. Trinity Colljege of Hart- ford ; 19 innings ; score 2 to 2 ; played at Hartford, Conn., June 6, 1907. Longest scholastic game — Pierce School vs. Bennett School ; 28 innings ; Pierce School, 4; Bennett School, 3; played at Boston, June 8, 1907. Longest independent game — Empire Club vs. Empals Club ; 28 innings ; score, Empire, 3 ; Empals, 1 ; played at South Bethlehem, Pa., June 10, 1907. Base Ball Records 165 WORLD'S RECORDS FOR TIME OF GAME. During the 1910 season, in one day, the record for speed in playing a regulation nine-inning game was twice broken. This notable achievement went to the credit of the Southern League, which already held the speed record — 44 minutes, made by the Atlanta and Shreveport teams, at Atlanta, on September 24, 1904. To Atlanta again went the honor of a new speed record, as the latest record performance took place at Atlanta, Ga., on Sep- tember 19, 1910, on the last day of the Southern League championship sea- son, when the Atlanta and Mobile teams played a full game in the wonder- ful time of 32 minutes. This amazing record was made possible by the two teams going on the field and coming to bat on the run. Invariably the first ball delivered to each batter was struck at, and usually hit, without any effort to "place" it. Thirty-five assists in the field tell the story. But one base on balls was recorded and only one strike-out. There were four stolen bases, one sacrifice hit, one wild pitch, three two-baggers, one three-bagger, one triple play and one double play. Following is the score of this record game : Mobile. AB. E. B. p. A. E. Atlanta. ab. r. b. p. a. e. Seitz, 2b 4 1 2 1 6 Bayless, cf 4 1 1 5 Berger, ss 4 2 4 Moran, If 4 1 Murphy, If 4 1 1 10 Smith, c 3 1 Swacina, lb . . . 4 17 1 Flaherty, rf 2 Wagner, cf 4 3 4 Jordan, 2b 3 1 2 2 Watson, rf 3 110 Lister, lb 3 2 15 Alcock, 3b 3 4 Walker, 3b 3 1 1 3 Shannon, c 3 2 10 Berkel, ss 3 2 3 Chappelle, p ... 3 4 1 Griffin, p 3 05 Totals 32 2 6 27 22 1 Totals 28 1 5 27 13 Mobile 1 1—2 Atlanta 1 0—1 Two-base hits — Bayless, Wagner 2. Three-base hit — Seitz. Double play — Berger, Seitz, Swacina. Triple play — Watson, Swacina, Shannon. Struck out — By Griffin 1. First on balls — Off Chappelle 1. Sacrifice hit — Watson. Stolen bases — ^Murphy, Bayless, Flaherty, Lister. Time — 32 minutes. Um- pire — Hart. On the same day, namely, September 19, 1910, at Nashville, Tenn., the Nashville and New Orleans teams rushed through the game in 42 minutes, which would have been a world's record but for the Atlanta-Mobile perform- ance the same day, and is the second best record now on the books. The game was played without a moment's delay, and not a base on balls, stolen base or sacrifice hit was registered, Nashville winning by 6 to 3. Up to the time the Atlanta-Shreveport record of 44 minutes was made, in 1904, the record was held by the Dayton and Ironton teams, which played a game in 47 minutes at Dayton, O., on September 19, 1884. A contest between Oakland and San Francisco, at San Francisco, November 9, 1893, was played in the same length of time. Los Angeles and Oakland played a double- header in record time on July 30, 1905. The first game was played in 47% minutes and the second game in 51 minutes ; total for the two full games, 1 hour and 38% minutes, less than the average time it usually takes to play one game. DISTANCE THROWING AND CIRCLING BASES. In Cincinnati, at the close of the 1910 base ball season, at a field meet, two new world's records were established. One was circling of the bases in 13 4-5 seconds by third baseman John Lobert, then of the Cincinnati team. The other was the feat of Sheldon Lejeune, of the Evansville, Ceji- tral League, Club, in throwing a regulation base ball under proper condi- tions 426 feet 6^ inches, thereby surpassing the record of John Hatfield by 25 feet 10% inches. Hatfield's throw, which stood as record for 38 years, was made at Brooklyn, October 15, 1872, and was 400 feet 7% inches. The new record by Lejeune was made at a Field Day under the auspices of the Cincinnati Club, at the Cincinnati Ball Park, October 10, 1910, and was a special contest on the program, between Lejeune and Eslar 1 66 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Foudrea, O'f Springfield, 111. The field events were contested by Cincinnati and Pittsburgh Club players, and the results were as follows: Beating out a bunt — John Lobert and Ward Miller, both of Cincinnati, tied at 3 2-5 seconds and divided the prize money. Fungo hitting — Won by Rowan, of Cincinnati. Distance, 398 feet 6^ inches. Circling the bases — Campbell, of Pittsburgh, and Lobert, of Cincinnati, tied. Time, 14 seconds. In the run-off Lobert won by repeating the circuit in 13 4-5 seconds. Catchers' accurate throwing — Won by McLean, of Cincinnati, by mak- ing two bullseyes out of three throws. Pitchers' control contest — Won by Harry Gaspar, Cincinnati. Record, eight strikes out of 11 balls thrown. Outfielders' accurate throwing — Paskert, Cincinnati, and Wilson, Pitts- burgh, tied on two throws, Paskert winning on the third. 100 yards dash — Won by Lobert, Cincinnati; Campbell, Pittsburgh, sec- ond ; and W. Miller, Cincinnati, third. J. Miller, Pittsburgh, also started. Time, 10 seconds. Experienced timers, who have been ofiiciating at Cincinnati amateur and professional meets for years, did the clocking and city surveyors did the surveying, so the new records cannot be questioned. In the 100-yard dashes and in the circling-the-bases contest the runners started from pistol reports. Prof. Alfred Brodbeck, physical director of Cincinnati University, did the pistol firing. Aside from a slight breeze, which just stirred the leaves on the trees, there was no wind blowing, so the performance went down in base ball record books as official. The officials were : Superintend- ent M. C. Longnecker, o-f the Cincinnati Gym, referee; Prof. Alfred Brod- beck, starter ; Morris H. Isaacs, clerk of the course ; Sam H. Straus, scorer ; Joe Andrews, Edward Brendamour and Edward Fox, timers ; J. W. Tarbell and Amos Foster, judges; Fred Clarke, Glark Griffith and Arthur Bender, , inspectors ; Lee Lucas and O. F. Merpal, measurers. In addition to the long-standing record of John Hatfield, which as above described, was surpassed by Sheldon Lejeune, two other long-distance throwing feats were claimed for the old-time pitcher, Ed. Crane, of the New Yorks, and infielder Hans Wagner, of Pittsburgh, but these feats were I never accepted as records, owing to lack of strict compliance with all of I the rules governing long-distance throwing for records. Crane's alleged throw was 135 yards, 1 foot % inch, at Cincinnati, October 12, 1884. Wagner's throw was 134 yards, 1 foot, 8 inches, made at Louisville, October , 16, 1898. Pitcher Twitchell, of St. Louis, at Macon, Ga., in 1893, threw a U ball 131 yards, 2 inches. The world's amateur record for long-distance throwing of a base ball by a female, held by Miss Bertha Burgett, of Elmira, N. Y. — 181 feet, made in 1902 — was broken at Iowa City, la., August 15, 1910, when Miss Ada Paintin threw a league ball 187 feet. The distance was measured by J. G. Griffith, coach of the Iowa football eleven. THE BASE STEALING RECORDS. Base running records in professional base ball have varied greatly in the two periods of pitching distance, namely the 50 feet distance from 1881 to 1893; and the 60 feet 5 inches distance in vogue since 1893 to the pres- ent time. Under the old distance the runner had a slight advantage of the pitcher, got a better start than nowadays, and was not relieved of the neces- sity of advancing himself by the sacrifice bunt play which did not come into vogue until 1888. Consequently stolen bases were much more numerous in that period than they were after the lengthening of the pitching distance in 1893 and the installation in 1893 of the sacrifice hit as a factor through exemption of the batsman from a time at bat. Up to this period first base- man Harry Stovey, o'f the Athletics, of the old American Association, held the base running record with 156 stolen bases in 1888. After that period, until 1910, the individual base stealing records steadily became smaller, as will be seen by the appended major league records from 1890 to 1913. In that long stretch of time 100 or more bases were stolen only five times in a championship season by a major league player. In 1890 Stovey, of the Players' League, stole 1.36 bases ; and Hamilton, of the National League, stole 102 bases. In 1891 Hamilton stole 115 biases; and Brown, of the Base Ball Records 167 American Association, stole 110 bases. In 1896 Lange, of Chicago, stole 100 bases. From that time until 1912 no player in any league made a cen- tury of stolen bases. As a matter of timely interest, and to show the long period of base-stealing retrogression — which appears to be, happily, ending contemporaneously with the increase in batting produced by the new, and now standard, cork center ball — we have compiled the major league record of annual best base-stealing records for the past 23 years, which is appended : 1890— Hamilton, Philadelphia, National League 102 1890 — Stovey, Boston, Players' League 136 1890 — Welch, Athletics, American Association 95 1891 — Hamilton, Philadelphia, National League 115 1891 — Brown, Boston, American Association 110 1892 — Brown, Louisville, National League 75 1893 — Ward, New York, National League 72 1894 — Hamilton, Philadelphia, National League 99 1895 — Hamilton, Philadelphia, National League 95 1896 — Lange, Chicago, National League 100 1897 — Lange, Chicago, National League 83 1898 — Clarke, Louisville, National League 66 1899 — Sheckard, Brooklyn, National League ' 76 1900 — Barrett, Cincinnati, National League 46 1901 — Hartsel, Chicago, National League 48 1901 — Isbell, Chicago, American League «. 48 1902 — Wagner, Pittsburgh, National Leagu6 43 1902 — Hartsel, Athletics, American League 54 1903 — Sheckard, Brooklyn ; Chance, Chicago, National League 67 1903 — Bay, Cleveland, American League 46 1904 — Wagner, Pittsburgh, National League 53 1904 — Flick, Cleveland, American League 42 1905 — Maloney, Cincinnati ; Devlin, New York, National League 59 1905 — Hoffman, Athletics, American League 46 1906 — Chance, Chicago, National League 57 1906 — Flick, Cleveland ; Anderson, Washington, American League 39 1907 — Wagner, Pittsburgh, National League 61 1907 — Cobb, Detroit, American League 49 1908 — Wagner, Pittsburgh, National League 53 1908 — Dougherty, Chicago, American League 47 1909 — Bescher, Cincinnati, National League 54 1909 — Cobb, Detroit, American League 76 1910 — Bescher, Cincinnati, National League 70 1910 — Collins, Athletics, American League 81 1911 — Bescher, Cincinnati, National League 80 1911 — Cobb, Detroit, American League 83 1912 — Bescher, Cincinnati, National League 66 1912 — Milan, Washington, American League 88 In the minor leagues during the decade from 1902 to 1913, inclusive, only a few players stole over 100 bases in one season. In 1910, outfielder W. H. Zimmerman, of the Utica (New York League) Club, stole 105 bases in 135 games. In 1912 outfielder Oliver Nicholson, of the Frankfort (Blue Grass League) Club, stole 111 bases in 123 games. In 1912, outfielder Ralph Meyers, of the Spokane (Northwestern League) Club, stole 116 bases in 159 games. In 1913, outfielder James Johnston, of the San Francisco (Pacific Coast League) Club, stole 124 bases in 201 games. On September 11, 1912, second baseman Eddie Collins, of the Athletics (American League), made a record with six stolen bases on catcher Kocner, of Detroit, in addi- tion to making four safe hits off pitcher Lake. LONGEST RUNS OF CONSECUTIVE VICTORIES. Herewith are given the various standing records for runs of consecutive victories by clubs in various classes of leagues : World's Record — 27 straight victories, made by the Corsicana team, of the Texas League, in 1902. Next Best Record — 25 straight victories, made by the Charlotte team. 1 68 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball of the Carolina Association, in 1902 ; and 25 straight, made by the Wilkes- Barre team, of the New York League, in 1912. National League Record — 20 straight victories, made by the Providence team, in 1884. American League Record — 19 straight victories, made by the Chicago team, in 1906. Other notable runs of consecutive victories were : By Jersey City, of the Eastern League, 24 straight, in 1903 ; by Austin, of the Texas League, 22 straight, in 1911; and 18 straight by the New York Nationals, in 1905. The world's record for consecutive de*feats was 26, made by Louisville, of the old American Association, in 1889 ; in the National League, 23 by Pitts- burgh, in 1890 ; and in the American League, 20 by Boston, in 1910. UNASSISTED TRIPLE PLAYS. One of the rarest feats in base ball is a triple play by a player without the assistance of another player. In the history of organized ball there have been only ten such plays recorded. The first feat of that kind was executed by outfielder Paul Hines, of the Providence National League Club, away back in 1878, and the feat stood unequaled for 24 years — and as a matter of fact it has been equaled but once from that time to 1914 in major leagues. Following is the complete record of unassisted triple plays : Paul Hines, of Providence team, at Providence, R. L, in 1878. Harry O'Hagan, o.f Rochester team, at Jersey City, N. J., in 1902. Larry Schafly, of Portland team, at Portland, Ore., in 1904. Simeon Murch, of Manchester team, at New Bedford, Mass., in 1906. Neal Ball, of Cleveland team, at Cleveland, O., in 1909. Walter Carlisle, of Vernon team, at Los Angeles, Cal., in 1911. Harry Calvert, of Woodburn team, at Woodburn, Ore., in 1911. Roy Aiken, of Waco team, at Houston, Tex., in 1912. John Foreman, of Kankakee, at Kankakee, 111., in 1912. William Rapp, of Portland, at Oakland, Cal., in 1912. FIRST BASE NO PUT-OUT RECORDS. In the average ball game the first baseman has the most put-outs, and in this respect first baseman James Fields, of Pittsburgh, is believed to hold the record, he having 32 put-outs in a 16-ianing game with Cincinnati, on April 24, 1885. Reverse records of the smallest number of put-outs by a first baseman are comparatively rare. In the long history of Base Ball there have been only six games played in which a first baseman failed to secure a put-out in the entire game. The record is as follows: August 6, 1891 — McCauley, first baseman of the Washington American Association team, in a game with Columbus, O., Club. August 12, 1906 — Emerson, first baseman of the Monson, Mass., team, in a game with the Stamford, Conn., Club. May 23, 1906 — "Jiggs" Donohue, of the Chicago White Sox, in a game with the New York Americans. June 24, 1910 — First baseman Arthur Ho'fman, of the Chicago Nation* als, in a game with the Boston team. July 10, 1910 — First baseman John Connors, of the South Bend (Cen- tral League) Club, in a game with the Terre Haute Club. May 20, 1911 — First baseman William McGamwell, of the Haverhill (New England League) Club, in a game with the Worcester team. July 18, 1911 — First baseman Schincel, of the Hartford (Connecticut League) team, in a game with Bridgeport, did not have a put-out until the tenth inning, and only three in 11 innings. July 2, 1913— First baseman W. L. Pressley, of Roanoke (Virginia League) Club, in a game with Norfolk, had no put-outs and only one assist. ANCIENT RECORDS AND INCIDENTS. The late William H. Rankin, who was official scorer for the Mutual Club, of New York, as far back as 1868, and a rare statistician, is responsi- ble for the following records and incidents of the early days of Base Ball : Harry Wright, of the Cincinnati team, made seven home runs in a game with the Holt Club, at Newport, Ky., June 12, 1867. Base Ball Records 169 Lip Pike, of the Philadelphia Athletics, made on July 16, 1866, six home runs — five in succession — against the Alerts of Philadelphia. The Eckford nine, o-f Brooklyn, N. Y., was the first base ball organiza- tion to go through a season without losing a single game. This it did in 1863. Charles J. Smith, of the once famous old Atlantics, of Brooklyn, N. Y., was the first professional player to retire while still in the zenith of his fame. The old Union Grounds, Brooklyn, N. Y., the first regularly enclosed ball field to which an admission fee was charged, were thrown open to the public on May 15, 1862. The Cincinnatis made 34 safe hits, with a total of 54 bases, and earned 18 of the 27 runs scored against the Allegheny team on September 12, 1888, at Cincinnati, O. Nat Hicks used a glove without thumb or fingers on his left hand dur- ing the Summer of 1875, which is believed to be the first glove that was ever worn regularly by a catcher. The Northwestern Association was organized December 6, 1865, at Chicago, 111. At the first annual meeting held at Chicago, December 19 and 20, 1866, 25 clubs were represented. Frank J. Fennelly, of the Atlantic City nine, made on May 25, 1882, six safe hits, with a total of 19 bases, in a game with the Keystone team, of Philadelphia, Pa. On July 11, 13 and 15, 1876, at St. Louis, the original St. Louis Browns shut out the Hart-ford team in three consecutive games by scores of 2 to 0, 3 to 0, and 2 to 0. John Lee Richmond, of the Worcester team, of the International League, shut out the Chicago team, of the National League, without a safe hit on June 2, 1879, at Worcester, Mass. Harvey Ross, of Brooklyn, and J. Van Horn, of New York, were the original makers of the base baU played with by the clubs in the pioneer days of the game, and they made remarkably good ones, at that. The largest number of runs ever made in a game was that credited to the Niagaras, of Buffalo, N. Y., of June 8, 1869, when they defeated a local nine called the Columbias, by the remarkable score of 209 to 10. Charley Bennett, while catching for the home team at Horner, Mich., to the pitching of Weidman, put out 23 — 20 being on strikes — and assisted at putting out the other four men — an unprecedented fielding -feat. The Olympic Club, of Philadelphia, was supposed to be the oldest town ball club in America. While the club was regularly organized in the Summer of 1833, the game had been played both in Philadelphia and Camden, N. J., for some years preceding that time. The opening of the first professional ball grounds in New York City — known as the Polo Grounds — occurred on September 29, 1880, when the Metropolitans and Nationals, o'f Washington, played the inaugural game. The first base ball rules committee was composed of Messrs. Duncan F. Curry, W. H. Tucker and W. R. Wheaton, and the rules formulated by them were adopted by the Knickerbocker Club, at a meeting held in New York City on September 23, 1845. During an artillery duel across the Rappahonnock River, in Virginia, in May, 1863, some of the soldiers were engaged in a game of ball just in the rear of the skirmishers, entirely heedless of the shrieking shells that went flying in all directions. About the longest base ball game on record was one played at Carroll- ton, Ky., during the Summer of 1868. It was started at 10 o'clock in the morning and called on account of darkness at 6 o'clock in the evening with only seven innings completed. At the annual meeting of the National Association of Base Ball Players, held in the Cooper Union, New York City, March 15, 1859, Rule 36 was amended to read : "That no party shall be competent to play in a match who receives compensation "for his services." The greatest number of home runs to a game that there is any rec- ord of was made by the Athletics, of Philadelphia, on May 9, 1866, while playing an amateur nine at New Castle, Del., the Athletics then being cred- ited with 19 clean home runs out of a total score of 131. The National League, which was organized at a meeting held at the old Grand Central Hotel, afterwards known at the Broadway Central, New York City, Wednesday, February 2, 1876, was the outcome of a bitter fight I/O Richter's History and Records of Base Ball between the Chicago Club and the Philadelphia Athletics, over David W. Force, a famous shortstop of that day. The first instance on record of a game being purposely lost by collusion of the players happened September 28, 1865, when the Eckfords defeated the Mutuals by 28 to 11, to the great surprise of the spectators. Subsequent events, however, showed that the game was sold by three of the Mutual players. At a special meeting of the National League held at Buffalo, N. Y., September 30, 1879, an agreement was secretly signed that no player was to be engaged that any club wished to retain, and each club was thereby per- mitted to reserve five men for the season of 1880, said five men to be named at a specified time. The Winona Club introduced Base Ball, the New York game, in Phila- delphia on May 18, 1860, when two nines were 'formed from the members of the club, and were captained, respectively, by Messrs. Bomeisler and Boyce. The first regular match game was played by teams of the Winona and Equity Clubs on June 11, 1860, the former winning by 39 to 21. The Athletics, of Philadelphia, once played a junior nine of that city, who failed to score a run in the first eight innings. In the ninth they were allowed 27 outs. Sixteen were put out in succession, and when this remark- able inning was brought to a conclusion, the juniors had scored only three runs, and these were made on careless fielding by the Athletics. The first shutout game that we can find any record of is credited to the Excelsiors, of Brooklyn, who defeated a strong picked nine from the mem- bers of the St. George Cricket Club, including Harry Wright, catcher; T. S. Daken, pitcher, and A. H. Gibbes, B. and P. Robinson, Sadler and Bett, all strong base ball and cricket players, by a score of 25 to 0, on November 8, 1860. Rapelye Boerum, while catching for the Atlantic nine, of Brooklyn, dur- ing the Summer of 1859, at the suggestion of Mr. William V. Babcock, president o'f the Atlantic Club, came up close behind the bat to prevent base stealing. This was the first time the experiment had ever been tried, and it proved so great a success that it was adopted by all the leading clubs in the vicinity of New York. The most one-sided contest between professional teams was the one played June 18, 1874, on the Union Grounds, Brooklyn — the anniversary, by the way, of Napoleon's famous defeat at Waterloo — when the Mutuals defeated Chicago by a score of 38 to 1. The Chicagos made only two safe hits, and were indebted to questionable decisions by the umpire for the only run they scored. On July 8, 1859, the Atlantic and Eckford Clubs, of Brooklyn, N. Y., played on the latter's grounds, the first of a series of games for the cham- pionship, the Atlantics winning by 25 to 15. The Eckfords won the second game played September 8, on the Atlantics' grounds by 22 to 16. The third and deciding game was played October 12, on the Eckford grounds, the Atlan- tics winning by 32 to 12. The famous old Athletic Club, of Philadelphia, was organized as a town ball club in May, 1859, but as soon as the superiority of Base Ball, then known as the "New York game," was seen, it was adopted and in June, 1860, the Athletics announced their preference for the new game. Their first regu- lar match game was played on October 4, 1860, when the Olympics defeated them by 19 to 18. While professionalism has existed in Base Ball from the early '50s, Mr. A. J. Reach, of the well-known sporting goods house of Philadelphia, the A. J. Reach Company, was the first player that there is any record of, to change his address for a stipulated sum. In June, 1864, he was offered a salary to play with the old Athletics, of Philadelphia, and he accepted it and moved from Brooklyn to Philadelphia, where he has ever since resided. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS. Herewith are given some ancient and modern records not covered in the above quoted list of records: Greatest number of championship games in one day — Three games, Sep- tember 1, 1890, Brooklyn vs. Pittsburgh ; scores, 10-9, 3-2, 8-4. In 1903 the Pittsburgh National League Club, from June 2 to June 9, inclusive, played and won six successive shut-out games (blanking New York Base Ball Records 171 two games, Boston three games, Philadelphia one and a half games), thus blanking all opponents for 56 consecutive innings — an unprecedented 'feat. Second baseman Bob Addy, of the Rockford Club, in 1866, stole a base by sliding for the first time. James H. O'Rourke, veteran catcher and outfielder, now president of the Eastern Association (formerly Connecticut League), holds the record for length of continuous service. He started as a catcher with the Mansfield Club, of Middletown, Conn., in 1872, played in the major league for 20 years, and played in the Connecticut League, which he organized, until 1911, when he caught his last game for the Bridgeport team — of which his son was the shortstop. The Boston National League Club is the only club in the country which has been represented in organized ball continuously since 1870. It was a member of the first organization, the National Association of Professional Players from 1871 to 1875, and has been continuously represented in the National League from 1876 to 1914. Second baseman Joe Quinn has the record of having played on nine championship teams, namely, one year with the St. Louis Browns, five years with the Boston Nationals, and three years with the Baltimore Nationals. At Toronto, in 1901, Charles Campau, o»f the Rochester team, circled the bases in 14% seconds, winning a gold watch for his effort. Best record to that time was 14% seconds, made by Harry Berthong, at Washington, D. C, in 1868. World's record is 13 4-5 seconds, made by John Lobert, at Cincinnati, O., in 1910. In the Pacific Coast League in the latter part of season of 1910, Port- land shut out opponents for 89 innings consecutively. Gregg, Krapp, Steen, Seaton and Garrett were the Portland pitchers who made the record. This broke the record that had been made by Pittsburgh of 56 innings in 1903. In the major leagues the largest number of victories won is credited to the Chicago National Club, namely 116 in 1906. The largest number of defeats was sustained by Cleveland, namely, 134 in a 154-game schedule in 1899. In the Southern League season of 1909, catcher Frank Owens, of Mem- phis, had 194 assists in 117 games, or nearly two men per game thrown out — believed to be a world's record. On July 4, 1878, the New Bedfords, under Frank Bancroft's manage- ment, and Hartfords, played three nine-inning games in three different cities — New Bedford, Taunton and Providence. The New Bedfords won all three games — 15 to 0, 3 to 1, and 18 to 3. In 1875 Boston won every game played on the home grounds, and lost only eight games in the entire season. In the National League the longest shut-out game was the Providence- Detroit 1-0 game of 18 innings, won by Providence, August 17, 1882. In the American League the longest runless game was the Washington-Detroit 0-0 game of 17 innings, played September 21, 1901. Greatest Batters of Base Ball 1 — Daniel Brouthers, ranking third in the National League's list of great batsmen. 2 — Adrian C. Anson, ranking second in the National League's list of great batsmen. 3 — John H. Wagner, the greatest batsman of Base Ball. 4 — Napoleon Lajoie, ranking first in list of great American League batsmen. 5 — Tyrus Cobb, ranking second in the list of great American League batsmen. BATTING- FIELDING pes^t tE^eam anb Snbibibual Patttng $er!ormancesi in tfie ||i«tar|> of tfie (game ^mce tJje 3ns(tttutian of ©tgani^eb Jlall. tIClie 3Recarbsf in tfje jFielbing department. N the playing of the game, batting, fielding and pitching records have been highly prized by the players, much appreciated by lovers and students of the game, and greatly expatiated upon by the writers of the great sport. Particularly is this true of batting — inasmuch as batting is the fea- ture of the game that appeals most to the spectators, to the managers and to the players — to the fan because it makes for action and gratifies his love for the spec- tacular; the manager, because it is the prime factor in game winning; and to the player because it establishes his rank in the game, both in the matter of fame and of salary. It has been said, and said truly, that the average ball player would "rather make a base hit than eat." Under the conditions it is small wonder that the most reliable records we have are batting records; and that they are also the most-sought and most-cherished records. That being the case, this class of records deserves a special chapter in this History and Records of Base Ball, which is herewith accorded : SUPREME INDIVIDUAL BATTING RECORDS. In the records of Base Ball since its development to full professional status there have been many great batsmen, as will be seen by the list of batting leaders of the great major leagues, given elsewhere in this chapter, but the five greatest batsmen the National game has yet produced are John H. Wagner, of Pittsburgh ; Napoleon Lajoie, of Cleveland ; A. C. Anson, of Chicago ; Dan Brouthers, of New York ; and Tyrus Cobb, of Detroit. These men are justly entitled to the pre-eminence accorded them here, and by the entire base ball world, inasmuch as they maintained supremacy, not for a few years, but virtually throughout exceptionally long careers in Base Ball. In this matter one player, supremely great as fielder and base runner, as well as batsman, is the Pittsburgh player, who can justly sub- scribe himself JOHN WAGNEK, WORLD'S BATTING CHAMPION. With the close of the 1913 season, shortstop Wagner finished his seven- teenth consecutive year as a .300 batsman — a record not equaled by any other player, ancient or modern, in any league. To make Wagner's record even more impressive it should be stated that before entering the major league with Louisville, 1897, he led the Atlantic League in batting in 1896, he batting .379, as a member of the Paterson, N. J., Club. Counting this 174 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball year, Wagner has batted .300 in 18 consecutive years ; but we give herewith only his major league record — three years with Louisville, and fourteen years with Pittsburgh — during which time he led the National League bats- men eight times, namely in 1900, '03, '04, '06, '07, '08, '09, '11 : YEAE. G. AB. B. H. SB. PCT. 1897 61 241 38 83 22 .344 1898 148 591 80 180 25 .305 1899 144 549 102 197 36 .385 1900 134 528 107 201 36 .380 1901 141 556 100 i 196 48 .352 1902 137 538 105/ 177 43 .329 1903 129 512 J&r 182 46 .355 1904 132 490 .r^7 171 55 .349 1905 147 548 / 114 199 57 .363 1906 140 516 103 175 53 339 1907 142 515 98 180 61 .350 1908 151 568 100 201 53 .354 1909 137 495 92 168 35 .339 1910 150 556 90 178 24 .320 1911 139 473 87 158 20 .334 1912 145 558 91 181 26 .324 1913 114 413 51 124 21 .300 2292 8619 1553 2953 661 .338 John H. Wagner was born at Carnegie, Pa., February 24, 1874. He started his professional career with the Paterson Club, of the Atlantic League, in 1896; joined Louisville in 1897, played with that team three years, and thereafter continuously with Pittsburgh. A. G. ANSON'S WONDEEFUL BEOORD. Next to Wagner comes Adrian C. Anson, the former Chicago manager- first baseman, who held the world's record with 15 consecutive .300 years, until Wagner surpassed it in the 1912 season. Anson's complete National League record is herewith given: YEAE. G. AB. B. H. PCT. 1876 66 264 51 98 .371 1877 47 187 36 60 .321 1878 59 251 38 83 .330 1879 49 190 31 61 .321 1880 84 358 61 132 .372 1881 84 343 67 137 .399 1882 82 348 67 126 .362 1883 98 413 69 127 .308 1884 Ill 471 108 159 .337 1885 112 464 100 144 .310 1886 125 504 117 187 .371 1887 122 532 107 224 .421 1888 134 515 101 177 .344 1889 134 518 99 177 .342 1890 139 504 102 157 .312 1891 136 537 82 158 .294 1892 147 561 62 154 .274 1893 101 381 70 123 .323 1894 83 347 87 137 .394 1895 122 476 88 161 .338 1896 106 403 72 135 .335 1897 112 423 66 128 .303 Totals 2253 8990 1682 3047 .331 A. C. Anson was born at Marshalltown, la., in 1851 ; made his profes- sional debut with the Rockford, 111., Club in 1870 ; played with the Athletics, of Philadelphia, from 1870 to 1875; joined the Chicago team in 1876 and played with that team continuously until 1897. He then^^t^ed to devote himself to private business in Chicago. ''" Batting — Fielding 175 GRAND BECORD OF BROUTHERS. Dan Brouthers, a gigantic first baseman, comes next with a record of fourteen consecutive years of .300 batting, during which he four times led his league in batting, namely in 1882, 1883, 1889 and 1891. Here is his complete .300 record: YEAR. G. AB. E. H. PCT. 1881 65 270 60 86 .318 1882 84 351 71 129 .367 1883 97 420 83 156 .371 1884 90 381 80 124 .325 1885 98 407 87 146 .358 1886 121 489 139 181 .370 1887 122 570 153 239 .419 1888 129 522 118 160 .306 1889 126 485 105 181 .373 1890 123 464 116 160 345 1891 123 488 111 160 .349 1892 152 552 121 197 .335 1893 75 267 53 93 348 1894 123 528 137 182 .344 Totals 1528 6194 1434 2194 .354 Brouthers was born at Sylvan Lake, N. Y., in 1858. He started as a pitcher in 1876 with the Active Club, of Wappinger's Falls, N. Y. His major league career began in 1881 with Buffalo, and he played with the Buffalo, Detroit, Brooklyn and Philadelphia Clubs, of the National League, and with the Boston Players' League and American Association Clubs. After 14 years of consecutive .300 batting, he slipped up in 1895, came back the next year with .330, and then retired from the major league field. NAPOLEON LAJOIE'S GREAT RECORD. Second baseman Napoleon Lajoie, of the Cleveland American League Club, has the third best record for continuous high batting averages. Like Wagner, he was the only player of this day who had a chance to equal or pass Anson's long-standing record, but he lost his chance in 1907, when, after batting over .300 for 10 successive seasons, he dropped below the standard mark for two successive years. Lajoie's complete record in the National League from 1896 to 1901, and in the American League from 1901 to 1913, inclusive, is as follows : YEAR. G. AB. R. H. PCT. 1896 39 174 37 57 .328 1897 126 545 108 198 .363 1898 147 610 113 200 .328 1899 72 308 70 117 .379 1900 102 451 95 156 .346 1901 131 543 145 220 .422 1902 87 352 81 129 .366 1903 126 488 90 173 .355 1904 149 554 92 211 .381 1905 65 244 29 82 .329 1906 152 602 88 214 355 1907 137 509 53 152 .299 1908 157 581 77 168 .289 1909 128 469 56 152 .324 1910 159 591 92 227 .384 1911 90 315 36 115 .365 1912 117 448 66 165 .368 1913 137 465 66 156 .335 Totals 2112 8249 1393 2892 .351 Lajoie is of French descent. He was born at Woonsocket, R. L, in 1875, and started his professional career with the Fall River Club, of the New England League, in 1896. He played with the Philadelphia National 176 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball League Club from Fall of 1896 to 1901; with the Athletic Club, of the American League in 1901; and with the Cleveland American League Club from 1902 to the present time. TYBUS OOBB'S wonderful RECORD. Outfielder Tyrus Cobb, of the Detroit Club, is the only batsman of this time with possibility of equaling or passing Wagner's world's record. He is a wonderful batsman in point of ability, but has not the physique to warrant hope that he will be able to stand the strain of major league play- ing as well as the four giants who now lead him in point of continuous service. So far as he has gone, however, he has excelled all of his com- petitors in one point. He has batted over .400 in two successive seasons ; and he has also led the batsmen of the American League seven times — which is glory enough for any batsman, having been excelled only by Wagner. Cobb's complete major league record is as follows : YEAR. 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 G. AB. R. H. PCT. 41 150 19 36 .240 97 350 44 112 .320 150 605 97 212 .350 150 581 88 188 .324 156 573 116 216 .377 140 509 106 196 .385 146 591 147 248 420 140 553 119 227 .410 122 428 70 167 .390 Totals 1144 4340 806 1612 .371 Cobb was born at Royston, Ga., in 1886. He started his professional career with the Augusta Club, of the South Atlantic League, in 1904. In the Fall of 1905 the Detroit Club purchased his release from the Augusta Club and he has played with the Detroit team from that date to the present time. OTHER FINE BATTING RECORDS. Apart from the great quintet above given, detailed records only show five players within the past 37 years who have batted .300 or better ten con- secutive years, namely: Willie Keeler, 13; Ed Delahanty and Joe.Kelley, 11 each ; Hugh Duffy and Jesse Burkett, 10 years each. Of the present day star batsmen, Jackson, Collins, Speaker and others will hardly last long enough in the game, even if they are able to hit .300 every year, to reach Wagner's mark. MAJOR LEAGUE BATTING LEADERS Herewith is given an official list of the batting leaders of the major leagues from the foundation of the Professional Association in 1871, after which the playing rules, and particularly the pitching rules, became grad- ually crystalized into the virtually perfect code of the present day. Pitcher Al Maul, with .450, had the highest average ever made in the National League ; but he participated in only 16 games in the year he made that average, Anson, with .421 in 122 games^ being the real leader of 1887 ; hence Hugh Duffy's .438 is the real high mark for the National League. In the American Association, outfielder "Tip" O'Neil carried off the honors with .492, the highest average of record — but made in the year of the four- strike rule. Second baseman Napoleon Lajoie enjoys the distinction of having amassed the highest average in the American League, .422. The highest average in the first Professional Association was .403, made by ih- fielder Levi Meyerle. The complete record follows, only actual batting leaders, that is, men who participated in from 50 to 100 or more games, being given : NATIONAI. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION. YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. 1871— L. Meyerle, Athletics 403 1874— J. McMullin, Athletics... .387 1872— R. Barnes, Boston 374 1875— R. Barnes, Boston 386 1873— R. Barnes, Boston 338 Batting — Fielding 177 NATIONAL LEAGUE. YEAR. NAME. CLUB. 1876 — R. Barnes, Chicago 1877— J. L. White, Boston 1878 — A. Dalrymple, Milwaukee, 1879— A. C. Anson, Chicago... 1880— G. Gore, Chicago 1881— A. C. Anson, Chicago... 1882— D. Brouthers, Buffalo... 1883— D. Brouthers, Buffalo... 1884— J. O'Rourke, Buffalo 1885 — R. Connor, New York . . . 1886— M. Kelly, Chicago 1887— A. C. Anson, Chicago... 1888— A. C. Anson, Chicago... 1889— D. Brouthers, Boston... 1890— J. Glasscock, New York 1891— W. Hamilton, Philad'a. . 1892— *C. Childs, Cleveland 1892— *D. Brouthers, Brooklyn. 1893— J. Stenzel, Pittsburgh... 1894— H. Duffy, Boston PCT. .403 .385 .356 .407 .365 .399 .367 .371 .350 .371 .338 .421 .343 .373 .336 .338 .335 .335 .409 438 YEAR. NAME. CLUB. 1895— J. Burkett, Cleveland 1896— J. Burkett, Cleveland 1897 — W. Keeler, Brooklyn 1898 — W. Keeler, Brooklyn. 1899— E. Delahanty, Philad'a.., 1900— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.., 1901— J. Burkett, St. Louis 1902— C. Beaumont, Pittsburgh, 1903— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.. 1904 — J. Wagner, Pittsburgh . . 1905 — J. Seymour, Cincinnati.. 1906— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.. 1907— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.. 1908— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.. 1909— J. Wagner, Pittsburgh.. 1910— S. Magee, Philad'a 1911 — J. Wagner, Pittsburgh . . 1912 — H. Zimmerman, Chicago. 1913— J. Daubert, Brooklyn... *Tied. PCT. .423 .410 .432 .379 408 .380 .382 .357 .355 .349 .377 .339 .350 .354 .339 .331 .334 .372 .350 AMERICAN ASSOCIATIiaN. YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. 1882— L. Browning, Louisville. .382 1883— Thos. Mansell, St. Louis, .383 1884— T. Esterbrook, Metropo'n, .408 1885 — L. Browning, Louisville. .367 1886— D. Orr, Metropolitan 346 YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. 1887— J. E. O'Neil, St. Louis... .492 1888— J. E. O'Neil, St. Louis. . . .332 1889— T. Tucker, Baltimore 375 1890— Jas. Wolf, Louisville 366 1891— D. Brouthers, Boston 352 AMERICAN LEAGUE. YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. 1900— J. Ganzel, Kansas City.. .391 1901— N. Lajoie, Athletics 422 1902— E. Delahanty, Washing'n, .376 1903— N. Lajoie, Cleveland 355 YEAR. NAME. CLUB. PCT. 1907— T. Cobb, Detroit 350 1908— T. Cobb, Detroit 324 1909— T. Cobb, Detroit 377 1910— T. Cobb, Detroit 385 1904— N. Lajoie, Cleveland 381 1911— T. Cobb, Detroit 420 1905— N. Lajoie, Cleveland 388 1912— T. Cobb, Detroit ;' .410 1^6— G. Stone, St. Louis 358 1 1913— T. Cobb, Detroit 390 INDIVIDUAL BATTING RECORDS. At Boston, May 30, 1894, second baseman Robert Lowe, of the Boston National League Club, made four home runs and a single off pitcher Cham- berlain, of Cincinnati. At Chicago, July 13, 1896, outfielder Ed Delahanty, of the Philadelphia National League Club, made four home runs and a single off pitchers Terry and Garvin, of Chicago. At Omaha, June 8, 1889, third baseman Jack Crooks, of the Omaha Western Association team, made four home runs and a single against the St. Paul Club and drove in 13 runs out of 19 made. At Binghamton, July 25, 1893, outfielder W. Bottenus, of the Spring- field Eastern League Club, made three home runs in two consecutive innings against the Binghamton Club. At Hamilton, Ohio, September 9, 1913, catcher Jackley, of Ironton, Ohio State League, made 'four home runs and a single off pitcher Nash, of Hamilton. At Buffalo, May 12, 1895, outfielder Billy Bottenus, of the Buffalo Eastern League Club, made four home runs and a double against the Wilkes- Barre Club. At St. Joseph, Mo., June 30, 1912, outfielder Zwilling, of St. Joseph, made, three home runs, and catcher Gossett, same team, two home runs against St. Joseph. In 1912, outfielder Tyrus Cobb, of the Detroit American League Club, made an American League record with 83 stolen bases, 149 runs, 247 safe hits and a run of safe hitting in 40 consecutive games. In the National League, at Pittsburgh, August 22, 1910, shortstop 12 178 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Wagner, of the Pittsburgh team, in a double-header, in seven times at bat, made seven hits, including two home runs, three doubles and two singles, a total of 16 bases. In the American League, at St. Louis, October 9, 1910, in a double- header between St. Louis and Cleveland, second baseman Lajoie, of Cleve- land, in eight times at bat made eight hits, including a triple and seven singles. In 1895 first baseman Perry Werden, of the Minneapolis Club, of the Western League, made 45 home runs in the season — the world's record! In 1901, catcher Frank Roth, of the Bvansville, Central League, Club, made 36 home runs — the second-best record. In 1899, first baseman John Freeman, of the Washington, National League, Club, made 25 home runs — the major league record. In 1888, in a game at Buffalo, between the Buffalo and Rochester teams, of the International League, Rochester made four home runs in one inning off pitcher Hart — shortstop Fred Miller getting two homers and infielder Henry Simon and "Sandy" Griffin one homer each. At Chicago, September 30, 1911, pitcher Ed Walsh, of the Chicago American League Club, made a world's record in a "fungo-hitting" contest by batting a fly ball 419 feet one-half inch — thus beating the record of 413 feet 8% inches, made by outfielder Mike Mitchell, of Cincinnati, in 1907. On September 9, 1911, outfielder Patterson, of the Vernon (Pacific Coast League) team, made three home runs in the game. On June 2, 1912, outfielder Manning, of the Holyoke (Eastern Asso- ciation) team, made three home runs off three Bridgeport pitchers in three successive innings. TEAM BATTING RECORDS. The Philadelphia National League team, in 1894, in a game with Louis- j ville, at Louisville, made 36 safe hits off pitcher John Wadsworth — a major / league record. / The Chicago National League team, in the seventh inning of a game .' with Detroit, on September 6, 1883, made 18 hits and 18 runs in one inning, off pitchers Weidman and Burns, winning the game, 26-6 — a world's record. In 1894 Boston scored 16 runs in one inning against Baltimore. In 1893, Louisville scored 14 runs in one inning against Cincinnati. In 1894 Baltimore scored 14 runs in a ninth-inning rally against Boston. The Paris team, of the Texas League, on May 15, 1903, made nine home runs against Corsicana, player Bateman scoring four homers, player Wolf three homers, and players Coyle and Walsh one homer each. On June 29, 1897, at Chicago, the Chicago Nationals defeated Louis- ville, 36-7 ; and on August 2, 1883, the Providence Nationals defeated Phila- delphia, 28-0 — both world's records for modern base ball. In the South Atlantic League, Macon, on August 5, 1912, defeated Albany, 26-4, in a record-breaking game. Macon scored in every inning but one; made 31 hits off pitchers Filingin and McCay ; and stole 16 bases. Second baseman Pry sock got five hits in seven times up ; outfielder Cruise and first baseman Calhoun each got four hits in seven times up,, and third baseman Herold got four hits in five times up. Four men got three hits each and pitcher Vors got the least hits — two in six times at bat. At Richmond, Ky., on September 3, 1912, the Richmond and Frankfort teams, of the Blue Grass League, performed a wonderful — and probably unique — feat by finishing a game in which a total of 39 safe hits were made in 57 minutes. Richmond made 10 runs and 18 hits off pitcher Langfitt; and Frankfort made 7 runs and 21 hits off pitcher Cameron, of which out- fielder Nicholson and first baseman Gust each got four hits in five times up. In the Ohio-Pennsylvania League, in a double-header between Steuben- ville and Bast Liverpool, at Steubenville, on July 23, 1912, 12 home runs were made. In the first game East Liverpool batsmen made three homers and Steubenville one. In the second game East Liverpool batsmen got five Batting — Fielding 179 homers, including two each by outfielder Mackert and first baseman Deedon, and Steubenville got three homers. In the first game pitcher Shipe, of East Liverpool, won, 5-2, by striking out 17 batsmen. At Chicago, August 3, 1911, the Brooklyn National League team de- feated Chicago, 5-3, three Brooklyn batsmen — outfielder Zimmerman, catcher Erwin and outfielder Wheat — making three home runs in succession in the fifth inning, two off pitcher Richie and one off pitcher Toney. In an exhibition game at Bay City, Mich., September 11, 1882, between the Bay City team and the Worcester team, of Worcester, Mass., Worcester made 47 hits, including seven home runs. Smith got eight hits, Stovey and Evans, six hits each ; Irwin, Hayes, Creamer and Mountain, five hits each. In the National League, in 1893, 65 batsmen batted for .300 or better ; and in 1894, 94 batsmen batted for .300 or better — a league record. In the Northwestern League, on May 11, 1913, Vancouver defeated Spokane, 6-4. All of these runs were the result of home runs, seven such hits being scored. For Vancouver first baseman Walsh, second baseman Bennett, third baseman McMurdo and outfielder Frisk each got one homer. For Spokane second baseman Wagner, pitcher Coveleskie and outfielder Johnson each got one homer. In the National League, in the Cincinnati-Chicago 9-6 game of June 30, 1913, one ball only was used throughout the entire game, in spite of the fact that 15 runs were scored and it was a heavy-hitting game. At the close of the contest Umpire O'Day still had two clean balls in his pockets, not having thrown out a new one during the entire nine rounds. Umpire O'Day said this was a record for him in all the years he had been umpiring. INDIVIDUAL FIELDING RECORDS. Outfielder Fred Clarke, of Pittsburgh, on April 25, 1912, made a National League record with 10 put-outs of St. Louis men in left field. Left fielder Harry Bay, of Cleveland, made the American League record with 12 put-outs in 1908. In 1912, first baseman Konetchy, of the St Louis National League Club, went through 54 successive games without an error, accepting 592 chances. Same year second baseman Wrigley, of the Lima (Ohio League) Club, played 35 successive games without an error, accepting 210 chances. In the Winchester- Shelby ville (Blue Grass League) game of July 21, 1910, first baseman Mullen, of Shelbyville, had 21 put-outs and one assist. All of the put-outs were made by the battery and the infield, as follows : Put-outs — Mullen, first base, 21 ; Horn, catcher, 5 ; Kraher, second base, 1. Assists — Kraher, second base, 10 ; Goosetree, third base, 3 ; Callahan, short- stop, 3 ; Horn, catcher, 1 ; Black, pitcher, 3 ; Mullen, first base, 1. The out- field never handled a single ball. Score, 2-0. Battery — Winchester: Black, pitcher, and Horn, catcher ; Shelbyville : Vallandigham, pitcher, and Minger, catcher. On May 30, 1895, at Philadelphia, outfielder "Dusty" Miller, of the Cincinnati National League team, threw out four Philadelphia players at first base from right field. On August 23, 1910, outfielder Fred Clarke, of the Pittsburgh National League team, made four assists from left field, throwing out a Philadelphia runner at each of the four bases. In 1905, catcher Ossie Schreckengost, of the Athletics (American League), accepted 889 chances. In 1907, first baseman "Jiggs" Donohue, of Chicago (American League), accepted 1986 chances. In 1904, second baseman John Evers, of Chicago (National League), accepted 899 chances. In 1899, third baseman James Collins, of Boston (National League), accepted 601 chances. In 1892, shortstop Robert Allen, of Philadelphia (National League), accepted 955 chances. In 1899, outfielder James Slagle, of Washington (National League), accepted 424 chances. Outfielder Samuel L. Thompson, of the Detroit Club, of the National League, in 1887, played in all of the games (championship and exhibition) played by that team, 184 — a record. Catcher George Gibson, of the Pittsburgh National League Club, in 1909, caught consecutively in 140 games out of a 154-game schedule. In 1908, catcher Claude Berry, of the San Francisco (Pacific Coast League) Club, caught in 163 games — but that was under an eight months' schedule. In 1908, catcher Bresnahan caught 139 games for the Ncav York (National League) team. In 1912, catcher Louis Ritter, of the Utica (New York i8o RicHTER^s History and Records of Base Ball League) Club, caught in every game of the 139 games, and three innings of a postponed game, played by his club. At Yazoo City, Miss., on June 11, 1912, one catcher was behind the bat for both teams for 16 innings in the Cotton States League double- header between Columbus and Yazoo City. In the second inning o'f the first game the Columbus catcher was hurt and there was no one to take his place. The Yazoo City catcher, Taylor, volunteered to keep the game going, and it was agreed to by all in authority. Yazoo City won both games. Great Pitchers Who Hold Various Records for the World IN THE Major Leagues 1 — Arthur Cummings, inventor of curve pitching in 1867. 2 — A. G. Spalding, great pitcher of decade from 1865 to 1875. 3 — J. Luby, holder of a consecutive winning record of 17 games. 4 — Charles Sweeney, holder of the major league strike-out record for a game. 5 — George E. Waddell, holder of the major strike-out record for a season. 6 — Tim Keefe, holder of major league record among right-handed pitchers for consecutive- vic- tories. 7 — Denton T. Young, holder of the world's record for length of major league service. 8 — Richard Marquard, holder of major league record among left-handed pitchers for consecutive victories. PITCHING RECORDS Wbt M^np W^onhtxinl ^rotien Jfeatsf of Ancient anb ilobern ^itcfters;, in tfie Way of ^trifee=©ttte, Consiecutibe 3Runs; of Victories?, anli ©tfjer particulars^ ^et jForttj in JBetaiL exceptional performances? Jgp Jlanp ^itcftersf. S THE game of Base Ball revolves about the pitcher, as a wheel turns with its axle, it is quite natural that many striking records should have been made in that department of the game. In the chapter on the development of the Playing Rules we have noted all of the changes made in the pitching rules as a result of the constant effort to equalize the defense, as represented by pitching and fielding, with the offense, as embodied in batting and base running. It is therefore not necessary to go over that ground again, hence this chapter will be devoted to concise and correct narration of the various standing records made in the pitching department of Base Ball. GAME AND SEASON STRIKE-OUTS. In nearly every department of his work the pitcher requires the assistance of his team-mates to make records and accomplish results, except in the matter of strike-outs. Here the pitcher can stand upon his own bottom and depend upon his own efforts. Even if badly seconded behind the bat, the pitcher is bound to get full reward for his part of the work, as he is credited with a strike-out even if the catcher fails to complete the play with an out, or requires assistance to make the out. To this fact is due the public delight in pitching duels, which are usually close contests ; and the unflagging interest in strike-out performances and records. INDIVIDUAL STRIKE-OUT RECORDS. Appended will be found a correct list of the best records in individual strike-out feats from the early days up to 19 14. In the list all the records were made at the modern pitching distance of 60 feet 5 inches — which, time has proven, helps. 1 82 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball rather than handicaps, the pitcher by reason of increased control and curving power — except the records of Sweeney and Ramsey. Sweeney's record was made at the 50-feet distance and the "high or low ball" rule handicap, and Ramsey had to surmount the additional handicap of the "four-strike" rule, which was in effect in 1887 — and in that year only. Under the conditions Ramsey's feat is to be justly considered as the most wonderful of its kind ever performed. It should be noted that of the below record- holding pitchers, Pierce, Ramsey and Waddell were left-handed pitchers. The records follow: Best professional record — Pitcher William Mitchell, of San Antonio (Texas League), struck out 20 Galveston batsmen in 1909. Pitcher Frank Davis, (>f Knoxville (Appalachian League), struck out 20 Bristol batsmen in 1912. Pitcher Fred Applegate, of Paris (Blue Grass League), struck out 20 Mount Sterling batsmen in 1912. Best extra-inning record — Pitcher George Pierce, of Scran ton (New York State League), struck out 15 Wilkes-Barre batsmen in the first 9 innings and 22 in the entire game of 13 innings in 1912. Best National League record — Pitcher Charles Sweeney, of Providence, struck out 19 Boston batsmen in 1884. Best American Association record — Pitcher Tom Eamsey, of Louisville, struck out 17 Cleveland batsmen in 1887. Best American League record — Pitcher Glade, of St. Louis, struck out 16 Washington men in 1904, and Waddell, of St. Louis, struck out 16 Athletic men in 1908. Best college record — Pitcher Mike Lynch, of Brown University, struck out 21 Columbia batsmen in 1903 ; pitcher Conzelman, of Brown University, struck out 21 Columbia batsmen in 1911. SEASON STRIKE-OUT RECORDS. The matter of season strike-out records has been the subject of more or less controversy. During the 1910 season Walter Johnson, of the Washington (American League) Club, struck out 313 men in 42 games — and this was claimed as a world's record. It was quickly shown, however, that Waddell, of the Athletic (American League) Club, in 1904 struck out 343 men in 46 games — an average of nearly eight strike-outs per game. That this could only stand as a major league record was decided when in 1910 pitcher Vean Gregg, of the Portland (Pacific Coast League) Club, struck out 367 men in 395 innings, an average of 8.34 strike-outs per game for 44 'full games pitched. An investigation by Herbert Pontius, a base ball statistician, revealed that even Gregg's feat could not be absolutely accepted as a world's record — except at the modern 60 feet 5 inches pitch- ing distance. Mr. Pontius' figures, published in 1912, claimed the major league season strike-out records for a full quarter of a century to be as follows : No. Struck Ave. Rtdiers, Tear. Games. Out. Per G. H. Daly 1884 54 464 8.59 Waddell .... 