r / 
 
 i 
 
 J / 
 
9 s " 
 
 AsBBBmfiTQQGOS .& tmm ETOSi3& 
 
 (JUL 
 
 ) 
 
 7 
 
 > \ 
 
 6Y* 
 
 cu 
 
 a\ 
 a'7To 
 
 i 'I 
 
 hi 
 
 a 
 
 
 Iw 
 
 S3 
 
 y 
 
 OI7 
 
 Ml/ 
 fit'CLD 
 
 ■AiiJa 
 oTov 
 
 OV 
 
 Xjoa 
 
 iTC 
 
 d\ku 
 
 
 TV 
 
 A 
 
 
 *XO 
 
 4- 
 
 J 1 
 
 sir 
 
 <T 'cut 
 
 TO 
 
 Toy 
 <rZj 
 
 ■7 up 
 v 
 ft 
 v» 
 
 vj 
 
 tZ 
 
 i 
 
 * This irahle^m ay^>e of 'great ust to Hu student 
 
 77? reading flu tarty c di 'Lions of .Ancient authors. 
 
 
 T'J3U:HEi: I". KUE.PJH a. CO. 
 
UdMXOl<L}8&. 
 
 Sixth Edition. 
 
 RUDIMENTS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE 
 
 ARRANGED FOR 
 
 ®Iw %kM& 0f Ippfa CalUge, ^altrare. 
 
 UPON THE BASIS OF WETTENHALL. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO. 
 
 Xo. 182MARKKT BTBKBT. 
 
 PITTSBUJKS. <J BOBGB QUIG LEY. 
 
 Sold by B<», rally. 
 
 1862. 
 

 
 Eptered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 
 
 JOHN MURPHY & Co. 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 
 Eastern District of Maryland. 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is not intended by this publication to present a 
 new Greek Grammar to the classical student ; after 
 the elaborate volumes of Matthiae, Buttman, Kuhner, 
 Gail, Burnouf, and other scholars of Germany and 
 France, it would be altogether vain to expect any 
 new discovery in that language. The most that we 
 can do is to avail ourselves of their labours in order 
 .0 smoothe the difficulties which are usually met in its 
 study. The greatest of these we have learned from a 
 long experience in teaching, is the large size of the 
 grammars which are put in the student's hands when 
 he commences. Excellent as these may be for the 
 professor or more advanced scholar, they only tend 
 to deter the beginner from approaching it. We trust 
 that this will be obviated by the present compendium, 
 in which we have endeavoured to comprise within as 
 short a compass as possible all that is of absolute 
 necessity to the learner. If it induce him to apply 
 with more alacrity to study a language second to 
 none in the literary beauties and treasures which it 
 contains, our intentions will have been amply fulfilled. 
 
 GIFT 
 *• REGIS NOEL 
 J -'N- 3, 193 7 
 

THE LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GREEK ALPHABET 
 
 ARE 
 
 TWENTY-FOUR IX NUMBER, viz:— 
 
 NAME. 
 
 FORM. 
 
 A 
 
 POWER. 
 
 A 
 
 
 /"■" A 
 
 
 r s 
 
 Cops. Sin. Let. 
 
 In sound. In 
 
 number. 
 
 Alpha 
 
 y A/.ca 
 
 A a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Beta 
 
 B/ja 
 
 B ?e 
 
 b 
 
 2 
 
 Gamma 
 
 rdfifta 
 
 r r 
 
 g hard 
 
 3 
 
 Delta 
 
 AiXra 
 
 A u 
 
 d 
 
 4 
 
 Epsilon 
 
 "Efpdov 
 
 E e 
 
 e short 
 
 5* 
 
 Zeta 
 
 Zr,ra 
 
 z c 
 
 z 
 
 7 
 
 Eta 
 
 "Hra 
 
 // rj 
 
 e long 
 
 8 
 
 Theta 
 
 6?,za 
 
 G & 
 
 th 
 
 9 
 
 Iota 
 
 > I&ra 
 
 / c 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 Kappa 
 
 K'i.r.-a 
 
 K x 
 
 k 
 
 20 
 
 Lambda 
 
 Adfiftda 
 
 A X 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Mu 
 
 Mu 
 
 M tx 
 
 m 
 
 40 
 
 >~u 
 
 m 
 
 N u 
 
 n 
 
 50 
 
 Xi 
 
 8l 
 
 8 e 
 
 X 
 
 60 
 
 micron 
 
 'Ottixpov 
 
 o 
 
 o short 
 
 70 
 
 Pi 
 
 in 
 
 11 7C 
 
 P 
 
 80 
 
 Rho 
 
 Tw 
 
 P P 
 
 r 
 
 100 
 
 Sigma 
 
 Zcrfia 
 
 - <j q final 
 
 s 
 
 200 
 
 Tau 
 
 Tav 
 
 T r 
 
 t 
 
 300 
 
 Upsilon 
 
 ' i'C'Vs, 
 
 r o 
 
 u 
 
 400 
 
 Phi 
 
 <i\ 
 
 <i> <p 
 
 ph 
 
 500 
 
 Cbi 
 
 -V? 
 
 -v x 
 
 eh 
 
 GOO 
 
 Piri 
 
 Wl 
 
 r 4> 
 
 pa ' 
 
 700 
 
 
 'Qlitya 
 
 Q to 
 
 o long 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 ■ t 6. 
 1* 
 
 5 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants, 
 —three doubtful, a, c, u. ' 
 
 JlT VWeIS ^ f ° rmed ^^"B": of these there are 
 
 To l proper ' ?. au> sh su > ot ' ou ' and six h*™* 
 
 10, oi, 0,0, a, 5, «,, t being subscribed. 
 
 Of Breathings. 
 
 The Breathing is of two kinds, smooth Q and rongh ('). 
 
 1. Every Vowel or Diphthong at the beginning of a word 
 
 is marked W1 th either a smooth or rough Brefthiug: ' 
 
 wUh a a rT ^ r*' a b0Und ^- ns *"» «°»rk«5 
 
 :f t I /\Z ' r der: S ° a,S ° the — -vowel ,; but 
 
 m \£ T ID tHe middle ' the first is »>«ked with a 
 smooth, and the second with a rongh Breathing, as ^1 
 
 Of Accents. 
 There are three Accents: the Grave C\ falling ™ * 
 
 £ £mL on S the t, A r °> 0D : ^' *" K <£ 
 
 tneCireumflex ( ), on the last, or last but one. 
 
 dhe Grave is understood on every syllable where there is 
 no accent, and is therefore called the Syllabic tone 
 
 Ihe Apostrophe shews, that a, ., c , 0> aCj or ig ff 
 
 a™*?/ a v r or Diphthong ^ •»* -^ 
 
 A word, accented on the last syllable, is called 0,^«e. 
 ^ A word not accented on the last syllable, is cahedVy- 
 
 Of Consonants. 
 
 There are seventeen Consonants, which are divided into 
 Semi-vowels and Mutes. 
 
 The Semi-vowels are divided into double letters t U' 
 and liquids, X, ft „, ,; e i, an independeDt ]etter S ' " " *' 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Mutes are nine: 
 
 8 smooth 
 
 77 
 
 - 
 
 r 
 
 
 3 middle 
 
 fi 
 
 r 
 
 8 
 
 3 aspirates 
 
 <P 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 A smooth Mute is changed into its corresponding Aspi- 
 vrhenever the following Vowel or Diphthong is aspi- 
 rated : 7tt, xt, are changed into <f0, yO : as wyO'' (for vuxra) 
 (7/vjv, xl<p& (for rwrore) o'S'rw. 
 
 r before another y, x, /, or £, is pronounced like v : as ; 
 SffeXof) pronounced avyeXdq. 
 
 The Double Letters are formed from the Mutes, by add- 
 ing <7 ) thus, cj is equivalent to -<j, §ff y or cc ; and so also £, 
 to *<r ; f<y, or £<r ; and C, to rcr, orr, or Oa. 
 
 Of Punctuation. 
 There are four Points or Stops : the Comma, marked 
 thus (,); the Colon, at the top of the line : as ao-v-- j the 
 Period or Full Stop (.); the Note of Interrogation (;). 
 
 The Parts of Speech are Eiyht: 
 
 Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Con- 
 junction, Preposition. 
 
 There are three Numbers : Singular, Dual, Plural. 
 
 There are five Cases, viz.: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
 Accusative, Vocative. 
 
 There arc three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and 
 Neuter. 
 
 The Article is two-fold ; Prepositive or Demonstrative, 6, 
 
8 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 y, to (this or the) ; Subjunctive or Relative, ds, rj, o (who 
 or what).* 
 
 Singular. 
 N. G. D. A. 
 Masc. 6, too, to), tov, 
 Fern, y, ttjs } T7j, ttjv, 
 
 Neut. TO, TOO, TIO, TO. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N. A. G. D. 
 
 TO), TOW, 
 
 Masc. os, oo, w, 
 Fern, y, fjs, %, 
 Neut. b\ oo, o), 
 
 0. 
 
 TO., 
 
 TO.VJ, 
 
 OIV, 
 
 alv, 
 oh. 
 
 Plural. 
 N. G. D. A. 
 
 01, TU>V, TOlq, TOOC, 
 
 at, TOJV, TO.Tq, TOLC, 
 
 TOL, TtDv, TOlq, to\. 
 
 a v r o 
 
 oi, wv, ois, ooq, 
 
 at 
 
 ais, 
 
 ois, 
 
 as, 
 
 a 
 
 a. 
 
 In like manner are declined oa-ep, rpzep, oxep; and the 
 os of o(ttcs, which see elsewhere. 
 
 OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 There are six Declensions, — three of Simples, and three 
 of Contracts : the first two of Simples do not increase in the 
 Genitive case ; the third increases in the Genitive. 
 
 The First Declension 
 Contains Nouns of two Genders, and four terminations in 
 as and ys of the Masculine, and in a and t] of the Feminine; 
 the declining of Masculines and Feminines varies a little in 
 the Singular, but is the same in the Dual and Plural. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 Ta,uc-as, G. -oo, D. -a, A, -av, V. -a. 
 
 Dual N. A. V. tco Ta/xt-a, G. D. -aiv. 
 
 Plur. N. 6t Ta/xi-at, G. a>v, D. ats, A. -as, V. at. 
 
 * The Article has no Vocative, but the Adverb of Calling (w) supplies 
 the defect. 
 (1) A butler. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 9 
 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 Telm-^q, G. -oo, D. - m A. -yv, Y. -rj. The 
 rest as if in aq. 
 
 Sing. N. (2) i) Mouc-a, G. -r t q, D. - rj , A. av, Y. -a, &c. 
 
 Sing. N. (3) ^ Ttfi-i), G. -fo D. -£, A. -r,v, Y. -?. The 
 rest as if in a. 
 
 The Dative Singular, in the first and second Declensions* 
 has c subscribed to the final letters, a, y, oj. 
 
 Iota is subscribed, either for distinction of Cases, as rap.ia 
 in Dat, Sing., or on account of contraction : as xipat, xipa-, 
 i is written under the syllable from which it has been re- 
 moved. 
 
 Nouns in tc^, rr t q, and Gentiles in Or t q, and also the com- 
 pounds from ~oj)Jco, to sell, p.erpiw, to measure, and rptfco, 
 to rub, form the Yoc. Sing, in a short : as S) aazpdr.a, httff- 
 rdra, IxbOa. But those in' arr t q have y and a : as Ir^q, 
 a robber; Yoc. Xr^r^, and l^axd. 
 
 ^ Words ending in da, Oa, pa, and a pure, make the Gen. 
 Sing, in aq, and the Dat. in a: as Arjda, -as, -a; "AxavOa, 
 -as, -a J "lliizpa, -paq } -a ; $OJ.a, -aq, a. 
 
 A letter or syllable is called pure, when it follows a Yowel 
 or Diphthong. 
 
 The Second Declensi 
 
 ton 
 
 Comprehends Nouns of two terminations in oq, oi the 
 Masculine and Feminine, and in ov, of the Neuter. 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. N. (4) 6 Ao-yoq, G. -you, D. -yep, A. -yov, Y. -ye. 
 Dual N. A. Y. rd> Aoyoj, G. D. roTv X6yotV. 
 Plur. N. ol Aoym, G. -ywv, D. -yotq, A. -youq, V. -yot. 
 
 publican. (2) a song. 
 
 '"'••' J1 ' jn °ur. (-1) A word. 
 
10 GREEK RUDIMENTS 
 
 Neuter. 
 Sing. N. (1) to Mirp-ov, G. -ou, D. -a), A. -ov, V -ov. 
 Dual N. A. Y. rib 3f4zpa> } G. D. roZv /xirpoiv. 
 Plur. N. ra Mirp-a, Gen. -<ov ; D. -o:s ; A. -a, Y. -a. 
 
 Some Nouns of this Declension produce new forms, pro- 
 perly Attic, by changing o pure into <o, and the penultimate 
 a, or at, into e: as, Xaog, ieaicj avcuyatov, avcbyswv } and are 
 declined in the following manner : — 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. D. (2) 6 Ae-wq, Gr. -<S, D. -w, A. -ebv, Y. -<y^. 
 Dual N. A. Y. tw ie-w, Gr. D. rolv Xs-wv. 
 Plur. N. of Ae-(p, Gr. -wv, D. -w^, A. -cog, Y. -w. 
 
 Sing. N. (3) to '^v<y-^£wv ; Gr. -yew, D. -^sw, A. ysajv, V. 
 -yewv. 
 
 Dual. N. A. Y. r<y 'Avcu-yeaj, Gr. D. roTv avco-yecpv. 
 
 Plur. N. ra '^vw-^ew, Gr. -^ewv, D. ys(pq, A. -^ew, Y. -few. 
 
 Some Nouns, which have not the last Yowel pure, follow 
 this form, except that their accusative singular terminates 
 in m : as, a?,wq, Xaywq; v Ea>q, the morning, makes v Eu) in the 
 Accusative: "A-oXXcuq, Ace. "AnoXXco) "Adcoq, Ace. "Adou. 
 
 N. B. The Nom., Ace, and Yoc. of Neuter Nouns, are 
 the same in the Singular Number ; and in the Plural (ex- 
 cept among the Attics), they all end in a. 
 
 The Third Declension 
 
 Has nine terminations; three Yowels, a, i, o, of the 
 Neuter, a> of the Feminine, and five Consonants, v, £, p, g } 
 </>, of any (render, and increases in the Genitive. 
 
 (1) A measure. (2) The people. (3) An upper room. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 11 
 
 Masculine. 
 Sing. N. (1) 6 Ttrd-v, Gr. -voq, D. -vt, A. ~va, V. ztzdv. 
 Dual N. A. Y. zcb Tizd-vs, G. and D. zol> Ttrd-voiv. 
 Plur. N. ol Tcza-vsz, G. -vwv, D. -oi, A. -va?, V. -vec 
 
 Neuter. 
 Sing. N. (2) to Zaj-ixa, G. -fiaroq, D. -/jtar*, A. -/*«, Y. -/-*« 
 Dual N. A. V. z<b Iw;j.-azs, Gr. and D. ffco/i-dzoiv. 
 Plur. N. zd Zw-fiaza, Gr. -pdzwv, D. -fxaffc, A. -fiaza, 
 V. -fiaza. 
 
 RULES BELONGING TO THIS DECLENSION. 
 
 T/ie J.ccwsa£iVe Singula?* 
 
 Of the Masculine and Feminine ends in a. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in g } after i or o, (except 
 euq,) if they form the Genitive in oq pure, change q in the 
 Accusative into v : as, i? o iq, oioq, oiv ; ij ypadq, ypadq, ypaov. 
 But A\q, Jupiter, makes A\a ; and laaq, a stone, makes XSjcv. 
 
 2. Barytons in tq and us, declined with oq impure, have 
 the Accusative both in a and v : as, k'ptq, strife, k'pcdoq, Ace. 
 fptda and iptv; y.upuq, a helmet, xopuOoq, Ace. xopoOa and 
 y.dpwj. In like manner, xktiq, a hey, Ace. xXeida and xXeb , 
 and the compounds from nous, a foot : as, Oldi--ouq, Ace. 
 --ijoa, --oov. 
 
 The Vocative Singular 
 
 Is like the Nominative. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in q, after t or u, cast away 
 q in the Vocative : as, Udptq, /SoDc, Voc. //«'/>£, /9oS ; fiaciXehq, 
 a king, Voc. paeiXeu, except oxy tones in ^ and u? : as, at 
 
 i/-\z, yXaahq; also 0) rzooq, ddouq. 
 
 Youns declined with ->zoq form the Vocative from the 
 Genitive, by casting away -z<>q : as, J yipwv, yipovro^ oj yipov ; 
 
 (1) Titan. (2) The body. 
 
12 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 but those in -sis, evroq, form the Vocative in ec and ev : as, 
 nXaxo-eiq, -evroq, Yoc. <b TzXaxo-et and TtXdxo-ev. 
 
 3. Barytones in aq -avoq, tjv -svoq, wv -ovoq, -tap -opoq, &c, 
 form the "Vocative from the Genitive, by casting away, oq : 
 as, firjrcopj pyjropoq, <b prjrop'. except IIo<j£ida>v } -wvoq, 116- 
 ffetdov, ffcorrjp, -rjpoq, awrep, which shorten the last syllable : 
 as Zcuxpdrrjq, -eoq, a> Swxpareq. 
 
 The Dative Plural 
 
 Is formed from the Dative Singular, by omitting d, 0, 
 v, r, and assuming a before t : as, riravi, rizaai ) <T(vp.aTt, 
 G(bp.o.ai. 
 
 If, after this omission, o remains, o is taken for a diph 
 thong: as, Xiovrc, X(oo<n; in Nouns ending in yp, which 
 suffer Syncope, ac is inserted before c : as, Ttaryp, naTp), 
 Tiarpdai ; but yaffrijp, -rjpcn. 
 
 Nouns ending in £, <P, or q, after a Diphthong, form the 
 Dative Plural from the Nominative Singular, by adding t : 
 as, xopaz, (1) xopa£t, ftdenXebq, fta.(nXeo<n. Except xrelc, (2) 
 izi&i; nous, r.oai) oZq, (3) axrt, and a few others. 
 
 Of Syncope. 
 
 Syncope takes away a letter or Syllable from the middle 
 of a word : as, irdpocq for iracpocq. 
 
 Some Nouns in -qp, -epoq, are Syncopated in the Genitive 
 and Dative Singular : as, izarijp, izaripoq, xarpdq ; so also 
 jirjTijp and ya^r-hp : in like manner, dvr t p, (4) unless that for 
 the omitted e, it assumes <5 : as, dvipoq, dvdpoq : and similarly 
 apvbq, and xbw, xovbq, &c. 
 
 The Declension of Contracts. 
 Nouns are called Contracts in which two syllables are 
 contracted into one. 
 
 (1) A raven. (2) A comb. (3) The ear. (4) A man. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 13 
 
 A Contraction occurs either in every Case whose final 
 syllable is pure, as in the first and second Declension of 
 Contracts, or in a fewer number of Cases, viz. : — in the 
 Dative Singular, in the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca- 
 tive Plural, as in the third Declension of Contracts. 
 
 „ , ( followed by <r, are contracted into eT. 
 1 not followed by s } into rj. 
 
 There is no difficulty in Contract Nouns of the First and 
 Second Declensions, as they are declined like the simples : 
 as, fi>da } pso.) voog } voug. 
 
 The Third Declension of Contracts. 
 
 Nouns in -r t g are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders; 
 in -£? and -og of the Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 
 
 Sing. Fern. 
 
 N. i) Tfjrrjp-r^, (1) the galley. 
 
 G. Tjjq Tpirjp-eoq } -oug, of the galley. 
 
 D. t7j Tpnjp-ei'f -ec, to the galley. 
 
 A. rr y v Tpnjp-ea, -rj the galley. 
 
 V. (L Tptifp-es, galley! 
 
 Dual Fern. 
 N. A. V. ra Tptrjp-ee, -rj. 
 G. D. raTy Tpnjp-ioiVy ~olv. 
 
 Plural Fern. 
 N. al Tptrfp-eeq, -etq. 
 G. rwv Tptrjp-iwv, -or;. 
 D. rdiq Tpiijp-eat. 
 A. rag Tpirjp-eaZ) -etc. 
 V. to Tpirjp-eeq) - 
 
 <\) A threo-oared galley. 
 2 
 
14 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Sing. JVeut. 
 
 N. to Tely-og, (1) the wall. 
 
 Gr. too Tety-eoq, -ous, of the wall. 
 
 D. tw Tefy-el'j -et, to the wall. 
 
 A. to Tziy-oq y the wall. 
 
 Y. a) Tely-og, wall I 
 
 Dual JVeut. 
 N. A. Y. to) Tefy-ee, -tj. 
 Gr. D. rolv Teiy-£ott> y -olv. 
 
 
 Plural JVeut. 
 
 H. 
 
 to. Tety-sa, 
 
 •$■• 
 
 a. 
 
 twv Teiy-iwV) 
 
 -wv. 
 
 D. 
 
 rolg Teiy-eat. 
 
 
 A 
 
 to. Tecy-ea, 
 
 -n- 
 
 Y. 
 
 a> Tsty-ea, 
 
 -?• 
 
 Nouns in iq are of the Masculine and Feminine Gender ; 
 in eus and us of the Masculine only; and t and u of the 
 Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 
 
 Sing. Masc. Sing. JVeut. 
 
 N. 6 v O<p-iq. (2) N. Td Ii^-tzi. (3) 
 
 Gr. roo v 0<p-ioq } -BO)q. Gr. too ZiviJ7:-ioq. 
 
 J). Tip *0<p-Uj -t, -£l. D. TW ZlVTJTC-li) -I. 
 
 A. tov v 0<p-tv. A. to Sivrpc-t. 
 
 Y. & *0<p-i. Y- <b liv^-i. 
 
 Dual JVeut. Dual JVeut. 
 
 N. A. TO) V 0<p-te, -££. N. A. TO) 2lV7)7t-l£. 
 
 Gr. D. roZv '0<p-totv f -ea)V. Gr. D. twv 2vsr)iz-loiv. 
 
 (1) A wall. (2) A serpent. (3) Mustard-seed. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 15 
 
 Plural Masc. 
 
 N. Ol *Ofp-Uq } -'•', -S.'C, 
 
 G. twv 'OtpAwVy -ecov. 
 
 D. TO~tq "Oif-tGl, -ZGl. 
 
 A. zouq v O(p-iaqj -:c, -t'.q. 
 V. OJ *0<f-isq, -tq, -etq. 
 
 Plural JVeut. 
 N. xa Sarjfir-tO) -t. 
 
 G. XWV 2lVfj7C-l(0U. 
 
 D. xolq 2ivTJ7i-t<n. 
 A. xa 2tvrj--ca } -t. 
 V. (o Zi>7J--ia } -c. 
 
 Nouns in evg } uq, and u, making the Genitive in eoq, have 
 four contractions : si into et 3 ee into t), esq and eaq into ££<; : 
 as, ffaatXebg, a king ; izpeapbs } an old man; aaxu, a city. 
 
 Sing. Masc. 
 N. 6 fiaed-euq. 
 G. rod {JaaiX-ioq. 
 D. rip {JcuxtX-itj -it. 
 A. zw fiaatX-ia. 
 V. ti> fiaffd-td. 
 
 Dual 3fasc. 
 N. A. xw t 3acjd- 
 
 h, -r r 
 G. D. rofo j3a(7i- 
 
 Plur. Masc. 
 N. ol jSaffd.-ieq, -els. 
 G. xar; j3aad-iiov. 
 D. xolq fiaod.-eoai. 
 A. ttfoqfhatX-eaqy-eis. 
 V. a» fta<rd.-i£q } -efq. 
 
 Nouns in uq, uoq, contract only utq and vaq into u| : as, 
 Sing. N. iyOhq) G. l/Ouoq; PL N. fr&fe*, 5$; Ace. #- 
 
 For the Genitive termination eos, the Attics write etas; 
 the Ionics, r t oq. : as, paadloq) Att. ^aadimq\ lonicZ, ftcun- 
 }3joq. The Ionic y is preserved throughout, and no contrac- 
 tion takes place. 
 
 Neuters of the Third Declension, ending in aq pure, and 
 paq, are both syncopated and contracted : as, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 i$. To xip-OQ. 
 
 G. TOO t -o.zoq, 
 
 D. riij -axi, -a'i. -a. 
 A. r<3 -aq. 
 
 V . (o -aq. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 rw xep-atSj 
 -or. -a. 
 
 G. ) toTv 'drotVf 
 
 D. J -docs, -<w>. 
 
 Plural. 
 N. rd xep-ara f -aa, h 
 G. ra)v, -dxtov, -dtuv, 
 -toy, 
 
 D. to?-, -«<rr. 
 
 A. r« -wr<7, -««, -a 
 
 V. a- -ara, -aa, -a. 
 
16 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Irregular Nouns. 
 
 Owjias, and others of the First Declension, make the 
 Gen. in a. 
 
 ""Iijaouq makes Gen. Dat. and Voc. 'Iyeou, and Ace. '/??- 
 aoov. Zeus, Gen. Zyvbq, or Atdq, Dat. Zyvl, or Ait, Ace. 
 Ztjvol, or Aia, Yoc. Zeu. We also meet Zebg and Jfc, and 
 Ace. Zsbv. 
 
 rovrj, yuvatxdq, Yoc. yovai, Dat. Plur. yuvcugl, as if from 
 
 TAe Genders of Nouns 
 Are distinguished by the signification or Declension. 
 
 Irregular, or Heteroclite Nouns, 
 
 Are those which vary from the common forms of de- 
 clining : some vary in Gender, others in Declension; some 
 are defective in Cases, others redundant; and some are 
 defective in Number. 
 
 Patronymics 
 
 Are names of persons, derived generally from their an- 
 cestors or fathers: as, 'Aiaxtdys, the grandson of JEacus ; 
 AaspTiddys, the son of Laertes. 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 Follow the analogy and irregularity of Substantives. 
 
 There are three Declensions of Adjectives, having one, 
 two, or three terminations. The first two are declined with 
 three Articles. 
 
 1. Adjectives of three terminations end 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 17 
 
 in < 
 
 c, -rj, -ov, according to the form of the first and second 
 
 of Simples. 
 S, -a<7a, -ay, \ according to the form of the third and 
 
 i, -etfj ) first of Simples. 
 -o, of the form of the third of Contracts and 
 
 first of Simples. 
 
 In -0$ : as, N. xal-bq, (1) -i), dv } Gr. xal-oo, -fa ou, &C 
 But Adjectives in oq pure, and poq, form the Feminine 
 in a : as, ay.o^, (2) ayia, ayiov ; da/0^pbq } (3) d^Or t pd, dvffypdv, 
 &c. Except Nouns signifying the properties of substances, 
 in -eoq : as, ypoatoq, iy, -zov, golden; and Numerals in -ooq: 
 as, oyoooz, 6t], the eighth. But d-looq, d-luoc, d~).di), r iy 
 though not belonging to these classes. 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Kairds, 
 
 -t, 
 
 -oy. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 zaA-o^, 
 
 -at, 
 
 -a. 
 
 G. 
 
 ■ -O'J, 
 
 -fa 
 
 -do. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 -cyy, 
 
 -wv, 
 
 -a/v. 
 
 D. 
 
 •Vi 
 
 -fn 
 
 -w. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -ofc, 
 
 -ait. 
 
 -o?c. 
 
 A. 
 
 M 
 
 -ip* 
 
 -dv. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -ou?, 
 
 -"-, 
 
 -a. 
 
 V. 
 
 --) 
 
 -' r n 
 
 -w. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 -°h 
 
 -a}, 
 
 -a. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 N. 
 A. 
 
 > xa/.-cb, 
 
 -"> 
 
 -(I). 
 
 
 N. 
 
 a. 
 