1904 39 323 8.30 Waddell 1903 33 264 8.00 Ramsey 1886 63 494 7.85 Kilroy ...... 1886 65 505 7.77 Shaw 1884 61 459 7.52 Johnson 1910 41 307 7.49 Whitney 1884 35 261 7.46 Waddell 1905 36 268 7.44 Burke 1884 33 238 7.21 Waddell 1908 27 194 7.19 No. Struck Ave. ' Pitchers. Tear. Games. Out. Per G. Matthews 1885 46 298 6.47 W. Sweeney . . 1884 55 352 6.47 Clarkson 1886 51 325 6.37 Rusie 1891 54 342 6.34 Morris 1884 50 313 6.28 Mathewson .. 1903 40 254 6.27 Ramsey 1890 40 254 6.27 C. Sweeney .. 1884 53 384 6.22 Buffington ... 1884 65 453 6.18 C. Baldwin . . . 1886 55 346 6.18 Ames 1905 28 173 6.17 Pitching Records 183 No. struck Ave. Pitchers. Year. Games. Out. Per G. Ames . 1906 22 156 7.09 Waddell . . . . . 1907 28 198 7.03 Overall . 1908 2B 141 6.18 Henderson . . 1884 49 840 6.98 Waddell .... . 1902 '80 205 6.88 Keefe . 1888 49 884 6.50 Walsh . 1910 36 234 6.50 Pitchers. Terry Waddell 1901 26 158 Stivitts 1890 47 283 Mathewson ... 1901 33 198 Keefe 1884 57 342 Ramsey 1887 62 372 No. Struck Ave. Year. Games. Out. Per G. 1888 22 134 6.04 6.04 0.02 6.00 6.00 6.00 An investigation of the above alleged feat of Hugh Daly (a famous one-armed pitcher in the '80s), as shown by the box scores published in Sporting Life in 1884, revealed that Daly in that year pitched for the Chicago National League Club in 15 games with 140 strike-outs; that he then jumped to the outlaw Union League (which could not be classed as a major league) and pitched in 26 games with 225 strike-outs for the Chicago Unions ; in 10 games, with 67 strike-outs, for the Pittsburgh Unions, and in two games with 14 strike-outs for the Washington Unions — a total of 446 strikeouts in 53 games, an average of 7.75 strike-outs per game, made at the 50-feet pitching distance. Admitting Daly to the major league list he would still be only entitled to sixth place, just behind Kilroy, leaving Waddell in undisputed possession of the record, to which he is doubly en- titled by reason of his 1904 feat (which in the Pontius record above is given as 323 instead of 343) and the fact that he figures high in the list seven times all told, with a grand total of 1610 strike-outs in 219 games for a grand average of 7.80 per game and 230 strike-outs per year for seven years. CONSECUTIVE VICTORIES BY PITCHERS. The major league season of 1912 was made memorable by the establish- ment of three new records of consecutive victories by pitchers. In the Na- tional League pitcher Marquard, of New York, equaled Tim Keefe's long-standing record ctf 19 straight. In the American League, first pitcher Johnson, of Washington, and then pitcher Wood, of Boston, established new records for that league with 16 consecutive victories each. Herewith is given a correct resume of the most remarkable records of consecutive victories made by major league pitchers : TIM KEEFE'S RECORD OF NINETEEN. Contrary to general belief, the highest record of consecutive victories up to 1912 was not achieved by John Luby, of the Chicago Club — for reasons set forth below — but by the famous Tim Keefe, of the New York Giants of 1888, then under the management of "Jim" Mutrie and the captaincy of the late "Buck" Ewing, considered by many competent critics the one "perfect player" of his day and generation. In this year Keefe, a right-handed pitcher, pitched and won 19 consecutive games — a feat which won the Na- tional League championship for New York that year, and yet attracted such scant attention that it was but little commented upon, and was vir- tually forgotten until 1912 ; and that, too, in spite of the fact that after Keefe had -won his 19 straight, he lost a game, and then came right back with two successive shut-out victories with, respectively, only two hits and one hit. On the whole 1888 season this great pitcher won 35 games, lost 12 games, and tied 4 games. His consecutive winning record of the season was as follows : TIM KEEFE, NEW YORK, N. L., 1888. 50 Feet; 5^/^x4 Box. High or Low Ball Abolished. DATE. June 23— Keefe, June 26 — Keefe, June 29— Keefe, July 2— Keefe, 4 — Keefe, 7— Keefe, 11— Keefe, 13— Keefe, July July July July July July OPPOSING CLUB. 7; Phila., 6. 4; Phila., 1. 8; Washing'n, 3. 6 ; Washing'n, 2. 4; Detroit, 1. 6; Pittsburgh, 4. 5 ; Indianap's, 2. 4; Indianap's, 0, 16— Keefe, 12; Chicago, 4. 17— Keefe, 7 ; Chicago, 4. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. July 20— Keefe, 7; Phila., 6. July 23— Keefe, 2; Boston, 0. July 25— Keefe, 5; Boston 1. July 28— Keefe, 4; Phila., 2. Aug. 1 — Keefe, 5 ; Washing'n, 4. Aug. 3— Keefe:, 9; Boston, 6. Aug. 6 — Keefe, 3 ; Indianap's, 2. Aug. 8 — Keefe, 4 ; Indianap's, 1. Aug. 10— Keefe, 2; Pittsburgh, 1. i84 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball MARQUARD'S RECORD OF NINETEEN. Tim Keefe's record, after standing alone since 1888, was equaled by Marquard, of the New York Giants, in 1912 — a left-handed pitcher thus, for the first time, taking a place among the record-breaking pitchers, here- tofore all right-handers. The records of Marquard, Keefe and Radbourn, however, were each made under different conditions, thus m;aking exact comparison or duplication impossible, or, at least unfair. The Marquard record was made under the present pitching distance of 60 feet 5 inches from the home plate, with pitching slab and one step in delivery ; adopted in 1893. Keefe's record was made at the old distance of 50 feet with the pitcher confined to a 5%x4 box. Radbourn's record was made at the 50-feet distance, box 6x4, but with the batsman privileged to call for a high or low ball; which privilege was abolished in 1887. At first glance Marquard's feat, under the present long pitching distance, would seem the most diffi- cult, but,^ as a matter of fact, experience has proven that the lengthened distance increased rather than diminished the pitcher's effectiveness, as it permits of much better curve without perceptible effect on speed or change of pace. Following is the complete and correct record of Marquard's unique m;odern performance up to its closure on July 8, 1912: R. MAEQIJARD, NEW Y«OEK, N. L., 1912. 60 Feet, 5 Inches ; 24-inch Slab ; One Step. DATE. June 3 — Marquard, June 8 — Marquard June 12 — Marquard, June 17 — Marquard, June 19 — Marquard, June 21 — Marquard, June 25 — Marquard, June 29 — Marquard, July 3 — -Marquard, OPPOSING CLUB. 8; St. Louis 3. 6; Cincin'ti, 2. 3; Chicago, 2. 5; Pittsb'h, 4. 6; Boston, 5. 5; Boston, 2. 2; Phila., 1. 8; Boston, 6. 2 ; Brooklyn, 1. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB, Apr. 11 — Marquard, 18 ; Brook'n, 3. Apr. 16 — Marquard, 8; Boston, 2. Apr. 24 — Marquard, 11; Phila., 4. May 1 — Marquard, 11; Phila., 4. May 7— Marquard, 6; St. L., 2. May 11 — Marquard, 10; Chicago, 3. May 16 — Marquard, 4; Pittsb'h, 1. May 20 — Marquard, '3; Cincin'i, 0. May 24 — Marquard, 6; Brook'n, 3. May 30 — Marquard, 7; Phila., 1. RADBOURN'S RECORD OF EIGHTEEN. The most wonderful pitching record ever made, all conditions con- sidered, was the 18 straight victories achieved by Charles Radbourn, of the Providence Club, of the National League, in 1884. Radbourn pitched all of the victories within a month — many of them on successive days — and in the 18 games yielded double figures in hits only twice ; his first defeat after the 18 victories was a 2-0 defeat at the hands of Buffalo, he yielding only five hits ; and thereafter he pitched 8 more successive victories, making a total of 26 victories in 27 games pitched from August 7 to September 18 — a performance never equaled for skill and endurance, especially when we consider that it was performed at 50 feet, 6x4 box, and with the batsman privileged to call *for high or low ball. All things considered, Radbourn's record, under the distance and handicaps of 1884, combined with the lack of latter-day accoutrements of the fielders, must still stand as the most m,arvelous pitching performance of record, especially when we consider that it was achieved within less than a month — was, in fact, virtually a con- tinuous performance. The record of the 18 games won is as follows : RADBOURN, PROVIDENCE, N. L., 1884. 50 Feet. Box 6x4. High or Low Ball Mandatory. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. Aug. 7 — Radbourn, 4; N. Y., 2. Aug. 9 — Radbourn, 1 ; Boston, 0. Aug. 11 — Radbourn, 4; Boston, 1. Aug. 12 — Radbourn, 4 ; Boston, 0. Aug. 14 — Radbourn, 1 ; Boston, 0. Aug. 15— Radbourn, 3 ; Cleve'd, 2, Aug. 19 — Radbourn, 4; Detroit, 2. Aug. 21 — Radbourn, 5 ; Chicago, 3. Aug. 23 — Radbourn, 7; Chicago, 3. DATE. Aug. 27 — Radbourn, Aug. 28 — Radbourn, Aug. 29 — Radbourn, Aug, 30 — Radbourn, Sept. 2 — Radbourn, Sept. 3 — Radbourn, Sept. 4 — Radbourn, Sept. 5 — Radbourn, Sept. 6 — Radbourn, OPPOSING CLUB. 5; Chicago, 3. 6 ; Chicago, 4. 7; Detroit, 1. 6; Detroit, 5, 4; Buffalo, 0. Buffalo, 1. Cleve'd, 1. Cleve'd, 4. Cleve'd, 0. 10; 3i 5i Pitching Records 185 WELCH'S RECORD OF SEVENTEEN. A record almost equaling that of Radbourn as to successive victories was made by pitcher Mickey Welch, of the New York Nationals, in 1885, under same distance, box, and high-and-low-ball handicaps, as obtained for Radbourn in 1884. In the 1885 season Welch pitched and won 17 suc- cessive games — notwithstanding which great feat, however, the Giants failed to win the championship, Chicago beating them out after a close race. Fol- lowing is Welch's record of consecutive victories : MICKEY WELCH, NEW YOKK, N. L., 1885. 50 Feet. Box 6x4. High or Low Ball Mandatory. DATE. July 18— Welch, July 21— Welch, July 23— Welch, July 27— Welch, July '30— Welch, Aug. 1 — Welch, Aug. 6— Welch, Aug. 10— Welch, Aug. 12— Welch, OPPOSING CLUB. 3; St. Louis, 2. 8 ; Detroit, 7. 15 ; St. Louis, 3. 6; Detroit, 3. 3 ; Buffalo, 1. 7; Chicago, 6. 1 ; Chicago, 0. 12; Chicago, 0. 3 ; Boston, 2. DATE. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug, Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. 15— Welch, 12 18— Welch, 7 20— Welch, 7 22— Welch, 9 26— Welch, 6 28— Welch, 3 31— Welch, 5 4r— Welch, 6 OPPOSING CLUB. ; Providence, 2. ; Philadelphia, 3. ; Philadelphia, 1. ; Philadelphia, 0. ; Providence, 0. ; Boston, 1. ; Philadelphia, 1. : Boston, 3. LUBY'S RECORD OF SEVENTEEN. An amazing thing is that pitcher John Luby, of the Chicago National League Club, should have been credited with a record of 20 consecutive victories in 1890, and that record should have stood unchallenged and with- out investigation until the 1912 year, when Marquard's wonderful perform- ance caused an overhauling of the records such as they have not had within two decades. The ready acceptance of the alleged Luby record can only be explained on two grounds, namely, first, the fact that in Luby's time pitchers' records were based upon the runs earned off the pitching and without any reference whatever to the games won and lost ; and second, to the fact that in 1890-91 public and critic attention was entirely absorbed in the Brotherhood war and the subsequent League-Association war, the work and records of the players being lost sight of in these momentous clashes of principles, policies and personalities. A thorough search of Sport- ing Life file of 1890 by the Editor o'f this History and Records of Base Ball reveals the fact that Luby's best performance in that season was 17, not 20, consecutive victories. In the unofiicial statistics, widely published, Luby was credited with a run of victories starting with July 8 and ending October 3. Investigation revealed that between July 8 and July 22 Luby lost four consecutive games to Boston, Brooklyn and Philadel- phia ; on July 20 he and Dem,aree jointly lost a game to Brooklyn ; and for August 13 he was credited with a game in which Stein pitched and Luby played first base. According to Sporting Life's files Luby's winning streak began on August 6 and was thereafter maintained until the close of the season on October 3, as per the following record : JOHN LUBY, CHICAGO, N. L., 1890. 50 Feet. Box 5^/^x4. High or Low Ball Abolished. date. opposing CLUB. Aug. 6 — Luby, 7 ; Cleveland, 1. Aug. 9 — Luby, 6; Pittsburgh, 4. Aug. 19 — Luby, 7; Pittsburgh, 4. Aug. 25 — Luby, 6; New York, 5. Aug. 28— Luby, 13; Philadelphia, 3. Sept. 1 — Luby, 4; Boston, 1. Sept. 5 — Luby, 12 ; Cincinnati, 8. Sept. 10— Luby, 8; Pittsburgh, 1. Sept. 12— Luby, 17 ; Cleveland, 2. date. opposing CLUB. *Sept. 13— Luby, 11; Cleveland, 6. Sept. 15 — Luby, 6 ; Cincinnati, 3. Sept. 18 — Luby, 8 ; Cincinnati, 4. Sept. 19— Luby, 10 ; Brooklyn, 5. Sept. 22— Luby, 14; Brooklyn, 1. Sept. 27— Luby, 6; Boston, 2. Sept. 30 — Luby, 6 ; Boston, 4. Oct. 3— Luby, 3; New York, 2. * Stein started ; Luby finished. M'CORMICK'S RECORD OF SIXTEEN. The question of pitching records caused a revival in 1912 of a false claim for pitcher McCormiek, of the Chicago National League Club, whose origin is shrouded in mystery, but which was first given the appearance of i86 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball authenticity by its inclusion in a hastily-compiled record book published in the West some years ago. In this book McCormick was credited with a record of 24 straight victories in 1886. Various papers in 1912 revamped this alleged record notwithstanding its refutation by the Spoeting Life some years ago. In Sporting Life of 1886 appear the scores of all National League games played that year, and the "Reach Guide" of that year also gives his record, and that record shows absolutely that McCormick did not pitch in 24 consecutive victories in 1886 — or any other year — and never even equaled Radbourn's great record of 18 straight victories in 1884. As a matter of fact, McCormick's record in 1886 was 16 straight victories, which was the best performance of his career; although in 1884 he won 14 straight games for the Cincinnati Club, of the outlaw Union League — an inferior organization to which he, in company with Briody and Glasscock, jumped from the Cleveland Club in mid-season. McCormick's genuine 1886 record follows: JAMES M'CORMICK, CHICAGO, N. L., 1886. 50 Feet. Box 7x4. High and Low Ball Mandatory. OPPOSING CLUB. I DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. May 5 — McCormick, 9; St. L., 6. May 7— McCormick, 6; Detroit, 2. May 10 — McCormick, 7; Boston, 1. May 13— McCormick, 7 ; N. Y., 3. May 18 — ^McCormick, 7 ; Wash'n, 6. May 21— McCormick, 9 ; Phila., 2. " June 2 — McCormick, 9 ; Boston, 0. June 5 — McCormick, 4; N. Y., 0. June 8— McCormick, 3; N. Y., 2. June 12— McCormick, 8; Kan. C, 2. June 19 — McCormick, 5; Detroit, 4. June 24— McCormick, 9; Wash'n., 8. May 24— McCormick, 8; Phila.; 5. "I June 28— McCormick, 3; Phila., 2. May 28— McCormick, 20 ; Was'n., O-l July 1— McCormick, 7 ; N. Y., 3. JOHNSON'S RECORD OF SIXTEEN. Walter Johnson, the great pitcher of the Washington team, of the American League, in the 1912 season established a new American League pitching record with 16 successive victories — thus topping the record of 14 straight, made by "Jack" Chesbro, in 1904. It was hoped and believed that Johnson, from the way he was going and the fast team behind him, would surely tie the Marquard-Keefe major league record o'f 19 straight, and possibly pass it, thus creating a new major league record. It must ever be a regret that he was stopped under conditions that led to controversy and left the sting of keen disappointment and strong dissatisfaction. On Monday, August 26, in the second game of a double-header with St. Louis, Johnson was sent in to relieve Hughes in the seventh inning with the score tied, 2-2, and with one out and two men on bases. Before Johnson could retire the side the two base runners scored and ultimately St. Louis won out, 4-3. There was much argument as to whether Hughes or Johnson should be charged with the defeat; and a disposition to saddle the defeat upon Hughes with a view to enabling Johnson to pursue his efforts for a supreme record. The matter was referred for official decision to President Johnson, of the American League, and he properly, and as was expected, ruled that the defeat should be charged to Johnson. This was the only just and logical decision that could have been rendered, for the reason that with the score tied, no matter how many men were left on base by his predecessor, Johnson would have been credited with a victory had his team won out, and he was, therefore, justly charged with defeat when his team lost out. Broad- ly considered, it was just as well that President Johnson ruled as he did, otherwise any record Johnson might have made after a favorable decision would have been forever questioned and attributed to partisanship. Follow- ing is the record of Johnson's victories which give him the American League record — which is some glory, anyhow : WALTER JOHNSON, WASHINGTON, A. L., 1912. 60 Feet, 5 Inches; 24-inch Slab; One Step. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. I DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. * July 13— Johnson, 10 ; N. Y., 2. | Aug. 2— Johnson, 4 ; Detroit, 0. tJuly 5 — Johnson, 6; N. Y., 5. |$Aug. 5 — Johnson, 8; Chicago, 7. Pitching Records 187 DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. §Aug. 7 — Johnson, 10; Chicago, 1. Aug. 11 — Johnson, 3; St. Louis, 2. II Aug. 15 — Johnson, 4 ; Chicago, 3. Aug. 16 — Johnson, 4; Chicago, 0. Aug. 20 — Johnson, 4; Cleveland, 2. Aug. 23 — Johnson, 8 ; Detroit, 1. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. July 8 — Johnson, 4; Cleveland, 3. July 14 — Johnson, 7 ; Chicago, 2. July 16 — Johnson, 7; Chicago, 2. July 22— Johnson, 5 ; Detroit, 3. July 25 — Johnson, 7; Detroit, 5. July 28 — Johnson, 4 ; Cleveland, 1. ♦Relieved by Musser, with Washington leading, 9 to 1. tRelieved Engle with New York leading, 4 to 1. ^Relieved Cashion, with score tied. § Relieved by Engle, with Washington leading, 7 to 1. II Relieved Cashion, with score tied. WOOD'S RECORD OF SIXTEEN. Topping off a season of remarkable pitching records — such as 19 straight games by Marquard, of New York ; 16 straight by Johnson, of Washington ; 11 straight by Dubuc, of Detroit ; and 7 straight by Tesreau, of New York — pitcher Joe Wood, of the Boston Red Sox, achieved the feat of winning 16 straight games from July 8 to September 15, 1912, thus equaling the new American League record achieved by Walter Johnson earlier in the 1912 season. In the hope of enabling Wood to pass Johnson's record, Manager Stahl held him out of the final Boston series with Cleveland, that team having proven a hard one all season for the Boston team ; and pitted him against Detroit, on September 20. The plan miscarried, as Boston was de- feated, thus ending all hope of making a superior American League record or a new National League or world's record. Wood's defeat by Detroit was partly due to his own lack of control and partly to Covington's exceptional effectiveness. Covington was officially credited with the victory. Following is the record of Wood's victories : JOSEPH WOOD, BOSTON, A. L., 1912. 60 Feet, 5 Inches; 24-inch Slab; One Step. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. July 8— Wood, 5; St. Louis, 1. July 12— Wood, 1; Detroit, 0. July 17— Wood, 7; Chicago, 3. July 23— Wood, 6; Cleveland, 3. *July 28— Wood, 7; Chicago, 4. Aug. 2— Wood, 9 ; St. Louis, 0. Aug. 6 — Wood, 5 ; Cleveland, 4. Aug. 10 — Wood, 4; Detroit, 1. DATE. OPPOSING CLUB. Aug. 14— Wood, 8; St. Louis, 0. Aug. 20— Wood, 6; Detroit, 2. Aug. 24— Wood, 8; Cleveland, 1. Aug. 28— Wood, 3 ; Chicago, 0. Sept. 2— Wood, 1; New York, 0. Sept. 6 — Wood, 1; Washington, 0. Sept. 10— Wood, 5 ; Chicago, 4. Sept. 15— Wood, 2 ; St. Louis, 1. ♦Relieved by Bedient in fifth inning, with Boston ahead ; Wood credited with victory. BAXTER SPARKS' WORLD'S RECORD. The above records leave the consecutive victories records of other pitch- ers so far behind that it is not worth while to do more than enumerate them briefly. They ' are : Rusie, New York Nationals, 1894, 15 straight ; Young, St. Louis Americans, 1902, 13 straight ; Young, Boston Americans, 1903, 13 straight ; Waddell, Athletics, 1903, 13 straight ; Chesbro, New York Americans, 1904, 14 straight; Reulbach, Chicago Nationals, 1909, 14 straight — all made at the modern pitching distance. The best record of successive victories made by any pitcher in any league under modern con- ditions, of which we have any record, belongs to a minor league pitcher. In 1904, pitcher Baxter Sparks, of the Yazoo City, Miss., Club, of the Delta League — the parent of the later Cotton States League — pitched 33 games, of which he won 21 in succession. In making this record he pitched three double-headers, which included three shut-outs ; four games in one week against two teams; and a no-hit game. In 1913 pitcher Ralph Bell, of the Winona Club, of the Northern League, won 19 consecutive games. BEST INDIVIDUAL SEASON PITCHING RECORD. There have been many wonderful pitching records made in organized bail since the development of Base Ball into a National game, but the best individual record for any one season was made by pitcher Charles Rad- 1 88 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball bourn, o'f the Providence National League team of 1884. Radbourn, in 1884, worked in 80 full games for Providence, then in the National League — 71 scheduled championship games, six exhibitions and three games in the World's Series, winning 66 and losing 12. Two were tie games. His per- centage of victories was .846, the second highest on record. A. G. Spalding had a pitching percentage of .899 in games won, made in 1875, but that record was made at the 45-f6et distance, as against 50 feet in Radbourn's time. About the mtiddle of the season of 1884 the great Sweeney deserted the Providence Club for the St. Louis team of the Union Association. This left Radbourn without assistance and that is why he made his famous record by pitching 38 consecutive games, winning 34, and 18 of them in succession. It was due entirely to his wonderful work that Providence won the pennant that year. Following is Radbourn's complete 1884 record : CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES. CLUB. RES. AB. H. E. BB. SO. SCORE. Cleveland W. 33 5 2 1 4 2-5 Buffalo W. 32 5 2 2 3 2-5 Buffalo W. 31 5 1 2 2 1-3 Chicago L. 38 8 5 3 3 5-0 Detroit W. 31 5 3 4 5 3-25 Detroit W. 38 8 2 1 7 2-5 New York W. 28 3 1 3 0-3 Philadelphia W. 38 7 1 6 1-8 New York W. 38 13 4 8 4-10 New York W. 42 12 9 2 7 9-12 Philadelphia W. 34 7 2 1 9 2-9 Boston T. 54 4 1 8 1-1 Detroit W. 30 2 10 0-10 Detroit W. 45 3 14 0-1 Boston L. 38 11 4 1 3 4-1 Boston W. 53 7 3 2 13 3-4 Philadelphia W. 30 5 1 2 4 1-13 New York W. 30 1 1 1-15 Chicago W 39 12 6 3 8 6-8 Chicago W. 35 10 4 1 4 4-13 Chicago L. 37 10 5 2 5 5-4 Cleveland L. 35 12 4 1 2 4-2 Cleveland W. 37 10 2 5 2-4 New York L. 41 15 12 1 4 12-7 Cleveland W. 35 10 3 3 1 3-10 Buffalo W. 41 13 9 2 9-14 Buffalo L. 35 9 5 1 9 5-1 Boston W. 30 4 1 8 0-2 Boston L. 33 7 7 2 6 7-1 Boston W. 33 6 6 2 8 6-9 Boston L. 33 9 5 2 6 5-2 New York W. 29 9 5 6 4 5-11 Philadelphia W. 37 10 3 1 8 3-16 New York W. 33 6 5 3 6 5-8 New York T. 34 8 3 1 6 3-3 New York W. 36 7 3 6 3-7 New York L. 41 9 2 7 2-1 New York W. 31 4 2 1 1 2-4 Boston W. 35 2 1 12 0-1 Boston W. 29 2 1 2 3 i- 3 Boston W. 32 7 8 0-4 Boston W. 30 6 1 5 0-1 Cleveland W. 32 5 2 2 11 2-3 Detroit W. 31 5 2 2 10 2-4 Chicago W. 32 8 3 6 4 3-5 Chicago W. 37 6 3 2 2 8-7 Chicago W. 33 6 3 1 5 3-5 Chicago W. 36 11 4 1 2 4-6 Detroit W. 34 7 1 6 1-7 Detroit W. 44 10 5 1 7 5-6 Buffalo W. 30 3 10 0-4 Pitching Records 189 CLUB. RES. AB. H. R. BB. SO. SCORE. Buffalo W. 34 9 1 1 7 1-10 Cleveland W. 33 8 1 3 1-3 Cleveland W. 32 5 4 8 4-5 Cleveland W. 31 6 1 8 0-2 Buffalo L. 29 5 2 1 8 2-0 Cleveland W. 35 9 3 2 5 3-5 Cleveland W. 33 5 1 11 1-9 Buffalo W. 34 6 2 4 2-8 Buffalo W. 36 7 1 7 1-6 Cleveland W. 35 9 2 1 2 2-10 Detroit W. 33 6 2 1 8 2-4 Detroit W. 34 7 5 2 5 5-9 Detroit W. 38 10 6 2 4 6-9 Detroit L. 39 9 7 3 8 7-1 Chicago L. 33 7 5 3 6 5-3 Chicago W. 34 6 3 2 7 3-8 Buffalo W. 32 7 1 7 1-4 Cleveland W. 39 10 7 2 2 7-9 Cleveland W. 32 4 1 2 2 1-8 Philadelphia W. 33 5 2 3 0-8 EXHIBITION GAMES. CLUB. RES. AB. H. E. BB. SO. SCORE. Baltimore W. 31 6 2 1 7 2-9 Washington W. 24 3 3 8 3-6 Harrisburg W. 27 4 2 2 2 2-9 Cincinnati W. 37 2 1 10 1-2 Trenton W. 30 4 1 1 6 1-7 Allegheny W. 33 8 2 5 0-9 world's series. club. res. a3. h. r. bb. so. score. Metropolitan W. 31 2 8 0-6 Metropolitan W. 25 3 1 1 6 1-3 Metropolitan W. 24 5 2 1 2-5 BEST INDIVIDUAL SERVICE RECORD. The 1912 base ball season witnessed the final retirement from the major league arena of that famous pitcher, Denton T. Young, who has had a long, honorable and unique career in base ball, no other pitcher ever having made such a record as Young for continuous major league service. It embraced 22 consecutive years, beginning with Cleveland in the Fall of 1890, after a short preparatory career with the Canton Club, and embraced engagements with the Cleveland Nationals, St. Louis Nationals, St. Louis Americans, Boston Amiericans, Cleveland Americans, and Boston Nationals, ending in 1912, with the last-named club. During his long career as a pitcher Young achieved many wonderful feats, including four no-hit games — one against the Athletics in which he did not allow a man to reach first base. In 1904 he pitched 45 straight innings without being scored on, and in 1905 he pitched and lost a 20-innings game against the Athletics. He also played on three champion teams and one world's champion team. He completed his twen- tieth year as a major league pitcher in the Fall of 1910, and after two years of infrequent pitching, retired in 1912, when his twenty-second year had been half completed. Following is Young's complete record : YEAR. CLUB. LEAGUE. G. BA. SB. FA. W. L. PCT. BB. SO. 1890— Canton, 0.,...(Tri. League) 1890— Cleveland (National League) 17 143 2 832 27 22 .581 129 152 1891— Cleveland (National League) 52 163 796 10 7 .588 28 37 1892— Cleveland (National League) 52 163 5 879 36 10 .783 109 166 1893— Cleveland (National League) 48 251 4 855 34 17 .667 110 131 1894r-Cleveland (National League) 48 213 4 902 25 21 .543 100 100 1895— Cleveland (National League) 46 215 3 932 35 10 .777 74 121 1896— Cleveland (National League) 48 304 1 860 29 16 .644 64 137 1897— Cleveland (National League) 45 218 9 829 21 18 .538 51 90 1898— Cleveland (National League) 44 253 2 920 24 14 .631 40 98 190 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball teab. club. league. 6. ba. sb. fa. w. l. pct. bb. so. 1899— St. Louis (National League) 43 216 1 870 26 15 .634 48 101 1900— St. Louis (National League) 39 185 1 850 20 18 .526 36 120 1901— Boston.. (American League) 45 223 1975 31 10.756 37 161 1902— Boston. . (American League) 45 220 925 32 12 .727 39 166 1903— Boston.. (American League) 41 330 2 946 28 9.757 38 182 1904— Boston.. (American League) 43 290 2 923 26 16.619 30 205 1905— Boston. . (American League) 38 150 9 967 18 19 .486 29 207 1906— Boston.. (American League) 40 154 937 13 21.382 27 144 1907— Boston.. (American League) 45 216 936 22 15.595 48 139 1908— Boston.. (American League) 36 226 957 21 11 .656 37 150 1909— Cleveland (American League) 34 190 1 916 19 15 .550 59 112 1910— Cleveland (American League) 21 145 1 919 7 10 .412 27 58 1911— Cleveland (American League) 7 3 4 .428 1911— Boston... (National League) 11 4 6.400 1912 — Boston ...( National League) *Totals 868 ... 38 ... 500 300 .63011792768 *Total does not include years of 1911 or 1912 ; no official record being given pitchers who participated in less than 15 games. The record would not be complete without pointing out some of the sen- sational feats achieved by this wonderful pitcher in his long and honorable career. Here is a partial list : May 4, 1904, shut out Philadelphia Athletics without a hit, not a man reaching first base. June 24, 1892, for Cleveland, held St. Louis Browns to 16-innings tie, 3-3, at St. Louis, allowing five hits. July 4, 1905, lost to Athletics, 4-2, in 20-innings contest against Waddell. In 1904 he beat Ed Killian, of Detroit, 1-0, in 15 innings. June 30, 1908, he pitched a no-hit game against New York Americans, no player reaching second base, and made three hits. MAJOR LEAGUE NO-HIT GAMES. A feat that is the perfection o'f pitching art, is the aspiration of every pitcher, and is so comparatively rare that many really great pitchers have never been able to add such a feat to their records, is the no-hit feat — that is to dispose of an opposing team in a regulation nine-inning game without a safe hit. The difficulty and rarity of the feat is illustrated by the fact that from the date of the organization of the first professional league only 73 pitchers in leagues of major league caliber have succeeded in accomplishing the feat, an average of only about one a season. The difficulty of the feat is not hard to understand. It means that the pitcher must have had the craft to fool at least 27 hitters. Not only must he have kept them from putting out hard drives into places of safety ; he must also have had the fielding ability to prevent a little bunt dropped along either base line, and beaten to first base, from marring the clean record of ciphers in the hit column. The infield hit counts just as big in the statistics as the drive that clears the fence, and nowadays, with the fast men that play the game, it is indeed an unusual contest where at least one player is not able to beat out a bunt. The first no-hit game of record was achieved by pitcher Mann, of Prince- ton, against Yale, on May 29, 1875. The first professional pitcher to per- form this feat of which there is any record was pitcher Joseph Borden, of Philadelphia, against Chicago, on July 28, 1875. In the semi-professional and minor league circles of the late '70s, the feat was performed five times, as follows : By James Galvin, o'f St. Louis Reds, against Phila- delphia, July 4, 1876 ; by James Galvin, of St. Louis Reds, against the Cass Club, of Detroit, August 17, 1876 ; by Lee Richmond, of Worcester, against Chicago, June 2, 1879; by Lee Richmond, of Worcester, against Springfield, July 28, 1879; and by Jack Lynch, of Washington Nationals, against Baltimore, May 24, 1880. Since tlaat time the feat has been per- formed many times by pitchers in minor leagues, and under the foul-strike rule, in vogue since 1901, they have become more plentiful in the minor leagues than in the major leagues. For purposes o*f record, however, we are only concerned with the latter organizations, in which alone we find the acme of both pitching and batting skill. Herewith are given all of the no-hit feats of record in the major leagues since the beginning of organized professional baU in 1871 : Pitching Records .191 PBOFESSIONAL ASSOCIATBON. YEAR. DATE. PLAYER. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1875 — July 28 — Borden Philadelphia vs. Chicago. 1875 — Aug. 4 — Devlin Chicago vs. Philadelphia. UNION LEAGUE. YEAR. DATE. PLAYER. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1884 — ^Aug. 26 — Burns Cincinnati vs. Kansas City. PLAYERS' LEAGUE. YEAR. DATE. PLAYERS. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1890 — June 21 — King Chicago vs. Brooklyn. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION. YEAR. DATE. PLAYERS. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1882 — Sept. 11 — MuUane Louisville vs. Cincinnati. 1882 — Sept. 19 — Hecker Louisville vs. Allegheny. 1882 — Oct. 10 — Driscoll Allegheny vs. Louisville. 1883— Oct. 21— tMountjoy Cincinnati vs. Toledo. 1884 — May 6 — ^McKeon Indianapolis vs. Cincinnati. 1884 — May 24 — Atkisson Athletics vs. Allegheny. 1884 — May 29 — Morris Columbus vs. Allegheny. 1884 — June 5 — Mountain Columbus vs. Washington. 1884 — Oct. 4 — Kimber Brooklyn vs. Toledo, 10 innings 1886 — May 1 — Atkisson Athletics vs. Metropolitan. 1886— July 24— Terry Brooklyn vs. St. Louis. 1886— Oct. 6— Kilroy .Baltimore vs. Pittsburgh. 1888 — May 27 — Terry .Brooklyn vs. Louisville. 1888 — June 6 — Porter Kansas City vs. Baltimore. 1888— July 31— Weyhing Athletics vs. Kansas City. 1890 — Sept. 15 — Titcomb Rochester vs. Syracuse. 1891 — Sept. 4 — Breitenstein St. Louis vs. Louisville. AMERICAN LEAGUE. YEAR. DATE. PLAYERS. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1902— Sept. 20— Callahan Chicago vs. Detroit. 1904 — May 5 — * Young Boston vs. Athletics. 1904 — Aug. 17 — Tannehill Boston vs. Chicago. 1905— July 22— Henley Athletics vs. St. Louis. 1905— Sept. 6— F. Smith Chicago vs. Detroit. 1905 — Sept. 27 — Dineen Boston vs. Chicago. 1908 — June 30 — Young Boston vs. New York. 1908 — Sept. 18 — Rhoades Cleveland vs. Boston. 1908— Sept. 20— F. Smith Chicago vs. Athletics. 1908— Oct. 2—* Joss Cleveland vs. Chicago. 1910 — Apr. 20 — Joss Cleveland vs. Chicago. 1910 — May 12 — Bender Athletics vs. Cleveland. 1911— July 29— Wood Boston vs. St. Louis. 1911 — Aug. 27 — Walsh Chicago vs. Boston. 1912— July 4— MuUin Detroit vs. St. Louis. 1912— Aug. 30— Hamilton St. Louis vs. Detroit. NATIONAL LEAGUE. YEAR. DATE. PLAYERS. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1876— July 15— Bradley St. Louis vs. Hartford. 1880 — July 12 — *Richmond Worcester vs. Cleveland. 1880— July 17— * Ward Providence vs. Buffalo. 1880 — Aug. 19 — Corcoran Chicago vs. Buffalo. 1880— Aug. 20— Galvin Buffalo vs. Worcester. 1882 — Sept. 20 — Corcoran Chicago vs. Worcester. 1883 — July 25 — Radbourn Providence vs. Cleveland. 1883— Sept. 13— Dailey Cleveland vs. Philadelphia. 1884 — June 27 — Corcoran Chicago vs. Providence. 1884— Aug. 4— Galvin Buffalo vs. Detroit. 1885 — July 27 — Clarkson Chicago vs. Providence. 1885 — Aug. 29 — Ferguson Philadelphia vs. Providence. 192 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball YEAB. DATE. PLAYEBS. OPPOSING TEAMS. 1891 — June 22 — Lovett Brooklyn vs. New York. 1891 — July 31 — Rusie New York vs. Brooklyn. 1892 — ^Aug. 6 — Stivetts Boston vs. Brooklyn. . 1892 — Aug. 22 — Sanders Louisville vs. Baltimore. 1892 — Aug. 15 — Jones Cincinnati vs. Pittsburgh. 1893 — Aug. 16 — Hawke Baltimore vs. Washington. 1897 — Sept. 18 — Young Cleveland vs. Cincinnati. 1898— Apr. 22 — Hughes Baltimore vs. Boston. 1898 — Apr. 22 — Breitenstein Cincinnati vs. Pittsburgh. 1898 — July 8 — Donahue Philadelphia vs. Boston. 1898 — Aug. 21 — Thornton Chicago vs. Brooklyn. 1899 — May 25 — Phillippe Louisville vs. New York. 1899 — Aug. 6 — Willis Boston vs. Washington. 1900 — July 12 — Hahn Cincinnati vs. Philadelphia. 1901 — July 15 — Mathewson New York vs. St. Louis. 1903— Sept. 18— Fraser Philadelphia vs. Chicago. 1905 — June 13 — Mathewson New York vs. Chicago. 1906 — May 1 — Lush Philadelphia vs. Brooklyn. 1906— July 20— Eason Brooklyn vs. St. Louis. 1906 — May 8 — Pfeffer Boston vs. Cincinnati. 1907— Sept. 20— Maddox Pittsburgh vs. Brooklyn. 1908 — July 4 — Wiltse New York vs. Philadelphia, 10 innings. 1908 — Sept. 5 — Rucker Brooklyn vs. Boston. 1912— Sept. 6— Tesreau New York vs. Philadelphia. *No hit, not a man reaching first base. fOnly one hit made in game, Cincinnati getting one hit off Cushman, of Toledo. In Joss' no-hit game of October 2, 1910, only one hit was made in the game, Cleveland getting one hit off pitcher Walsh. REMARKABLE PITCHING FEATS. In the New England League, on September 6, 1911, pitcher Wolfgang, of Lowell, shut out Lynn, 1-0, in 12 innings, with two hits. Not a Lynn man reached first base or made a hit in 10 innings. Then Lynn got one hit in the eleventh and one more hit in the twelfth inning. Pitcher Walter, of Lynn, struck out 10 men and yielded only five hits. From 1901 to 1911, pitcher Mathewson, of the New York National League Club, won 22 successive games from the Cincinnati team. Pitcher Ben Sanders, of the Athletic (American Association) team, in 1891, pitched only 68 balls in a game against St. Louis — a world's record. In 1903, pitcher Oliver Faulkner, of the Wilmington, Del., Club, shut out opposing teams consecutively in 77 innings — a world's record. In 1907 pitcher Wilhelm, of the Birmingham, Southern League, Club, shut out opposing teams in 59 consecutive innings. In 1910 pitcher Alexander, of the Syracuse, New York League, Club, shut out opponents in 52 consecu- tive innings, during which he yielded only 22 hits. In 1910 pitcher Coombs, of the Athletic, American League, Club, shut out opponents in 46 con- secutive innings. In 1913 pitcher Walter Johnson, of the Washington, American League, Club, shut out opponents in 56 consecutive innings. In 1913, pitcher Christy Mathewson, o'f the New York, National League, Club, pitched 47 consecutive innings without giving a base on balls. Pitcher Hedgepeth, of the Petersburg Club, of the Virginia League, at Petersburg, on August 13, 1913, established a new record when he pitched and won both games of a double-header with Richmond. In the first game he allowed but one hit, winning his game, 1-0 ; in the second game he shut Richmond out, 10-0, without a safe hit. In the two games he only gave three bases on balls — one in the first game and two in the second game — and did not hit a batsman. In the first game Hedgepeth gave pitcher Ayers, of Richmond, the latter's first defeat after 13 successive victories. Pitcher William Whittaker, of the Keokuk, Central Association, Club, at Keokuk, la., on August 12, 1913, established a new record when he pitched 21 scoreless innings in a double-header with the Waterloo team, during which he allowed only five safe hits. Whittaker won his first game, 1-0, and the second game, 2-0, the contest going to 12 innings. Pitcher Rudolph Schwenck, of the Saginaw Club, of the South Michi- gan League, made a modern pitching record in 1913. In four days from July 6 to July 9, inclusive, he pitched four full games and finished another -^36 innings in all. He struck out 33 men in 36 innings and allowed 21 hits, which netted his opponents seven runs. Modern Pitchers Who Stand Out Pre-Eminently Great IN Some Respects 1 — Christy Mathewson, the greatest modern pitcher in point of effec- tiveness and control. 2 — Walter Johnson, considered the fastest pitcher in the world up to 1914. 3 — Edward J. Walsh, the most effective of all spit-ball pitchers. 4 — Edward Plank, the greatest of all left-handed pitch- ers in point of control. 5 — Grover Alexander, estimated to be a finished expert in all points of pitching. 6 — Napoleon Rucker, the best all-around left-handed pitcher of his time in the National League. 7 — Albert Bender, the greatest Indian pitcher ever developed in Base Ball. 8 — Edward Reul- bach, considered to be second only to Walter Johnson in point of speed. THE GREAT PITCHERS ai JSrief aeiebiettj of tf|E Careers; of tije (great ?|ofl(t of jMajor league ^itctierj; OTifio ^atie Carbeb (But Jpor W^tm- sielbesJ permanent places; in tt^t pasfe pall ©all of jFame. lOME years ago — or in 1908, to be precise — the late William Rankin, of Brooklyn, pub- lished an interesting review of the great pitchers of Base Ball, past and present, for which task he was well fitted, in view of the fact that he could speak from per- sonal knowledge of the great ones of the past, he having been the official scorer of various clubs in the Metropolitan District in the early days of the game, including the famous Mutuals in the late '60s. His article is, therefore, well worth reproducing here, as it is both educational and interesting; and is herewith given in full with some additions by the Editor of this History and Records of Base Ball^ to bring it up to date : "Since the days 'when father was a boy' and the pitchers used the old side-arm underhand swing, the seemingly endless battle between the pitcher and the batsman has been going on with varying success. As early as 1876, when the National League was organized, the authorities had in mind the curbing of the pitcher. At intervals it was found necessary to ALLOW THE TWIRLER MORE LATITUDE, then to check him once more. Finally came the adoption of the foul-strike rule, the rule that kept many a pitcher in the game who would have been a *has-been' without it. The great pitchers that have used their arms and wits against their foes at the home plate since the inauguration of base ball make an imposing array. Young Creighton, who pitched for the Excelsiors, of Brooklyn, in the early '60s, was the first notable twirler. On October 21, 1861, Creighton pitched for the picked nine of Brooklyn against the picked nine of New York at Hoboken. Brooklyn won by 18 runs to 6. Creighton died at an early age, as the result of over-exertion in running the bases. Following Creighton came George Zettlein, of the Atlantics, of Brooklyn; Dick McBride, 13 194 RiCHTER*s History and Records of Base Ball of the Athletics, of Philadelphia; Asa Brainard, of the Cincin- nati Reds, and 'Phony' Martin, of the Eckfords, of Brooklyn. In 1867 Arthur 'Candy' Cummings pitched for the Stars, of Brook- lyn. By common consent Cummings is given the credit of being the original curve pitcher. Cummings is now living in Massa- chusetts. He has newspaper clippings, published in 1867, de- scribing the curve. It was said the ball took a peculiar twist to deceive the batsman. 'He used a peculiar motion of the wrist that put English on the ball,' said one critic. SPALDING A PITCHING PIONEER. A. G. Spalding, one of the greatest pitchers of his time, came to the front in 1867, when he pitched for the Forest Citys, of Rock ford, 111. In that year the Western tour of the Nationals, of Washington, revived interest in base ball that had been dor- mant since the Civil War. The Nationals played the Forest Citys and were beaten by 29 runs to 23. The next day they played the Excelsiors, of Chicago, who had beaten the Forest Citys by 45 to 41 and 28 to 25. The 'dope' made the Chicago team con- fident of beating the Nationals, but the Washington boys beat them by 49 runs to 4. Their supporters won more than enough money on the game to pay the expenses of the entire trip. The great pitchers in 1876, the first year of the National League, were Spalding, Cummings, 'Bobby' Matthews, of the Mutuals, of New York, and George W. Bradley. Chicago won the pennant with Spalding as boxman. Bradley had the best record of the season, so far as figures went. The average of earned runs against him was only 1-12 to a game. He pitched for St. Louis. In 1877 Tommy Bond, who had been the best amateur pitcher in Brook- lyn, and Will White, who wore spectacles when pitching, joined the Boston Club. The battery of Bond and Snyder was one of THE FAMOUS ONES IN THOSE DAYS. Larkin, of the Hartford Club, ranked as the star pitcher of the league, with the best record. In 1878 the 'Only Nolan,' of the Indianapolis team, was the most prominent pitcher, but he was hard to handle and was suspended by his club. John Mont- gomery Ward joined the Providence Club in this season and pitched himself into prominence. In 1879 Ward was the star The Great Pitchers 195 of the league and pitched the Providence Club into the champion- ship, to the surprise of the base ball public. Jim McCormick, of Cleveland, came to the front in this year. The year of 1880 was a great one for the pitchers. Larry Corcoran and Fred Gold- smith did great work for Chicago, the pennant- winner. 'Smiling Mickey' Welch flashed to the front, pitching for Troy. The sea- son's sensation was Lee Richmond, of Worcester, a former Brown University player, who pitched on July 12 the first no-hit, no-run, game, in which not a Cleveland player reached first base. Rich- mond's work brought forth columns of discussion as to why a left-hander should be harder to bat than a right-hander. WARD WAS RICHMOND'S RIVAL. John M. Ward duplicated Richmond's feat five days later, when he shut out Buffalo without a hit or a run, not a Buffalo player reaching first base. Charley Radbourn's star arose in 1881. He made the best record of the year with Providence. Chicago, with Corcoran and Goldsmith doing the slab work, again won the pen- nant. In this year the pitchers were put back to 50 feet instead of 45 from the home plate and the pitcher's box was reduced to six feet by four, instead of six feet square. Jimmy Galvin, with Buffalo, began his ten years' service as a star pitcher. In 1882 Corcoran led the League pitchers. At Detroit George Weid- man came to the front. He pitched against John Ward in the i8-inning, i-o, game won by Providence, Radbourn winning the game with a home-run drive. 'Jim' Whitney and Charley Buf- fington won the pennant for Boston in 1883. Buffington's drop ball became famous. It was an innovation, and many fans traveled miles to see what a drop ball worked like. McCor- mick led the pitchers that year, not only in average of earned runs, but also in average of base hits made off his delivery. Charley RADBOURN WAS THE UNDISPUTED STAR of the season of 1884. John Ward had joined the Giants in 1883, and Charley Sweeney deserted Providence in mid-season. Radbourn was the team's only pitcher. He jumped in and won 18 straight games, a record that had never been equaled by any pitcher up to that time. Radbourn's gameness won the flag for Providence. In this year Charley Ferguson made his debut 196 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball with the Philadelphia Club. He was not only a great pitcher, but a fine all-around player as well. Ferguson played with the Phillies until 1887, when he died suddenly. Ferguson has a record of pitching two games in one day and winning both of them. Two of the greatest pitchers the game has ever known came into the League in 1885. They were John Clarkson, with Chicago, and Tim Keefe, with New York. They were the stars of the league until 1890, and many an argument did the fans have over their respective merits. Keefe won 19 straight games for New York in 1888. It never has been settled who was the 'King of Pitchers' in those days. Clarkson was sold to Boston in 1888 for $10,000. In 1889 he showed his worth by pitching y2 games for his team, of which 46 were victories. In 1886 Charley Getzein, of Detroit, made his bow in fast company and helped the Wolver- ines to finish a close second to Chicago. He was the star of 1887 when Detroit won the pennant. rusie makes his bow. The year of 1889 marked the coming into the League of Amos Rusie, destined to become the greatest pitcher of them all. Rusie began his career with the Indianapolis Club. He pitched his first game against Cleveland and did so poorly that Frank Bancroft, who was managing the team, sent him home the same night. John T. Brush, who owned the Indianapolis Club, had faith in Rusie and kept him at work. In 1890 Rusie came to New York and was the 'King of Pitchers' until 1894. Rusie's superiority lay in his ability to throw a fast curve ball, he excel- ling any pitcher that ever lived in this respect. Dissipation ruined this great pitcher, and he is now working as a day laborer in Indiana. young's unequaled record. In striking contrast to Rusie's career is that of Cy Young, who came into the League in 1890. Young was pitching for a team in Canton, O., when the Cleveland Club purchased his release in August for $200. In his first game he shut out the heavy-hitting Chicago team, letting them down for three scat- tered hits. Young this season will begin his eighteenth year in major league ball. (That was in 1908. He retired after 1912 with an unequaled record of 22 consecutive years of major The Great Pitchers 197 le?igue service. — Editor.) In that time he had played with three clubs, Cleveland, St. Louis and Boston. Kid Nichols was another product of 1890, when he began pitching for the Boston Club. For 12 years he was the mainstay of the team in the pitcher's box. He helped Boston win five pennants — in 1891, 1892, 1893, 1897 and 1898. Young is the only pitcher who began in the Brotherhood year of 1890 who was still in harness twenty years after. Other veterans of the '90s still in the American League are Clark Griffith, of New York, who joined the Chicago team in 1903, and Frank Donahue, who was with the Giants for a while in the same year. Chick Frazer, of Chicago, and Al Orth, of the Highlanders, broke into the National League in 1896, Frazer with Louisville and Orth with Philadelphia. Jesse Tannehill was with Cincinnati in 1896 and went to Pittsburgh in 1897. Jack Powell, of St. Louis, broke in with Cleveland in 1897. Cy Seymour was also a product of 1897. Cy had every- thing any pitcher had except control. But the star of the 1897 crop of twirlers WAS THE ONLY 'rUBE' WADDELL. He joined the Louisville team in August. He did not do well and was farmed out for a season, going back to Louisville in 1899. 'Rube' holds several records, one as a jumper from club to club, another as the premier strike-out artist of the base ball world, and still another as the most eccentric pitcher of major league record. Joe McGinnity dropped in with Baltimore in 1899. The 'Iron Man' earned his cognomen in 1900, when he pitched the Brooklyn Club into the championship. McGinnity holds a record that has never been threatened of pitching three double-headers in one season and winning all the games. Two more of the greatest pitchers in the history of base ball came out in 1900. They are 'Happy Jack' Chesbro, with Pittsburgh, and CHRISTY MATHEWSON WITH THE GIANTS. Chesbro helped the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the 1901 and 1902 championships, and then joined the Highlanders. In 1904 he made the much-discussed 'spit-ball' famous. At that time Ches- bro said the 'spit-ball is here to stay,' and it is. Nowadays there is hardly a pitcher in either league who does not use what Mike Donlin called 'the spitter.' Mathewson pitched only two games in 198 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball 1 90 1 and lost both of them. It was in 1902 he made his mark and saved the National League from a disastrous season. Through 'Matty's' great work the Giants remained in the race up to July I. He was the star pitcher of the country up to the end of 1905, when he shut out the Athletics three times in the world's championship series. In 1906 Ed Reulbach, of the Chicago Cubs, led the National League pitchers, and Eddie Plank, of the Athletics, figured as the star of the American League." greatest work in national league. Since the above was written Mathewson has continued on his winning way, has proven the mainstay of the New York Giants year after year, has assisted them in the winning of three successive National League championships, and has been their mainstay in three World's Series. And with all of this strenu- ous work Mathewson, at this writing (1913), is still in the ring after 12 years of continuous service as one of the greatest pitch- ers of this generation — and as the only man with a chance of equaling Cy Young's world's record for continuous service. Other great National League pitchers developed since 1908 — when Mr. Rankin's article was written — were Mordecai Brown, of the Chicago team ; Rucker, a southpaw, of the Brooklyn team ; Alexander and Seaton, of the Philadelphia team; Tesreau and Marquard (the latter a southpaw), of the New York team, who in 1912 tied Keefe's great record of 19 successive victories; Adams and Camnitz, of Pittsburgh; and Sallee (a southpaw), of St. Louis. GREAT AMERICAN LEAGUE PITCHERS. In the American League since 1908 a host of splendid young pitchers have been developed, but three veterans have stood out conspicuously down to the end of 19 13, namely, southpaw Plank, and Bender, the Indian, of the Athletics, who were the winning pitchers in the 19 13 World's Series ; and "Iron Man" Jack Coombs, of the same team. Next to this great trio two young pitchers stood out as superlatively great, namely, the "King of Spitters," Ed Walsh, of Chicago, who won the World's Championship for the Chicago American League team in 1896, and has kept his team in the running year after year ever since; and Walter Johnson, of Washington, who in point of natural ability is con- The Great Pitchers 199 sidered the greatest pitcher of this time, and in point of physique and style of pitching, seems to have a fair chance of equaling Young's world record for length of continuous service. In addi- tion to this superlatively great quintet of pitchers, the American League within five years has been able to boast of really great pitchers in Collins and Wood, of Boston; Ford, of New York; Groom, of Washington ; White and Russell, of Chicago, in addi- tion to Ed Walsh; Gregg, of Cleveland, a wonderful southpaw, in addition to the late Addie Joss, who has two no-hit games to his credit; Donovan and Mullin, of Detroit, the latter also a no- hit performer ; and Powell and Hamilton, of St. Louis. THE ""spit-ball"^ NOT MODERN. Apropos to the "spit-ball," at which Ed Walsh, of Chicago, was so signally successful that he found a host of more or less successful imitators, that delivery has been considered a modern delivery, a minor league pitcher named Stricklett being cred- ited with its discovery in the late '90s. As a matter of fact the delivery is not more modern than the curve ball. "Phoney" Martin, of New York, a noted pitcher of the early days of the game, who at this writing is still living, declares that Bobby Matthews not only pitched the curve ball almost as soon as its discoverer, Arthur Cummings, but that he had a ball that no other pitcher of the period possessed, which was in effect what is now known as the "spitter." Of this, at the time, unique ball Martin said recently: "I was pitcher and captain of the old Eckfords in 1868, when we took a trip to Baltimore to play the Lord Baltimores, then a famous club. Bobby Matthews was pitching for the Baltimores at the time and well can I remember the sensation he occasioned. We managed to beat the Balti- mores the first game, but they put it all over us the second game, and all because of Matthews' pitching, which was a revelation to us, and we thought we knew about everything about base ball there was going. Matthews rubbed the ball with his hands and kept one side of it perfectly white, then he would moisten it with his fingers and let it go. The ball not only would take a decided out curve at times but at other times would drop and curve in, the exact counterpart, in fact, of Christy Mathewson's famous fadeaway of the present day. You may not believe it, but I know I am right, for I saw it. Reports of the game in the newspapers, clip- pings o'f which I now have, will bear me out, too. Why, Matthews beat the old Kekiongas, a very great team at that time, by a score of 1 to 0, and the ball, mind you, in those days was the old lively one with a full ounce of rubber in the center. Matthews, too, pitched underhand, as the rules called for at that time, not the overhand throw as now allowed.'* Martin's statement is quite credible inasmuch as the author of this History and Records of Base Ball saw Bobby Mat- 2QO Richter's History and Records of Base Ball thews, then approaching the "sere and yellow leaf" of his pitch- ing life, wet the ball many times while pitching for the Athletics in 1883-84. Bobby Matthews, although a star in 1868, was also a star in 1883, when the Athletics, of Philadelphia, won the American Association championship, virtually by reason of Matthews' grand work in the box, "Jumping Jack" Jones, a Yale man, joined the Athletics about mid-season of that year, and got much undeserved credit for winning the pennant, but to Bobby Matthews belonged the halo. So, for 15 years Bobby Matthews was a star. Surely, a wonderful little man. He died in Baltimore, April 17, 1898, and is now at rest in that city, where he was born. It is quite a coincidence that one of the greatest pitchers of the formative period of base ball should be named Matthews, and one of the greatest pitchers of the modern era should bear the name of Mathewson! BASE BALL CLASSICS ®too ^urelp PasJe ?8aU ^oemg tKIiat ?|ai3e Won €ntrur= ins jf ame asf 3IIus;tratitie at ^U ^Ijasfes; of tfje (great i9a= tional ^port anb of 3t2( €ffect ®[pon M^nv^ ^vih ^atronsf. ASE BALL is a game that lends itself readily to sentiment, emotion, enthusiasm and ideaHsm; because, being typical of a race, it responds to all of the mental at- tributes and characteristics of that race; and therefore it is capable of appeal through the mind and heart as well as through the senses. The National Game has therefore not only created a literature of its own, but it has inspired the poets, romancers and wits of two generations to literary efforts of many kinds and various degrees of excellence, some of the highest order. There have been countless witty, pathetic, or sentimental stories written about the game itself and about its heroes — and there is no sport that so much inspires hero-worship, or makes heros of greater mould than Base Ball. Particularly does Base Ball lend itself to poetry, and in this field so many excellent lines have been written and published within the past forty years, that it seems invidious to select any one of these efforts as superior. Nevertheless, there is one that has appealed beyond all others to the public imagination, one that has been conned by millions of boys and young men, that has been recited on every stage and rostrum, and in probably every school- house, in the country since its initial publication in 1888. That one is the famous "Casey at the Bat," which has, by common con- sent, become accepted as the classic of base ball poetry. It is therefore fitting that it should have a permanent place in the archives of the great game, hence its reproduction here. Second in merit and popularity only to Mr. Thayer's "Casey at the Bat" is a companion piece, entitled "Casey's Re- venge," written eighteen years later by one of the most gifted poets and ablest commentators upon the game of the latest generation, Mr. Grantland Rice, a Southern writer now domiciled in New York. Mr. Rice's poem therefore deserves a place with the original classic within the covers of this History and Records OF Base Ball. The original and companion pieces follow : 202 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball €a^tv at tfte Pat BY ERNEST L. THAYER, 1888. The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day ; The score stood four to two with but one inning more to play. And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same, A sickly silence fell upon the patrons of the game. A straggling few got up to go in deep despair. The rest Clung to that hope which springs eternal in the human breast; They thought if only Casey could but get a whack at that — We'd put up even money now with Casey at the bat. But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Jimmy Blake, And the former was a lulu and the latter was a cake ; So upon the stricken multitude grim melancholy sat, For there seemed but little chance of Casey's getting to the bat. But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonderment of all, And Blake, the much despised, tore the cover off the ball ; And when the dust had lifted and the men saw what had occurred. There was Johnny safe at second and Flynn a-hugging third. Then from 5,000 throats and more there rose a lusty yell ; It rambled through the valley, it rattled in the dell ; It knocked upon the mountain and recoiled upon the flat, For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to the bat. There was ease in Casey's manner as he stepped into his place ; There was pride in Casey's bearing and a smile on Casey's face. And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat. No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas Casey at the bat. Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt; Five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his shirt. Then while the writhing pitcher ground the ball into his hip, Defiance gleamed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip. And now the leather-covered sphere came hurtling through the air, And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty grandeur there. Close by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped — "That ain't my style," said Casey. "Strike one," the umpire said. From the benches, black with people, there went up a muffled roar. Like the beating of the storm waves on a stern and distant shore. "Kill him ! Kill the umpire !" shouted some one in the stand ; And it's likely they'd have killed him had not Casey raised his hand. With a smile of Christian charity great Casey's visage shone ; He stilled the rising tumult ; he bade the game go on ; He signaled to the pitcher, and once more the spheroid flew ; But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire said, "Strike two." "Fraud," cried the maddened thousands, and the echo answered fraud ; But one scornful look from Casey and the audience was awed. They saw his face grow stern and cold, they saw his muscles strain, And they knew that Casey wouldn't let that ball go by again. The sneer is gone from Casey's lip, his teeth are clenched in hate; He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon the plate. And now the pitcher holds the ball, and now he lets it go, And now the air is shattered by the force of Casey's blow. Oh ! somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright ; The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light. And somewhere men are laughing, and somewhere children shout; But there is no joy in Mudville — mighty Casey has struck out. Base Ball Classics 203 BY GEANTLAND EICE, 1906. There were saddened hearts in Mudville for a week or even more; There were muttered oaths and curses — every fan in town was sore. "Just think," said one, "how soft it looked with Casey at the bat, And to think he'd go and spring a bush league trick like that." All his past fame was forgotten — he was now a hopeless "shine" — They called him "Strike-out Casey" from the Mayor down the line ; And as he came to bat each day his bosom heaved a sigh, While a look of hopeless fury shone in Casey's eye. He soon began to sulk and loaf — his batting eye went lame; No home runs on the score card now were chalked against his name. The fans without exception gave the manager no peace, For one and all kept clamoring for Casey's quick release. The lane is long, some one has said, that never turns again. And Fate, though fickle, often gives another chance to men ; And Casey smiled — his rugged face no longer wore a frown — The pitcher who had started all the trouble came to town. All Mudville had assembled — ten thousand fans had come To see the twirler who had put big Casey on the bum ; And when he stepped into the box the multitude went wild. He doffed his cap in proud disdain — but Casey only smiled. "Play ball !" the umpire's voice rang out — and then the game began ; But in that throng of thousands there was not a single fan Who thought that Mudville had a chance, and with the setting sun Their hopes sank low — the rival team was leading "four to one." The last half of the ninth came round with no change in the score, But when the first man up hit safe the crowd began to roar; The din increased — the echo of ten thousand shouts was heard When the pitcher hit the second and gave "four balls" to the third. Three men on base — nobody out — three runs to tie the game ! A triple meant the highest niche in Mudville's hall of fame ; But here the rally ended and the gloom was deep as night. When the fourth one "fouled to catcher" and the fifth "flew out to right." A dismal, groaning chorus came — a scowl was on each face — When Casey walked up, bat in hand, and slowly took his place. His bloodshot eyes in fury gleamed — his teeth were clenched in hate; He gave his cap a vicious hook and pounded on the plate. The pitcher smiled and cut one loose — across the plate it sped — Another hiss — another groan — "Strike one," the umpire said. Zip ! Like a shot the second curve broke just below his knee — "Strike two !" the umpire roared aloud — but Casey made no plea. No roasting for the umpire now — his was an easy lot; But here the pitcher whirled again — was that a rifle shot? A whack — a crack — ^and out through space the leather pellet flew — A blot against the distant sky — a speck against the blue. Above the fence in centre field in rapid whirling flight The sphere sailed on — the blot grew dim and then was lost to sight; Ten thousand hats were thrown in air — ten thousand threw a fit — But no one ever found the ball that mighty Casey hit. Oh ! somewhere in this favored land dark clouds may hide the sun. And somewhere bands no longer play and children have no fun; And somewhere over blighted lives there hangs a heavy pall ; But Mudville hearts are happy now — for Casey hit the ball. PART III. latDSi, ^la|>ing i^ulesf, anb ^ersfonalftiesi of $rofes;s;ional Pas^e PaO A. G. Mills Third President of the National League and Author of the First National Agreement ORGANIZED BASE BALL ®fje Snception, ^rosres^sf anb Culmination at tfte Wvtmm= bousi labor of jrortj»=®ttJO l^earsJ to iHafee tije (game ^p^= tematic, Stable anb ^rosfperousi on ^rof es(2(ional pas^fe ^p Hegfelation anb "^isorousf glbminfetratibe ^psJtemsf. HE system known as modern "organized Base Ball" is the expression of the hopes and aspirations of two generations of base ball men; and the consummation of the labors and struggles of five decades to place professional Base Ball upon solid and enduring basis, to widen its scope to the largest possible national extent, and to make it the typical and representative sport of the American people. It is in essence a vast system for the conservation and protection of capital, for the steady and lucrative employment of labor as represented in the person of the ball player, and for the maintenance of the absolute integrity of the sport alike in its organization, its legislation, and its exposition — and in all of these aspects it lives up to its ideals and fulfills its purposes to a degree unexampled in the history of the sport of any nation since the dawn of civilization. Moreover, in respect of equitable adjustment of the relations between capital and labor it has not its equal in any sphere of business activity. THE PROFESSIONAL PHASE OF BASE BALL was first distinctly brought before the American public by the city of Cincinnati and the late Harry Wright, through the medium of the Cincinnati Reds, of 1868-69 — a team composed wholly and frankly of salaried players, in marked contrast to the other leading base ball teams of the country which were allegedly amateurs, but actually semi-professionals. The brilliant artistic success of the Cincinnati team developed such wide professional emulation that within a short time all of the leading teams of the East and Middle West became frankly professional. This led to the desire for a distinct professional organization and to the formation of the Professional Association of Base Ball Players of America in 1871, whose career is elsewhere told in this 2o8 ' Richter's History and Records of Base Ball History. This was the first league to play under a recognized code of uniform rules, and a regular championship schedule. This was the beginning of base ball organization and from that remote day to the present time the struggle for perfect organiza- tion has never ceased despite tremendous obstacles and many discouraging setbacks. The Professional Association was con- ducted chiefly by the players and soon became so honeycombed with corrupt practices and so demoralized by insubordination, contract-breaking, and kindred evils that it fell of its own weight within five years. Then the NATIONAL LEAGUE WAS ORGANIZED Upon a new basis, namely, club control of the players and absolute protection of territory for the club members. Upon this basis the new league, which now had the field to itself, grad- ually established itself upon solid basis. Within two years pool and individual gambling in base ball were stamped out by severe measures rigidly maintained. Contract- juggling was still a bar to complete success until 1879, when Mr. A. H. Soden, of Boston, introduced and secured the adoption of a limited Reserve Rule, under which each club could reserve five players for the ensuing season. This reserve rule remained in force until 1882, inclusive. With a steady revival of interest in the sport all over the country came the entrance of a new league into the base ball field in the American Association, in whose organization in 1882 Cincinnati again played a conspicuous part. The National League refused to recognize the new league and the result was a raid upon National League players, which led to a truce in the Winter of 1882-83, and the formulation of THE FIRST NATIONAL AGREEMENT by President A. G. Mills, of the National League, who had just succeeded President Hulbert, deceased, who was the original organizer of the National League. This document was called the Tripartite Agreement, the parties thereto being the National League, the American Association, and the Northwestern League, which happened to be the only important minor league in exist- ence at that time. This agreement was administered by an "Arbitration Committee" consisting of the three league presi- Organized Base Ball 209 dents. Under this agreement rules were adopted for the restraint of players, and the prevention of contract-breaking by players of the leagues party to this agreement; and each club was empowered to reserve eleven players, at a salary of not less than $1000, for the ensuing season, players released from reservation being ineligible to contract with any club within 20 days of their release. This agreement also awarded absolute jurisdiction over its own territory to each club at all times except during Novem- ber, when a club could resign from one league to enter another, carrying with it its players and territory. Herewith is given the full text of the first National Agreement : Ageeement Among National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, American Associatlon of Base Ball Clubs, Northwestern League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, 1883. The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, the American Association of Base Ball Clubs, and the Northwestern League of Base Ball Clubs, in consideration of the mutual advantages to be derived there- from, agree each with the other, as follows : — First. — The players named in the lists hereto attached shall be deemed to be players in good standing, in their respective clubs as named in said lists, until November first, unless sooner expelled or released, as hereinafter provided, and no club member of either of the parties hereto shall contract with, or employ, either of said players for any period prior to the said November first, 1883, unless said player be duly released, and notice thereof given, as hereinafter provided. Second. — Any player not named on the lists hereto attached, or who was not prior to January first, 1883, expelled, or suspended for the season of 1883, by either of the parties to this agreement, who shall be employed for the season of 1883, or any part thereof, by any club member of either of the parties hereto, shall be deemed and held to be a player in good stand- ing, of such club, for any term of service terminating by November first, 1883, that may be stipulated in his contract of employment, provided that written notice of such contract, in accordance with the rules of the Asso- ciation to which the contracting club belongs, shall be filed with the Secre- tary of such Association, and communicated by him in writing to the Sec- retaries of the other two Associations, by whom such notice shall in turn be served upon the clubs composing such other two Associations, and, on receipt o'f such notice, every club member of all the parties hereto, except- ing the contracting club, shall be debarred from employing or playing the said player at any time prior to the expiration of the said term of service, excepting as hereinafter provided. Third. — When a player is expelled, or suspended, in accordance with its rules by either of the parties hereto, notice of such expulsion, or sus- pension, shall be served upon the Secretaries of the other two Associations by the Secretary of the Association from whose club such players shall have been expelled or suspended, and the Secretaries of such other two Associations shall, forthwith, serve notice of such expulsion or suspension, upon the club members of such other two Associations, and, from the receipt of such notice, all club members of all the parties hereto, shall be debarred from employing, or playing, with, or against, such expelled, or suspended, player until the period of suspension shall have terminated, or the expulsion be revoked by the Association 'from which such player was expelled, and due notice of such revocation served upon the Secretaries of the other two Associations, and by them upon their respective clubs. Fourth. — No contract shall be made for the services of any player, by any club member of either of the parties hereto, for a longer period than seven months, beginning April first and terminating October thirty-first, in each year, and no such contract for services to be rendered after the 14 210 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball expiration of the present year shall be made prior to the tenth day of October, of each year, nor shall any negotiation be entered into by, or between, any club, or agent thereof, with any player for services to be rendered in an ensuing year, prior to the said tenth day of October. Fifth. — On the twentieth day of September, of each year, each club member of the parties hereto shall transmit to the Secretary o'f its Asso- ciation a list of names of any players, not exceeding eleven in number, on that date under contract with such club, which such club desires to reserve for the ensuing year, accompanied by a statement, over the signa- ture of the secretary of such club, that such club is willing to pay not less than one thousand dollars as the compensation of each player, so reserved, in the contract to be made with him for the ensuing season, provided such club be a member of the National League, or American Association, and, if a member of the Northwestern League, or of an Alliance club of any party hereto, seven hundred and fifty dollars, and the secretary of each Association shall, on the twenty-fifth day of September, transmit to the secretaries o'f the other two Associations, parties hereto, a 'full list of players thus reserved. The secretary of each Association shall thereupon, on the fifth day of October, transmit to each club member of such Associa- tion a full list of all players so reserved by all clubs then composing the three Associations, and no club member of either of the parties hereto shall have the right to contract, negotiate with, or employ, any player so reserved by any other club member of either of the parties hereto, unless the club mjember reserving the player shall have notified the secretary of the Asso- ciation to which such club member belongs of the release of such player from such reservation, and, in case of such release, the secretary of such Association shall notify the secretaries of the other two Associations, par- ties hereto, and the secretaries of the three Associations shall notify all the club members parties hereto of such release, and, on receipt of such notice, any club member of the parties hereto will have the right to employ the player so released from reservation, provided that twenty days shall have elapsed between the release from such reservation before such player shall be eligible to contract with another club. Sixth. — Any contract between a club member of any of the parties hereto and a player, made in accordance with the provisions of this agree- ment, shall be deemed valid and binding, and all other clubs shall be debarred from employing such player during the period of such contract, provided that such contract shall be considered to take effect upon receipt of written notice thereof by the club members of the parties hereto, and the transmission of such notice by the respective secretaries of the parties hereto is hereby made mandatory upon said secretaries, and such notice must follow immediately upon receipt of the contracting club's notice to the secretary of the Association to which such contracting club belongs. Seventh. — Any disputes or complaints arising out of the performance of the stipulations of this agreement, and any alleged violations of this agreement; also, any question of interpretation of any stipulation of this agreement, shall be referred to an Arbitration Committee, to consist of three representatives of each party hereto, to be appointed prior to the thirty-first day of March, 1883, by the parties hereto; notice of such appointment to be served upon the secretaries of each Association, and the decision of such Arbitration Committee upon such matters, or any of them, shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto. In witness whereof the said parties have, by the President of each of the parties hereto, thereunto duly authorized, signed this agreement on the dates set opposite their respective signatures. The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, March 5th, 1883, by A. G. Mills, President. The American Association of Base Ball Clubs, March 12th, 1883, by H. D. McKnight, President. The Northwestern League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, February 17th, 1883, by Elias Matter, President. ^y^ In 1884, when the outlaw Union Association was started ostensibly to wage war on the Reserve Rule, the Tripartite Agreement was maintained as the "National Agreement," the Organized Base Ball 211 new Eastern League joining the three original parties to the compact. In 1885 the National Agreement was again renewed, four new minor leagues — the Southern, New York, New Eng- land and Canadian — coming under protection, but without privi- lege of reservation. In 1886 the National League and American Association devised A NEW NATIONAL AGREEMENT^ with themselves as parties of the first part ; and a supplementary agreement was made, styled "Articles of Qualified Admission to the National Agreement" for the protection of minor leagues, without privilege of reservation, however; whereas, the two major leagues increased their limit of reservation from 11 men to 12 men per club. In 1887 the limit of reservation per club was increased to 14 men. In 1888 the major leagues granted the minor leagues of qualified admission the privilege of reserv- ing 14 players per club upon payment of $2000 for eight-club leagues, $1500 for six-club leagues, and $1000 for four-club leagues. There were no further changes in the National Agree- ment — except,, that the Arbitration Committee was increased to six members, three from each major league — until after the war of 1890 with the Players' League. In the year 1891, after the Players' League had been absorbed by the National League, that organization entered into a new National Agreement with the resuscitated American Association and the Western Association, which was short-lived, as the American Association, in the Spring, withdrew from the new agreement. The war that ensued during the 1891 season led to the consolidation of the NATIONAL LEAGUE AND AMERICAN ASSOCIATION into the 12-club National League and the formulation of a new National Agreement upon lines which foreshadowed the present agreement. Its administration was entrusted to a body called the National Board, consisting of N. E. Young, Zack Phelps and L. C. Krauthoff; the minor leagues were for the first time divided into classes A and B, with right of reservation of 14 players, and the present system of drafting players was estab- lished, the major leagues drafting from Classes A and B, and Class A drafting from Class B. This National Agreement 212 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball remained in force and use until 1901, when the American League withdrew from its protection, expanded Eastward, and engaged in a two-years' battle with the National League for territory and players. In the height of the battle in 1901, the National League abrogated the National Agreement, leaving the minor leagues prey to both of the warring major leagues. The minor leagues in the Fall of 1901 met in New York and in self-protection organized a National Association, with ten leagues comprising the membership, and formulated their own National Agreement, under which they weathered the second year of the major league war in 1902 fairly well. In the Winter of 1902-03 the warring majors proclaimed a truce, during which a joint meeting was held at New York, January -9-10, 1903, at which what is known as the Cincinnati Peace Treaty was signed. This provided for a suspension of hostilities, the recognition of each league's right to players then under contract or reservation, the obligation to formulate a new National Agreement, and the preservation of the status quo pending the framing of the new compact. The new National Agreement was formulated at a meeting held in Buffalo, August 25, 1903, by the National League and American League and the National Association of Minor Leagues. At a subsequent meeting held in Cincinnati, Septem- ber II, after certain amendments satisfactory to the minor leagues were made, the new agreement was adopted and signed by the National League and American Association as parties of the first part, and the National Association of Minor Leagues as party of the second part. This new agree- ment was a vast improvement over all preceding agreements, though retaining the most salient features, inasmuch as it pro- vided a strong government in commission form, afforded the greatest possible opportunities for the advancement and protec- tion of all ball players, gave the National Commission original jurisdiction over all players, and yet accorded the National Asso- ciation reasonable control of its players, and absolute control of its internal affairs. It also defined definitely the territory of each major league, established the best system for player promo- August Herrmann President Cincinnati Club, and Chairman of the National Commission Organized Base Ball 213 tion yet devised, and created a court of appeal for leagues, clubs and players of every grade. This National Agreement worked splendidly on the whole, but some abuses growing out of unlim- ited reservation crept in and gradually led to such increase in farming and covering up of minor league players, to ever- growing dissatisfaction, both in the major leagues and the high- est-class minor leagues, that a radical revision of the clauses relating to reservation, purchases and drafts of players became necessary and were finally made after long consideration and much labor, the result being the adoption of the present Revised National Agreement, which went into effect on July 20, 191 2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE AGREEMENT. We herewith present an editorial and synopsis of the Agree- ment, together with the full text of the Revised National Agree- ment, which went into force and effect on July 20, 1912, and is now the fundamental law of the National Game. In an editorial on the new National Agreement, Sporting Life said : "The new National Agreement is the best base ball document ever drawn. It is built upon broad, generous, and just lines. It embraces every constituent part of organized base ball ; embodies all of the experience of three decades ; expresses the ideas of all the master minds o'f base ball ; broadly recognizes the mutuality o'f the interests of capital and labor ; and completely justifies its assumption of the guardianship of the National Game by subordinating all parties in interest to a common level as the servitors of the great American sport. In short, in the preamble, and in the body, in every paragraph, clause, and line of the great document there shines through the spirit and purpose to make and to keep base ball the clean, honest, and permanent National Game of America. "the platers benefited. "We cannot help but lay great stress upon the exceeding care that has been taken of the ball player in the new National Agreement, printed in full below. After months of consideration and analysis of all phases of the relations between clubs and players an almost perfect system of player protection as regards contracts, purchases, and drafts was evolved. The player contract is now more mutual, and, therefore, more binding upon both parties in interest than ever before ; the sales and draft systems have been stripped of their iniquities by a complete system o'f inter-league waivers; and every young player called to higher company is now assured of at least a partial trial through the 45 days' probationary contract. The player is thus assured of his salary under all conditions ; he is assured of advancement in his profession through abolishment of the practice of returning him to any lower class than the one he came from ; and he is now exempt from the abuse of wholesale drafting for purely speculative purposes. In short, the ball player will be the best protected and most highly cherished individual on earth under the new National Agreement, which, in a way, makes him the hub around which the entire base ball wheel revolves. "eeserve biile legalized. "One of the most important provisions of the new National Agreement was the incorporation of an article calculated to give a base ball contract the legal status and effect it has heretofore lacked. Section 1 of Article 214 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball VIII provides for the compensation of ball players under their contracts for the privilege of reservation. This clause provides that the player's sal- ary in the contract shall be specified as 75 per cent, in return for his serv- ices as a player and 25 per cent, for the privilege of reserving his services for the following season. This gives the contract the heretofore lacking mutuality in the matter of player reservation, which has hitherto been a purely arbitrary club dictum without consideration to or for the reserved party. The National Commission incorporated the new clause bearing upon the matter in the new Agreement upon advice of a justice of one of the highest judicial tribunals in the land, who is firmly convinced that with this clause in the player contract the reservation feature will stand the test of judicial scrutiny in any court in this country. " WELL-DESERVED RECOGNITION. "For the revised National Agreement, now officially promulgated and in effect at last after herculean labor on the part of the members of the National Commission, that body is entitled to the thanks and appreciation of everyone connected with base ball in any capacity whatsoever. To all of the members of the National Commission a huge task was presented in the redrawing of this Agreement to meet all of the conditions ; to take into consideration the status of all parties concerned ; and to provide the fullest measure of protection for the players without infringing upon or injuriously affecting the rights of the club owners. This was a delicate, as well as laborious, task ; and a tremendous amount of time, thought, and actual work was needed to draft the National Agreement to the satisfac- tion of all the parties in interest. No better illustration of the possibili- ties of reconciling the interests of capital and labor was ever presented than in this revised Agreement, which must ever stand as a monument to its framers, Messrs. Herrmann, Johnson and Lynch." SYNOPSIS OF NEW AGREEMENT. In addition to the full text of the revised National Agreement we give herewith a synopsis of the salient features of the new Agreement, with a view to ready assimilation of the important changes by the magnates, the team managers, the players and the scribes. In the future, neither major league will have a separate Rules Committee, but one Rules Committee, consisting of three members from each league, will be appointed by the National Commission. This is embodied in the revised National Agreement. A provision is made that when either league president decides a change in the rules is necessary, he will report to the National Commis- sion, which will appoint a committee of six men, three from each league, to meet not later than October 15. It is intended to bring the Rules Com- mittee together around World's Series time, and it was said, that if they had any changes to suggest it would give the press all Winter to discuss the contemplated reform. NO MORE SCHEDULE CiOMMITTEES. The method of drawing up the schedules has also been radically changed. Under the new National Agreement the section dealing with the drafting of the schedules reads as follows : "The respective president of each major league shall in person or by proxy annually prepare a schedule of games for each major league for the ensuing pennant race, avoiding as far as is possible conflicts in cities where rival clubs are located. The schedule thus drafted shall be submitted to each major league club owner not later than the second week in February of each year, and no alteration shall be made in any date or dates allotted therein without the concurrence of both major league presidents." This means that the schedule meetings in the future will be practically useless and that the magnates will have no other purpose in coming to the meeting than to pass the schedule drafted by their league president or his official proxy. AS TO TERRITORIAL PROTECTION. Section 2 of Article V was amended in such a way that there can be no possibility of collusion in invasion of protected territory. The new rul- ing takes from the clubs of any major league city the right to say whether their city may contain a team of another league, and gives that power to the league. The following is given as an example of how this new rule would work : Under the old state of affairs if the American Association Organized Base Ball 215 could gain the consent of the Cubs and White Sox to put a club in Chicago it could go ahead and build a park. Under the Revised National Agree- ment, however, the entire American and National Leagues would have to give their consent, and if one league objected, the Association would have to stay out of Chicago, even if both Chicago major clubs were willing to let in a third club. The same section also forbids any team consisting of National Agreement players from playing exhibition games in major or minor leagues cities without procuring the consent of the club or clubs representing those cities. THE MINOR CLASSIFICATION. The new section, creating Class AA, was passed without any objec- tion. This had been practically agreed on for some time, and the Inter- national League, American Association and Pacific Coast League were for- mally raised to their new status. The section contains a provision that a Class AA league must contain a population of 1,750,000 people to draw from. It also provides that one player may be drafted annually from a Class AA league club, the same as when it was merely in Class A. DRAFT RULE CHANGES. The new drafting season for the major leagues will be limited to five instead of fifteen days, and will begin on September 15. The drafting prices have been fixed as follows : Class AA, $2500 ; Class A, $1500 ; Class B, $1200 ; Class C, $750 ; Class D, $500. Only one player from each club in classes AA and A can be drafted under the new Agreement. Another rule is designed to benefit the ball players. It provides for the waiving of claims on players not only by both major leagues, but also by the minor leagues in turn. If, for instance, a Class D player is not wanted in the National League, the American will have a chance to claim him. If not, then the classes AA, A, B, C, and finally D. This assures every young player at least a chance for a berth in faster or higher company than the class for which he was originally selected. THE INTER-LEAGUE WAIVERS. A provision also has been made which requires inter-league waivers on both drafted and purchased players. In the case of a purchased player, the two clubs shall negotiate for a suitable waiver price, and if an agreement cannot be reached the price will be settled by arbitration, the National Commission being the arbitrator. In the case of a drafted player an addi- tional amount of $250 has been added to the regular waiver price. This is added to cover the expenses of a player on a training trip. PROTECTION FOR YOUNGSTERS. A new clause has been placed in the National Agreement that a trial must be given to every player who is drafted from a minor league by the club drafting him. He must have a tryout in the Fall or on the Spring training trip. This, it is believed, will do away with clubs acting as brokers by drafting minor league players for the purpose of selling them to clubs of higher classification. Many clubs have been making much money in this manner. It also assures a young recruit a fair tryout. Many of the drafted youngsters heretofore never got a chance to show their prowess. CONTRACT AND LIMIT POINTS. Under the Revised Agreement each major league club is compelled to send every player on its reserve list a contract before February 1. For- merly a contract had to be sent by March 1. If a player does not receive a contract by February 1 he is a free agent. The reconstructed list of the number of players each club is permitted to carry is as follows : Major league clubs, 35 in the Winter season and 25 in the so-called playing sea- son, which lasts from May 15 to August 20. This does not include the manager or ineligible players. Minor league clubs : Class AA, 30 and 20 ; Class A, 28 and 18 ; Class B, 26 and 16 ; Class C, 24 and 14 ; Class D, 22 and 14. The Revised Agreement also contains a clause which fixes the salary of minor league youngsters who are getting a trial in the fast set. For their first 45 days with a major league club they will receive a salary not higher than 25 per cent, of what they received in the minors. 2i6 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball TEXT OF THE NATIONAL AGREEMENT. The National Agreement for the Government of Professional Base Ball, Entered Into Between the National and American Leagues and the National Association, at Cincinnati, September 11, 1903, as Changed, Revised and in Force July 20, 1912. This Agreement made and entered into by and between The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs and The American League of Pro- fessional Base Ball Clubs, known and designated herein as Major Leagues, parties of the first part, each with the other, and both, jointly and severally, with The National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues known and referred to herein as Minor Leagues, party of the second part, shall be styled the National Agreement, and shall have for its objects : (1) Perpetuation of Base Ball as the national pastime of America, by surrounding it with such safeguards as will warrant absolute public con- fidence in its integrity and methods, and by maintaining a high standard of skill and sportsmanship in its players. (2) Protection of the property rights of those engaged in base ball as a business without sacrificing the spirit of competition in the conduct of clubs. (3) Promotion of the welfare of ball players as a class by developing and perfecting them in their profession and enabling them to secure ade- quate compensation for expertness. (4) Adoption of a uniform code of rules for playing base ball. article I. Section 1. This Agreement shall be indissoluble except by the unani- mous vote of the parties to it, and if any of said parties, or a league or club member thereof, withdraws from it, or violates any of its funda- mental principles, the party so withdrawing or offending shall be treated as the enemy of organized base ball. ARTICLE II. Section 1. Each party to this Agreement retains the right to conduct its affairs and govern its players according to its constitution and by-laws, not in conflict with its terms and provisions. ARTICLE III. Section 1. Whenever the Commission certifies to the President of each Major League that in its judgment the playing rules require amendment, a joint committee of three representatives from each Major League shall meet on or before October 15th of the year in which such notice is served and adopt a code of rules to regulate the playing of the game of base ball •for the ensuing season, a majority vote being required to adopt, revise or repeal a rule. All rules now in 'force shall remain in effect until legally changed, modified or repealed. Sec. 2. The respective presidents of the Major Leagues shall jointly, in person, or by proxy, annually prepare a schedule of games for each Major League for the ensuing pennant race, avoiding as far as possible conflicts in championship games in cities in which rival clubs are located. The schedules thus drafted shall be submitted to each Major League not later than the second week in February, of each year, and no alterations shall be made in any date or dates allotted therein without the concurrence of both Major League presidents. Sec. 3. Neither Major League shall give instructions to or impose restrictions on its representatives on the Committee of Rules or the Com- mittee on Schedules as to the manner, methods or limitations under which their respective duties shall be discharged. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. A commission of three members^ to be known as the National Commission, is hereby created with power to construe and carry out the terms and provisions of this Agreement, excepting when it pertains solely to the internal affairs of a party to this Agreement. One member shall be the President of the National League and one the President of the American League. These two members shall meet on or before the first Monday of January in each year and elect by a majority vote a suitable person as the third member. The third member so chosen shall be the Organized Base Ball 217 Chairman of the Commission for one year from the date of his election, and shall preside at all meetings. Each member shall have a vote on all questions which may come before it, except as hereinafter directed. A Sec- retary shall be elected yearly. The salary of the Chairman, Secretary and of all employees shall be fixed by the Commission from time to time. Other members of the Commission shall serve without compensation. Immedi- ately after the election of a Chairman and Secretary the Commission shall proceed with the transaction of such business as may come before it. Sec. 2. Sessions of the Commission, in addition to the annual meet- ings on the first Monday in January of each year, and on the first day of the drafting period of each year, shall be held at the call of the Chairman, or at the request of the other two members of the Commission. Sec. 3. The Commission shall have the power to inflict and enforce fines or suspensions, or both, upon any party to this Agreement, or any of its members, adjudged by it to have violated the letter or spirit of this Agreement. Sec. 4. Whenever a National League Club and an American League Club claim the services of the same player by selection, reservation or con- tract, the right to said player shall be established by the decision of the Chairman of the Commission, who shall determine the case on the law and evidence without the aid of either of his associates. The same pro- cedure shall be followed in the determination of any other issue between the Major Leagues or between Major League Clubs of different leagues. Sec. 5. Whenever a National League Club and a Minor League Club cannot amicably arrange differences over a player, the testimony shall be heard and the case adjudicated by the Chairman of the Commission and the representative of the American League. If the contention be between an American League Club and a Minor League Club, the decision shall be made by the Chairman of the Commission and the representative of the National League. If the Chairman and the Major League member of the Commission entitled to vote on any question arising between a Major and a Minor League Club shall not agree, the Chairman's finding shall determine the case. ARTICLE V. Section 1. The circuit of each Major League shall consist of the fol- lowing cities : National League — Boston, New York, Brooklyn, Philadel- phia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis and Cincinnati. American League — Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago and St. Louis. Neither Major League circuit shall be changed without the consent of the majority of the clubs of each Major League ; nor shall there be a consolidation of clubs in any city where two Major Clubs exist ; nor shall any club transfer or release its players for the purpose of injuring ot weakening the League of which it is a member ; provided, however, that the circuit of either Major League may be changed by admitting some other city on consent of the majority of the clubs of each Major League. Pro- vided, further, that if either of the Major Leagues in changing its circuit shall choose a city in which a club of the National Association is located, such Major League shall then be required to pay to the League in the National Association, of which such city may be a member, the sum of $2500. Provided, further, that when a Major League shall change its cir- cuit and choose a city in which a club of the National Association is located, such club shall be compensated for any assets that it may have by the club desiring to locate in such city ; and upon failure of the inter- ested clubs to agree upon such compensation, the matter shall be deter- mined by arbitration, the arbitration committee to consist of three members, one of whom shall be the Chairman of the Commission, one a representative of the Major League other than the one desiring to locate in such city, and the third a representative of the National Association. The finding of a majority of said committee shall be final. Sec. 2. The party of the second part hereby guarantees that none of the leagues in its membership shall establish or maintain a club in a city on the circuit of either Major League, or within five miles of the limits thereof, without the consent in writing of the Major League, or leagues, having one or more clubs located therein, and recorded in the office of the Secretary of the National Commission, Jersey City, excepted. Sec. 3. National Agreement players are prohibited from participating 2i8 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball as individuals or as a team in an exhibition game in a city under protec- tion, before, during, or after the playing season of the league entitled to that territory, without the consent of the club or clubs representing such city. ARTICLE VI. Section 1. All parties to this Agreement pledge themselves to recog- nize the right of reservation and respect contracts between players and clubs under its protection. No club operating under this Agreement shall at any time negotiate for the purchase or lease of the property of another club without first securing the consent of such club. Sec. 2. Any club or league which harbors a player who refuses to observe his contract with a club member of any party to this Agreement, or to abide by its reservation, shall be considered an outlaw organization, and its claim to contractual and territorial rights ignored. Sec. 3. The right and title of a Major League Club to its players shall be absolute and can be terminated only by release, neglect to comply with requirements under this Agreement for reservation, or failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. When a Major League Club serves notice of uncon- ditional release on a player, he shall be ineligible to contract with a club df another league, if, during 10 days after service of such notice of release, a club of the league in which he is at the time playing shall demand his services. Sec. 4. The practice of farming is prohibited. All rights or claims of a Major League Club to a player, unless it be under an optional agree- ment approved by the Commission, shall cease when such player becomes a member of a Minor League Club, and no arrangement between clubs foi* the loan or return of a player other than by an approved optional agree- ment shall be binding between the parties to it, or recognized by other clubs. No club shall be permitted to retain control of more than eight players under optional agreement during any one season. Sec. 5. The National Association shall have the classification of its leagues and the adoption of a salary limit for its clubs according to such classification, and it agrees to withdraw protection from any league which allows any of its clubs to exceed the salary limit prescribed for leagues of its classification ; provided, however, that the International League, the American Association and the Pacific Coast League shall be "AA" Leagues, and no league shall be admitted to this classification in the future unless the minimum population of the cities in such league circuit is 1,750,000; and provided further, that the National Association shall certify to the Commission on or before March 1st of each year, for its approval, the team and individual salary limit of each of its leagues. Permission in exceptional cases may be secured from the Commission to pay salaries in excess of the amounts so certified and approved. Sec. 6. The right of a Minor League Club to its players under this Agreement shall be absolute except that from September 15th to September 20th of each year each Major League Club shall have the privilege of selecting players from the National Association Clubs for the following season upon payment of the following sums : $2,500 for each player selected from Class AA. 1,500 for each player, selected from Class A. 1,200 for each player' selected from Class B. 750 for each player selected from Class C. 500 for each player selected from Class D. Payment shall be made in full at the time when the selection is made through the Secretary of the Commission to the Secretary of the National Association, who shall be required to furnish to the Commission an approved bond of the amount of the aggregate draft money of that year, for the 'faithful delivery of such draft money to the President of the league of which the club or individual entitled to it is a member. Provided, how- ever, that before final settlement is made, all valid claims against the club or individual entitled to the same shall be deducted from the draft money, either by the Secretary of the National Association or said League Presi- dent. The Commission is empowered to adopt rules providing for the man- ner of determining the title to a player selected by more than one Major League Club ; provided, however, that when one or more clubs from each Major League files a selection for the same player, it shall first be deter- Organized Base Ball 219 mined by lot which league shall be awarded the preference in his selection. The Class AA drafting season shall commence two days after the expiration of the Major League drafting season and continue for five days. Each classification below Class AA shall be granted five days in which to draft players, two days intervening between the period of each classification. Clubs of Class AA Leagues shall pay for drafts of players as follows : Class A $1,000 B 750 C 500 D 400 Sec. 7. The sale of the release of a player by a Minor League Club to a Major or Minor League Club within twenty days of the commencement of or during the drafting period, or within twenty days of the close of the season of the club disposing of the player is prohibited. At any other time a Major League Club may purchase the release of a player from a Minor League Club to take effect at once or at a specified date not beyond the beginning of the succeeding season. Provided, however, that if the selling club be a member of a league in Class AA, delivery of the player, unless he shall have been secured by it under an approved optional agreement permitting his retention to the close of the season, must be made forth- with. The sale o'f a player's release by one Minor League Club to another shall be null and void against the selection of the player by a Major League Club from thie selling club, unless he be in the actual service of the pur- chasing club for twenty days before the opening of the drafting season for Major League Clubs. All purchase agreements, whether for the imme- diate or prospective release of a player to which a Major League Club is a party, shall be in the form prescribed by the Commission and forwarded to its Secretary for record and promulgation within five days after execu- tion. Purchase agreements between Minor League Clubs shall be in the form adopted by the National Board and filed with the Secretary within five days after execution for promulgation. The number of players of a National Association Club subject to selection in the same year is fixed as follows : By Major League Clubs, one from each Class AA Club, and one from each Class A Club ; by Class AA, one from each Class A Club, from which a Major League draft for that year was not filed and allowed ; and one from each Class B Club ; by Class A Clubs, one from each Class B Club. From all other clubs and in all other cases, the number of players eligible to draft is unrestricted. Sec. 8. Any Major League Club entitled to make selection of a player, and desiring to do so, shall between September 15th and September 20th notify the Secretary of the National Commission, stating the name of the player and of the club to which he is under contract and reservation, and inclosing the amount specified in a preceding section to be paid for such release by draft. The Secretary shall certify each selection by a Major League Club to the Secretary of the National Association, who shall there- upon immediately notify the club and league from which such selection is made, and shall order the transfer of the player to the selecting club at the close of the current season. Such selection and transfer shall thereupon be promulgated. Sec. 9. A Major League Club shall not be permitted to release a selected player until he has been actually in its service before the close of the season in which ' he was drafted or during the following training or regular season, and then only after waivers to him have been obtained from all other Major League Clubs and notice has been received from the Secretary of the National Board that no National Association Club has claimed him at the draft price. Such notice shall not be valid unless filed with the Secretary of the Commission within ten days after notification has been served on the Secretary of the National Association of the pur- pose of the drafting club to release him. The right to claim such selected player at the draft price paid for his release, and on the conditions pre- scribed herein, shall be exercised by National Association Clubs in the order of their classification, to wit : Class AA, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D, except that a Class A club shall have priority over Class AA clubs in claiming a player selected from such Class A club, Class AA to have the second claim, and the lower classes in the alphabetical order. When more than one club of the same class claims a selected player, the 220 Richter's History and, Records of Base Ball right to his services shall be determined by lot by the Secretary of the National Board. Within five days from the receipt of notice that such player has been released to it, the check of the claiming club shall be for- warded through the office of the Secretary of the National Association to the Secretary of the Commission for transmission to the releasing club. The club which claims a player selected from it shall be accorded the right to recall him over the claims of all other clubs in its own classification. Sec. 