 ' -00, 
 
 '-at, 
 
 -ov 
 '-oy. 
 
 V. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 '-<y, 
 
 '■«, 
 
 '-(p. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 1). 
 
 } -'->, 
 
 -a.lv, 
 
 -ur;. 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 -ov, 
 
 -ay, 
 -a, 
 
 -ov. 
 
 -OV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Dual and Plan 
 
 Hike 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 holoq. 
 
 
 
 (1) Fair. 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 j 
 
 red. 
 
 • 
 
 (3) Fkmefj. 
 
 
18 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N". 
 
 N. 
 
 Maxp-bq, 
 
 -«, 
 
 -ov. 
 
 a. 
 
 -ou, 
 
 -as, 
 
 -oEi. 
 
 D. 
 
 -$) 
 
 -& 
 
 -c3. 
 
 A. 
 
 -«5v ; 
 
 -av ; 
 
 -ov. 
 
 V. 
 
 ^ 
 
 -a, 
 
 -o'v. 
 
 The Dual and Plural like 
 KaXoq. 
 
 Note + — *AXXoq, zyXuouzoq, zotouzoq, and zoaouzoq, make 
 in the Neuter both o and ov ; og, ouzos, avzbq, and ixeTuog, 
 make only o. 
 
 In a? : as ; 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Ttaaa, 
 Ti days, 
 
 Tiaaav, 
 Tcacra, 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N. Uaq, (1) 
 
 Gr. 7ravTo<^ 
 
 D. izavz\, 
 
 A. ndvza, 
 
 V. 7ra<r ; 
 
 N. A. Y. 7ravre, 
 Gr. D. 7ravTo:v, 
 
 ?rav. 
 Tray-ro^. 
 rtavzi. 
 7i av. 
 Tzav. 
 
 Ttavze. 
 ndvzoM 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. Tidvzsq, 
 
 
 
 Tiaffai, 
 
 
 
 Ttdvra. 
 
 Gr. Ttdvzwv, 
 
 
 
 naeajv, 
 
 
 
 7zdvzw>. 
 
 D. Tract, 
 
 
 
 izdaaiq, 
 
 
 
 TZOfft. 
 
 A. ndvzag, 
 
 
 
 Ttdaaq, 
 
 
 
 Ttdvza. 
 
 V. ndvzeq, 
 
 
 
 Ttaaai, 
 
 
 
 Ttdvra. 
 
 but /i^-a? (2) ar 
 
 d rocA- 
 
 «?, 
 
 (3) Sing. 
 
 N. 
 
 -a?, 
 
 -atva, -av. 
 
 (1) All. 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 (3) Wretched. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 19 
 
 G. -a-Miq, -aivq<;, -avos, &C. 
 N. [ilyaq, (1) fterdhj, fdya. 
 
 A. [ilyav, pzydlry, peya. 
 
 A. -aw., -atvav, -av. 
 G. -dXou, -dk-q^j -dXoo, 
 Voc. as Nom. 
 
 The rest as if from piyaloq. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. Xapi-v.q, -taaa, -ev. (2) 
 G-. yapi-zvroq, -iffffr^, -evro: 
 D. yapi-vjz'., -£<T<7r p sure. 
 A. xapt-evra, -zggo:;, -sv. 
 V. yap!-e» and -sc, -evca, -z 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N. A. V. yapUvzl, -iaaa, 
 
 -ewe. 
 Gr. D. yapt-ivroiv, -iaaaiv, 
 
 -('STOW. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. yapi-zvrsq, -sffffou, -svra. 
 
 G. yapt-ivrwv, -bggojv, -ivrtav. 
 
 J). yap(-ei<rt, -iffffatg, -etffc. 
 
 A. xqpt-evraqj -iaaaq, -s»~a 
 
 V. xapt-evreSj -eaaai, -evza. 
 
 In u? : as, d£2>c, (3) -tla, -b; but ttoAu^ (4) TtoXXrj, tzoXO. 
 W^bg, sharp* 
 Singular. Dual. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 -ela, 
 
 -t>. 
 
 N.) 
 
 
 G. 
 
 -l»', 
 
 -efaq, 
 
 -fo, 
 
 A. K^, 
 
 -eia, -ie. 
 
 D. 
 
 -it, el, 
 
 -e fa, 
 
 -tf, eT. 
 
 D.3 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 4>v, 
 
 -eta, 
 
 -6. 
 -6. 
 
 D.J 
 
 -eiaiv, -^v. 
 
 
 (1) Great. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Gracious. 
 
 (3) Sharp. 
 
 (i) Much. 
 
20 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. P. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 K '0 
 
 %-ieq, eiq, -statj 
 
 -&a. 
 
 
 a. 
 
 -1(dv, -etwVj 
 
 -imv. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -iffc f -etatq } 
 
 -iat. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -gag, eiq 9 -stag. 
 
 -ia. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 -4e<; 9 eTg, -slat, 
 
 UoXbq, much. 
 Singular. 
 
 4a. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 P. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 TJoXbq, 
 
 TToXXi], 
 
 izoXb. 
 
 G-. 
 
 iroXXob, 
 
 TioXXrjq, 
 
 ■koXXov. 
 
 P 
 
 7CoXX(p, 
 
 TzoXXfu 
 
 TZoXJ.W. 
 
 A. 
 
 /zoXbv, 
 
 noXXrjV, 
 
 7T0A6. 
 
 V. 
 
 rcoXb, 
 
 tzoXXtj, 
 
 7:0X6. 
 
 The Dual and Plural (as if from xoXXdg) like xaXoq. 
 
 2. Adjectives of three Articles and two terminations, end 
 
 in < 
 
 M.P. 
 
 N. 
 
 ' aq, 
 
 av, 
 
 OS, 
 
 ov, 
 
 wq, 
 
 IDV, 
 
 *9 
 
 h 
 
 ■qv, 
 
 &>, 
 
 oq, 
 
 », 
 
 OOq, 
 
 ouv } 
 
 wv, 
 
 °h 
 
 <°P, 
 
 op, 
 
 :*>. 
 
 ^) 
 
 as, 6 xat $, -i 
 
 M.F. 
 
 N. 
 
 dsivaq, 
 
 hdok'oq, 
 
 -ay. 
 -ov. 
 
 euyscuq, 
 efyapts, 
 
 „» xat. to, 
 aoaxpuq, ' 
 
 -1. 
 
 -ev. 
 
 d\7:ooq, 
 sbda.ip.wv, 
 
 -ov. 
 
 p.eyaX.rJTcop, 
 aX7}6rjq, 
 
 -0/?. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singula?', 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 N. 
 
 a. 
 
 'Asb-az, -av. 
 feiv-avroq. 
 
 N. 
 A. 
 
 1 deiv-awe. 
 
 N. 
 G-. 
 
 asb-avTsqj 
 detv-th/Ttov 
 
 -aura 
 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 deCv-avn. 
 
 azb-uy-zo.) -ay. 
 
 a. 
 
 D. 
 
 1 aeiv-dvTotv. 
 
 D. 
 A. 
 
 a.tb-aai. 
 asb-oyraz, 
 
 -av-a. 
 
 V. 
 
 delv-av. 
 
 
 
 y. 
 
 osvs>-avTsq } 
 
 -avra 
 
 "Evdozoc, glorious. 
 
 Singular. 
 N. c xdi i) tvdt0^oq' } xdi to evdo^ov. 
 G. rou xdi T^q xdi too hdo'^ou. 
 D. tio xdi rfj /.at raj hd6~w. 
 
 y.ai 
 
 y.a\ to evdu-ov. 
 
 V. to evdo^e f Neuter evdo^ov. 
 
 Dual. 
 N. A. V. tco xdi to\ xdi tco hoo~co. 
 G. D. toTv xdi zdtv. y.ai toXv b>d6%ow. 
 
 Plural. 
 N. ol xdi a.l z;i)uzt>>. y.dl rd evdo^a. 
 G. Tcltv xdi raj'; xdi tcov b>86%mv. 
 D. To'.q y.a\ rat? xox to~.z b/do^otq. 
 A. touz xdi to.- btdd^ouq, /.a), rd evdoi 
 V. to k'xjo^oi, Neuter evdo£a. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 <;. 
 
 -co. 
 
 i). 
 
 -CO. 
 
 A. 
 
 -(»;. 
 
 X. 
 
 Evyzux;, fertile. 
 
 DlU'f. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 N 
 A 
 V 
 
 D.J ' 
 
 Plural. 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. -n 
 
 G. -wv. 
 
 D. -p*. 
 
 A. -oj,-, 
 V. -w, 
 
22 
 
 GRREK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Evxapiq, grateful, acceptable. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Eo X ap-tg } 
 
 -r. 
 
 N.} 
 
 
 -:ra 
 
 0. 
 
 -iroq. 
 
 
 A. [■-»• 
 
 
 1>. 
 
 -ITt. 
 
 
 V.J 
 
 Gr. -lto)V. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -tra, -iv, 
 
 -i. 
 
 D.J 
 
 D. -jo-:. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 -t. 
 
 
 A. -£ra^, 
 
 -rra 
 
 'Afip-qv, masculine. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 1 
 
 )ual. 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 W^ 
 
 -eV. 
 
 N.- 
 
 ) 
 
 a. 
 
 -£V6><T. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 ^ -eve. 
 
 D. 
 
 -en. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 ) 
 
 A. 
 
 -eva, 
 
 -sv. 
 
 a. 
 
 I -ivoiv. 
 
 V. 
 
 -£V. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 ) 
 
 Plural. 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 N. -eves, -eva. 
 Gr. -e*vwv. 
 D. -e<7£. 
 
 A. -eva?-, -eva. 
 
 V. -eves, -eva. 
 
 "J cta^o u ?, tearless.. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. 
 
 N. M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 a. 
 
 "Adaxp-vq, 
 -ooq. 
 
 -V. 
 
 A. [■"*■ 
 
 
 N.-1 
 
 -ua 
 
 D. 
 
 -uL 
 
 
 v. 3 
 
 
 Gr. -6wv. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -vv, 
 
 -0. 
 
 D.J 
 
 
 D. -f<r«. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 -u. 
 
 
 
 A. -was, -WSj 
 
 -wa 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 23 
 
 Ai-ous, two-footed. 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 Ak-ous, 
 -ooo<;. 
 
 -ouv. 
 
 A. V-oS* 
 
 N. 
 
 v. 
 
 1 -odes, 
 
 -oda 
 
 D. 
 
 -ode. 
 
 
 V.) 
 
 G. 
 
 -odwv. 
 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 -00(1) -ouv, 
 -oos, -oo, 
 
 -ouv. 
 -ouv. 
 
 1 -OC?0iV. 
 
 D.J 
 
 A. 
 
 -oat. 
 -odaq, 
 
 -oda 
 
 Euddt/icov, happy. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 Efodalfi-wv, -ov. 
 
 N o 
 
 N. 
 
 -oveg, 
 
 -ova 
 
 G. 
 
 -ovo?. 
 
 A. y-««. 
 
 G. 
 
 -ovmv. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 -OVJ. 
 
 VJ 
 
 D. 
 
 -OGl. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 -ova ; -ov. 
 
 a - 1 -<W. 
 
 A. 
 
 -ovaq, 
 
 -ova 
 
 V. 
 
 -ov. 
 
 D.J 
 
 V. 
 
 -oveq, 
 
 -ova 
 
 Meya?.rJT(op, magnanimous. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 MtyaXiJT-mp, -op. 
 
 N ) 
 
 G. 
 
 -opo~. 
 
 A. }--<Y>£- 
 
 D. 
 
 •of)'.. 
 
 V.) 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 popa, -op. 
 
 •op. 
 
 D.J 
 
 Plural. 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 N. -opes, ~opa. 
 
 G. -optuv. 
 
 D. -opai. 
 
 A. -o/>a<r, -o/»a. 
 
 V. -opes, -opa. 
 
24 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 'AXydyg, true. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 M. & F. IT. 
 
 N. 
 
 a. 
 
 -dog, -od$. 
 
 A. f- •**, %* 
 
 ' | -&e ; -eXg, -£a,-rj. 
 
 D. 
 
 -s"i, et. 
 
 V.J 
 
 Gr. -£wv, -aiv. 
 
 A. 
 
 -£a, 7j, -£g. 
 
 a.) 
 
 y -sow, -olv. 
 D.j \ 
 
 D. £tn. 
 
 V. 
 
 -eg. : 
 
 A. -£«£, -eT<? ; -£a } -9j, 
 
 Some Adjectives are of one Termination and one Gender 
 only : as, N. 6 rpaupariag, ou. wounded, declined as a 
 Substantive of the First Declension. To this class may 
 be referred, N. 6 dodpog, oo -, and N. ^ dovpig, idog t 
 impetuous. 
 
 3. Adjectives of three Articles and one termination, end 
 in tv, p, g, E, or ip : as, 6 xai rj xai to, rptylwyw, pdxap, dp- 
 
 "KoJq, aWlOip. 
 
 Numeral Adjectives 
 Are divided into Cardinals and Ordinals. 
 
 The Cardinals are 
 
 e\g, one. 
 duo, two. 
 rpelg, three, 
 'riaaapsg, four, &c. 
 
 Sing. N. e\g, p.ia, h, G. evoc, ptag, hdg, D. i<A, pia, svi, 
 A. ha, ploy, sv : it wants the rest In like manner are 
 declined its compounds, dodeig and pydetg, but they have no 
 Plural. 
 
 Sing, wanting. Dual, N. A. dbo, (Att. dow,') D. duolv, 
 Fern, duet v t D. doai 
 
 Dual, N. A. ap<pio, Gr. and D. apcpoiv : it wants the rest. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 25 
 
 Singular and Dual wanting. Plural, N. ol xai al rpeXq, 
 xa\ zd Tpta; Gr. TptaJv. D. Tptfft. A. zobc y.ai zdz zptTc, 
 xal zd rpta. 
 
 So also, Plural, N. ol xai al ziaaapzq, xa\ rd ziaaapa. 
 Gr. Tzcadpoov. D. riffffapat. A. robe y.ai zdz ziaaapaq, xai 
 rd riffffapa. 
 
 The Cardinals from five to a hundred, inclusive, are 
 indeclinable: as, nivre, five, h.o.zov, a hundred; but those 
 which follow are declinable and regular : as, diaz6<noi } -at, 
 a } two hundred. 
 
 C r.pwzoq, first. 
 The Ordinals are J deOrepoq, second. 
 \zpizoq, third. 
 
 All Ordinals under twenty, except deurspoq, second, 
 tpdopLoq, seventh, and oydooq, eighth, end in roq- from 
 thence upwards they end in oazoq : as, ehoaroq, twen- 
 tieth, &c. 
 
 The letters of the Alphabet are used to denote the 
 natural numbers. 
 
 Degrees of Comparison. 
 
 There are three degrees of Comparison : the Positive, 
 Comparative, and Superlative. 
 
 Adjectives ending in oc, having a long Penult, form the 
 Comparative by changing c into repoqj and the Superlative 
 into raroq : as, trifivoq, (1) -6rspoq } -draToq. Having a 
 short Penult, they change o into a>: as, ff6<poz, (2) -(ozepoq, 
 idnazoq. Having a doubtful Vowel in the Penult, they 
 either retain or change the o : as, Ixavoq, (3) -oztpuz, 
 -ozazoz, and -OJZzpoz, -ojzazoz. 
 
 (1) Venerable. (2) Wise. (3) Fit. 
 
 3 
 
26 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 ' ap " 
 
 
 
 •+3 
 
 etg 
 
 . o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 e? 
 
 
 ooq 
 
 « fe 
 
 
 *■* -+3 
 
 7]V 
 
 ^ S i 
 
 
 fl ■'-! 
 
 wv 
 
 * a 
 
 
 ly> o 
 
 aq 
 
 
 
 o> 
 
 yq 
 
 -73 
 
 Oq 
 v. J 
 
 c3 
 
 ifi&k-ap, -dprepoq, -dpraroq. 
 %apt-etq, -iarepoq, -£<yraroq y dropping I, 
 yaar-p).q, -((Trspoq, -foraroq. 
 dizX-ouq, -ouaTepoq, -ouffraroq. 
 £ ( riprjv, -eveq, -evicrrepoq, iaraxoq. 
 g ( ffdxppwv, -oveq, -iffrepoq, -sffraroq. 
 £ C peXaq, -ay, -dvvepoq, -dvraroq. 
 ' m < ebaefrqq, -kq, -earspoq, -iararoq. 
 V. eopuq, -u, -urepoq, -uraroq. 
 
 But oq is often changed into (cdu and laroq : as, edpbq, (1) 
 -icovj -taroq. And Nouns in £ change eq Plural into -urze- 
 poq : as, ap7ra$ } (2) apxay-eq, -i<jxepoq } -iazaxoq. 
 
 Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 1. In oq : as, fiddtoq, easy, /5aajv, paaroq) oXtyoq, few, 
 SX^wu, oXiytaroq. Some Adjectives form the Comparative 
 and Superlative in various ways : as, 
 
 
 apL£iv(ov f 
 
 
 dyad(oraroq. 
 
 
 apeiwVj 
 
 
 apcffroq, from "Apyq, Mars. 
 
 
 (HeXzLwVy 
 fiiXrepoq, 
 
 } 
 
 fiiXrcffroq, from ftgXoq, a dart. 
 
 
 zpstGffiov, 
 
 ) 
 
 
 iff,; 
 
 y.peirrwvy 
 
 
 xpdrHjToq, from xptettop. a Mng 
 
 i. 
 
 xdppioVj 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 
 
 Xw'iCDVj 
 
 
 Xdy'iffToq, from Xd} } to wish. 
 
 
 Xwa>v } 
 
 
 Xoiffroq. 
 r (pipraroq, from <p(pa) y to hear. 
 
 
 <piprepoq, 
 
 
 1 (fipcaroq. 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 (_ <p£pTi<TToq. 
 
 (I) Broad. 
 
 (2) Rapacious. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 27 
 
 zaxatrepoq, 
 xaxoq, tvxiw* 
 
 bad. ] Z^P™ 
 
 yzpztwv, 
 
 /j.azndq, ( iiay.nozt po q. 
 
 long. \ fidfftnov } 
 
 xaxiffroq. 
 
 '/Z'.pKjZOq. 
 
 &xpdq, 
 
 small. 
 
 ficxporepoGj 
 
 ftstdreposj 
 
 ftettoVj 
 
 l/.do~<7<jJv ) 
 
 fxaxpozazoq. 
 
 pijztGToq, from fiTJjxoq, length. 
 
 p.ixp6zaroq. 
 
 /xzicrroq. 
 
 i/.dyto-zoq, from llaybq, small. 
 fjxtaroq, from foam, to sit low. 
 
 Some Xouns in oq throw away o, others to, in the Com- 
 parative and Superlative : as, (pi/log, ^ptXrepoq] (pilraruq. 
 The Attics form many in oq, by iarepog and iararoq) 
 others by airepoq and aiza-zoq) a few in iGzzpoq and iazazoq. 
 
 2. In aq : as, fiiyag, great, [iei£wu } and p.d.aatov, p.iyiazoq. 
 
 3. In oq : as, -o/.-jc, much) vXiwv, and -Izuov, -IzTazoq. 
 
 Irregular Comparatives in ojv are contracted in the Ac- 
 cusative Singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and 
 Vocative Plural : as, Ace. Sing, zw xal ryv xXtfova, -oa } 
 ~).iuo. N. PI. ol xal ai TtXsi OVE$ } -ozq, -o'jq, xal :« rtXet'ova, 
 mOO, -co. Ace. zohq xal zdz itXeiovaq, -oaq, -ouq } xal } zd, &C. 
 
 Voc. as Nom. 
 
 Many Comparatives in tov and (or; produce other Com- 
 paratives, by- changing eov into drepoq: as, yetpiov, (from 
 xay.de,') yi'.no'.znoq - y (a»u changes t and the preceding Con- 
 sonant into 11 : us, Ta^mv } ddatrwv) bo xpdroq } zpziaauy; for 
 
 xnazimy. 
 
 Many other parts of Speech, besides Adjectives, are com- 
 pared in (I. 
 
 1. Verbs, g< n< rally by changing w into repot and raro$ : 
 >, deuzspoq, dzuraroq ; or oq into (orepoq and iota* 
 
 7Ttpoq } infunp.Zyinza.Znz. 
 
^° GREEK. RUDIMENTS. 
 
 2. Pronouns : as, aurdq, abroraroq. 
 
 3. Adverbs : as, h>m } Mrepoq, dv6zaroq. To this add, 
 
 f"tta, fxaXAoVj /laXltrra. 
 
 X(XXd > ZaUlOV, YAlhGTOL. 
 
 rd X a > Ta X tov, rd X tffTa. 
 
 4. Prepositions : as, r:pd, xpdrepoq, Ttpdrarog, TcpSaros, 
 
 Trpcoroq. 'T-ep, uxiprepoq, u-ipraroq, by Syncope Z-aroq 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 Are of two kinds : Simple and Compound. 
 ^ The Simple are either Primitive: as, kylo, ob, o5; or 
 Indefinite: as, deiva-, and these have peculiar forms of 
 declining. 
 
 Sing. N. tyd>, (1) G. ip.00 or fiou, D. fool or p.o\, A. i/d 
 
 or pJ. 
 Dual N. A. m } vcD, O. D. .vffiv, ^. v 
 
 PI. N. rju.tr q, a. -^uahyD. faty, A. r jf j.uq. 
 Sing. N. er2>, (2) G. <roo, D. <rol, A. pk, V. ff «. 
 Dual N. A. V. tfc?5r, o-c^cD, Gr. D. a<punv } tr<pwv. 
 PL N. ofisr^ } G-, fy^ j) 5^ A ^-^ y gjtte? ^ 
 
 Sing N. wanting; a. o5, (3) D. rf, A. e\ 
 .Dual N. A. <7^w£, o-c^l, Gr. D. trpStv, acpiv. 
 PI. N. ffcpeTq, Gr. (7c?<2y, D. crc^cVj, A. acpaq. 
 
 Sing. Norn, o xai $ xai rd deTva (4). a. rod xa\ rqq xai 
 rod dewoq, and Masc. dsbaroq. D. roi &&««, detva, ^ a ? -^ 
 xai r<p delvt. A. rw xai rqv xai rd delva : it wants the rest.' 
 
 3 Demonstrative: as, oo-oq, this; ZzsTyos, he. 
 
 4. Relative : as, aurdq, himself; oq, who. 
 
 5. Possessive: as, fydq, mine; <rbq, thine; 8q y ? h &, his 
 own; vcotrspoq, our; ffpajirspoq, your; r;U- ooq, our; 
 
 (1) I. (2) Thou. (3) Of himself. (i) Some one. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 29 
 
 bpirepoq, your; acpirtpoq, their; which are all declined 
 like Adjectives in og : as, Ifibsj mine; £/j.t), kfioy) but 
 ixeivosj £xe(vT] } izetvo; Autos, o.vzr h auzo) and ov7oc, nearly 
 in the same manner. 
 
 Sing. N.'oStoc, this; aurr h tovto) Or. rourou, raurrjc, 
 vo), raurrj, rourcp ; Al&oDrov, raur-r/;, zovzo. 
 
 Dual N. A. V. zouzoj, raura, 70670 • Gr. D. rouro'y, rau- 
 raiVj toutoiv. 
 
 Plural X. ouroif avrat, raura ) Gr. ro6ra>v } D. rourotc, 
 ravraiq, rouroigj A. rourouq, rauraq, raura. 
 
 Note. — raura, these things, should be carefully distin- 
 guished from -abrd (frj^ra aura), the same things. 
 
 "Oa 
 
 Singular* Dual. 
 
 N. o/rnc, 'f ''■'-, o, 7'.. 
 
 G. obrtvoq, ijarivoq, ounvo 
 
 N. 
 
 A. Y euro;, arc;;, arrive 
 
 V. 
 
 Gr. ") o'i>r'.><)'.v, o.h r '.';<>'.<;, 
 
 D. ) olvrivoiv. 
 
 D. (Lrtvi, i~'^', atrivi. 
 A. 8vrtva } i}vriva } o, rt. 
 
 >V. 017717, Tj7'.7, O, 7'.. 
 
 And so on through the Plural, 07 and riq beiug distinctly 
 declined, as the Latin respublica. 
 
 Notk. — For ahnvoq and antn, the Attic writers used oruu 
 and o7(o) and arra for Sz ■:;>/.. 
 
 Defective Pronoi 
 
 c Efi-aurou, ~\ -"■>7/" l ', -aurov. 
 
 aurou, J A. ■a>J7</; ) -a , )7/ J t ;,-(/.U7u. 
 
 The first two want both the Dual and Plural; but . 
 me three cases in the Plural. 
 
 and 
 
 Ac, throughout. 
 
 3* 
 
 Sing. N. wanting. (>.- l:-<f>7<r>* -D. -avru 
 
 G 
 
30 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are either Personal, Impersonal, Transitive, or 
 Intransitive. 
 
 There are three Voices : Active, Passive, and Middle. 
 
 The signification of the Active and Passive Voices is the 
 same as in Latin or English. The. Middle Voice (which is 
 so called because it has a middle signification between Ac- 
 tive and Passive) implies an action reflected on the agent 
 himself, and signifies what we do, first, to ourselves, secondly, 
 for ourselves. 
 
 There are eight Tenses in the Active Voice, and nine in 
 the Passive : Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First 
 and Second Futures, First and Second Indefinites, or Aor- 
 ists ; to which is added, in the Passive Voice, the Paulo- 
 post Future. 
 
 The tenses are, first, either Principal, viz., Present, Fu- 
 ture, and Preterperfect, (but in the Passive Voice, Present, 
 Preterperfect, and Second Indefinite;) or secondly, Cog- 
 nates, which are known from the formation. 
 
 There are five Moods : the Indicative, Imperative, Opta- 
 tive, Subjunctive, and Infinitive. 
 
 There are four Conjugations of Barytons, to which the 
 others can be easily reduced. 
 
 A Codj ligation is distinguished by the formative letter or 
 characteristic : the characteristic of the Present Tense is the 
 letter preceding co or o/j.ou, p.i or p.at ; the characteristic of 
 the Future and Perfect is the letter before the final vowel 
 of the Active Form. 
 
 The characteristic of the Future distinguishes the Conju- 
 gations of Barytons; the others, only their own and the 
 Cognate Tenses. 
 
 Note. — Verbs might be conveniently divided into two 
 classes, viz., in w and in p.c; and those in w subdivided into 
 uncontracted, commonly called Barytons, and contracted. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 31 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 1st Conj. 
 
 2d Conj. 
 
 Of the Pres. 
 
 
 OftheFut 
 
 . 
 
 Of the Pe 
 
 - ri/nca, 
 
 
 7ipc!>oj ) 
 
 \ rirep<pa, 
 
 fi Xetfa,, 
 
 <p ypdcpoj) 
 
 ^ 
 
 At it'' co, 
 
 ypdtjttiij 
 
 XiXeupa 
 
 yiypacpa 
 
 -7 7'J~7C0 } 
 
 (^ ru4>a>, 
 
 1 ri70<pa. 
 
 - 
 
 r ^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 /. TZ/J/.COj 
 
 
 ■*&., 
 
 
 -irltya. 
 
 r } ' ! -r aj > 
 
 
 XiZ-co, 
 
 
 XiXe X a. 
 
 x Ppfy<°> 
 
 >%< 
 
 Ppifa, 
 
 X' 
 
 PifysX*. 
 
 77 6p()TTQ» } 
 
 
 
 
 ajpuya, 
 
 OTtSudll), 
 
 3d Conj. -\ tcXtj&Wj }<r 
 <ppd£u), 
 > pure rtitiy 
 
 a:/'j(7o) } 
 
 7'.f70) } 
 
 ryspxa. 
 
 za~vr/.a. 
 \ x { TciTtXfjxa. 
 