10. The selection of a player by a Major League Club under an arrangement with a Minor League Club for the return of the selected player after the expiration of the period of selection shall be void, and the Commission shall impose a fine of $500 on each club which becomes a party to a conspiracy to prevent a player from advancing in his profession, or in any way abuses the privilege of selection. Sec. 11. A Major League Club shall not release a player within the year of, or before the termination of the season following, his purchase or selection from a Minor League Club, until waivers on him have been obtained from all other Major League Clubs in accordance with rules of the Commission in force at that time. Clubs of the league of the club soliciting waivers on such player shall have the preference in his allot- ment, and if such player be a purchased player, the club seeking waivers may retain him although he be claimed, if within two days after receipt of notice of such claim it withdraws its request for waivers. If he be a drafted player he shall be at once released to the claiming club adjudged to be entitled to him, on payment of the draft price, plus $250. The waiver price of a purchased player shall be fixed by negotiations between the inter- ested clubs, and in the event of their inability to agree, by the Commis- sion, whose decision shall be final. Sec, 12. A Major League Club shall have the privilege of cancelling its draft of a Minor League player before the expiration of the Major League drafting period. ARTICLE VII. Section 1. On or before the 1st day of October in each year the Sec- retary of each party to this Agreement shall transmit to the Secretary of the Commission a list of all players under contract to each of its club members on that date or at the close of the championship race of its league whom such club desires to retain for the following season, together with those secured for future service by purchase or draft or while free agents, and those under suspension for insubordination or other cause, as well as those ineligible for refusal to respect reservation by or contract with such club for that or a preceding season. The Secretary of the Commission shall thereupon promulgate all of such Major League lists, and the Secre- tary of the National Association all such Minor League lists, which con- form to the limitation of the reservation privileges of clubs according to rank and classification, as shown in Section 3 of Article VII, and no player thus promulgated as reserved shall be eligible to contract or play with any National Agreement club other than that on whose list his name appears as a reserved player until he is regularly released by the reserving club, op is legally declared a free agent. Sec. 2. No club shall be permitted to reserve a player while in arrears of salary to him, and the failure of a club to tender a reserved player a contract for the ensuing season by February 1st shall be construed as a revocation of its reservation, and shall operate as his unconditional release. Provided, however, that if the reserved player shall have been secured by a Major League Club from a Minor League Club by purchase or selection for future service, the tender of a probationary contract covering the first forty-five days of the next playing season, in accordance with Section 1, Article VIII, shall protect the reserving club's rights to him. Sec. 3. The number of players a Major League Club may have in its service and under its control from May 15th to August 20th of each year shall not exceed twenty-five. The annual reservation list of a Major League Club shall not include more than thirty-five names, exclusive of the manager and of the players promulgated as ineligible. No Major League Club shall have title to more than thirty-five players at any time exclusive of the manager and of the ineligible players, unless this limit be exceeded through the exercise of the draft, in which case the excess number of players shall be disposed of prior to the filing of the club's reservation list. Organized Base Ball 221 Every Minor League Club is restricted in the number of players, exclu- sive of the manager and ineligible players it may have on or with its team, as follows : Class AA shall not have more than 30 players under contract or reser- vation at any time, which number must be reduced to 20 players within 30 days after the opening of the season to the 25th day of August of each year. Class A. For 20 days after opening of season, 28 players; thereafter, 18 players until August 25th. Class B. For 20 days after opening of season, 26 players ; thereafter 16 players until August 25th. Class C. For 20 days after opening of season, 24 players ; thereafter, 14 players until August 25th. Class D. For 20 days after opening of season, 22 players ; thereafter 14 players until August 25th. ARTICLE VIII. Section 1. All contracts between clubs and players in the Major Leagues shall be in form prescribed by the Commission. All contracts be- tween clubs and players in the National Association shall be in form pre- scribed by that Association. The compensation of the player, stipulated in such contract, shall in explicit terms be apportioned as follows : 75 per cent, thereo'f for service rendered and 25 per cent, thereof for and in con- sideration of the player's covenant to sanction and abide by his reservation by the contracting club for the succeeding season. Unless released before its termination in accordance with the provisions of such contract, the player, who is a party thereto, shall be entitled to and shall be paid the full consideration named therein in regular semi-monthly installments, regardless of whether the contracting club exercises the privilege of reserv- ing him. Provided, however, that no non-reserve contract shall be entered into by any club operating under the National Agreement, until permission to do so has been first obtained from the Commission when such contract concerns a Major League player, or from the National Board of Arbitration of the National Association when such contract concerns a player of that organization. In either event, the Secretary of the Commission must be immediately notified that such permission has been received, and such con- tracts must be at once promulgated by him with the proper notation of such permission. Provided, further, that the term of the first contract between a Major League Club and a drafted or purchased player shall be for 'forty-five days, and such player's salary shall not be over 25 per cent, in excess of that paid him by the Minor League from which he was secured, the amount to be established by affidavits from him and the president of the club from which he was obtained. If the player be not released to a Minor League Club on the expiration of the probationary period of forty- five days, a regular contract between him and his club fixing his compensa- tion at a sum. agreed on by them shall be immediately executed and recorded. Sec. 2. Any agreement between club and player for service, evidenced by written acceptance, whether by letter or telegram, or receipt from player for money advanced to him to bind such agreement, shall be construed to be a contract and held to be binding, provided the player declines to enter into a formal contract ; but his refusal to sign such formal contract shall render him ineligible to play with the contracting club for more than a period of ten days, or to enter the service of a club of any party to this Agreement unless released. Sec. 3. When a player of a Major or Minor League Club shall be suspended for a stated period, or indefinitely, in accordance with his con- tract and the constitution and by-laws of the league of which his club is a member, due promulgation of such disqualification shall be made by the President of his league if a Major League player and by the Secretary of the National Association if a Minor League player. Such disqualified player shall not be eligible to play with or against the club of any party to this Agreement until such disqualification shall have been removed and notice of such revocation promulgated. Sec. 4. In all cases before it for adjudication the Commission shall have the right to require affidavits from parties in interest and other wit- nesses and may demand the production of documentary evidence. Failure to submit a statement, when required, or to furnish testimony under oath or affirmation, or documentary evidence by a party in interest, within such 222 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball time as may be specified by the Chairman of the Commission, shall result in the award o'f the case against the delinquent patty, and the infliction of such penalty as the Commission may deem adequate. Sec. 5. A player suspended by a club or league for a term longer than ten days shall have the right of appeal to the Commission, which is given authority to order his reinstatement and afford him adequate redress if it deems the punishment excessive or not merited. ARTICLE IX. Section 1. The Secretary of the Commission, who shall act as Treas- urer in addition to his other duties, shall furnish a suflicient bond for the faithful performance of his duties and the safekeeping of all moneys which may come into his custody in the administration of his office. He shall keep the minutes of each meeting and preserve a correct record of all con- tracts, releases, reservations, selections, suspensions and reinstatements of players, and shall provide himself with an official stamp for certifying the time of receipt by him of all official documents. Sec. 2. On receipt of a notice of selection, he shall note upon it in ink the amount of money accompanying it, the date and hour of its arrival, and adopt every precaution possible to prevent complications over the pri- ority in time of the filing of selections of players by different clubs, and the club which first registers its selection of a player with the Secretary, as provided herein, shall be entitled to the services of such player. Pro- vided, that all drafts for players received by the Secretary of the Commis- sion at or before 9 o'clock a. m., of the first drafting day shall be considered as having been received at the "same time." Drafts received after that time shall be noted as provided in this section, excepting that the time of the receipt of a draft by telegram shall be evidenced by receiving time noted thereon at the telegraph office. Sec. 3. The Chairman shall prepare and promulgate all decisions and rulings of the Commission, unless he assigns the duty to another member. Sec. 4. The expenses of the Commission, in excess of its revenue from games conducted under its auspices and from all other sources shall be paid by the Major Leagues, share and share alike. Sec. 5. All questions before the Commission may be determined by a mail vote of its members. ARTICLE X. Section 1. Every league shall strictly enforce the provisions in its constitution against open betting on its grounds and club officials are required to cause the arrest and prosecution of those who engage in the practice. Sec. 2. No game or series of games shall be played for a stake bytween clubs of any party to this Agreement, nor shall any player of a club accept or agree to accept a sum of money or present of great value as an induce- ment or reward for special effort on his part in winning or trying to win a game. ARTICLE XI. Section 1. The drafting provisions of this Agreement shall not be in force or effect until on and after September 15, 1912. Original Agreement adopted September 11, 1903. (Amended from time to time.) The National League op Professional Base Ball Clubs, By Thomas J. Lynch, President, AND The American League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, By B. B. Johnson, President, Parties of the First Part; The National Associatbon of Professional Base Ball Leagues, By M. H. Sexton, President, Party of the Second Part. THE GOVERNING BODY AND COURT. The National Commission was first organized at a meeting held in Cincinnati, September 2i, 1903. At this meeting Presi- dent Pulliam, of the National League, and President Johnson, John E. Bruce Secretary-Treasurer of National Base Ball Commission Organized Base Ball 223 of the American League, elected August Herrmann, of Cincin- nati, and John E. Bruce, also of Cincinnati, respectively as chairman and secretary-treasurer of the Commission; and these two gentlemen have served from that date to 19 14 without inter- ruption and to the complete satisfaction of their colleagues, of the leagues parties to the National Agreement, and of the public, press and players. Since the organization of the National Com- mission, the American League member. President Ban B. John- son, has served continuously to date of meeting, in January, 1914. For the National League, President Pulliam served until his death, in July, 1909. His successor. President John A. Heydler, served until the Fall of 1909, when Thomas J. Lynch was elected president of the National League, and thereby became a National Commission member, serving until the Fall of 1913. In Novem- ber, 191 3, Governor John K. Tener, of Pennsylvania, was elected to succeed Mr. Lynch in the National League Presidency and as a member of the National Commission. In 1910 Mr. Joseph Planner, a St. Louis journalist, was appointed Secretary to Chairman Herrmann. CONVINCING TRIBUTE TO ORGANIZED BALL. In concluding this chapter on the fundamental basis of organized ball and its wonderfully efficient administrative sys- tem, we deem it timely and proper to add a sweeping tribute by one who once was a pla3^er of great renown, a power among his fellows, and the leader of the revolt of the players against the National League in 1890, which caused the most remarkable and most costly war in the history of Base Ball — but for which there was great subsequent compensation by reason of its convincing demonstration of the absolute necessity of a strong system of government based upon the Reserve Rule. The occasion that elicited this tribute was the introduction of a resolution, in the Spring of 191 3, in the House of Representatives, at Washington, by an Illinois Congressman named Gallagher, for a Governmental investigation of organized ball as a "predacious and mendacious trust" under the Sherman anti-trust law. The Gallagher resolu- tion created a great deal of excitement and discussion for a time, which gradually died away, however, as the Gallagher resolution was referred to a committee which pigeonholed it. During the 224 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball ^q) ^ height of the discussion, however, the former Brotherhood / ' leader, John M. Ward, now a practicing lawyer in New York City, contributed the following splendid paper on the subject of organized ball: "base ball a beneficent trust. "Mr. Gallagher is correct when he says that Base Ball is now under the direction of an autocratic trust, but it is a good thing that it is. I think that Congress is no place to discuss Base Ball. The atmosphere is not right. The surroundings are not suited for it. Base Ball is the National game, but not a subject for national legislation. It cannot be successful without organization. The public cares little about the admin- istration so long as the game is honestly conducted and it gets a run for its interest. It wants to be sure that the contest is a -real one, and it insists more every year on having the best players who can be found. Base Ball to be a success NEEDS FIEM ADMINISTRATION and regulation. It is at present a trust, no doubt, but whether it is a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust law is not for me to say in offhand opinion. Fifty or so of the ablest lawyers in the country have been work- ing on the Sherman Anti-Trust law for several years and they have not put over much on, it yet. Much of the discussion these days revolves around 'Ty' Cobb. I consider 'Ty' Cobb one of the greatest ball players the world has ever seen. At the same time he has a swelled head, largely due to the American League. That league has boomed him for several years and now his boom has come back as a boomerang. Cobb now con- siders that he is a law unto himself. He is being paid now as much as any club can afford to pay him. There is a limit to the isize of base ball salaries, for the sport will be made so costly if men demand such money as he does that the public cannot afford to pay the high admission fees which would have to be charged. "players NEVER OPPRESSED. "In my experience I have never been able to see where ball players were oppressed. Organized Base Ball is the strongest trust in the world. It maintains strict discipline. It regulates the sport. However, it does not corner the necessities of life. It does not affect the high cost of living. The home plate would be as bountiful without it. The leagues have cre- ated Base Ball. Some persons may think that the game is a necessity, but if we consider it from a strictly legal phase it is rather a luxury. The last men in the world who should attack the organization of Base Ball should be the players themselves. The trust feature of it made them. The trust sought them out, developed them, trained them, exploited them, brought them to public notice and then paid them liberal salaries. "game MADE THE PLAYERS. "If Base Ball were not so highly organized the famous players of today might never have been heard of. Instead of the attention of the people being focussed upon the great games there would be little ones in the back lots all over town and the enthusiasm of the sport would be dissipated. The rivalry which is promoted by having clubs to represent the leading cities comes with the trust idea. We have the American League and the National. These organizations so arrange their dates that they do not conflict in their games. This keeps up a steady attendance in Base Ball and the people enjoy the games under both managements, "the present organization has given to this country its beautiful base ball parks, its splendidly devel- oped players, a corps of capable and well trained umpires and every facility for the enjoyment of a wholesome and exciting sport. Such an organization cannot be maintained without large expenditures, I should say that the salary list of the average club alone for a season would be $75,000 at least. The organization of Base Ball requires discipline, and Organized Base Ball 225 it must enforce it. It is not pleasant for a player who may be disturbed in his mind by a mistake that HE HIMSELF HAS MADE or by the fact that his team is losing to have vile epithets hurled at him by some fan in the bleachers to whom he has never been introduced. The man who does the tail-twisting is having fun out of it. He does not stop to consider that if he said those things in a theatre to actors who were endeavoring to entertain him that he would be put out of the place by the police. Such conduct disgusts many persons with Base Ball. The player, on the other hand, cannot be permitted to jump over the rail and club the man who insulted him. Having been a base ball player I know that it is hard to keep one's temper when remarks on one's personal appear- ance or one's methods are yelled at one by persons who have paid their fifty cents to come and see him. "SUGGESTS ENLARGED COMMISSION. "Base Ball is something which cannot in my opinion be discussed by legislators or by judges. There are some judges who are fans, I know, but the whole idea of Base Ball is such that it is difficult to reduce it to legal terms. The present form of regulation is good. As one who has been both player and manager, I would suggest that there be a special commis- sion appointed independent of the National Base Ball Commission to take up the questions which arise out of the relations of players and the clubs which have signed them. Let it be understood that I have no criticism for the Commission as at present constituted. It is composed of such men as Ban Johnson, head of the American League, and Thomas Lynch, the president of the National League. Its decisions are given after due study and with a disposition to be FAIR TO THE PLAYERS. I believe, however, that if there were a special commission in which there would be at least one player member it would have a salutary effect upon the game. Fair as I think the decisions of the Commission have been, it has many other things to occupy it. It is hardly to be expected that a player would have the same faith in a tribunal in which he has no repre- sentative present as he would have in one in which he has." Mr. Ward, in conclusion, said that once the decision of such a tribunal were given it should be accepted by the player whether he liked it or not, and there should then be no further appeal for judgment. 15 Henky Chadwick Chairman for Many Years of Committee on Rules of the First National Association THE PLAYING RULES Wbt ^tar|> of tiie #rabual Cbolution of ttje Joules? anb 3EleguIationfl( Sanber WBiit^ tfje (game of JBas^e pall 3!3e= belopeb Jprom a Pop'£J <§ame to tije ^res(ent "^irtuall|» perfect ^tienttftc Status; a^ ti)e (game of a (great J^atton* IHE present (1913) Code of Playing Rules of Base Ball is the result of continuous development from September 23, 1845, when the Knickerbocker Club, of New York, formulated the first Code of Rules, under which, on June 19, 1846, the first match game of record was played at Hoboken, N. J., between the Knickerbocker and New York Clubs, the latter winning the game, 23 to i, in "four hands," or innings. A copy of this initial code of rules is appended : Section 1. The bases shall be from "home" to second base 42 paces, from first to third base 42 paces equidistant. Sec. 2. The game shall consist of 21 counts or aces, but at the con- clusion an equal number of hands must be played. Sec. 3. The ball must be pitched and not thrown for the bat. Sec. 4. A ball knocked outside the range of first or third base is foul. Sec. 5. Three balls being struck at and missed, and the last one caught is a hand out ; if not caught is considered fair and the striker bound to run. Sec. 6. A ball being struck or tipped, and caught either flying or on the first bound is a hand out. Sec. 7. A player running the bases shall be out if the ball is in the hands of an adversary on the base, as the runner is touched by it before he makes his base ; it being understood, however, that in no instance is a ball to be thrown at him. Sec. 8. A player running, who shall prevent an adversary from catch- ing or getting the ball before making his base, is a hand out. Sec. 9. If two hands are already out, a player running home at the time a ball is struck cannot make an ace if the striker is caught out. Sec. 10. Three hands out, all out. Sec. 11. Players must take their strike in regular turn. Sec. 12. No ace (run) or base can be made on a foul strike. Sec. 13. A runner cannot be put out on making one base when a balk is made by the pitcher. Sec. 14. But one base allowed when the ball bounds out of the field when struck. After the above cited initial match game the sport was played in haphazard fashion, making headway slowly. The second match game recorded as played under the title Base Ball was played June 3, 1851, the Knickerbockers defeating the Washing- tons, 21 to II. The rules had been but little improved upon and were therefore substantially as above stated; and yet even those 228 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball first rules, although differing in many respects from latter-day- rules, covered the fundamentals of the game substantially then as in modern times. The main difference was in the liberty given to the players, as the pitcher could move as he liked, pro- vided he did not overstep a boundary line, which was but forty- five feet from the batsman. The batsman was required only to stand back of a short line crossing the home base. On the other hand, the pitcher was then prevented from sending in the ball in any other style than by a square pitch or toss, hence it was impossible to attain much speed or use the strategic maneuvers of the game of the present day. improvements made very slowly. From the start, however, the Knickerbockers exerted them- selves to improve the playing rules. In 1848 an amendment was made to the code, putting a base runner out at first base if the ball is held on the base before the runner reaches it, there being no need to touch the runner on such base, as had been the prac- tice; but this change did not apply to the other bases. In 1849 the first playing uniform was adopted by the Knickerbocker Club. In 1854 three sections were added to the code, specifications for the ball being adopted, under which it had to weigh from five and one-half to six and one-quarter ounces, and to be two and three- quarters to three and one-half inches in diameter; but the bat w^as not limited as to length. It was possible until 1857 to finish a game in one innings, the side scoring the 21 aces (runs) being the victor, regardless of innings ; but in 1857 the game was divided into nine innings, with five innings constituting a legal game in the event of interruption, same as now. The first definite step toward securing uniformity of rules was at a meeting in May, 1857, to organize a National Convention. At this conven- tion the rules were adopted, somewhat amended, field plan meas- urements were drawn, and all were printed, for the first time, in an official rule book, edited by Henry Chadwick, and published by Miller and Hastings. It should be noted here that the dimensions of the diamond remained unchanged from the time of their for- mulation in 1839 by General Ddubleday. At the 1858 meeting for the permanent organization of the The Playing Rules 229 national association of base ball players the rules were further amended. In this year also the first series of games between regularly organized teams took place at the Fashion Race Course, in Brooklyn. Among the rule amendments of 1858 was one confining the pitcher behind a line fifteen yards from home base, and four yards long, but permitting a short run. The batsman's position was also now defined, the batsman being required to stand back of a six-feet line crossing the home base; but the batsman was out when a batted fly ball, foul or fair, was caught on the first bound. Moreover, the pitcher could pitch to the batsman, or the catcher only, at pleasure, or as many wild balls as he chose to pitch, there being no called ball penalty. The batsman, too, could strike at balls or not, as it suited him. whether they were over the home base or not; the rule only requiring that he should not refuse to strike at good balls in order to delay the game or help a base runner. The base runner was also not required to touch each base in order. In 1858 Henry Chadwick, who had commenced to report base ball games in 1856, began to suggest changes and in the '60s, as a member of the National Association's Rule Committee, he continually advocated amendments which led to a rather extensive overhauling in 1863. RULES OF FORMATIVE PERIOD. In 1863 the National Association of Base Ball Players, at a convention held in New York, on December 9, so codified and arranged the rules that they served as basis for the rules for all time so far as the fundamental principles of the game were con- cerned. We give herewith a verbatim copy of the 1863 rules, including the punctuation of the time. It should be noted that in Section 3 the field ground is spoken of as a "square," instead of the "diamond," as we now know it. In Section 3, the pitcher's "base point" and the home base are required to be marked by an iron plate. In Section 6, it was prescribed that any runner could advance a base when a batsman was awarded a base on balls. In Section 7, it was prescribed that pitchers must "pitch" and with both feet on the ground. In Sections 13 and 14, the "out on first bound on foul or fair fly" was retained, but in 1864 the rule was amended so that it applied only to foul bounds. The word "ace," in Section 26, meant a "run." Section 30 gave the 230 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball CATCHER. SCOEEES. UMPIRE. RIGHT FIELD. Second kSs Base. CENTRE FIELD. 4> LEFT FIELD. THE FIELD IN 1863 The Playing Rules 231 umpire almost as much power as he has today. Under these rules also were given the specifications for size and weight of ball, and style of the round bat, substantially as they are in vogue today. Up to 1858, the ball could have a circumference of ten and one- half inches, and a weight of six and one-quarter ounces ; and the bat could be of any length. In 1859 the bat was limited as to thickness and the ball was reduced in weight a quarter of an ounce, and a quarter of an inch in size. In i860 the ball was again reduced in size a quarter of an inch and in weight a quarter of an ounce. In 1863 the pitcher was, for the first time, confined to a box and obliged to stand still while delivering the ball; and for the first time, the pitcher was penalized with the called ball, and the batsman was penalized with a called strike for refusing to hit a good ball. Under these new rules also the runner was, for the first time, required to touch each base in making the circuit. At this convention also, Henry Chadwick's system of scoring was endorsed — the first action of the kind of record. In 1864 the out on fly bound was abolished, but the out on foul fly bound was retained in the code until Fall of 1882. Herewith is given in full the 1863 code, which was revolutionary in its future effect on the game : Rules and Regulations Adopted by the National Association of Base Ball Players, Held in New York, December 9, 1863. Section 1. The ball must weigh not less than five and one-half ounces nor more than five and three- fourths ounces, avoirdupois. It must measure not less than nine and one-half, nor more than nine and three-fourths inches in circumference. It must be composed of India rubber and yarn, and covered with leather, and in all match games shall be furnished by the chal- lenging club, and become the property of the winning club as a trophy of victory. Sec. 2. The bat must be round, and must not exceed two and a half inches in diameter in the thickest part. It must be made of wood, and may be of any length to suit the striker. Sec. 3. The bases must be four in number, placed at equal distances from each other, and securely fastened upon the four corner of a square whose sides are respectively thirty yards. They must be so constructed as to be distinctly seen by the umpire, and must cover a space equal to one square foot of surface. The first, second and third bases shall be of can- vas bags, painted white, and filled with sand or sawdust ; the home base and pitcher's point to be each marked by a flat circular iron plate, painted or enameled white. Sec. 4. The base from which the ball is struck shall be designated the home base, and must be directly opposite to the second base ; the first base must always be that upon the right hand, and the third base that upon the left hand side of the striker, when occupying his position at the home base. And in all match games, a line connecting the home and first base and the home and third base, shall be marked by the use of chalk, or other suitable material, so as to be distinctly seen by the umpire. Sec. 5. The pitcher's position shall be designated by two line, four yards in length, drawn at right angles to a line from home to second base, having their centers upon that line at two fixed iron plates, placed at points 232 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball fifteen and sixteen yards distant from the home base. The pitcher must stand within the lines, and must deliver the ball as near as possible over the center of the home base, and for the striker. Sec. 6. Should the pitcher repeatedly fail to deliver to the striker fair balls, for the apparent purpose of delaying the game, or for any other cause, the umpire, after warning him, shall call one ball, and if the pitcher persists in such action, two and three balls; when three balls shall have been called, the striker shall be entitled to the first base ; and should any base be occupied at the time, each player occupying them shall be entitled to one base without being put out. Sec. 7. The ball must be pitched, not jerked or thrown to the bat ; and whenever the pitcher draws back his hand, or moves with the apparent purpose or pretension to deliver the ball, he shall so deliver it, and must have neither foot in advance of the front line or off the ground at the time of delivering the ball; and if he fails in either of these particulars, then it shall be declared a balk. Sec. 8. When a balk is made by the pitcher, every player running the bases is entitled to one base, without being put out. Sec. 9. If the ball from a stroke of the bat, first touches the ground, the person df a player, or any other object, behind the range of home and the first base, or home and the third base, it shall be termed foul, and must be so declared by the umpire, unasked. If the ball first touches the ground, either upon, or in front of the range of those bases, it shall be considered fair. Sec. 10. A player making the home base shall be entitled to score one run. Sec. 11. If three balls are struck at, and missed, and the last one is not caught, either flying or upon the first bound, it shall be considered fair, and the striker must attempt to make his run. Sec. 12. The striker is out if a foul ball is caught, either before touch- ing the ground, or upon the first bound. Sec. 13. Or, if three balls are struck at and missed, and the last is caught, either before touching the ground, or upon the first bound ; Sec. 14. Or, if a fair ball is struck, and the ball is caught either without having touched the ground, or upon the first bound ; Sec. 15. Or, if a fair ball is struck, and the ball is held by an adver- sary on first base, before the striker touches that base. Sec. 16. Any player running the bases is out, ft at any time he is touched by the ball while in play in the hands of an adversary, without some part of his person being on the base. Sec. 17. No ace or base can be made upon a foul ball; such ball shall be considered dead, and not in play until it shall have been settled in the hands of the pitcher. In such cases players running the bases shall return to them, and may be put out in so returning in the same manner as the striker when running to the first base. Sec. 18. No ace or base can be made when a fair ball has been caught without having touched the ground ; such ball shall be considered alive and in play. In such case the players running bases shall return to them, and may be put out in so returning in the same manner as the striker when running to first base ; but players, when balls are so caught, may run their bases immediately after the ball has been settled in the hands of the player catching it. Sec. 19. The striker must stand on a line drawn through the center of the home base, not exceeding in length three feet from either side thereof, and parallel with the line occupied by the pitcher. He shall be considered the striker until he has made first base. Players must strike in regular rotation, and, after the first innings is played, the turn commences with the player who stands on the list next to the one who lost the third hand. Sec. 20. Players must make their bases in the order of striking; and when a fair ball is struck, and not caught flying (or on the flrst bound), the first base must be vacated, as also the second and third bases, if they are occupied at the same time. Players may be put out on any base, under these circumstances, in the same manner as the striker when running to first base. Sec. 21. Players running bases must touch them ; and, so far as possi- ble, keep upon the direct line between them ; and must touch them in the following order : first, second, third and home ; and if returning must reverse The Playing Rules 233 this order ; and should any player run three feet out of the line, for the purpose of avoiding the ball in the hands o'f an adversary, he shall be declared out. Sec. 22. Any player who shall intentionally prevent an adversary from catching or fielding the ball, shall be declared out. Sec. 23. If the player is prevented from making a base, by the inten- tional obstruction of an adversary, he shall be entitled to that base and not be put out. Sec. 24. If an adversary stops the ball with his hat or cap, or takes it from the hands of a party not engaged in the game, no player can be put out unless the ball shall first have been settled in the hands of the pitcher. Sec. 25. If a ball, from the stroke of a bat, is held under any other circumstances than as enumerated in Section 24, and without having touched the ground more than once, the striker is out. Sec. 26. If two hands are already out, no player running home at the time a ball is struck, can make an ace if the striker is put out. Sec. 27. AU innings must be concluded at the time the third hand is put out. Sec. 28. The game shall consist of nine innings to each side, when, should the number of runs be equal, the play shall be continued until a majority of runs, upon an equal number o'f innings, shall be declared, which shall conclude the game. Sec. 29. In playing all matches, nine players from each club shall con- stitute a full field, and they must have been regulars of the club which they represent, and of no other clubs, for thirty days prior to the match. No change or substitution shall be made after the game has been commenced, unless for reason of illness or injury. Position of players and choice of innings shall be determined by captains previously appointed for that pur- pose by the respective clubs. Sec. 30. The umpire shall take care that the regulations respecting balls, bats, bases, and the pitcher's and striker's positions, are strictly observed. He shall keep a record of the game in a book prepared for the purpose ; he shall be the judge of fair and unfair play, and shall determine all disputes and differences which may occur during the game ; he shall take especial care to declare all foul bails and balks immediately upon their occurrence, unasked, and in a distinct and audible manner. He shall, in every instance, before leaving the ground, declare the winning club, and shall record his decision in the score books of the two clubs. Sec. 31. In all matches the umpire shall be selected by the captains of the respective clubs, and shall perform all the duties enumerated in Section 30, except recording the game, which shall be done by two scorers, one of whom shall be appointed by each of the contending clubs. Sec. 32. No person engaged in a match, either as umpire, scorer, or player, shall be, either directly or indirectly, interested in any bet upon the game. Neither umpire, scorer or player shall be changed during a match, unless with the consent of both parties (except for a violation of this law) except as provided in Section 29, and then the umpire may dis- miss any transgressors. Sec. 33. The umpire in any match shall determine when play shall be suspended ; and if the game cannot be concluded, it shall be decided by the last even innings, provided five innings have been played, and the party hav- ing the greatest number of runs shall be declared the winner. Sec. 34. Clubs may adopt such rules respecting balls knocked beyond or outside of the bounds of the field, as the circumstances of the ground may demand; and these rules shall govern all matches played upon the ground, provided that they are distinctly made known to every player and umpire, previous to the commencement of the game. Sec. 35. No person shall be permitted to approach or to speak with the umpire, scorers or players, or in any manner to interrupt or interfere dur- ing the progress of the game, unless by special request of the umpire. Sec. 36. No person shall be permitted to act as umpire or scorer in any match unless he shall be a member of a base ball club governed by these rules. Sec. 37. Whenever a match shall have been determined upon between two clubs, play shall be called at the exact hour appointed ; and should 234 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball either party 'fail to produce their players within fifteen minutes thereafter, the party so failing shall admit a defeat. Sec. 38. No person who shall be in arrears to any other club, or who shall at any time receive compensation for his services as player, shall be competent to play in any match. Sec. 39. Should a striker stand at the bat without striking at good balls repeatedly pitched to him, for the apparent purpose of delaying the game, or of giving advantage to a player, the umpire, after warning him, shall call one strike, and if he persists in such action, two and three strikes. When three strikes are called, he shall be subject to the same rules as if he had struck at three fair balls. Sec. 40. Every m,atch hereafter made shall be declared by a single game, unless otherwise mutually agreed upon by the contesting clubs. RULES OF THE DEVELOPING PERIOD. Under the above new code of the National Association of Amateur Base Ball Players, the popularity of the game increased rapidly and this made necessary constant revision of the Playing Rules. This was an annual task for the late Henry Chad wick, who was in later years known throughout the country as the "Father of Base Ball." From 1863 to 1870, he was a member of the National Association Committee on Rules, and in 1864 he inaugurated the first of a series of important amendments to the rules, and thereafter, year after year, the rules were altered, principally with a view to equalizing the powers of attack and defence. In 1865, ^ tu\q, dividing the fraternity of players into professional and amateur players, was adopted by almost unani- mous vote of nearly 200 clubs in convention assembled. In 1864 ^^the out on fair hound" was abolished, after a struggle of years. In 1867, the rules were for the first time , arranged in special departments, pretty much as they are today. First were grouped the rules relating to the implements of the game, then the pitch- ing rules, the batting rules, the base running rules, the umpiring rules, and finally, the general rules. In this year, also, the BATSMAN WAS GIVEN THE PRIVILEGE of calling for "high" or "low" pitched ball ; the pitcher's box was made six by six feet, and he was permitted to move as he pleased within that enclosure; and the rule on forfeited games was also adopted for the first time. Thereafter there were no important changes in the rules for several years, and when the National Association split in 1870 on various questions affecting profes- sionalism and the National Professional Association was organ- ized in 1871, on a pure professional basis, the new body adopted the National Association rules entire, but in 1872 a few important The Playing Rules 235 amendments were made. These were regarding the rubber in the ball ; permitting a stone or marble home plate in place of an iron plate ; permitting any style of delivery except overhand throwing, or roundarm bowling, as in cricket; the batsman was no longer permitted to step over the line of his position with both feet ; the runner to first base forfeited exemption from being put out if he turned to the left. Following is the Playing Rules Code, re- printed from De Witt's 1872 Guide, under which the first Profes- sional Association lived and died and the National League started : NATIONAL ASSOCIATION RULES FOR 1872. EULE I. — THE MATERIALS OF THE GAME. Section 1. — The Ball. — The ball must weigh not less than five nor more than five and one-quarter ounces avoirdupois. It must measure not less than nine inches nor more than nine and one-quarter inches in circumfer- ence. It must be composed of India rubber and yam, and be covered with leather. The quantity of rubber used in the ball shall be one ounce, and the rubber used shall be vulcanized and in mould form. Sec. 2. — Furnishing the Ball. — In the first and odd games of a series the ball shall be furnished by the challenging club, and in the second and even games by the challenged club. But when "single" games are played only, the ball shall be furnished by the challenging club. In all cases it shall become the property of the winning club, as a trophy of victory. Sec. 3. — The Bat. — The bat must be round, and must not exceed two and a half inches in diameter in the thickest part. It must be made of wood, and shall not exceed forty-two inches in length. Sec. 4. — The Bases. — The bases must be four in number, placed at equal distances from each other, and securely fastened upon each corner of a square whose sides are respectively thirty yards. The bases must be so constructed and placed as to be distinctly seen by the umpire, and must cover a space equal to one square foot of surface. The first, second and third bases shall be canvas bags, painted white, and filled with some soft material ; the home base shall consist of white marble or stone, so fixed in the ground as to be even with the surface. Sec. 5. — The Positions of Bases. — The base from which the ball is struck shall be designated the home base, and must be directly opposite to the second base ; the first base must always be that upon the right hand, and the third base that upon the left hand side of the striker, when occu- pying his position at the home base. And in all match games, a line con- necting the honie and first base and the home and third base, as also the lines of the striker's and pitcher's positions, shall be marked by the use of chalk, or other suitable material, so as to be distinctly seen by the umpire. The base bag shaU be considered the base, and not the post to which it is or should be fastened. The line of the home plate shall extend three feet on each side of the base, and it shall be drawn parallel to a line extending from first to third base. RULE II. — THE PITCHING DEPARTMENT. Section 1. — The Pitcher's Position. — The pitcher's position shall be designated by two lines two yards in length, drawn at right angles to the line from home to the second base, having their centers upon that line at two fixed iron plates, placed at points fifteen and seventeen yards distant from the home base. There must also be an iron plate at each end of the front line of the position. Sec. 2. — Delivering the Ball. — The player who delivers the ball to the bat must do so while within the lines of the pitcher's position, and he must remain within them until the ball has left his hand ; and he shall not make any motion to so deliver the ball while outside the lines of the pitcher's position. Sec. 3. — Balking. — Whenever the player delivering the ball to the bat 236 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball CATC UMPIllE. *2 « eg HER. STRIKEE. 3 feet. 2a Baseman. O Bigbt-flelder. O OUT riELD. Iieft-flelder. O Centre-flelder. O THE FIELD IN 1872 The Playing Rules 237 shall throw it by an overhand or roundarm throw, the umpire shall declare a foul balk, and should the player delivering such balls to the bat persist in his action, the umpire, after warning him of the penalty, shall declare the game forfeited by a score of 9 to 0. Also, when the player delivering the ball makes any motion to deliver the ball to the bat, he shall so deliver it, and he must not have either foot outside the lines of his position, either when commencing to deliver the ball or at the time of its delivery ; and if he fail in any of these particulars, then it shall be declared a balk, in which case any base runner occupying a base shall take one base without being put out. Sec. 4. — Unfair Balls. — All balls delivered to the bat which are sent in over the striker's head, or on the ground in front of the home base, or on the side opposite to that which the batsman strikes from, or which hit the striker while he is standing in his proper position, or which are sent in within a foot of his person, shall be considered unfair balls, and every such unfair ball must be called in the order of its delivery, after the first ball has been delivered, the first ball to each striker alone to be excepted. Sec. 5. — Fair Balls. — All balls delivered to the bat which are sent in over the home base, and "high" or "low," as the batsman calls for, and which are not delivered by an overhand throw or by a roundarm delivery, as in cricket, shaU be Considered fair balls. Sec. 6. — Hit Called Balls. — No player shall be put out on any hit baU on which a "balk" or a "ball" has been called, and neither shall a strike or a foul ball be called or a base be run on such a ball. Sec. 7. — Dead Fouls. — Any ball sent to the bat from the pitcher's posi- tion, which shall accidentally hit the striker's bat, shall be declared a "dead foul bat|l," and no base shall be run or player put out on such ball. Sec. 8. — Penalties. — Should the player who delivers the ball to the bat repeatedly fail to deliver to the striker fair balls, from any cause, the umpire must call one ball ; and if the player persists in such action, two and three balls. When three balls shall have been called, the striker shall take his first base without being put out ; but no base runner shall take a base on third called balls unless he is obliged to vacate the base he occupies. No ball shall be called on the first ball delivered, and not until the ball has passed the home base. With this exception, all unfair balls must be called in the order of their delivery. RULE III. — THE BATTING DEPAETMENT. Section 1. — The StriJcer^s Position. — The striker, when in the act of striking at the ball, must stand astride the line of the home base, and dis- tant not less than one foot from that base, and when occupying this posi- tion only one foot must be forward or backward of the line of the home base. The penalty for an infringement of this rule shall be the calling of "foul strike," and when three such strikes have been called the striker shall be declared out. If a ball on which such a strike is called be hit and caught, either fair or foul, the striker shall be declared out. No base shall be run on any such called strike. But any player running the bases shall be allowed to return to the base he has left without being put out. As soon as the striker has struck a fair ball he shall be considered "a player running the base." Sec. 2. — Order o\f Striking. — Players must strike in regular rotation, and, after the first innings is played, the turn commences with the player who stands on the list next to the one who was third player out. Any player failing to take his turn at the bat after the umpire has called for the striker, unless by reason of illness or injury, or by consent of the cap- tains of the contesting nines, shall be declared out. Sec. 3. — Calling for Balls. — The striker shall be privileged to call for either a high or a low ball, in which case the pitcher must deliver the ball to the bat as required. The ball shall be considered a high ball if pitched between the height of the waist and the shoulder of the striker ; and it shall be considered a low ball if pitched between the height of the waist and one foot from the ground. Sec. 4. — Balls Not Called For. — Should the striker fail to call for either a "high" or "low" ball, in such case no ball shall be called which is deliv- ered over the home base and within the range o'f shoulder high and one foot from the ground ; provided, also, that the balls so delivered shall not include any balls described in Rule 2, Section 4, as "unfair balls." 238 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Sec. 5. — Refusing to Strike. — Should the striker refuse to strike at fair balls pitched over the home base and within the specified reach of the bat, the umpire shall call "one strike," and if the striker persists in such action, two and three strikes. When three strikes are called, and the ball be caught either before touching the ground or upon the first bound, the striker shall be declared out, provided the balls struck at are not those on which balls or balks have been called. If three balls are struck at and missed, and the last one is not caught, either flying or upon the first bound, the striker (or the player running for him) must attempt to make his run, and in such case he can be put out on the bases in the same manner as if he had struck a fair ball. No strike shall be called upon the first ball delivered, except the ball be struck at, and neither shall any strike be called when the ball is struck at for the purpose of wilfully striking out. Sec. 6. — How Put Out. — The striker is out if a foul ball is caught, either before touching the ground or upon the first bound ; or if a fair ball is struck, and the ball be held before touching the ground ; or if a fair ball is struck, and the ball be held by an adversary on first base, before the base runner touches that base; or if a fair ball be caught from the hands or person of a player before having touched the ground ; or if a foul ball be similarly caught after touching the ground but once; or if the striker wil- fully strike at the ball, either to be put out or to balk the catcher. No fair or foul ball, i'f caught from any other object than the person of a player, even before touching the ground, shall put a player out. Sec. 7. — The Use of Private Bats. — The striker shall be privileged to use his own private bat exclusively, and no other player of the contesting nines shall have any claim to the use of such bat, except by consent of the owner. Sec. 8. — Foul Balls. — If the ball, from the stroke of the bat, first touches the ground, the person of a player, or any other object, behind the line of range of the home and first base, or home and third base, it shall be termed foul, and niust be so declared by the umpire, unasked. If the ball first touches the ground, the person of a player, or any other object, either upon or in front of the line of range of those bases, it shall be considered fair. All foul balls must be called whenever the ball, while in the air, is seen to be falling behind the lines of the bases, as above described. RULE IV. — ^RUNNING THE BASES. Section 1. — Order of Taking Bases. — Players must take their bases in the order of striking, and when a fair ball is struck and not caught flying, the first base must be vacated, as also the second and third bases, if they are occupied at the same time. Players may be put out on any base, under these circumstances, in the same manner as when running to the first base ; but the moment the ball is caught, or the player running to the first base is put out, the other players running bases shall cease to be forced to vacate their bases, and may return to them. Sec. 2. — Overrunning First Base. — The player running to first base may overrun it without being put out, provided that in so doing he runs either straight "forward, on the line of the foul ball line, or to the right of the base ; but should he turn to the left, or attempt to make second base, he shall be liable to be put out, as in the case of running to second, third or home base. Sec. 3. — Bases to Be Touched. — Players running bases must touch them, and, so far as possible, keep upon the direct line between them, and must touch them in the following order : First, second, third and home ; and if returning, must reverse this order ; and should any player run three feet out of this line for the purpose of avoiding the ball in the hands o'f an adversary, he shall be declared out ; or if he fail to touch each base he runs or returns to, he shall be declared out, unless he return to such base before the ball be held on it. Sec. 4. — Forced Off Bases. — No base runner shall be forced to vacate a base unless as provided in Section 1 of this rule ; and when the first and second bases, or the three bases, are occupied, and a fair ball is struck, the moment the player running to a base is put out the players occupying the bases ahead of him shall cease to be forced to vacate their bases, and shall be privileged to return to the bases they have vacated, but only at the risk di being put out while off a base. Sec. 5. — Running on Fouls. — No run or base can be made upon a foul The Playing Rules 239 ball. Such a ball shall be considered dead, and not in play, until it shall first have been settled in the hands of the pitcher, in any part of the field he may happen to be. In such cases, players running bases shall return to them, and may be put out in so returning, in the same manner as when running to first base. Neither can a run or base be made when a fair ball has been caught without having touched the ground; but such a ball shall be considered alive and in play. In such cases, also, players running bases shall return to them, and may be put out in so returning in the same man- ner as when running to first base, but players, when balls are caught, may run their bases immediately after the ball has been momentarily settled in the hands of the player catching it. Sec. 6. — Taking Bases on Balks. — When a balk is made by the pitcher, every player running the bases must take one base without being put out, whether it be on a "foul balk" or an ordinary balk. Sec. 7. — Running on Fly Balls. — In the case of a fair hit ball on the fly, the player running the bases shall not be entitled to any base touched after the ball has been hit, and before the catch has been made. Sec. 8. — On Running Home. — A player running the bases shall, after touching the home base, be entitled to score one run, but if a fair ball be struck when two hands are already out, no player running home at the time the ball is struck can make a run to count in the score of the game if the striker or player running the bases is put out before touching the first base. Sec. 9. — Obstructing Base Runners. — If the player running the bases is prevented 'from making a base by the intentional obstruction of an adver- sary, he shall be entitled to that base, and shall not be put out. Any obstruction that could readily be avoided shall be considered as intentional. Sec. 10. — Putting Out Base Runners. — Any player running the bases is out if at any time he is touched by the ball, while in play, in the hands of an adversary, without some part of his person being on the base, except as provided in Section 2 o'f Rule IV. And should a fielder, with the ball in hand, while in the act of touching a base runner while off a base, have the ball knocked out of his hand by the base runner, the latter shall be declared out. Sec. 11. — Running Bases on Called Balls. — Any player running the bases, who shall have a base given him on called balls, shall be privileged to run the risk of making all the bases he can by fielding errors beyond the base given him ; but in such case he shall be liable to be put out by being touched while off the bases, as described in Section 10 of Rule IV. Sec. 12. — Substitutes. — No player shall be allowed a substitute in run- ning the bases, except for illness or injury, unless by a special consent of the captain of the opposing nine ; and in such case the latter shall select the player to run as substitute. RULE V. THE GAME. Section 1. — The Innings. — The game shall consist of nine innings to each side, when, at the close of such number of innings, should the number of runs be equal, the play shall be continued until a majority of runs, upon an equal number of innings, shall be declared, which shall conclude the game. AH innings must be concluded at the time the third hand is put out. Sec. 2. — Drawn Games. — Whenever a game of five or more innings on each side is stopped by darkness, rain, or other such causes, and the score at the time is equal on the even innings played, then the game shall be declared drawn ; but under no other circumstances shall a drawn game be declared. Sec. 3. — Five Innings to Be Played. — Under no circumstances shall a game be considered as played, or a ball be claimed or delivered as the trophy of victory, unless five innings on each side shall have been played to a close. And should darkness or rain intervene before the third hand is put out in the closing part of the fifth innings o'f a game, the umpire shall declare "no game." Sec. 4. — ISlo Play in Rain. — No match shall be commenced when rain is falling, and neither shall play in any such game be continued after rain has fallen over five minutes. Should rain commence to fall during the prog- ress of a match game, the umpire shall promptly note the time it began to rain, and should rain continue for five minutes, he shall suspend play 240 Richter's History and. Records of Base Ball directly ; and such suspended game shall not be resumed until, in the opin- ion of the umpire, the ground is in fit condition for fair fielding. Sec. 5. — Irregular Games. — No ball shall be claimed or delivered (except as otherwise provided in these rules) unless it be won in a regular match game ; and no match game shall be considered regular if any of the rules of the game be violated by either of the contesting nines, whether by mutual consent or otherwise. Sec. 6. — Position of Players. — Positions of players and choice of in- nings shall be determined by captains previously appointed for that pur- pose by the respective clubs. The nine fielders of each contesting club shall be privileged to take any position in the field their captains may choose to assign them. Sec. 7. — Legal Players. — In playing all matches nine players from each of the two contesting clubs shall constitute a full field, and these players must be regular members of the club they represent. They must also not have been members of any other base ball club — whether in or out of the Professional Association — or have played in any match game with any other club for sixty days prior to the date of the match they are to play in, matches played prior to April 1st of the season they play in excepted. Every player taking part in a regular match game, no matter what number of innings are played, shall be, in the meaning of this section of the rules, considered a member of the club he plays with ; and all matches shall be regarded as "regular" in which nines of two contesting clubs are opposed to each other. Sec. 8. — Ineligible Players. — No person who shall, at any time during the year the match is played in, have been constitutionally expelled from another club for dishonorable conduct, shall be competent to take part in any match game; and no player not in the nine taking their position on the field in the third innings of the game, shall be substituted for a player in the nine, except for reason of illness or injury. Sec. 9. — Breaking Engagements. — No player who has wilfully broken a written engagement to a club shall be eligible to take part in any game played by any clubs of the Professional Association during the year in which such engagement was made. No agreement for any engagement shall be considered as binding upon club or player which is not made in writing and signed by at least one witness. This rule shall be binding, unless its penal- ties be rescinded by a legal decision given by the Judiciary Committee of the Professional Association. Sec. 10. — Forfeited Games. — Whenever a match shall have been deter- mined upon between two clubs, play shall be called at the exact hour appointed; and should either party fail to produce their players within thirty minutes thereafter, the party so failing shall admit a defeat, and shall forfeit the ball to the club having their nine players on the ground ready to play, and the game so forfeited shall be considered as won, and so counted in the list of matches; and the winning club shall be entitled to a score of nine runs to none for any game so forfeited. Should the delinquent club fail to play on account of the recent death of one of its active members, or from an unavoidable accident, no such forfeit shall be declared. EULE VI. THE DUTIES OF THE UMPIRE. Section 1. — The umpire shall take care that the regulations respecting the balls, bats, bases, and the pitchers' and strikers* positions are strictly observed, and he shall require the challenging club to furnish a ball on which the size, weight of the ball, and the name of the manufacturer shall be stamped. He shall be sole judge of the fair and unfair play, and shall deter- mine all disputes and differences which may occur during the game; and there shall be no appeal from his decision, except through the Judiciary Committee of the Professional Association. He shall take special care to declare all foul balls and balks immediately upon their occurrence, in a dis- tinct and audible manner. He shall in every instance, before leaving the ground, declare the winning club, and shall record his decision in the books of the scorers. The umpire shall also require that the game be recorded by a scorer for each of the contesting clubs. In selecting an umpire for a match game, the visiting club shall submit the names of three persons, members of different clubs, whom they desire to act, at least five days before the day for play, and the local club shall select and answer not later than the follow- ing day, and all correspondence in relation thereto shall be by telegraph. The Playing Rules 241 No game, however, shall be forfeited from the failure of the umpire to properly discharge his duties. Sec. 2. — Paying and Changing Umpires. — No person shall be permitted to act as umpire in any match if he receives compensation for his services as umpire. Neither shall the umpire be changed during a match, unless with the consent of both the captains of the contesting nines, except for reasons of illness or injury, or for violation of the above rules. Sec. 3. — Reversing Decisions. — No decision given by the umpire shall be reversed upon the testimony of any player ; and neither shall the umpire be guided in his decision by any such testimnoy. The captains of each nine shall alone be allowed to appeal for a reversal of the decision of the umpire, and then only in the case of a palpable error in misinterpreting the rules. Sec. 4. — Interfering with Umpires and Players. — No person shall be permitted to approach the umpire, or in any manner to interrupt or inter- fere during the progress of the game. The umpire shall require the captain or players of the side to the bat to remain at a reasonable distance (at least 15 feet) from the home, first, third base, and outside the foul lines; also, to avoid interfering with the fielders when directing the movements of play- ers running the bases. If either side persists in infringing this rule the umpire shall declare the game forfeited by the score of 9 to 0, against the side violating it. Sec. 5. — Suspending Play. — The umpire in any match shall determine when play shall be suspended ; and, if the game cannot be fairly concluded, it shall be decided by the score of the last equal innings played ; unless one nine shall have completed their innings, and the other nine shall have exceeded the score of their opponents in their incompleted innings, in which case, the nine having the highest score shall be declared the winners; also in all games terminating similarly the total score obtained shall be recorded as the score of the game. Sec. 6. — Galling ^'Play" and ^^Time." — When the umpire calls "play," the game must at once be proceeded with, and the party failing to take their appointed position in the game within five minutes thereafter shall forfeit the game. All such forfeited games shall be recorded as won by a score of nine runs to none, and the game so won shall be placed to the credit of the nine ready to continue the game. When the umpire calls "time," play shall be suspended until he calls "play" again, and during the interim no player shall be put out, or base run or ball called. Sec. 7. — Ending a Game. — When the umpire "calls" a game it shall end ; but when he merely suspends play for any stated period, it may be resumed at the point at which it was suspended, provided such suspension does not extend beyond the day of the match. Sec. 8. — Dead Balls Delivered to the Bat. — Whenever a ball touches the umpire, or is accidentally stopped by him, unless it be a passed ball, it shall be considered dead, and not in play until again settled in the hands of the pitcher while in his position ; and no such dead ball shall put a player out, nor shall any base be run, or run scored on such a ball. Sec. 9. — In the case of a ball becoming ripped, out of shape, or, in the opinion of the umpire, otherwise unfit to play with, the umpire shall call for a new ball at the end of an even innings, said new ball to be furnished by the club furnishing the ball for the game. Sec. 10. — Betting Prohibited. — No person engaged in a match, either as umpire, scorer, or player, shall be either directly or indirectly interested in any bet upon the game. Sec. 11. — Infringing the Rules. — Any club wilfully infringing any rule df the game shall, after trial by the competent Judiciary Committee, be liable, for the first offence, to the penalty of suspension from membership of the Association, for any period the said committee may direct, not exceeding one year; and expulsion from such membership for the second offense. All games in which any of the rules of the Association are infringed shall also be considered forfeited games, and shall be recorded as games won by a score of nine runs to none, and against the club infringing the rules. EULE VII. MISCELLANEOUS. Section 1. — Special Ground Rules. — Clubs may adopt such rules respect- ing balls knocked beyond outside of the bounds of the field as the circum- stances of the ground may demand ; and these rules shall govern all matches 16 242 Richter's History and. Records of Base Ball played upon the ground, provided that they are distinctly made known to the umpire previous to the commencement of the game, but not otherwise. Sec. 2. — The Catcher's Fence. — No fence shall be erected within ninety feet back of the home base of a ball field, except such fence marks the bound- ary line of the grounds on which the field is laid. And in case such fence be located within ninety feet of the home base, then each ball passing the catcher and touching the fence shall give each base runner one base without his being put out. Sec. 3. — Stopping the Ball. — If a fielder stops the ball with his hat or cap, or if a ball be stopped in any way by a person or persons not engaged in the game, no player can be put out unless the ball shall first have been settled in the hands of the pitcher while he stands within the lines of his position. Sec. 4. — Obstructing Fielders. — Any player who shall intentionally pre- vent an adversary from catching or fielding the ball, or any base runner who shall, in any way, prevent a fielder from catching a fly ball from the bat — fair or foul — shall be declared out. Sec. 5. — The Batting Side Touching the Ball. — Any player who shall designedly let the ball strike him, or kick the ball when at the bat, or when running the bases, and thereby prevent an adversary from holding or field- ing such ball, shall be declared out. EULE VIII.— CHAMPIONSHIP. Section 1. — Application and Entry Fee. — All clubs desiring to contest for the championship must make application in writing to the chairman o'f the Championship Committee, hereinafter mentioned, on or before May 1st of each year, and no clubs to be admitted after that date, except in case of failure of application to reach him. Each application to be accompanied by a remittance of ($10) ten dollars. The chairman to keep a record of the clubs so applying, and to announce the names of the clubs contesting for the title, by 'publication. Sec. 2. — The Series of Games. — The series for the championship to be five games, each club to play five games with every other contesting club at such time and place as they may agree upon. All games must be played before November 1st of each year. Sec. 3. — Winning the Pennant. — ^The club winning the greatest number of games, in the championship series, with clubs entering "for the champion- ship during the season, shall be declared champions of the United States, and so certified to by a committee of three, who shall be appointed by the chairman of this Convention, and who shall be known as the Championship Committee, and to the chairman of which committee each club shall send its record on or before November 1st of each year. Sec. 4. — In Case of a Tie. — In case of a tie in total between two or more contesting clubs, the committee shall examine the records of the clubs so tieing and the one having the best average shall be declared champions of the United States. Sec. 5. — The EmUem. — A championship streamer shall be purchased by the said Championship Committee, with the funds accompanying the appli- cation of clubs, and they shall present the same on or before November 15th, of each year, to the club entitled to receive it. Sec. 6. — Terms of Holding the Pennant. — ^The club winning the cham- pionship at the end of the season shall be entitled to fly the streamer until the close of the following season, and then the streamer must be given to the club that the Championship Committee shall declare to be entitled to receive it. RULES OF THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. These rules remained in force with the amendments above noted until the Nlational League of Base Ball Clubs was organ- ized in 1876, when the rules were again given an overhauling; without material change, however. Then, as in years afterward, the pitching rules were most troublesome. Up to this time the pitching distance was forty-five feet, with a box six by six feet, The Playing Rules 243 but the pitcher was still supposed to "pitch" with a perpendicular swing of the arm, the delivery starting below the waist. The batsman had the privilege of calling for high or low balls and for failure to so pitch the pitcher was penalized by having a ball called on him after a "warning" by the umpire, and after three such warnings the batsman was entitled to first base. When the National League was organized in 1876 the forty-five feet dis- tance was retained, but the pitcher's box was reduced to four by six feet, and so remained until 1881. From 1868 to the '80s, a constant struggle was waged between the rule-makers, who desired to retain the legitimate pitch, and the pitchers, who desired almost to a man to supplant the "pitch" with the "throw," and this movement was made inevitable by the DISCOVERY OF THE CURVE BALL in 1867, by W. Arthur Cummings, of Ware, Mass., a noted profes- sional pitcher of that time. His great discovery was doubly remarkable from the fact that the delivery of any kind of a ball was restricted to below the waist. Cummings labored incessantly to perfect the curve ball delivery, and by 1870 he was master of it, despite the imposed restricted delivery. Gradually other pitch- ers acquired the curve, and by 1872 it had become quite common. Before that date also, most of the pitchers were constantly vio- lating the rules by "throwing" the ball and this gradually made the "pitch" rule a dead letter, and it was only a question of when an unrestricted delivery would be legalized. In 1872 the pitcher was first permitted to use a wrist or elbow "throw," but it was not until 1883 that the National League completely legalized the throw, but restricted the delivery to the height of the pitcher's shoulder. In the same year the National League abolished the "foul out on first bound," thus making the game entirely a "fly catch" game ; and in 1886 the American Association followed suit in this matter. With the throw had come the hop-skip- jump delivery, and to keep the pitcher from overstepping his boundary a marble slab was placed in front of the pitcher's box, within which, however, the pitcher was at liberty to assume any position. In 1879 the pitcher was first required to face the batsman, and the number of called balls was fixed at nine. In 1880 the number of called balls was reduced to eight; the catcher was required to 244 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball SeYm ffJBM A. A, A.— Ground reserved for Umpire, Batsman and Catcher, B. R. B.->Ground reserved for Captain and Assistant. C— Players Bench. D.— Visiting? Players Bat Racic E,--Home Players Bat Rack. THE FIELD IN 1882 The Playing Rules 245 catch the ball on the fly in order to put out a batsman on a third strike ; and a batsman was "out if hit by a batted ball." In 1881 the PITCHING DISTANCE WAS INCREASED to fifty feet with four by six feet box ; the number of called balls was reduced to seven; and the pitcher was penalized with a fine for hitting a batsman with a pitched ball. In 1882 also was incor- porated the rule forbidding the umpire to reverse any decision on a question of judgment. After 1882 important rule amend- ments which were made paved the way for the game as played now, or the "modern game," as it is called. We therefore deem it appropriate to give, as a matter of record, instruction, and com- parison, the Playing Rules in vogue in 1882, the last year of the ancient order. Following is an official copy of the 1882 Rules, from the Spalding Guide of that year: COPY OF THE PLAYING RULES IN 1882. CLASS I. — THE MATERIALS OF THE GAME. Rule 1. The ground must be an inclosed field, sufficient in size to enable each player to play in his position as required by these rules. Rule 2. The infield must be a space of ground thirty yards square. Rule 3. The bases must be : (1) Four in number, and designated as first base, second base, third base and home base. (2) The home base must be of white marble or white stone, twelve inches square, so fixed in the ground as to be even with the surface, and so placed in a corner of the infield that two of its sides will form part of the boundaries of said infield. (3) The first, second and third bases must be canvas bags, fifteen inches square, painted white, and filled with some soft material, and so placed that the center of each shall be upon a separate corner of the infield, the first base at the right, the second base opposite, and the third base at the left of the home base. (4) All the bases must be securely fastened in their positions, and so placed as to be distinctly seen by the umpire. Rule 4. The foul lines must be drawn in straight lines from the outer corner of the home base, through the center of the positions of first and third bases, to the boundaries of the ground. Rule 5. The pitcher's lines must be straight lines forming the bound- aries of a space of ground, in the infield, six feet long by four feet wide, distant fifty feet from the center of the home base, and so placed that the six feet lines would each be two feet distant from and parallel with a straight line passing through the center of the home and second bases. Each corner of this space must be marked by a flat iron plate or stone, six inches square, fixed in the ground, even with the surface. Rule 6. The catcher's lines must be drawn from the outer corner o'f the home base, in continuation of the foul lines, straight to the limits of the ground back of the home base. Rule 7. The captain's lines must be drawn from the catcher's lines to the limits of the ground, fifteen feet from and parallel with the foul lines. Rule 8. The players' lines must be drawn from the catcher's lines to the limits of the ground, fifty feet from and parallel with the foul lines. Rule 9. The players' bench must be furnished by the home club, and placed upon a portion of the ground outside the players' lines. It must be twelve feet in length and immovably fastened to the ground. At each end 246 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball of such bench must be immovably fixed a bat-rack, with fixtures for holding twenty bats; one such rack must be designated for the exclusive use of the visiting club, and the other for the exclusive use of the home club. Rule 10. The batsman's lines must be straight lines forming the bound- aries of a space on the right, and of a similar space on the left of the home base, six feet long by three feet wide, extending three feet in front of and three 'feet behind the center of the home base, and with its nearest line distant one foot from the home base. Rule 11. The three feet lines must be drawn as follows: From a point on the foul line from home base to first base, and equally distant from such bases, shall be drawn a line on foul ground, at a right angle to said foul line, and to a point three feet distant from it; thence running parallel with said foul line, to a point three feet distant from the center of the first base ; thence in a straight line to the center of the first base, and thence upon the foul line to the point of beginning. Rule 12. The lines designated in Rules 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 must be marked with chalk or other suitable material, so as to be distinctly seen by the umpire. They must all be so marked their entire length, except the captain's and players' lines, which must be so marked "for a distance of at least thirty-five yards from the catcher's lines. Rule 13. The ball : (1) Must not weigh less than five nor more than five and one-quarter ounces avoirdupois, and measure not less than nine nor more than nine and one-quarter inches in circumference. It must be composed of woolen yarn, and contain not more than one ounce of vulcanized rubber in mould form, and be covered with leather. It must be furnished by the secretary of the league, whose seal shall be final evidence of the legality of the ball. (2) In all games the ball or balls played with shall be furnished by the home club, and become the property of the winning club. (3) Should the ball become out of shape, or cut or ripped so as to expose the yarn, or in any way so injured as to be unfit for fair use in the opinion of the umpire, on being appealed to by either captain, a new ball shall be called for by the umpire at the end of an even innings. (4) Should the ball be lost during the game, the umpire shall, at the expiration of five minutes, call for a new ball. Rule 14. The bat: (1) Must be made wholly of wood. (2) It must be round, must not exceed two and one-half inches in diameter in the thickest part, and must not exceed forty-two inches in length. CLASS II. — FIELD RULES. Rule 15. No club shall allow open betting or pool selling upon its grounds, nor in any building owned or occupied by it. Rule 16. No club shall sell or allow to be sold upon its grounds, nor in any building owned or occupied by it, any spirituous, vinous or malt liquors. Rule 17. No person shall be allowed upon any part of the field during the progress of the game, in addition to the nine players on each side and the umpire, except such officers of the law as m,ay be present in uniform to preserve the peace. Rule 18. Players in uniform shall not be permitted to seat themselves among the spectators. Rule 19. The umpire is the sole judge of play, and is entitled to the respect of the spectators, and any person hissing or hooting at, or offering any insult or indignity to him, must be promptly ejected from the grounds. Rule 20. Every club shall furnish sufficient police force upon its own grounds to preserve order, and in the event of a crowd entering the field during the progress of a game, and interfering with the play in any manner, the visiting club may refuse to play further until the field be cleared; and if the ground be not cleared within fifteen minutes thereafter, the visiting club may claim, and shall be entitled to, the game by a score of nine runs to none (no matter what number of innings have been played.) Rule 21. No manager, captain or player shall address the audience dur- ing the progress of a game, except in case of necessary explanation. CLASS in. — THE PLAYERS AND THEIR POSITIONS. Rule 22. The players of each club, in a match game, shall be nine in number, one of whom shall be the captain. Rule 23. The players' positions shall be : The Playing Rules 247 (1) When in the field (designated "fielders" in these rules) such as may be assigned them by their captain, except that the pitcher must take his position within the pitcher's lines, as defined in Rule 5. (2) When their side goes to the bat they must immediately seat them- selves upon the players' bench, and remain there until the side is put out, except when batsman or base-runner. All bats not in use must be kept in the bat racks, and the two players next succeeding the batsman, in the order in which they are named on the score, must be ready with bat in hand to promptly take position as batsman : Provided, that the captain, and one assistant only, may occupy the space between the players' lines and the cap- tain's lines, to coach base-runners. (3) The batsmen must take their positions within the batsman's lines, as defined in Rule 10, in the order in which they are named on the score, which must contain the batting order of both nines and must be followed, except in case of disability of a player, in which case the substitute must take the place of the disabled player in the batting order. (4) No player of the side at bat, except when batsman, shall occupy any portion of the space within the catcher's lines as defined in Rule 6. CLASS IV. DEFINITIONS. Rule 24. A high ball is a ball legally delivered by the pitcher, over the home base, higher than the belt of the batsman, but not higher than his shoulder. Rule 25. A low ball is a ball legally delivered by the pitcher, over the home base, not higher than the batsman's belt, nor lower than his knee. Rule 26. A high or low ball is a ball legally delivered by the pitcher, over the home base, not higher than the batsman's shoulder, nor lower than his knee. Rule 27. A ^fair ball is a ball delivered by the pitcher, while wholly within the lines of his position and facing the batsman, with his arm swing- ing nearly perpendicularly by his side and his hand passing below his waist, and the ball passing over the home base at the height called for by the batsman. Rule 28. An unfair ball is a ball delivered by the pitcher as in Rule 27, except that the ball does not pass over the home base, or does not pass over the home base at the height called for by the batsman. Rule 29. A balk is: (1) A motion made by the pitcher to deliver the ball to the bat without delivering it, except the ball be accidentally dropped ; or, (2) The ball be held by the pitcher so long as to delay the game unnecessarily ; or, (3) Delivered to the bat by the pitcher when any part of his person is upon ground outside the lines of his position. Rule 30. A foul balk is a ball delivered to the bat by tne pitcher by an overhand throw, or any swing of the arm or hand other than that pre- scribed in Rule 27. Rule 31. A dead ball is a ball delivered to the bat by the pitcher, that touches the batsman's bat, without being struck at, or any part of the batsman's person while standing in his position, without being struck at, or any part of the umpire's person, without first passing the catcher. Rule 32. A block is a batted or thrown ball that is stopped or han- dled by any person not engaged in the game. Rule 33. A fair hit is a ball batted by the batsman, standing in his position, that first touches the ground, the first base, the third base, the person of a player, or any other object, in front of or on either of the foul lines, or (exception) batted directly to the ground by the batsman, stand- ing in his position, that (whether it first touches foul or fair groand) bounds or rolls within the foul lines between home and first, or home and third bases, without first touching the person of a player. Rule 34. A foul hit is a ball batted by the batsman, standing in his position, that first touches the ground, the person of a player, or any other object, behind either of the foul lines, or that strikes the person of such batsman, while standing in his position, or (exception) batted directly to the ground by the batsman, standing in his position, that (whether it first touches foul or fair ground) bounds or rolls outside the foul lines. 248 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball between home and first or home and third bases, without first touching the person o'f a player. Rule 35. A strike is : (1) A ball struck at by the batsman without it touching his bat; or, (2) A ball legally delivered by the pitcher at the height called for by the batsman, and over the home base, but not struck at by the batsman. Rule 36. A foul strike is a ball batted by the batsman when any part of his person is upon ground outside the lines of the batsman's position. Rule 37. Play is the order of the umpire to begin the game, or to resume play after its suspension. Rule 38. Time is the order of the umpire to suspend play. Such sus- pension must not extend beyond the day of the game. Rule 39. Game is the announcement by the umpire that the game is terminated. Rule 40. An inning is the turn at bat of the nine players representing a club in a game, and is completed when three of such players have been put out as provided in these rules. Rule 41. A time at bat is the term at bat of a batsman. It begins when he takes his position, and continues until he is put out, or becomes a base runner. Rule 42. Legal, or legally, signifies as required by these rules. CLASS V. THE GAME. Rule 43. A game shall consist of nine innings to each contesting nine, except that: (1) If the side first at bat scores less runs in nine innings than the other side has scored in eight innings, the game shall then terminate. (2) If the side last at bat in the ninth innings scores the winning run before the third man is out, the game shall then terminate. (3) If the score be a tie at the end of nine innings to each side, play shall only be continued until the side first at bat shall have scored one or more runs than the other side, in an equal number of innings ; or until the other side shall score one more run than the side first at bat. (4) Xf the umpire calls "game" on account of darkness or rain at any time after five innings have been completed by both sides, the score shall be that of the last equal innings played, unless the side second at bat shall have scored one or more runs than the side first at bat, in which case the score of the game 'shall be the total number of runs made. Rule 44. A drawn game shaU be declared by the umpire when he ter- minates a game, on account of darkness or rain, after five equal innings have been played, if the score at the time is equal on the last even innings played; but (exception) if the side that went second to bat is then at the bat, and has scored the same number of runs as the other side, the umpire shall declare the game drawn, without regard to the score of the last equal innings. Rule 45. A forfeited game shall be declared by the umpire, in favor of the club not in fault, in the following cases : (1) If the nine of a club fail to appear upon the field, or, being upon the field, fail to begin the game, within five minutes after the umpire has called "play" at the hour appointed for the beginning of the game. (2) If, after the" game has begun, one side refuses or fails to continue playing, unless such game has been suspended or terminated by the umpire. (3) If, after play has been suspended by the umpire, one side fails to resume playing within five minutes after the umpire has called "play." (4) If the umpire calls three foul balks in one inning, and has warned the pitcher of the penalty after the second foul balk,- and before the third is called. (5) If, in the opinion of the umpire, any one of these rules is wil- fully violated. Rule 46. "No game" shall be declared by the umpire if he shall ter- minate play, on account of rain or darkness, before five innings on each side are completed. Rule 47. A substitute shall not be allowed to take the place of any player in a game, unless such player be disabled in the game then being played, by reason of illness or injury. Rule 48. The choice of first innings shall be determined by the two captains. The Playing Rules 249 Hule 49. The umpire must call "play" at the hour appointed for beginning a game. The game must begin when the umpire calls "play." When he calls "time" play shall be suspended until he calls "play" again, and during the interim no player shall be put out, base be run, or run be scored. The umpire shall suspend play only for an accident to himself or a player (but in case of accident to a fielder, time shall not be called until the ball be returned to and held by the pitcher, standing in his position) ; or in case rain falls so heavily that the spectators are compelled, by the severity of the storm, to seek shelter, in v^hich case he shall note the time o'f suspension, and, should such rain continue to fall thirty min- utes thereafter, he shall terminate the game. The umpire shall also declare every "dead ball," "block," "foul hit," "foul strike," "balk" and "foul balk," and after declaring the second "foul balk" in one inning, shall warn the pitcher of the penalty prescribed by Rule 45 (4). Rule 50. The batsman, on taking his position, must call for a "high ball," a "low ball," or a "high or low ball," and the umpire shall notify the pitcher to deliver the ball as required ; such call shall not be changed after the first ball delivered. The umpire shall count and call every "unfair ball" delivered by the pitcher, and every "foul balk" and "dead ball," if also an "unfair ball," as a "ball ;" and he shall also count and call every "strike." Neither a "ball" nor a "strike" shall be called counted until the ball has passed the home base. Rule 51. The batsman is out: (1) If he fails to take his position at the bat in his order of batting, unless the error be discovered and the proper batsman takes his position before a fair hit has been made. (2) If he fails to take his position within one minute after the um- pire has called for the batsman. (3) If he makes a foul hit, and the ball be momentarily held by the fielder before touching the ground, or after touching the ground but once, provided it be not caught in a fielder's hat or cap, or touch some object other than the fielder before touching the ground, or before being caught. (4) If he makes a foul strike. (5) If he plainly attempts to hinder the catcher from catching the ball, evidently without effort to make a fair hit. Rule 52. The batsman becomes a base runner: (1) Instantly after he makes a fair hit. (2) Instantly after seven balls have been called by the umpire. (3) Instantly after three strikes have been declared by the umpire. Rule 53. The base runner must touch each base in regular order, viz. : First, second, third and home bases, and when obliged to return, must do so on the run, and must retouch the base or bases in reverse order. He shall only be considered as holding a base after touching it, and shall then be entitled to hold such base until he has legally touched the next base in order, or has been legally forced to vacate it for a succeeding base runner. Rule 54. The base runner shall be entitled, without being put out, to take one base, provided he do so on the run, in the following cases : (1) If, while he was batsman, the umpire called seven balls. (2) If the umpire awards a succeeding batsman a base on seven balls, and the base runner is thereby forced to vacate the base held by him. (3) If the umpire calls a balk. (4) If a ball delivered by the pitcher pass the catcher and touch any fence or building within ninety feet of the home base. (5) If he be prevented from making a base by the obstruction of an adversary. (6) If a fielder stop or catch a batted ball with his hat or any part of his dress. Rule 55. The base runner shall return to his base, and shall be entitled to so return without being put out, provided he do so on the run : (1) I'f the umpire declares a foul hit, and the ball be not legally caught by a fielder before touching the ground, or any object other than a fielder. (2) If the umpire declares a foul strike. (3) If the umpire declares a dead ball, unless it be also the seventh 250 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball unfair ball, and he be thereby forced to take the next base, as provided in Rule 54 (2). Rule 56. The base runner shall not have a substitute run for him. Rule 57. The base runner is out : (1) If, after three strikes have been declared against him while batsman, and the catcher fails to catch the third-strike ball, he plainly attempts to hinder the catcher from fielding the ball. (2) If, having made a fair hit while batsman, such fair-hit ball be momentarily held by a fielder, before touching the ground or any object other than the fielder : Provided, it be not caught in the fielder's hat or cap. (3) If, when the umpire has declared three strikes on him while batsman, the third-strike ball be momentarily held by a fielder before touch- ing the ground : Provided, it be not caught in a fielder's hat or cap, or touch some object other than a fielder before being caught. (4) If, after three strikes or a fair hit, he be touched with the ball in the hand of a fielder before such base runner touches first base. (5) If, after three strikes or a fair hit, the ball be securely held by a fielder, while touching first base with any part of his person, before such base runner touches first base. (6) If, immediately after three strikes, seven balls, or a fair hit, he fails to run to first base. (7) If, in running the last half of the distance from home base to first base, he runs outside the three-feet lines, as defined in Rule 11, except that he must do so if necessary to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, and in such case shall not be declared out. (8) If, in running from first to second base, from second to third base, or from third to home base, he runs more than three feet from a direct line between such bases to avoid being touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder; but in case a fielder be occupying the base runner's proper path, attempting to field a batted ball, then the base runner shall run out of the path and behind said fielder, and shall not be declared out for so doing. (9) If he fails to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, in the manner prescribed in (7) and (8) of this rule, or if he, in any way, obstructs a fielder attempting to field a batted ball: Provided, that if two or more fielders attempt to field a batted ball, and the base runner comes in contact with one or more of thern, the umpire shall determine which fielder is entitled to the benefit of this rule, and shall not decide the base runner out for coming in contact with any other fielder. (10) If, at any time while the ball is in play, he be touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder, unless some part of his person is touching a base he is entitled to occupy, provided the ball be held by the fielder after touching him; but (exception as to first base) in running to first base he may overrun said base without being put out for being off said base, after first touching it, provided he returns at once and retouches the base, after which he may be put out as at any other base. If, in overrunning first base, he also attempts to run to second base, he shall forfeit such exemption from being put out. (11) If, when a fair or foul hit ball is legally caught by a fielder before it touches the ground, such ball is legally held by a fielder on the base occupied by the base runner when such ball was struck (or the base runner be touched with the ball in the hand of a fielder), before he re- touches said base after such fair or foul-hit ball was so caught : Provided, that the base-runner shall not be out in such case, if, after the ball was legally caught as above, it be delivered to the bat by the pitcher before the fielder holds it on the said base or touches the base runner with it. (12) If, when a batsman becomes a base runner (except as pro- vided in Rule 54), the first base, or the first and second bases, or the first, second and third bases, be occupied, any base runner so occupy- ing a base shall cease to be entitled to hold it, until any following base runner is put out, and may be put out at the next base, or by being touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder in the same manner as in running to first base, at any time before any following base runner is put out. (13) If a fair-hit ball strike him, he shall be declared out, and in such case no base shall be run unless forced, and no run be scored. The Playing Rules 251 (14) If, when running to a base or forced to return to a base, he fail to touch the intervening base or bases, if any, in the order pre- scribed in Rule 53, he may be put out at the base if he fails to touch, or by being touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder, in the same manner as in running to first base : Provided, that he shall not be de- clared out unless the captain of the fielding side claim such decision be- fore the ball is delivered to the bat by the pitcher. (15) If, when the umpire calls "Play," after any suspension of a game, he fails to return to and touch the base he occupied when "Time" was called, before touching the next base. Rule 58. The umpire shall declare the batsman or base runner out, without waiting for an appeal for such decision, in all cases where such player is put out in accordance with these rules, except as provided in Rule 5T, (11), (14) and (15). Rule 59. In case of a foul strike, foul hit not legally caught flying, dead ball, or base runner put out *for being struck by a fair-hit ball, the ball shall not be considered in play until it is held by the pitcher standing in his position. Rule 60. Whenever a block occurs, the umpire shall declare it, and base runners may run the bases without being put out, until after the ball has been returned to and held by the pitcher standing in his position. Rule 61. One run shall be scored every time a base runner, after having legally touched the first three bases, shall touch the home base before three men are put out. If the third man is forced out, or is put out before reaching first base, a run shall not be scored. Rule 62. If the pitcher causes the ball to strike the batsman, and the umpire be satisfied that he does it intentionally, he shaU fine the pitcher therefor in a sum not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars. (See League contract, paragraph 11). Rule 63. No player except the captain or his assistant shall address the umpire concerning any point of play, and any violation of this rule shall subject the offender to a fine by the umpire. CLASS VI. — THE UMPIRE. Rule 64. The umpire shall be selected as follows : (1) Two clubs may, by mutual agreement, select any man to umpire any game or games, provided that such agreement be in writing, and the man so selected agrees not less than seven days before such game, or the first of such games, to act as such umpire. (2) A staff of League umpires shall be selected in the following manner : Prior to April 1st of each year, each club shall send to the secretary the names of any persons of good repute and considered com- petent to act as umpires. A list of all persons so nominated shall be prepared by the secretary, and submitted to each club, which shall then select therefrom a number equal to three times the number of clubs then in the League, and shall transmit a list thereof to the Secretary, and the required number having the greatest number of approvals shall constitute the staff of League umpires. (3) In case any League umpire shall enter the service of a League club as manager or player, or absent himself (except in performing the duties of League umpire) from the place designated on the secretary's record as his address, or find that he will be unable, for a definite period, to perform the duties of a League umpire, he shall immediately notify the secretary of the period of such service, absence or inability (and the secretary shall notify all league clubs), and, during such period, he shall not be eligible to serve as League umpire, nor be nominated to umpire any championship game. (4) Any umpire shall be removed who shall be objected to in writ- ing by two League clubs, after the commencement of the championship season, and, in the event of the declination, resignation or expulsion of any League umpire, the secretary shall nominate, to all League clubs, a man to replace him, and, unless he receive, by letter or telegram, the adverse vote of two League clubs on such nomination within five days thereafter, he shall notify all League clubs, and the person so nominated of his election as League umpire. (5) In the absence of the agreement provided for in (1) of this rule, the visiting club shall, by its president (or officer designated by 252 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball him), if the club be at home, a.nd by its manager, if the club be absent from home, not less than five days before any championship game, submit by telegraph to the president (or oflScer designated by him) of the home club the names of seven League umpires, none of whom shall reside in the city of the visiting club. The home club shall then be charged with the duty of producing one of the seven so named upon the grounds in season for the game. (6) In case the visiting club shall have failed to furnish the seven names as provided in (5), the home club shall select an umpire for such game ; and in case the visiting club shall have furnished the seven names, as provided in (5), and the home club fails to produce one of the um- pires so named, within fifteen minutes before the hour appointed for the game, the visiting club shall select the umpire. Rule 65. The umpire's duties, in addition to those specified in the preceding rules, are : (1) Before the commencement of a match game, the umpire shall see that the rules governing all materials of the game are strictly ob- served. He shall ask the captain of the home club whether there are any special ground rules to be enforced, and, if there are, he shall see that they are duly enforced, provided they do not conflict with any of these rules. He shall also ascertain whether the fence in the rear of the catcher's position is distant ninety feet from the home base. (2) The umpire shall not reverse his decision on any point of play upon the testimony of any player engaged in the game or upon the testi- mony of any bystander. Rule 66. The umpire shall not be changed during the progress of a match game, except for reason of illness or injury, or by the consent of the captain of the two contesting nines. Rule 67. Any league umpire who shall be convicted of selling, or offer- ing to sell, a game of which he is umpire, shall thereupon be removed from his official capacity and placed under the same disabilities inflicted on expelled players by the constitution of the league. (See, also, Constitution, Section 45.) Rule 68. The umpire's jurisdictions and powers, in addition to those specified in the preceding rules, are : (1) The gentleman selected to fill the position of umpire must keep constantly in mind the fact that upon his sound discretion and promptness in conducting the game, compelling players to observe the spirit as well as the letter of the rules, and enforcing each and every one of the rules, largely depends the merit of the game as an exhibition, and the satisfaction of spectators therewith. He must make his decisions distinct and clear, remembering that every spectator is anxious to hear such decision. He must keep the contesting nines playing constantly from the commence- ment of the game to its termination, allowing such delays only as are rendered unavoidable by accident, injury or rain. He must, until the completion of the game, require the players of each side to promptly take their positions in the field as soon as the third hand is put out, and must require the first striker of the opposite side to be in his position at the bat as soon as the fielders are in their places. (2) The players of the side "at bat" must occupy the portion of the field allotted them, subject to the condition that they must speedily vacate any portion thereof that may be in the way of the ball, or any fielder attempting to catch or field it. The triangular space behind the home base is reserved for the exclusive use of the umpire, catcher and batsman, and the umpire must prohibit any player of the side "at bat" from crossing the same at any time while the ball is in the hands of the pitcher or catcher, or is passing between them, while standing in their positions. (3) Section 9 of the league constitution makes the league umpire a member of the league. During the progress of a game he is the sole rep- resentative of the League, to see that the game is played and determined solely on its merits, and these rules invest him with ample powers to accomplish this purpose. In the performance of his duties he must remem- ber that his sole allegiance is due to the League, and that the circumstance of his fees and expenses being paid by the visiting club places him under no obligation whatever to such club. Such expenses are equally borne by all league clubs, taking the season as a whole ; hence the visiting club The Playing Rules 253 merely acts as paymaster of the league so far as the umpire is concerned. (4) The umpire is master of the field from the commencement to the termination of the game, and must compel the players to observe the pro- visions of all the playing rules, and he is hereby invested with authority to order any player to do or omit to do any act, as he may deem it neces- sary to give force and effect to any and all of such provisions, and power to inflict upon any player disobeying any such order a fine of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each offense, and to impose a similar fine upon any player who shall use abusive, threatening or improper lan- guage to the umpire, audience, or other player, and when the umpire shall have so punished the player, he shall not have the power to revoke or remit the penalty so inflicted. (See League Contract, paragraph 11.) (5) The umpire shall at once notify the captain of the offending player's side of the infliction of any fine herein provided for, and the club to which such player belongs shall, upon receipt of a notice of said fine from the secretary of the league, within ten days transmit the amount of such fine to the secretary of the league. (6) In case the umpire imposes a fine on a player, or declares a game forfeited, he shall transmit a written notice thereof to the secretary of the league within twenty-four hours thereafter; and if he shall fail to do so, he shall forfeit his position as league umpire, and shall forever thereafter be ineligible to umpire any league game. Rule 69. For the special benefit of ttie patrons of the game, and because the offenses specified are under his immediate jurisdiction, and not subject to appeal by players, the attention of the umpire is particularly directed to possible violations of the purpose and spirit of the rules, of the following character : (1) Laziness or loafing of players in taking their places in the field, or those allotted them by the rules when their side is at bat, and especially any failure to keep the bats in the racks provided for them:; to be ready (two men) to take position as batsman, and to remain upon the players' bench except when otherwise required by the rules. (2) Any attempt by players of the side at bat, by calling to a fielder other than the one designated by his captain, to field a ball, or by any other equally disreputable means seeking to disconcert a fielder. (3) Indecent or improper language addressed by a player to the audi- ence, the umpire, or any player. In any of these cases the umpire should promptly fine the offending player. (4) The rules make a marked distinction between hindrance of an adversary in fielding a batted or a thrown ball. This has been done to rid the game of the childish excuses and claims formerly made by a fielder fail- ing