 I r.Lcrp '!:/.■ j.. 
 • rinxa. 
 
 4th Conj. 
 
 X (j/dXXa)} 
 
 < V Cft/.''yc> ) 
 
 p aiteipw. 
 
 (FraXai) 
 
 >a>^ tpavw. 
 
 zC'u.h.a. 
 
 veviptyxa. 
 
 Tti<payxa. 
 
 Z<7 7 :/.')/. (I. 
 
 Thfiyxa. 
 
32 
 
 GREEK- RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 c ; 
 
 
 v> 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 J 
 
 a, 
 
 
 fc 
 
 te 
 
 6 
 
 to 
 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 ?> 
 
 to 
 
 >. 
 
 in 
 
 h 
 
 h. 
 
 i- 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 « 
 
 c> 
 
 to 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 No 
 
 cs 
 
 2 
 
 
 f- 
 
 if 
 
 £ 
 
 
 i- 
 
 f 
 
 
 tlT 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 i, 
 
 U) 
 
 co 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 -o 
 
 to 
 
 U) 
 
 w 
 
 co 
 
 U) 
 
 o 
 
 t- 
 
 © 5 
 
 1 O 
 
 CO 
 
 3 3 . 
 
 1 i i P-. 
 
 o 
 
 sf o? <,r " s 
 
 b t- I- n3 
 9 ?" S^CM 
 
 CB 
 
 3. =1,5 3. S 3 
 
 C © © 55 © <o © 
 
 ZC 
 
 © 3 3 cQ 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 fe 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 H 
 
 f-H 
 
 pS 
 
 <1 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 > 
 
 ft 
 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 ^j 
 
 > 
 
 q 
 
 b b £ 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 t- 
 
 R" 
 
 £ 
 
 rr*^ 
 
 S©* 
 
 :\ 
 
 
 
 I-. 
 
 H> 
 
 t3 ^ 
 
 -e ^ 
 
 
 »- 
 
 t- "O 
 
 CO 
 
 no 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ©■ t- 
 
 c 
 
 SC- 
 
 >©« ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ' CD 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 P-< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-i 
 
 h 
 
 :\ 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 A 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 °, J 
 
 CO 
 
 Co 
 
 55 t» 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 © 1— 1 
 
 - 
 
 W 
 
 ~ 3 3 3 
 
 co Co co No No © No © 
 
 3 _ .. 
 
 03 
 
 6 
 
 O 53 © 
 
 © R: $©: $©; 
 
 H S* V °.' 
 o ^ fc 
 
 -C Jy> Lf> if <^> U 1 
 
 irco©(o©©53©© 
 
 -S 53 ■ 
 
 J> ^ 
 ^- O (- to 
 
 "? > ^ J ^ 
 
 Y '3 - Q. 
 
 I- ^, fc 3 . 
 
 e § ^ & ■ 
 
 CO l^ t-« b' 
 
 , ? 9 ? .©-'5 ° 
 
 O v Ci ^S ^S O co C) -C ^O co 
 
 5K h k -^-^. V i 
 
 PR <l e£ 
 
 Ph 
 
 S fi ■■*» ■ fc*- +»■ -C *: >h 
 
 
 
 ei 3 0.0 
 
 
 -T3 ns 
 
 ^ <& < a A 
 
 ^3 5- p 
 
 QQ ^ T^ "T3 "^5 r^ _^ co ^j r; a: -/; "^ ^ t- 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 33 
 
 INFINIT. Pres. and Imp. ruxr-etv. 1st Fut. rixp-etv. 1st 
 Aor.' z>j(!'-ai. Perf. and Pluperf. reruy-ivat. 2d Fut. and 
 2d Aor. ruiz-tiv. 
 
 PARTICIP. Prcs. tuxt-u>v, -oogol, -ov. G. •ovto<; } -ou<rr)<; f 
 '. 1st Fut. tv(Jhov. 2d Fut. ru-cuv. G. ouvtqSj ouffTjC, 
 
 •OUVTOSj &C. 
 
 1st Aor. Tixjj-aq, -a<ra } -ay. G. -aszoq, -dar^, -ayzoq. 
 Perf. Part. zeru<p-(bq. ^ 
 
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 T'J-T-WJ, 
 
 •ooaa. -ov. 
 
 fW7rr-ovro^ -oua7}<; } -ovroq. 
 
 (r. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. T'3-7- 
 
 Dual. 
 
 V.J 
 
 G. r Tt)^r-^«rofv ; -ovao.W) 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. TU7rT-ovTe^ -ouffai, '0vra. 
 
 G. r67TT-OVTO>V ; -OUffUtVj -0V7WV. 
 
 D. T07rr-ot><rc ; ~wtaai<; } -ouat. 
 
 A. T'jrrr-.»7'/r ; -0Vff<xq } -ovra. 
 
 V. TVTCT-ovreS) -outratj -<»za. 
 
 In like manner decline roiz<bv } the 2d Aor. Participle. 
 
 V. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 -oc. 
 
 'U(S-"Ti>- } ■'.>'.'/ ~, -OTOi 
 
 
 X. 
 
 A. 
 
 v. 
 1). j 
 
34 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. TSTLKp-OTeS, 
 
 Gr. rerocp-oTCJVy 
 
 D. reTLxp-offt, 
 
 ■uiwv, 
 
 -ora. 
 
 -OTCDV. 
 
 ■uiaiq, -oat. 
 
 TSTU(p-oraq y -uiaq, 
 
 ■utac, 
 
 -ora. 
 -ora. 
 
 V. TSTixp-oreq, 
 
 Second Fut. Part. N. tuxcov, od<ra, 6bv } Gr. oovroq, obatiq^ 
 ouvroq, &c. 
 
 The Vocative of a Participle is the same as the 
 Nominative. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Op tat. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 TU7TTaj ] 
 
 eroTtzov J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imp. 
 
 TOTZTS 
 
 TUTtTOlfJ.C 
 
 TVItXID 
 
 roizrstv 
 
 rv~ru)V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fut.l. 
 
 rb(f.'(o 
 
 
 rb(pot(j.L 
 
 
 TOJpSlV 
 
 zb<l>(jjv 
 
 Aor.l. 
 
 eroi^'a 
 
 rbipov 
 
 rbipatpt 
 
 rbipu) 
 
 rbipai 
 
 rb(paq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 riro(pa "> 
 irerbcptLV j 
 
 riro<pe 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 rerocpivai 
 
 
 Plusq. 
 
 T£TU<pOC/lC 
 
 reTLxpto 
 
 rerucpwq 
 
 Ind. 2. 
 
 eru7tov 
 
 TU~£ 
 
 TUTVOtp.C 
 
 T07TOJ 
 
 TO-el'j 
 
 ruirdtv 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 TOTZU) 
 
 
 TOTtoTp.l 
 
 
 ru-el'S 
 
 ~u~(by 
 
 The First Future of the Fourth Conjugation is varied as 
 the Second Future ro-w. Ex. ff-spw, <j-epoTp.i } G-spzTv, 
 (TxepaJv. 
 
 Formation or the Tenses. 
 
 The Present is the root. 
 
 The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing 
 o) into ov y and prefixing the Augment : as, stutctov from 
 rb~rw. 
 
 The Augment is twofold : Syllabic and Temporal. It is 
 prefixed to the Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Paulo-pcst 
 Future, and to the First and Second Aorists in the Indica- 
 tive Mood; in the other Moods, only to the Perfect and 
 Paulo-post Future. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 35 
 
 The Syllabic Augment is s prefixed to a Verb, when it 
 begins with a Consonant : as, tO-toj, k'zu-rov. 
 
 If a Verb begin with p, it is doubled after s in all the 
 Tenses which increase : as, pi—cv, epfiazrov. 
 
 The Temporal Augment is r t or w prefixed to a Verb in- 
 stead of the initial Mutable Towel. 
 
 The Mutable Vowels are a, e, o, at, au, 01 ; a and e are 
 changed into r n o into w, t of the Diphthongs being sub- 
 scribed : as, dtxooiOj rjzouov) ipE'.ouj, rjpeidovj dlxi£to } rr/.'."o>' y 
 oi/.i'U'J, aLxtZov. 
 
 Some Verbs beginning with e, take t after e for the Aug- 
 ment : as, t/o), £>•/<>> ; k'-to, z\-ov and zl~a, which preserves 
 the Augment through all the Moods. 
 
 If a Verb begin with an Immutable Vowel, it has no 
 Augment; the Immutable Vowels are ^, .', u, w, w, eu, trj : 
 as, i\/.i>), i/.ny • ouTdZatj ovraZov, &c. 
 
 *Aio, arjOiffffa), derivatives of olvoq^ as, ofroat, and a few 
 others, take no Augment. Eu is sometimes changed to yj ; 
 ' ','j.a:, j}u%6p7}v. 
 
 Augments of Compounds. 
 
 Compound Verba have the Augment in the middle, if 
 
 they begin with a Preposition, or dbs, or eu before a Mutable 
 
 Vowel : as, xarayivdrnxtOy xaTeyivonrxov ) ducrapeoTiiu, du<ryp£<T>> 
 
 psov] edspyeritOj *o»\ with a few exceptions: as, 
 
 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Prepositions ending with a Vowel, except npfy nep), and 
 
 ipc'', lose their final Vowel before another Vowel : as, 
 kr.iyo*. 
 
 Note. — 'I he « of rzpd before e, generally coalesces with it, 
 And produces vu : as, Ttpovru 
 
 The Verb dvotyui (compounded of dvd and otpo) has the 
 
° GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Augment sometimes at the beginning, as, 1st Aor. r^a } 
 John ix. 26; and sometimes between the Preposition and 
 the Verb (with the Attic e inserted): as ; wA^a. John 
 ix. 30. 
 
 v in composition f T before a Guttu ral: as, i rrp d<pco. 
 
 is changed into j P ' before a Labial > or ^ : as > fofc&to. 
 (^ k before another /I : as ; ffokka/i^dvco. 
 
 and it is omitted before C : as ; ffu^rea*. 
 
 The v is resumed, however, before the Augment : as, id 
 fidkkw, bipakkov^ 
 
 'Ex becomes t£ before a Vowel : as, £~i<pepov. 
 P is doubled after a Vowel : as, avappiw. 
 
 the Present, by 
 changing the last^ 
 
 ^Ae i^VsZ Future 
 formed from j" in the 1st, info d>aj : as, tu-to>, to^w. 
 in the 2d, into &« : as, Uyti) } a£~w. 
 _ in the 3d, into <?w : as, ado*, hjw. 
 Syllable in each j In the 4th, & is ciieumflexed, and the 
 Conjugation :— ^ penult made short : as, zpiw, xpvio. 
 
 ■ The penult of the First Future of the Fourth Gonj%a- 
 tion ^is made short, either by omitting a second Consonant : 
 as, ripyco, ts/j.w; or the second Vowel of a Diphthong: a«, 
 <pmva>, <pavib) or by shortening a doubtful Vowel : as,/^ (y ' 
 xpivm. 
 
 Many Verbs in £<w, take £ in the Future and correspond- 
 ing tenses : as, ffzyptih, -~w. 
 
 Some in <j<jw } take aco : as, r.pdaau) (to seU). -pdc,^ Sec. 
 
 When the characteristic of the Present is an Aspirate, 
 and that Aspirate is afterward lost, .compensation is* made 
 (when possible) by aspirating the initial of the tense where 
 the loss occurs : as, e X w, l^ ; T p£ X a>, 6pi*<o, &c. This com- 
 pensation is possible in two cases, viz. when the Verb begins 
 with a smooth Mute, and when with an unaspirated Vowel. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 37 
 
 The First Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the First Future, by changing u> into a, 
 and prefixing the Augment : as, Tuipu), erocpa. 
 
 These five first Aorists do not assume the characteristic 
 of the First Future : sOryxa, socoxa, r t xa, el-a, and ijvsyxa. 
 
 " E0r t -/.a } edajy.a, and rjxa are formed from the Perfect In- 
 dicative; el-a and ijveyxa from the Present. 
 
 The penult of the 1st Aorist in the Fourth Conjugation, 
 is always long; hence, a is changed into t) } g into et, and t 
 or u lengthened: as, (pdAAa), <paAa> y s^rqka m t p.ivio } /xsvat, 
 epLetva] xpivio } xpbaj, explva. 
 
 Some drop a : as, yi(o ) ysu<raj, 1st Aorist syea in place of 
 E/zucra. 
 
 . The Perfect 
 
 Is formed from the First Future, by prefixing the Redu- 
 plication, if the Verb begin with a single simple Consonant, 
 except p, and changing in the 
 
 1st Conjugation, <pw into <pa' } 
 
 2d £oj into /a; 
 
 3d <ra>into*a; 
 
 4th a> into Wfj and a> into -qxa. 
 
 Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation change e of the 
 Future into a : as, arsXco, tazal/.a. But £ of the Future in 
 (id) is retained : as, vefiai) uevdfirjxa. 
 
 Dissyllables in eivw, bo), u^to, omit v of the Future in the 
 Preterperfect : as, xptvm } xixptxa] the Test change v into y : 
 as, <pa'su>, r.lipayxa. 
 
 Reduplication takes place in the Perfect, when the Verb 
 begins with a single Bimple Consonant (except p) : as, ri- 
 TU(pa-^ with a .Mute before a Liquid (except yv): as, y(ypa<pu 
 from ypd<pu> ; or with /jlv : as, fivdofiat, ftipunjftMt. 
 
 Note. — The Smooth Mute is used instead of the Aspi- 
 rate, as, <ppd%uj } <ppd<ju> } izi(ppaxa ) to prevent two syllables 
 
 4 
 
38 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 coming together, commencing with Aspirates. There will 
 be no reduplication when a Verb begins with yv } or with two 
 Consonants, not a Mute before a Liquid (except p.v) : a 
 <T7zevdco j or a double Consonant : as, Caw • in which cases 
 the Syllabic Augment merely is prefixed : as, eeneoxa, e'Cyxa. 
 
 K is sometimes cast away and the penult shortened : as, 
 yiyqxa, yiyaa. 
 
 The Pluperfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect, by changing a into eiv } and 
 prefixing the Syllabic Augment, if there be a Reduplica- 
 tion : as, rirocpa, fre~u<peiv. 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is sometimes the same as the Imperfect: as, eypawov; 
 but when the penult of the Present is long, that penult 
 must be shortened to form the 2d Aorist : as, zo-rw, ezu-ov. 
 
 The penult is shortened in Consonants, generally by the 
 omission of the latter Consonant: as, zuxzw, ezoxov; (pdXXw 7 
 etJjaXov : 
 
 in Yowels by 
 changing 
 
 W 
 
 ac 
 ao 
 
 into a : as, 
 
 XyjOw, e'XaOov. 
 zpcuyw, ezpayov. 
 (paivw, e<pavov. 
 Ttabuj, k'-aov. 
 
 ei into : : as, Xst'-w, ehkov. 
 L eu into u : as, (peuyw, e<puyov. 
 
 Ei in Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation, is changed 
 into a: as, <j-tipw, ea-apov, in Trissyllables into e: as, 
 ocpetXw, axpsXov. 
 
 The penult is changed into a: as, zp£~w } ezpa-ov\ except 
 e'Xeyov, e<pXeyo\> } sjSXstzov, ezexov. 
 
 Verbs in £>, aaw, and zzw } if they have the First Future 
 in £w, have the 2d Aorist in yov : as, zdzzw or zdacrw, zd^w,- 
 ezayov ) but those having the Future in aw, have the 2d I 
 Aorist in dov : as, <ppaC<o, <ppdaw, ecppadov. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 39 
 
 The 2d Aorist affords an additional illustration of the 
 Aspirate being changed into the Smooth Mute, when an- 
 other Aspirate commences the following syllable : as, Od~Ta>, 
 fray>ov } not aOacfus. 
 
 Some, instead of ~, the smooth Consonant of the Theme, 
 assume, first, the middle ft: as, eft/.aftvv, Expufiov; from 
 pXcbcrtOj xprjzrw : secondly, the Aspirate <p : as, 7j<puv } s(3a<pov f 
 from a-rw, ftfj-.TO). 
 
 Verbs ending in a> pure, generally want the 2d Aorist and 
 Future, and also the Perfect Middle. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the 2d Aorist, by changing ov into <h cir- 
 cumflexed, and omitting the Augment : as, erwrov, tu-co. 
 
 The second and third Persons Singular in the Subjunctive 
 Mood of every Verb Active, and the second Person Singular 
 of Tenses in fiat, have t subscribed to the final letters, e, #, to. 
 
 The Verb eiftl, to he 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 s. 
 
 Slfli, 
 
 el? or c7, 
 
 IffTi. 
 
 I). 
 
 
 i(Troy } 
 
 Iot6v. 
 
 p. 
 
 fofUv, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 d<ri. 
 
 s. 
 
 v-; 
 
 7/Z or foOa, 
 
 7j or %b. 
 
 1). 
 
 
 1JTOV, 
 
 rjrqv. 
 
 p. 
 
 %m&>j 
 
 Future 
 
 foot*. 
 
 s. 
 
 HffOfACLt, 
 
 **»j 
 
 £aerat. 
 
 I). 
 
 iadpedov, 
 
 9oV) 
 
 d<re<F0ov 
 
 p. 
 
 £<r6fie0a } 
 
 ea^affef 
 
 Sffovrat* 
 
40 
 
 GRREK RUDIMENTS. 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 S. y]!J.rjv } 
 
 ytro, 
 
 $TO. 
 
 D. rjp.edov } 
 
 rjadovj 
 
 t}<T07}V. 
 
 P. tjfxeda, 
 
 7)069, 
 
 rjvro. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. — 
 
 l'ffdt } £<jdl } 
 k'(TTOV ) 
 
 or £<to } 
 
 £<7T(0. 
 SffTtO. 
 
 P. 
 
 £<TT£ } 
 
 
 eGToxrav or k't 
 
 
 OPTATIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present and Imperfect 
 
 
 D. 
 
 P. e^yaevj 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 £17). 
 
 eirjrrjv. 
 
 eiyo ~av or elev 
 
 S. kaoiiiYjVj e'ffoto, 
 D. iaoiixsdovy saoioOoVy 
 P. i<7ocp.£0a } eaocade, 
 
 
 e<roiro. 
 iaoiffdiQV. 
 
 SffOWTO. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 
 D. ^rov, ^rov. 
 
 P. o^ev, fa, &at. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Imperfect. 
 etvdj. 
 
 Future. 
 eceaOat. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 41 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. 
 
 N. 
 
 <fr, 
 
 OUffCCj 
 
 X 
 
 ov. 
 
 G. 
 
 OVTO^j 
 
 Future. 
 
 ovroq. 
 
 N. 
 
 zffO/JLSVOS, 
 
 SffOflivq, 
 
 iffofieypv. 
 
 G. 
 
 zGO{J.i'/OU, 
 
 Saofiivygj 
 
 k(To;j.z^oo 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imper. ! Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Particip. 
 
 Pres. eifil 
 
 Imp. r t > 
 Fut. etrofiat 
 
 Plup. yfiJJV 
 
 \ or too. 
 
 etrjv 
 
 iffOl/JLTjV 
 
 CO 
 
 that 
 latoOat 
 
 CUV. 
 
 ladftevoq. 
 
 s. 
 
 elfa, 
 
 I). 
 
 
 
 p. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 ; ^j 
 
 I). 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 Tpev, 
 
 El fii t to (jo. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 el? or e7, 
 
 Llljr 
 
 elcri. 
 I'rov. 
 
 
42 
 
 d 
 
 P' U-SCflLSV. 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 -sere, 
 
 -ec. 
 
 -scrrjv. 
 -eiaav. 
 
 S. h 
 D. - 
 
 P. 
 
 LOfiev, 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 P, 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 ffc or e? ; 
 
 hcu. 
 
 CTOVj 
 
 CTCU* 
 
 he, 
 
 hovoav. 
 
 cond Aorist. 
 
 
 h 
 
 lira). 
 
 e'erou, 
 
 iirtov. 
 
 fare, 
 
 liTUXJOLV. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 S. I'otpu, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. *oifiey } 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 COCTOi>, 
 
 IOITS, 
 
 ■OIT7JV 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 43 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 Ho), 
 
 D. 
 
 P. ?a>//e> 
 
 frjTS, 
 
 crj. 
 
 ?7)T0V 
 
 TIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 lay, iooaa.j lov. 
 
 8. eli 
 D. — 
 
 P. etcyiev, 
 
 S. %£'.;, 
 
 D. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect, 
 elas, 
 
 eiate. 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eie. 
 
 efctrov. 
 
 ■f^iiaaV) 01" 
 r.aoy. 
 
44 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 to v, 
 
 
 
 r»<s 
 
 „^j to 
 
 ^ 1 1 ^ 1 * 1 
 :x a ^- K* ;\ to r r-' to 
 
 ^ « « g a 
 
 1 g g a^ fe* S^ to 
 
 
 
 © O 51. {<* © J5*HR ^ 
 i i i h> i i i 
 
 -1-3 
 
 m 
 
 <0 Co ,, , Co O CO 
 
 toto^^to^T^b 
 cocov^§>.coR-Oco 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 I— j 1 
 
 ^"R- v R- o co o-5--+a 2 to <3 
 co f^> o> Gj r^i (a 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 N *t a « « & 
 
 <3i w <5b co pi <5> a 
 
 
 
 <35> <5s &> co <£> (5 
 
 COvCo^^CO^^ 
 
 
 
 CO CO ^ ^_ CO -g m 
 
 v © ^© i- T" v © i ^ 
 
 O Ho O CO <3 Ho icT 
 1 1 1 . 03 ' > o 
 
 
 
 »55 
 
 55, ^ 
 
 ©S-^S^CAtoS 
 <3i <5b © R-^ r-h^<£> 
 toto^^to^^to 
 
 IJS 
 
 4. § pjs^s'H^ ? 2 
 
 
 
 Co Hj S> &. (j > K Hi) 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ' 
 
 ^ ^V?^ v ? ¥ to ^fe.'f 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 J5* 
 
 O 
 
 S3 
 
 33§,^SR-pSV 
 
 =^ ^. "^ A K -X 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ...... ^ 
 
 !> 
 
 
 P5 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^ a :v a a, ■ 
 
 ct, <C> ©b ©b ©> S 
 
 a a ^ ^ 
 
 "5^ <3i n3 <s, 
 
 t-H 
 
 GO 
 GO 
 
 51' 
 
 P-l 
 
 
 Co CO CO CO co 5- 
 
 =3, =1 =1 55. 2$. g 
 
 ^ -^ 0J , d (o -v 
 
 © Ho © ^ 3 ^O 
 
 ill rv ' ' 
 
 
 . . .. <5i - 
 
 ^3 
 
 © © s P a £ ©^ 
 
 1- I- *- h I- ^ to 
 
 i g g § ^ ? ^i § 
 
 
 
 CO CO K K CO R- . Vu 
 
 S^R^R- o""w o S R- R- JR: 
 
 
 
 ' ' ' ' ' ' t-H ' 
 
 ■ i . ■ i i <is i • 
 
 R* 0> R- a ^ « U> 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 3 « © l/"S 3 
 R,©^ 55, R^ O 
 
 
 1 
 
 =1 =5. 55. =i. 2J. =v *3 
 
 
 •<?» 
 
 v 5j. © x g. s g»fq 3, o (R; 
 
 © Hij O Cct 3 H^ '3 .»v 
 
 ■ i i ■ . i i i/> 
 
 
 "2Q 
 
 © s © 55. 55. O 55- ^ 
 > ... > " ;* 
 
 
 
 R" 
 
 "<jo O s 3 S co co 3 '-; v O co 3 b 
 
 
 
 t O ^< co t-- ^O ^Q) '^ 
 
 ^O ^ No b- CO |o ^ v^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ ^co l-> "Co K« ^co • fc-> 
 
 
 
 
 o- 
 
 : : :< : 
 
 
 . -t^T . . . -wT 
 
 .CO . . CE 
 
 
 
 EG 
 
 a> 
 
 ft £<t 
 
 hhP- 
 
 -^ pCl -t= (M Sh 
 0) . ..-I o ^ 
 
 Hi i 
 
 3 ^ o w ^ o 
 
 P-l rH GO Pn rH 
 
 
 
 2 3 -* r£ & 
 
 
 ^ «« to ^ S 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 45 
 
 Infinitive Pres. zb-ztaOai) Perfect, rsru<pdat 
 Paulo-post Fut. ztzbd'-tadat. 
 1st Aor. zocO ) f 1st Fut. zo<pd ' 
 
 2d Aor. zo- j 1 2d Fut. tot: 
 
 7J<j£<r0at. 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Pres. to-to/jls- 
 Perf. zezo/i'j.£- 
 Paulo-post Fut. tsto^o/j-s- 
 lst Fut. Tu<f0rj<j6fj.s- 
 
 2d Fut. TUTZTjffOfiLS- 
 
 1st Aor. TocpO- \ Nom. -sic, 
 
 2d Aor. to-- ) Gen. -ivzog, -eta^q } -ivzoc, &c. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Nom. -voc, ->r h ->ov. 
 Gen. -vow, -V7j?, -voo, &c 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 hvicr-6fii]v J 
 
 -00 
 
 •clfapt 
 
 -w/iai 
 
 -effOw. 
 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 zizv-;j.;iai ) 
 trero-fifiTjv i 
 
 -<><> 
 
 f -fifiiypq 
 1 eiyjit 
 
 •fifUvaq <b 
 
 -<pOat 
 
 Paulo-p. F. 
 
 tetinp-op.a.1 
 
 
 -aifiTp 
 
 
 -eaOat 
 
 1st Aor. 
 
 iznif-Or^ 
 
 -Or t zi 
 
 •ffefyv 
 
 -0a> 
 
 -Oqvat 
 
 1st Fut. 
 
 zo(p-0rj<7o/iat 
 
 
 -01)&O(fUQV 
 
 
 -OrjffseOat 
 
 2d Aor. 
 
 hux-yv 
 
 -rfii 
 
 StJJV 
 
 -to 
 
 -rjvat 
 
 2d Fut. 
 
 TU7t-TJ<rofiat 
 
 
 -rjaoipnjv 
 
 
 -TJaeff&cu 
 
 Part. Pres. Toicrdfievoq. Perf. zezo/i/iivoc. Paulo-post 
 Fut. Terwpdftevos. 1st Aor. ToyOstq. 1st Fut. TocpOy^u- 
 {lvmjz. 2d Aor. To-stq. 2d Fut. Tomjadfievof. 
 
 Formation op the Tenses. 
 
 Th- 
 is formed from the Present Active, by changing w into 
 at : as, zo~zoj } Tomofuu. 
 
46 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Imperfect 
 Is formed from the Imperfect Active, by changing v into 
 p.i)V\ as, eroizrov, lruizrop:qv. 
 
 The Perfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect Active, by changing in the 
 -• , p . J pure into ppai : as, riru<pa } rerufj.fj.at. 
 
 ( impure into fiat : as, rirep<pa, rireppat. 
 2d Conj. ya into ypai: as, XiXeya, XiXeypat. 
 3d Conj. y.a into apa.t\ as, Tziizetx.a, •Kiitei<jpai i 
 4th Conj. xa into pat: as, ecpaXxa, e<paXpat. 
 
 Verbs of the 3d Conjugation, in id pure, change xa into 
 pat, if the penult of the Active Perfect be long : as, XiXouxa, 
 XiXoopat. 
 
 Some Verbs in id pure form the Perfect — 
 
 First, in apat, when the penultimate is long : as, yjxouxa, 
 ■yxouapat * SO also, xeXeow, xpovco, Ttatoj, <jeia>, &c. 
 
 Secondly, in fiat, when the penultimate is short or doubt- 
 ful : as, ijpoxa, rjpofiai', so also Ovid, Xuco, 6pda), netpdai, &c. 
 
 Thirdly, in crpat and pat : as, xixXstxa, xix.Xstc7fj.ai, and 
 xi/.Xstpat. 
 