to hold a ball to put out a base runner, but there may be cases of a base runner so flagrantly violating the spirit of the rules and of the game in obstructing a fielder from fielding a thrown ball, that it would become the duty of the umpire not only to declare the base runner "out" (and to compel any succeeding base runners to hold their bases), but also to impose a heavy fine upon him. For example : If the base runner plainly strike the ball while passing him, to prevent its being caught by a fielder; if he hold a fielder's arm so as to disable him from catching the ball, or if he knock the fielder down with his fist for the same purpose. (5) In the case of a "block," if the person not engaged in the game should retain possession of the ball, or throw or kick it beyond the reach of the fielders, the umpire should call "time," and require each base runner to stop at the last base touched by him, until the ball be returned to the pitcher, standing in his position. (6) The umpire must call "play" at the exact time advertised for beginning a game, and any player not then ready to take the position allotted him must be promptly fined by the umpire. (7) The umpire is only allowed, by the rules to call "time" in case of an accident to himself or a player, or in case of rain, as defined by the rules. The practice of players suspending the game to discuss or contest a decision with the umpire, is a gross violation of the rules, and the umpire should promptly fine any player who interrupts the game in this manner. CLASS VII. — SCORING. Rule 70. In order to promote uniformity in scoring championship 254 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball games, the following instructions, suggestions and definitions are made for the benefit of scorers of league clubs, and they are required to make the scores mentioned in Section 80 of the league constitution in accord- ance therewith. Batting : (1) The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game. Any time or times where the player has been sent to base on called balls shall not be included in this column. (2) In the second column should be set down the runs made by each player. (3) In the third column should be placed the first base hits made by each player. A base hit should be scored in the following cases : When the ball from the bat strikes the ground between the foul lines, and out of reach of the fielders. When a hit is partially or wholly stopped by a fielder in motion, but such player cannot recover himself in time to handle the ball before the striker reaches first base. When the ball is hit so sharply to an infielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out a man. In case of doubt over this class of hits, score a base hit and exempt fielder from the charge of an error. When a ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out a man. (4) In the fourth column should be placed to the credit of each player the total bases made by him off his hits. Fielding : (5) The number of opponents put out by each player shall be set down in the fifth column. Where a striker is given out by the umpire for a foul strike, or because he struck out of his turn the put-out shall be scored to the catcher. (6) The number of times the player assists shall be set down in the sixth column. An assist should be given to each player who handles the ball in a run-out or other play of the kind. An assist should be given to the pitcher when a batsman fails to hit the ball on the third strike. An assist should be given to the pitcher in each case where the bats- man is declared out for making a foul strike or striking out of turn. An assist should be given to a player who makes a play in time to put a runner out, even if the player who should complete the play fails, through no fault of the player assisting. And generally an assist should be given to each player who handles the ball from the time it leaves the bat until it reaches the player who makes the put-out, or in case of a thrown ball, to each player who throws or han- dles it cleanly, and in such a way that a put-out results or would result if no error were made by the receiver. (7) An error should be given for each misplay which allows the striker or base runner to make one or more bases, when perfect play would have insured his being put out. In scoring errors off batted balls, see (3) of this rule. CLASS VIII. — CONSTRUCTION AND AMENDMENTS. Rule 71, No section of these rules shall be construed as conflicting with or affecting any article of the constitution of the league. Rule 72. No amendment or change of any of these rules shall be made, except in the manner provided in the constituti6n of the league. RULES OF THE CULMINATING PERIOD. As noted above, in 1883, the National League abolished the "foul bound catch," this giving us the modem "fly catch" game. In this year also the pitcher was permitted to start his delivery over his head, but he had to pitch it level with, or below, his shoulder. In 1884 all restrictions on the overhand delivery of James A. Haet Chairman of National League Rules Committee in the '90s, and Father of Foul-Strike Rule The Playing Rules 255 the pitcher were removed; but he was compelled to keep both feet on the ground and permitted to take but one step in delivery, thus ending the old range of movement in the delivery. The pitcher's box was reduced to six by four feet, and the batsman's box was brought to within six inches of the home plate. In this year also "wild pitches," "passed balls," and "missed third strikes" were classified as "battery errors," and the called balls were reduced to six. In 1885 the number of bases on balls was again increased to seven — for the last time, as in 1886 the num- ber was again fixed at six. In 1886 also the pitcher's box was increased to 7x4 feet. In the Fall of 1886 THE FIRST JOINT RULES COMMITTEE of record, composed of representatives of the National League and the American Association, met and made radical changes in the rules. The pitcher's box was made four by five and one-half feet; the batsman's privilege of calling for high or low ball was abolished; the pitcher was required to keep both feet on the ground, and to take but one step in delivery; the number of called balls was reduced to five, and the number of strikes in- creased from three to four; bases on balls were recorded as base hits; the batsman was exempted from a time at bat when hit by a pitched ball; an obvious attempt to foul the ball was penalized as a strike; choice of first inning was given to the home club; first and third bases were placed within the foul lines; and the Spalding and Reach balls were designated as the standard, and therefore official, balls, for the first time in the Playing Rules Code. In the Fall of that year also, the double umpire system was first tried in the Chicago-St. Louis World's Series, and was subsequently employed by the American Associa- tion, only to be discontinued after a trial of two years, for reasons of economy. These CHANGES PROVED ADVANTAGEOUS, with the exception of the four-strike rule, which proved so unpopular that in the Fall of 1887 it was repealed, and the famil- iar order of "three strikes and out" was restored. The number of called balls was retained at five, and bases on balls no longer counted as base hits, but an exemption from a time at bat for the 256 RiCHTER^s History and Records of Base Ball batsman. In 1888 also the umpire was first empowered to eject an unruly player from the game after a first offense had been pun- ished by a fine. Since 1888 the changes in the rules have been few, but quite important. In 1889 the number of called balls was placed at four, which has been the rule ever since ; and that year, also, the sacrifice bunt or fly hit was given its first recogni- tion by being accorded a place in the box score, but exemption from a time at bat for the infield sacrifice hit was not granted until 1893. In 1 89 1 the rule allowing substitution of any player at any time during a game was adopted; large padded mitts for catchers were permitted. In 1891, also, a "runs batted in" column was added to the scoring rules (for that year only). In 1892 the coachers were restricted to two. In 1894 bunted foul balls were classified as "strikes." In 1895 the "infield fly" rule was adopted; and the "foul-tip" was classified as a "strike," if caught. In 1898 the "earned run" was eliminated. In 1900 the present home plate was adopted. But the most important and far-reach- ing change was made by the National League, then a twelve-club monopoly, in 1893, relating to the battery department. The pitching distance was lengthened to sixty and one-half feet, the box was abolished and a marble slab twelve by six inches was substituted, against which the pitcher was obliged to place his rear foot and from which he could take but one step, his movement in all other ways being unrestricted. The pitching distance was made sixty feet five inches in 1894, and the slab, in 1895, was enlarged to twenty- four by six inches. This radical change of 1893 was designed TO increase the batting^ which had suffered considerably under ever-increasing pitcher dominance since the legalization of the overhand delivery and the abolishment of the batsman's high-and-low-ball call privilege. This rule was effective for a time only, as it was discovered that the lengthened distance favored rather than handicapped the pitcher, as it enabled him to control and curve the ball better. To offset this the batsmen resorted to fouling-off tactics to tire out pitchers to such a degree that games began to drag. The National League found a cure for this in 1901, when it adopted the "foul strike" rule, under which all balls batted foul and not The Playing Rules 257 caught were called strikes to the number of two, after which the put-out on the third strike had to be made in the regular manner. At the same time a rule was made obliging the catcher to remain continuously under the bat. The two rules, operating together, were designed to eliminate the unpopular "fouling-off" practice and to save time. Intentional fouling had been penalized with a called strike, but the question of "intention" raised such inces- sant argument that umpires permitted the rule to fall into desue- tude. The two new rules served admirably for some years, after the American League, in THE INTEREST OF UNIFORMITY, also adopted the innovation in 1903 ; but in the course of time the rule favored the pitcher so much that means had to be taken to check, or at least minimize, the effects of pitcher dominance, and this was found in 1909, when President Benjamin F. Shibe, of the Philadelphia American League Club — a member of the A. J. Reach Company, of Philadelphia, which manufactures an overwhelming majority of the base balls used in organized ball — invented the cork center for the ball instead of the rubber center heretofore in universal use. The cork center increased the resilience of the ball without in the least changing its specifica- tions, and thereby appreciably increased the batting without affecting the fielding in the slightest degree. This ball is now in use by the two major leagues and the leading minor leagues and is therefore justly to be considered as the standard ball of the world of organized ball. RULES OF THE CULMINATING PERIOD. Since the adoption of the new National Agreement in 1903, the matter of rules revision has been under the sole jurisdiction of a joint Rules Committee, which at various times made a few minor changes. In 1908 this Committee recodified the rules, that is, rearranged the various parts in their logical order and places and re-numbered them accordingly, at the same time making some important changes in phraseology and minor points of play — except as to the umpires, whose powers were enlarged and duties more accurately defined. Since that year there have been no changes in the Playing Rules and only a few minor changes in 17 258 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball INOTR— For Specifications see Rules from No. 2 to No. 12. THE FIELD IN 1913 The Playing Rules 259 the Scoring Rules. It is possible that for 19 14 there may be a remodeling of the "infield fly" rule, which is differently inter- preted in the two major leagues, and an addition to the balk rules, making the "dropping of the ball" by the pitcher while in the act of delivery, whether intentional or not, a balk. In all respects the Playing Rules Code now fully answers its purpose and is, therefore, virtually perfect. Herewith is given the official Playing Rules Code for 191 3 entire; as published in the Official American League and National League Guides of that year : The Official 1913 Code of Playing Rules for Playing Base Ball. Adopted in Accordance With the National Agreement. Rule l.^—The Ball Ground. — The ball ground must be enclosed. To obviate the necessity for ground rules, the shortest distance from a fence or stand on fair territory to the home base should be 235 feet, and from home base to the grand stand 90 feet. Rule 2. — To Lay Ojf the Field. — To lay off the lines defining the loca- tion of the several bases, the catcher's and the pitcher's position, and to establish the boundaries required in playing the game of Base Ball proceed as follows : Diamond or Infield. — From a point, A, within the grounds, project a straight line out into the field, and at a point B, 154 feet from point A, lay off lines B C and B D at right angles to the line A B ; then with B as a center and 63.63945 feet as a radius, describe arcs cutting the lines B A at F and B C at G, B D at H and B E at I. Draw lines F G, G E, EH, and H F, which said lines shall be the containing lines of the diamond or infield. Rule 3. — The Catcher's Lines. — With F as a center and 10 feet radius, describe an arc cutting line F A at L and draw lines L M and L O at right angles to F A, and continue same out from F A not less than 10 feet. Rule 4. — The Foul Lines. — From the intersection point, F, continue the straight lines F G and F H until they intersect the lines L M and L O, and then from the points G and H in the opposite direction until they reach the boundary lines of the ground, and said lines shall be clearly visible from any part of the diamond, and no wood or other hard substance shall be used in the construction of such lines. Rule 5. — The Players' Lvnes. — With F as a center and 50 feet radius, describe arcs cutting lines F O and F M at P and Q, then with F as center again and 75 feet radius, describe arcs cutting F G and F H at R and S ; then, from the points P, Q, R and S draw lines at right angles to the lines F O, F M, F G and F H, and continue the same until they intersect at the points T and W. Rule 6. — The Coachers' Lines. — With R and S as centers and 15 feet radius, describe arcs cutting the lines R W and S T at X and Y, and from the points X and Y draw lines parallel with the lines F H and F G, and continue same out to the boundary lines of the ground. Rule 7. — The Three-Foot Line. — With F as a center and 45 feet radius, describe an arc cutting the line F G at 1, and from 1 to the distance of three feet draw a line at right angles to F G, and marked point 2 ; then from point 2 draw a line parallel with the line F G to a point three feet beyond the point G, marked 3 ; then from the point 3 draw a line at right angles to line 2, 3, back to and intersecting with F G, and from thence back along the line G F to point 1. Rule 8. — The Batsman's Lines. — On either side of the line A F B describe two parallelograms six feet long and four feet wide (marked 8 and 9), their longest side being parallel with the line A F B, their dis- tance apart being six inches, added to each end of the length of the diagonal of the square within the angle F, and the center of their length being on said diagonal. 26o Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Rule 9. Sec. 1. — The Pitcher's Plate. — With point F as center and 60.5 feet as radius, describe an arc cutting the line F B at line 4 and draw a line 5, 6, passing through point 4 and extending 12 inches on either side of line F B ; then, with line 5, 6, as a side, describe a paral- lelogram 24 inches by 6 inches, in which shall be located the pitcher's plate. Sec. 2. — The pitcher's plate shall not be more than 15 inches higher than the base lines or the home plate, which shall be level with the sur- face of the field and the slope from the pitcher's plate to every base line and the home plate shall be gradual. Rule 10. Sec. 1. — The Bases. — Within the angle F, describe a five- sided figure, two of the sides of which shall coincide with the lines F G and F H to the extent of 12 inches each, thence parallel with the line F B 8^/^ inches to the points X and Y, a straight line between which, 17 inches, will form the front of the home base or plate. Sec. 2. — Within the angles at G, I and H, describe squares, whose sides are 15 inches in length, two of such sides of which squares shall lie along the lines F G and G I, and G I and I H and I H and H F, which squares shall be the location of the first, second and third bases re- spectively. Rule 11. — The Home Base at F and the Pitcher's Plate at 4 must each be of whitened rubber, and so fixed in the ground as to be even with its surface. Rule 12. — The First Base at G, the Second Base at E, and the Third Base at H, must each be a white canvas bag filled with soft material and securely fastened in place at the points specified in Rule 10. Rule 13. — The lines described in Rules 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 must be marked with lime, chalk or other white material, easily distinguishable from the ground or grass. Rule 14. Sec. 1. — The Ball. — The ball must weigh not less than five nor more than five and one-quarter ounces avoirdupois, and measure not less than nine nor more than nine and one-quarter inches in circumference. The Reach American League Ball or the Spalding National League BalL must be used in all games played under these rules. Sec. 2. — Two regulation balls of the make adopted by the league of which the contesting clubs are members, shall be delivered by the home club to the umpire at or before the hour for the commencement of a cham- pionship game. If the ball placed in play be batted or thrown out of the grounds or into one of the stands for spectators, or in the judgment of the umpire becomes unfit for play from any cause, the umpire shall at once deliver the alternate ball to the pitcher and another legal ball shall be supplied to him, so that he shall at all times have in his control one or more alternate balls. Provided, however, that all balls batted or thrown out of the ground or into a stand shall, when returned to the field, be given into the custody of the umpire immediately, and become alternate balls, and so long as he has in his possession two or more alternate balls he shall not call for a new ball to replace one that has gone out of play. The alternate balls shall become the ball in play in the order in which they were delivered to the umpire. Sec. 3. — Immediately upon the delivery to him of the alternate ball hy the umpire, the pitcher shall take his position and on the call of "Play" by the umpire, it shall become the ball in play. Provided, however, that play shall not be resumed with the alternate ball, when a fair batted ball or a ball thrown by a fielder goes out of the ground or into a stand for spectators until the base runners have completed the circuit of the bases unless compelled to stop at second or third base, in compliance with a ground rule. Sec. 4. — Discolored or Damaged Balls. — In the event of a ball being intentionally discolored by rubbing it with the soil or otherwise by any player, or otherwise damaged by any player, the umpire shall forthwith demand the return of that baU and substitute for it another legal ball as hereinbefore described, and impose a fine of $5.00 upon the offending player. Sec. 5. — Home Olub to Provide Balls. — In every game the balls played with shall be furnished by the home club, and the last in play shall become the property of the winning club. Each ball shall be enclosed in a paper box, which must be sealed with the seal of the President of the League The Playing Kules 261 and bear his certificate that he has examined, measured and weighed the ball contained therein, and that it is of the required standard in all respects. The seal shall not be broken by the umpire except in the presence of the captains of the contesting teams after "Play" has been called. Sec. 6. — Reserve Balls on Field. — The home club shall have at least a dozen regulation balls on the field during each championship game ready 'for use on the call of the umpire. Rule 15. — The Bat. — The bat must be round, not over two and three- fourths inches in diameter at the thickest part, nor more than 42 inches in length and entirely of hard wood, except that for a distance of 18 inches from the end twine may be wound around or a granulated substance applied to the handle. Rule 16. — Number of Players in a Game. — The players of each club, actively engaged in a game at one time, shall be nine in number, one of whom shall act as captain ; and in no case shall more or less than nine men be allowed to play on a side in a game. Rule 17. — Positions of the Players. — The players of the team not at bat may be stationed at any points on fair ground their captain may elect, regardless of their respective positions, except that the pitcher, While in the act of delivering the ball to the bat, must take his position as defined in Rules 9 and 30 ; and the catcher must be within the lines of his position as defined in Rule 3 and within 10 feet of home base when- ever the pitcher delivers the ball to the bat. Rule 18. — Must Not Mingle With Spectators. — Players in uniform shall not be permitted to occupy seats in the stands, or to mingle with the spectators. Rule 19. — Uniforms af Players. — Every club shall adopt two uniforms for its players, one to be worn in games at home, and the other in games abroad, and the suits of each of the uniforms of a team shall conform in color and style. No player who shall attach anything to the sole or heel of his shoe other than the ordinary base ball shoe plate, or shall appear in a uniform not conforming to the suits of the other members of his team, shall be permitted to take part in a game. Rule 20. — Size and Weight of Gloves. — The catcher or first baseman may wear a glove or mitt of any size, shape or weight. Every other player is restricted to the use of a glove or mitt weighing not over 10 ounces and measuring not over 14 inches around the palm. Rule 21. Sec. 1. — Players^ Benches. — Players' benches must be fur- nished by the home club and placed upon a portion of the ground not less than twenty-five (25) feet outside of the players' lines. One such bench shall be for the exclusive use of the visiting team and the other for the exclusive use of the home team. Each bench must be covered with a roof and closed at the back and each end; a space, however, not more than six (6) inches wide may be left under the roof for ventilation. All players and substitutes of the side at bat must be seated on their team's bench, except the batsman, base runners, and such as are legally assigned to coach base runners. Under no circumstances shall the umpire permit any person except the players and substitutes in uniform and the manager of the team entitled to its exclusive use to be seated on a bench. Sec. 2. — Penalty for Violation. — Whenever the umpire observes a violation of the preceding section he shall immediately order such player or players as have disregarded it to be seated. If the order be not obeyed within one minute the offending player or players shall be fined $5.00 each by the umpire. If the order be not then obeyed within one minute the offending player or players shall be debarred from further participation in the game, and shall be obliged to forthwith leave the playing field. Rule 22. — A Regulation Game. — Every championship game must be commenced not later than two hours before sunset and shall continue until each team has had nine innings, provided, however, that the game shall terminate : Sec. 1. — If the side first at bat scores less runs in nine innings than the other side has scored in eight innings. Sec. 2. — If the side last at bat in the ninth inning scores the winning run before the third man is out. Sec. 3. — If the game be called by the umpire on account of darkness, 262 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball rain, fire, panic, or for other cause, which puts patrons or players in peril. Rule 23. — Extra-Inning Games. — If the score be a tie at the end of nine (9) innings for each team, play shall be continued until one side has scored more runs than the other in an equal number of innings ; provided, that if the side last at bat score the winning run before the third man is out in any inning after the ninth, the game shall terminate. Rule 24. — Drawn Games. — A drawn game shall be declared by the umpire if the score is equal on the last even inning played when he termin- ates play in accordance with Rule 22, Section 3, after five or more equal innings have been played by each team. But if the side that went second to bat is at bat when the game is terminated, and has scored the same number of runs as the other side, the umpire shall declare the game drawn without regard to the score of the last equal inning. Rule 25. — Galled Games. — If the umpire calls a game in accordance with Rule 22, Section 3, at any time after five innings have been com- pleted, the score shall be that of the last equal innings played, except that if the side second at bat shall have scored in an unequal number of innings, or before the completion of the unfinished inning, at least one run more than the side first at bat, the score of the game shall be the total number of runs each team has made. Rule 26. — Forfeited Games. — A forfeited game shall be declared by the umpire in favor of the club not in fault, in the following cases : Sec, 1. — If the team of a club fail to appear upon the field, or being upon the field, refuse to begin a game for which it is scheduled or assigned, within five minutes after the umpire has called "Play" at the hour for the beginning of the game, unless such delay in appearing or in commencing the game be unavoidable. Sec. 2. — If, after the game has begun, one side refuse to continue to play, unless the game has been suspended or terminated by the umpire. Sec. 3. — If, after play has been suspended by the umpire, one side fails to resume playing in one minute after the umpire has called "Play." Sec. 4. — If a team employ tactics palpably designed to delay the game. Sec. 5. — If, after warning by the umpire, any one of the rules of the game be wilfully and persistently violated. Sec. 6. — If the order for the removal of a player, as authorized by Rules 21, 58 and 67 be not obeyed within one minute. Sec. 7. — If, because of the removal of players from the game by the umpire, or for any cause, there be less than nine players on either team. Sec. 8. — If, after the game has been suspended on account of rain, the orders of the umpire are not complied with as required by Rule 29. Sec. 9. — If, when two games are scheduled to be played in one afternoon, the second game be not commenced within ten minutes of the time of the completion of the first game. The umpire of the first game shall be the timekeeper. Sec. 10. — In case the umpire declare the game forfeited, he shall transmit a written report thereof to the President of the League within twenty-four hours thereafter. However, a failure on the part of the um- pire to so notify the President shall not affect the validity of his award of the game by forfeiture. Rule 27. — ISlo Game. — "No game" shall be declared by the umpire if he terminates play in accordance with Rule 22, Section 3, before five in- nings are completed by each team. Provided, however, that if the club second at bat shall have made more runs at the end of its fourth inning than the club first at bat has made in five completed innings of a game so terminated, the umpire shall award the game to the club having made the greater number of runs, and it shall count as a legal game in the championship record. Rule 28. Sec. 1. — Substitutes. — Each side shall be required to have present on the field during a championship game a sufficient number of substitute players, in uniform, conforming to the suits worn by their team- mates, to carry out the provisions of this code, which requires not less than nine players shall occupy the field in any inning of the game. Sec. 2. — Any such substitute may at any stage of the game take the place of a player whose name is in his team's batting order, but the player whom he succeeds shall not thereafter participate in that game. The Playing Rules 263 Sec. 3. — A base runner shall not have another player whose name appears in the batting order of his team run for him, except by the con- sent of the captain of the other team. Sec. 4. — Whenever one player is substituted for another, whether as batsman, base runner or fielder, the captain of the side making the change must immediately notify the umpire, who in turn must announce the same to the spectators. A fine of $5.00 shall be assessed by the umpire against the captain for each violation of this rule, and the President of the League shall impose a similar fine against the umpire who, after having been notified of a change, fails to make proper announcement. Play shall be suspended while announcement is being made, and the player substituted shall become actively engaged in the game immediately upon his captain's notice of the change to the umpire. Rule 29. — Choice of Innings. — Fitness of Field for Play. — The choice of innings shall be given to the captain of the home club, who shall be the sole judge of the fitness of the ground for beginning a game after a rain ; but after play has been called by the umpire, he alone shall be the judge as to the fitness of the ground for resuming play after the game has been sus- pended on account of rain ; and when time is so called the groundkeeper and sufiicient assistants shall be under the control of the umpire for the purpose of putting the grounds in proper shape for play, under penalty of forfeiture of the game by the home team. THE PITCHING RULES. Rule 30. — Delivery of the Ball to the Bat. — Preliminary to pitching the pitcher shall take his position facing the batsman with both feet squarely on the ground and in front of the pitcher's plate ; and in the act of delivering the ball to the bat he must keep one foot in contact with the pitcher's plate defined in Rule 9. He shall not raise either foot until in the act of delivering the ball to the bat, nor make more than one step in such delivery. Rule 31. — A Fairly Delivered Ball. — A fairly delivered ball is a ball pitched or thrown to the bat by the pitcher while standing in his position and facing the batsman that passes over any portion of the home base, before touching the ground, not lower than the batsman's knee, nor higher than his shoulder. For every such fairly delivered ball the umpire shall call one strike. Rule 32. — An Unfairly Delivered Ball. — An unfairly delivered ball is a ball delivered to the bat by the pitcher while standing in his position and facing the batsman that does not pass over any portion of the home base between the batsman's shoulder and knees, or that touches the ground before passing home base, unless struck at by the batsman ; or, with the bases unoccupied any ball delivered by the pitcher while either foot is not in contact with the pitcher's plate. For every unfairly delivered ball the umpire shall call one ball. Rule 33. Sec. 1. — Delaying the Game. — If, after the batsman be standing in his proper position ready to strike at a pitched ball, the ball be thrown by the pitcher to any player other than the catcher when in the catcher's lines and within 10 feet of the home base (except in an at- tempt to retire a base runner), each ball so thrown shall be called a ball. Sec. 2. — The umpire shall call a ball on the pitcher each time he delays the game by failing to deliver the ball to the batsman for a longer period than 20 seconds, excepting that at the commencement of each inning, or when a pitcher relieves another, the pitcher may occupy one minute in delivering not to exceed five balls to the catcher or an infielder, during which time play shall be suspended. Sec. 3. — In event of the pitcher being taken from his position by either manager or captain, the player substituted for him shall continue to pitch until the batsman then at bat has either been put out or has reached first base. Rule 34. — Balking. — A balk shall be : Sec. 1. — Any motion made by the pitcher while in position to deliver the ball to the bat without delivering it, or to throw to first base when occupied by a base runner without completing the throw. Sec. 2. — Throwing the ball by the pitcher to any base to catch the 264 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball base runner without stepping directly toward such base, in the act of making such throw. Sec. 3. — Any delivery of the ball to the bat by the pitcher while either foot is back of the pitcher's plate. Sec. 4. — Any delivery of the ball to the bat by the pitcher while he is not facing the batsman. Sec. 5. — Any motion in delivering the ball to the bat by the pitcher while not in the position defined by Rule 30. Sec. 6. — Holding of the ball by the pitcher so long as, in the opinion of the umpire, to unnecessarily delay the game. Sec. 7. — Making any motion to pitch while standing in his position without having the ball in his possession. Sec. 8. — Making any motion of the arm, shoulder, hip or body the pitcher habitually makes in his method of delivery, without immediately delivering the ball to the bat. Sec. 9. — Delivery of the ball to the bat when the catcher is standing outside the lines of the catcher's position as defined in Rule 3. If the pitcher shall fail to comply with the requirements of any section of this rule the umpire shall call a "balk." Rule 35. — Dead Ball. — A dead ball is a ball delivered to the bat by the pitcher, not struck at by the batsman, that touches any part of the batsman's person or clothing while he is standing in his position. Rule 36. — Ball Not in Play. — In case of an illegally batted ball, a balk, foul hit ball not legally caught, dead ball, interference with the fielder or batsman, or a fair hit ball striking a base runner or umpire before touching a fielder, the ball shall not be considered in play until it be held by the pitcher standing in his position, and the umpire shall have called "Play." Rule 37. Sec. 1. — Block Balls. — A block is a batted or thrown ball that is touched, stopped or handled by a person not engaged in the game. Sec. 2. — Whenever a block occurs the umpire shall declare it, and base-runners may run the bases without liability to be put out until the ball has been returned to and held by the pitcher in his position. Sec. 3. — If the person not engaged in the game should retain posses- sion of a blocked ball, or throw or kick it beyond the reach of the fielders, the umpire shall call "Time" and require each base runner to stop at the base last touched by him until the ball be returned to the pitcher in his position and the umpire shall have called "Play." THE BATTING RULES. Rule 38. — The Batsman's Position. — Each player of the side at bat shall become the batsman and must take his position within the batsman's lines (as defined in Rule 8), in the order that his name appears in his team's batting list. Rule 39. Sec. 1. — The Order of Batting. — The batting order of each team must be on the score card smd must be delivered before the game by its captain to the umpire at the home plate, who shall submit it to the inspection of the captain of the other side. The batting order delivered to the umpire must be followed throughout the game, unless a player be substituted for another, in which case the substitute must take the place in the batting order of the retired player. Sec. 2. — When the umpire announces the pitcher prior to commence- ment of game, the player announced must pitch until the first batsman has either been put out or has reached first base. Rule 40. — The First Batsman in an Inning. — After the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his "time at bat" in the preceding inning. Rule 41. — Players Belong on Bench. — When a side goes to the bat its players must immediately seat themselves on the bench assigned to them as defined in Rule 21, and remain there until their side is put out, except when called to the bat or to act as coachers or substitute base runners. Rule 42. — Reserved for Umpire, Catcher and Batsman. — No player of the side "at bat," except the batsman, shall occupy any portion of the space within the catcher's lines as defined in Rule 3. The triangular Benjamin F. Shibe The master mind in invention and perfection of Base Ball paraphernalia. The Playing Rules 265 space back of the home base is reserved for the exclusive use of the um- pire, catcher and batsman, and the umpire must prohibit any player of^ the side "at bat" from crossing the same at any time while the ball is in the hands of the pitcher or catcher, or passing between them while standing in their positions. Rule 43. — Fielder Has Right of Way. — The players of the side "at bat" must speedily abandon their bench and hasten to another part of the field when by remaining upon or near it they or any of them would interfere with a fielder in an attempt to catch or handle a thrown or batted ball. Rule 44. — A Fair Hit. — ^A fair hit is a legally batted ball that settles on fair ground between home and first base or between home and third base, or that is on fair ground when bounding to the outfield past first or third base, or that first falls on fair territory beyond first or third base, or that, while on or over fair ground, touches the person of the umpire or a player. Rule 45. — A Foul Hit. — A foul hit is a legally batted ball that settles on foul territory between home and first base or home and third base, or that bounds past first or third base on foul territory, or that falls on foul territory beyond first or third base, or, while on or over foul ground, touches the person of the umpire or a player. Rule 46. — A Foul Tip. — A foul tip is a ball batted by the batsman while standing within the lines of his position, that goes sharp and direct from the bat to the catcher's hands and is legally caught. Rule 47. — A Bunt Hit. — A bunt hit is a legally batted ball, not swung at, but met with the bat and tapped slowly within the infield by the batsman. If the attempt to bunt result in a foul not legally caught, a strike shall be called by the umpire. Rule 48. Sec. 1. — Balls Batted Outside the Ground. — When a batted ball passes outside the ground or into a stand the umpire shall decide it fair or foul, according to where it disappears from the umpire's view. Sec. 2. — ^A fair batted ball that goes over the fence or into a stand shall entitle the batsman to a home run, unless it should pass out of the ground or into a stand at a less distance than two hundred and thirty- five (235) feet from the home base, in which case the batsman shall be entitled to two bases only. The point at which a fence or stand is less than 235 feet from the home base shall be plainly indicated by a white or black sign or mark for the umpire's guidance. Rule 49. — Strikes. — A strike is : Sec. 1. — A pitched ball struck at by the batsman without its touching his bat. Sec 2. — A fair ball legally delivered by the pitcher at which the batsman does not strike. Sec. 3. — A foul hit ball not caught on the fly, unless the batsman has two strikes. Sec. 4. — An attempt to bunt which results in a foul not legally caught. Sec. 5. — A pitched ball, at which the batsman strikes but misses and which touches any part of his person. Sec. 6. — A foul tip, held by the catcher while standing within the lines of his position. Rule 50. — An Illegally Batted Ball. — An illegally batted ball is a ball batted by the batsman when either or both of his feet are upon the ground outside the lines of the batsman's position. Rule 51. — When Batsman is Out. — The batsman is out : Sec. 1. — If he fail to take his position at the bat in the order in which his name appears on the batting list, unless the error be discovered and the proper batsman replace him before he becomes a base-runner, in which case the balls and strikes called must he counted in the time "at bat" of the proper batsman. But only the proper batsman shall be de- clared out and no runs shall be scored or bases run because of any act of the improper batsman. Provided, this rule shall not be enforced unless the out be declared before the ball be delivered to the succeeding bats- man. Should the batsman declared out under this section be the third hand out and his side be thereby put out, the proper batsman in the 266 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball next inning shall be the player who would have come to bat had the players been put out by ordinary play in the preceding inning. Sec. 2. — If he fail to take his position within one minute after the umpire has called for the batsman. Sec. 3. — If he make a foul hit other than a foul tip, as defined in Rule 46, and the ball be momentarily held by a fielder before touching the ground ; provided, it be not caught in a fielder's cap, protector, pocket or other part of his uniform, or strike some object other than a fielder before being caught. Sec. 4. — If he bat the ball illegally, as defined in Rule 50. Sec. 5. — If he attempt to hinder the catcher from fielding or throw- ing the ball by stepping outside the lines of the batsman's position, or in any way obstructing or interfering with that player. Sec. 6. — If, while first base be occupied by a base runner, the third strike be called on him by the umpire, unless two men are already out. Sec. 7. — I'f, while attempting a third strike, the ball touch any part of the batsman's person, in which case base runners occupying bases shall not advance as prescribed in Rule 55, Section 5. Sec. 8. — If, before two hands are out, while first and second, or first, second and third bases are occupied, he hit a fly ball, other than a line drive, that can be handled by an infielder. In such case the umpire shall, as soon as the ball be hit, declare it an infield or outfield hit. Sec. 9. — If the third strike be called in accordance with Rule 49, Section 4 or 5. Sec. 10. — If he steps from one batsman's box to the other while the pitcher is in his position ready to pitch. BASE RUNNING RULES. Rule 52. — Legal Order of Bases. — The base runner must touch each base in legal order, viz : First, second, third and home bases ; and when obliged to return while the ball is in play, m,ust retouch the base or bases in reverse order. He can only acquire the right to a base by touching it before having been put out, and shall then be entitled to hold such base until he has legally touched the next base in order, or has been legally forced to vacate it for a succeeding base runner. However, no base runner shall score a run to count in the game ahead of the base runner preceding him in the batting order, if there be such preceding base runner who has not been put out in that inning. Rule 53. — When the Batsman Becomes a Base Runner. — The bats- man becomes a base runner : Sec. 1. — Instantly after he makes a fair hit. Sec. 2. — Instantly after "Four Balls" have been called by the umpire. Sec. 3. — Instantly after "Three Strikes" have been declared by the umpire. Sec. 4. — If, without making any attempt to strike at the ball, his person or clothing be hit by a pitched ball unless, in the opinion of the umpire, he plainly makes no effort to get out of the way of the pitched ball. Sec. 5. — If the catcher interfere with him in or prevent him from striking at a pitched ball. Sec. 6. — If a fair hit ball strike the person or clothing of the umpire or a base runner on fair ground. Rule 54. — Entitled to Bases. — The base runner shall be entitled without liability to be put out, to advance a base in the following cases : Sec. 1. — If, while the batsman, he becomes a base runner by reason of "Four Balls" or for being hit by a pitched ball ; or for being interfered with by the catcher in striking at a pitched ball ; or if a fair hit ball strike the person or clothing of the umpire or a base runner on fair ground. Sec. 2. — If the umpire awards to a succeeding batsman a base on four balls, or for being hit by a pitched ball, or being interfered with by the catcher in striking at a pitched ball and the base runner be thereby forced to vacate the base held by him. Sec. 3. — If the umpire call a "Balk." Sec. 4. — If a ball delivered by the pitcher pass the catcher and touch any fence or building within ninety (90) feet of the home base. The Playing Rules 26J Sec. 5. — If he be prevented from making a base by the obstruction of a fielder, unless the latter have the ball in his hand ready to touch the base runner. Sec. 6. — If the fielder stop or catch a batted ball with his cap, glove or any part of his uniform, while detached from its proper place on his person, the runner or runners shall be entitled to three bases. Sec. 7. — If a thrown or pitched ball strike the person or clothing of an umpire on foul ground the ball shall be considered in play and the base runner or runners shall be entitled to all the bases they can make. Rule 55. — Returning to Bases. — The base runner shall return to his base without liability to be put out: Sec. 1. — If the umpire declares any foul not legally caught. Sec. 2. — If the umpire declares an illegally batted ball. Sec. 3. — If the umpire declares a dead ball, unless it be also the fourth unfair ball, and he be thereby forced to take the next base, as provided in Rule 54, Section 2. Sec. 4. — If the person or clothing of the umpire interfere with the catcher in an attempt to throw, or the umpire be struck by a ball thrown by the catcher or other fielder to intercept a base runner. Sec. 5. — If a pitched ball at which the batsman strikes, but misses, touch any part of the batsman's person. Sec. 6. — If the umpire be struck by a fair hit ball before touching a fielder ; in which case no base shall be run unless necessitated by the batsman becoming a base runner, and no run shall be scored unless all the bases are occupied. Sec. 7. — If the umpire declares the batsman or another base runner out for interference. Sec. 8. — In any and all of these cases the base runner is not required to touch the intervening bases in returning to the base he is legally en- titled to. Rule 56. — When Base Runners Are Out. — The base runner is out : Sec. 1. — If, after three strikes have been declared against him while the batsman, the third strike ball be not legally caught and he plainly attempts to hinder the catcher from fielding the ball. Sec. 2. — If, having made a fair hit while batsman, such fair hit ball be momentarily held by a fielder before touching the ground or any object other than a fielder. Provided, it be not caught in a fielder's hat, cap, protector, pocket or other part of his uniform. Sec. 3. — If, when the umpire has declared "Three Strikes" on him while the batsman, the third strike ball be momentarily held by a fielder before touching the ground. Provided, it be not caught in a fielder's cap, protector, pocket or other part of his uniform, or touch some object other than a fielder before being caught. Sec. 4. — If after three strikes or a fair hit, he be touched with the ball in the hand of a fielder before he shall have touched first base. Sec. 5. — If, after three strikes or a fair hit, the ball be securely held by a fielder while touching first base with any part of his person before such base runner touch first base. Sec. 6. — If, in running the last half of the distance from home base to first base, while the ball is being fielded to first base, he run outside the three feet lines, as defined in Rule 7, unless he do so to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball. Sec. 7. — If, in running from first to second base, from second to third base, or from third to home base, he run more than three feet from a direct line between a base and the next one in regular or reverse order to avoid being touched by a ball in the hands of a fielder. But in case a fielder be occupying a base runner's proper path in attempting to field a batted ball, then the base runner shall run out of direct line to the next base and behind said fielder and shall not be declared out for so doing. Sec. 8. — If he fail to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, in the manner described in Sections 6 and 7 of this rule, or in any way obstruct a fielder in attempting to field a batted ball, or intentionally in- terfere with a thrown ball. Provided, that if two or more fielders attempt to field a batted ball, and the base runner come in contact with one or more of them, the umpire shall determine which fielder is entitled to the benefit of this rule, and shall not decide the base runner out for 268 RicHTER^s History and Records of Base Ball coming in contact with the fielder other than the one the umpire de- termines to be entitled to field such batted ball. Sec. 9. — If, at any time while the ball is in play, he be touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder, unless some part of his person be touching the base he is entitled to occupy. Provided, however, that the ball be held by the fielder after touching him, unless the base runner deliberately knock it out of his hand. Sec. 10. — If, when a fair or foul hit ball (other than a foul tip as defined in Rule 46) be legally caught by a fielder such ball be legally held by a fielder on the base occupied by the base runner when such ball was batted, or the base runner be touched with the ball in the hands of a fielder, before he retouch such base after such fair or foul hit ball was so caught. Provided, that the base runner shall not be out in such case, if, after the ball was legally caught as above, it be delivered to the bat by the pitcher before the fielder hold it on said base, or touch the base runner out with it; but if the base runner, in attempting to reach a base, detach it from its fastening before being touched or forced out, he shall be declared safe. Sec. 11. — If, when the batsman becomes a base runner, the first base, or the first and second bases, or the first, second and third bases be occupied, any base runner so occupying a base shall cease to be entitled to hold it, and may be put out at the next base in the same manner as in running to first base, or by being touched with the ball in the hands of a fielder at any time before any base runner following him in the batting order be put out, unless the umpire should decide the hit of the batsman to be an infield fly. Sec. 12. — If a fair hit ball strike him before touching a fielder, and in such case no base shall be run unless necessitated by the batsman be- coming a base runner, but no run shall be scored or any other base runner put out until the umpire puts the ball back into play. Sec. 13. — If, when advancing bases, or forced to return to a base, while the ball is in play, he fail to touch the intervening base, or bases, if any, in the regular or reverse order, as the case may be, he may be put out by the ball being held by a fielder on any base he failed to touch, or by being touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder in the same manner as in running to first base. Provided, that the base runner shall not be out in such case if the ball be delivered to the bat by the pitcher before the fielder hold it on said base or touch the base runner with it. Sec. 14. — If, when the umpire call "Play" after the suspension of a game, he fail to return to and touch the base he occupied when "Time" was called before touching the next base. Provided, the base runner shall not be out, in such case, if the ball be delivered to the bat by the pitcher, before the fielder hold it on said base or touch the base runner with it. Sec. 15. — If, with one or no one out and a base runner on third base, the batsman interferes with a play being made at the home plate. Sec. 16. — If he pass a preceding base runner before such runner has been legally put out he shall be declared out immediately. Sec. 17. — Overrunning First Base. — The base runner in running to first base may overrun said base after touching it in passing without incurring liability to be out for being off said base, provided he return at once and retouch the base, after which he may be put out as at any other base. If, after overrunning first base, he attempts to run to second base, before returning to first base, he shall forfeit such exemption from liability to be put out. Sec. 18. — If, while third base is occupied, the coacher stationed near that base shall run in the direction of home base on or near the base line while a fielder is making or trying to make a play on a batted ball not caught on the fly, or on a thrown ball, and thereby draws a throw to home base, the base runner entitled to third base shall be declared out by the umpire for the coacher's interference with and prevention of the legitimate play. Sec. 19. — If one or more members of the team at bat stand or collect at or around a base 'for which a base runner is trying, thereby con- fusing the fielding side and adding to the difficulty of making such play, The Playing Rules 269 the base runner shall be declared out for the interference of his team- mate or team-mates. Rule 57. — When Umpire Shall Declare an Out. — The umpire shall declare the batsman or base runner out, without waiting for an appeal for such decision, in all cases where such player be put out in accordance with any of these rules, except Sections 13 and 17 of Rule 56. Rule 58. — Coaching Rules. — The coacher shall be restricted to coach- ing the base runner only, and shall not address remarks except to the base runner and then <5nly in words of assistance and direction in running bases. He shall not, by words or signs, incite or try to incite the specta- tors to demonstrations ; and shall not use language which will in any manner refer to or reflect upon a player of the opposite club, the umpire or the spectators. Not more than two coachers, who must be players in the uniform of the team at bat, shall be allowed to occupy the space between the players' and the coachers' lines, one near first and the other near third base, to coach base runners. If there be more than the legal number of coachers or this rule be violated in any respect the umpire must order the illegal coacher or coachers to the bench, and if his order be not obeyed within one minute, the umpire shall assess a fine of $5.00 against each offending player, and upon a repetition o'f the offense the offending player or players shall be debarred from further participation in the game, and shall leave the playing field forthwith. Rule 59. — The Scoring of Runs. — One run shall be scored every time a base runner, after having legally touched the first three bases, shall legally touch the home base before three men are put out. Provided, however, that if he reach home on or during a play in which the third man be forced out or be put out before reaching first base, a run shall not count. A force out can be made only when a base runner legally loses the right to the base he occupies by reason of the batsman becoming a base runner, and he is thereby obliged to advance. UMPIRES AND THEIR DUTIES. Rule 60. — Poiuer to Enforce Decisions. — The umpires are the repre- sentatives of the League and as such are authorized and required to en- force each section of this code. They shall have the power to order a player, captain or manager to do or omit to do any act which in their judgment is necessary to give force and effect to one or all o'f these rules, and to inflict penalties for violations of the rules as hereinafter pre- scribed. In order to define their respective duties the umpire judging balls and strikes shall be designated as the "Umpire-in-Chief ;" the um- pire judging base decisions as the "Field Umpire." Rule 61. Sec. 1. — The Umpire-in-Chief. — The Umpire-in-Chief shall take position back of the catcher ; he shall have full charge of and be responsible for the proper conduct of the game. With exception of the base decisions to be made by the Field Umpire, the Umpire-in-Chief shall render all the decisions that ordinarily would devolve upon a single um- pire, and which are prescribed for "the umpire" in these Playing Rules. Sec. 2. — He shall call and count as a "ball" any unfair ball delivered by the pitcher to the batsman. He shall also call and count as a "strike" any fairly delivered ball which passes over any portion of the home base, and within the batsman's legal range as defined in Rule 31, whether struck at or not by the batsman ; or a foul tip which is caught by the catcher standing within the lines of his position, within 10 feet of the home base ; or which, after being struck at and not hit, strike the person of the batsman; or when the ball be bunted foul by the bats- man ; or any foul hit ball not caught on the fly unless the batsman has two strikes, provided, however, that a pitched ball shall not be called or counted a "ball" or "strike" by the umpire until it has passed the home plate. Sec. 3. — He shall render base decisions in the following instances : (1) If the ball is hit fair, with a runner on first, he must go to third base to take a possible decision; (2) with more than one base occupied, he shall decide whether or not a runner on third leaves that base before a fly ball is caught; (3) in case of a runner being caught between third and home, when more than one base is occupied, he shall make the decision on the runner nearest the home plate. 270 RiCHTER^s History and .Records of Base Ball Sec. 4. — The Umpire-in-Chief alone shall have authority to declare a game forfeited. Rule 62. Sec. l.~The Field Umpire.— The Field Umpire shall take such positions on the playing field as in his judgment are best suited for the rendering of base decisions. He shall render all decisions at first base and second base, and aU decisions at third base except those to be made by the Umpire-in-Chief in accordance with Sec. 3, Rule 61. Sec. 2. — He shall aid the Umpire-in-Chief in every manner in en- forcing the rules of the game and, with the exception of declaring a for- feiture, shall have equal authority with the Umpire-in-Chief in fining or removing from the game players who violate these rules. Rule 63. — No Appeal From Decisions Based on Umpire's Judgment. — There shall be no appeal from any decision of either umpire on the ground that he was not correct in his conclusions as to whether a batted ball was fair or foul, a base runner safe or out, a pitched ball, a strike or a ball, or any other play involving accuracy of judgment, and no decision rendered by him shall be reversed, except that he be convinced that it is in violation of one of these rules. The captain shall alone have the right to protest against a decision and seek its reversal on a claim that it is in conflict with a section of these rules. In case the captain does seek a reversal of a decision based solely on a point of rules, the umpire making the decision shall, i'f he is in doubt, ask his associate for informa- tion before acting on the captain's appeal. Under no circumstances shall either umpire criticise or interfere with a decision unless asked to do so by his associate. Rule 64. — Duties of Single Umpire. — If but one umpire be assigned, his duties and jurisdiction shall extend to all points, and he shall be per- mitted to take his stand in any part of the field that in his opinion will best enable him to discharge his duties. Rule 65. — Must Not Question Decisions. — Under no circumstances shall a captain or player dispute the accuracy of the umpire's judgment and decision on a play. Rule 66. — Cluis Cannot Change Umpire. — The umpire cannot be changed during a championship game by the consent of the contesting clubs unless the official in charge of the field be incapacitated from service by injury or illness. Rule 67. Sec. 1. — Penalties for Violations of the Rules. — In all cases of violation of these rules, by either player or manager, the penalty shall be prompt removal of the offender from the game and grounds, followed by a period of such suspension from actual service in the club as the President of the League may fix. In the event of removal of player or manager by either umpire, he shall go direct to the club house and remain there during progress of the game, or leave the grounds; and a failure to do so will warrant a forfeiture of the game by the Umpire- in-Chief. Sec. 2. — The umpire shall assess a fine of $5.00 against each offending player in the following cases: (1) If the player intentionally discolor or damage the ball; (2) if the player fail to be seated on his bench within one minute after ordered to do so by the umpire; (3) if the player violate the coaching rules and refuse to be seated on his bench within one minute after ordered to do so by the. umpire; (4) if the captain fail to notify him when one player is substituted for another. Sec. 3. — In cases where substitute players show their disapproval of decisions by yelling from the bench, the umpire shall first give warning. If the yelling continues he shall fine each offender $10, and if the dis- turbance is still persisted in he shall clear the bench of all substitute players; the captain of the team, however, to have the privilege of sending to the club house for such substitutes as are actually needed to replace players in the game. Rule 68. — Umpire to Report Violations of the Rules. — The umpire shall within twelve hours after fining or removing a player from the game forward to the President a report of the penalty inflicted and the cause therefor. Rule 69. — Immediately upon being informed by the umpire that a fine has been imposed upon any manager, captain or player, the president shall notify the person so fined and also the club of which he is a member; and, in the event of the failure of the person so fined to pay to the The Playing Rules 271 secretary of tlie League the amount of said fine within five days after notice, he shall be debarred from participating in any championship game or from sitting on a players' bench during the progress of a championship game until such fine be paid. Rule 70. — When the offense of the player debarred from the game be of a flagrant nature, such as the use of obscene language or an assault upon a player or umpire, the umpire shall within four hours thereafter forward to the president of the League full particulars. Rule 71. — Warning to Captains. — The umpire shall notify both cap- tains before the game, and in the presence of each other, that all the 'playing rules will be strictly and impartially enforced, and warn them that failure on their part to co-operate in such enforcement will result in offenders being fined, and, if necessary to preserve discipline, debarred from the game. Rule 72. Sec. 1. — On Ground Rules. — Before the commencement of a game the umpire shall see that the rules governing all the materials of the game are strictly observed. Sec. 2. — In case of spectators overflowing on the playing field, the home captain shall make special ground rules to cover balls batted or thrown into the crowd, provided such rules be acceptable to the captain of the visiting club. If the latter object, then the umpire shall have full authority to make and enforce such special rules, and he shall announce the scope of same to the spectators. Sec. 3. — In all cases where there are no spectators on the playing field, and where a thrown ball goes into a stand for spectators, or over or through any fence surrounding the playing field, or into the players' bench (whether the ball rebounds into the field or not), the runner or runners shall be entitled to two bases. The umpire in awarding such bases shall be governed by the position of the runner or runners at the time the throw is made. Sec. 4. — The umpire shall also ascertain from the home captain whether any other special ground rules are necessary, and if there be he shall advise the opposing captain o'f their scope and see that each is duly enforced, provided they do not conflict with any of these rules and are acceptable to the captain of the visiting team. Rule 73. — Official Announcements. — The umpire sTiall call "Play" at the hour appointed for the beginning of a game, announce "Time" at its legal interruption and declare "Game" at its legal termination. Prior to the commencement of the game he shall announce the batteries, and during the progress of the game shall announce each change of players. In case of an overflow crowd, he shall announce the special ground rules agreed upon, and he shall also make announcement of any agreement entered into by the two captains to stop play at a specified hour. Rule 74. — Suspension of play. — The umpire shall suspend play for the following causes : 1. — If rain fall so heavily as in the judgment of the umpire to pre- vent continuing the game, in which case he shall note the time of sus- pension, and should rain 'fall continuously for thirty minutes thereafter he shall terminate the game. 2. — In case of an accident which incapacitates him or a player from service in the field, or in order to remove from the grounds any player or spectator who has violated the rules, or in case of fire, panic or other extraordinary circumstances. 3. — In suspending play from any legal cause the umpire shall call "Time ;" when he calls "Time," play shall be suspended until he calls "Play" again, and during the interim no player shall be put out base be run or run be scored. "Time" shall not be called by the umpire until the ball be held by the pitcher while standing in his position. Rule 75. — Field Rules. — No person shall be allowed upon any part of the field during the progress of a game except the players in uniform, the manager of each side, the umpire, such officers of the law as may be present in uniform, and such watchmen of the home club as may be necessary to preserve the peace. Rule 76. — No manager, captain or player shall address the spectators during a game except in reply to a request for information about the progress or state of the game or to give the name of a player. Rule 77. — Every club shall furnish sufficient police force to preserve 2/2 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball order upon its own grounds, and in the event of a crowd entering the field during the progress of a game, and interfering with the play in any manner, the visiting club may refuse to play until the field be cleared. If the field be not cleared within 15 minutes thereafter, the visiting club may claim and shall be entitled to the game by a score of nine runs to none (no matter what number of innings has been played). Rule 78. — General Definitions. — "Play" is the order of the umpire to begin the game or to resume it after suspension. Rule 79. — ^"Time" is the order of the umpire to suspend play. Such suspension must not extend beyond the day. Rule. 80. — "Game" is the announcement of the umpire that the game is terminated. Rule 81. — "An inning" is the term at bat of the nine players repre- senting a club in a game and is completed when three of such players have been legally put out. Rule 82. — "A Time at Bat" is the term at bat of a batsman. It begins when he takes his position, and continues until he is put out or becomes a base runner. But a time at bat shall not be charged against a batsman who is awarded first base by the umpire for being hit by a pitched ball, or on called balls, or when he makes a sacrifice hit, or for interference by the catcher. Rule 83. — "Legal" or "Legally" signifies as required by these rules. THE SCORING RULES. Rule 84. — To promote uniformity in scoring championship games the following instructions are given and suggestions and definitions made for the guidance of scorers, and they are required to make all scores in ac- cordance therewith : Rule 85. Sec. 1. — I'he Batsman's Record. — The first item in the tabulated score, after the player's name and position, shall be the number of times he has been at bat during the game, but the exceptions made in Rule 82 must not be included. Sec, 2. — In the second column shall be set down the runs, if any, made by each player. Sec. 3. — In the third column shall be placed the first base hits, if any, made by each player. Sec. 4. — The Scoring of Base Hits. — A base hit shall be scored in the following cases : When the ball from the bat strikes the ground on or within the foul lines and out of reach of the fielders. When a fair hit ball is partially or wholly stopped by a fielder in motion, but such player cannot recover himself in time to field the ball to first before the striker reaches that base or to force out another base runner. When the ball be hit with such force to an infielder or pitcher that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base runner. In a case of doubt over this class of hits, a base hit should be scored and the fielder exempted from the charge of an error. When the ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder that he cannot handle it in time to put out the batsman or force out a base runner. In all cases where a base runner is retired by being hit by a batted ball, unless batted by himself, the batsman should be credited with a base hit. When a batted ball hits the person or clothing of the umpire, as de- fined in Rule 53, Section 6. In no case shall a base hit be scored when a base runner is forced out by the play. Sec. 5. — Sacrifice Hits. — Sacrifice hits shaU be placed in the sum- mary. A sacrifice hit shall be credited to the batsman who, when no one is out, or when but one man is out, advances a runner a base by a bunt hit, which results in the batsman being put out before reaching first, or would so result if it were handled without error. A sacrifice hit shall also be credited to a batsman who, when no one is out, or when but one man is out, hits a fly ball that is caught but The Playing Rules 273 results in a run being scored, or would in the judgment of the scorer so result if caught. Sec. 6. — Fielding Records. — The number of opponents, if any, put out by each player shall be set down in the fourth column. Where the batsman is given out by the umpire for an illegally batted ball, or fails to bat in proper order, or is declared out on third bunt strike, the put- out shall be scored to the catcher. In cases of the base runner being declared "out" for interference, running out of line, or on an infield fly, the "out" should be credited to the player who would have made the play but for the action of the base runner or the announcement of the umpire. Sec. 7. — The number of times, if any, each player assists in putting out an opponent shall be set down in the fifth column. An assist should be given to each player who handles the ball in aiding in a run-out or any other play of the kind, even though he complete the play , by making the put-out. An assist should be given to a player who makes a play in time to put a runner out, even if the player who could complete the play fails, through no fault of the assisting player. And generally an assist should be given to each player who handles or assists in any manner in handling the ball from the time it leaves the bat until it reaches the player who makes the put-out, or in case of a thrown ball, to each player who throws or handles it cleanly, and in such a way that a put-out results, or would result if no error were made by a team-mate. Assists should be credited to every player who handles the ball in the play which results in a base runner being called "out" for inter- ference or for running out of line. A double play shall mean any two continuous put-outs that take place between the time the ball leaves the pitcher's hands until it is returned to him again standing in the pitcher's box. Sec. 8. — Errors. — An error shall be given in the sixth column for each misplay which prolongs the time at bat of the batsman or allows a base runner to make one or more bases when perfect play would have insured his being put out. But a base on balls, a base awarded to a batsman by being struck by a pitched ball, a balk, a passed ball or a wild pitch, shall not be included in the sixth column. An error shall not be charged against a catcher for a wild throw in an attempt to prevent a stolen base, unless the base runner advance an extra base because of the error. An error shall not be scored against the catcher or an infielder who attempts to complete a double play, unless the throw be so wild that an additional base be gained. In case a base runner advance a base through the failure of a base- man to stop or try to stop a ball accurately thrown to his base, the latter shall be charged with an error and not the player who made such throw, provided there was occasion for it. If such throw be made to second base the scorer shall determine whether the second baseman or shortstop shall be charged with an error. In event of a fielder dropping a fly but recovering the ball in time to force a runner at another base, he shall be exempted from an error, the play being scored as a "force-out." Sec. 9. — Stolen Bases. — A stolen base shall be credited to the base runner whenever he advances a base unaided by a base hit, a put-out, a fielding or a battery error, subject to the following exceptions : In event of a double or triple steal being attempted, where either runner is thrown out, the other or others shall not be credited with a stolen base. In event of a base runner being touched out after sliding over a base, he shall not be regarded as having stolen the base in question. In event of a base runner making his start to steal a base prior to a battery error, he shall be credited with a stolen base. In event of a palpable muff of a thrown ball by the catcher, when the base runner is clearly blocked, the infielder making the muff shall be charged with an error and the base runner shall not be credited with a stolen base. Sec. 10. — Definition of Wild Pitch and Passed Ball. — A wild pitch is a legally delivered . ball, so high, low or wide of the plate that the catcher 18 274 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball cannot or does not stop and control it with ordinary effort, and as a result the batsman, who becomes a base runner on such pitched ball, reaches first base or a base runner advances. A passed ball is a legally delivered ball that the catcher should hold or control with ordinary effort, but his failure to do so enables the batsman, who becomes a base runner on such pitched ball, to reach first base or a base runner to advance. Rule 86. — The Summary. — The summary shall contain: Sec. 1. — The score made in each inning of the game and the total runs of each side in the game. Sec. 2. — The number of stolen bases, if any, made by each player. Sec. 3. — The number of sacrifice hits, if any, made by each player. Sec. 4. — The number of sacrifice flies, if any, made by each player. Sec. 5. — The number of two-base hits, if any, made by each player Sec. 6. — The number of three-base hits, if any, made by each player. Sec. 7. — ^The number of home runs, if any, made by each player. Sec. 8. — The number of double and triple plays, if any, made by each side, and the names of the players participating in the same. Sec. 9. — The number of innings each pitcher pitched in. Sec. 10. — The number of base hits, if any, made off each pitcher, and the number of legal "at bats" scored against each pitcher. Sec. 11. — ^The number of times, if any, the pitcher strikes out the op- posing batsmen. Sec. 12. — The number of times, if any, the pitcher gives bases on baUs. Sec. 13. — ^The number of wild pitches, if any, charged against the pitcher. Sec. 14. — The number of times, if any, the pitcher hits a batsman with a pitched ball, the name or names of the batsman or batsmen so hit to be given. Sec. 15. — The number of passed balls by each catcher. Sec. 16. — The time of the game. Sec. 17. — ^The name of the umpire or umpires. THE IMPLEMENTS OF THE GAME. In concluding this Review of the Development of the Play- ing Rules of Base Ball we desire to point out two remarkable facts. One, that there has been absolutely not the slightest change in the size of the diamond since its first formation, accord- ing to the mathematical calculations of General Doubleday, of Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1839; second, that there has been no radical change in the chief implements of the game, bat and ball, since the early '60s, except that the ball has been improved in its composition. In 1865 the bat was limited to 40 inches in length ; and in 1868 it was lengthened to 42 inches and 25^ inches in diameter at the thickest part. Since then there has been no change in the bat except that in 1895 the diameter at thickest part was made 2% inches ; and that from 1885 to 1893 the rules permitted a slight flattening of the bat on one side for the pur- pose of bunting — which privilege was rescinded when the bats- man was exempted from a time at bat on an infield sacrifice hit. In i860 the size and weight of the ball was fixed as it is today, and since then the only change has been in the improvement of The Playing Rules 275 the constructiom of the ball, through machinery invented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shibe, of Philadelphia, in the '90s, and the substitu- tion in 1909 of a cork center — also invented by Mr. Shibe — for the rubber center heretofore in use. The ACCOUTREMENTS AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES of the game are comparatively modern. The knickerbocker style of uniform was introduced by Manager Harry Wright, of Cin- cinnati, in 1868. The fielders played with bare hands until about 1883, when the use of gloves came into general use. Catchers had a hard time of it until the middle '70s, as they caught bare- handed, with only a piece of rubber between the teeth to protect the face. In 1875 catcher McGunnigle, of Fall River, introduced the catcher's mitt. In 1876 catcher Thayer, of Harvard College, invented the catcher's mask, copying the idea from a fencer's mask. Chest protectors did not come into use until about ten years later. First basemen began to use catcher's mitts in the early '80s, and soon other infielders began to use small fielding gloves, which in turn became so large that it was necessary to limit their size by rule. With the fielders' gloves came padded trousers for the protection of base runners, so that today a ball player is trussed up to a degree which would have elicited the undisguised contempt of the hardy and courageous old-time player — all of which has served to produce somewhat improved fielding, but a corresponding decrease in batting and in the pro- duction of natural ball players. COLORS IN UNIFORMS. Under the National League regime, until 1882, the various teams were permitted to wear uniforms of any color. In 1882 a rule was adopted to prevent any two teams from wearing the same color. The following is the report of the Committee on Uniforms to the National League meeting in Chicago, Fall of 1 88 1, which was adopted for the season of 1882 : "When the meeting was opened, the Committee on Uniforms presented its report, in the form of a special agreement, for the signatures of the clubs, and it was adopted. It binds the members, in all championship games during the season of 1882, to present their nines in the uniforms prescribed. All the catchers in the League will be dressed precisely alike, with the exception of their hose, which will be of their club color ; and so on, of all the pitchers, first basemen, and so on through the list. The report fixes the color of each article of dress for each player. The shirts, 276 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball belts and caps for various positions are to be as follows : Catcher, scarlet ; pitcher, light blue; first baseman, scarlet and white; second baseman, orange and black ; third baseman, blue and white ; shortstop, maroon ; right fielder, gray ; center fielder, red and black ; left fielder, white ; first substi- tute, green ; second substitute, brown. The trousers and neckties of all players are to be white, and the shoes, leather. The stockings to be worn by the members of the different nines are as follows : Boston, red ; Chicago, white ; Detroit, old gold ; Troy, green ; Buffalo, gray ; Cleveland, navy blue ; Providence, light blue ; Worcester, brown." This circus uniform proved so undignified and so unpopular that it was abandoned, and in the 1883 season, instead of apply- ing to the uniform proper, the color regulation had reference to the stockings only, as follows: Red for Boston, gray for Buffalo, white for Chicago, navy blue for Cleveland, light blue for Providence, brown for Detroit, blue and white check for Philadelphia, and crimson and black for New York. In that year (1883) New York and Philadelphia took the places, but not the colors, of Troy and Worcester. In that year, also, a rule was adopted compelling the home club to wear white uniforms and the visiting club any color — which rule is still in effect in all leagues. In 1877 the National League adopted a rule assessing each player $30 for his uniforms, which rule remained in effect up to the end of the 191 3 season, when it was repealed. development of umpiring. In conclusion a few words as to the umpire's place in the game are in order. The development of the umpire system was so well described by the veteran Pittsburgh writer, Mr. John H. Gruber, in a syndicate article published in 19 13, that we take the liberty of reproducing it entire. It is as follows : "There was no regular staff of umpires in any league up to 1879. A man was selected on the field and was remunerated with whatever sum the home club saw fit to give him. In the following season, however, the pay of an umpire was fixed at $5.00 a game. In 1879 a staff of umpires was introduced, consisting of 20 men, located in the different cities that were members of the League. The staff included men whose names later became familiar to followers of Base Ball everywhere. The complete list of umpires under the new staff arrangement was as follows: Charles Daniels, W. McLean, Mike Walsh, James Summer, W. E. Fur- long, C. E. Wilbur, A. D. Hodges, George Seward, J. A. Williams. W. H. Geer, J. Dunn, J. A. Cross, R. Wheeler, G. W. Bredburg, C. G. Stam- baugh, T. H. Brunton, T. Gilliam, F. W. Faber, J. Young and E. G. Fountain. But while the League now boasted a staff of umpires, it still lacked a system by which it could exercise control over the arbiters. The need of something of this sort evidently dawned upon the club owners later, however, for in 1881 it was ordained that umpires should be regarded as league officials, and as such should be amenable to punish- ment if not faithful in the discharge of their duties with regard to the strict enforcement of the playing rules. But in spite of this league supervision the umpires were paid by the clubs, and not by the league, as at present. Some of the conditions under which umpires worked then The Playing Rules 277 must appear very amusing to the fan of today. Prior to 1882, for in- stance, an umpire was allowed, on a disputed play, to take testimony from a player or a bystander, this privilege holding good particularly in the case of a doubtful or questionable fly catch. Later the rule was changed so that the umpire was forced to depend solely upon his own judgment. During this year (1882) no player except the captain was permitted to address the umpire. The season of 1883 witnessed the introduction of the umpire system that is still in vogue. A regular staff of four umpires was appointed, independent of club influences, and drawing fixed salaries. The original staff consisted of S. M. Decker, of Bradford, Pa. ; Frank Law, of Norwalk, O. ; W. E. Furlong, of Kansas City, Mo., and A. F. Odlin, of Lancaster, N. H. It will be noted that not one of the men appointed hailed from any city that held membership in the League, the idea being to have umpires who would be as far removed as possible from the danger of club control. However, it was resolved that 'ai y um- pire shall be removed who shall be objected to, in writing, by four league clubs after the commencement of the championship season.' " In this connection it is fitting to state that in the history of the game only one umpire (Dick Higham, of the National League, in 1882) was convicted of, and expelled for, crookedness — a wonderful record considering the vast number of umpires employed from the beginning of Base Ball to the present time and the temptations and opportunities of the responsible position. THE DIVISION OF GATE RECEIPTS. In addition to the above, Mr. Gruber gives the following facts regarding gate receipts division: ''The first arrangement for the division of the gate receipts came when the organizers of the National League, in 1876, decided that the visiting club should receive 15 cents for each person attending the game, which sum could be collected after one full inning had been played. Once an agreement covering the division of the money had been reached, improvements were made gradually in the sys- tem of counting and other features in connection therewith, and in 1878 were introduced the first turnstiles — the silent sentinels or watchdogs that have become an indispensable part of Base Ball, not only in the major leagues, but in all the leading minor organi- zations. In passing it may not be out of place to state that under the present system in the National League, the American League, and most of the leading minor leagues, the visiting club receives half of the general admission money ; that is, it receives 25 cents for each 50-cent admission, and 12% cents for each 25-cent admission. The extra money taken in for grandstand and box seats goes to the home club." 278 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball great factors in development. Before concluding this chapter on the Playing Rules we deem it proper to pay a deserved tribute to the two greatest indi- vidual factors in the development of the Playing Rules, from their crude beginning in the '40s, to gradual perfection in the late '90s. These two factors were Henry Chad wick, known in the later years of his life as the "Father of Base Ball ;" and Harry Wright, the "Father of Professional Base Ball." Mr. Chadwick was born in England October 25, 1824, and his family was noted in English literature and art. He came to Brooklyn at the age of 13, and after receiving an academic education, he began his journalistic career in 1844, o^ the "Long Island Star." In 1856 he turned to sporting journalism, as cricket editor of the "New York Times." In 1857 he became connected with the New York "Clipper," with which he was associated for 31 years. That year he began to write Base Ball and from that time until 1886, he was the leading base ball writer of New York. He was also special contributor to Philadelphia Sporting Life from 1885 to the time of his death, April 20, 1908. He also contributed to the Brook- lyn "Eagle" for 40 years. From the day he began to write Base Ball he specialized on the Playing Rules, and from 1857 to 1881 virtually every change, improvement or codification of the Playing Rules was due to his suggestion as a writer, or his work as chair- man or member of the Committee on Rules of the first National Association, and later as Editor of the Spalding Guide continu- ously from 1 88 1 to 1908. Mr. Chadwick lies in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, under a monument designed by Miss Flor- ence Richter, daughter of the author of this History and Rec- ords of Base Ball, and executed by order of the National League, which was to the deceased always under all conditions the model base ball organization. famous harry WRIGHT was second only to Henry Chadwick in the matter of effecting important Playing Rules improvements. Harry Wright was born in England in 1845, of ^ family of great cricket players. He, his father, and his brothers, George and Samuel, came to Amer- ica in the early '50s, to promote Cricket. He learned to play Base Bail in New York about 1857. Harry went to Cincinnati The Playing Rules 279 in 1865, as coach for the Cincinnati Cricket Club, but in 1866 he abandoned Cricket for Base Ball, at which he became so proficient that he was one of the players of the semi-professional Cincin- nati team, which played the Nationals, of Washington, on their famous trans- Allegheny tour of 1867. He took an active part in organizing the famous Cincinnati Red Stocking Club in 1868, and was appointed manager, and the next year was the chief factor in professionalizing that club, and thus became the "Father of Professional Base Ball." Thereafter he gave all of his time and attention to Base Ball, and managed successively the Boston, Providence, Philadelphia and St. Louis teams from 1871 to 1894. In 1890 he was stricken with blindness from which he never en- tirely recovered. He died of pneumonia at Atlantic City, October 3, 1895. From his entrance to the base ball field until his death, Harry Wright was a student of the game, and many of the important playing and scoring rules of the game were of his invention, suggestion or advocacy, and his original method of scoring was, and still is, the model for all scorers. JAMES A. HART AND F. C. RICHTER also contributed materially to the improvement of the Playing Rules. James A. Hart, from his start in Base Ball as a team manager in 1881 up to 1903, was prolific of suggestions for improvement in the rules. As chairman of the National League Committee on Playing Rules in the '90s, he promoted several revisions of the rules and in 1901 he fathered the foul-strike rule — at the suggestion of Umpire Henry O'Day — and the rule compelling the catcher to remain under the bat continuously. He also secured the elimination of the "earned run" from the scoring rules in 1898. He was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1858, and after some experience with minor league clubs, he became manager of the Louisville Club, of the American Association, in 1883, and subsequently the president of that club. Later he served as manager in Milwaukee and Boston, and in 1892 he became presi- dent of the Chicago National League Club, holding that position until 1905, when the Chicago Club was purchased by Messrs. Taft and Murphy, of Cincinnati, since which time he has de- voted himself to private business. The author of this History AND Records of Base Ball was born in Philadelphia in 1854, 28o Richter's History and Records of Base Ball amd has been a journalist since early youth. In 1883 he founded Sporting Life^ and has edited it ever since, and so successfully as to make it the great organ of the National Game. He has also been the Editor of the "Reach Guide" for the past fifteen years. In the thirty-one years of Sporting Life's existence its editor has necessarily had more or less influence in the shaping of the legislation and the playing rules of the game, and to his credit must be placed, primarily, the lengthening of the pitching distance to 60 feet 6 inches in 1893. All of the preceding year the writer made a steady and vigorous campaign in Sporting Life for the relegation of the pitcher to the exact center of the diamond — at the original suggestion of Mr. William R. Lester, then an editorial writer on the Philadelphia "Record," and an ardent advocate of increased batting — and out of that campaign came as a compromise the present pitching distance, which has remained continuously at 60 feet 5 inches since 1894. Alfred J. Reach Who Rose From the Ranks of the Early Days to Supreme Heights in Base Ball LEADERS IN BASE BALL Hfet Of tlje jWen "Wi^o Mmh ©ut ^re=€mment in tfje <§ame jFor ^ome special ^ttjietiement of ©rsani^ation, Eegiislation, or (general ?Ep=puilbing. (HE game of Base Ball, whose inception and development to national stature embraces only two generations, in that comparatively brief space of time has cre- ated and developed a number of superla- tively great men in all departments of the game, but particularly in its constructive and legislative phases; and a host of les- ser, but nevertheless able, if not brilliant, lights, who have shed lustre upon the game, as magnates, managers and players. In view of the fact that some of the men who were in the thick of the fight in the early and precarious days of the sport are still living, it may seem invidious to single out some of the host of base ball stars for exaltation above their fellow-laborers in the base ball vineyard ; yet something is due the great ones of the past and present, and simple justice to them, together with regard for the truths of history, demand that spirit, achievement, and assured place in the annals of the sport be not ignored, obscured, or altogether forgotten at this period of base ball grandeur under new conditions and new leaderships. "Honor to whom honor is due" is not such a universal rule in the ever-shifting base ball world that the truthful historian need hesitate about keeping the present generation acquainted with the real facts and events in base ball history, even at the cost of adverse criticism or possible injustice through oversight. Herewith we give a list of PRE-EMINENTLY GREAT MEN in the domain of Base Ball from the inception of the game to the present time, according to absolutely unbiased, though perhaps fallible, judgment — a list which may be said to number the "Immortals of Base Ball:" General Abneb Dotjbleday, of Cooperstown, N. Y., may properly be placed at the head, of the galaxy, as he gave to Base Ball a scientific study of the mathematical relation of human physical capabilities to the game's 282 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball implements, and provided the wonderful diamond whose dimensions have not varied an inch since its invention by him 67 years ago. Alexander J. Caetwright, of New York, is entitled to prominence as the "Organizer of the First Club" devoted wholly to the playing and development of Base Ball, and the first to appoint a committee to codify the playing rules, and give them written form. Henry Chadwick, of New York, was justly entitled to the title "Father of Base Ball," by reason of his enormous publicity efforts for the sport in its developing years, and his genius in the development of the Playing Rules from crude beginning to scientific perfection. Harry Wright, of Cincinnati, O., was the real "Father of Profes- sional Base Ball," and was also the greatest team organizer and manager in the history of the sport. He first crystallized semi-professional ball into real professional ball, and originated and developed playing and scoring rules to such an extent that few changes were necessary after his day. William H. Hulbert, of Chicago, was the unquestioned "Savior of the Game," as he was the designer and organizer of the basis upon which Base Ball is conducted to this day, and the only basis upon which it can be permanently maintained. He was the organizer of the National League, its firmest executive, and the man who so effectually stamped out the then rampant evil of crooked play that it has never raised its head since. Albert G. Spalding, of Rockford, Ills., was the greatest "Builder in Base Ball." He was superlatively great as player, manager, club owner, and in business as it related to Base Ball. He was the greatest propagandist and missionary the game ever knew and spent more time, labor, and money in spreading the gospel of Base Ball than any other man of record. Albert G. Mills, of New York, was the "Legislative Genius of Base Ball." He was the broadest-minded and ablest lawyer Base Ball ever boasted. He made the league circuit national, by broadening its scope ; and he was the author of the first National Agreement, and proponent of the first Reserve Rule. Alfred J. Reach, of Philadelphia, is the "Business Genius of Base Ball." Rising from the ranks, he became a power in the National League, the founder of the greatest sporting goods manufacturing house in the world, and the silent "power behind the throne" in numberless financing operations in Base Ball. Benjamin F. Shibe, of Philadelphia, is the "Mechanical Genius of Base Ball." His numerous inventions have standardized the implements of the game, have given the sport a standard ball, and have made possible the playing of the game for millions of youths of the country. Moreover, he is the pioneer of the modern base ball stadium. Ban B. Johnson, of Chicago, is the "Greatest Executive of Base Ball" of this generation. He was the greatest fighter and the most mag- nanimous conqueror the game ever knew, and was just as great in peace as in war by reason of his introduction of the dual-league system which was the basis of a new era of enormous development and prosperity in Base Ball. August Herrmann, of Cincinnati, is the "Greatest Arbitrator of Base Ball" of this generation. Uniting rare constructive and executive talents he was and is the greatest pacificator, the ablest developer of a new and complex governmental system, and the most capable administrator the game has yet developed. Charles A. Comisegey, of Chicago, is the "Collosus of Base Ball." From the start of his career, as player, manager, magnate, and league organizer he has always loomed large in the public eye by reason of his breadth of vision, depth of purpose and power of execution ; and by reason of his magnetic and rugged personality, which earned for him the title, the "Old Roman." Rising from the ranks, he is today the most popular of magnates and the most powerful individual factor in the game. Now if there is any man in base ball history whose efforts or achievements in any phase of the game — except, of course, the mere playing end of it — can equal that of anyone of the above- Leaders in Base Ball 283 named list of immortals, we do not know it, and we claim a rather intimate acquaintance with base ball men and history of the past and present. The men embraced in our short list were originators, creators, developers in Base Ball in the highest sense of the word, and their labors in the various formative stages of the game had epochal eifect. Moreover, no one of our immortal dozen ever neutralized or retarded his creative or constructive work by any great blunder. But there is A HOST OF LESSER LIGHTS, men who have done yeoman service in and for Base Ball, who deserve mention in any records of the game. This, of course, refers only to those who have been active and efficacious as organizers, legislators and promoters of the great sport, as the players of the game have a place apart by reason of the fact that they only executed what others planned and prescribed, and also reaped what others sowed. In the early days of the game the chief interest centered in and about New York, where the sport began its development as the game of Base Ball. In that devel- opment Alexander J. Cartwright, Duncan F. Curry, W. H. Van Cott, Thomas G. Voorhis, William R. Wheaton, William H. Tucker, E. R. Dupignac, Jr., Daniel L. Adams and C. V. Ander- son, all of New York, were the chief factors. As the game spread all of the leading cities in the East, and in the course of time in the West and South also, organized clubs which became local institutions. These in turn developed men who in time acquired more or less national reputations as organizers, backers or con- ductors of the clubs, and of these a list, depending largely upon memory for the most remote period, is appended : Ai-TOONA, Pa. — H. W. Guinness, organizer of Altoona's first club, the Mountain Club, in 1862. Charles F. Carpenter, president of the Tri- State League from 1906 to 1913, inclusive : Albany, N. Y. — H. A. Carpenter, organizer of Albany's first club, the National Club, in 1864 ; J. L. Babcock, organizer of the Knickerbocker Club in 1865. Boston. Mass. — John A. Lowell, organizer of the Bowdoin and Lowell Clubs in 1861. Corliss Wadleigh, first president of the New England Asso- ciation in 1865. Ivers W. Adams, president of the Boston Club of 1872. Charles H. Porter, president of the Boston Club of 1873-74. N. T. Appolo- nio, president of the Boston Club, 1875-76. A. H. Soden, president of the Boston, National League, Club, from 1877 to 1906. Harry Wright, mana- ger of the four- time Boston Champions of the '70s. Managers J. F. Morrill and Frank Selee. Charles Prince, owner of the Boston, Players' League, and Association Clubs of 1890-91. Charles W. Somers, organizer of the Boston, American League, Club, and its president in 1901-02. Henry Kil- 284 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball lilea, owner and president of the Boston, American League, Club in 1903. Gen. Charles H. Taylor and his son, John I. Taylor, owners of the Boston, American League, Club from 1903 to 1912. "Jimmy" Collins, manager of the champion Boston, American League, Club. George B. Dovey, president of the Boston, National League, Club. James E. Gaffney, president of the Boston, National League, Club at this time. George Wright, who became as successful in business as he was in playing ball. Jake Stahl, who man- aged the Boston American League and World's Champion Boston, American League, team of 1912. Brooklyn, N. Y. — Thomas F. Power, organizer of the famous Atlantic Club in 1855. Henry Chadwick, first regular writer on Base Ball and original chairman of a playing rules committee. Jeremiah N. Tappan, organizer of the Excelsior Club in 1854. Prank Pigeon, of the famous Eckfords of 1858. Robert Ferguson, president of the first Professional Association and the only player to head a major league while actively fengaged in the game. Edward Simpson, of the Powhattan Club of 1858. Joe Doyle and Gus Abell, organizers of the present Brooklyn Club in 1883. Charles H. Byrne, president of the Brooklyn Club, and a power in the American Association. Last, but not least, Charles H. Ebbets, connected with the Brooklyn Club since 1884, dean of National League magnates, builder of the new and magnificent Ebbets Field, and president of the club from 1898 to the present time. Baltimore, Md. — Arthur Pue Gorman, president of the National Association in 1866. William H. Barnie, organizer of the Baltimore Association Club. Harry Vonderhorst, president of the Baltimore Asso- ciation and National League Clubs. Edward Hanlon, famous manager of the famous champion Baltimore, National League, Club, and president of the club from 1893 to 1900. John J. McGraw and Wilbert Robinson, organizers of the Baltimore, American League, Club. Sydney W. Frank, president of the Baltimore, American League, Club in 1901. John J. Mahon, president of the Baltimore, American League, Club in 1902. John Dunn, organizer of the Baltimore, International League, Club. Buffalo. N. Y. — E. B. Smith, president of the Buffalo, National League, Club in 1879. John B. Sage, president of the Buffalo, National League, Club in 1880. Josiah Jewell, president of the Buffalo, National League, Club from 1881 to 1886. Alderman James Franklin, organizer and owner of the Buffalo, Eastern League, Club. Jacob J. Stein, presi- dent of the present Buffalo, International League, Club. Harry L. Taylor, former president of the Eastern League and now a County Judge. Detroit, Mich. — J. W. Van Norman, president of the Northwestern Association in 1866. Hon. W. G. Thompson, president of the Detroit, Na- tional League, Club from 1881 to 1884. Joseph A. Marsh, president of the Detroit, National League, Club, 1885-86. Fred Steans, under whose presi- dency Detroit won its first, and last. National League pennant and only World's Championship, with W. H. Watkins as manager, in 1887. Charles W. Smith under whose presidency in 1888 the Detroit Club's franchise in the National League was relinquished. Joseph W. Burns and George W. Stallings, organizers of the Detroit, American League, Club in 1900. Samuel F. Angus, owner of the Detroit, American League, Club in 1902-03. William H. Yawkey and Frank J. Navin, under whose joint ownership Detroit won three successive League championships, with Hugh Jennings as manager. Chicago, Ills. — G. Charles Smith, president of the Excelsior Club in the early '60s, and first president of the Northwestern Association, organized in 1865. Norman T. Gassette, organizer of the White Stockings in 1870. William A. Hulbert, organizer of the National League and president of the Chicago, National League, Club from 1876 to 1882. A. G. Spalding, the player-manager-merchant, president of the Chicago, National League, Club from 1882 to 1892. James A. Hart, president of the Chicago, Na- tional League, Club from 1892 to 1906, and a leader in playing rules amendments. Charles W. Murphy, president of the Chicago, National League, Club from 1906 to the present time. Charles A. Comiskey, presi- dent of the Chicago, American League, Club and organizer of the Western League, which developed into the great American League. A. C. Anson, for nearly two decades leader of the Chicago, National League, team and Leaders in Base Ball 285 one of the greatest batsmen the game produced. Frank Chance, manager of the Chicago, National League, champion teams of 1906-07-08-10. Cincinnati, Ohio. — Dr. Draper and A. B. Champion, organizers of the famous Red Stockings, of the '70s; the first purely professional club of record, which, under Harry Wright's management, made a record of unparalleled artistic success. Dr. John Draper, organizer of the Live Oaks. John A. Joyce, delegate at the organization meeting of the National League in 1876. J. L. Keck, president of the Cincinnati, National League, Club of 1876-77. J. M. W. Nefif, president of the Cincinnati, National League, Club in 1878-79. Justus W. Thorner, president of the Cincinnati, National League, Club in 1880, and organizer of the Cincinnati, American Association, Club of 1882, which won Cincinnati's first and only pennant in any league. Louis Kramer, president of the American Association during the revolt of 1891. Aaron Stern, president of the Cincinnati, Ameri- can Association, Club, who took his club into the National licague in 1890 and at the end of that season sold it to the Players' League. John T. Brush, owner and president of the Cincinnati Club from 1891 to 1903. August Herrmann, president of the Cincinnati Club from 1903 to the present time. John E. Bruce, secretary-treasurer of the National Com- mission. Cleveland, Ohio. — J. Ford Evans, organizer and president of the Cleveland, National League, Club from 1879 to 1881. C. H. Bulkley, presi- dent of the Cleveland Club from 1882 to 1884. George W. Howe, president of the Cleveland, American Association, Club, and also honorary member of the National League. Frank De Haas Robinson, organizer of the Cleve- land, American Association, Club, which was subsequently transferred to the National League. Charles W. Somers and John Kilfoyl, organizers of the Cleveland, American League, Club, the former being also the chief financial man of the American League during its war of 1901-02 with the National League. M. Stanley Robison, president of the Cleveland, Na- tional League., Club of 1899-1900. Columbus, Ohio. — James A. Williams, pitcher of the Capital Club in 1867, organizer of the first minor league in 1877, and later, secretary of the old American Association. Cooney Born, organizer of the Columbus Club, of the American Association. Wheeler WikofC, president of the American Association. H. T. Chittenden, president of the Columbus Club of 1882. Gus Schmelz, a famous manager. Allan Thurman, member of the Arbitration Committee of 1892. Thomas J. Bryce, organizer of the Columbus Club, of the present American Association. E. M. Schoenborn, president of the present American Association club. Dubuque, Ia. — Ted P. Sullivan, veteran manager and organizer of many minor leagues ; and Thomas J. Loftus, famous player, manager and minor league executive. Hartford, Conn. — Gershorn B. Hubbell, organizer of the Charter Oak Club in 1862. Morgan G. Bulkeley, organizer of the National League Club of 1876, and first president of the National League. Indianapolis, Ind. — W. B. Pettit, organizer and president of the Na- tional League club of 1878. John T. Brush, organizer of the Indianapolis, National League, Club of 1887, and author of the player and salary classi- fication rules of the National League in the Winter of 1888, which led to the revolt of the Ball Players' Brotherhood in 1890. W. H. Watkins, president of the Indianapolis, American League, Club of 1900; one of the organizers of the American Association in 1902 ; and for many years manager and part owner of the Indianapolis Club of that league. Kansas City, Mo. — John W. Speese, organizer of the Kansas City Club, of the old American Association. L. C. Krauthoff, now a great cor- poration lawyer in Chicago, leading light in the American Association and member of the Arbitration Committee of 1891. Joseph J. Heim, president of the Kansas City, National League, Club of 1886. James J. Manning, president and manager of the Kansas City Club, of the Western League and American League, whose franchise was transferred by the American League to Washington, D. C, in 1901. George Tebeau, organizer of the Kansas City, present American Association, Club in 1902. \ 286 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Louisville, Ky. — Alexander G. Booth, organizer of the Louisville Club in 1865. Charles E. Chase, one of the organizers of the National League. W. N. Haldeman, president of the Louisville, National League, Club in 1876-77. J. H. Panke, president of the Louisville, American Asso- ciation, Club of 1882, and one of the organizers of the American Associa- tion ; James A. Hart, president of the Louisville Club in 1883. Dr. T. Hunt Stucky, president of the Louisville, National League, Club in 1892. Fred Drexler, president from 1884 to 1896. Harry C. Pulliam — afterwards president of the National League — president of the Louisville Club in 1897- 98-1900. Barney Drey fuss — now president of the Pittsburgh, National League, Club — president of the Louisville Club in 1899. Newark, N. J. — William H. Greathead, organizer of the city's first club, the Americus Club in 1864. Norwich, Conn. — Gen. Edward Harland, organizer of the Uncas Club in 1865 ; E. G. Seldon, organizer of the Chester Club in 1866. Milwaukee, Wis. — J. R. Kaine, president of the Milwaukee, Na- tional League, Club in its only year of existence in 1878. Harry D. Quinn, organizer of the Milwaukee Club, of the Western League, in the '80s. Matt Killilea, president of the Milwaukee Club, of the American League, in 1900 and 1901. Charles S. Havenor, organizer of the Milwaukee Club, of the new American Association, 1902. New York, N. Y. — James W. Davis, first proposer of the National Association of Amateur Base Ball Players in 1857. Alexander Cartwright, organizer of the Knickerbocker Club and first compiler of the Playing Rules. Abner Doubleday, designer of the base ball field. R. Tuche, organizer of the Gotham Club in 1852. John W. Mott, organizer of the Eagle Club in 1854. Thomas S. Voorhees, organizer of the Enterprise Club in 1854. John Carland, organizer of the famous Mutual Club in 1857. George Starr, organizer of the famous Unions, of Morrisania, in 1855. W. H. Cammeyer, president and manager of the Mutual Club in the first year of the Professional Association and also in that club's first year in the National League. Walter S. Appleton and James Mutrie, organizers of the Metropolitan Club in 1882 with Mutrie manager of the champion club of the American Association in 1884. John B. Day, owner and president of the New York, National