 Dissyllables, whose first syllables include rps, change e 
 into a: as, orplyiD, earpeya, earpap.fj.at. But they resume 
 it in the 1st Aorist : as, karpicpd-qv. 
 
 Verbs in atvio and uvea often form the Perfect in apat : as, 
 piaivu), psp.iaGfj.ai : poXbvcD, pep.6Xoapat. 
 
 Of the Persons of the Perfect. 
 
 The Second Person Singular is formed from the first, by 
 changing the Consonants before at into the characteristic ol 
 the First Future Active : as, riruppat, ririMpat. In the 4tl 
 Conjugation, p. is sometimes changed into a : as, sc-appat, 
 edTzapaat. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 47 
 
 The Third Person Singular is formed from the second, 
 by changing a into z: as, £a-ap<jat } tG~apzai\ zizud'at, 
 rizor:- ■').>.. 
 
 The Second and Third Persons Dual, and the Second 
 Person Plural, are formed from the Third Person Singular, 
 by changing the smooth Mutes into their Aspirates: as, 
 Tlru-zai. zirucpOov, zizocOs. 
 
 In the Imperative Mood, the Second Person Singular is 
 formed from the Second Person Singular of the Indicative, 
 by changing ai into o : as, zizu^ac, rivufpo. The Third 
 Person is formed from the Second Person Plural of the In- 
 dicative, by changing e into co : as, zizucO-e, zezbcO-oj. 
 
 The Optative and Subjunctive are most frequently formed 
 from the Participle, and efyv, 2>. But if the Perfect Indica- 
 tive ends in pat pure, it is changed into pr t v in the Optative; 
 and in the' Subjunctive pat, with the preceding Vowel, into 
 wpat : as, rsrtprjpat, rerip.rjp.rjv, rsr tpwpat. 
 
 The Third Person Plural is formed from the Third Person 
 Singular, ending in rat pure, by placing v before za>. : as, 
 xixptrat, xixptvrai. But if the Third Person Singular ends 
 in rat impure, the Third Person Plural is formed from the 
 Participle and the Third Person Plural of the Verb d>u : 
 as, riruizTCU) reruppivot slat. 
 
 The Infinitive is formed by changing e of the Second Per- 
 son Plural Indicative into at : as, rhv<pO-e } zizupO-at. 
 
 The Pluperfect. 
 
 Ifl formed from the First Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by changing pat into pyv, and prefixing e, if the Verb begin 
 with a Consonant: as, riruppat, heruppyv. 
 
 The Paulo-post Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by inserting op. before at : as, r6ru(pat 3 rertxpopac. 
 
48 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Paulo-post Future may also be formed from the First 
 Future Middle, by prefixing the Reduplication, if the Verb 
 admit it : as, zbcjjopai, rsrbcpopat. 
 
 This Tense is never found in Verbs of the Fourth Conju- 
 gation, or which have the Temporal Augment. 
 
 The First Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Third Person Singular of the Perfect, 
 by dropping the Consonant of the Reduplication, changing 
 rat into dyv, and the preceding smooth Mute into its Aspi- 
 rate : as, riruizrcu, krbcpdyjv. 
 
 Three Yerbs assume a : as, 'ippiorat, kppwadrjv ; pipvrjrac, 
 kpvy]G0f)v ) 7ti~Arjrai } £TzXr]<jQrf>. But ffiffwffzat drops the a I 
 as, £<J(i)drjV. 
 
 The First Future 
 
 Is formed from the First Aorist by changing v into copai, 
 and dropping the Augment : as, hb(pd'qv, Tuydrjaopcu. 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing 
 ov into yjV. as, sru7tov } hbmqv. 
 
 No Second Aorist occurs in drjv, dry, ttjv, or from Verbs 
 in w pure, except t/.dv^, kddiqv, ippbyv, kcpbr^. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist, by changing v into 
 ffOfiQU, and dropping the Augment : as, frb-yv, roTzrjffopai 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 49 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infill. 
 
 Part. 
 
 TU"-o;j.at | 
 
 &TU1CT-6fM)V i 
 
 ruc^-o/xat 
 
 -00 
 
 -oifiqv 
 
 -OlJJLTjV 
 
 -tofiai 
 
 -scrOai 
 -£<rOat 
 
 -dfievoq 
 -ofxsvoq 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 trv<p-dfiT)V 
 
 -at 
 
 -atfiTjv 
 
 -to/xai 
 
 -aaOai 
 
 -d'xsvoq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Pluper. 
 2 Aor. 
 
 riruic-a } 
 txerim-eiv ] 
 
 $TU1C-6fl1)V 
 
 -ou 
 
 -OL'Xt 
 ■ o tftiQ V 
 
 -co 
 -cu/xa: 
 
 -ivat 
 
 -zaOat 
 
 -to; 
 -6/isvoc; 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 rvic-oofiat 
 
 
 -OtflTJV 
 
 
 -eTcrOat 
 
 -oo/xevoq 
 
 The Tenses of the Middle Voice are varied after the forms 
 of the Active and Passive Voices, according to their re- 
 spective terminations. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 The Present and Imperfect 
 Are the same as the Passive. 
 
 The Perfect 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by prefixing 
 the Reduplication, and changing ov into a: as, eru-ov, 
 riru-a. 
 
 In Dissyllables, if the Second Aorist has a in the pe- 
 nultimate, when the Present has £ or ec, the a is changed 
 into o in the Perfect Middle: as, -/.Uo, enAaxov, nhcloxai 
 fite(p(o } Monapovy scrxopa: but when the penultimate of the 
 Present is t] or at, it is changed into /, : as, X-rjOto, *kd0ov y 
 HkqOa; tpaiva>) t<pavov f ni<pr)va. 8dXA<o f tdakov. makes :»'- 
 0i) Xa, and xAdZutj exAayov, makes xixAyya, 
 
 b 
 
50 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 If the Second Aorist has c in the penultimate, when the 
 Present has et, t is changed into ot in the Perfect Middle : 
 as ; etdtOj cdov, olda. 
 
 The Pluperfect 
 
 Is formed from the Perfect, by. prefixing e, and changing 
 a into eiv : tixoiza, Irerbneiv. 
 
 The First Aorist 
 Is formed from the First Aorist Active, by adding uyv : 
 as, ero(pa, hufdpaqy, which is varied through its Persons, as 
 follows :— 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 S. irixp-d/jyv, 
 
 -w, 
 
 -aro. 
 
 D. -d t ue0ov } 
 
 -OLff&OVy 
 
 -da0r { v 
 
 P. -dp.e0a } 
 
 -atrOsj 
 
 -avro. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 P 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 TiMp-a.'., 
 
 -da dm. 
 
 i -aa0ov } 
 
 -dedcov. 
 
 -aaOe, 
 
 -daOajcav. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 S. TU<p-a[rj.7)V i 
 
 D. -a.irj.edov, 
 P. -aiueOa, 
 
 -a:o } 
 
 -atro. 
 
 -a'.aOoVj 
 
 -afoOyv, 
 
 -aiaOe, 
 
 -aivTo 
 
 The First Future 
 
 Is formed from the First Future Active, by changing w 
 into o/iat: as, To<pto } rwjtopM] but in the Fourth Conjuga- 
 tion into ov/xac: as, <ncep& } <j-epov,uai. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 51 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing 
 into//^v: as, eru-o-v, kzoTz-ofi-qv. 
 
 The Second Future 
 
 Is formed from the Second Future Active, by changing a 
 into uurj.at : as, ru-w, ruitoufiac. 
 
 S. TU7Codfiat f TU7Z ?}) ro-zlrat. 
 
 D. ruiroufieOov, zuieefffffov, tu-s'igOov. 
 
 P. TU~ou/JLzOa } 
 
 tu-s~l<jOs, 
 
 TU-uuvrat, 
 
 Deponent Verbs 
 
 May be properly called Defective Verbs, whose Active is 
 obsolete, and which want also some Tenses of the Passive 
 and Middle Voices. 
 
 Synopsis of the form of a Deponent Verb. 
 
 Pros. 
 Imper. 
 
 Indie. Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Inlin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 di^ofiat j 
 
 Zly-oo 
 
 -OlflTjV 
 
 -a) fiat 
 
 -effdai 
 
 -dfievoq 
 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 oiozytj.ai 1 
 inzoiyiir^ J 
 
 oioe-qo 
 
 eiTjv J 
 
 
 -yOai 
 
 -yfiivoq 
 
 P.-p Fut. 
 
 dediffofiai 
 
 
 -OlflTjV 
 
 
 -z ()(/.'. 
 
 -dfievoq 
 
 1 Aor.M. 
 
 £de£dfX7)v 
 
 d££-at 
 
 -atfJLTjV 
 
 -coftai 
 
 -affdai -oifievos 
 
 1 Fut. M. 
 
 di£-ofiat 
 
 
 -OlfLTjV 
 
 
 -effOai 
 
 -dfievos 
 
 1 Aor. P 
 
 ■nlylhy; 
 
 oiyO-vyr'. 
 
 -etqv 
 
 -w 
 
 -7y;ai 
 
 tic 
 
 I Fut. P. 
 
 deyd7jff-0fj.au 
 
 
 -olfltfV 
 
 
 -effdat -dfievof 
 
 Some Deponent Verbs have a Second Aorist Middle. 
 
52 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The Conjugation of a Verb, in each Voice, is as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Act. Torero). Fut. 1. roipio. Perf. -thuya. 
 
 Pass. TUTiTOfiai. Perf. riruppai. Aor. 2. kxuit-qv. 
 
 Mid. ruTZTo/xat. Fut. 1. ru(/'opac. Perf. riroita. 
 
 Dep. deyo/iai. Fut. 1. diSo/iat. Perf. diuey/iat 
 
 Oe Contracted Verbs. 
 
 Verbs of the Third Conjugation in -aw, -ew, -ow, are con- 
 tracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses only. 
 
 characteristics. 
 
 If a be followed by o or w, the contraction is made in to : 
 as, Ti/j.d(o, -&; otherwise in a : as, Ttfidetg, -aq. 
 
 If e be followed by another e, the contraction is made in 
 £i : as, (pilesj -sc'j if by o, in ou: as, <pd£op.ev } -oupsv) if by 
 any long quantity, the e is omitted : as, <pd£eq, -Aetg. 
 
 If the o be followed by a short Vowel, the contraction is 
 made in ou: as, ypvaos, -ou; if by a long Vowel, in w: as, 
 Zpvffda), -aw; if by a diphthong, drop the first Vowel of the 
 diphthong: as, xpuaoi'z, -aolq; except in the Present In- 
 finitive Active, wher<> {* pl&^e of oc, we meet ou : as, 
 
 %pU<jO£W } -GOUV. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 53 
 
 PBT.P.N. 
 
 3* 
 
 r Z> a* ■£ 
 
 c* c> £' 
 
 
 -G - 
 
 c i^i-ai 
 
 Genit. 
 
 -j g •;. 
 
 •^i O J~» 
 
 S*-^' »» 
 
 Bi Si 8) 
 
 ?. 5. & 
 
 tiev 
 
 e»*«' r< 
 
 Opt. Pr. 
 
 
 Imp. Pr. Imp. End. Pres. 
 
 >S -g ;J 
 
 nx, ox. ro>.N< -e <s 
 
 o to a c> ox. a, 
 $ § 5 S S s 
 
 &3 
 
 a 
 
 0) 
 
 nj 
 
 ox. 
 
 ■n 
 
 0) 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■'\ 
 
 <0 
 
 -if 
 •'1 
 
 
 a 
 <•> 
 
 i 
 
 0) 
 
 ox. 
 
 1 
 
 a, 
 
 TO 
 
 
 <■) nj „, 
 ■ i i 
 
 5. !2. a* 
 
 a a 2,-fi« 
 
 > 
 
 , , , , O 
 
 a, a> ox. a, i-3 
 
 0) TO TO TO ,__j 
 
 ^ m a> a 
 
 a i 
 
 $ O 
 
 c "> a s> r, K a s. — m 
 
 <y>^ Ox, ri> ^ c, to p» ■ ' ^ 
 
 ry ; v 
 
 c; a a> a a a» 
 
 Cf Ci Ci Ci c ' 
 
 /y.sv 
 
 //£V 
 
 »♦ §, 2. »' ^ 
 
 6« 
 
54 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 rtfi-dio, -a> j 
 krip-aov, -ov J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 as, -a 
 
 dot pi, wpt 
 
 dm, -(o 
 
 d.£iv, av 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 Ttp-7J(T(0 
 
 
 TjGOtpi 
 
 
 ■/]<J£LV 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 irip.-7]ffa 
 
 7] (70V 
 
 ■qaaip.i 
 
 VJffU) 
 
 rfiox 
 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 T£TC/JL-y]Xa | 
 
 irerc/i-yjxsiv J 
 
 rjxs 
 
 TjXOipi 
 
 7JXO) 
 
 Tjxivat 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 irtp-ov 
 
 £ 
 
 Ot fit 
 
 to 
 
 £~VJ 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 rip-w 
 
 
 olpc 
 
 
 £c; 
 
 Part. Pres. rtp-dwv, -aiv. Fut. 1. rtp.-rjcrwv. Aor. 1. Tip-rj<jo.q. 
 
 Perf. TeTtfjL-irjy.wq. Aor. 2. rtp-u>v. Fut. 2. rcp-wv. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 <pcX-iaj, -a> | 
 £<piA-sov } -ouv i 
 
 
 
 iw, -oj 
 
 
 Ira per. 
 
 =e 5 -c£ 
 
 iotpi, -oTpi 
 
 ££LV, -£lv 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 <pcX-rj<7(o 
 
 
 rjaotpA 
 
 
 Yj6£lV 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 ^.(fiX-iqffa 
 
 TjffOV 
 
 yjffatpt 
 
 rj(7(o 
 
 YjCat 
 
 Perf. 
 
 ~s(fiX-y]xa ] 
 i-stptX-rjxetv J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 7}X£ 
 
 yjxotpc 
 
 TjXO) 
 
 Tjxivat 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 £<ptX-OV 
 
 £ 
 
 oipx 
 
 U) 
 
 £~IV 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 (piX-GJ 
 
 
 01 fit 
 
 
 £lv 
 
 Part. Pres. (pcXiwv, -wv. Fut. 1. <ptX-iJG<i>v. Aor. 1. (ptX-rjaaq. 
 
 Perf. 7:£<ptX-y}'/.d>z. Aor. 2. <pd-w. Fut. 2. ^d-div. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 ypua-ow, •& \ 
 lypua-oov, vuv J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 oe } -ou 
 
 oocpt, -olpc 
 
 ooj, -cD 
 
 0£tV, OUV 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 ypua-diao) 
 
 
 (baoipx 
 
 
 (I)(T£IV 
 
 Aor 1. 
 
 iypua-waa 
 
 (1)<T0V 
 
 dxratpi 
 
 dura) 
 
 coffat 
 
 Perf. 
 
 y.sypu<r-a>xa | 
 ixzypua-ibxtv; J 
 
 
 
 
 wxivac 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 U)X£ 
 
 OJXOlUt CUXUJ 
 
 1 
 
 Part. Pres. xpua-dtov, -aJv. Fut. 1. xpua-wawv. Aor. 1. 
 
 XpufT-dxraq. Perf. X£ypu<J-wxd)q. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 55 
 
 TJ^Perf. Sce 
 
 ■o 2! 
 
56 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Ttp.-do-co-p.at ] 
 kTip.-ao-cb-p.rjv J 
 
 T£Tip-y)p.at J 
 h£Ttp.-rjp.7]v J 
 
 TjffO 
 
 dot -oj -pn\v 
 rjprjv 
 
 dco } -co 
 
 {-pat 
 co pat 
 
 d£ -a 
 
 \-ffdai 
 rjffdat 
 
 P.-p.F. 
 
 T£Ttp.-7]ffOp.at 
 
 
 rjffotprjv 
 
 
 rjcT£ffOai 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 £Ttp-rjdrjv 
 
 y)d~f]Tt 
 
 ■qd£ir l v 
 
 Geo 
 
 rjOyjvac 
 
 Fiit. 1. 
 
 Ttp.-7)0rjffopai 
 
 
 ■/)drj(70tp.7)v 
 
 
 rjdrjffSff- 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 k'Ttp.-TJV 
 
 TjOt 
 
 StTjV 
 
 CO 
 
 qvat [Oat 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 Ttp-YJffopat 
 
 
 TjCTOLp.'qV 
 
 
 rjff£ffOat 
 
 Part. Pres. Ttp.-a6-co-p.£voq. Perf. T£Tip-t]pivoq. P. -p. F. 
 
 Tsrtp-rjffopzvoq. Aor. 1 . Tt/j.-rj0£tq. Fut. 1. Tip.-7]drjff6p£voq. 
 
 Aor. 2. rip. etg. Fut. 2. Tip.-7jff6p.svoc;. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 cptX-io-oo-pai ] 
 
 t<ptX-£0-OU-p.7)V J 
 
 7C£(piX--qp.at ] 
 ^7V£(pd-rjprj> j 
 
 ioo-oo 
 rjffo 
 
 iot -oi -p.t]v 
 rjpTjv 
 
 iw } -co 
 
 {-pat 
 copat 
 
 i£ -el 
 
 [-ffdat 
 rjffOat 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 7t£(ptX-rj(Topa(. 
 
 
 TjffotprjV 
 
 
 yjcrsffdat 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 E<ptX-7Jd7]i> 
 
 rjOrjTt 
 
 rj0£L7]\> 
 
 TjOdJ 
 
 rjdqvat 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 cpiX-TjO-qaopat 
 
 
 rjdy]ffotp.rjv 
 
 
 r i Qr j G£ff- 
 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 £<piX-TjV 
 
 'qOt 
 
 £CTjV 
 
 CO 
 
 7 t vai \_6at 
 
 Fut. 2. 
 
 cptX-rjffopat 
 
 
 7}ff0tp.7]V 
 
 
 T]6~£ffdat 
 
 Part. Pres. <ptX-Eo-ob-p.£voq. Perf. TZ£cpiX-T)p£voq. P.-p. F. 
 
 7C£(piX-r)ff6p£voq. Aor. 1. cptX-rj d£iq. Fut. 1. <piX-rjdr)ff6p.£voq. 
 
 Aor. 2. cpiX-dq. Fut. 2. cpd-y}ff6p.£voq. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 ypoff-60-oo-p.ai, 
 kypbffoo-ob-prjv^ 
 y.£ypbff-copai ^ 
 b/.zypoff-ebp-qv ) 
 
 
 , , , L 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 000-00 
 
 001 -01 -p."f]V OU) t -LO 
 
 0£ -00 
 
 OiffO 
 
 QjpXjV 
 
 \-pai 
 
 cbpai 
 
 [■crdat 
 coffOai 
 
 
 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 xsypoffcbffopat 
 
 
 COffOtpTjV 
 
 
 ebffsffOat 
 
 Aor 1. 
 
 Eypbff-cbOrjv 
 
 cbOt]Tl 
 
 tod£LY]V 
 
 co 9 co 
 
 coOrjvat 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 ypoffcodrjtropat 
 
 
 coOyjffotprjV 
 
 
 -£ffdat 
 
 Part. Pres. %f>uff-oo-obpevoq. Perf. -/.£ypoff-cop(voq. P.-p. F. 
 
 X£ypoff-coff6p.£voq. Aor. 1. ypoff-coO£iq. Fut. 1. /P Uc " 
 
 w0y]ff6p.£voq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 57 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 (The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Ttftrfj(fO[xai 
 
 
 rjffoi/itjv 
 
 
 rjffsffOac 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 hrtfi-rjadfiTjv 
 
 rjfjo.i 
 
 rjffatfirjv 
 
 rjcrco/jiai 
 
 ■qGaoOat 
 
 Perf. 
 
 riri/x-a ) 
 
 izi-iij.-z , y J 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Pluper. 
 
 s 
 
 -OC/J.l 
 
 (X) 
 
 hai 
 
 2 Aor. 
 
 trtfi-6/irjV 
 
 ou 
 
 -o c/ttj v 
 
 -aJ/j.ai 
 
 iaOai 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 Tifi-oufiat 
 
 
 (j'./j.rjV 
 
 
 zXaOat 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. TtfjL-TqffOfievog. Aor. 1. rtfi-tiadfievoq. Perf. 
 
 -z-'.lj-ibq. Aor. 2. rt;i-6;j.s'M)q. Fut. 2. TifirOUfievoq. 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. | Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 <plA-r}oofiat 
 
 
 y&otfujv 
 
 
 rjcrsffOai 
 
 1 Aor. 
 
 tytA-r)<rdfir)v 
 
 ■r t <7U.l 
 
 7)<ratfiT}V 
 
 r J (jOJ/j.at 
 
 r t GaaOai 
 
 Perf. 
 
 -{(f'j.-a ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 - 
 
 01 fit 
 
 OJ 
 
 ivai 
 
 1 2 Aor. 
 
 £y>iA-6f±7)\> 
 
 DO 
 
 OlflTJV 
 
 oj\mi 
 
 ioOai 
 
 2 Fut. 
 
 tptA-ouLidt 
 
 
 OCflVV 
 
 
 eTeOai 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. ycA-TjaSfieuoq. Aor. 1. ptX-Tjffdfievoi;. Perf. 
 
 -;c:/-cy-. Aor. 2. (plX~6fievoq. Fut. 2. <pd-ou;j.zvoq. 
 
 1 Fut. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 your;- (oaofiat 
 
 
 WffOlflTjV 
 
 
 (bazaOai 
 
 1 . 
 
 iypuff-wffdfirjv (baat 
 
 axracfjonv 
 
 waw/iat 
 
 (ixrarrOat 
 
 Part. Fut. 1. xpua-atffSfievoz. Aor. 1. xpva-toffd[ievoq. 
 
 Formation of the Teni 
 
 In all tlie Voices, is the same as that of the Barytons; 
 but the First Future requires a long Vowel before aa : — 
 
 1. Except Verbs in cuo, which have e or t, also / or p 
 pure, I . form the Future in aaw, and the Perfect in 
 
 taca: as, idu> } laaa> } elaza. 
 
58 * GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Some have the Future in aau) and *qaco (poetically). 
 
 2. Some Verbs in eco form the Future in e<rw } and the 
 Perfect in exa : as, rekico. 
 
 Some have both terminations (poetically). 
 Some Dissyllables form the Future in zugco, and the Per- 
 fect in eoxa : as, Oiw, izlico, &c. 
 
 3. Some in oco have, in the Future and Preterperfect, a 
 penultimate o : as, dpoco, o/ioco. 
 
 The 2d Aorist is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting 
 the Vowel before ou : as, izi/j.aov } ert/iov j icptXeov, ecptXov. 
 
 Of Verbs in [it. 
 
 Verbs in p.i are formed from Verbs of the 3d Conjugation 
 of Barytons, in aco, eco, oco, and oco, — 
 
 First, by prefixing the Reduplication with i. 
 
 Second, by changing the co into fit. 
 
 Third, by lengthening the penultimate. 
 
 Thus, from crrdco is formed Itrtrjiu. 
 
 Oico rcdrj/it. 
 
 doco d[dw;j.i. 
 
 detxuuco deUvu/M. 
 
 The Reduplication occurs only in the Present and Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 When the first Consonant is repeated with t, it is called 
 the proper Reduplication : as, doco, dcdw/n. 
 
 If the Verb begin with a Vowel, with xt or ar, Aspirated 
 i only is prefixed : as, eco, tyfii ; nrdco, i7zrr)fii } &c. This is 
 called the improper Reduplication. 
 
 Some Verbs are without a Reduplication': as, <pr t <u, &c. 
 
 The Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist alone, are peculiar 
 to Verbs in fir, the other Tenses are regularly formed (with 
 some shades of exception) from Verbs in co pure : as, d&trat, 
 didcoxa, as if from doco. 
 
 Verbs in \u have no 2d Future, Perfect Middle, or 2d 
 Aorist Passive. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 59 
 
 - 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 . r 1. tOT-rjlUt -Tjq -Tjfft 
 
 -"1 
 
 -a ^ -doc 
 
 m < 2. ztO-7)iit -r,q -rjcrt 
 
 -£ V TOV 70V 
 
 -s y -;j.iv -7s -sift 
 
 ( O. O'.O-W/X'. -Oi^-WC. 
 
 +i 
 
 -0 \ -00(71 
 
 . ^ 1. ?<rr-^v -7j? -77 
 
 -a ~\ ""1 ~ a 1 
 
 g -j 2. trtff-TJV -Tjq -(] 
 
 -£ > TO 1 -g' V T7JV -£ V -//£V -T6 
 
 ~* (^3. ioio-wv -wq -io 
 
 -o ) -o J -o J [-<rav 
 
 14 Tl. sVr^v -r, ? -tj 
 
 -, i ^ i -o 
 
 g '« 2. £#-r y v -r y? -^ 
 
 -£ v rov -e >- r>jv -£ > -//sv -re 
 
 <! ( 3. ed-aw -oi^ -a> 
 
 -o J -^ ) -° ) \-oav 
 
 fc ( 1. 1<rr-a0i -a ") 
 
 fl - 2. r0-er« -£ Izto 
 £ ( 3. oio-oOi -6 j 
 
 
 
 -70V , -TOJV 
 
 7£, 7C0ffaV 
 
 
 
 2 Aor. ffT-TjOi -TJTCUj &C. 2. #-£? -c'rw, &C. 3. £-0?, -orw 
 
 ri ( torcu-Jjj/ "^ 
 
 h) f"~ ev 
 
 _. -j TtOei-TjV Vyq -r t 
 
 -r/-oy -rJTr^ f] y fiev -re -aav and •< -~ev 
 
 © {^ihooi-r^ J 
 
 u 
 
 2 Aor. 1. ar-afyv -at7)<;. 2. 0efyv -efys. 3. dotrjv-otr J q ) &C. 
 
 £ f 1. iar-ui-aq-a 
 
 •«) 
 
 "") 
 
 -J -( 2. Zi0-a)-7j'-7. 
 
 -io v zov -rov 
 
 -wixev -rj > -T£ -a5<7£ 
 
 K ( o. (j'jj-co-ojz-(p 
 
 • V 
 
 ~ V 
 
 -w ) 
 
 -w ) 
 
 2 Aor. 1. err-ai -jj^, &c. 2. 0w -5^, &c. 3. <S<5 -<S<r, &c. 
 
 Infix. Pies. 1. f<rr -avcu. 2. -ntf -cva:. 3. &<> -c>va:. 
 
 Aor. 2. tTC'^vatj OeXvat, douvat. 
 
 Present Participle. 
 
 ] l<77-dz, -0.0^ -dv. Gr. d/roz, -dfTTjZ, -dvrog. So Aor. 2. <rrtf£. 
 
 i. n0-ete, -e7<ra, -eV CI. &toc, -e£<rqs, -ivrog. So Aor. 2. 0efc. 
 
 3. dtd-obs f -odaa,-6y. Gr. dvroz, 'o6<njq } -6vroq. So Aor. 2.dou<;. 
 
 Formation op tiie Tenses. 
 The Imperfect 
 Is formed from the Present, by prefixing the Augment 
 (if the Verb begin with a simple Consonant), and changing 
 lit into v: as, Tt07}fit f faffaqv; but lornia makes ttmjv. 
 
 The Persons of the Imperfect arc seldom used ; these 3d 
 Persona Singular, larq and i~ : .0r n however, arc met with. 
 Th«- Singular Number, and the 3d Person l'lural, are fre- 
 quently formed as if from the Contracts i(77duj } -ivew, dtddto. 
 
60 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 1. "lttcov -aq -a [| -cov. 2. hcdoov -eiq -si || -oov. 3. kdldoov 
 -ooq -oo (I -oov. 
 
 So also the 2d Person Sing, of the Imperative : as, ?ora ; 
 rtdsi) didoo. 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 
 Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
 cation: as, irlOrjv, e07)v } r/]v, fy ; or by changing the improper 
 Reduplication t into the Augment : as, "ctttjv, e<myv. 
 
 If the Verb have no Reduplication, the Second Aorist is 
 the same as the Imperfect : as, <prj/M, ecpyv. 
 
 The other Tenses are formed from the Present of the 
 Barytons, regularly: as, crrdco, crzrjcrco, ecz-rjxa. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. | Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 „ 
 
 {(jT-fjiJ.L | 
 
 lax-'qv J 
 
 CTT-'/jfTCO 
 ecTZ-TjCTa 
 
 ear-rfxa ") 
 i<TT-7Jxetv J 
 e(TT-rf; 
 
 a&t 
 
 TJtTOV 
 
 y]xe 
 
 airjV 
 
 Tj(TO>.;U 
 TjfTUC/J.i 
 
 rjxoi/n 
 aiqv 
 
 CO 
 YjCJCO 
 
 yjxco 
 
 CO 
 
 dvai 
 
 rjcrai 
 Tjxivtu 
 
 rpai 
 
 as 
 
 yjcTcov 
 
 yjtras 
 
 TjXCOS 
 
 dq. 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Pluper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 rW-Tiiu | 
 
 hcO-TjU J 
 Orjcrco 
 eO-Tjxa 
 riO-ecxa | 
 ere0etxeiv 1 
 eO-rjv 
 
 stxe 
 Ok 
 
 etyv 
 
 rjcrotfJd 
 
 stxotfit 
 efyv 
 
 CO 
 
 six co 
 
 CO 
 
 iym 
 
 TJcTSlV 
 
 etxivat 
 
 eivai 
 
 rjcrcov 
 
 S.UCOS 
 
 Pres. 
 Imper. 
 Fut, 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Perf. 
 Plaper. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 didcbtxt "j 
 edid-cov J 
 deb-oco 
 ioco-xa 
 did-coxa | 
 idsdeoxeev J 
 ed-tov 
 
 oOc 
 
 iOXS 
 
 0$ 
 
 ofyv 
 
 (oaoi/u 
 
 (DXOtflt 
 
 olrjv 
 
 CO 
 
 coxco 
 
 CO 
 
 ovai 
 coffer; 
 
 toxin at 
 
 oovat 
 
 ohs 
 
 CO/JtOV 
 
 coxebs 
 obq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 61 
 
 CQ 
 
 O 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 ja B O W 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 O 1-3 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 *XA 
 
 
 
 ** S 5 U-l 
 
 H • a> m 
 
 o : 
 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 02 ~3 <="♦• ! 
 
 " ft 
 
 c - • 
 
 
 DO 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ft ^— ^ 
 
 M^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. OhCH ^ 
 
 f>>. R? «i £"• 
 
 1/ 
 
 ;1 
 
 '^ ;i 
 
 fO^ OOj ~> 
 R? H R. 
 
 R» H ~=» 
 
 
 
 £-> ^ r ~ ~ ft 
 ft a q r* r* ^ 
 
 § lo ft S 8 ft 
 
 -. <-, r, Ck 
 
 3 ?* ?> 7 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 2> JR^ ft 
 
 
 
 '£; 
 
 35 
 
 M 
 
 r» c^ rJ 
 
 R? <R> ' 
 
 R? Ri ^ 
 
 
 
 5. S, 2, 9 
 
 "15 ~r" "ft "ft* 
 
 -s* -a -5 -a 
 „« « « « 
 
 
 
 
 "5 ^ •§ 
 
 5 ^ R 
 
 93 
 
 1 
 
 a - 
 
 
 V s s*»~S»*s*-fti 
 
 ft 2 2 ft 
 
 © © R S 
 
 p 
 
 R 
 
 ft 
 
 R 
 O 
 
 ro 
 
 ft 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 R 
 
 o 
 
 R °> R 
 R 9 R 
 
 o o o 
 
 ft S ft 
 
 ft § R 
 ft ft ft 
 
 o o 
 
 
 Ri ' 
 
 R 
 
 H 
 
 
 -i >-t -t 
 
 5 5 £ 
 
 
 
 R> ' to 
 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 C C *" 
 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 bO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 "IS^S}' 
 
 R ^ ft 
 
 s a § 3 
 
 <^ R - R 
 ro 
 
 a, 
 
 ft 
 
 
 ft, 
 
 R 
 
 R: 
 c 
 
 ft 2 ft 
 'J 2 - 
 
 ft 2 ft 
 H j -i 
 
 ft ft ft 
 
 
 
 • §> ■ ^ ^ ■& 
 
 ft* r* r^ S 5 S» Ss 
 
 ©, • v: >; v 
 
 r. 
 
 'R N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^i R <•> ft 
 
 ro ro ro 
 
 R ^ R 
 CO ~ £ = 
 
 
 
 
 O, /o^ ft, 
 
 ro ro ro 
 
 R J R 
 v ^ $ 
 
 ro ro o> 
 
 Ri Ri <Rj 
 R R O 
 x; v: v 
 
 
 < 
 
 ■6 8- 
 
 S» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 < 
 
 ? ?* 
 
 pi 
 
 R? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 SRftS>"-ftftft 
 
 5 R> S> ?S* R> 3^ R> 
 
 Ri 
 
 1') 
 
 ft 
 
 R 
 
 R 5 ft 
 R R R 
 
 ? ^ ?? 
 
 R ro R 
 R R R 
 
 R R R 
 R R R 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 ' $ ^ v 
 
 r ° S « 
 
 •C V v 
 
 \: 
 
 « 
 
 <C 
 
 v ^ v 
 
 n: M >; 
 
 
 
 r,-^> ft; 
 
 a ft ft 
 
 l> 5 s §> 
 
 = « s 
 
 g » a 
 
 5' 9l. 5 n 
 
 S> 3 s ^ 
 
 «s «s c< 
 
 « <■ V 
 
 R> 
 
 a. 
 
 S 
 
 v- 
 
 R. 
 
 S 
 
 R, r»K ft, 
 R R R 
 
 R: fti Ri 
 
 .aT-a ^s 
 
 v: v v: 
 
 ft 2 ft 
 
 ft ft R 
 
 R R R 
 $ $ $ 
 
 
 
 s,_s.s. 
 
 R ro R 
 
 
 
 
 R^ ">, a 
 "g ^ "ft 
 
 .©* ©. a, 
 
 ft £ *?= 
 
 «) ro £ 
 
 RS <R> Rj 
 
 ft ft ft 
 
 •■J (■) <•) 
 a r r 
 
 <■) i'i (•) 
 ^ ?R 
 ft ft ft 
 
 
 
 
 <i ft5 Ri 
 ft ft ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 
 » ft ft 
 s» ^ « 
 
 C J5 R 
 
 5 5 5 
 
 Ri Ri Ri, 
 
 pj m (., 
 
 O 
 ft 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 R ro R 
 R R R 
 
 R R R 
 '■i ft c, 
 
 ft fo ft 
 3. a ft 
 
 ?>^R 
 
 2? 
 a 
 
 
 St Si S> 
 
 V V V 
 
 •i -i H 
 
 ft a n 
 
 R ro R 
 
 V v 5 
 H 1 •! 
 
 R R R 
 
 R 
 2 
 
 R. 
 c 
 
 a, 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 ft ro ft 
 v v- V 
 •1 '1 •! 
 
 ~ a s 
 
 ft r a 
 
 a m 5 
 ft a 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 g 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
62 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 Pres. 
 Iiiiper. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Optat. 
 
 Sub. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Iffz-afiat | 
 IffT-d/rfjV J 
 
 aero 
 
 aifiiqv 
 
 a/xat 
 
 aadai 
 
 dfxsvog 
 
 Perf. 
 
 effr-a/xat } 
 iffr-dfpqv J 
 
 
 
 „, 
 
 t 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 aao 
 
 aiiiTjV 
 
 cu/xcu 
 
 aaOat 
 
 ajxivos 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 iardff-o/xai 
 
 
 ot/nqv 
 
 
 sffdai 
 
 ofxtvoq 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 hcx-ad-qv 
 
 dOrjZi 
 
 aOzirp 
 
 aOaJ 
 
 adrjvat, 
 
 aOstg 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 <j~a0-/}G-O!J.ai 
 
 
 OlfJLTjV 
 
 
 sad at 
 
 6/xevoq 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Tcd-£fJ.at ") 
 &Tld-£fJL7)V J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 e<jo 
 
 e{/j.7]v 
 
 aj;xai 
 
 £(70ai 
 
 ipLSvog 
 
 Perf. 
 
 rid-et/xat ") 
 ired-etfirjv ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 euro 
 
 etfj.yv 
 
 co/xat 
 
 eladai 
 
 sipAvoq 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 redsid-o/j.ac 
 
 
 OtflTjV 
 
 
 eadai 
 
 ofisvoq 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 ir-i&qv 
 
 id'/]Ti 
 
 edehjv 
 
 eda> 
 
 edyvai 
 
 effefe 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 reOrjff-o/iat 
 
 
 OlflTjV 
 
 
 effOat 
 
 oiizvoq 
 
 Pres. 
 
 dtd-o/j.ai "1 
 sdcd-6/rrjv J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imper. 
 
 OGO 
 
 oc/nqv 
 
 w/xat 
 
 OGdai 
 
 6;xsvoq 
 
 Perf. 
 
 did-o/xat | 
 £ded-6/A7]V i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluper. 
 
 0(TO 
 
 oifLiqv 
 
 co/xac 
 
 ogOolc 
 
 6jx£>oq 
 
 P.-p. F. 
 
 3sd6<7-o{j.at 
 
 
 ol;xiqv 
 
 
 cgOo*: 
 
 6/xsvos 
 
 Aor. 1. 
 
 13-oO-qv 
 
 60-qrt 
 
 O0£t7jV 
 
 odaj 
 
 odr^ai 
 
 o0el<; 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 
 doQrjG-otj.ai 
 
 
 Ot/JLTJV 
 
 
 tadai 
 
 6/xsvoq 
 
 Formation or the Tenses. 
 
 The Present 
 
 Is formed from the Present Active, by changing fit into 
 fiat, and the long penultimate Vowel into its correspondent 
 short one: as, ?<rny ( a{, r (arafxai' } r(07jixc } r(0srxaf } except ayrxai, 
 and some others. 
 
 The Imperfect 
 
 Is formed from the Present, by changing fiat into pqv, and 
 prefixing the Augment : as, Ti0sfj.at, htdifjLTjv. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 63 
 
 The other Tenses are formed after the manner of the 
 Barytons : the Perfect has the penultimate short, except 
 wifietfiatj poetically; which, however, is made short in the 
 1st Aorist, hzOrjV. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Ind. Aor. 2. — 1. iffr-dfiyv, -aao or -w, &c, as lardfiijv. 
 
 2. iO-ifj-^v, -sffo or -ouj &c, as frtOSfiyv, 3. £d-6[i7]v } -o<ro or 
 -uu } as Idtddfnqv. 
 
 IMPERAT. Aor. 2. — 1. gto.<jo } as loxaao. 2. Qiao or Oou, 
 as ridzGo. 3. doffo or Sou, as didoao. 
 
 Opt. Aor. 2. — 1. (TTai/iyv, as £<7T6u'a?yy. 2. Oeifxyjv, as rr- 
 WeifOjv. 3. doifir]v f as dcdutfiyv. 
 
 So i» Sub. Aor. 2. — 1. trcai/iat. 2. Ow/mc. 3. ddj/j.at } &c. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 (The Present and Imperfect arc the same as the Passive.) 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 Indi< 
 
 ffr-7j<rofiat 
 
 k<jT~r)od(xr)v 
 
 lar-dfiyv 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Tjffat 
 dffo 
 
 Optat. Sub. 
 
 rjaot[xr)v 
 
 YjffaiflTJV 
 
 a(fir]v 
 
 Tjffatfiat 
 
 (Tjfj.ac 
 
 Infin. 
 
 rjaeaOat 
 yjrro.fj Oat 
 i La ax 
 
 Part. 
 
 rjtjorj.zvoq 
 rjfT'i.n.zvos 
 diJ.ZMOq 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Aor. 2 
 
 9-TJao/j.at 
 
 &0-7]x&farjv i not used farther. 
 
 Id-ifAfjV lao \zt/j.rj> \wij.at 
 
 r}ve<70ai 
 
 iffQat 
 
 YjffOfI£VO$ 
 
 £;j.evoq 
 
 Fut. 1. 
 Aor. 1. 
 Aor. 2. 
 
 d-tbffofjtat \ \u)cfi)ii):r t ',>\ 
 
 Kd-ioxdfirjv, not used farther. 
 
 id-6f!7)V \6<JO \()'.<i:r l '; \Qfiat 
 
 cuaznUoA 
 
 offOat 
 
 anjofievot 
 
 oaevos 
 
 The Second Aorist 
 Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
 cation: as, frt0ifi7)v } &0£fi7)v. 
 
64 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Verbs in u/m 
 
 Are formed from Verbs in oco, by changing a/ into fit : as, 
 detxvufii from Sstxvuw ; ££uyvujj.t from ^eoyvbct). 
 
 Verbs in u;« have neither Reduplication, n^r Optative, 
 or Subjunctive Mood; and when they have & 2d Aorist, 
 it is the same as the Imperfect. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. Zeopfi-Vfiij ~ug, 
 
 D. -OTOV, 
 
 P. Zevyv-o/isv, -ure, 
 
 -oat. 
 
 -UTOV. 
 
 -vat. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 S. Kevyv-Wj -U£, 
 
 D. -VTOV, 
 
 P. ^euyv-op.£V f -vze 7 
 
 -u. 
 
 -OT7]V. 
 -VGOLV. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 £evyv-u@i } -vzu). 
 
 ^euyv-vrov, -vtwv 
 
 £euyv-UT£, -UTWffav. 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. _ 
 
 Present. Present. 
 
 £euyv-vvat. . N. ^eoyv-bg, -oca, -uv. 
 
 Gr. Zeuyv-uvroc, -Uffyq, -vvToq, &C. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 65 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 s. 
 
 ^svyv-o;j.a'.j 
 
 -ueat, 
 
 -oral. 
 
 D. 
 
 Zeiyv-uf££0ov f 
 
 -U(j8o>, 
 
 -vffOov. 
 
 P. 
 
 ^zuyv-v^xsOa, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 -ovrat. 
 
 S. 
 
 ££euyv-upL7)Vj 
 
 -0(70, 
 
 -UTO. 
 
 D. 
 
 &£eojv-ofie0ov f 
 
 -oadovj 
 
 -oadrp 
 
 P. 
 
 £Zeujv-up£0a t 
 
 -oaOt, 
 
 -OVTO. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 ^eoyv-oao, 
 
 ZeOyv-UffOov, 
 
 Zzbyv-uaOz, 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 £euyv-u<jOat. 
 
 -OdOll). 
 
 -vffOajv. 
 -uffOaxjav. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 Csuy\>-Orj.£v-os, -7], -ov. 
 
 Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
 
 . , f Pros. 
 
 Act. 1 T 
 
 } Imp. 
 
 Pass. \ T 
 
 ( imp. 
 
 Indie. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Part. 
 
 Zeuyv-ufii ) 
 
 Zebyv-vpai \ 
 &ZeuyV'6ftr]v j 
 
 -0O1 
 •vao 
 
 -vvai 
 
 -O(i0at 
 
 -fyc. 
 
 Of Irregular Verbs in fit. 
 There are three Conjugations of Irregular Verbs in /u, 
 each of which contains three Verbs. 
 
 6* 
 
 . 
 
GREEK. RUDIMENTS. 
 
 From em are derived, 
 
 1. eifi\ to be; elfit and l' Wh to go. 
 
 2. t Wh to send; faac, to sit; efyat, to clothe one's self. 
 
 3. zeT^, to lie down; U m , to know; „/*, to say. ' 
 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 -P^s^dlf " t09 °' We been C01 ^ ated bef -> 
 
 
 "fyfii, to go. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 D 
 
 P. co/iev, 
 
 i ere. 
 
 cerov 
 leTffc. 
 
 P. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 hcav. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present, 
 hvai. 
 
 kit). 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 istS, fcvroq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 67 
 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. h-ficu, 
 
 -<TOUj 
 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. lifteeov, 
 
 -adov, 
 
 
 -(T0OV. 
 
 P. ii/i£0a, 
 
 -ads, 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 -vrat. 
 
 S. H'fOQVj 
 
 -(TO, 
 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. UrpsOw, 
 
 ~<jdov, 
 
 
 •ffdr t v. 
 
 P. U-;j.tOa, 
 
 -eadsy 
 
 
 ~VTO. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 "eao } HgOw. 
 
 
 lilisv-oq, -r) } -ov 
 
 
 "Irj/it, to send. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. »4p4 
 
 Efffj 
 
 
 ITJGt. 
 
 D. 
 
 JsTOV 
 
 
 hov. 
 
 P. Ufiev, 
 
 UTS, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 lei at. 
 
 S. ftp. 
 
 fye, 
 
 
 h 
 
 D. 
 
 leTov } 
 
 
 hrr^. 
 
 P. fe/iey, 
 
 Uze } 
 First Future. 
 
 
 Izaav. 
 
 S. fo-iu, 
 
 -«C, 
 
 
 -£t. 
 
 D. 
 
 -ZTOV, 
 
 
 -ZTOV 
 
 P. fia-ouLtv. 
 
 -ere. 
 
 
 -OUfft. 
 
68 
 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 First Aorist 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Y]xa. 
 
 
 elxa. 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 dxew. 
 
 S. fc 
 
 
 *> 
 
 5- 
 
 D. 
 
 p. 'ipa, 
 
 
 r irov y 
 fa* 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 g 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 
 hdc, 
 
 Feroi. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 hrov } 
 
 "era>v 
 
 P. 
 
 
 r/ 
 
 <Vrw<;ay. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fjxov. 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 elxs. 
 
 S. 
 
 
 h, 
 
 £TCD. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 irovj 
 
 ercuv. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 he, 
 
 hcoaav. 
 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 S. iei-7j\> } 
 D. 
 
 P. te(-7]/J.£V 
 
 > 
 
 -V}TOV f 
 
 -7JT7JV. 
 
 First Future, 
 rjffot/j.t. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 SUOl[Xt. 
 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 P. eiyfiev, 
 
 
 -7)T0V, 
 
 -7]<rav. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 S. luij 
 
 l fc, 
 
 
 «• 
 
 D. 
 
 lr t zov, 
 
 
 Irjrov. 
 
 P. IwpLcV, 
 
 lyre, 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 tGfft. 
 
 S. eh-ajf 
 
 *&> 
 
 
 -»• 
 
 D. 
 
 ^TOVj 
 
 
 ~r)TOV. 
 
 P. eh-wfxev, 
 
 • -I)™, 
 
 
 -&GI. 
 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 S. w, 
 
 fa 
 
 
 r 
 
 D. 
 
 fJTOV, 
 
 
 fjTOV. 
 
 P. WflTjV, 
 
 r t T£, 
 
 
 wfft. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 First Future. 
 
 levai. 
 
 
 
 tfeew. 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 Second Aorist 
 
 ef/t&ku* 
 
 
 
 ehat. 
 
 
 PAKTICIPLES. 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 First Future. 
 
 fefc, teTaa.) liv. 
 
 
 7j<7WVj 
 
 '7iaooffa ) fjaov 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 Second Aorist 
 
 ))<;, elxula, e[/.6q. 
 
 
 ICE. 
 
 elaa, h. 
 
 
 PASSIVE VO 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. Uyuu, 
 
 -go.:, 
 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. -fxsOoVj 
 
 -(TOo'/j 
 
 
 -ffOov. 
 
 P. -iizOa, 
 
 -gOz, 
 
 
 -vrac. 
 
70 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 S. l£-[Arjv, 
 
 -(TO, 
 
 D. -/xedov, 
 
 -ffdOVy 
 
 P. -fieda, 
 
 -adsy 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 S. e1-/xai } 
 
 -mi. 
 
 D. -nedov, 
 
 -gOoVj 
 
 P. -{leOa, 
 
 -(T0£, 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 S. e"-p>7}y, 
 
 -(TO, 
 
 D. -fisdov. 
 
 -adovj 
 
 P. -fisda, 
 
 -ads, 
 
 P-p. Future. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 elaofxcu. 
 
 s07)v and eWrjv. 
 
 'TO. 
 
 ■vro. 
 
 -rat. 
 
 -adov. 
 
 -vrai. 
 
 -TO. 
 
 -ffdrjv. 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 First Future. 
 iOrjao/xat 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Present and Imperfect are like the Passive. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 S. fa-dp.yv, 
 D. -dfj.edov y 
 
 -d,ueda. 
 
 S. 7](T-Op.ac } 
 
 D. -o/j.s0ov } 
 P. -o/j.e0a, 
 
 D. easd, 
 
 ov. 
 
 P. efieda, 
 
 -aadov, 
 -aade, 
 
 First Future. 
 
 -ecdov, 
 -eaOs } 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 S(70 } 
 
 eadov, 
 
 -a.TO. 
 
 -dadrjv 
 
 -avTo. 
 
 -£TCU. 
 
 -eaOov. 
 •ovtcu. 
 
 ho. 
 
 eadrjv. 
 
 e\>To. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 71 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 S. 2 go, IgOuj. 
 
 D. iffdov, IgOiov. 
 
 P. egOsj laOuiGav. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 First Future 
 
 
 S. -fjaoi-iir^j 
 
 
 -°9 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. -ftG0OV, 
 
 
 -ffffoVj 
 
 -g6yjv 
 
 P. -fi£0a } 
 
 
 -gOs, 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 
 Second Aorist. ' 
 
 
 S. et-fiyv, 
 
 
 -0} 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. -ftseov, 
 
 
 -GOO';, 
 
 -gOt/V. 
 
 P. -ixeOa, 
 
 
 -gOs, 
 
 -VTO. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 S. w/xat, fa rJTac. 
 
 D. io/xeOov, ^gOo'Jj ^gOov. 
 
 P. &fLe0O) -fjGOSf utvTat. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 First Future. Second Aorist. 
 
 t^gzgOuc. IgQo.i. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 First Future. Second Aorist. 
 
 rjGo/ievoq, -rj } -ov. 2/j.ev-oq, -r) } -ov. 
 
 
79 
 
 ** GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 r H[iat, to sit. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Present. 
 S. <M m , j}™, fjrac. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 S. W, fro, fa. 
 
 P. fjfisOa, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 ijvto. 
 
 8. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 V™, fj<70a>. 
 
 fo° s , fjff0wffay. 
 
 INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. D 
 
 r „ Present. 
 
 TjffOac. 
 
 TJfteiHfg, -7], 
 
 Elfiat, to clothe one's self. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present and Perfect. 
 S. E\-i±<u. mffat 
 
 p _ aa h -rat and -trrac, 
 
 ~ shrac. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 P- <%m sUo and i«o, eho, eUro, hero and ?«■„. 
 
 eforo. 
 
 First Aorist. 
 S. eWw^& w .^ V; ^ _^ 
 
 p "j^' -«^", ^„. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 73 
 
 \esent and Perfect. 
 
 
 First Aorist 
 
 £lp.ivo<;. 
 
 
 kaadftevoq 
 
 Ketfuu, to lie down. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 8. Ks7-fiat } 
 
 -aai y 
 
 -rat. 
 
 D. -fieffoVj 
 
 -aOuv, 
 
 -aOov. 
 
 P. -fisOa, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 -VTO.I. 
 
 8. hte^fiyv, 
 
 -<JO f 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. -fieOov, 
 
 -oOov, 
 
 -ffOrjV. 
 
 P. -fieOa, 
 
 -ffOs, 
 First Future. 
 
 -vro. 
 
 3. xeia-ofiatj 
 
 "to 
 
 -ex at. ■ 
 
 D. -6/ieOov, 
 
 -effOov, 
 
 -eaOov. 
 
 P. -ofjisOa, 
 
 -zgOs, 
 
 •ovrat 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 xelaoj 
 
 xet'ffOtt). 
 
 D. 
 
 xslaOov, 
 
 xziaQwv. 
 
 P. 
 
 xsTffOs, 
 
 xsiaOuoaav. 
 
 OPT/ JIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 S. xeot-fiyv, 
 
 '<>> 
 
 -TO. 
 
 D. •fteffov } 
 
 -ffOov, 
 
 -gOi)v. 
 
 P. -fieOa, 
 
 -ffOe, 
 
 -vro. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 Present. First Aorist. 
 
 xiw/iai. xztffw/xat. 
 
 1 
 
74 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. Present. 
 
 xeTaOat, xsifiev-os, -7] } -ov. 
 
 * lei) fit, to know. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. *I<T-7)flt, -7J<r, -7)<Tt. 
 
 D. -arov, -aro 
 
 P. ~a.fj.ev and fiev, -are and re, -act. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 S. tff-TjV, -v}<;, -7j. 
 
 D. -arov, 'drqv. 
 
 P. -a,asv ; -are, -aaav and ay. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 S. -{a-adt and -0:, -orw and to. 
 
 D. -arov and -tov ; -oYwv and ~zwv. 
 
 P. -are and re, -drtoaav, tuhjclv, and rov. 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. Present, 
 
 hdvai. teas, -<ra, -v. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 b. iffa-fiat, -ecu, -rat. 
 
 D. -fxsdov, -cdovy -adov. 
 
 P. -iizOa, -ads, -vrai. 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 S. iaa-iir^, 
 
 D. -fiSOOVy 
 
 P. - t us6a, 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 XaaaQai. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 -70. 
 ~VTO. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present, 
 ladtizv-oq, -7], 
 
 75 
 
 S. <pw\ 
 D. 
 
 P. (fOL'lh, 
 
 S. ecr t v } 
 
 D. 
 
 $r) t ui } to say. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 (park, 
 Imperfect. 
 
 P. -aftey, 
 
 S. ipr l <7-ui ) 
 
 D. 
 
 P. -ofiyv, 
 
 S. $<pv)<T-a } 
 
 D. 
 
 P. -afiev, 
 
 S. e(f-r^, 
 
 D. 
 
 -are 
 
 ■ZTOV, 
 
 -ere, 
 
 P. -JJ//SV, 
 
 First Future. 
 
 -arov, 
 -are, 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 -rjr £) 
 
 <pr t Gi. 
 
 <pa.Tov. 
 
 (paai. 
 
 ■dryv. 
 
 -acav and -av. 
 
 -St. 
 
 -erov. 
 
 -dZTjV. 
 
 -av. 
 
 ■rjrrjv. 
 
 -T/GaV. 
 
76 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 <pd6>, 
 
 <pd~ov, 
 (par's, 
 
 
 <pd.TQJ. 
 
 <pdra>v. 
 (pdrwaoL* 
 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. <pal-y]v, 
 
 D. 
 
 p f -r)p.ev, 
 
 -TjTOV, 
 -TjTS, 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 
 -yjtrav. 
 
 -ev. 
 
 S. (pTJa-aitii) 
 
 D. 
 
 P. -atfiev } 
 
 -acq, 
 
 -atrov, 
 
 -airs, 
 
 
 -at. 
 
 ~aiT7)V. 
 
 -atsv. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 S. 0(O, 
 
 D. 
 
 P. (p&txzv^ 
 
 MTOV, 
 
 
 <frj~ov. 
 <pdat. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Present. 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 Present. 
 
 <pdvai. 
 
 
 <p&q 
 
 (fdaa, <pdv 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 
 Fi? 
 
 'st Future. 
 
 tp^aai. 
 
 
 
 <prj<T(ov. 
 
 Second Aorist. 
 
 
 First Aorist. 
 
 rfyat. 
 
 
 
 ?y*a$. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Perfect. Perfect. 
 
 xlyta-ai. ~£<pd<jduj. 
 
 77 
 
 INFINITIVE, 
 
 izscpdadai. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 TteyafffAzv-oS) fjj ov. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 s. 
 
 <pa-fj.at, 
 
 -cat, 
 
 -rat. 
 
 I). 
 
 -fieOov, 
 
 •000V, 
 
 -aOov. 
 
 p. 
 
 -/xeOa, 
 
 -<j0£, 
 
 -vrat. 
 
 Imperfect and Second Aorist. 
 S. tyd-ftyV) -<ro, -to. 
 
 D. -tizOov, -ffOovj -ffOyv. 
 
 P. -jieOa, -doOs, -vro. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 Pi' sent. 
 
 s. 
 
 (fda 
 
 -", 
 
 •0(o. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 -Oov, 
 
 -Ocov. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 -<fe, 
 
 -OioGa;. 
 
 FIXITIVE. 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 
 
 Prea nt. 
 
 <fdcO<u. 
 
 
 
 :vo?, -7], -ov 
 
 7- 
 
78 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Of Verbs in <y/.o>. 
 
 Verbs in gxcd resemble Verbs in fit, and, like them, are 
 derived from Verbs in aw, ew, ow, and ow, by placing ax 
 before w, which they preserve only in the Present and Im- 
 perfect. 
 
 The other Tenses are formed from their Primitives. 
 
 Frjpdffxw, yspdcw, ysyvjpaxa, to grow old', from yr^pdoj 
 
 ^Apiaxw, dpiaw, yjpsza, to please ; from dpiw. 
 
 Bogxw, j36<7(d, fiifioxa, to feed ; from flow. 
 
 Medoaxw, psOuaw, pspJOuxa, to make drunJc; from fieObw. 
 
 Many Verbs in axw, like Verbs in p.t, prefix a Reduplica- 
 tion : as, dtdpdaxw, to run, from dpdw } Stducrxw, to dress, 
 from duo) • Tzi7cpday,w, to sell, from ~pdoj. 
 
 Verbs in axw, which have a Second Aorist, borrow it 
 from the kindred Verbs in fit: as, aliaxw, Aor. 2. ijXwvy 
 j3pd>(Txw, Aor. 2. efipwv, yivwaxw, Aor. 2. eyvwvj as if from 
 dXwpt, fipaifLij yvdjfj.1. 
 
 Of Impersonal Verbs. 
 
 Impersonal Verbs have only the Third Person Singular 
 of each Tense, and, in Participles, only the Neuter Gen- 
 der : they have commonly the sign it, before them in Eng- 
 lish : as 
 
 Ae7, it belwovcth ; Imperf. idet: 1st Aor. idirjtrs'j 1st Fut. 
 dsyj<T£L' f Optat. Pres. diot- Infin. dsTv, dsyfrer;, dzrJGat] Part. 
 Siov, derjcbv, dsrjffdv. 
 
 AoxsT , it scemeih ; Imperf. kdo'xst; 1st Fut. dozet \ 1st Aor. 
 edoge ) Part, doxouv. 
 
 Dpinetj it becometh; Imperf. inpinet} Infin. icpsieeiv} 
 Part, -pi-ov. 
 
 *Av7Jxsi, it is proper; Imperf. foyxs; Part, avijxov. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 79 
 
 IJpovrjxst, it is convenient ; Imperf. itpoffyxe) Part 
 ppparjxov. 
 
 MiXeCj it is minded; Imperf. epsXe; 1st Aor. kpiX-qffe] 
 1st Fut. peXrjffet. 
 
 Xfjrj, for xp/j(Tt } it behooveth; Irnperf. i'zpr^ or XPWi 
 1st Fut. XP^ ffet > I n fi Q - XP% val o r ZPV-'' 
 
 Many Verbs, in the Passive Voice, are taken imper- 
 sonally : as, Xdyeraij it is reported; etpaprat, it is decreed; 
 etpyrat, it has been said } &e. 
 
 Irregular Verbs. 
 
 A. 
 
 Alpioj, to take; atprjaw, gpijxa; (£Xto) elXov, elXopyv, i?.u>, 
 fX o op at j e IX dpi} v . 
 
 AlaOdvopaty to perceive; (alcOiui) aicOrjcjorj.cu, f i aOr l >xo.t ) 
 rjaOopqv. 
 
 t AXiaxw i to take; (dXoat) dlcoaaj^ -ffopat, yp.axra, fjXatxa and 
 idXu/xa, fjXwpac, ijXwv, and id?.wv. 
 
 l Apaprdvo) i to sin ; (dpapritu) dpapnjaat) -copai, r^idprr^aa^ 
 -x'L) -paly fjpaprovj poet. ypflpoTov. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baivuty to go; (ydcui) ftrjeo/xai, e,3rj(ja, iftrjffdpyv, ftifirjxa, 
 .pat; (ffipt) efav. 
 
 BdXXvjy to cast; (iaXG> } eftaXov} (pl(tii) fiJ.rjffw, pifiXiqxa, -patj 
 ifjXTJOy v } pXy Orjao wax . 
 
 /'. 
 
 Fivopat, yfyvopat, to be; (yeviw) yevijaopat, tyeyqffdprjv, yz~ 
 yivijpai} tyevrj&qv, iyevdpqv, yiyova. 
 
 Tt\>d)axu)y ytyvdxjxWj to know; (rvdat) yvdkTat, -opat, eyvwxa, 
 -(7'jiai, IpHoaOyV) yvwfthjtropat j (yv&pi) eyvatv. 
 
 A. 
 Ad/.';«>, to bite; (difxo>) dijZwj -opai, $dr)£a } oioy/Uy -ypat, 
 idrj^OijVj idaxov. 
 
80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 E. 
 
 * Epyopat, to come; (kkeoOoi) Utbaopat, ijXeuffa, rjXuOov, by 
 Sync. yXOov, rjluOa, and iXrjXuOa. 
 
 Ebpiffxu), to find) (ebpeui) ebpyjffuj, ebprjffdprjv, eupyjxa, -paij 
 eupidyv, e6ps07Jffo/jLat } sbpov, eupoprjv. 
 
 "Eya) } to have; iga), (jryiui) ayrjeto, -opat, e<ryr)xa, -fiat, 
 kffyi&Tjv, ffysdrjffo/JLO.t, k'ffyov, iayop.r^ • (ayr}p.C) 2 Aor. Imp 
 ayiq. 
 
 9 
 
 9v7J<?xa>) to die; Ovrjzaj , (dvdu)) riOvrjxa, zidvaa, ridvsixa, 
 and zidveta, reOveibq, -waa, -wroq j (Orjvto) edavov, davovpai. 
 
 I. 
 t Ixv4ofiai } to come; (Jxw) -%op.ai, l^dp.7jv f \ypai, IxoprjVj 
 
 (rip- \ - f. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aayydvuu, to obtain by lot; (Xrjy<t>) Xtj^w, -opat, XiXyya, 
 Att. etXyya, -ypat, eXayov, XiXoyya. 
 
 Aapfidva), to receive; (Xyjftai) Xrj<popat, XiX.-qoa, Att. dXf}<pa, 
 XiXfjppat, Att. eiXrjppat, kXy<pdrjv, Att. eVA'/j<pOrjV, X.Tjcpdijaopat, 
 sXaftov, iXafiopyv. 
 
 AavOdvto, to lie hid; (XvjOa*) Xrj<ra>, -opat, XAX.^apat, and Xi 
 Xaepat, IXTJffdyv, eXaOov, iX.a06p.TjV, XgXyOa. 
 
 31. 
 
 MavOdvto, to learn; (padiui) paOrjffopat, ipadr t adprjv, pepa- 
 Orjxa, k'padav. 
 
 Mipvrjtrxo}, to remember; (pvdui) pvijffa*, -opat, epv-qaa, 
 tpvytrdfiyv, pip.vrjp.at, pspvr^opat, ipvrjaOyv, pvyaO-qGopcu. 
 
 0. 
 
 "OXXopt or dXXvaj, to destroy; (dXico) oXiaw, ibXzaa, a>Xexa, 
 Att. SXwXsxa, wXepai, dtXiffdyv, 5)Xov, 3Xa>, (vXoprjV, dXoopat, 
 <I>Xa, Att. uXioXa. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 81 
 
 n. 
 
 Udayio, to suffer; (jzrjOco) mjaofiac, Bceot. izsiffopat, %-rjcra, 
 eizaOov, iziirqOa; (izaOiw) rcadTJaio, ir.dOr^aa, •n&TtdOfiXa\ (jzlvduj) 
 ninovOa. 
 
 Il'^cu and -aJ/xt, to drink j (izoto) -ohtco, xi-toxa, -pac, and 
 ~£-opa'. } k-oOr^'j (jziai) itiofiai, r.iaopai, exiov, moo fiat) (jzlpt) 
 rJ.Ot. 
 
 Uhcrto, to fall; (jztuoj) tttw^w, ~l~za)xa, iienTews, 7re7roya>c, 
 ff£7rraig; (jzz.gIuj') z-sgov, -zGoopai 
 
 T. 
 
 Tr/.ra), to bring forth) (jixui) ri^aj, -opat, kriyOr^^ ersxov, 
 izexopr^, riroxa. 
 
 Tpfyto, to run ; Opi~w, (ppapiai) dzdpdpr t xa, -pat', (bp(pu)) 
 tdpapov, opapoopo.'., didpotiat. 
 
 Tuyydxaj, to happen; (royjio) zuyjaa), irbyqaa, T£Tvyrjxa; 
 (rebyoj) reu^opai, rheoya, tiro/fiat, rerb^opat, i~byOr t v, 
 eroyo>. 
 
 <t>ipa), to hear ; (otai) <h<7(jj, ol'ffopau, ofdOrjV, oXaOr^apai) 
 (kviyxot) r^tyxa, rfveyxdfiiqv, y^/^j rj-ssyxov, ijvefxdirqv ; 
 (:v/zw) rjvetxa, ijvetxd(ir)V, ijvetxov', (blyui) br^oya; (jfopico) 
 yopTJaaf, tydpTjffdj -tcop-^pa:. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Those which require particular notice, as distinguished 
 from the Latin, are the following : signifying 
 
 In a place, ending in Oa, Ot, yr n y<>>>, ot, and ou : as, iv- 
 TavOa, oupawOty -ayrayr n and ~fJ>ro.y(r> } -zoo?, olxol. 
 
 Motion from a place, in Oe and Of; : as, oupavdde and < 
 pavoOfs. 
 
 Motion to a place, in or, ~z } m ) and n>. : as, oupavdvde 
 nbpav6<re, yap.a£e. 
 
82 greek rudiments 
 
 Adverbial Particles, 
 Used only in composition, a or av, signifying 
 
 Privation, from aveo, without: as, avudpos, without water. 
 Increase, from ayav, much: as ; a'^uXoq, much wooded. 
 Union, from a/xa, together: as, olo%oq, a consort. 
 
 The following signify increase: 
 
 apt, from apco, to furnish. 
 fioo, from fioug, an ox. 
 fipi, from fipiObq, strong, 
 da, from daabq, thick. 
 epi, from sl'pu>, to connect. 
 Xa, JEolice, for da. 
 la, from Xiav } much. 
 X>, the same. 
 
 Ao<; signifies difficulty: as ; duaruxiio, to be unhappy. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 There are eighteen Prepositions : six Monosyllables : efc, 
 h or £!;, iv, npd, Tzpoq, and abv : twelve Dissyllables : dp.<p\, 
 iya, avri, dito, did, £-\, xard, /xsrd, rrapd, Ttsp), v~kp, and 6-6. 
 
 General Signification of Prepositions in 
 Composition. 
 
 *A;j.(p\, 1. about, around. 2. doubt. 
 'Avd, 1. again, bach. 2. upwards. 
 *Avt\, 1. opposition. 2. return, instead. 
 A-d, 1. separation. 2. privation, away. 3. much. 
 AtA, 1. through. 2. division. 
 Eiq } in, to. 
 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 83 
 
 'E/. or gf, from, out of. 
 
 '£;, in. 
 
 9 Eit\ 1. addition. 2. -wpoft. 3. attach. 
 
 tfara, 1. completion. 2. downwards. 3. opposition. 
 
 Mszd, 1. participation. 2. change. 
 
 Ilapd, 1. wear. 2. oe?/cm<i. 3. comparison. 
 
 lisp), 1. aooz<*. 2. superiority. 
 
 Tlpb, 1. oe/ore. 2. forwards. 
 
 IJpdc;, 1. motion towards. 2. conjunction, relation. 
 
 Zuv, together, loith. 
 
 l Y-kp, 1. oyer. 2. beyond. 3. /or. 
 
 Ttto, 1. under, from below. 2. diminution. 3. secretly. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 THE NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 
 
 A Neuter Plural is generally joined to a Verb Singular : 
 as, aarpa (patvevm. 
 
 A Dual Nominative is often found with a Verb Plural : 
 as, ajicpu) Myovffi; but not a Plural Nominative with a 
 Dual Verb. 
 
 THE SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 
 
 An Adjective of the Masculine Gender is sometimes 
 construed with a Feminine Substantive : as, ro> yuvcuxe. 
 This construction would appear intended to dignify the 
 female sex : we meet in Euripides, in reference to Al- 
 cestis, ol 7rpo0vrj<rxovT£s ; where she is introduced, using 
 not only the Masculine Gender, but the Plural Number. 
 The Masculine Article appears to be limited to the Dual 
 Number. 
 
 A Substantive is sometimes used as an Adjective: as, 
 yXwcaav, EXldda kdida^s:. Thus in English, "sea water," &c. 
 
 The Substantive is often changed into a Genitive Plural, 
 preceded by a Pronoun or Article : as, ol dyaOol rcDv d>6pd>- 
 
 7ZIOV. 
 
 THE RELATIVE AND ARTICLE. 
 
 The Relative often agrees with its antecedent in case by 
 
 attraction: as, £v ralq ioprdiq, aXq ijyopLTjv. The Relative, 
 
 in this construction, sometimes precedes the Substantive: 
 
 as, <rbv ^ k'x£i<; duvd/iei • something like our English u with 
 
 what force you have " 
 84 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 85 
 
 The Article is poetically used for the Kelative : as, icarijp, 
 o </ erpeye. 
 
 The Article and the Participle, used for the Kelative and 
 Verb, is a common idiom in Greek : as, 6 tpuXdwM) he who 
 guards; and should invariably be so translated. 
 
 The Article is often used elliptically without a Substan- 
 tive. First, in the Neuter Gender, signifying jwssession or 
 relation: as, 6 dzoc, -a zaj> d.vdpmizatv dtoixel j God directs 
 the affairs of men. Secondly, in the Masculine, followed 
 by a;ic\ or xepi, with a proper name, and signifying attend- 
 or the party : as, ol d/xfi Ilptafxov. Thirdly, in a pe- 
 culiar mode of construction, before an Accusative and an 
 Infinitive : as, to yaipeiv zoTq fjLiprjpaai -d>raq, <ju/i<puro> rolq 
 d./0(jw-otq iffr\' } the circumstance, that all should delight in 
 imitations, is natural to men. So we have it repeatedly in 
 the New Testament : as, iv -<p eho.i auzd» ; ?'. e. h rw ypdvw 
 or -odyiLo-i, and may be translated, " while or when he icas." 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 The matter of which a thing is made, is put in the Geni- 
 tive : as, To* di<ppov ixotTjffev (iz) itryopdrs zo?.cuv. Cost or 
 value, crime or punishment) difference or eminence, are put 
 in the Genitive : as, Sdq abrbv yjp.1v («>rr) 9pa%p7)q' — ypdepo- 
 fxai <re (~sp\) xloTtrjs. 
 
 Part of time is expressed by the Genitive : as, (bit) 
 dlpouq rz xaX yzi/j.d»<>z. 
 
 E. — The Prepositions, within the parentheses in the 
 | ling examples, mean to signify what may be the latent 
 
 nment; this will be so understood in cases of future 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Grief and surprise require the Genitive: as, r/j<; pwpias, 
 what foil'/! 
 
 Comparatives are followed by a Genitive, when the 
 
 8 
 
86 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 G-reek for than is suppressed : as, dvapyiaq psT^ov obx Mart 
 xaxdy. 
 
 Verbs expressive of the actions of the senses, except that 
 of sight, require a Genitive : as, t<2v papzbpmv dzyxoars. 
 
 Words signifying plenty or want, take the G-enitive : as, 
 nXobatoq xaxwv. 
 
 The Latin Ablative Absolute is expressed in Greek by 
 the Genitive : as, fyXtop riXXovroq. 
 
 These are phrases of peculiar construction : -csTv (jiipoq) 
 vdaroq; to drink some water; analogous to the French 
 "boire de I'eau:" paxdpioq (ivexa) rr t q TV/yq; happy in 
 fortune: pdpipaq (kx) r.odoq vtv ; having seized him by the 
 foot. Note the words presumed to be the latent govern- 
 ment. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 The instrument and manner of an action are put in the 
 Dative : as, dpyopiaiq Xoyyatcn pdyoo. 
 
 Verbs signifying to accompany or follow, to blame, con- 
 verse with, pray to, and to use, require the Dative : as, rt5 
 vfjeq eizovro. — robq rolq dpapzavopivotq ImTipGJvTaq. 
 
 Verbal Adjectives govern the Person in the Dative, and 
 the thing in the case proper to the kindred Verb : as, 
 vp.lv zaora npoxriov. Thus, in Latin, we meet " eetaie 
 utendum est." 
 
 '0 au-dq, the same, requires the Dative : as, rr t q avz^q 
 eiffi Zyfitaq aqwi ol ffoyxpb-rovreq rolq i^apaprdvouffi ; those 
 who conceal, are deserving of the same punishment as those 
 who commit a fault. So in Latin " idem facit occidenti." 
 — Hor. 
 
 the accusative. 
 
 The Accusative is of universal use, with xa-d understood 
 as, detvdq pdyr^. 
 
 Verbs signifying to do or speak well or ill of, to give or 
 take away, to admonish, to clothe, govern an Accusative of 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 87 
 
 the person, and another of the thing : as, -oUa ayaOa rrj> 
 tlo/m tTtoitjffs. For the Accusative of the thing is frequently 
 substituted the Adverbs s<5, xaxoiq, xaXaiq. 
 
 Distance and space are put in the Accusative : as, v E<psaoq 
 a~iyz'. d~d Zapdiiov rpzaj'; 7)p.epaiv ooov. 
 
 VERBS PASSIVE. 
 
 Verbs of a passive signification are followed by a Geni- 
 tive, governed by u-o, d-d, £/., -o.pd, or itpbs : as, 6 voug 
 b~o or/uu dta<pOeiperat. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE, 
 
 The Infinitive is used to express the cause or end of an 
 action : as, riq a<puik guviyjxe pji.yzaOca. 
 
 When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of 
 the governing Finite Verb, it is also in the Nominative : as, 
 ZcHpoxl^q e<prj auzuq p.kv, o'luuq del, dvOpd)-ouq TtoteiVj Eupiizidyq 
 dk, oioi dm) /Sophocles said, that he (Sophocles) made men 
 such as they ought to he; Euripides, such as they are. 
 This Syntax we find imitated in Virgil : " sensit medios de- 
 lapsus in hostes." 
 
 The Infinitive is used after the manner of Latin Gerunds 
 and Supines, sometimes with, sometimes without, a Preposi- 
 tion : as, xaXXiara Ideiv; pulcherrima visa: iv rip [laOetv * } 
 in discendo. This we find imitated in Latin : as, tempus 
 c(pi Qui solvere colla, niveus videri } &c. 
 
 Expressions of the form of " moriturus sum" are exhi- 
 bited in Greek by p.Olot : as, fUXXm rsQvdvat, Similar to 
 this is the French "Je dois mourir." 
 
 The Infinitive is often used in an Imperative sense, some 
 inch Verb as 8pa or piparqao being understood : as, pr t abf 
 aQavdrotot fid^etrdat. 
 
 The Infinitive appears in a somewhat absolute form in 
 these expressions: utq d-'/.wq elitetv \ to vpeak plainly } — an 
 
88 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 idiom evidently familiar to our own language : as also, 
 wg efaelv, so to speak, — a common English phrase; — dozeTv 
 fjiol'f as it appears to me; where, perhaps, xard rd may be 
 supplied; — [xtxpoo or oXiyoo oe?v; almost, nearly; literally, 
 so as to icant little, wore being understood. Sometimes, 
 even the Infinitive del; is omitted. 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The Participle is often elegantly preceded by the Verbs 
 etfxi, ybop.a.1, <pafaopai, u~dpyaj, iyw, y.upto : as, ovx kydpoq 
 v-?jpyev wv ; he was not an enemy. 
 
 Tuyydvu), joined with a Participle, may be translated, by 
 chance; Xavddvw, privately or ignorantly ; <pddvu), previously ; 
 in which phrases the Participle is to be translated as a Yerb : 
 thus, ezoyov h rip oizuj wv; I tvas in the house by chance; 
 literally, I happened being (or to be) in the house: iXadoptsv 
 dia<p£povTe<; ; we unwittingly differed ; literally, we were not 
 aware differing, or that we differed. 
 
 ArjXoq, <pavspd<;, dwavijq, &c, are also used Adverbially 
 with Participles: as, abzbq touto notiuv <pavepoq yJv' } he mani- 
 festly did this. 
 
 The Participle is used, instead of an Infinitive, after 
 Verbs signifying to desist, persevere, perceive, shoiv; or ex- 
 pressing an affection of the mind: as, rrjv elpyvrjv ayovreq 
 diareXooat ; they continue to preserve peace : 0sdv ou Xyj^co 
 TtpooTdrrp eyiov, I shall not cease to have God for my de- 
 fender: p.ifj.vrjffo avdpco-oq wv; remember that you are a man. 
 
 ADVERBS 
 
 Are followed by the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative, 
 either because they are originally Nouns, or because those 
 cases are governed by a Preposition understood. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 89 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE FORMER. 
 
 UXijv) rejection: xXijv ipou', excepting me. 
 Xdpivi for the sake: ydpiv "Exropoq) for the sake of 
 Hector. 
 
 Xujrnq', separation : ya>p\<; raiv avdpBv) icithout the men. 
 Too Aibq hw-wv) in the sight of Jupiter. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE LATTER. 
 
 Aveu (a-o) ovopdriov ; icithout names. 
 
 °A/ia (<ruv) XaQ ; with the people. 
 
 NaX pa. (t~V) rods G/.rJTzrpov) I swear by this sceptre. 
 
 Note. — Ma generally denies, except joined with vai) vyj 
 affirms, unless joined with a Negative. 
 
 Adverbs of time are sometimes changed into Adjectives : 
 as, ov ypi) xavvu%tov eSdeiv (3ouXT)<p6pov avdpa. 
 
 Adverbs of qualify are elegantly joined with the Verbs 
 iyoj, -6.17-/0), ito(ea>) <p£pw, tpopx, ypdopat, &c. : as, 
 
 'Hdiwz eys (treaurdv) -poq Sitavras} be pleasant to all. 
 Eo -d<7yj:w } so noteiv) to receive a favour ; to confer a 
 favour. 
 
 Two or more Negatives strengthen the negation : as, 
 
 Oux itrrtv obdkv ; there is nothing. 
 
 Ovoi-ozz <>i)dh (jo fj.rj yivqrai rd» dsdvziov) nothing WHAT- 
 EVER, that is necessaryy will be done. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 'Avz), d-d, bt or t|, and tzpb. govern only the Genitive; 
 lv and abv, only the Dative; and slq or t<r, only the Ac- 
 cusative. 
 
 8< 
 
 zJ 
 
90 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Aid. 
 Gen. and Ace. as, did ytqiajvoq — did icoutov 
 as, did fiaxpou ypovou* 
 
 Through ; 
 
 After ; 
 
 On account of; Ace. as, did ei. 
 
 Kara. 
 Gen. as, duvai xaxd ttj<; yr t q. 
 
 as, v.a.xd arparou. 
 
 as, xard T?jq ~6Xeu)q. 
 
 Under ; 
 
 Through ; 
 
 Against ; 
 
 According to ; Ace. as, xard Xdyov Z,r t v. 
 
 In: 
 
 as, I'^iaOrp xard xXiap-Ouq. 
 
 Above ; 
 For; 
 Over; 
 Beyond ; 
 
 Gen. as, 6-ep yrjq kari. 
 
 as, dvqaxu) VTzep ffidev. 
 
 Ace. as, brzep rbv do/iov. 
 
 as, duvap.iq VTzkp avdpajTtov. 
 
 Upon; Dat. as, sudsi dvd ffxyjnrpw A\oq alezoq. 
 
 Through ; Ace. as, ay a 6pr]. 
 
 * Ap.<pi. 
 
 On account of; Gen. as, rddaxoq ajupi jidyeadov. . 
 
 About ; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, dp.<pi ~6Xioq olxouat. — dfufi 
 
 cd)[xart. — ap.ipi Tpoiav. 
 Concerning; Gen. as, (pd.ij.tv d;j.<f\ dai/j-dvcuv xaXd. 
 
 On account of; Dat. as, dfupi yuvatxi xdcysiv. 
 
 'Era. 
 
 Upon; Gen. as, bti Opovoo hadi^ero. 
 
 On account of; Dat. as, obx eari ao<poo fail roTq npoydvoiq 
 fxiyo. (ppovTjffai. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 91 
 
 Upon ; 
 Near; 
 To; 
 On; 
 
 Dat. as, IV '(-~u>. 
 
 aS, bzi GZOfJ.aZt ZOO TZOTUfJiOU. 
 
 Acc. as, "ipyzG(f hti detitvov. 
 
 as, bcl yaiav. 
 
 With; 
 Among ; 
 To; 
 After; 
 itdXw. 
 
 Mezd. 
 
 Gen. as, pezd ziyvrjq. 
 
 Dat. as, abzbq fxszd izptbzoiai xovsTto. 
 
 Acc. as, Zsbq iffy ,uszd dear a. 
 
 as, ol yo/iot /xszd zov dedv ad)^ooai zrjv 
 
 Hand. 
 
 From ; 
 
 i-'.^zeTv. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 as, ou xapd (fdapyupou 
 
 At; 
 Near; 
 To; 
 Above ; 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Acc. 
 
 as, -ap* oyOaiq. 
 as, fir} xapd Oha Oaldaa-qq 
 • as, ~apd as epyoixat. 
 as, Ttapd zd alia ^cua. 
 
 
 Against ; 
 
 
 as, Tzapd (pbatv. 
 
 lie pi. 
 
 About; Gen. , Dat., and Acc. as, zi xepl ^'oyr^ kliyofiev. 
 
 Oaipaxa i:ep\ zolq Gzlpvoiq. — tpulaxi) nepX zd adj/ia. 
 For; Gen. as, ifiuvetrffat nepl rJ.zpr^. 
 
 By; 
 
 For; 
 
 Upoq. 
 
 Gen. as, npbq zfi>v Osaiv. 
 
 as, -poz too, odds £(j.ob, (ppdaoi. 
 
 From ; yprjTzoo -pbz dvdpoq ftrjSkv 6icov6ei xaxov. 
 
 Towards ; Dat. as, Kpbq zip zitet zoo fttoo. 
 
 To ; Acc. as, a <5' dv pdOr) -«?<?, zabza atbaaaOai iptkel r.pbq 
 
 ripaq. 
 Against; Acc. as, icpds xivrpa pi} XdxrtZ*. 
 
92 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Under; Gen., Bat., and Ace. as ; ond voaov o\nodavelv. ocp 
 
 TjXioi. — anayaywv uxd ipoivixaq. 
 By; Gen. as, 5-6 xpTJorcw a/optac. 
 
 RESPONDENT PARTICLES. 
 
 Eizeidav, 
 "'Hp.ai, 
 'Hp.ev, 
 
 'Hvcxa, 
 
 v O-oo, 
 
 Tors, 
 
 7 h 
 
 " IffOV 
 
 KdOdizsp, I 
 c Q<re), J 
 
 when, 
 
 where, 
 where, 
 
 then, 
 
 as far, 
 just, 
 
 as, 
 as. 
 
 rrjVixauTa } 
 
 TOTS, 
 
 *», 
 
 TYjfXOq, 
 
 irpixa, 
 ixsT, 
 hrauOa, 
 evda, 
 
 ixeT. 
 
 ireeeddv, 
 
 fyixa, 
 
 rabtTj, 
 
 xai, 
 
 ouru). 
 
 Mh, indeed, 
 
 Mb, both, 
 
 'OtLOloV, | 
 
 l O[±o~l(i)q v j ' 
 
 Ildpoq, 
 
 Ilph, 
 
 Tlporepov, 
 
 {our It), 
 (jJ(Taurcug f 
 8k, 
 
 before, 
 
 ( &ffTS , | 
 
 \Mxep, j 
 
 -{ 
 
 OJ(TT£, 
 
 OJtTTZep, 
 
 TTpiV, 
 
 ~ph, 
 TTph, 
 
 then. 
 
 there, 
 there. 
 
 > vjhen. 
 
 so far. 
 as. 
 
 so. 
 
 thus. 
 
 but. 
 
 and. 
 
 as. 
 
 that. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 93 
 
 v Oaaaxt, as often, 
 Gurus, so, 
 
 wo-sp, as, 
 
 roGGay.i, 
 
 so often. 
 
 wq, 
 
 as. 
 
 C wffze, 
 
 < xai, 
 
 V. (bffauzwq, 
 
 so. 
 
 so. 
 
 thus. 
 
 Note. — The above order of the Respondent Particles 
 may be found reversed. 
 
PROSODY. 
 
 A syllable in which a short or doubtful Yowel precedes 
 two Consonants or a double letter, is long : as, y.Xdy/yj. If 
 in different words, it is sometimes short : as, fxoTpa xparaivj; 
 nrepdevTa 7upOG7]v3a 7 &c. 
 
 A short syllable is often made long before a digammated 
 Vowel: o? of, for Fol\ — jiiXavoq ol'voto, for Foivoio. 
 
 When three short syllables come together, it is necessary, 
 for the sake of the metre in Heroic Measure, that one should 
 be made long : as, aOdvaroq, aOiaroq, IIpva[Mdrjq. 
 
 ONE VOWEL BEFORE ANOTHER. 
 
 A Vowel before another does not suffer elision, as in 
 Latin, at the end of a word, unless an apostrophe is sub- 
 stituted. 
 
 A long Vowel or Diphthong is generally shortened at 
 the end of a word (and even sometimes at the beginning), 
 before a Vowel : as, oI'/m &. 
 
 CONTRACTION. 
 
 A contracted syllable is always long : as, o<pi&z 9 ocplq. 
 
 Two successive Vowels, naturally forming two Syllables, 
 frequently coalesce in poetry : as, xpuaia), pronounced as if 
 Xpvaw. 
 
 COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Compounds and Derivatives follow the law of their sim- 
 ples : as, rt/jt^, azi/jLoq ; e<pvyov, <fvyrj. 
 <J4 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 95 
 
 L privative is short: as, dntxoq. 
 
 Bpt, duq, and £«, are short : as, ^dOtoq 
 
 INCREASE OF NOUNS. 
 
 A is short : as, awfiaroq. Except Nouns in av, avoq : as, 
 ftrdv, rtrdvoq ; and the Doric Genitive : as, 'A-psiddo, poo- 
 cdco'; for pound Fw^. Except, also, yJpaq (in Euripides and 
 Anacreon), y.oaq, d'dp, Owpaq, fipa~, xdpdag, via's, pdq, 
 
 I is short : as, epcq, eptdoq. Except words of two termi- 
 -nations : as, dsX<ph or 8eA<p\q, Tvoq ; and Monosyllables : as, 
 0iq, OZvoq; but J':c, dtdq \ On\z, rptybq \ or if, im^j riq, 
 Wvdq, are short. Except from the general rule, Nouns 
 making iQoq : as, 8pviq } SpvZOoq; and those making tdoq, if 
 the penult of the Nominative be long : as, xvyplq, xvqpuSoq. 
 So also Nouns in if, tyoq, or txoq '■ as, pdartq', -Zyoq; <pobi$ y 
 \xoq\ and Monosyllables in t<p y moq: as, OXl^, -Zicoq. 
 
 T is short : as, ~vp, itvp6q. Except words of two termi- 
 nations : as, tpopxovy and y6pxuq } -vvoq : as, also, xjjpuk'y 
 •vxoq. rpb</.' } -unoq; yb^ 1 , -vizoq'y ftippuq", -uxoq, are common. 
 
 PENULTIMA OF THE TENSES OF VERBS. 
 
 The quantity of all Tenses generally remain the same as 
 in the Tense from which they are formed : as, from xptvta 
 are formed expovov } xplvopm, ixpZv6p.rjvj from xpL'/d) are formed 
 t£xpZxa y xixptfiaCy £xpi!07)v. 
 
 The Perfect follows the quantity of the First Future: as, 
 >, xrtffto f exTixa'y tpuat, cvna), -(cv/.a. 
 
 If the penult of the First Future be long by position, 
 and not by nature, that of the Perfect is short : as, ypdipio, 
 
 The Perfect Middle follows the quantity of the St 
 Aoristi as, erv7cov y rirvita. Except Pif3pZ0a } sfifiya, xixpdya, 
 
 xixpZya } fj.zrj.v/.a ) -(~pdya } Ttl<ppZxa % riTfnya, &0, 
 
96 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 The doubtful Vowels are long before at : as, T£Tu<pdo~t, 
 deuo/ufft. 
 
 In the First Aorist Participle, the penult of the termina- 
 tion aaa is long. 
 
 In the Imperative of Verbs in pi, o is short in Polysylla- 
 bles : as, xixXvdt ; but long in Dissyllables : as, xXodt. 
 
 In the First Future, a, t, and u, followed by aio, are 
 short; as, OaopdXco, daopao~io; vop'Xw, vopXaio) xXu£(u, 
 xXvccu. 
 
 But Verbs in aw pare, or paw, have the a of aaw long : 
 as, 6sdw, dea<rw ; dpdco, dpdffw. law and uaco are long from 
 Verbs in w pure : as, rcw, tZgw ; io-/6w, layvaw 
 
 QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE 
 A Vowel at the End of a Word. 
 
 Final a, i, and u, are short. Except Nouns in 8a, da, pa, 
 ea, ta, and Polysyllables in ata : as, xspaia ; with euXdxa, 
 XdOpa, and -rzipa. Except also the following : 
 
 Duals of the First Declension : as, pouaa. 
 Adjectives in a pure, and pa from Masculines in oc : as. 
 duaia, rjpsripa. 
 
 Nouns in eta, from euw ; as, dooXeia, from douXsuw. 
 Oxytons of the First Declension : as, %apd. 
 Vocatives of Proper Names in aq : as, Aivsta. 
 The Doric a : as, a ~ayd, for ^ 7nqyij. 
 
 Final t is long in the names of letters: as, £?; wiihxpl. 
 In the paragoge of Pronouns and Adverbs: as, obrodi, vu-A. 
 Except the Dative Plural : as, aolat. The Attic t, for, a, e, 
 or o, is also long : as, raozi for rauza; 68} for ode; tout), for 
 
 TOUTO. 
 
 Final u is long in the Imperfect and Second Aorist of 
 Verbs in opt: as, ££etyvu; — in the names of letters: as, pv; 
 with ypb ; o is common. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 97 
 
 Final av, tv } and ov are short. But av is long in words 
 circumflexed : as, 77dv. 
 
 Oxytons masculine : as, Ttzd^ 
 
 These Adverbs : o.ya>, euo», Xtav, -£pav. 
 
 The Accusative of the First Declension, whose Nomina- 
 tive is long: as, Atveiav, <pi\iav. 
 
 1; is long in words of two terminations : as, 8e\<p\v and 
 8eX<plq; in i)ixiv and dpuv, when circumflexed; rh, Dor. for 
 go\\ and xdvtv. Ilph is sometimes long in Homer. 
 
 Nouns in tv, ivoq, are long : as, fiffftiv. 
 
 1% is long in words of two terminations : as, uopxuv and 
 f>6pxug. 
 
 In Accusatives from uq long : as, ocpw ; with >uv. 
 
 In the Imperfect and Second Aorist of Verbs in upi : as, 
 idecxvuv, ecu's. 
 
 Ap and up final, are short. But yap and aurap are some- 
 times long in Homer ; and -op is long. 
 
 Aq, iq, and uq final, are short. But aq is long in the 
 Nominatives of Participles: as, rutpaq) and in all cases of 
 the First Declension: as, rafitaq, tp'Maq, (louaaq) it is long 
 in the Accusatives Plural in aq, from the long a in the Ac- 
 cusative Singular of Nouns in euq ; and finally Nouns in aq, 
 auroq: as, Aiaq) with rdXaq. 
 
 Iq is long in Nouns of two terminations : as, &z).<p}q and 
 deXyto) and in Nouns increasing long: as, xvyfils, op'^q j and 
 
 x.q, y.'.o-. 
 
 Tq is long in words of two terminations : as, <p6pxuq and 
 tp6pxm ; in Monosyllables : as, (wq j with xd>>wq. Oxytons 
 making the Genitive in oq pure, have the uq of the Nomina- 
 tive long: as, nXyObq; lyOuq is common. AVc find uq long 
 also in Verbs in u/u : as, idetxvuq. 
 
98 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 The Acute (') is used on the last syllable, the penultima, 
 or the antepenultima. 
 
 The Grave Q is used on the last syllable only ; but when 
 that syllable is the last of a sentence, or followed by an en- 
 clitic, the Acute is used. 
 
 The Circumflex (~) is used on the last or the penultima. 
 
 The Acute and the Grave are put either on long or short 
 syllables ; the Circumflex on syllables long by nature, and 
 never on the penultima, unless the last syllable is short. 
 No word has more than one Accent, unless an Enclitic 
 follows. 
 
 Enclitics throw their accent on the preceding word, when 
 the antepenult is acuted, or the penult circumflexed : as, 
 avOpwKoq ivrt ', fftbpd kart. 
 
 Ten words are without Accents, called Atonies: 6, yj, ol, 
 at, el, elq, Iv, ££ (or ix), ou, (obx or ov%,) wq. 
 
 RULES OF ACCENTS. 
 
 Monosyllables, if not contracted, are acuted: as, 6$, nobs, 
 yelp. 
 
 Monosyllables of the Third Declension accent the last 
 syllable of the Genitives and Datives, but the penultima of 
 other cases : as, S. yelp, yetpd<;, X et P\ yelpa. D. yeTpe, 
 yetpoTv. P. yet peg, yeipwv, ye pel, ye~ipaq. 
 
 Dissyllables, if the first be long, and the last short, cir- 
 cumflex the former ; as, povaa ; in other cases, they acute 
 the former : as, pobdrjq, Xoyoq, Xoyoo. 
 
 Polysyllables, if the last syllable be short, acute the 
 antepenultima: as, ilvOpwxoc;', if long, the penultima: as, 
 d^Opcbzuu. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 99 
 
 EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE SHORT. 
 
 1. Participles Perfect Passive : as, rerufifiivog. 
 
 2. Verbals in eog and eov: as, ypanzioq, ypoKtiov. 
 
 3. The increasing cases of Oxytons : as, la.ij.-aq, Xa;j.7id- 
 dog ; rv-uq, roTzivroq • as the Accent of the Nominative is 
 generally preserved in all the cases, on the corresponding 
 syllable. 
 
 4. Many Derivatives : as, xatdfov, havrioq. 
 
 5. Compounds of ftdXAa), noXiw, yjw, if not with a Prepo- 
 sition : as, trq^oXoq. 
 
 . 6. Compounds of tuv<d, xretvat, rpi<pio, and dtyo/xat, with 
 a Noun, if they have an Act ice signification : as, -(>u>tot6- 
 >ko produces her first child : ^t<poxr6voq) he who 
 hills icith a sword: fiyrpoxrovog ; a matricide: Xao~po<poq, 
 he vjho feeds the people. If they have a Passive significa- 
 tion, they follow the general rule: as, r.piordroxoq', the first- 
 born child: k"i(p6xTovoq\ he who is killed with a sword: 
 ftyrpoxTOvoq ) he who is killed by his mother: Xaorpoyos; 
 he who is fed by the people. 
 
 7. Compounds of Perfects Middle with Nouns and Adjec- 
 : as, darpoXoyoq, or/.ovorj.ot;, -a[j.<pdyoq. 
 
 8. Many other Compounds retain the Accents which they 
 had in their simple state: as, abr6<pi } obpav66ev t xareX^ov } 
 (WvrjAOov. 
 
 So also, Prepositions which preserve their final Vowel in 
 composition : as, d-6doq } l-iayz-. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE LONG. 
 
 The Attic mode of keeping the Accent on the antcpe- 
 nultima in AfeviXewq for MeviXaoq; X£$ec»<; for X&Zeos; or 
 the Ionic Genitive: as, n^Xrjiddeat j or the Compounds of 
 yiXtuq: as, (pddyeXwq, can scared) be called exceptions, as 
 
100 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 the last two syllables were, in pronunciation, contracted 
 into one. 
 
 Ac and 01 final, are considered as short in Accentuation : 
 as, pooaai, avdpioTzot. Except Optatives : as, (pdrjacu, rezu- 
 <poi ; Infinitives of the Perfect in all Voices, of the Second 
 Aorist Middle, and of the Present of Verbs in pi : as, rezu- 
 tphai, zezucpOai, zezo~ivai ; zoiziadai ; lazdvai. 
 
 The Genitive Plural of the First Declension circum- 
 flexes the last syllable : as, fiouamv. Except Adjectives of 
 the First Declension, whose Masculine is of the second; 
 as, ayioq, dyiaiv, dyia, dyicov ; with kzrjffiwv, ykobvwv, and* 
 
 XPTJGTIDV. 
 
 Oxytons of the First and Second Declension, circum- 
 flex the Genitives and Datives : as, 
 
 Sing. Tt/JLT], Tlj*7}<;, TIPJ}} TipijV, zip.rj. 
 
 Dual. zipd, zipaTv. 
 
 Plural. zipal, zipaJv, ripaiq, zipdq, Tipai. 
 
 Vocatives Singular in su and 01 are circuin flexed : as, 
 fZaatkeu, alftoi. 
 
 Pronouns are Oxytons, except ouzos, ixetvog, delva, and 
 those in zepoq : as, ypgzepoq. 
 
 The Imperatives, iXde, she, eupe, iSe, and Xafik, are ac- 
 cented on the last, to be distinguished from the Second 
 Aorist Indicative. 
 
 The Prepositions, placed after their case, throw back 
 their Accent : as, Oeoo &tzo. Except dvd and did, to distin- 
 guish them from ava, the Vocative of ava.%: and from Ala, 
 the Accusative of Zsbq or Aiq. Oxytons, undeclined, lose 
 their Accents when the final Vowel suffers Elision: as, 
 «//' ays, -ap ipou. Those that are declined, throw an 
 Acute on the penult : as, itSXX 3 £-}, detV enadov. 
 
 Contractions are circumflexed, if the former of the 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 101 
 
 two syllables to be contracted is acuted : as, >6o<;, >ob<z ; 
 ptXiofieu, ytloujisvj otherwise they retain the Acute: as, 
 
 ENCLITICS. 
 
 The oblique cases of the Pronouns : rlq, zt, indefinite, in 
 all its cases. 
 
 Verbs, eljxi and pyfii, in the Present Indicative, except 
 the Second Person Singular. 
 
 Adverbs, 7zr h -uu, -oj } -ojz, icodev, itore, when not used 
 interrogatively. 
 
 Conjunctions, yk } zk, xe } xev, Otjv, vb, >b>, rl/), pa, zu), and 
 ok, after Accusatives of motion : as, oixo^dt. 
 
 Enclitics lose their Accent in the beginning of a clause, 
 and when they are emphutical, or followed by another 
 Enclitic. 
 
 Enclitic Monosyllables lose their Accent after a word 
 acuted on the penultima : as, Xoyoq fiou j but Dissyllables 
 retain it : as, h'ryoz larl ; else the Accent would be on the 
 pra)antepenultima. So ou> nv6q. 
 
 The Pronouns preserve their Accent after Prepositions, 
 and after hzr.a or 9} : as, oca ai. 'E(rz\ accents its first syl- 
 lable, if it begins a sentence, is emphatical, or follows d//.', 
 el, xal, odx t d>s, or tout*', as, oux Mart. 
 
 Difference in Accentuation serves to mark difference in 
 signification, and has on some occasions given precision to 
 the language, and even determined the ambiguous mean- 
 ing of ;i law. Of this distinction a few instances may be 
 given : — 
 
 Sjfanfj leading. dyc&v, a contest. 
 
 ahfizz, truly. ah/': 
 
 a/j.a, other things. dXXd, hut. 
 
 a~/Moz, unnavigable. d- /.<><)-, simple. 
 
102 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 tip a, then. 
 
 fiioq, life. 
 
 didopev, we give. 
 
 doxoq, opinion. 
 
 eliri, he goes. 
 
 hi, he is in. 
 
 £X®P a ) enmity. 
 
 £><»ov, an animal. 
 
 #£a } a sight. 
 
 -d-iiovy running. 
 
 coy, a violet. 
 
 xdXcuq, a cable. 
 Idoq, a stone. 
 XeuxTj, a poplar. 
 P-ovy, alone, 
 ixbpwt, ten thousand, 
 vioq, new. 
 v6fwq i a law. 
 opa>q, yet. 
 7Z£l0(jj ) I advise. 
 Tvovrjpoq, laborious. 
 Tp6%oq, a course, 
 w/jios, a shoulder. 
 
 apa,an inte rrog .particle — dp a, 
 
 fitdg, a bow. [a prayer. 
 
 dcdo/i£v } to give. 
 
 doxdg, a beam. 
 
 elffi } they are. 
 
 ivt, in. 
 
 tydpa, hostile. 
 
 Ccoov, living. 
 
 tied, a goddess. 
 
 #co5v ; of gods. 
 
 ibv, going. 
 xaX&q, well. 
 Xadq, a people. 
 Xeuxrj^ ivhite. 
 P-ovrj, a. mansion, 
 pop to c, innumerable. 
 v£o<r ; afield, 
 vopdg, a pasture, 
 vriajq, together. 
 7cecdaj, persuasion, 
 -novrjpbq, wicked, 
 rpoydq, a ivheel. 
 dp-os, cruel. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 103 
 
 DIALECTS. 
 
 THE ATTIC 
 
 Loves Contractions : as, oum for <piX(w, f t oeiv for eUeat. 
 
 Its favourite letter is w, which it uses for o. 
 
 It changes Long into Short, and Short into. Long Sylla- 
 bles : as, Xscbq for Xdoz. 
 
 In Nouns, it changes o, oc, and oo, of the Second De- 
 clension into <o : as, N. V. Xeax;. Gr. fea>. D. AecD. A. 
 Xea>v } &c. 
 
 It changes eia into r^ : as, Irz-^q for l~-~Tq. 
 
 It makes the Vocative like the Nominative : as, (o r.dz^p, 
 w (fi/M-. — Soph. 
 
 In some Nouns it makes the Accusative in u>, instead of 
 w>, a>a, or wva : as, Xayoj, Mhio, Iloaeidai, for Xayiov, Mcvwa } 
 flo<jz:oa»a. 
 
 It changes the Genitive so<; into eoi? : as, fiaadiatq for 
 fiaotXioq. 
 
 In Verbs, it changes the Augment e into y, in ^fiooXSjnjv, 
 ijduvdfi.ijv, ijfieXXov. 
 
 It changes et into # : as, ydetv for ecdeo. 
 
 It adds a syllable to the Temporal Augment : as, 6 paw, 
 idpaovj for &paov, er/.to, eotxa, for ulxa. 
 
 It adds 0a to the Second Person in <y : as, rjoOa for rj<; ; 
 rOa, by Syncope, o7<r0« for oldaq. 
 
 It changes As and fie of the Perfect into et : as, e"Xr}<pa 
 for /..'/./(C'a; elftapfiat for fUfiapfiat, e:?>sy/iat for XiXeypai. 
 
 It drops the Reduplication in Verbs beginning with two 
 Consonant lefcmyxa for fteftXdUrrqxa. 
 
 It repeats the first two letters of the Present before the 
 Augment of Verbs beginning with a, e } o: as, o7eaj, tuXexa, 
 dXwXt/.a. 
 
104 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 It forms the First Future and Perfect of Yerbs in <p : as, 
 from ecu ; thus, MXu>, -d-sXyjaio, reQiXyxa, as if from ftsXiaj. 
 
 It drops a in the First Future : as, vopicti, circumflexed, 
 for voiiiffw ' } xopeel for xopiaec. 
 
 It changes e, in the penultima of the Perfect Active, into 
 o : as, iazpocpa from arpiipa)) etXo^a for X£Xe%a. 
 
 It forms the Pluperfect Singular in -q, yq, y. 
 
 It changes ercaaav and axwaav, in the Third Person Plural 
 Imperative, into ovvwv and avrwv : as, totztovtwv for Tuitri- 
 tohto.v ; rvipdvriDv for TLxpdraHTav ) and adtoffay into <j6(dv: as, 
 xuTzriaduiv for TUizTiaOaxjav. 
 
 It makes the Optative of Contracts in yv ; as, (pdofyv for 
 tpikoipz. 
 
 It changes p. before ,aa: in the Perfect Passive of the 
 Fourth Conjugation into a : as, niipaapai for iziyappm. 
 
 THE IONIC 
 
 Loves a concourse of Vowels : as, ru-nrsdi for tutctq ; as- 
 XyvaiT) for (TsXtjvtj. 
 
 Its favourite letter is 77, which it uses for a and e. 
 
 It puts soft Mutes for aspirate, and aspirate for soft : as, 
 hOauTa for ivrauOa ) xiOojv for %tTcuv. 
 
 It prefixes and inserts e: as, twv for cov ; 7toi7]riiov for 
 7rocrjTa>v' } deff-jzoTeaq for dsffTidraq. 
 
 It inserts £ : as, /fo'a for ^a ; and, instead of subscribing, 
 adds it : as, Opfixeq for Opaxsq • pr/tdtoq for padcoq. 
 
 In iVowws of the First Declension, it changes the Genitive 
 00 into eat : as, -Kotyria) for koztjtoo. 
 
 It changes the Dative Plural into #? and 3?<n : as, Mvyq, 
 xe<paXr)(n, for -dlq, -alq. 
 
 In the Second Declension it adds 1 to the Dative Plural : 
 as, toTgl epyoifft for rolq epyoiq. 
 
 In the third, it changes e into y : as, pa<rd9jo<; for 
 fiacikioq. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 105 
 
 It terminates the Accusative of Contracts in <o and w- } in 
 ou\> : as, aldodv for aldoa. 
 
 In Verbs, it omits the Augment : as, (3rj for e/fy. 
 
 It prefixes an unusual Reduplication : as, xixafiov for 
 Mx.ap.ov ) ItlaOiaOuj for XaOiffOco. 
 
 It terminates the Imperfect and Aorists in oxov ; as, ruic- 
 rzaxo^j ru^'acxovy for ezu-zir;, szu^>a. 
 
 It adds at to the Third Person Subjunctive : as, zu-zr t ai 
 for zu-zr r 
 
 It changes ec>, e:?, e: of the Pluperfect, into ea, eaq, ee, 
 &C. ; as, izezocpea, a<z, &c. 
 
 It forms the Third Person Plural of the Passive in azat 
 and azo : as, zu-ziazat for zu-zovzat ; izcOiazo for ht0e>zo ) 
 l'j-o for 7;>ro. 
 
 It resumes in the Perfect, the Consonant of the Active : 
 a.-, zizocpazai for zzzu;j./j.i';oc zloi. 
 
 It changes a into the Consonant of the Second Aorist : 
 as, r.zcppdoazai for Tt£<ppa<Tfiivot, eiai 
 
 THE DORIC 
 
 Loves a broad pronunciation ; its favourite letter is a, 
 which it uses for e, rj, o, to, and ou. 
 
 It changes C into ad : as, Sffdat for o^io. 
 
 In Nouns, in the First Declension, it changes ou of the 
 Genitive into a : as, dtSa for atdoo. 
 
 In the Second Declension, it changes ou of the Geni- 
 tive into (» : as, Oza> for fcoD ; and oug, of the Accusative 
 Plural, into o? and a/$ : as, >Vro? for fleo&sj fodpdtTtatq for 
 toOpdtnooq. 
 
 In the Third Declension, it changes eo? of the Genitive 
 into evq : as, ^eiXeuq for -/li/.znq. 
 
 In Fc/7>s, it forms the Second Person Singular of the 
 •nt in £^: as, rforres for thm 
 
 It changes o/wv of the First, and ouat of the Third, 
 
106 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 Person Plural, into o/ieq and ovrt : as, Aiyo/ieq, Xiyovri, for 
 X£yo;j.ev, Xiyooac. 
 
 It forms the Infinitive in p.ev and psvat : as, roTrrifxev and 
 TOTtri/xevatj for Turrretv. 
 
 It forms the Feminine of Participles in otaa, eo<ra, and 
 waa) as, tv-xtoigcl, tutctsugo., and tv~t<dgo., for tuiztoihto.. 
 
 It forms the First Aorist Participle in at?, at<ja, aw : as, 
 TtHp-aiq, -ataa y -aw } for zo<paq, -a<ra, -oy. 
 
 In the Passive, it forms the First Person Dual in sadovj 
 and Plural in sada : as, TOTZTo/jL-eaOov, -soda, for ro~rdp.e6ov, 
 -eda. 
 
 It changes oo of the Second Person into so : as, ronrso 
 
 for TU7TTOU. 
 
 In the Middle, it circumflexes the First Future : as, 
 TiMpovjJLcu for TUfpofiat, as in the Active, -o^ai for ru^'w. 
 
 It forms the First Person Singular of the Future in 
 eu/iac, and the Third Plural in sovran as, zocpsdjiai, zo(Jj- 
 eovzat. 
 
 THE JEOLIC 
 
 Changes the aspirate into the soft breathing : as, rjfxlpa 
 for Tjiiipa. 
 
 It draws back the Accent : as, k'yw for kyw; vyfit for (fqi-u] 
 ayadoq for ayadbq - } and circumflexes acuted Monosyllables : 
 as, Zsvq for Zsbq. 
 
 It changes y into £.' : as, zidsipx for zidrjfit. 
 
 It puts 0a for tfev : as, oruaOa for oraaOsv. 
 
 It resolves Diphthongs : as, ~dlq for TraT?. 
 
 In Nouns of the First Declension, it changes oo into ao : 
 as, al'dao for aidoo. 
 
 It changes wv of the Genitive Plural into aajv, and a?, of 
 the Accusative, into acq : as, /xaoddtov, [xooaatq, for lloogwv, 
 fj.o6(7aq. 
 
 In the Third Declension, it changes the Accusative of 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 107 
 
 Contracts, in w and ux;, into wv : as, aidwv for aldua • and 
 the Genitive ouq into wc. 
 
 It forms the Third Person Plural of the Imperfect and 
 Aorists of the Indicative and Optative in go.v : as, iru-roaau 
 for eruTcrov. 
 
 It changes the Infinitive in o.v and ou> into aiq and ocq : 
 as, yekdiq for ye/.a> ) %pvffoiq for %puaouv. 
 
 It changes ecv of the Infinitive into ry : as, TUTrrgw for 
 
 In the Passive, it changes /astfa into fiede and pe#ev : as, 
 vu-zofxeOs and ruzro/xsOsv, for ru-z6;xz0a. 
 
 THE POETS 
 
 Have several peculiarities of Inflection. 
 
 They use all Dialects; but not indiscriminately, as will be 
 seen in the perusal of the best models in each species of 
 Poetry. In general, they adopt the most ancient forms, as 
 remote from the common Dialect. 
 
 They lengthen short Syllables, by doubling the Conso- 
 nants : as, icaz-ai for latxai ; by changing a short Vowel 
 into a Diphthong : as, eh for h' } fiouvoq for fidvoq) elhjXuuO- 
 fiev for iXyjXOOafiev j or by v final : as, iarh cpilw. 
 
 They add Syllables ; as, pw? for <pu>s ) 6pdav for 6pav ; 
 ffaojffi/xevat for adxniv. 
 
 They drop short Vowels in Pronunciation, to diminish 
 the number of Syllables : as, d/xdw for oa/xdeu • fyevro for 
 tyivero. 
 
 They drop Syllables : as, alepi for XXytrov ; y.pT for 
 np(ptvoVj kbta for Xmapov) duva for duvaaaty adio for lad- 
 
 IOGZ, &c. 
 
 In Nouns, they form the Genitive and Dative in <pi : as, 
 nipcAjjtpt from xzisol^ • trtpatdipt from arpcerdq; uyzvyi from 
 £/"?; wiSf< for y<w5<r«. So odrd^j for o.>">r/u-. 
 
 In the Second Declension, they change the Genitive ou 
 
108 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 into oio : as, -noXip.oio xaxo'io for xoXi/iou xaxou (Hom.), and 
 or; in the Dual, into oi'iv : as, Xoyoiiv for Xoyotv. 
 
 In the Third Declension they form the Dative Plural by 
 adding t or at to the Nominative Plural : as, -xaiq, xaTdeq, 
 Ttaldeai, or izaideaffi. 
 
 They form several Verbs of a peculiar termination, in do, 
 xw, pu)j ffyajj ffd(o } <T-w, <?yo), % w j £ta) ) swat, #w, otact) } ouio, 
 and wo) ' } as, fieftpcoOa), "£<y, &c. So oXgo) from ofo ; opaio 
 from opw, &c. 
 
 They have Particles peculiar to themselves : as, &p.at, 
 d^da, ex7jTC } y/J-oq, piacpa^ vipQe, o%a } xe } p r dj &c. 
 
DIGAMMA. 
 
 The old Dialects of Greece admitted few or no Aspirates. 
 The Digauima was calculated to prevent the hiatus which 
 the concurrence of Vowels would produce. Aspirates were 
 afterwards introduced into all the Dialects, except the 
 iEolic, which adhered to the Digamma ; hence, it has pre- 
 served the name of the iEolic. It has also, with great pro- 
 priety, been called the Homeric Digamma : that great poet 
 adopted the original forms of the iEolic and Ionic Dialects, 
 which threw a majestic air of antiquity on his poetry, 
 ancient form Homer dignifies by the appellation of the 
 language of the Gods. Virgil, and among the modern.-?, 
 Tasso and Milton, successfully imitated that practice, by 
 the introduction of antiquated expressions, which removed 
 their language from the common idiom, and cast a venerable 
 gloom of .solemnity on their style. To that principle may, 
 in a great measure, be attributed the use of the Dig 
 by Homer. 
 
 The use of the Digamma having been i abolished 
 
 by the introduction of Aspirates, the tran f the works 
 
 of Jl' tark it; and ■<■.' he vestiges 
 
 of it> lions. 
 
 The harm* of tin; Poei lias led him e >duloi 
 
 avoid every hiatus of Vowels; but the absence of the I>i- 
 gamma made him inharmonious and d< E 
 
 10 LOS 
 
 J 
 
110 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 in some degree this difficulty, his Commentators interposed 
 the final v, or the Particles, f, d% r ; but these could be 
 only partially adopted, and were far from exhibiting the 
 Poet in all the charms of his original style. Numberless 
 passages remained in their naked deformity, and exercised 
 the conjectural sagacity of Grammarians and Commentators. 
 Thus, in the Yerse in the opening of the Iliad, c Hpd>ajv 
 au-obq de iXwpca rsd%e xovecaiv — aware of the inharmonious 
 effect of the concurrence of the two e, they cut off the for- 
 mer. The quantity of the latter created another difficulty. 
 Some doubled the X, and others asserted that e was length- 
 ened before the liquid : but there were passages to which 
 even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A 
 successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove 
 these embarrassments. The restoration of the Digamma 
 has at length vindicated the Poet, and displayed the har- 
 monious beauties of his original versification. To give the 
 learner some clue to guide him through these intricacies, an 
 alphabetical table is added of the words in Homer, which, 
 either constantly or generally admit the Digamma in the 
 initial Vowel. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 
 aya) 
 
 aXcu/jit. 
 
 W 
 
 ayvufit. 
 
 avd%. 
 
 apiarov 
 
 ado). 
 
 dvddvu). 
 
 apveq. 
 
 aXypu. 
 
 dpaioq. 
 
 aaro. 
 
 aXiq. 
 
 apdio. 
 E. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 edvoq. 
 
 elxoai. 
 
 cap. 
 
 eidico. 
 
 e?xu). 
 
 edvov. 
 
 sldu). 
 
 elXap. 
 
 eOstpa, 
 
 el'dioXov. 
 
 eiXiu). 
 
 eOsv. 
 
 elxeXoq. 
 
 eiXuu). 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. Ill 
 
 dXixpdw. iXtxwiteq. epyov. 
 
 eV.oj. 
 
 ilia a id. 
 
 epyco. 
 
 el pa. 
 
 Uoq. 
 
 epdto. 
 
 e':pya). 
 
 kX-iq. 
 
 tytvjpijS. 
 
 eipu). 
 
 £)-(!). 
 
 enf)U). 
 
 it(7X0J. 
 
 r eXio. 
 
 kpow. 
 
 h.aOsv. 
 
 EAcup. 
 
 iffdrjq. 
 
 ixdq. 
 
 l?.d>piov. 
 
 effOoq. 
 
 ixaaroq 
 
 everot. 
 
 iff-epoq 
 
 e/.azoq. 
 
 ewufit. 
 
 iaria. 
 
 ixjjXoq. 
 
 eoixa. 
 
 erapoq. 
 
 £-/.Y-'.. 
 
 £fe 
 
 zziqq 
 
 ixupoq. 
 
 enoq. 
 
 eroq. 
 
 ixav. 
 
 e~(o. 
 
 hdxnoq. 
 
 teds. 
 
 epypa. 
 
 £0>. 
 
 i/uxeq. 
 
 ipyvbia. 
 
 
 H. 
 
 ijduq. 
 
 qxa. 
 
 YjOU). 
 
 tfvotf 
 
 7j0oq. 
 
 ? IP . 
 
 r/ioq. 
 
 ?/>«• 
 
 "Hpr,. 
 •fjpiov. 
 
 idyr]. 
 
 IVLOV. 
 
 IfTTCDp. 
 
 lay id 
 
 Xov. 
 
 layhq. 
 
 i'opcq. 
 
 lovddq. 
 
 Ha. 
 
 lep.au. 
 
 "Ipiq. 
 
 huq. 
 
 txeXoq. 
 
 fc» 
 
 l<pt. 
 
 l/.imq. 
 
 larj/j.i. 
 
 i'yioq. 
 
 "IXtos. 
 
 Iffoq. 
 
 iojrj. 
 
 htq. 
 
 1(7X0). 
 
 IwxTJ. 
 
112 
 
 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 
 
 0. 
 
 oapsq. 
 
 
 olvoq. 
 
 
 OvXoq 
 
 old/ia. 
 
 
 fe. 
 
 
 ohpov 
 
 olxoq. 
 
 u%. 
 
 oh. 
 obXapLog. 
 
 <bq. 
 
 ty. 
 
 The Latin Dialects naturally 
 which it expressed generally 
 following list : — 
 
 ayofiai, vagor. 
 alwv, sevum. 
 d.Xd)7cq%, vulpes. 
 "Aopvog, Avernus. 
 A'/dXoq, Achivus. 
 aco, aveo. 
 fitoa), vivo. 
 ($6e<;, boves. 
 Slog, divus. 
 e"d£(o } video, 
 el'xari, viginti. 
 r iXw, volvo. 
 e/iw, vomo. 
 ivdcxw, vindico. 
 ivsroi, veneti. 
 svzepog, venter, 
 ep/co, vergo. 
 epos, servus. 
 Mpo) } verto. 
 eaOys, vestis. 
 faxipa, vespera. 
 
 adopted the iEolic Digamma, 
 by V, as will be seen in the 
 
 "Ea-via, Vesta. 
 erog, vetus. 
 rip, ver. 
 t£o? } viscus. 
 fov, viola. 
 Ig, vis. 
 ?a>, ivi. 
 xdw, cavo. 
 xepaog, cervus. 
 xXetg, clavis. 
 xopoq, corvus. 
 Xatbg, laevus. 
 Xaprj, larva. 
 XeXoq, levis. 
 Xoooj, lavo. 
 Xbco, solvo. 
 p.dX-1], malva. 
 fidopoq, Mavors 
 [xdw, moveo. 
 vaiog, naevus. 
 vaug, navis. 
 
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 113 
 
 vloq, novus. ndopoq, parvus, 
 
 vtx&j vinco. Tzpiwy privo. 
 
 olxoc, vicus. piu, riv us. 
 
 olvoq, vlnum. axaidq, ssevus. 
 
 oiq, ovis. racbq, pavo. 
 
 oXoj, volvo. oty, sylva. 
 
 ozXoq, valgus. w«i, uvesco. 
 
 ow, voveo. &ov, ovum. 
 
 Sometimes the Digamma is represented by other letters, 
 among which we meet B: as, dbw, dubium; pcixo, robur ; 
 vw, uber. 
 
 C : as, ere pa, cetera. 
 
 F: as, ayopa, forum; op.doc, famulus; alXbq, felts; fveq, 
 funes; uco, Jluo. 
 
 II : as, fiorj, Boreas; evw, uro; Uaoq, hilaris ; p.bac, 
 murex ; fwixrdatv, musarum ; >ooq, nurus, &c. 
 
 In English, the Digamma has become W : as, vioq, new; 
 vinum, wiDe; fistula, whistle; vespa, wasp; via, way. It 
 is pronounced without being written in the word one. 
 
 V : as, vabq, nave, &c. 
 
 
 FINTS. 
 
 10* 
 
STANDARD SCHOOL BOOHS, 
 
 Published by Murphy & Co., 182 Baltimore st. Baltimore. 
 KERNEY' S POPULAR SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 In calling attention to Mr. Kerney'3 Histories, it is deemed unnecessary to enlarge on 
 their respective merits. The author's experience as a teacher for a number of years, ei 
 him to acquire a practical knowledge of the wants of pupils in • ursuing the ii ; . 
 branches of learning. The very liberal patronage extended to them, and the favor with 
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 introd action into many of the principal institutions of learning in this country, and even 
 iad, where the Compendium of History has been extensively introduced, are the best 
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 A liberal discount to Booksellers, Teachers, &c, when purchased in quantities. 
 
 pendium of Ancient and Modern History, with Questions, 
 
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 n of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, a Biographical 
 
 h a Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, 
 
 tnents, etc., from the Creation to the year L8S7. By M. J. 
 
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 contains the history of the Mexican War, together with the important events in 
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 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 The Compendium of History, bv M. J. Kerney, has been in my possession several months, and, 
 retul reading, I believe it to be a very useful book iu the department of study to which it 
 belongs. I take pleasure in recommending it'to tear! 
 
 J. N. MJILTOK, Chairman Central High School or Baltimore. 
 
 I have carefullv examined " Kerney' s Compendium of History," and " Kerney' 8 
 
 I have the pleasure to inform yon th*t they have both been intro- 
 ■ :■! tlie Public Schools in our citv. I take great pleasure in rec em to the atten- 
 
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 mpendivm of History" condenses much matter in a small compass ; and. as a school 
 and please the student; while it makes him master of the principal 
 < icnt and Modern History. To speak or its merits comparatively, I 
 iual, ir not superior, to any ot it.s kind within my knowledge. JOS. H. CLARK, A. M. 
 Having cur^rullv perused the " Compendium of Ancient and Modern History," by M. J. Kerney, 
 in my opinion, one or I I works for th 
 
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 we have looked through it with some attention, and" i a favoratny ira- 
 
 In the History, more especially, where it is impossible to avoid the relation 
 
 :- religions creeds, the compiler seems to have scrupulously retrained t'rorc 
 
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 "This very u?erul work was compiled for the use or schools and academies, and fully mi 
 
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 gphen- Its style is didactic and terse, and while agreeable to 
 
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 ore all others, and that la the studied care with which th 
 
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 ratnm In hook i 
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 . which the author designed it. because of its impartial character, and 
 because it U the production or a worthy and intelligent member or our own community.'' 
 
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 " His a work containing much useful Information, and, as a school book, and for general bistorioaj 
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 a school I OatkoUt 
 
 " We DOtl led some months ngo the firm edition ot this work, and are much gratifled to And, from 
 
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 .choolii M Ht. iMuii Smt- Later. 
 
 " As an elementary treatise, this work will, we should •u.; * rv.Mly so. * I 
 
 our schools. The appendix of biographical notices of prominent iBdHrtdaal J am. da 
 
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Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 KERNE Y'S ARITHMETICS. 
 
 The Columbian Arithmetic, designed for the use of Academies and 
 Schools. By M. J. Kerney, A.M. 20th improved edition, 1862 38 
 
 The aim has been, in the compilation and arrangement of this work, to make it a book of 
 practical instruction; one in which the science of figures is thoroughly explained and 
 clearly elucidated. The examples for practice are generally such as the pupil will meet in 
 the various business transactions of life. The arrangement is progressive, all questions 
 being solved by rules previously explained. This new edition has been carefully re- 
 vised and enlarged. Several useful tables on the subject of Interest have been intro- 
 duced, ami numerous miscellaneous examples added. These improvements will render the 
 work still more dessrving of the extensive patronage it has heretofore enjoyed. 
 
 Key to Kerney's Columbian Arithmetic, containing the solution of 
 
 the principal questions. 3d revised edition, 1862 31 
 
 Introduction to the Columbian Arithmetic, designed for the use of 
 Academies and Schools. By M. J. Kerney, A. M. 25th Revised Edition 13 
 
 This little work is designed as an introduction to the former, and is intended for children about 
 to commence the study of Arithmetic. The first principles of the science are familiarly explained 
 in the form of question and answer, and the pupils are conducted in the study as far as the end of 
 compound numbers. It is replete with practical examples, adapted to the capacity of that class of 
 learners for which it is designed, and it also contains all the Tables. 
 
 Mr. Kerney's Arithmetics have already acquired a wide-spread popularity, as attested by 
 the sale of large editions in a few years. They are books of practical instruction, 
 arranged by a practical teacher of many years experience. The present editions have been 
 carefully revised, and neither pains nor expense will be spared to render them at all 
 times worthy the high reputation already acquired. 
 
 The publishers are fully aware of the prejudices existing among many teachers in favor of old 
 works on Arithmetic; hence the great difficulty of introducing new ones, however meritorious; 
 from such they earnestly solicit a careful examination of these works— and respectfully refer them 
 to the following testimonials of their merits from practical teachers. 
 
 Alexandria, Va., November 18th, 1849. 
 
 An examination of the " Columbian Arithmetic," by M. J. Kerney, has convinced us of its sterling 
 utility, and we shall accordingly make arrangements for its immediate introduction into our school, 
 (numbering, at present, eighty pupils.) We believe it to be second to none extant, and would, 
 therefore, recommend it to all teachers of Academies, &c. L. WHITTLESEY & SON. 
 
 I have examined the " Columbian Arithmetic," and "Introduction" to it, by M. J. Kerney, and 
 consider them excellent books ; they are judiciously arranged, and practical in their application. 
 The rules are plain, sufficiently concise, and re ell adapted to the comprehension of rouug persons. 
 The explanation of the theory of Proportion is simple, perspicuous, and accurate. We intend to in- 
 troduce those books into our school. JOHN SLATTERY, Principal Washington Seminary. 
 
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 I have examined with much care the " Columbian Arithmetic," by M. J. Kerney. It appears to 
 rae to be a work of considerable merit, and is better calculated for schools of the United States, and 
 for counting-houses, than any other book on the subject that I have yet seen. The general ar- 
 rangement is systematic, and according to the affinities of difterent rules. Under the impression 
 that it is an improvement upon every other work of the kind now before the public, I will immedi- 
 ately adopt it in my school, numbering at present about niaetv pupils. 
 
 Washington, Nov. 13, 1849. S. B. RITTENHOUSE, Principal Washington Institute. 
 
 As an evidence of the high opinion I entertain of the " Columbian Arithmetic." I have superseded 
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 I have examined the Arithmetics by M. J. Keruey, and unhesitatingly give them the preference 
 over all the various works of the kind which I have met with. Mrs. J. McLEOD, Select School. 
 
 1 believe that the Columbian scries of Arithmetics, by M. J. Keruev, better calculated to assist 
 the pupil m that branch of science, than any other. a. W. HALL, Alexandria, Va. 
 
 I tun much pleased with Kerney's Arithmetics, and think them much better adapted to the use of 
 puptts generally, than any others I have examined. RICHARD L. CARNE, J*. 
 
 i>t. Jonns Academy, Alexandria, Va., November 14th, 1849. 
 
 M&EfaljSFZS w , it1 ' the Arithmetics by M. J. Kerney, and shall introduce them in my school, 
 believing them to be better calculated to facilitate the progress of the pupil in that branch of 
 science, than any other book on that subject. 
 
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 mL^,!fid 11 /n U «i KC !" UC ^''^ ! T biil V^ rUhraetic '" !ind I consider it such a one as has been 
 Svs-hon ° ' J decided 'y Prefer it to any heretofore used, and shall introduce it into 
 
 my SCU001 - M. R. SHYNE, Navy Yard Academv, Washington. 
 
 «Hl^ V ??- amin r d tne " Intr °duetion to the Columbian Arithmetic," by K.J. Kernev, and have 
 T^§efoWer erenMt00 «r 8 ,,- Iaha ^ S0 ^ Se Ule "Columbian 'Arithmetic" in £y more ad 
 Yanced classes. Boarding and Day School of the Misses HAWLE Y, Washington, D. C. 
 
 JL^dwfth manv Zl'tll 5 m y leisu 'e would permit, the - Columbian Arithmetic," and am mud 
 MAMed with many features of the work. I have introduced it into mv school 
 
 HENRY E. WOODBURY, Principal Washington Select Schoofc 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books 
 
 The First Class Book of History, designed for pupils commencing 
 the Stu - the use of Academies aud S 
 
 , A. M. 15th revised edition, 1862 25 
 
 At the earnest request of many wbo used the author's Compeudiumof Ancient and Modern History 
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 f the work, and in the general matter of contents, the authoi 
 ieuce in teaching has pointed out as the best to facili 
 tie pupil in acquiring a knowledge of history, 
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 The work is embellished with a uumber of Engravings, and has questions at the bottom of eacl 
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 from the 
 
 ry than could be obtained from 
 
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 ildren early acquainted 
 •: miliarize them 
 .id lead them to regard the Old Testa- 
 New.' 
 
 ie questions to the answers being made mora 
 
 ly committed to memory. An appendix has also been 
 
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 fin, preclude the necessity of giving any of the numerous complimentary and flattering 
 lials that have been so freely extended to them, both in this country and in England, 
 where they are extensively used. 
 
 JtSf The present editions have been improved, by the addition of Questions at the end 
 •f each volume ; thus rendering them still better adapted to the requirements of the ClaM 
 Room. 
 
 CZF Prot. Fredet's Histories have b^en adopted as Text-Books in the Irish University. 
 ■■'■■ ■■/.• from the dispersion of the Sons cf Noe. to the Battle of Ac- 
 
 tium, and the change of the Boruan Republic into an Empire. By Petek Fkedet, 
 
 D. D., Professor of History in St. -Mary's College, Baltimore. 13th edition, care- 
 
 I and enlarged 12mo 88 
 
 ' : from the coming of Christ, and the change of the Roman Re- 
 public into an Empire, to the year of our Lord, 1S54. Bv Peter Fkedet, D. D., 
 ir of History in St. Marys College, Baltimore. IStli enlarged and improved 
 edition 12mo. 83 
 
 New and Improved Billions, carefully revised and corrected by the Author. 
 These two yolmnes for a Complete Course of History, or a continuous chain of 
 Historical Events, from the Creation of the World to the Year 1S54. 
 
 The publishers are happy to announce that they have just issued new, enlarged, and improved 
 editions of the above works, in uniform style. Each volume contains upwards of live hundred pages, 
 and may justly i ■ cheapest, most authentic, and reliable histories published. 
 
 : "These two excellent manuals of history have a wide and 
 I are everywhere held in the highest esteem. Thee 
 I a task of no ordinary difficulty, in compressing so much recondite matter in- 
 - untold nothing that was of note of the immense and varied annals 
 •f the world. No college, school, or library ought to be without these excellent works." 
 
 ries have been adopted, as a class-hook, by the Irish 
 
 no doubt, that they will goon . in other estab- 
 
 ible compilations which wilful perverters of truth have long palmed upon the 
 
 i abridgments of uisto: 
 
 e-<: two volumes are pi i useful summaries of history 
 
 t igh which tbej have passed ■■<•■• rity." 
 
 ies will soon find their way into everv literary 
 in order that the young may learn the pa,t from pure and uncon 
 
 ' 'autiful 1 -eatises are quite deserving of the patronage which 
 ■ iim -tillable fur their Christian and uul are uot 
 
 u up by the Iri iroud that Auj. . 
 
 i on the abridged histories 
 
 - veritably charming by its simplicity, and bv the quiet love of 
 
 and suo 
 
 without 
 
 r. It isiLus that history should be written lor youth " 
 
 Liogard'a Enstand Abridged, for the Use of Schools. 
 
 . By John Linoard, D.D. Withaoon 
 
 a Victoria, by .James Bdrke, Esq., A.B. 
 'lie use of schools in the Uu . M. J. 
 L2mo, half arabi sque 1 00 
 
 mi the 
 
 75 
 
 Thin work is used in the Publio Schools of Baltimore, and is strongly recommended by the Coaa- 
 
Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
 
 SESTINI'S ALGEBRA. 
 
 Elementary Algebra. By B. Sestini, S. J., author of Analytical 
 Geometry, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Georgetown 
 
 College 12mo 6* 
 
 The main object of this treatise is to render the science of Algebra intelligible to pupils whoa* 
 minds are yet unaccustomed to such studies. The beginner will here be furnished with such proof* 
 as are suited to his capacity; examples will afford new light to what might be otherwise obscure 
 with regard to the operations founded on higher principles, he will, for the present, content himself 
 with merely practical rules, exemplified in the same manner. With a mind thus gradually led on t» 
 Strict mathematical discussion, he may then resume his course with profit, by the aid of a treatise 
 now in preparation, which is intended as a sequel to this, and, by more exact and thorough investi- 
 gation, complete his study of Algebra. 
 
 BRIEF EXTRACTS PROM NOTICES OP THE PRESS. 
 
 " This work recommends itself to favor by the admirable order of its parts, and the conciseness and 
 clearness with which its principles are expounded. One needs but open the book to perceive that 
 the author has brought to the execution of his task a ripeued judgment and well-tried experience. 
 He is not a compiler— his work has the rare merit of originality, and every studeut of Algebra will 
 thank him for having giveu in a few p: usually occupied a large volume, and for hav- 
 
 ing rendered intelligible what has often proved au enigma to many." Metropolitan. 
 
 " This book might very properly be called " Algebra without a master." One very important im- 
 provement thi I and which deserves to be mentioned, is 
 
 this, that he keeps m»nomiab • net, and explains and applies to them separately 
 
 the various rules as laid down in his Algebra. The work only wants to be known, in order to he 
 universally approved." Western Tablet. 
 
 "We feelmucb pleasure in recommending it as containing nearly all necessary to be known on 
 the subject of which it treats. It is emi I for the use of young persons who wish to ac- 
 
 quire a knowledge of the dirScu!' Halifax Catholic. 
 
 " To persons commencing the study of Algebra, we cheerfully recommend Mr. Sestini's work, as 
 one well calculated to smooth the difficulties which beginners have to overcome in their first attempt* 
 to master that science."' Pittsburg fjatholic. 
 
 " As a rud'mental book it will be found eminently useful in schools and colleges." Det. Vindicator. 
 
 " The author is well known as a man of great ability, and his work cannot fail to be of good ser- 
 Tice in schools." Buffalo Sentinel. 
 
 A Treatise, on Algebra, by B. Sestini, S. J., author of " Elemen- 
 tary Algebra," " Analytical "Geometry," .\c 12mo 75 
 
 " We hive had occasion b bi i ol l o! Professor Sestini, and the commendation we then 
 
 bestowed upon (hem we have n • h Inch his issued from Ins 
 
 wdefatig-ble pe Hie ■ , . ■■•! that (his is in his favor is 
 
 evil -at from the necess ti I : his Elementary Algeb a. This sh >ws that he 
 
 has lli-iiop.T manner of convnunk itm* k iiiwle Ige on tint ib%t< u<e slu 'y, and shou] 1 be an' l a p i in' rec >m- 
 mendition ta this larger treatise on the same subject. As far .as we are capibl- of judging, for A 1 grim is 
 not altogether a favorite with us, and we do not Ike to meddle with it- much will be 
 
 verv iceep able, not oaly to the stu lent of mathematics, for whom it was ostensibly written, but to the sci- 
 entific reader generally. It is as clear and concise as the nature of such works permit, ami seems l> ei 
 every time; neo ssiry to a till knowledge of Algebra. But let the author hitireelf speak 'The t: 
 divided into two p>rts. the first of which contains Algebraicil operations, with several questions and doctrines 
 connected with them, sa that ech s -c'i ai may prove c unplete in its own subject, and the inconvenience of 
 
 turning Isewhere to speak "f matter left 'intinishel before, maybe avoided Thi • 
 
 the most indispensable theories of equations, proportions, and progressions, l n garithn priuci 
 
 pies on the senes Tho doctrine of rqua'i ins Ins been treited more cop ou>h , not so much on 
 
 account of its importance, as because it is well adapted to srive .an idea of algebraic analysis, and thus prepare 
 the mind of the student, who would afterwards apply himself to higher studies.' "— Metropolitan. 
 
 Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry, by B. Sestint, S. J., 
 
 author of "Analytical Geometry," " Elementary Algebra," fee 8to. 1 25 
 
 "We have examined this new work of Professor Sestmi with care, and are much gratified to be able to 
 say hit we cwsider it a most valuable addition ' - the elementary liter. lure of mathematics The style of 
 the author is clear, his nt usl\ exact, and his explanations and statements 
 
 reniaikihh perspicuous. The adoption of Algebraic nnta'i m ftoni the verv beginning, is a great economy 
 Of space ind time, presenting to the »ve, im:n diat Iv, lint w Inch in the common method requires a long 
 and tedious periphrish. Be4Tes, it is an excellent metho I if trainin? the student for the higher branches of 
 mathematical discussion in which this torm of demonstration is essential We cauuot too highly recom- 
 mend 'he work, an I must say thd though there may be no royal road to Gsrometrv. this comes nearer to 
 that easy route than any hook we have seen." 'Baltimore Patriot. 
 
 "The author has succeeded in combining two qna'a'os rarelv united, great perspicuitv and extreme con 
 
 It has evidently been the lesult of great th ught and long experience in teaching. The student 
 
 iluaily from the simpler ti the more complex truths fine sciei.ee. Tfie work cinnot b- too 
 
 warmly commen led as an admirable introduction to the srience it professes to teach, and we would advise 
 
 •cache s and parents not to select a text-book until they have given this volume a careful and candid ex 
 
 ■mutation. • Metropolitan. 
 
 rizarro's Dialogues, Spanish and English 12mo 75 
 
 Elementos de Sicoioglo. Elements of Psychology 75 
 

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