League, Club from 1883 to 1892. Gen. Mc- Alpin and "Eddie" Talcott, backers of the New York Players' League Club in 1890. John M. Ward, leader of the Brotherhood and one of the organizers of the Players' League in 1890. Cornelius Van Cott, president of the New York, National League, Club in 1893-94. Andrew Preedman, president of the New York, National League, Club from 1895 to 1902. John T. Brush, presi- dent of the New York, National League, Club from 1903 to the time of his death in the Fall of 1912. Joseph W. Gordon, president of the New York American League, Club in 1903. Frank J. Farrell, organizer of the New York, American League, Club and its president from 1904 to 1913, in- clusive. Philadelphia, Pa. — Theodore E. Weidersheim, organizer of the Min- erva Club in 1857. Samuel L. Barnes, organizer of the Keystone Club in 1859. Col. Thomas Fitzgerald, organizer of the Athletic Club in 1860. Lawrence K. Mann, organizer of the Equity Club in 1860. Robert E. Les- ter, organizer of the Swiftfoot Club in 1866. Thomas J. Smith, president of the Athletic Club in its first year in the National League. N. P. Young, organizer of the first Philadelphia Club in 1874. A. H. Wright, manager of the Athletic team of 1876, in the National League. Hick Hayhurst, mana- ger of the champion Athletic team, of the first Professional Association, in 1871. George W. Thompson, Athletic Club delegate to the organization meeting of the National League, and president of the Athletic Club of 1876. A. J. Reach, organizer of the Philadelphia Club in 1882, which was admitted to the National League in 1883, and president of that club for 20 years. Col. John I. Rogers, treasurer of the Philadelphia Club, and for many years famous as the "Lawyer of the National League." Harry Wright, manager of the Philadelphia National League Club from 1885 to 1893. William Sharsig and Charles Mason, organizers of the Athletic Club, of the American Association, in 1882. B. F. Shibe and F. L. Hough, organizers of the Athletic, American League, Club in 1901. Connie Mack, manager of the World's Champion Athletic Club. James Potter, president Leaders in Base Ball 287 of the Philadelphia Club in 1903-04. William J. Shettsline, president of the Philadelphia, National League, Club from 1905 to 1908. Horace S. Fogel, president of the Philadelphia, National League, Club from 1909 to 1913. William H. Locke, purchaser of the Philadelphia, National League, Club from Messrs. Taft and Murphy, and president of the club in 1913 until his death in August of that year. William F. Baker, successor to Mr. Locke as president of the Philadelphia Club and sponsor for the successful candidacy of Gov. Tener, of Pennsylvania, for the National League Presi- dency, Fall of 1913. Portland, Ore. — F. F. Miner, organizer of that city's first club, the Pioneer Club, in 1866; W. W. McCredie, organizer of the Portland Club, of the Pacific Coast League. Fielder Jones, president of the Northwestern League. The late W. H. Lucas, organizer of the Northwestern League. Paterson, N. J. — Simon J. Carroll, organizer of the city's first club, the Olympic Club, in 1864 ; James McCormick, famous pitcher of the '80s. Pittsburgh, Pa. — J. J. Moore, organizer of the Allegheny Club in 1860. Denny McKnight, one of the organizers of the first minor league in 1877 ; also one of the organizers of the American Association in 1882, and its first president. Al Scandrett, for many years secretary of the Pitts- burgh, American Association, Club. W. A. Nimmick, president of the Pitts- burgh, National League, Club from 1887 to 1890. J. Palmer O'Neil, presi- dent of the Pittsburgh, National League, Club in 1891. William C. Temple, owner of the Pittsburgh, National League, Club for three years, its presi- dent in 1892, and donor of the famous Temple Cup, which was the trophy in the post-season National League series, which took the place of the World's Series, abandoned because of the non-existence of a rival major league. Al Buckenberger, president and manager of the Pittsburgh Club in 1893. William H. Watkins, manager and president of the club in 1898. W. W. Kerr, president of the club in 1894-95-96-97-99. Barney Dreyfuss, who bought the club in 1900, consolidated it with the Louisville and Pitts- burgh teams, and gave Pittsburgh its first National League and World's Champion teams. Fred Clarke, Pittsburgh's most successful manager, with pennant captures in 1901, 1902, 1903 and 1909. Providence, R. I. — John D. Thurston, first president of Providence's first National League club in 1878. Henry T. Root, president of the Provi- dence, National League, Club in 1879, 1880, 1811, 1884, 1885. Henry B. Winship, president of the Providence, National League, Club in 1882, 1883. Henry T. Allen, secretary of the Providence, National League, Club from 1880 to 1885. RocKFORD, Ills. — Hiram H. Waldo, organizer of the famous Forest Club, of Rockford, of the '60s; and "Father of Base Ball" in the West. A. G. Spalding, who started his wonderful career in this city as a winning pitcher in 1867, when he was only 17 years old. James F. Mc- Kee, one of the organizers of the first Northwestern League in 1879. Troy, N. Y. — J. W. Kerns, first president of the first National Asso- ciation of Professional Players. Gardner Earle, president of the Troy, National League, Club in 1879-1880. A. L. Hotchkiss, president of the Troy, National League, Club in 1881. Francis N. Mann, president of the Troy, National League, Club in the last year of its existence, 1882. Syracuse, N. Y. — Hamilton S. White, president of the Syracuse Na- tional League, Club during 1879 — the only year that city was represented in the senior major league. St. Louis, Mo. — Jesse Fruin, introducer of the game in the '50s; August Solari, builder of the first ball park in St. Louis in 1871. Henry Clay Sexton, president of the Empire Club, organized in 1864. J. R. C. Lucas, organizer of St. Louis' first professional club, the Browns, in 1875; president of the first St. Louis, National League, Club in 1876-77. Charles A. Fowle, assistant to W. H. Hulbert, of Chicago, in organizing the No- tional League in 1876. S. W. Graffen, manager of St. Louis' first National League club in 1876. Henry V. Lucas, organizer of the outlaw Union Asso- ciation in 1884 and owner and president of the St. Louis, National League, Club in 1885-86. Chris von der Abe, organizer of the St. Louis, American Association, Club and its president from 1882 to 1902; also president of the St. Louis, National League, Club (which absorbed the St. Louis, Asso- 288 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball elation, Club) from 1892 to 1897, Inclusive. Charles A. Comiskey, manager- player of the famous St. Louis Browns from 1883 to 1889, inclusive. Benja- min S. Muckenfuss, president of the St. Louis, National League, Club in 1898. Frank De Haas Robison, owner and president of the St. Louis, Na- tional League, Club from 1899 to 1906, inclusive. M. Stanley Robison, president of the St. Louis, National League, Club from 1907 until 1911, when he died, bequeathing the club to his niece, Mrs. Schuyler Britton, who has since conducted the club, first through Mr. Steininger and then through her husband, she being the first female major league magnate of record and also the first woman to sit in the councils of the National League. Ralph Orth- wein, organizer of the St. Louis, American League, Club in 1902. Robert L. Hedges, president of the St. Louis, American League, Club from 1903 to 1914. San Francisco, Cal. — W. E. Gelston, organizer of the Eagle Club in 1860 ; John A. Mone, organizer of the California League. Waller Wal- lace, noted manager and writer. J. Cal Ewing, organizer of the Pacific Coast League. Danny Long, veteran organizer and manager. Utica, N. Y. — Samuel Barnum, organizer of the Utica Club, first of a long line of clubs in the city, in 1859. Washington, D. C. — James Morrow and Arthur Pue Gorman, organ- izers of the famous National Club, which made the first Western trip of record, in 1867. Hon. H. Seldon, organizer of the Potomac Club in 1865. Mike Scanlon, noted promoter and manager in the '70s. H. B. Bennett, president of the outlaw Union Association in 1884. A. G. Mills, famous as a base ball lover and student, president of the National League in 1884- 85, and author of the first National Agreement. N. E. Young, secretary of the first Professional Association from 1871 to 1875, inclusive ; secretary of the National League from 1876 to 1884, inclusive ; and president of the National League from 1885 to 1901, inclusive — a continuous service of 31 years. Robert C. Hewett, president of the Washington, National League, Club from 1886 to 1888, inclusive. Walter F. Hewett, president of the Washington, National League, Club in 1889. George W. Wagner, presi- dent, and J. Earle Wagner, his brother, manager, of the Washington, Na- tional League, Club from 1892 to 1900. Jimmy Manning, organizer of the Washington, American League, Club in 1901, and Fred Postal, president of that club from 1901 to 1903, inclusive. Thomas J. Loftus, president of the Washington, American League, Club in 1904. Thomas C. Noyes, president of the Washington, American League, Club from 1905 to the time of his death in 1912. Benjamin S. Minor^ president of the Washing- ton, American League, Club in 1913. Worcester, Mass. — Hon. C. B. Pratt, president of Worcester's first, and only National League club in 1880, 1881, 1882. Frank Bancroft, manager of the Worcester, National League, Club and since continuously employed in the major league field, either as team or business managar. Waterbury, Conn. — Henry S. Peck and George H. Pendleton, organ- izers of the Waterbury Club in 1864. The above list constitutes a wonderful galaxy of men of varying degrees of greatness who have served the National Game more or less well, each according to his lights, ability and oppor- tunity. But, in addition we have a great host of lesser lights in the army of promoters, magnates, and managers who have, from the '70s to the present time, labored faithfully to sow the good seed everywhere, not only in this country, but abroad. This list is too vast for individual distinction within the limits of this chapter, and so a general tribute must suffice for all. Their individual and collective labors, however, have borne such good fruit that today virtually every town of any importance Leaders in Base Ball 289 whatsoever is included in the circuit of some one of the thirty-six minor leagues now dotting the country from Maine to Mexico and from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast, including even our Island possessions, and Canada and Cuba. Of this great host of minor league organizers justice compels special mention of such really great men as James A. Williams, Hiram Waldo, Denny McKnight, Ted Sullivan, William H. Lucas, Patrick T. Powers, and the present officers of the great National Associa- tion of Minor Leagues, President M. H. Sexton and Secretary John H. Farrell. ~^.19 Famous Players of the Past 1- — First baseman John ("Buck") Freeman. 2 — Outfielder William H. Hamilton. 3 — Catcher Charles Bennett. 4 — Pitcher Charles ("Kid") Nichols. 5 — Pitcher Charles Ferguson. 6 — Outfielder Joseph Kelley. 7 — Pitcher Matt Kilroy. 8 — Pitcher John Clarkson. PLAYERS OF BASE BALL 21 ComprefiensJitie ifet of tfje ^rofes^siional ^laj»erg of tfte iSational #ame OTifjo ^cfjiebeb (great jFame tEfjrougfi g>erbice in ^ome iWajor iLeague &intt tlie late g>ixtiejS. O sport of this, or any other, nation has produced so many great exponents, or created so many popular heroes and idols as Base Ball. This happy disposition to idealize the game and its exemplars, which was a tremendous factor in the nationalization of the sport, prevailed almost from the start of the game; was given its greatest impetus with the advent of the Cincinnati Reds, and the consequent complete professionalizing of the sport; was developed by the league system, which made clubs local institu- tions, and stimulated sectional and local partisanship and rivalry ; and crystalized into a permanent condition by the Reserve Rule, which bound players to clubs and gave local constituents a pro- prietary interest and pride in every player who distinguished him- self, and thereby developed a personal and sentimental side of the sport to an amazing degree. In proportion as clubs and players became representative of a league or a city, so they became not only locally popular, but nationally famous to such a degree that particular clubs became indelibly impressed upon the public mind as representative of certain epochs in the devel- opment of the game, and hundreds of players established for themselves undying reputations as local and national stars ; and so it happened that each major league city in time acquired 'Certain players whose names became household words, and whose mem- ory was cherished long after they vanished from the scene of ac- tion in obedience to the inexorable law of nature, and the inher- ent mutations of the sport. Herewith is given a fairly accurate list of the players who, in their day, were, or are now, either idols or popular heroes in the major league cities from the estab- lishment of the sport upon professional basis to the present time : Boston, Mass. — ^Al G. Spalding, George Wright, Cal McVey, Harry Schaefer, Harry Wrigiit, Jim White, Andy Leonard, Tommy Beals, W. R. Parks, Birdsall, Elone J. Jackson, James O'Rourke, Ross Barnes, John Morrill, Sam Wise, J. Burdock, Ezra Sutton, W. M. Nash, Tommy Bond, 292 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Joe Hornung, J. Manning, William Whitney, Charley Bennett, John Clark- son, Paul Radford, Herman Long, Hugh Duffy, Robert Lowe, Charles Nich- ols, Charles Ganzel, Tom Gunning, Charles Buffington, Mike Hines, T. Murnane, W. Stemmyer, Pat Dealey, Mike Kelly, W. H. Wheelock, John Clarkson, Charles Radbourn, Tom Brown, John O'Brien, George Haddock, William Joyce, Thomas Dowd, Mike J. Sullivan, Harry Staley, Harry Stovey, Dicky Johnston, Mike Madden, Tom McCarthy, F. Connaughton, T. Bannon, Fred Tenney, Fred Klobedanz, Ed. Lewis, George Yeager, Marty Bergen, Jimmy Slagle, William A. Sullivan, W. Dineen, Vic. Willis, Ray Collins, Chick Stahl, Tris Speaker, Joe Wood, Duffy Lewis, Jimmy Collins, Harry Hooper, Cy Young, W. Carrigan, Jake Stahl, W. Maranville. Bbooklyn, N. Y. — James P. Creighton, F. Norton, Lip Pike, Pratt, Pearce, Charles Smith, Peter O'Brien, S. Smith, N. Hicks, Martin, Swan- dell, Nelson, McDonald, Holdsworth, Gedney, Jack Chapman, Zettlein, Tom Dolan, C. Hall, Sam Kimber, Bill Greenwood, Charles Householder, Fred Warner, Oscar Walker, Bill Krieg, John Harkins, Henry Porter, Con. Daily, Tom Lovett, S. J. Toole, Jim McTamany, "Darby" O'Brien, Hub Collins, Joe Visner, M. T. Hughes, George J. Smith, Bob Clark, John Cork- hill, William Joyce, Tim Jordan, Bert Inks, Tom Kinslow, Tom Corcoran, Bill Hart, Ed Stein, George Lachance, Dan Daub, Tom Daly, W. Gilbert, G. Treadway, Con. Lucid, G. Anderson, W. Shindle, Jimmy Canavan, George Smith, John Anderson, Fielder Jones, Bill Kennedy, Alex. Smith, George Magoon, W. Bergen, Jimmy Casey, Frank Kitson, Bill Burns, Swartwood, Pinckney, Will Terry, Dave Foutz, William Dahlen, William Keeler, Jim Sheckard, Nap Rucker, Jake Daubert, Zach Wheat, Mike Gritiin, John Hummeil. Buffalo, N. Y. — Dan Brouthers, Jim White, Jack Rowe, tiardy Richardson (the Big Four) ; Jim O'Rourke, G. Derby, W. Purcell, Jimmy Galvin, William Bottenus, Dave Eggler, Dave Force, Bill Clymer, Harry L. Taylor, "Curry" Foley, George Schafer, Jim Kennedy, Bill Crow- ley, Will Serad, Jim Lillie, Bob Blackiston, George E. Meyers, E. J. Hen- gle. J. Halligan, Sam Wise, Mark Baldwin, George Keefe, Bob Stafford, Gus Crock, P. Hafford. Baltimore, Md. — Billy Barnie, R. Emslie, Phil Baker, Dan Stearns, Ed Hanlon, Hugh Jennings, W. Gleason, John McGraw, Joe Kelley, Walter Brodie, William Clarke, H. Reitz, Willie Keeler, "Sadie" McMahon, Wil- bert Robinson, Frank Bowerman, E. Hoffer, Louis Say, Jimmy Clinton, Davy Fultz, F. Pond, Jerry Nops, Tom Corbett, G. Hemming, Joe Gun- son, Hardie Henderson, Tim Manning, Bill Traffley, Frank Gardner, Jake Evans, Tom Tucker, Mike Griffin, John F. Smith, Matty Kilroy, Joe Mack, Frank Foreman, Ed Tate, Billy Shindle, Charles Fulmer, Ed Cunningham, Tom Quinn, J. A. Kerins, Charles Esper, George Townsend, Perry Werden, Clarence Childs, Pete Gilbert, Jack Pickett, BUly Gilbert, W. Hawke, G. Carey, W. Keister. Chicago, III. — A. G. Spalding, Jim White, J. P. Peters, E. Woods, F. Treacey, J. Flynn, L. Meyerle, G. Pinkham, Mart King, J. McAtee, F. Crane, Cal McVey, Ross Barnes, P. A. Hines, O. Bielaskie, J. W. Glenn, J. F. Cone, Bob Addy, F. H. Andrus, E. Cuthbert, "Babe" Anson, "King" Mike Kelly, John Clarkson, Larry Corcoran, Goldsmith, Frank Flint, George Gore, M. S. Sullivan, A. Dalrymple, Billy Sunday, Joe Quest, Tom Burns, Hugh Nicol, Ed Williamson, Fritz Pfeffer, Bill Everitt, Bill Lange, B[ank O'Day, Ed Sutcliffe, Ollie Beard, Jimmy Ryan, John Flynn, Jim Mc- Cormick, Mark Baldwin, Dell Darling, Hugh Duffy, Charley Farrell, Frank Dwyer, A. C. Gumbert, John K. Teneb, Willie Hutchinson, Willie McGill, M. Kittredge, E. Foster, W. Cooney, Howard Earle, Bob Glenalvin, W. Merritt, John Luby, J. J. Connery, Bill Dahlen, Tom Vickery, S. Dungan, Martin Duke, W. Parrott, Fred Abbey, George Decker, Clark Griffith, Jiggs Donohue, Ace Stewart, Tim Donahue, Jimmy Callahan, Bert Briggs, Roger Denzer, Walter Thornton, Jimmy Conners, Danny Green, Barry McCormick, Frank Chance, Frank Isbell, George Van Haitren, Johnny Evers, Johnny Kling, Sam Mertes, Joe Tinker, H. Steinfeldt, H, Zimmerman, A. Hofman, Mordecai Brown, Ed Walsh, E. Reulbach, Fielder Jones, Jimmy Archer, *'Ping" Bodie. Cincinnati, O.— C. H. Gould, S. J. Fields, W. C. Fisher, Harry Wright, C. S. Sweasey, H. Kessler, R. Clark, A. S. Booth, D. P. Pier- son, Asa Brainard, Cal McVey, G. Wright, F. Waterman, "Long John" Players of Base Ball 293 Reilly, Charley Fulmer, Charley Snyder, Phil Powers, Henry McCormick, John Corkhill, Will Carpenter, "Bug" HoUiday, John A. McPhee, Will White, Tony MuUane, "Buck" Ewing, Tb*>odore Breitenstein, George Smith, Tommy Corcoran, George Tebeau, Jake Beckley, Elmer Smith, G. E. Paskert, Hans Lobert, Bob Bescher, Clarence Baldwin, Joe Sommer, Charley Jones, Harry Wheeler, Joe Maculler, Will Mountjoy, Jimmy Peoples, George Miller, Gus Shallix, Jimmy Clinton, George Pech- iny, Jim Duryea, Billy Earle, Leon Viau, John G. Reilly, Hugh Nicol, Ollie Beard, Jerry Harrington, W. Rhines, W. E. Halligan, E. Chamberlain, Frank Motz, W. E. Hoy, W. Gray, "Dusty" Miller, Charley Irwin, H. Steinfeldt, N. Elberfeld, Jimmy Barrett, Frank Hahn, T. Breitenstein, George McBride, Doc Newton. Cleveland, O.— J. White, A. Pratt, J. Carleton, J. Kimball, Ezra Sut- ton, C. Bass, M. Faber, D. Allison, Jake Evans, Oliver (Patsy) Tebeau, Jack Glasscock, Hugh Daly, Bill Phillips, Charles Briody, Tom Faber, George Bradley, J. Muldoon, "Fat" Childs, Harry Bay, Terry Turner, Charles Ganzel, Amos Cross, Pete Hotaling, Jim McGuire, Charles Zim- mer, Henry Gruber, E. Bakely, Jay Faatz, Ed McKean, Larry Twitchell, Paul Radford, Bob Gilks, Ed Beatin, Jake Virtue, George Cuppy, Jesse Burkett, George Davis. "Chippy" McGarr, E. Graney, E. Blake, Bobby Wallace, Lew McAllister, John Powell, Lou Criger, Harry Blake, William Bradley, Dick Harley, Charles Hemphill, Elmer Flick, Fred Dunlap, Jim McCormick, George Schaefer, Jimmy McAleer, Cy Young, Napoleon Lajoie, Joe Birmingham and Joe Jackson. >— v„.a.- Detroit, Mich. — Dan Brouthers, Jim White, Hardy Richardson, J. Rowe, Charley Bennett, Sam Trott, Sadie Houck, Joe Quest, George Weid- man, Tom Mansell, Milton Scott, Fred Shaw, Charley Ganzel, Sana Thomp- son, Ed Hanlon, Sam Crawford, Vean Gregg, Matty Mclntyre, Manager Jennings, George MuUin, Jimmy Barrett, Davy Jones, Jim Delahanty, George Moriarty, Owen Bush, Charley Schmidt, Wild Bill Donovan, Charles Getzein, Larry Twitchell, Jimmy Manning, Charles B. Baldwin, P. J. Con- way, Fred Dunlap, Ty Cobb. New Yoek, N. Y. — Robert Ferguson, John Hatfield, Bobby Matthews, Nat Hicks, Joe Start, Jim Hallinan, Al Nichols, Ed Booth, T. J. Shandley, W. J. Boyd, W. H. Crane, C. Mills, W. Wolters, R. Pearce, D. Eggler, C. Patterson, John M. Ward, Alex. McKinnon, Jim O'Rourke, Roger Connor, Buck Ewing, Micky Welch, John Clapp, Mike Dorgan, Danny Richardson, William Ewing, P. Gillespie, Tim Keefe, Bill Holbert, Jack Nelson, Tommy Esterbrook, Jack Lynch, Steve Brady, Jim Roseman, Sam Crane, Charley Caskins, Charles Reipschlager, Dave Orr, Eddie Kennedy. "Dasher" Troy, Ed Caskins, Tom Griffin, Arthur Whitney, Frank Hankinson, Al Mays, Mike Tiernan, Bill Brown, Mike Slattcry. Ed Crane, George Gore, H. O'Day, R. Buckley, Lew Whistler, Amos Rusie, Jack Glasscock, George S. Davis, H. Lyons, "Shorty" Fuller, Eddie Burke, Willie Keeler, Jack Doyle, Lester German, Dan McGann, G. Bannon, Jouett Meekin, J. B. Seymour, Jack Warner, Dave Zearfoss, William ("Dad") Clarke, Bill Glea- son, Jimmy Stafford, P. A. Wilson, Mike Donlin, C. Mathewson, Fred Merkle, Joe McGinnity, George Wiltse, Rube Marquard, Larry Doyle, Arthur Fletcher, C. L. Herzog, A. Shafer, J. Murray, F. Snodgrass, George Burns, "Chief" Meyers, Arthur Wilson, John J. McGraw, Otis Crandall, Jack Chesbro, Jimmy Williams, Ed Sweeney, Hal Chase, R. Ford. Pittsburgh, Pa.— Ed Morris, Fred Carroll, Swartwood, Clark Griffith, Al Pratt, Fred Clarke, W. Phillippe, Bierbauer, Ritchey, Bransfield, Tommy Leach, Jake Stenzel, Bobby Byrne, Hans Wagner, Sam Barckley, George Creamer, Lew Dickerson, Bill Taylor, Mike Mansell, Horace S. Phillips, Jim Knowles, George Miller, Charley Smith, Bill Kuehne, John Richmond, J. Handiboe, J. HafEord, Arthur Whitney, Tommy Quinn, John J. Fields, George Van Haltren, A. Dalrymple, Alex. McKinnon, Jake Stenzel, Harry Staley, James McCormick, Al Maul, Jake Beckley, Jack Rowe, Alex. Jones, F. Hardie, Frank Shugart, Ed Hanlon, Connie Mack, P. Raymond, A. C. Buckenburger, Joe Sugden, Phil Knell, Frank Sheibeck, Patsy Donovan, H. Niles, R. Genins, Harry Davis, Richard Padden, Jimmy Donnelly, Jesse Tannehill, E. Abbaticchio, Frank Dillon, Jimmy Williams, C. Beaumont, J. Chesbro, Sam Leever. Philadelphia, Pa. — Pitcher Dick McBride, catcher Malone, Al Reach, M. McGeary, John Clapp, G. Dockney, Dicky Flower, George Heubel, 294 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball Berckenstock, Wilkins, Kleinfelder, Sensenderfer, Wes. Fisler, Radcliff, Berry, Levi Meyerle, Tom Pratt, Ted Larkin, "Cub" Strieker, Fred Corey, "Jumping-Jack" Jones, Eddie Seward, George Wood, Sid Farrar, Arthur Irwin, Lon Knight, Ed Andrews, Jack O'Brien, Dave Rowan, Hardie Hen- derson, John Coleman, Billy Purcell, Ed McFarland, Bill Douglass, Frank Donahue, Al Orth, 0. Frazer, Harry Stovey, George Bradley, Billy Ham- ilton, James Fogarty, Ed J. Delahanty, Jud Birchall, Mike Grady, W. Bernhardt, John Milligan, Joe Mulvey, Jack Crowley, W. Gleason, Charley Reilly, Ed Fusselbach, Billy Hallman, Dennis Casey, Charley Bastian, Bob Allen, John Clements, Andy Cusick, Al Myers, L. Titcomb, Gus Weyhing, Denny Lyons, Sadie McMahon, Wilbert Robinson, A. B. Sanders, W. Shriver, Tom Turner, Jack Taylor, Sam Weaver, Dave Force, Bobby Matthews, Charley Ferguson, Lave Cross, Rube Waddell, Harry Davis, N. Lajoie, Virgil Garvin, Frank Geier, O. Schreckengost, Mike Powers, Elmer Flick, Socks Seybold, Monte Cross, Roy Thomas, H. Wolverton, Con- nie Mack, Bender, Coombs, Ed Plank, Sherwood Magee, Charley Dooin, Rube Oldring, Mclnnis, Barry, Baker, Cravath and Ed Collins. Milwaukee, W;is. — Tom Loftus, Tom Griffin, Tom Morrison, Sam Behel, Tom Sexton, Otto Schomberg, Steve Dunn, Dennis McGinley. Pat Dealey, Charley Baldwin, Ed Hogan, Ed Cushman, Frank Dwyer, George W. Davis, Harry Clark, Ray Schalk, W. Chappelle, Jack Grim, Howard Earle, H. Vaughn, Frank Killen. Mike Morris, W. Hughes, Jimmy Cana- van, W. Dahlen, Ed Burke, Bob Pettit, Tom Letcher, David L. Fultz, William Armour. Kansas City, Mo. — Dave Rowe, D. Dugdale, George Baker, Alex. McQueery, J. J. Lillie, Charles Briody, H. C. Long, C. L. Reynolds, P. B. Swartzell, Joe Gunson, Dan Stearns, Jimmy McGarr, Jim Connery, H. Esterday, James Burns, Charles E. Hoover, W. A. Hamilton, Herman Long, John Pickett, W. C. Alvord, Abner Powell. St. Louis, Mo. — G. W. Bradley, Jimmy Galvin, Lip Pike, Ed Cuth- bert, Joe Battin, R. J. Peakes, Denny McGee (Mack), Tom Miller, H. T. Dehlman, Mike McGeary, John Clapp, Hugh McDonald, Dan Morgan, Joe Blong, Bill Douglass, Bill Hart, Jack McNeary, George Baker, Jack Brennan, John T. Magner, George Seward, Ed. Gault, George McGinnis, Tom Deasley, George Streif, Arlie Latham, Bill and Jack Gleason, Tom Loftus, Robert Wallace, Hugh Nicol, Henry Boyle, John Peters, William E. ("Tip") O'Neil, Al Bushong, Curt Welch, Cal Broughton, Bill Robinson, Bob Carruthers, Dave Foutz, Nat Hudson, Joe Quinn, Fred Dunlap, Tom Dolan, J. E. Seery, Jack Gflasscock, George Meyers, Jack Boyle, W. L. Hassamer, Charles ("Silver") King, William B. Fuller, C. E. Duffee, Thomas McCarthy, John Stivetts, Elton J. Chamberlain, Phil Campau, Mike Trost, W. Higgins, Jake Wells, Bill Clingman, Tommy Dowd, Theo- dore Breitenstein, Arthur Clarkson, Heine Peitz, "Pink" Hawley, Fred Ely, Richard Cooley, Charles Frank, M. Hogan, Ed McFarland, Tom Parrott, Emmett Heidrick. Toledo, O. — Sam Barckley, Tony Mullane, Hank O'Day, Fred Walker, Charles Morton, Curt Welch, Tommy Poorman, G. Alvord, E. Swartwood, W. Sneed, Perry Werden, P. Vandyke, C. Welch, G. Tebeau, Parson Nich- olson, W. Sprague, W. Friel, J. Healey, E. Sage, Ed Smith, C. Cushman. Rochester, N. Y. — Mike Griffin, J. McGuire, James Knowles, Harry Lyons, John Grim, P. Sheffler, Robert Barr, H. Greenwood, Ed. M'cKeough, Eddie Burke, W. Phillips, Jimmy Fields, Ed Smith, B. Miller, L. Titcomb, George Weidman. Washington, D. C. — Asa Brainard, D. Allison, E. Mills, Charles Sweasey, F. Waterman, Davy Force, A. J. Leonard, G. W. Hall, H. W. Berthrong, J. W. Glenn, Frank Fennelly, Bob Barr, W. F. King, Phil Baker, George Schoch, Hank O'Day, Alex. Ferson, George Haddock, G. H. Krock, John Irwin, Walter Wilmot, Ed Beecher, Sam Wise, W. E. Hoy, John J. Carney, Enoch Barkeley, Wilfred Carsey, William Smalley, Gil Hatfield, Ed Beecher, Tom Griffin, Frank Foreman, Patsy Donovan, Jake Drauby, Al Selbach, Win Mercer, Otis Stockdale, E. Cartwright, Buck Freeman, Frank Ward, Joe Sullivan, Phil Campau, M. Malarkey, D. Coo- gan, "Parson" Nicholson, Jimmy McJames, Jack O'Brien, George Wrigley, E. Demontreville, Charles Reilly, Tom Brown, Charles Abbey, Billy Lush, Jake Gettman, Al Wagner, Jimmy Casey. Charles Carr, Phil Baker, George F. McBride, Walter Johnson, Pete Cassidy, Chick Gandil, E. Foster, W. Famous Managers of Old Times 1 — Oliver Tebeau, of Cleveland. 2 — James Mutrie, of New York. 3 — Frank Bancroft, of Providence. 4 — W. H. Watkins, of Detroit. 5 — William Barnie, of Baltimore. 6 — Frank Selee, of Boston. 7 — Arthur Irwin, of Philadelphia. 8 — Gus Schmelz, of Washington. Players of Base Ball 295 Boehling, Tom Hughes, C. Ainsmith, W. Henry, C. Groom, Clyde Milan, Dan Moeller, Providence, R. I. — Jerry Denny, Bobby Matthews, Joe Start, Jack Farrell, Arthur Irwin, John M. Ward, Charley Sweeney, Charles Radbourn, Barney Gilligan, Paul Hines, J. L. Richmond, Cliff Carroll, Lew Brown, J. T. Cassidy, Arthur Irwin, Fred Lewis, Vincent Nava, Charley Bassett, Ed Crane, Tom Lovett and Emil Gross. Indianapolis, Ind. — E. S. ("The Only") Nolan, Fred Mann, Charles Houtz, Ad Rocap, Mike Golden, Joe Quest, George Shaffer, Dan O'Leary, Marr Phillips, John McSorley, Tommy Poorman, Henry Boyle, Jerry Dor- gan, Jim Keenan, Charley Reilley, Albert Meyers, Jake Arundel, Billy Hoy, Joe Quinn, Otto Schomberg, Jack Glasscock, Will Sowers, A. W. Rusie; Charles Getzein, R. D. Buckley, J. C. McGeachey, J. E. Seery, J. A. Somers. Louisville, Ky. — Jack Chapman, Jimmy Devlin, Scott Hastings, Charley Snyder, Bill Hague, Charley Fulmer, A. A. Allison, J. C. Carbine, George Bechtel, Jack Ryan, Phil Reccius, Guy Hecker, Louis Browning, Bill ("Chicken") Wolf, Leech Maskrey, John Reccius, George Latham, Joe Grerhardt, Sam Weaver, Ed Whitney, Amos Cross, Joe Crotty, Tom Ramsey, W. H. Veach, John A. Kerins, Joe Werrick, Lave Cross, Amos Cross, W. White, Paul Cook, Harry Vaughn, Scott Stratton, P. Raymond, Phil Tomney, Dan Shannon, Phil Ehret, J. B. Ryan, H. Raymond, E. Good- all, P. Weckbecker, Harry L. Taylor, T. Shinnick, E. Hamberg, Ed Bligh, J. Meakin, W. B. Weaver, Jouett Meekin, Hugh Jennings, John Ewing, John Cline, Jack Grim, Fred Pfeffer, W. Merritt, W. Hemming, J. Menefee, John J. McCloskey, George Borchers, John J. O'Brien, G. Hatfield, Fred Clarke, Dan McGann, Jimmy Rogers, W. Clingman, William Hill, Charles Eraser, Joe Dolan, Ollie Pickering, Tom McCreary, William ("Ducky") Holmes, Charles Dexter, W. Nance, Hans Wagner. Columbus, O. — Joe Straub, Rudolph Kemmler, Frank Mountain, Jake Valentine, Bill Kuehne, John Richmond, Tom Brown, Fred Mann, Edward Dundon, Jack O'Connor, Manager Gus Schmelz, Jake Stenzel, Henry Gast- right, William Widner, Ed Dailey, Ralph Johnson, W. D. White, Jack Doyle, Charles Crooks, Ed M. Daily, Joe Gunson, W. R. Hamilton, J. Mc- Tamany, John Easton, Phil Knell, Frank KnaUss. Hartfoed, Conn. — Robert Ferguson, Doug. Allison, W. Arthur Cum- mings, Tommy Bond, Ed Miller, John Burdock, Tom Carey, Tom York, Jack Remsen, J. Cassidy, Dick Higham, Bill Harbidge. RocKiBBD, III. — A. G. Spalding, C. Hastings, "Cherokee" Fisher, J. D. Mack, Bob Addy, A. C. Anson, Charles Fulmer, W. Ham, C. Bird, J. Stires, T. J. Foley, A. Barker, Fred Cone, George King and D. Sawyer. Troy, N. Y. — Mike McGeary, Tom Abrams, Jim Ward, Pete McCarl, W. McMuUin, J. Flynn, W. Craver F. Bellan, R. Flowers, M. King, T. Foster, Lip Pike, Buck Ewing, P. Gillespie, Mickey Welch, John E, Clapp, Mike Dorgan, James E. O'Neill, Frank Hankinson, Ed Caskins, John M. Ward, John Troy, Roger Connor, John G. Reilly, S. Leavenworth, T. P. Houck, H. Doescher, Tom Mansell, P. McManus, W. Holbert, Tim Keefe. Syracuse, N. Y. — Tim O'Rourke, Pat Wright, Fred Ely, Barney Mc- Laughlin, C. Simon, Barney Pelty, G. Mars, E. McQueery, E. Morrison, J. Dorgan, W. Phillips, J. Battin, W. Briggs, P. Dealey, H. Peitz, Jimmy Casey. Worcester, Mass. — J. L. Richmond, Al Bushong, George Creamer, Arthur Whitney, Lon Knight, Harry Stovey, Charley Bennett, Pete Hotal- ing, Fred Mann, Jimmy Barrett, Jack Hayden, G. Weidman. The above list comprises only players who have seen major league service, for long or short terms, and have, therefore, neces- sarily achieved some degree of national fame. To this list must be added the many thousands of really fine players who have served in the various minor leagues from 1877 to the present day, to afford even a faint realization of what a mighty host of players has been sheltered under the aegis of organized ball; 296 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball and what a debt of gratitude is due, by fans and players alike, to the labors and struggles of the men enumerated in the previous chapter, who conceived, designed, developed and perfected the National game of Base Ball. A HOPELESS TASK OF SELECTION. Analyzing the above imposing list of major league players who have served the game with more or less distinction since the introduction of pure professional teams in 1869, it is a difficult, not to say ungrateful, task to select any one player as superior to all the rest, though we have always been inclined to consider catcher-manager William ("Buck") Ewing, in his prime, from 1884 to 1890, as the greatest player of the game from the stand- point of supreme excellence in all departments — batting, catching, fielding, base running, throwing and base ball brains — a player without a weakness of any kind, physical, mental or temperamen- tal. It would also be impossible, justly, to make up one team of supreme excellence from the above list which would meet with general acceptance; although able critics from time to time have essayed that futile, and thankless, task. Some time ago, Mr. T. H. Murnane, of the Boston "Globe" — a great player from 1871 to 1883, and a base ball writer from 1884 to date — essayed to name an All-American team and his selections, based upon his individual observation and judgment, were as follows: Catcher, Charles Bennett; pitchers, Cy Young and Carruthers; first base, A. C. Anson (captain) ; second base, Ross Barnes ; third base, Ed Williamson ; shortstop, J. ("Hans") Wagner ; right fielder, Ty Cobb; center fielder, Joe Jackson; left fielder. Bill Lange. SELECTION BY DECADES. It will be at once seen that the above list of "greatest" will not meet with general acceptance owing to the exclusion of other players just as great as the ones selected — and perhaps greater from the standpoint of individual opinion, which is an import- ant factor in a game which depends for support upon a vast multitude of "fan" units, each of which considers his opinion as at least equal to that of every other "fan" or critic. The mental attitude of the average "fan" is however certain to lead to other "selections" of the "greatest teams," with no better result than Players of Base Ball 297 has attended Mr. Murnane's efforts. In view of the impossibil- ity of making up one team of the greatest players covering a period of 44 years, it would probably be best, certainly most just, to separate the "greatest" players into the four decades that have been consumed in the development of the sport. Each of these decades had its own conditions, it is true, but that did not neces- sarily affect individual skill, work, or achievement, owing to the fact that the physical proportions and powers of man average about the same from generation to generation. The fact that within ten years are compressed the full physical ability of any player, in base ball at least, also makes the decade division fair and conclusive. So, in our opinion, the greatest players in each position — all departments of offense and defense considered — in each decade would be: 1870-1880 1880-1890 1890-1900 1900-1912 Catehers, White, AUisoa, Bennett, Ewlng, Robinson, T. Daly, SuiUvan, Myers. Pitcliers. Spalding, Cummings, Eiadbcwim, Olarkson, Busie, Toung, Wadddl. Mathewson, First Base. Fisler, Start, Anson, Ck)mi6key, Brouthers, Beckley, Tenney, Chase. SecondBase, Beach, Bames, Dunlap, McPhee, Pfeflfer, Lajoie, Evers, E. Collins. Third Base, Anson, Sutton, Denny, Lyons, Nasb, McGraw, 3. Collina, Biaker. Shortstop. G. Wright, D. Force, Williamson, Ward, Long, Jennings, Wagner, Wallace. Jjeit Field, Lip Pike, Leonard, G. Wood, O'Neil, Delehanty, J. Kelley, F. Clarke, C. Stahl. Center Field, H. Wright, Sensenderfeir,Hanlon. H. Richardson, Hamilton, Lange, Cobb, Speaker. Bight Meld, McVey, Chapman, M. Kelly, Thompson, Burkett, Tieraan, Keeleo', Crawford. The above list includes most of the really great players — batting, fielding and base running considered — in their respective positions, since the start of organized ball, and leaves to the readers such comparison as they may see fit to make. A WONDERFUL FACT. The census statement of the number of males over 21 years of age in Continental United States shows that there are 26,999,- 151 "potential voters" in the nation. And yet not enough good ball players are produced in all this overwhelming male population to man two major base ball leagues to public satisfaction ; to make a successful third major league feasible; or even to supply the demands of high-class minor leagues. Is there any other trade or profession which requires such high specialization as base ball ? Thomas D. Richter Associate Editor of "Sporting Life,' of Philadelpliia WRITERS OF BASE BALL ^ iMigfttp 3|os(t of Scribes; TOfto llabe ^erbeb OTieU anb jFaitfifuIlp tje jaational (game jFrom tje CarliesJt ©apfl( to tfje Cime o! Sts; apogee of OTiealtti anb ^otoer* O sport since the world began has been so well served by the Fourth Estate as America's National Game of Base Ball; and this long, faithful, and able service — supplementing the organizing efforts of the leaders and the popularizing work of the exponents of the sport — has been with- out a doubt the largest single factor in the widespread interest in, and popularity of, the great game. It is impossible to overestimate the enormous influence of the press in the evolution of the game, in its superior organization, in the integrity of its promoters and governors, and in the absolute honesty of its players — the last-named point a wonderful thing to say of any human institution, but particularly of one purely professional and embracing a great multitude of human units with all their individual aims and ambitions, passions and preju- dices, virtues and vices, and all the complex qualities of mind, heart and disposition that go to make up the average fallible human being. The SPORT IN THE EARLY DAYS naturally had but few Boswells, but it was extremely fortunate to have one really devoted and truly great writer in Henry Chad- wick, who was contemporaneous with its beginning, gradual development, and final firm establishment as our National game, and who lived long enough to witness its apogee of splendor and power. Mr. Chadwick was really the first professional writer of base ball ; and he remained a base ball writer nearly 50 years. He was a potent factor in the development of the Play- ing Rules from their crude beginning to their crystallization into the present virtually perfect code, and he was always uncom- promisingly for clean and honest sport, for good conduct on and off the field, for fair dealing in the high places and for discipline in the ranks. Contemporaneous with Mr. Chadwick was Mr. 300 . Richter's History and Records of Base Ball William Cauldwell, of the old Niew York "Mercury." Later these were joined by the Rankin brothers, A. B., and William M., both of New York. Between 1858 and 1876 the following were more or less noted writers of their day: Charles A. Peverelley, who wrote the first history of Base Ball; Henry G. Crickmore, afterwards a noted authority on horse racing ; Michael J. Kelly — who introduced the shorthand system of scoring in 1861, and the box scores in 1868, was the first editor of De Witt's Guide, and for nearly ten years the base ball reporter of the New York "Herald;" William T. Picott, David A. Sutton, John Carpenter and Messrs. Mahlen, Rivers, Brodie, Hudson, Mitchell, Lewis, Snyder, Monpere, Brasear, Coyle, Marty Malone and Carl Joy. George T. Lannigan did fine work for the Philadelphia "Record." Boston in those days was well served by H. S. Kempton and Edward F. Stevens. In St. Louis, W. E. Kelsoe and W. McD. Spink were the most noted of the early writers on Base Ball. a great galaxy of writers. In the decade beginning with 1880 the National Game began a period of wonderful development, which was due to the inaugu- ration of the dual-league system, the formulation of the first National Agreement, the gradual multiplication of the minor leagues, and the ultimate extension of the reservation privilege to all leagues. One of the largest factors in the steadily increasing popularity and prestige of the game in this decade, however, was the development of a new school of base ball writers of ability, power and deep knowledge of the game. In Boston, Tim Mur- nane, W. D. Sullivan, Edward F. Stevens, John Drohan and Jacob Morse dominated all of New England. In New York and Brooklyn William Rankin, Peter J. Donahue, James Ken- nedy, Charles J. Merrill, Sam Austin, Walter Eschwege, John Mandigo, George E. Stackhouse, William J. Harris, George H. Dickenson, and Simon Goodfriend made national reputations as base ball writers. Pittsburgh was served by Thomas Fullwood, John D. Pr ingle, Alfred Cratty, Charles B. Power and Will Locke. In Detroit, Charles F. Mathison was a power, as was Frank H. Brunell in Cleveland. In St. Louis, Alfre4 Spink, Edward Sheridan, George Munson, Joseph Pritchard, Joseph Planner, James Nolan, J. B. Sheridan, Harold W. Lannigan and Writers of Base Ball 301 Ernest J. Lannigan did wonderful work. In Washington, Rob- ert M. Larner, William M. Grouse, Paul W. Eaton and John A. Heydler were conspicuous for their splendid service. In California flourished Waller Wallace, who made a national reputation for himself. Philadelphia boasted Harry Diddlebock, John T. Campbell, A. M. Gillam, Frank L. Hough, Horace S. Fogel, V/illiam H. Voltz, Philip H. Nash, Frank Anderson, Dan- iel Mills and Editor Richter, of Sporting Life, and author of Richter's History and Records of Base Ball. Chicago was well served by Harry C. Palmer, Louis Meacham, Leonard D. Washburn, Henry F. Boynton, Thomas FuUerton, Hugh Keogh, Joseph W. Murphy and Charles Dryden. Cincinnati furnished a splendid quintet of writers in J. B. McCormick, O. P. Caylor, Harry M. Weldon, Ren Mulford, Jr., and Byron Bancroft John- son (now President of the American League) ; and later, Frank Wright, Charles Zuber, Myron W. Townsend, Charles W. Mur- phy. Baltimore was kept well to the front by William F. Hobart, Joe Cummings, John Anderson and Albert F. Mott, the famous correspondent of Sporting Life. In Louisville, William Douglas was the chief, and Harry C. Pulliam (later President of the National League), also won his spurs in the last years of the old American Association. the first writers' organization. The first local base ball writers' organization was formed in Philadelphia in 1885. From this sprung the idea of the National Base Ball Reporters' Association, which was organized at Cincinnati, O., December 12, 1887 — this being the first national organization of base ball writers in the major league circuits. The oflicers elected were George Munson, of St. Louis, presi- dent; Henry Chadwick, of Brooklyn, vice-president; George E. Stackhouse, of New York, secretary ; John H. Mandigo, of New York, treasurer. Board of Directors: Joseph Pritchard, Ren Mulford, Jr., Frank H. Bunnell, Francis C. Richter ; who were also the committee on organization. At this organization meeting a number of changes in Playing and Scoring Rules were adopted for recommendation to the Joint Playing Rules Committee of the National League and American Association, which were subse- quently adopted. These changes were definitions of "stolen bases," 302 . Richter's History and Records of Base Ball "left on bases," "earned run," the placing of strike-outs in the summary, and the crediting of the batsman with a hit on a base runner being hit by a batted ball and declared out. The membership of this association was as follows: George Munson, St. Louis "Sporting News;" Henry Chadwick, Brooklyn "Eagle;" G. E. Stackhouse, "New York Tribune;" John H. Mandigo, "New York Sun;" Joseph Pritchard, St. Louis correspondent "Sporting Life;" Ren Mul- ford, Jr., "Cincinnati Times-Star;" Frank H. Brunell, "Cleve- land Plain Dealer;" Francis C. Richter, Editor Philadelphia Sporting Life; James C. Kennedy, "New York Sporting Times;" Joseph Murphy, "St. Louis Globe-Democrat;" Ed Sheri- dan, "Indianapolis Journal ;" B. B. Johnson, "Cincinnati Commer- cial-Gazette ;" A. W. Friese, "Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin;" A. R. Cratty, "Pittsburgh Press Club ;" Robert M. Larner, Wash- ington, D. C, Washington Bureau of "Baltimore Sun;" Harry New, "Indianapolis Journal;" O. P. Caylor, Correspondent Sporting Life; Albert Mott, Correspondent Sporting Life, Baltimore, Md. ; O. R. Johnson, "IndianapoHs News ;" H. S. Fogel, Philadelphia Sporting Life; C. F. Mathison, "Detroit Free Press;" Mike Lane, "New York Star;" John Fay, "St. Louis "Republican;" A. H. Spink, St. Louis "Sporting News;" Clarence Bennett, "St. Louis Globe-Democrat ;" M. A. Lane, "St. Louis Post-Dispatch;" W. Hincken, "Philadelphia Dispatch;" James Faulkner, "Cincinnati Enquirer;" J. H. Raushkolb, Cleve- land, O. ; James Whitfield, Kansas City, Mo. the second writers' association. The first National Base Ball Reporters' Association remained in continuous existence until the Brotherhood War of 1890, which divided the entire base ball world into two hostile camps, and also disrupted the base ball writers' organization. During the decade of the '90s, during which the twelve-club National League was in sole control of the sport, interest waned from season to season, attendance steadily decreased, space in newspapers ^^'^as greatly curtailed, some of the noted veteran writers died and niany more retired from a field that had become somewhat unpi%>fit- able from a literary standpoint. In the new century the estab- Writers of Base Ball 303 lishment of the American League upon major league basis revived popular interest and enthusiasm everywhere and brought a great many new, ambitious, and able young writers into the field, and once more history repeated itself. In Philadelphia a very strong local "sporting writers' association" was formed, composed of veterans of the '80s and '90s, and a number of younger writers. This association established a national repu- tation for itself by its solidarity and its sumptuous annual ban- quets to base ball magnates and players, and this once more awak- ened the spirit of emulation from which sprung the organization of THE NATIONAL BASE BALL WRITERS' ASSOCIATION, composed of writers in the various major league cities. A tem- porary organization was formed at Detroit, October 10, 1908, with Joseph S. Jackson, of Detroit, as temporary president, and I. E. Sanborn, of Chicago, as temporary secretary. A permanent organization, with a membership of 125, was effected at New York, December 9, 1908. A constitution was adopted and the officers elected were: President, Joseph S. Jackson; vice-presi- dent, John Ryder, of Cincinnati; secretary, William Weart, of Philadelphia; treasurer, Tim H. Murnane, of Boston; Directors, Sidney Mercer, of New York; J. Ed Grillo, of Washington; Harry B. Edwards, of Cleveland ; Paul Shannon, of Boston ; John B. Foster, of New York, and I. E. Sanborn, of Chicago. A com- mittee was appointed to confer with the National League and American League regarding the objects of the association, which was stated to be : Conferences with the Joint Rules Committee regarding the playing rules ; more uniformity in scoring, and bet- ter accommodations in the press boxes. Both major leagues promised co-operation with the writers on all the points pre- sented. At a subsequent meeting, held at Chicago, February 17, 1909, the constitution was somewhat amended, dues were fixed at $2 per annum, and a permanent committee was appointed to decide all disputed rules points during the year. At the annual meeting in New York, December 15, 1909, the old officers were re-elected except T. H. Murnane, who resigned as treasurer. That office was combined with the secretaryship, held by Mr. Weart. Since that date to the present time President Jackson, Vice-President Ryder and Secretary-Treasurer Weart 304 Richter's History and Records of Base Ball HAVE BEEN RE-ELECTED EACH YEAR, though the Board of Directors has been annually revised. At the annual meeting in 1910 local representatives of the association were appointed for a year in each major league city, said repre- sentatives to vise all applications for membership and have charge of the admission to press boxes. At the annual meeting in 191 1 a revised constitution was adopted and an associate mem- bership for minor league writers was established. At the annual meeting in 19 12 a committee on uniform scoring rules was appointed, which made some recommendations which were par- tially adopted. At the annual meeting in 191 3, the report of the committee on uniform scoring was taken up and some points, on which had developed radical differences of opinion, were ordered to be submitted to the entire membership for a mail vote, prior to submission to the major leagues Joint Committee on Playing Rules. Herewith is given a complete list of the membership in good standing up to 1914: Detroit.— Joe S. Jackson, "News-Tribune;" H. G. Salsinger, "Even- ing News;" Morris J. White, White-United News Service; Edward Speyer, "Evening News ;" Norman H. Hill, "News-Tribune ;" E. A. Batchelor, "Free-Press;" Ralph Yonker, "Times;" N. B. Beasley, "Journal;" Robert L. Tennis, Associated Press. Cincinnati, O. — Jack Ryder, "Enquirer;" W. A. Phelon, "Times- Star;" Robert Newhall, "Commercial Tribune;" R. B. Holmes, "Post;" Jose Conte, "El Presna," Havana. Chicago, III. — I. E. Sanborn, "Tribune;" W. L. Veeck, "American;" Harold Johnson, "Record-Herald ;" George Robbins, "News ;" E. H. Daven- port, "American ;" Malcolm MacLean, "Post ;" Charles Dryden, "Exam- iner ;" R. W. Lardner, "Examiner ;" James Crusinberry, "Tribune ;" George Rice, "Journal;" Matt Foley, "Inter-Ocean;" Irving Vaughan, "Record- Herald ;" G. R. Pulford, Newspaper Enterprise Association ; Oscar Reichow, "News." Philadelphia, Pa. — William G. Weart, "Evening Telegraph ;" Joseph M. McCready, Press Bureau of Philadelphia; D. LeRoy Reeves, "Public Ledger;" George M. Young, "Public Ledger;" George E. McLinn, "Press;" Frank L. Hough, "Inquirer ;" M. Neagle Rawlins, "Inquirer ;" Edward F. Wolf, "Inquirer;" Levi Wilcox, "Inquirer;" Stephen O. Grauley, "In- quirer ;" A. M. Gillam, "Record ;" George W. Mason, "Record ;" William Earl Brandt, "Record ;" James F. Keirans, "Record ;" James W. Gantz, "Press ;" Connie Sullivan, "Evening Item ;" William T. Nolan, "Evening Star ;" George M. Graham, "North American ;" James C. Isaminger, "North American ;" G. A. Hall, "Evening Times ;" H. Perry Lewis, "Evening Times ;" Ross Kauffman, "North American ;" Walter C. Hoban, "North American ;" Joseph Costello, "Evening Telegraph ;" Francis C. Richter, Sr., "Sporting Life ;" Thomas D. Richter, "Sporting Life ;" Joseph Estoclet, "News-Post." Boston, Mass. — Paul H. Shannon, "Post;" Ralph E. McMillin, "Her- ald;" J. J. Hallahan, "Herald;" W. A. Grimes, "Herald;" T. H. Murnane, "Globe;" M. E. Webb, Jr., "Globe;" W. E. Hapgood, "Traveler-PIerald ;" W. F. Eaton, "Journal;" Carl Barrett, "Record;" Fred Hoey, "Journal;" Edward O'Brien, "Post;" R. Murdock, "American;" A. H. C. Mitchell, "American;" W. S. Barnes, Jr., "Globe;" James O'Leary, "Globe;" Peter Kelley, "Journal ;" John Reger, "Journal." Writers of Base Ball 305 Cleveland, O. — Ed F. Bang, "News;" Henry P. Edwards, "Plain- Dealer;" Gordon Mackay, "Leader;" Thomas L. Terrell, "Leader;" H. G. McDavitt, "News;" Frank Rostock, "Press;" Ross Tenney, "Press;" Nor- man Brown, "Press;" H. T. McDaniel. New York City, N. Y.— Sid Mercer, "Globe ;" W. J. McBeth, "Ameri- can;" William Hanna, "Sun;" Harry Glaser, "Evening Journal;" William Hershey, "Evening Sun;" Jackson S. Elliott, Associated Press; F. C. Lane, "Base Ball Magazine ;" James R. Price, "Press ;" F. A. Steimer, "Herald ;" E. Lenhart, "Herald;" Ed Curley, "American;" Alfred Goldberg, "Ameri- can ;" Allan Sangree, "American ;" Damon Runyon, "American ;" Sam Crane, "Journal ;" J. W. McConaughey, "Journal ;" G. O. Tidden, "World ;" Bozeman Bulger, "Evening World;" H. D. Cashman, "Sun;" Shepherd G. Barclay, "Sun;" Joseph Vila, "Sun;" Walter Trumbull, "Evening Sun;" H. P. Burchell, "Times;" Harry Cross, "Times;" George McCurdy, "Times;" E. H. Crowhurst, "Times;" W. J. Slocum, "Times;" Joseph Reddy, "Morning Telegraph ;" G. Herbert Daley, "Tribune ;" William H. Wright, "Tribune;" F. P. O'Neill, "Tribune;" Nathaniel Fleischer, "Press;" Fred G. Leib, "Press;" Mark Roth, "Globe;" Grantland Rice, "Evening Mail;" Harry Schumacher, "Evening Mail;" John N. Wheeler, "Herald;" Purves T. Knox, "Evening Telegram ;" James R. Crowell, "Evening Tele- gram ;" E. G. Brown, "World;" J. E. Dever, "World;" Walter St. Denis, "Globe;" Fred A. Van Ness, "Evening Sun;" Charles Lewis, "Morning Telegraph ;" Charles Meegan, "Morning Telegraph ;" C. F. Mathison, "Press;" Ed Moss, "Evening Sun;" Horace Greer, "Evening Post." St. Louis, Mo. — Harry Neily, "Times;" Louis Lee Arms, "Star;" Herman Wecke, "Times ;" H. W. Lanigan, "Sporting World ;" Sid C. Kee- ner, "Times ;" J. G. T. Spink, "Sporting News ;" Earl Obenshain, "Sporting News;" Ernest J. Lanigan, "Sporting News;" L. B. Mickel, United Press Association ; W. J. O'Connor, "Post-Dispatch ;" Clarence Lloyd, "Post-Dis- patch;" Glen Waller, "Globe-Democrat;" J. E. Wray, "Post-Dispatch;" Willis E. Johnson, "Globe-Democrat." Pittsburgh, Pa. — John H. Gruber, Base Ball Bureau; Edward F. Ballinger, "Post ;" Leslie C. Macpherson, "Post ;" James J. Long, "Sun ;" James Jerpe, "Gazette-Times;" Ralph S. Davis, "Press;" William B. Mc- Vicker, "Press;" Richard R. Guy, "Gazette-Times;" Joseph B. Kelly, "Chronicle-Telegraph;" E. S. McCarty, "Leader;" C. A. Evans, Tri-State News Bureau ; W. L. Doak, International News Bureau ; David J. Davies, "Dispatch;" Samuel Sivitz, "Dispatch;" G. L. Moreland, Base Ball Bu- reau ; James F. McShane, "Herald ;" W. H. French, Associated Press. Brooklyn, N. Y. — Abe Yager, "Eagle;" Lee M. Karpf, New York "Evening Journal ;" C. S. Brandebury, Associated Press ; Richard H. Rooney, "Evening Globe," New York ; Thomas S. Rice, "Eagle ;" William J. Granger, "Citizen;" Bert Yoell, "Citizen;" Lester Rice, "Citizen;" L. B. Wooster, "Times;" Edgar Rutzer, "Times;" W. A. Rafter, "Standard- Union ;" G. N. Palmer, "Standard Union ;" George Underwood, New York "Press;" John Pollock, New York "Evening World;" George Perten, New York "Evening Mail;" F. D. Woodworth, New York "Evening Telegram." Washington, D. C— J. Ed Grillo, "Star;" T. S. Milliken, "Post;" William Peet, "Herald;" Louis A. Dougher, "Times;" Thomas Kirby, "Post;" Victor Munoz, "El Mundo," Havana, Cuba; Jose Massaguer, the "Post," Havana, Cuba. Associate. — Herman Nickerson, Boston; John B. Foster, New York. The above list of members of the National Base Ball Writers' Association embraces only writers in the eleven cities occupied by the National League and American League. To the above must be added the writers in the cities and towns consti- tuting the two-score leagues embraced in the National Associa- tion of Minor Leagues. As a matter of fact every daily news- paper today employs a base ball writer, and nearly all of the weekly papers and the monthly magazines give more or less space 20 306 Richter's History ajnd Records of Base Ball to Base Ball. It will thus be seen that the total number of base ball writers throughout the country runs into the thousands — being a close second to the number of professional players employed in the various base ball leagues covering all quar- ters of our vast country — and the daily output of base ball news, gossip and comment of this army of writers is enormous ; and perhaps unequaled in quantity and quality in any field except probably politics and possibly theatricals. Necessarily, under these conditions the press wields enormous influence in popular- izing this splendid game of the people and is unquestionably the most potent single factor in the tremendous artistic and financial success of the sport. THE FINAL SUMMING-UP. Wonderful has been the rise and progress of Base Ball from that day, in 1845, when the first club was organized and the first playing rules code was written, to this year of grace. Yet, when we review the stately march of events, as told in the preced- ing pages, and consider all of the amazing factors that contribu- ted each a share toward the making of this wonderful game — typical in all ways of a new nation — the final expression of that nation's originality, initiative and progress, wonder ceases. The devotion of a host of really great men to this game, so healthful, so clean, so full of moral attributes ; the labors and struggles and sacrifices made for it; the immutable purpose to make it the one honest professional sport on earth and to keep it so; the intellectual and physical powers constantly exerted in its legis- lation and in its presentation ; and the steadfast support accorded it by two generations of the ablest writers any sport — or, for that matter, any single institution — in the history of the world has been blessed with, could not fail to make and to maintain, let us hope forever, Base Ball as THE AMERICAN NATION's CHIEF SPORT. ■M-J'VV ^°xr8^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS