Book-. -^J /jS 
 
i 
 
A LIBRARY 
 
 FOR 
 
 MY YOUNG COUNTRYMEN. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 THE AUTHOR OF "UNCLE PHILIP'S CONVERSATIONS.' 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
THE 
 
 ADVENTURES 
 
 
 :H E N R Y HUDSON. 
 
 TH? AUTHOR OF ''UNCLE PHILIPS CONVERSATIONS." 
 
 NEW YORK: 0: 
 •\ ;j D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 S 1^ 200 Broadway. 
 
 MDCCCXLII. 
 

 C\ y 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, 
 
 By D. AFPLETON & COMPANY, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for 
 the Southern District of New York. 
 
 j"^ 2^- ^ 
 
 7 
 
PREFACE TO PARENTS. 
 
 In presenting to his young Countrymen, the 
 first of a series of books with the foregoing title, 
 the Editor begs leave to state, briefly and sim- 
 ply, the plan of the series, and the reason which 
 has prompted him to the undertaking. Indeed, 
 he can hardly expect the patronage and support 
 of those who sustain the interesting and respon- 
 sible relationship of parents, without such a 
 statement. 
 
 The design is to present to his young fellow- 
 citizens books of a higher value than those usu- 
 ally afforded them. Instead of tales and stories, 
 written for the young, the series will embrace 
 volumes of Biography, History, Travels, &c. 
 As it is designed especially for American youth, 
 the subjects will not unfrequently be American. 
 The intelligent man or child, however, will be 
 glad to gather profitable and interesting lessons 
 
b PREFACE TO PARENTS. 
 
 wherever he may find them, and subjects afford- 
 ing such lessons, will not be excluded from the 
 series, from whatever quarter they may be de- 
 rived. 
 
 It has grown into the famiUarity of an adage, 
 that " early impressions are the strongest," and 
 this is the principal reason which has prompted 
 the enterprise. It is known to parents, and per- 
 haps to children themselves, that the young in this 
 day enjoy pecuhar advantages. The time was, 
 when books written for children, were far beyond 
 the comprehension of a child ; now they are writ- 
 ten plainly and simply, so that an intelligent boy 
 or girl may readily appreciate and understand 
 them. This alone has begotten, perhaps, m chil- 
 dren of the present day, a greater fondness for read- 
 ing. Of the style of these books the Editor does 
 not complain, but he thinks that the subjects are 
 not unfrequently bad. Tales and romances are 
 written for the young, giving them frequently dis- 
 torted pictures of human life, and calling forth 
 in them an early taste for trifling and unprofit- 
 able reading. He would not here be under- 
 stood as finding fault with those beautiful stories, 
 sometimes inculcating the most beautiful lessons 
 of morality and religion ; but, on the contrary, 
 would express his thanks to the men of genius 
 
PREFACE TO PARENTS. 7 
 
 who have prepared them. Books of such value, 
 however, in this class are exceedingly rare. 
 
 In presenting to the young volumes of Biogra- 
 phy, upon well-selected subjects, he hopes he 
 is giving to his young Countrymen, the best 
 practical examples for calling them up to a lofty 
 energy. History is itself " stranger than fiction," 
 and opens a wide and unlimited field of ever vary- 
 ing incident ; and through books of Travels they 
 learn to sit at home like the sw^eet poet Cowper, 
 (as most of them, perhaps, w^ill be forced to do,) 
 and see various pictures of the w^orld. The 
 men, manners, and things of real life thus be- 
 come familiar to them. It is to be hoped, 
 and humbly expected, that a taste for such read- 
 ing, early acquired, will serve to make them, in 
 after life, more profitable and interesting mem- 
 bers of society. 
 
 His young Countrymen having been pleased 
 to receive his former trifles, written for their 
 benefit, with approbation and kindness, he feels 
 that he can make them no more grateful return 
 than by an honest endeavor to do them a higher 
 service. He will have his reward, if they are 
 pleased and instructed. 
 
 In conclusion, the Editor feels that he w^ll 
 have failed in the statement most essential for 
 
8 PREFACE TO PARENTS. 
 
 securing confidence in a teacher for the young, 
 if he did not declare himself to be an humble 
 member of the Church Militant, living upon the 
 hope of being one day a member of the Church 
 Triumphant. He considers that all education, 
 to be good, must be based upon Christian prin- 
 ciple: the heart must be cultivated as well as 
 the understanding; and whatever is placed in 
 this series, will be found to be on the side of 
 Christianity. 
 
 May 1st, 1842. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Pleasure and Profit of reading Biography — The Birth- 
 place of Henry Hudson — Circumstances which brought 
 him forward — His preparation for embarking to find a 
 Passage to the East Indies by the North Pole, in 1607 — 
 Sails on the voyage, and after many trials, returns at the 
 end of four months and a half, having been farther North 
 than any other navigator, and having opened the Whale 
 Fishery to his countrymen. , . . Page 13 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Henry Hudson makes his second voyage, in search of a 
 North-eastern passage to India — Reaches the north side 
 of Nova Zembla, and is stopped by the ice — Hopes to 
 make his Passage on the south side by the Vaygatz 
 Straits — Finding a large River or Sound in Nova Zembla, 
 is induced to try that for his passage — Sails up this — 
 Resolves to return — Searches for Willoughby's Land — 
 Arrives in England after an absence of four months and 
 four days 35 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER TIL 
 
 Henry Hudson's employers disappointed — He now passes 
 over to Holland, and seeks employment from the Dutch 
 East India Company — Leaves Amsterdam on his third, 
 voyage, in the ship Half Moon, in the spring of 1609 — 
 Fails in making his passage through the Vaygatz — Sails 
 westward, reaches the coast of America — Enters Penob- 
 scot Bay — His intercourse with the Indians — Passes 
 Cape Cod, and sails south beyond Chesapeake Bay — 
 Turns north again — Discovers Delaware Bay ; and 
 passing on, drops anchor within Sandy Hook — After a 
 week spent in exploring below, passes the Narrows and 
 anchors in New York Bay. . . . Page 45 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Indian tradition of the first landing of white men in 
 the State of New York, as given by the Indians them- 
 selves, to the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder, a Moravian Mis- 
 sionary among the Indians of Pennsylvania. . 61 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Hudson explores the river since called by his name — Es- 
 cape of the two Indians — Strange experiment of Hudson 
 to learn the treachery of the natives — The Half Moon 
 reaches as far as the present site of Albany — The boat 
 ascends to Waterford — Hudson returns down the river 
 — Battle with the natives at the head of Manhattan Isl- 
 and — Sails from the bay, and reaches England, after an 
 absence of seven months from Europe. . . 71 
 
CONTENTS. H 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Hudson starts on his fourth voyage, having command of 
 the ship Discovery, in the service once more of the Lon- 
 don Company — His aim is to find a North-West Passage 
 to India — Reaches Iceland, and witnesses an eruption 
 of Mount Hecla — Disturbance among his crew — Steers 
 westward, encountering great quantities of ice — Discov- 
 ers and explores Hudson's Bay, and resolves to winter 
 there Page 90 
 
 CHAPTER VH. 
 
 The dreary prospect of the winter — Disturbances among 
 the crew — Unexpected supply of wild fowl and fish — 
 Distress from hunger — Hudson sails from his winter 
 quarters — Green, Juet, and Wilson stir the crew up to 
 mutiny — Hudson is seized, bound, and thrown into the 
 shallop, with others — the shallop set adrift — Fate of the 
 mutineers — The ship arrives in England. . 105 
 
 CHAPTER VIH. 
 
 Claim of John and Sebastian Cabot, as having seen what 
 is now New York in 1497 ; together with the claim of 
 John de Verrazzano, to having entered New York Har- 
 bor in 1524 129 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 To the most Christian King of France, Francis the First 
 — The Relation of John de Verrazzano, a Florentine, 
 of the land by him discouered in the name of his Maies- 
 tie. Written in Diepe, the eight of July, 1524. 137 
 
m 
 
^^ 
 
 ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Pleasure and Profit of reading Biograpny — 
 The Birth-place of Henry Hudson — Circum- 
 stances which brought him forward — His Pre- 
 paration for embarking to find a Passage to 
 the East Indies by the JVorth Pole, in 1607 — 
 Sails on the voyage, and after many trials, 
 returns at the end of four months and a half 
 haviug been farther J^orth than any other navi- 
 gator, and having opened the Whale Fishery to 
 his Countrymen. 
 
 It has been my lot to spend some years of my 
 life in the large and flourishing city of New York. 
 I have walked its crowded streets, looked upon 
 its beautiful churches, (these are the first build- 
 ings that I notice in every city,) its fine public 
 buildings, and its elegant private residences. I 
 have in my possession an old picture shewing 
 the appearance of Manhattan Island, upon which 
 2 
 
14 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 the city stands, in the year 1635 — twenty-six 
 years after its discovery by Henry Hudson. It 
 is not a great while since, that I was showing 
 this picture to one of my httle friends, and call- 
 ing his attention to the wonderful change that 
 had passed over the island since the day when 
 Henry Hudson first rested his eyes upon it. It 
 was then a poor island, inhabited by savages, if 
 inhabited at all, with Indian canoes floating in 
 the waters around it. Now it is the largest city 
 in our land, and ships from all quarters of the 
 world rest upon its waters, almost encircling it 
 with a forest of masts. I shall never forget the 
 look of surprise and honest inquiry, in the simple- 
 hearted little boy, as he turned to me with the 
 question, " And who, sir, was Henry Hudson ?" 
 He was young, and his ignorance was pardona- 
 ble ; the more so because he confessed it, and 
 at once asked for information. I have thought 
 that many older than himself were perhaps, as 
 ignorant as he was, and therefore have prepared 
 for my young countrymen the story of the life 
 and adventures of Henry Hudson. 
 
 Before I begin I must make two remarks to 
 my young friends. First, I know few things 
 more profitable than the study of the lives of our 
 fellow-men. If they were men eminent for good 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 15 
 
 qualities, and men devoting themselves to the 
 improvement of mankind, we feel an ambition 
 kindled in our own bosoms to imitate such men 
 — " to go and do likewise" — they are glorious 
 examples for us to follow. If, on the contrary, 
 they have been remarkably bad men, by marking 
 their follies and their sins, we may perhaps, learn 
 to despise their wickedness and shun their ex- 
 amples. And if the individuals have been men 
 who have lived among ourselves, or trod the 
 same ground upon which we ourselves are walk- 
 ing, the example becomes tenfold more forcible. 
 Then, too, I know few things more pleasant. 
 Some readers, in their desire for pleasure, are 
 eager to seize each new novel or tale of fiction 
 as it falls from the press — while the stories of 
 real life are crowded with scenes of the wildest 
 romance and most daring adventure. So beau- 
 tiful indeed are these stories, that many writers 
 of fiction seize upon them, and make them the 
 basis of their own tales of romance. They are 
 like painters who are not original in their pic- 
 tures : they are only coloring up and varnishing 
 old pictures, and not unfrequently they spoil the 
 paintings, leaving them only miserable daubs for 
 the people to look at. For my own part, I like 
 the stories of real life in themselves, without any 
 
16 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 of their aid. They are in themselves full of ad- 
 venture ; they are certainly more natural, and 
 above all, they are true. I hopp, therefore, that 
 we shall find the study of biography both profita- 
 ble and pleasant, and most of all perhaps, the 
 study of American Biography. 
 
 It is said that in old times many cities had a 
 contest, each claiming to be the birth-place of 
 the great poet Homer. Some ignorant persons 
 have supposed, that there was a dispute between 
 two nations, as to the birth-place of Henry Hud- 
 son. The Dutch speak of him and write of him 
 as Hendrick Hutson, and this, I suppose, is the 
 foundation of their mistake. The truth is, that 
 all Dutch historians whose opinions are valuable, 
 and who speak of him at any time, know that 
 he was no countryman of theirs, and call him 
 Hendrick Hutson, the bold English navigator. 
 
 It would be pleasant to know something of 
 Henry Hudson when he was a boy, that we 
 might trace his career, step by step, till we find 
 him standing a great man before us. It is said 
 that, 
 
 « The ChUd is father of the Man," 
 
 and if so, we might hope to find him in his 
 school-boy days, a bold and fearless little fellow : 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 17 
 
 but of his parentage, connexions, or education, 
 I am sorry to say, very little is known. He was 
 born in England, and had his home in the city 
 of London. His most cherished and intimate 
 companion was Captain John Smith, the founder 
 of the colony of Virginia. They were much 
 alike in temper and disposition, and it is not 
 wonderful that there was a strong friendship be- 
 tween them. Henry Hudson was also a married 
 man, but we do not know who the woman was 
 who shared his joys and his sorrows. He had 
 one son, for the boy was with his father in all 
 his voyages, of which we know anything, and 
 they at last perished together. 
 
 The fact that so little is known of the early 
 days of Hudson, has always induced me to sup- 
 pose that he was what the world calls a self- 
 made man. The times in which he lived were 
 filled with the daring adventures of hardy navi- 
 gators, the ocean was the pathway to distinc- 
 tion, and his young heart was probably fired 
 with these stories, and his genius possibly, thus 
 thrown in that direction. I have fancied him 
 born to poverty — an obscure and humble boy, 
 struggling against a hard fortune, battling diffi- 
 culty after difficulty with undying perseverance, 
 until at last he forces his way before the world, 
 2* 
 
18 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 the maker of his own fortunes. I love these 
 self-elevated men. It seems as though they were 
 nature's noblemen : the men whom God design- 
 ed should be great and useful to their species, in 
 spite of all the difficulties, which the world pre- 
 sented before them. And I never think of one 
 of them without remembering the multitudes of 
 my young countrymen who are humbly born, 
 and lowly bred. Such men are glorious exam- 
 ples for them, telling them not to be frightened 
 by difficulties, or turned aside by disappointments, 
 but to press right onward in the way of useful- 
 ness, and honorable fame. 
 
 Before Hudson comes fully before us, it is well 
 that you should understand the peculiar circum- 
 stances which brought him forward. After the 
 nations of Europe discovered that there were 
 rich treasures in that region of country, now 
 known as the East Indies, the commerce of that 
 region was brought to them partly over land, 
 and then floated through the Mediterranean Sea. 
 This was a slow and laborious route for trade ; 
 and in a little time, those nations farthest remov- 
 ed from the advantages of that trade, (such as 
 Spain, Portugal, and England,) became restless, 
 and desirous of finding a new and shorter pas« 
 sage to the East Indies. After many hard and 
 
HF.NRY HUDSON. 19 
 
 imsuccGssfiil efforts, at length, in 1499, Vasco do 
 Gama, a celebrated Portuguese navigator, doub- 
 led the Cape of Good Hope, and passing on, ap- 
 peared upon the coast of Hindostan. Thus a 
 new track was found, but still it was looked 
 upon as belonging particularly to the Portu- 
 guese, and moreover, it was still a long and 
 dangerous passage. The nations of Europe were 
 not yet satisfied. Still thirsting for a shorter 
 highway to the wealth of the East, they began 
 to think that they might find it by saihng through 
 the Arctic Ocean, and passing north-westwardly 
 around the coasts of North America, or north- 
 eastwardly around the shores of Asia, or possibly 
 by moving in a course directly north. You 
 would be wearied, if I should tell you of the many 
 long and perilous voyages undertaken, to find 
 this northern passage. Time and time again, 
 voyager after voyager departed, and all returned 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 The best of all books tells us that " the love 
 of money is the root of all evil." And yet this 
 very desire after the riches of the East, was over- 
 ruled by a wise Providence for good purposes. 
 No northern passage was found, and yet these 
 northern voyages have aided the cause of sci- 
 e:!ce, have discovered new fields of commerce to 
 
20 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Arctic fishermen, opened to the adventurous na- 
 tions of the old world new and fertile regions, 
 and trained up for them, a noble, bold, and har- 
 dy race of men. I say a hardy race of men : 
 for nowhere is there a more fearful meeting 
 with the elements of heaven (those elements 
 which man can never control) than in the Arctic 
 Seas. Wind and storm, and famine and disease, 
 are for ever around the voyager, and to this day 
 there is no harder undertaking than the voyag- 
 ing and wintering among the icebergs of the 
 Polar Seas. He who undertakes it even now 
 must have courage, patience, and fortitude under 
 all manner of sufferings. Henry Hudson was a 
 voyager amid these fearful things. 
 
 Notwithstanding all these failures about a 
 northern passage, a number of rich men, living 
 in the city of London, still hoped that the pas- 
 sage might be found : and in the year 1607, 
 joined themselves together as a London Compa- 
 ny, and furnished the funds necessary for making 
 three voyages. They were determined once 
 more to search for the passage by the three old 
 routes, north, north-east, and north-west. Know- 
 ing that everything depended upon the skill of 
 their commander, they chose for their man Hen- 
 ry Hudson. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 21 
 
 Hudson readily accepted the command, and 
 on the 19th of April, he, with his crew, consist- 
 ing of eleven besides himself,* among whom was 
 his son John Hudson, went to the church of 
 Saint Ethelburge in Bishopsgate-street, and there 
 received the sacrament of the Lord's supper. 
 This was one part of their preparation for going 
 to sea. It was the pious and beautiful custom 
 of those days, for sailors to do this. I am sorry 
 that it has grown out of fashion : it was but say- 
 ino" to the whole congregation, that they were 
 about embarking upon the sea to meet unknown 
 perils, and that their trust was in God, " who 
 alone spreadeth out the heavens and ruleth the 
 radno- of the sea." 
 
 The object of this voyage was to find a pas- 
 sage directly across the Pole, or, as Hudson 
 himself says in his journal, it was " for to dis- 
 cover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and 
 China," — and you will bear in mind, that this 
 was the first effort ever made, to seek a passage 
 directly across the Pole. 
 
 On the 1st day of May, 1607, they weighed 
 
 * The names of the crew, as given in the Journal of this voy- 
 age of 1607, were as follows: "Henry Hudson, master — Wii- 
 liam Cnlines, mate — .Tames Young, J'^hu Cnlman, John Cooke, 
 James Reubery, James Skrntton, John PIpvcp, Thnmr.s Bax- 
 ter, llichurd Day, Jaiaes Knight, and Juiui Hudsoa.''' 
 
22 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 m 
 
 anchor at Gravesend, and taking a northerly 
 course, in twenty-six days reached the Shetland 
 Isles. Here Hudson found that the needle had 
 no variation: but on the 30th of May, (four 
 days after,) he " found the needle to incline 
 seventy-nine degrees under the horizon." On 
 the 4th of June he found a " variation of five 
 degrees westerly." From the Shetland Isles, 
 Hudson stood northwest, his object being, as it 
 would seem, to strike the coast of Greenland. 
 Indeed, he supposed Greenland to be an island, 
 and thought that by keeping a northeast course, 
 he might possibly pass around it. In a week's 
 time, though he had not found land, he made a 
 profitable discovery, for he tells us that on the 
 nth of June, he saw six or seven whales near 
 his ship. Thus you will mark one benefit of 
 this voyage at once ; for afterward, the whale 
 fishery in these Northern seas became a business 
 of immense profit, to his countrymen. Two days 
 after this, at 2 o'clock in the morning, land was 
 seen ahead, and some ice ; there being a thick 
 fog at the time, he steered away northerly, and 
 the wind coming on to blow hard, he stood away 
 south and by east six or eight leagues. The 
 weather was now so cold, that the sails and 
 shrouds of his ship were covered with ice. In a 
 
* HENRY HUDSON. 23 
 
 little time it cleared up, and Hudson was able to 
 take a fair view of the land. He could now see 
 it stretching in a northeasterly direction nine 
 leagues before him. " The land," he says, " was 
 very high, mostly covered with snow. At the 
 top it looked reddish, and underneath a blackish 
 clay, with much ice lying about it." I suppose 
 this reddish appearance was what is sometimes 
 called red snow. In those countries where the 
 snow^ is almost perpetual, there is a small plant 
 of a reddish hue which grows upon the snow, 
 and rapidly spreads itself all over it.* In those 
 northern regions,the snow-capped hills often have 
 this covering of red, and it is said, it is sometimes 
 seen even upon the Alps and the Appenines. He 
 noticed too, great quantities of fowl upon the 
 coast, and was near enough to see a whale close 
 by the shore. There was a man of the crew 
 named James Young, and I presume he must 
 have been the first to have observed the land, as 
 Hudson called the head-land before them 
 " Young's Cape.'' Near this cape he saw " a 
 high mountain like a round castle," and to this 
 he gave the name of the " Mount of God's mer- 
 cy." These were on the coast of Greenland. 
 
 * This plant is known as the Protococcus Nivalis. 
 
24 HEIxFvY HUDSON. 
 
 Harassed by thick fogs, storms of rain and 
 snow, driven sometimes before a gale of wind, 
 and at other times becalmed, Hudson still held 
 on in a northeasterly course. He was unwilhng 
 to be driven from it, being anxious to know 
 whether the land that he had seen was an island 
 or a part of Greenland : and hoping, above all 
 other things, that he might find Greenland to be 
 an island, and pass easily around it. The fog, 
 however, continued so thick and heavy, day after 
 day, that he could not see the land, until at last, 
 discouraged in this direction, he resolved to steer 
 more easterly, hoping to fall in with an island 
 which he calls Newland, the same island that is 
 marked upon our maps and charts as Spitzber- 
 gen. 
 
 Having sailed some sixteen leagues on this new 
 course, land was again seen on the left hand, (or 
 larboard side of the ship, as sailors say,) stretch- 
 ing southwest and northeast. Hudson thought 
 that he was within four leagues of the land. 
 He observed birds flying over it, but different 
 from those he had seen before. These had 
 " black backs and white belhes, in form much 
 like a duck." Many floating pieces of ice, too, 
 were in the neighborhood of his ship : so that he 
 had to move carefully. To increase his anxiety, 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 25 
 
 the fog again came on, and he began to fear that 
 his ship would be fastened amid these blocks of 
 ice. Still keeping a lookout as well as he could 
 through the darkness, for the point where the 
 land ended eastward ly, he steered northeast 
 five or six leagues, and then turned to the south. 
 Again he was unwilling to turn aside from his 
 purpose. As soon therefore, as the weather 
 cleared up, he stood again northeast, and in a 
 little time land was again seen, as he supposed, 
 twelve leagues distant from him. He then took 
 an observation, and found this land to be in 72 
 degrees 38 minutes north latitude. This land, 
 too, was very different from that which he had 
 seen at Young's Cape : it was a high land, not 
 at all covered with snow, and the southern part 
 rolled away into very high mountains, but no 
 snow rested upon these. To his surprise, he 
 found the weather here not so severe, but on the 
 contrary, temperate and pleasant. He did 
 not, however, explore this land farther. " The 
 many fogs and calms, with contrary winds, and 
 much ice near the shore, held us," (as he says,) 
 " from farther discovery of it." As he knew no 
 name, however, as yet given to the land, (for 
 his charts did not point it out,) he called it the 
 land of Hold with Hope. 
 3 
 
26 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Hudson's employers had desired him to find 
 the passage directly across the Pole, and he seems 
 to have feared that his time might be thought 
 wasted, in some degree, upon the coast of 
 Greenland. In his journal, therefore, he gives 
 the reason for this delay. "The chief cause" 
 (says he) " that moved us thereunto, was our de- 
 sire to see that part of Greenland which (for aught 
 that we knew) was to any Christian unknown : 
 and we thought it might as well have been open 
 sea as land, and by that means our passage 
 should have been the larger to the Pole : and the 
 hope of having a westerly wind, which would be 
 to us a landerly wind if we found land. And, 
 considering we found land contrary to that which 
 our cards make mention of, we accounted our la- 
 bor so much the more worth. And for aught 
 that we could see, it is like to be a good land, 
 and worth the seeing." 
 
 He now held his course northeastward toward 
 Newland or Spitzbergen. In two or three days, 
 one of the crew again saw high land to the lar- 
 board, which fell away to the west the farther 
 they moved north. This was the last view they 
 had of Greenland. 
 
 Still pressing on, Hudson had continued strug- 
 gles against hard winds and heavy fogs, until at 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 27 
 
 last he reached a latitude so high, that the 
 sun was above the horizon the whole twenty- 
 four hours. Here, then, the fogs could not annoy 
 him so much. On the night of the 25th, he 
 again saw birds like those he had seen upon the 
 coast of Greenland, and supposed that land must 
 be near, but it was too dark for him to discover 
 it. On the morning of the 26th, he again saw 
 birds of many kinds flying about his ship, and 
 strained his eyes to catch a glimpse of land, but 
 the heavy fog prevented. The next morning 
 the fog rolled away from the sea, and he saw 
 before him the coast of Spitzbergen. He could 
 not see it very plainly, howe^'er, or approach it 
 very closely, for " the land was covered with 
 fog : the ice lying very thick all along the shore 
 for fifteen or sixteen leagues." He coasted along 
 the shore through the day, catching occasional 
 glimpses of the land, and was able to make an 
 observation, by which he found himself to be in 
 the 78th degree of latitude. He was not certain, 
 but supposed that he was now near a point on 
 the western coast of Spitzbergen known by the 
 name of Vogel Hooke or Vogelhoek. He was 
 again surprised to find this region mild and 
 temperate compared with that about Young's 
 Cape. 
 
28 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 His effort was now to make his passage by 
 the north side of the island, and he kept his course, 
 as well as he could, almost due north. I say as 
 well as he could, for he met here, perhaps, great- 
 er difficulties than in any former part of the voy- 
 age. He was surrounded by ice, fearing almost 
 every moment that his ship would be dashed to 
 pieces against the floating masses — head winds 
 prevailed against him, forcing him almost daily 
 to change his course, and storms were his con- 
 stant companions for more than a fortnight. Still, 
 in spite of all these trials, he worked his course 
 northward, noticing, in his way, large num- 
 bers of morses, seals, and sometimes bears, until 
 he beg^an to fear that the ice would not allow 
 him to make the passage on this side of the isl- 
 and. It would seem, that some of his men found 
 time to attack the bears, for several of them, he 
 tells us, were made sick by eating bears' flesh. 
 During this fortnight, he observed one thing 
 which was curious : the sea was at times blue, 
 green, and black, and the green sea he found to 
 be freest from ice, while the blue sea was almost 
 always crowded with it. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th, it was calm with 
 fog. Yet they were able to see a bay open 
 toward the west, enclosed by high and ragged 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 29 
 
 land. The northerly point of this land, which 
 was very high and bleak, was first seen by Wil- 
 liam Collins, the boatswain, and they instantly 
 gave it the name of Collins Cape. On the south 
 side of the bay, they discovered three or four 
 small islands or rocks. Great numbers of whales 
 were sporting in the bay, and while one of the 
 men was amusing himself with a hook and line 
 overboard to try for fish, one of these whales 
 passed under the keel of the ship, and " made 
 her held." They were greatly alarmed, and very 
 grateful when the danger was over. " By God's 
 mercy," (says Hudson,) " we had no harm but 
 the loss of the hook and three parts of the line." 
 They found the weather hot, though the swamps 
 and valleys near the shore were filled with snow. 
 John Colman, the mate, and Collins, the boat- 
 swain, went ashore here with two others, and 
 found a pair of morse's teeth in the jaw, quanti- 
 ties of whale's bones, and some dozen or more 
 deer's horns. They saw too, the tracks of ani- 
 mals on the shore. The weather was so hot 
 that they were glad to find two or three streams 
 of fresh water rolling into the bay, where they 
 quenched their thirst. The men returned, and 
 the wind being in their favor, they again steered 
 north-east. 
 
 3* 
 
30 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 On the 16th the weather was clear, the wind 
 north, and Hudson found himself surrounded by 
 ice in every direction. He could see the land 
 and ice extending north-east far into the 82d 
 degree of latitude, and seemingly much farther, 
 and he was now convinced that he could not 
 make his way through the ice on the north side 
 of the island. The wind, too, was fair just at 
 the moment, and he determined now to sail 
 round the southern point of the island, and press 
 his course north-east, hoping to make the passage 
 on that side. He continued his course south for 
 more than a week, coasting along the shores of 
 Spitzbergen, when, on the 25th, he saw the land 
 bearing north. But then he was discouraged 
 from turning the point, and moving toward the 
 north-east — for by this time he had observed the 
 general prevalence of the winds on the coast, 
 and found that it would be impossible. This 
 plan, therefore, he was forced to abandon, and 
 now he resolved once more '^ to prove his for- 
 tunes" by the west. His aim was nothing less 
 than to pass round the north of Greenland, (sup- 
 posing it to be an island,) and return by Davis' 
 Straits to England. With a heart full of hope, 
 he now shaped his course w^estward. 
 
 Two days after this, while nearly becalmed, 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 31 
 
 they were suddenly startled by a tremendous 
 noise, made by the ice and the sea. Immense 
 mountains of floating ice surrounded them, and 
 the waves, rolling high, were heaving the ship 
 continually w^estward toward them. In their 
 fright, they lowered their boat, in the hope of 
 turning the ship away from the ice ; but in this 
 they failed, the waves rolling so high that the 
 boat, more than once, came near being swamped. 
 "In this extremity," (says Hudson.) " it pleased 
 God to give us a small gale, at noith-west and 
 by west. We steered away south-east four 
 leagues, till noon. Here we had finished oui 
 discovery, if the wind had continued that brought 
 us hither, or if it had continued calm; but it 
 pleased God to make this north-west and by 
 \vest wind the means of our deliverance ; which 
 wind, we had not found common in this voyage. 
 God give us thankful hearts for so great deliver- 
 ance." 
 
 The weather cleared up at noon, and they 
 saw the ice reflected by the sky, bearing from 
 south-west to north-east. As they approached 
 still nearer to Greenland, the sky reflected the 
 ice still farther and farther, until Hudson was 
 satisfied that he could find no passage around 
 the north of Greenland. A westerly wind spring- 
 
32 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ing up, therefore, he altered his course, and 
 steered south-east. He now began to think oi 
 making his way back to England. The thick 
 fogs still annoyed him ; his ship stores were be- 
 ginning to fail ; the season, too, was far advanc- 
 ed, and it was well-nigh certain that he could 
 not make the passage this year. Keeping a 
 southerly course, he again passed the southern 
 coast of Spitzbergen — the land being, as he says, 
 " not ragged, as all the rest we had seen this 
 voyage" — came in sight of Cheries Island, for 
 which he was keeping a lookout, and saw the 
 land covered with cragged rocks, "like hay- 
 cocks." Still pressing south, on the 15th of 
 August, he put into what he calls " the Isles of 
 Farre," (meaning, I suppose, the Faroe Islands,) 
 and on the 15th of September, he arrived at 
 Tilbury Hope on the Thames.* 
 
 Thus you will perceive, that after a hard voy- 
 age of four months and a half, Hudson returned 
 without success. Yet his employers were suffi- 
 ciently pleased, as we shall soon see, to trust 
 him with their second adventure. And though 
 he failed in the main enterprise, his voyage was 
 far from being useless. 
 
 * The journal of this voyage, made in 1607, will be found in 
 " Purchas fiis Pilg7-ims,'^ written partly by Henry Hudson, 
 and partly by John Pleyce, one of his men. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 33 
 
 He advanced farther north than any naviga- 
 tor had been known to proceed before : his voy- 
 age opened the commerce of the whale fishery 
 to his countrymen ; and some have said that he 
 was the discoverer of Spitzbergen.* This last 
 supposition, however, is a mistake. While we 
 are anxious to give full credit to Hudson for 
 whatever he may have done, Ave should be un- 
 willing: to detract from the fair fame of another 
 man. That island was first discovered in the 
 year 1596, by WilHam Barentz, a Dutch navi- 
 gator. It received from him the name of Spitz- 
 bergen, from its mountainous appearance, and 
 the quantities of ice and snow that lay around it. 
 The remarkable headland which had been seen 
 by Hudson, Barentz had called Vogelhoek, from 
 the number of birds that he saw there. After 
 this, the island was sometimes, by the Hollanders, 
 called Newland. It is strange that any one 
 should have thought Hudson the discoverer of 
 Spitzbergen, since he himself, in his journal, 
 speaks of the island as Newland, evidently know- 
 ing where it was, and also of the promontory 
 Vogelhoek, which I presume was laid down in 
 his charts. 
 
 ♦Forster's Voyages; Yates and Moulton's History of New 
 York ; Belknap's American Biography ; Rev. Dr. Miller, in a 
 discourse before the New York Historical Society in 1S09. 
 
34 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 The most that can be said is, that Hudson 
 rediscovered Spitzbergen, and this has been 
 said '* but it is scarcely true. Hudson's speak- 
 ing so plainly of the island, contradicts this state- 
 ment also. 
 
 All that we claim for him, therefore, in this 
 voyage is, that with unwavering fortitude, amid 
 constant trials, he pressed his way farther north 
 than any other navigator had been before, and 
 opened a new and extensive field of commerce 
 to the English people. 
 
 * Scoresby, in his account of the Arctic Regions. 
 
CHAPTER n. 
 
 Henry Hudson makes his second voyage, in 
 search of a J^orth- eastern Passage to India — 
 Reaches the north side of J^ova Zemhla, and is 
 stopped by the Ice — Hopes to make his passage 
 on the south side by the Vaygatz Straits — Find- 
 ing a large River or Sound in JVova Zembla, is 
 induced to try that for his passage — Sails up 
 this — Resolves to return — Searches for Wil- 
 loughby^s Land — Arrives in England after an 
 absence of four months and four days. 
 
 As soon as the spring was fairly opened the 
 next year, Hudson commenced making his pre- 
 parations for a second voyage. This time he 
 was to seek his passage for the East Indies in 
 the north-east, by passing between Spitzbergen 
 and Nova Zembla. 
 
 With a crew consisting, in all, of fifteen per 
 
36 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 sons,* (among whom again was his son John 
 Hudson,) he set sail from London on the 22d of 
 April. The wind was fair, and so continued day 
 after day ; but as he sailed north, heavy fogs 
 again met him, so that it was the 24th of May 
 before he found himself off the coast of Norway. 
 The weather now cleared up, and the cold, which 
 had been increasing for some days, became so 
 severe that several of the men were taken sick. 
 Philip Stacie, the carpenter, seems to have suf- 
 fered most. Improving this clear weather, he 
 pressed north-east as rapidly as he could. On 
 the 29th he had reached a latitude so high that 
 " the sun was on the meridian above the horizon 
 five deo^rees," and he was able to take an obser- 
 Vation at midnight. In two days more his fine 
 weather passed away; for, on the 1st of June, 
 he had a hard north-easterly gale with snow. 
 For two days he struggled against the storm, 
 and on the morning of the 3d he saw the JYorth 
 Cape, about eight leagues distant, as he suppos- 
 
 *The names of these persons, as given in the Journal of this 
 voyage of 1608, were as follows: "Henry Hudson, master 
 and pilot ; Robert Juet, mate ; Ludlow Arnall, John Cooke, 
 boatswain; Philip Stacie, carpenter; John Barns, John 
 Braunch, cook ; John Adrey, James Strutton, Michael 
 Feirce, Thomas Hilles, Richard Tomson, Robert Raynor, 
 Humfrey Gilby, and John Hudson." 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 37 
 
 ed, and discovered several Norway fishermen in 
 sight. Keeping his course north-east, on the 9th 
 of June, in the latitude of 75 degrees, he fell in 
 with ice, the first he had seen on the voyage. 
 Hoping to pass through, he stood into it, loos- 
 ening some of it, and bearing away from the 
 larger masses until he had passed into it four or 
 five leagues. Here he found the ice so thick and 
 firm ahead, that he began to fear he had pro- 
 ceeded too far, and might be fastened. This 
 forced him to return by the same way he went 
 in, fortunately suffering no damage (as he says) 
 except " a few rubs of the ship against the ice." 
 For more than a fortnight he still pressed east- 
 ward, struggling with the ice, but failed to reach 
 a higher latitude. At one time he would meet 
 large quantities of drift-wood driving by the ship, 
 then he would see large numbers of whales and 
 porpoises, and the sea seemed almost cover- 
 ed with birds floating over it. Then again he 
 would see numbers of seals lying upon the ice, 
 and hear the bears roaring. It was during this 
 fortnight, that two of his men declared they saw 
 something stranger than all this. Thomas Hilles 
 and Robert Raynor positively asserted, that 
 on the morning of the 15th they saw a mermaid 
 close by the ship's side, looking earnestly at 
 4 
 
38 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 them. A sea soon came and overturned her ; 
 but they saw her distinctly. Her body was as 
 large as a man's, her back and breast were like 
 a woman's, her skin very w^hite, and she had long 
 black hair hanging dow^n behind. As she w^ent 
 down they saw her tail, which w^as like the tail 
 of a porpoise, and speckled like a mackerel. 
 
 On the 25th, being still hemmed in with ice, 
 w^hile head wdnds were still prevailing, he found 
 that, in spite of every effort, he w'as drifting to- 
 ward the south. He was now convinced that 
 he could not proceed farther on the north side of 
 Nova Zembla, and resolved to seek his passage 
 on the south side of the island, by the straits 
 known as " the Vaygatz ; to pass by the mouth 
 of the River Oh, and to double that way the 
 North Cape of Tartaria." These straits are be- 
 tween the southernmost parts of Nova Zembla, 
 and the northern coast of Russia. He now shaped 
 his course south, and the next day, at the dis- 
 tance of four or five leagues, saw that part of 
 Nova Zembla, known by the Hollanders as 
 Swart Cliffe. Being only two miles from the 
 land, he sent six of his men ashore to take a 
 survey of the country, and fill the casks with 
 water. They found the shore covered with 
 grass j the land was marshy, and several streams, 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 61) 
 
 made by the melting snow, were rolling through 
 it. In looking around, they saw the tracks of 
 bears, deers, and foxes ; and after picking up 
 some whales' fins and deer's horns, they returned 
 to the ship. The sea was calm as they came 
 back, and they saw two or three herds of morses 
 swimming near the ship. Hudson now sent 
 seven other men ashore to the place where he 
 thought the morses might come in; but they 
 failed in taking one of them. These men found 
 a cross standing on the shore, quantities of drift- 
 wood, and signs of fires that had been recently 
 kindled there. Gathering some moss, and such 
 flowers as grew in that cold latitude, and taking 
 two pieces of the cross, they also returned to 
 the ship. 
 
 On the 29th, they again saw large numbers 
 of morses in the water ; and in the hope of fol- 
 lowing them, and finding where they would land, 
 they hoisted sail, and got out the boat to tow 
 the ship along. The chase proved fruitless : but 
 it brought them to the mouth of a broad river or 
 sound, where they anchored near a small island. 
 The ice was running rapidly down the stream, 
 and they were forced to weigh anchor twice in 
 the night, and stand out to free themselves from 
 danger. In the morning he again came to his 
 
40 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 old anchorage near the island. On a small rock 
 near by, he saw forty or fifty morses lying asleep. 
 He sent all his crew after them, except his son 
 John ; but they succeeded in killing only one of 
 them, the rest plunging rapidly in the water. 
 Before they came aboard, however, they landed 
 on the island, where they killed some fowls and 
 found some eggs. 
 
 The thought now struck Hudson, that instead 
 of trying his passage by the Vaygatz Straits, he 
 would attempt to make his way through this 
 broad stream before him. He hoped that in 
 this way he might reach the east side of Nova 
 Zembla. Then, too, the morses invited him, for 
 he hoped by taking them to pay the expenses 
 of the voyage. " Being here," (he says,) " and 
 hoping, by the plenty of morses we saw here, to 
 defray the charge of our voyage ; and also that 
 this sound might, for some reasons, be a better 
 passage to the east of Nova Zembla than the 
 Vaygatz, if it held, according to my hope, con- 
 ceived by the likeness it gave : for whereas we 
 had a flood come from the northward, yet this 
 sound or river did run so strong, that ice with 
 the stream of this river was carried away, or any- 
 thing else against the flood : so that both in flood 
 and ebb, the stream doth hold a strong course : 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 41 
 
 and it floweth from the north three hours and 
 ebbeth nine." 
 
 He now sent the mate, with several of the men, 
 to explore the mouth of this river. The next 
 day they came back, having their boat laden 
 with drift- w^ood, and bringing with them a large 
 deer's horn, a lock of white hair, and great 
 quantities of fowl. They had a very good story 
 to tell. They had seen a herd of ten white deer, 
 much drift-wood lying on the shore, many good 
 bays, and dne fine river on the north shore, which 
 looked like a good place for morses — though 
 they saw none there. They saw signs that the 
 morses had been in the bay. As for the particu- 
 lar river which they were to explore, they had 
 found it two or three leagues broad, and no 
 ground at twenty fathoms — the water was of the 
 color of the sea, very salt, and the stream set 
 strongly out of it. 
 
 This report was so encouraging that Hudson 
 soon hoisted sail, and steered up the river. In a 
 little time he passed a reef, where he found only 
 five or six fathoms' depth, and was then in thirty- 
 four fathoms water. He continued his course for 
 nine leagues, still finding the water deep, until 
 the wind Coming out ahead, and the stream run- 
 ning too strongly against him, he was forced to 
 4* 
 
42 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 cast anchor. He now rigged up the boat with 
 a sail, and furnishing Juet the mate, and five of 
 the crew, with provisions and weapons, sent 
 them up the river to take soundings. They were 
 to continue their course, provided the water con- 
 tinued deep, until they found the stream bending 
 to the east or southward. The ship was to fol- 
 low them as soon as a favorable wind offered. 
 About the middle of the next day the men re- 
 turned very tired, bringing a very unfavorable 
 report. They had been up the river six or seven 
 leagues, sounding it all the way, until at last 
 they found on]y four feet of water. They knew 
 that the ship could not pass this point : so they 
 did not explore farther, but after landing, gather- 
 ing some flowers, and seeing great numbers of 
 deer, they returned to the ship. 
 
 All that remained for him now was to return. 
 Setting sail, therefore, he passed down the river 
 much disappointed, or, as he himself says in the 
 Journal, " with sorrow that our labor was in 
 vain ; for, had this sound held as it did make 
 show of, for breadth, depth, safeness of harbor, 
 and good anchor-ground, it might have yielded 
 an excellent passage to a more easterly sea." It 
 was here, too, that he seems to have been par- 
 ticularly pleased with the appearance of Nova 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 43 
 
 Zembla, under its arctic midsummer ; for he says, 
 " it was to a man's eye a pleasant land ; much 
 main high land, with no snow on it, looking in 
 some places green, and deer feeding thereon." 
 In the evening he sent five of his men ashore, 
 hoping again that they might find morses ; but 
 they found none, though they saw many good land- 
 ing places for them. They discovered signs of a 
 fire that had been made on shore, and returned, 
 bringing with them a hundred fowls, called 
 « Wellocks." 
 
 It was now the 6th of July, and Hudson knew 
 it was too late to attempt his passage by the 
 Vaygatz. He therefore shaped his course west- 
 ward, hoping to visit by the way Willoughhy^s 
 Land* that he might see if it was correctly laid 
 down in his chart. Still intent upon defraying, 
 if possible, the expenses of his voyage, he thought 
 if he should find this land he would discover 
 there abundance of morses, driven down by the 
 ice from Nova Zembla. But, unfortunately, he 
 did not come in sight of that land. He was yet 
 in the region of the ice, and discovered, as in the 
 last voyage, that in the green sea he was most 
 free from it, while in the blue sea he was almost 
 
 * Some have supposed that Willoughby^s Land is the same 
 as Spitzbergen, but this is a mistake. 
 
44 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 sure to be troubled with it. Keeping his west- 
 erly course, in ten days he saw the promontory 
 of Wardhuys off the coast of Lapland, and in a 
 little time passed the JVorth Cape. Being now 
 off the coast of Norway, the nights had again 
 become so dark that he was forced to use a can- 
 dle in the binacle, which thing he had not before 
 found necessary since the 19th of May. 
 
 Hudson's heart still leaned toward the experi- 
 ment of saihng north of Greenland, and he would 
 willingly have moved in that direction, but the 
 season w^as now too far advanced ; and he thought 
 it his duty " to save victuall, wages, and tackle, 
 and not by foolish rashness, the time being w^ast- 
 ed, to lay more charge upon the action than 
 necessity should compel." He kept his course, 
 therefore, for England, and arrived at Gravesend 
 on the 26th of August, having been absent, this 
 time, four months and four days.* 
 
 * The Journal of this voyage, made in 1608, written by Hen- 
 ry Hudson himself, will also be found in ^' Purchas his Pil- 
 grims." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Henry Hudsori's employers disappointed — He 
 now passes over to Holland, and seeks employ- 
 ment from the Dutch East India Company — 
 Leaves Amsterdam on his third voyage, in the 
 ship Half Moon, in the spring of 1Q09— Fails 
 
 in making his passage through the Vaygatz 
 
 Sails westward, reaches the coast of America — 
 Enters Penobscot Bay — His intercourse with 
 the Indians— Passes Cape Cod, and sails south 
 beyond Chesapeake Bay— Turns north again 
 —Discovers Delaware Bay ; and, passing on, 
 drops anchor within Sandy Hook — ^fter a 
 week spent in exploring below, passes thej^ar- 
 rows and anchors in J^ew York Bay. 
 
 Upon Hudson's return, the company that had 
 employed him were greatly disappointed, and 
 unwilling at present to make any farther effort. 
 But Hudson's heart was still bent upon the great 
 purpose for which he had been laboring. Un- 
 willing therefore to wait, he passed over to Hol- 
 land to offer his services to the Dutch East India 
 
46 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Company. His fame had gone there before him ; 
 they all knew him as " the bold Englishman, 
 the expert pilot, and the famous navigator." 
 There was one man of this company, Balthazor 
 Moucheron, who had made large and unsuccess- 
 ful adventures in Arctic voyages, and was there- 
 fore opposed to another effort, even under Henry 
 Hudson. But the company, without overcoming 
 his objections, still met the views of Hudson ; 
 accordingly the small ship (or as some say the 
 yacht) Hal/ Moon was soon equipped, and the 
 command intrusted to him. With a crew con- 
 sisting of twenty Englishmen and Dutchmen, or, 
 as some say, only sixteen,* among whom was 
 Robert Juet, who had served as mate in his last 
 voyage, he was now ready to brave again the 
 ice and storms of the Arctic seas. 
 
 His object was now to try his passage once 
 more by the north side of Nova Zembla, or on 
 the south through the Vaygatz Straits. He de- 
 parted from Amsterdam on the 25th of March, 
 and on the 27th, left the Texel. In little more 
 than a month he doubled the North Cape, and 
 pressing on, was ere long upon the coast of No- 
 va Zembla. Head winds, ice, and fog here met 
 him again, and after more than a fortnight's 
 
 * Lambrechtseu says, \Q men, Englishmen and Hollanders. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 47 
 
 struggle against them, he gave up the hope of 
 reaching India by the Vaygatz, or indeed by 
 any north-eastern route. In this time of disap- 
 pointment, he was not discouraged, but seems 
 to have had many plans. He had heard of 
 America and the vast discoveries made there ; 
 and he thought, by sailing westerly, that he 
 too might make some discovery which would 
 repay his employers for his failure. Moreover, 
 he had with him some maps which had been 
 given to him by his old friend, Captain John 
 Smith, on which a strait was marked south of 
 Virginia, offering a passage to the Pacific Ocean 
 or great South Sea, as it was then called — and 
 by this passage he might hope to reach the East 
 Indies. Then too, he thought of his former plan ; 
 a passage by the north-west, through Davis's 
 Straits. He now proposed to his crew, either to 
 seek a passage south through the strait laid down 
 by Smith, or to sail for the north-west. Many 
 of his men had been trained in the East India ser- 
 vice, were accustomed to sailing in warm tropical 
 climates, and chose therefore, to sail south rather 
 than meet the severities of the northern seas. 
 Now then, he steered his course westerly, soon 
 doubled the North Cape again, and by the last 
 of May, reached one of the Faroe Ishnds. 
 
 > 
 
48 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 He remained here twenty-four hours, and had 
 his casks filled with fresh water. They then 
 hoisted sail and steered south-west, hoping to 
 reach Buss Island, which had been discovered in 
 1578, by Martin Frolisher. The island was in- 
 correctly laid down in his chart, and he did not 
 find it. He next shaped his course for JYew- 
 foundland. For more than three weeks he 
 now encountered storms and constant gales of 
 wind, until at last his foremast was carried 
 away. He rigged up w^hat sailors call a jury- 
 mast, but the gales continuing, his foresail was 
 split. Notwithstanding the tempests, he man- 
 aged to run down as far as the forty-fifth degree 
 of latitude. Here he met a heavy gale from the 
 south-east, but still kept on his course. Three 
 days after this he saw a sail standing to the east, 
 and hoping " to speak her," he turned from his 
 course and gave chase ; but finding, as night came 
 on, that he could not overtake her, he again 
 turned w^esterly. Early in July, he found him- 
 self off the coast of JYeufoundland, and saw a 
 great fleet of Frenchmen fishing on the banks. 
 Finding himself here becalmed several days, he 
 sent his crew to the banks to try their luck at 
 fishing. In this they proved very successful — 
 taking in one day one hundred and thirty cod- 
 
 M 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 49 
 
 fish. The wind again springing up, they sailed 
 westerly. On the 9th, they spoke a Frenchman 
 who lay fishing at Sable Island bank. They 
 soon cleared the banks, passed the shore of Nova 
 Scotia, and on the morning of the 12th, saw the 
 coast of North America before them. The fog 
 was now so thick that for several days they w^ere 
 afraid to approach the land ; but on the morn- 
 ing of the 18th, the weather cleared up, and 
 they ran into a " good harbor" at the mouth of 
 a large river, in the latitude of forty-four degrees. 
 This vras Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine.* 
 Hudson had already seen some of the inhabi- 
 tants of this new country ; for on the morning 
 of the 19th, while they were standing off, unable 
 to enter the harbor, two boats came off to him, 
 with six of the natives of the country, who 
 " seemed very glad at his coming." He gave 
 them some trifling presents, and they ate and 
 drank with him. They told him that there were 
 gold, silver, and copper mines near by, and that 
 the French people were in the habit of trading 
 with them. One of them he found could speak 
 a little French. 
 
 ♦ Rev. Dr. Miller, in his lecture delivered before the New 
 York Historical Society, in 1809, thinks the place of their ar- 
 rival was at or near Portland, in the State of Maine. 
 
 5 
 
50 HENKY HUDSON. 
 
 He now made his observation of the harbor. 
 He describes it as lying north and south a mile; 
 he could see the river a great Avay up, and found 
 that he was in four fathoms of water. The first 
 thing to be done, was to rig up a new^ foremast, 
 and mend the sails. Some Vv^ent to work at the 
 sails, and others went ashore to cut the mast. 
 They needed a fresh supply of water also, and 
 some went in search of that, while others amused 
 themselves in catching lobsters. In the mean time, 
 the people of the country came aboard in great 
 numbers. They were very friendly, and seem 
 not to have been at all afraid of Hudson's men, 
 while the men were afraid of them, all the time 
 saying " they could not be trusted." Two French 
 shallops came to the ship, filled wnth Indians 
 bringing beaver-skins and fine furs, which they 
 wished, like Indians, to trade for articles of dress, 
 knives, hatchets, kettles, trinkets, beads, and 
 other trifles. 
 
 Hudson's men could not overcome their fool- 
 ish distrust of these Indians. They were so very 
 suspicious, that every night they kept a strict 
 watch from the ship, to see where their shallops 
 were laid. At last, their mast being ready and 
 their sails mended, the day before they started, 
 they manned "the scute" with six men and four 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 51 
 
 muskets, took one of the shallops, and brought 
 it on board. This was base enough ; but they 
 now proceeded to a more disgraceful action. 
 They " manned their boat and ^scute' with twelve 
 men and muskets, and two stone pieces or mur- 
 derers, and drove the savages from their houses, 
 and took the spoil of them." It seems that the 
 poor natives had never done them the least harm; 
 their only excuse for this cowardly meanness, 
 being that they supposed they wished to do 
 them harm — a supposition without any founda- 
 tion, proceeding only from their own idle fears. 
 It is to the disgrace of Hudson, that this thing 
 was permitted; and the only excuse that can be 
 offered for him is, that he probably had under 
 his command a wild and ungovernable set of 
 men. It is said that they had many quarrels 
 with the natives, and perhaps, in the exaspera- 
 tion of their feelings, Hudson found it impossible 
 to control them. Even this, however, is a poor 
 excuse for him; for he was a man in the habit of 
 ruling his men rather than being ruled by them. 
 It is to be hoped that he did not willingly allow 
 this cruelty to proceed. 
 
 On the next morning (July 26) he set sail, 
 steering southward along the coast of America. 
 In a little time he came within sight of Cape 
 
52 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Cod. Anxious to double this headland, and 
 afraid to approach a coast of which he was ig- 
 norant, he sent five men in the boat to sound 
 along shore. They found the water " five fathoms 
 deep within bow -shot of the shore ;" went on the 
 land and discovered " goodly grapes and rose- 
 trees," which they brought on board the ship. 
 He now moved toward the shore, and anchored 
 near the north end of the headland. Here he 
 heard the voices of men calling to him from the 
 shore ; and, thinking they might be the cries of some 
 poor sailors who had been left there, he immediate- 
 ly sent a part of the crew in the boat to the land. 
 Upon landing, they found that the voices were 
 those of the Indians, who were greatly rejoiced to 
 see them. They returned, bringing one of these 
 Indians aboard with them. After giving him some- 
 thing to eat, and making him a present of a few 
 glass buttons, Hudson sent him ashore again in 
 the boat. When he reached the land, he gave 
 every sign of joy, dancing, and leaping, and 
 throwing up his hands. These Indians were 
 great smokers : they had abundance of green 
 tobacco and pipes, " the bowls of which were 
 made of earth, and the stems of red copper." 
 
 After striving to pass west of this headland, 
 and move into the bay, which the w^ind prevent- 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 53 
 
 ed — he steered south-east, and the next day fell 
 in with the southern point of Cape Cod. He 
 knew this to be the headland which Bartholomew 
 Gosnold had discovered in the year 1602, seven 
 years before. He passed Nantucket and Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, and kept his course still south, 
 until the 18th of August, when he found himself 
 at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Here he 
 was near the mouth of " the King's River* in Vir- 
 ginia," upon which many of his countrymen 
 were settled ; and among these countrymen was 
 his early friend Captain John Smith. 
 
 Two years before this, the first English settle- 
 ment had been made in America. In the year 
 1607, two ships and a bark under the command 
 of Christopher Newport, bringing one hundred 
 and five persons, had passed up the James River. 
 Among these men were John Smith, Gosnold, 
 Wingfield, and RatclifFe, the leaders of the new 
 enterprise; and after hard sufferings and some 
 hair-breadth escapes, they had succeeded in set- 
 tling a colony at Jamestown. It w^ould have 
 been delightful to Hudson to have passed up 
 that river, and seen his countrymen, and particu- 
 larly an old friend in the wild forests of America. 
 
 * The James River, named in honor of King James, is here 
 alluded to. 
 
 5* 
 
64 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 He would have heard from that friend many a 
 story of matchless adventure, how he had lived 
 through the treachery of the Indian King Powha- 
 tan, and been saved by the noble friendship of 
 the Princess Pocahontas. But the wind was 
 blowing a gale ; and besides this, he felt himself 
 bound to serve the main purpose of his employ- 
 ers, and consequently passed on. 
 
 He proceeded south still, until he reached the 
 thirty-fifth degree of latitude, and then changed 
 his course to the north. We are not told in the 
 Journal of this voyage, what induced Hudson to 
 change his course, but we can readily understand 
 the cause. He had gone far enough south to 
 learn that his friend Smith was mistaken about 
 his passage into the South Pacific Ocean ; and 
 his desire was now to waste no more time in this 
 fruitless search, but to make some discovery 
 which might prove profitable to his employers. 
 
 Retracing his course, he found himself occa- 
 sionally in shallow water as he passed the shores 
 of Maryland, and on the 28th, discovered the 
 great bay, since known as Delaware Bay. He 
 examined here the soundings, currents, and the 
 appearance of the land, but did not go ashore. 
 For nearly a week he now coasted northward, 
 " passing along a low marshy coast, skirted with 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 55 
 
 broken islands," when on the 2cl of September, 
 he spied the highlands of Neversink. The sight 
 pleased him greatly, for he says, " it is a very- 
 good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to 
 see." On the morning of the 3d, the weather 
 proved dark and misty, but Hudson, ha\ing pas- 
 sed Long Branch, sent his boat up to sound. 
 The men returning with a favorable report, in 
 the afternoon he brought the Half .Moon within 
 Sandy Hook, and cast anchor in five fathoms of 
 water. The next morning, seeing that there 
 w^as " good anchorage and a safe harbor," he 
 passed farther up and anchored within Sandy 
 Hook Bay, at the distance of two cable lengths 
 from the shore. 
 
 Having marked great quantities offish ("sal- 
 mon, mullet, and rays") in the water, he now 
 sent his men ashore with a net. It is said that 
 they first landed on Coney Island, (now a part 
 of Kings County in this State.) They found the 
 soil to be mostly white sand, and on the island 
 were plum-trees loaded w^ith fruit, and embower- 
 ed with grape-vines; while snipes and other 
 birds were floating over the shore. The fishing 
 too, proved good, for they took " ten mullets a 
 foot and a half long apiece, and a ray as great 
 as four men could haul into the ship " 
 
56 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 While the ship lay at anchor, Indians from 
 the Jersey shore came on board, and seemed 
 greatly delighted to see their new visiters. They 
 were dressed in deer-skins, well cured, which 
 hung loosely over their shoulders, and had 
 copper ornaments and pipes. They seemed to 
 have an abundance of food, for their land yield- 
 ed a fine harvest of maize, or Indian corn, from 
 which they made good bread ; but they had 
 come, bringing green tobacco, which they wished 
 to exchange for beads, knives, and other trinkets. 
 
 In the course of the night a gale sprang up, 
 and the ship was driven ashore. Fortunately, 
 she was not injured, " the bottom being soft sand 
 and oozy," and when the flood tide returned in 
 the morning, she was easily got off. The boat 
 was now lowered, and the men were sent to sound 
 the bay. The shores were hned w^ith men, wo- 
 men, and children, attracted by curiosity, and 
 the boat's men immediately went to the land, where 
 they were treated with great kindness. It was the 
 Jersey shore which they now reached, and the 
 kindness of the natives was such, that they went 
 unmolested far back into the woods of what is 
 now known as Monmouth County. In this ram- 
 ble, they weie particularly pleased with the 
 beautiful oaks of the country. The natives fol- 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 57 
 
 lowed them with their kindness, giving them pre- 
 sents of green tobacco and dried currants. They 
 observed that some of these natives were dressed 
 more richly than those seen before. These had 
 ornaments of copper around the neck, and wore 
 mantles made of fine furs or feathers. Notwith- 
 standing all the kindness of these Indians, like 
 the poor natives at Penobscot, they were still 
 " suspected, though friendly." 
 
 Hudson, in making his observations, had dis- 
 covered, as he thought, that the bay in which he 
 lay, seemed to be the entrance to a large river, 
 four leagues distant ; and the boat having re- 
 turned, he now sent five men in her to make 
 soundings in that direction. What he saw was 
 probably the strait between Long and Staten 
 Islands, now known as the Narrows. They pas- 
 sed through the Narrows, sounding as they went, 
 and discovered the hills between Staten Island 
 and Bergen Neck. They found the land as they 
 passed, covered with trees, grass, and flowers, the 
 fragrance of which was delightful; and after 
 going six miles into the bay of New York, turn- 
 ed back. On their return to the ship, when it 
 was nearly dark, they were attacked by two 
 canoes, containing twenty-six Indians. It was 
 .raining hard, and their match was extinguished, 
 
58 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 SO that they could only trust to their oars to 
 make their escape. Unfortunately, one of the 
 men (John Cohnan, who had been with Hudson 
 in his first hard voyage) was killed by an arrow 
 that struck him in the neck, and two others were 
 slightly wounded. It was now very dark, and 
 they lost their way, wandering to and fro all 
 night, unable to find the ship. It is said that but 
 for the darkness, they would all have been mur- 
 dered, but this I can hardly believe. Notwith- 
 standing this attack, I do not think the Indians 
 had any wdcked intentions toward these men; 
 for it is strange, if they had, that they did not 
 pursue them, and at least take the wounded men 
 in the boat. It is probable, that in the darkness, 
 the Indians w^ere themselves surprised and fright- 
 ened at meeting the boat ; shot at her, and moved 
 away as fast as possible. The next day the 
 boat returned, bringing the dead body of Col- 
 man. Hudson ordered it to be taken ashore and 
 buried at Sandy Hook, and in memory of the 
 poor fellow who had met so sad a fate, called 
 the place Colman^s Point. 
 
 When the men returned from this sad duty, 
 the boat was hoisted in, and they immediately 
 commenced erecting bulwarks on the sides of 
 the ship ; and when night came on, they kept a 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 59 
 
 strict lookout, expecting an attack froni the na- 
 tives. But their preparations were idle. The 
 natives seera not even to have thought of attack- 
 ing them ; for the next day, some of them again 
 came on board in the most friendly manner, 
 bringing Indian corn and tobacco, to trade wjtli 
 the sailors. They did not even seem to know 
 that any thing had happened. 
 
 The next day after, however, matters did look 
 a little serious, when two large canoes came off 
 to the ship, the one filled with men armed with 
 bows and arrows, the other under the pretence 
 of trading with them. Hudson now would only 
 allow two of them to come on board ; these he 
 kept, and dressed them up in red coats. All the 
 rest returned to the shore, when presently an- 
 other canoe approached, bringing only two men. 
 He thought now it was best to take every pre- 
 caution ; so he took one of these men, int*ending, 
 probably, to keep him with the others as hostages 
 for the good behavior of their countrymen. He 
 had scarcely taken this las"t one, however, when 
 he jumped up, leaped overboard, and swam to 
 the shore. Hudson now weighed anchor, and 
 moved off into the channel of the Narrows for 
 the night. In the morning, he went over " to- 
 wards the east sand-bank, found it shallow, and 
 
60 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 again anchored." The day after, (it being the 
 11th of September,) having spent a week in 
 exploring south of the Narrows, he passed 
 through them into the Bay of New York, and 
 finding it " an excellent harbor for all winds," 
 once more cast anchor. Here he remained until 
 the next day: the people of the country (as he 
 says) again coming to see him, " making great 
 show of love, giving tobacco and Indian wheat, 
 but we could not trust them." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Indian tradition of the first landing of white 
 men in the State of Jfew York^ as given by the 
 Indians themselves, to the Rev. Mr. Heckewel- 
 der, a Moravian Missionary among the Indians 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 It was the 12th of September, and Hudson 
 was ready to move up the great river which 
 opened before him. Before we follow him in his 
 course, however, there is an Indian tradition as 
 regards " his first landing," which I wish to lay 
 before you. Some say his first landing was upon 
 Coney Island, others at Sandy Hook, others on 
 the Jersey shore, while some declare it w^as on 
 Manhattan Island, and others again say at Alba- 
 ny. It is impossible perhaps, to say where it 
 was, and as far as the story is concerned it mat- 
 ters but little, for the tradition is the same, let the 
 landing have been where it may. 
 
 This tradition is well authenticated, having 
 6 
 
62 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 been originally given by the Indians themselves 
 to the Rev. John Heckewelder, for many years a 
 Moravian missionary to the Indians in Pennsyl- 
 vania. It runs as follows : — 
 
 " A long time ago, when there was no such 
 thing known to the Indians as people with a 
 white skin, some Indians who had been out a 
 fishing, and where the sea widens, espied at a 
 great distance, something remarkably large, swim- 
 ming or floating on the w^ater, and such as they 
 had never seen before. They immediately re- 
 turning to the shore, told their countrymen of 
 what they had seen, and pressed them to go out 
 with them, and discern what it might be. These 
 together hurried out, and saw to their great sur- 
 prise the phenomenon, but could not agree what 
 it might be, some concluding it to be an uncom- 
 monly large fish or other animal, while others 
 "vvere of opinion it must be some very large 
 house. It was at length agreed among them, 
 that as this phenomenon moved toward the land, 
 whether it w^as an animal or not, it would be 
 well to inform all the Indians of what they had 
 seen, and put them on their guard. Accordingly 
 they sent runners to carry the news to their scat- 
 tered chiefs, that they might send off in every 
 direction for the warriors to come in. These 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 63' 
 
 now came in numbers, and seeing the strange 
 appearance, and that it was actually moving 
 forward, concluded that it was a large canoe 
 or house, in which the Great Manitto* himself 
 was, and that he probably was coming to visit 
 them. By this time the chiefs of the different 
 tribes were assembled on York Island, and were 
 counselling as to the manner in which they 
 should receive the Manitto on his arrival. They 
 now provided plenty of meat for a sacrifice ; the 
 women were required to prepare the best of 
 victuals ; their idols or images were examined 
 and put in order ; and a grand dance was sup- 
 posed not only to be an agreeable entertainment 
 for the Manitto, but might, with the addition of 
 a sacrifice, contribute toward appeasing him in 
 case he was angry. The conjurers were also 
 set to work to determine what the meaning of 
 this phenomenon was, and what the result would 
 be. To these, and to the chiefs and wise men of 
 the nation, men, women, and children were look- 
 ing up for advice and protection. Being at a 
 loss what to do, between hope and fear, and in 
 confusion, a dance commenced. In the mean 
 time, fresh runners arrived, declaring it to be a 
 
 * Their name for the Supreme Being. 
 
64 HENRY HTJDSON. 
 
 great house of various colors that was coming, 
 and filled with living creatures. It now appeared 
 certain that it was their Manitto coming, bringing 
 probably some new kind of game. But other 
 runners now came in, declaring that it was a 
 house of various colors and filled with people, 
 but that the people were of a different color from 
 themselves ; that they were also dressed in a dif- 
 ferent manner from them, and that one in partic- 
 ular appeared altogether red. This they thought 
 must be the Manitto himself They were now 
 lost in admiration. Presently they were hailed 
 from the vessel, but in a language they could 
 not understand, and were able to answer only by 
 a yell. Many were now for running into the 
 woods, while others pressed them to stay, in or- 
 der not to offend their visiters, who could find 
 them out and might easily destroy them. The 
 house (or large canoe) stopped, and a smaller ca- 
 noe now came ashore,, bringing the red man and 
 some others in it. Some stayed by this canoe to 
 guard it. The chiefs and wise men formed a 
 circle, into which the red clothed man and two 
 others approached. He saluted them with a 
 friendly countenance, and they returned the sa- 
 lute after their manner. They were amazed at 
 the color of their skin and their dress, particu- 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 65 
 
 larly at the red man, whose clothes ghttered* 
 with something they could not account for. 
 He must be the great Manitto, they thought, but 
 then why should he have a white skin ? A large 
 elegant Hockhackf was brought forward by 
 one of the Manitto' s servants, and something 
 poured from it into a small cup or glass, and 
 handed to the Manitto. He drank it, had the 
 cup refilled, and had it handed to the chief next 
 to him for him to drink. The chief took it, 
 smelt it, and passed it to the next, w^ho did the 
 same. The cup passed in this way round the 
 circle, untasted, and w^as about to be returned to 
 the red clothed man, when one of their number, 
 a spirited man and a great warrior, jumped up, 
 and harangued the multitude on the impropriety 
 of returning the cup unemptied. ' It was handed 
 to them,' he said, ' by the Manitto to drink out 
 of as he had done ; that to follow his example 
 would please him, but to return what he had 
 given them might provoke him and cause him 
 to destroy them. And that since he believed it to 
 be for the good of the nation that the contents 
 offered them should be drunk, if no one else was 
 willing to drink, he would try it, let the conse- 
 
 * This was probably the lace and buttons. 
 tMeanmg gourd, or bottle. 
 
 6* 
 
66 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 quence be what it would, for it was better for 
 one man to die, than that a whole nation should 
 be destroyed. He then took the glass, smelt it, 
 addressed them again, and bidding them all fare- 
 well, drank it. All eyes were now fixed upon 
 him, to see w^hat effect this would have upon him. 
 He soon began to stagger, and the women cried, 
 supposing that he had fits. Presently he rolled 
 on the ground, and they all began to bemoan 
 him, supposing him to be dying. Then he fell 
 asleep, and they thought now that he was dead, 
 l)ut presently they saw that he was still breath- 
 ing. In a little time he awoke, jumped up, and 
 declared that he never felt himself before so hap- 
 py, as after he had drunk the cup. He asked 
 for more, which was given to him, and the whole 
 assembly soon joined him, and all became intox- 
 icated.' 
 
 " While the intoxication lasted, the white men 
 kept themselves in their vessel, and when it was 
 over, the man with the red clothes again return- 
 ed to them, bringing them presents of beads, 
 axes, hoes, and stockings. They soon now be- 
 came familiar, and talked by making signs. The 
 whites made them understand that they should 
 now return home, but the next year they should 
 visit them again with presents, and stay with 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 67 
 
 them a while. But as they could not live with- 
 out eating, they should then want a little land 
 to sow seeds, in order to raise herbs to put into 
 their broth. Accordingly a vessel arrived the 
 next season,* when they were much rejoiced to 
 see each other — but the white men laughed 
 at them when they saw the axes and hoes hang- 
 ing to their breasts as ornaments, and the stock- 
 ings used for tobacco pouches. The whites now 
 put handles or helves in the former, and cut down 
 trees and dug the ground before their eyes, and 
 showed them the use of the stockings. Then all 
 the Indians laughed, to think that they had been 
 ignorant of the use of these things so long, and 
 had carried these heavy articles hung around 
 their necks. They took every white man they 
 saw for a Manitto, yet inferior to the Supreme 
 Manitto ; to wit, to the one who wore the shin- 
 ing red clothes. They now became more famil- 
 iar, and the whites now reminded them that they 
 wanted some land ; and asked if they might have 
 as much land as the hide of a bullock spread 
 before them would cover (or encompass.) Their 
 request was readily granted. The white men 
 
 * It will be remembered that another ship was sent out 
 by the Dutch the next year, after the discovery of Henry 
 Hudson. 
 
68 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 then took a knife, and beginning at one place on 
 the hide, cut it up into a rope not thicker than 
 the finger of a httle child, so that by the time 
 this hide was cut up, there was a great heap. 
 They then took the rope and drew it gently along 
 (to keep it from breaking) in a circular form, 
 and took in a large piece of ground. The In- 
 dians were surprised at the superior wit of the 
 whites, but did not wish to contend with them 
 about a little land, as they had enough. They 
 lived contentedly together for a long time : the 
 whites from time to time asking for more land, 
 which was readily granted to them. And thus 
 they gradually went higher and higher up the 
 Mahicannituck River* until they began to be- 
 lieve they would soon want all their country, 
 which proved at last to be the case."! 
 
 This tradition is remarkably confirmed by a 
 Dutch historian,J who wrote his history only 
 forty-three years after the discovery of Henry 
 Hudson. He says, '' that the Indians or natives 
 
 * One of the Indian names for the Hudson. 
 
 f- This tradition will be found in Yates and Moulton's His- 
 tory of New York— in the first volume of Hist, and Lit. Trans- 
 actions of the American Philosophical Society — and again in 
 the New York Historical Collection, vol.i., NeAV Series. 
 
 + Adrian Van der Donck, in his description of the New 
 Netherlands. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 69 
 
 of the land, many of whom are still living, and 
 with whom I have conversed, declare freely that 
 before the arrival of the Lowland ship, the Half 
 Moon, in the year 1609, they, the natives, did 
 not know that there were any other people in 
 the world, than those who were like themselves, 
 much less, any people who differed so much in 
 appearance from them as we did.* "When some 
 of them first saw our ship approaching at a dis- 
 tance, they did not know what to think about 
 her, but stood in deep and solemn amazement, 
 wondering whether it were a ghost or apparition, 
 coming down from heaven, or from hell. Others 
 of them supposed her to be a strange fish or sea 
 monster. When they discovered men on board, 
 they supposed them to be more like devils than 
 human beings. Thus they differed about the 
 ship and men. A strange report was spread 
 about the country concerning the ship and visit, 
 which created great astonishment and surprise 
 among the Indians." 
 
 There is another story told to the same pur- 
 pose in a history of these times written only 
 forty-one years after Hudson's discovery. " In 
 1609, (as the story reads,) the privileged East 
 India Company, by the ship the Half Moon, the 
 Captain whereof was Henrick Hutson, discover- 
 
70 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ed first the country which our people call New 
 Netherlands : insomuch that even now inhabi- 
 tants of the country remember it, and witness, 
 that when the Dutch ships came hither first and 
 were seen by them, they did not know whether 
 they came from heaven or were devils. Others 
 thought them to be sea monsters or fishes.* They 
 knew before -nothing of other sort of men : a 
 strange tale thereof run through their country 
 
 now."t 
 
 It is said that the tribe of Delaware Indians, 
 even to this day, call New York Mannahatta- 
 ninkf meaning thereby, the Island or place of 
 general intoxication. "l 
 
 * It is remarked by Yates and Moulton in their history, that 
 the same fright seized the minds of the Indians bordering on 
 Detroit river, at the time the Lake Erie steamboat " Walk-in 
 the- Water" made her first appearance in that river, advancing 
 against vk^ind and tide, and sending forth volumes of flame 
 and smoke. 
 
 t MS. in the New York Historical Society, cited in Yates 
 and Moulton's History of New York, Part I. page 257. 
 
 I " The Mahicanni or Mohicans call it by the same name 
 as the Delawares, but think the name was given in consequence 
 of a kind of wood which grew there, of which the Indians 
 used to make their bows and arrows. 
 
 " The name the Monseys have for New York is Laapha- 
 wachking, meaning the place of stringing wampum beads. 
 They say this name was given in consequence of the distribu- 
 tion of beads among them by Europeans, and that after the 
 European vessel returned, wherever one looked, the Indians 
 ■were seen stringing the beads and wampum that the whites 
 gave them.." — Yates and Moulton. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Hudson explores the river since called by his 
 name — Escape of the two Indians — Strange 
 experiment of Hudson to learn the treachery 
 of the natives — The Half Moon reaches as far as 
 the present site <f Albany — The boat ascends 
 to Waterford — Hudson returns down the river 
 — Battle with the natives at the head of Man- 
 hattan Island — Sails from the bay, and 
 reaches England, after an absence of seven 
 months from Europe. 
 
 We left Hudson in his little ship the Half 
 ]Moon, resting quietly upon the waters of New 
 York Bay, and we will now trace him in his 
 course up the beautiful stream which since bears 
 his name. What must have been the feelings of 
 the great navigator as he looked upon the waters 
 of that stream as they came rolling to the sea ! It 
 was certain that he had discovered a new and 
 
72 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 unknawn region which might in some degree 
 repay his employers ; and then, who could 
 tell but that the river before him, coming far 
 from the north, might prove the long desired 
 passage to the gems and spices of the East 
 Indies. 
 
 On the morning of the 12th, \^hile he was 
 still at his anchorage, twenty-eight canoes, filled 
 with men, women, and children, came off to see 
 him, bringing oysters and clams to trade for tri- 
 fles. These Indians had " great tobacco pipes of 
 yellow copper, and pots of earth to dress their 
 meat in." Hudson's men seem, as usual, to have 
 been suspicious of them, and though they traded 
 with them, none of them were allowed to come 
 on board. 
 
 About noon, with a heart full of hope, he 
 weighed anchor, and moved into the river. The 
 wind was not fair j so that he made only two 
 leagues, and again anchored for the night. The 
 place off which he lay is supposed to have been 
 what is now Manhattanville. The next day, the 
 wind being ahead, he managed, by the help of 
 the flood tide, to pass up only eleven miles high- 
 er. This brought him to what is now known as 
 Yonkers, and again he cast anchor. In the course 
 of this day, he was again visited by Indians, 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 73 
 
 bringing provisions, and they seemed very friend- 
 ly ; but his crew suspected these also, and none 
 of them came on board the ship. 
 
 The day following the weather was fair, and 
 a fine breeze springing up from the south-east, 
 he passed up through Tappan and Haverstraw^ 
 bays, " the river" (as the journal says) " being 
 a mile wide, and anchored at night about thir- 
 ty-six miles higher, in a region where the land 
 was very high and mountainous." He was now 
 evidently in the neighborhood of " the High- 
 lands," and his anchorage was probably near 
 West Point. 
 
 Hudson and his men seem to have been struck 
 with the wild and beautiful appearance of the 
 country : and strange must have been his feel- 
 ings, when in his little " yacht," moored beneath 
 the Highlands, the shadows of night fell over 
 him. He had braved the tempests of the north, 
 and seen the monsters of the ocean, but all now 
 was a new world around him. A wild and beau- 
 tiful wilderness hung over him. Perhaps in 
 the distance he might see the camp fires of 
 straggling Indians : then he might hear the 
 screechings of the owls, and the scream of pan- 
 thers in the wilderness above him, or perhaps 
 7 
 
74 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 be startled by the strange and tremendous roar 
 of the " Naked Bear" of the Indians.* 
 
 * " Yagesho, or Naked Bear?'' — In a note to Yates and Moul- 
 ton's History of New York, there is a singular Indian tradition 
 of a remarkable animal that lived in the northern parts of 
 New York about two centuries ago. The note cites the man- 
 uscript of Mr. Heckewelder for the truth of it. The story, as 
 given in the note, is the following: — 
 
 '• The Yagesho was an animal much superior to the largest 
 bear, remarkably long bodied, broad down by its shoulders, 
 but thin or narrow just at its hind legs, (or where the body ter- 
 minated.) It had a large head and fearful look. Its legs 
 were short and thick. Its paws (to the toes of which were 
 nails or claws, nearly as long as an Indian's finger) spread 
 very wide. It was almost bare of hair, except the head and 
 on the hinder parts of its legs, in which places the hair 
 was very long. For this reason the Indians gave it the name of 
 ' Naked Bear? 
 
 " Several of these animals had been destroyed by the In* 
 dians, but the one of which the following account is given had 
 escaped them, and for years had from time to time destroyed 
 many Indians, particularly women and children, when they 
 were out in the woods gathering nuts, digging roots, or at 
 work in the field. Hunters, when overtaken by this animal, 
 had no way of escaping, except when a river or lake was at 
 hand, by plunging into the stream and swimming out or down 
 the stream to a great distance. When this was the case, and 
 the beast was not able to pursue farther, then he would set up 
 such a roaring noise, that every Indian hearing it would trem- 
 ble. The animal preyed on every beast it could lay hold of. 
 It would catch and kill the largest bears and devour them. 
 While bears were plenty, the Indians had not so much to dread 
 from him, but when this was not the case, it would run 
 about the woods, searching for the track or scent of hunters, 
 and follow them up. The women were so afraid of going out 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 75 
 
 The next morning a mist hung over the riv- 
 er and mountains until sunrise, when it cleared 
 up with a fair wind. Just as he was weighing 
 anchor, a circumstance happened, which after- 
 ward gave him trouble. The two Indians whom 
 he held as hostages made their escape through 
 
 to work, that the men assembled to consider on some plan for 
 killing him. At or near a lake where the water flowed two 
 ways, or has two different outlets, one on the northerly and 
 the other on the southerly end, this beast had his residence, of 
 which the Indians were well informed. A resolute party, well 
 provided with bows, arrows, and spears, made toward the lake. 
 On a high perpendicular rock they stationed themselves, 
 climbing up this rock by means of Indian ladders, and then 
 drawing these after them. After being well fixed, and having 
 taken up a number of stones, they began to imitate the voices 
 and cries of the various beasts of the wood, and even that of 
 children, in order to decoy him thither. Having spent some 
 days without success, a party took a stroll to some distance 
 from the rock. Before they had reached the rock again, this 
 beast had got the scent of them, and was in full pursuit of 
 them, yet they reached the rock before he arrived. When he 
 came to the rock he was in great anger, sprang against it with 
 his mouth wide open, grinning and seizing the rock as if he 
 would tear it to pieces. He had several times sprung nearly 
 up. During all this time, numbers of arrows and stones were 
 discharged at him, and at last he dropped down and expired- 
 His head bemg cut off, it was carried in triumph lo their vil- 
 lage or settlement on the North River, and there set up on a 
 pole for view., and the report spreading among the neighbor- 
 ing tribes, numbers came to view the same, and to exalt the 
 victorious for this warlike deed. The Mahicanni claim the 
 honor of this act." 
 
76 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 the port-holes of the ship and swam to the shore, 
 and as soon as the ship was under way, they 
 were seen standing on the shore making loud and 
 angry cries, and looking at them " with scornful 
 looks." They now moved up the river, " passing 
 by the high mountains," until, having sailed fifty 
 miles, they came at night in sight of " other 
 mountains which lie from the river side." Here 
 they found (as the journal says) " very loving 
 people and very old men," who treated them very 
 kindly. Having cast anchor here, (which was 
 probably near what is now Catskill Landing,) 
 Hudson sent the boat off, and the men caught 
 large quantities of fine fish. 
 
 It was here, perhaps, that the pleasant inter- 
 view happened (of which we read in an old his- 
 tory of the times*) between Hudson and an old 
 chief of the Indians. The story is, that he went 
 on shore in one of their canoes with an old man, 
 who was the chief of forty men and seventeen 
 women. These he saw in a large circular house 
 made of oak bark. In the house, he discovered 
 a large quantity of maize or Indian corn, and 
 beans of the last year's growth, and near the 
 house, for the purpose of drying, there lay enough 
 to load their ship, besides what was growing 
 
 * De Laet's New World. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. * 77 
 
 in the fields. Upon his entering the house, two 
 mats were immediately spread out to sit upon, 
 and food was brought forward in large red bowls 
 made of wood. In the mean time, two men 
 were despatched with bows and arrows in search 
 of game. Soon after, they returned with a pair 
 of pigeons; then they killed a fat dog, and 
 skinned it in great haste for their guest, with 
 shells which they had got out of the water. 
 After the feast, they supposed that Hudson would 
 remain all night with them. But upon his shew- 
 ing signs of departure, the hospitable old man 
 became very uneasy — and his people, supposing 
 that the guest might be leaving because he was 
 afraid of them, took all their arrows, and break- 
 ing them in pieces, cast them into the fire. 
 
 The quantities of fish taken the evening before, 
 now induced Hudson (the next morning being 
 warm and fair) to send some of the men out 
 upon another fishing party. This time, however, 
 they were not so successful ; for the natives had 
 been there all night in their canoes. In the 
 mean time, the Indians flocked on board the ship, 
 bringing Indian corn, pumpkins, and tobacco. 
 The whole day was consumed in trading with 
 these friendly people, and filling the water casks 
 
 with fresh water. Towards night, he again set 
 
 7# 
 
78 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 sail, and passing some six miles higher up, found 
 the water shoal and cast anchor. He was now 
 probably near the spot where the city bearing 
 his name has since grown up. The weather was 
 warm, and Hudson determined to take advantage 
 of the cool hours of the morning. At dawn, 
 therefore, the next day he weighed anchor, and 
 ran up the river " six leagues higher" — but find- 
 ing shoals and small islands in the middle of the 
 river, he once more stopped. As night came on, 
 the vessel drifted near the shore and grounded ; 
 but they " layed out there small anchor and 
 heaved her oif again." In a little time, she was 
 aground again in the channel; but when the 
 flood-tide rose she floated off", and then they an- 
 chored for the night. This anchorage, it is 
 thought, was somewhere near Castleton. 
 
 The next day was fair, and he " rode still" all 
 day. In the afternoon, he went ashore with 
 " an old savage, a governor of the country, who 
 carried him to his house, and made him good 
 cheer."* With the flood tide, about noon on 
 the following day, he ran up " two leagues above 
 the shoals," and cast anchor again in eight 
 fathoms of water. The natives now came on 
 
 * Possibly it was here that the scene described by De Laet 
 occurred. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 79 
 
 board in crowds, bringing grapes, pumpkins, 
 beaver and other skins, for which the sailors 
 readily gave them beads, knives, and hatchets. 
 
 Here Hudson seems to have had some misgiv- 
 ings as to the depth of the river above him. He 
 had now been seven or eight days in reaching 
 this point, and his ship had been aground, and 
 his soundings shallow, more than once in the 
 last three days. The next day, therefore, (the 
 morning of the 20th,) he sent the mate with four 
 men in the boat to explore the river and take 
 soundings. They were gone nearly the whole 
 day, and returned with the report that "the 
 channel was very narrow 3" that two leagues 
 above, they found only two fathoms' water, 
 though in some places there was a better depth. 
 The next morning they were about starting 
 again, to explore the depth and breadth of the 
 stream, (for the wind was fair, and Hudson was 
 anxious to move up with the ship,) but were 
 prevented by the great crowds of Indians that 
 came flocking on board. They seem again to 
 have been afraid of these men, and unwilling to 
 leave the ship while they were there. Finding 
 that he was not likely to make any progress on 
 that day, Hudson sent the carpenter ashore to 
 make a new foreyard for the ship, and determin- 
 
80 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ed with his men, in the mean time, to make an 
 experiment with some of these Indians, that he 
 might learn if they were treacherous. 
 
 This experiment was a strange one ; it w^as 
 neither more nor less than intoxicatino; some of 
 the' Indian chiefs, and thereby throwing them 
 " off their guard." He therefore took several of 
 them down into the cabin, and gave them plenty 
 of wine and brandy, until they w^ere all merry. 
 The poor women looked innocently on, for we 
 are told particularly of the wife of one of these 
 merry chiefs, who " sate in the cabin as modest- 
 ly as any of our countrywomen would do in a 
 strange place." The men drank plentifully, and 
 presently one of them became so drunk that he 
 fell asleep. The rest were now frightened, sup- 
 posing him to be poisoned, and immediately took 
 to their canoes and pushed for the shore. They 
 did not, however, forget the poor man on board ; 
 for some of them soon returned, bringing long 
 strings of beads, w^hich they hoped the whites 
 w^ould accept, and release their poor country- 
 man. 
 
 The poor Indian slept soundly all night, and 
 the next day, when his countrymen came to see 
 him, they were rejoiced to find him well. They 
 returned to the shore, and about three o'clock 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 81 
 
 came again, bringing beads and tobacco, which 
 they gave to Hudson. One of them made a long 
 oration, and shewed him all the country round 
 about. Anxious still farther to shew him their 
 gratitude, they now sent one of their number 
 ashore, who presenly returned with a large plat- 
 ter of venison, dressed in their own style, and 
 placed it before Hudson, that he might eat with 
 them. After this, they all " made him reverence" 
 and departed. 
 
 In the morning before all this scene took place, 
 Hudson had again started the mate with the four 
 men to sound the river. At ten o'clock at night 
 he came back in a hard shower of rain, bringing 
 a bad report once more. He had ascended the 
 river eight or nine leagues, and found only seven 
 feet water and very irregular soundings. 
 
 Disappointed in not finding this the passage to 
 the East, Hudson was cheered by the reflection 
 that he had passed up this noble stream nearly 
 one hundred and fifty miles, and discovered a 
 beautiful and fertile region, for the future enter- 
 prise of his employers. He now prepared for 
 his return.* 
 
 * How far did Hudson ascend the river ? The Rev. Dr. Mil 
 ler (in his lecture before the New York Historical Society in 
 1809) thinks that the ship Half Moon reached a little above 
 where the city of Hudson now stands, while the boat which 
 
8.2 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 About mid-day on the 23d, he commenced re- 
 tracing his way, and went down the river only 
 six miles, the wind being ahead. On the 24th, 
 he ran down twenty-four miles farther and 
 anchored, (it is supposed between Athens and 
 Hudson.) Here he was detained four days by 
 head winds, but the time was spent pleasantly 
 and profitably in surveying the country. Some 
 of the men went on shore gathering chestnuts, 
 and others strolled along the bank making their 
 observations. They found " good ground for 
 corn and other garden herbs, with good store of 
 goodly oaks and walnut-trees and chestnut-trees, 
 yew-trees and trees of sweet w^ood, in great abun- 
 dance, and great store of slate for houses and 
 other good stones." While they lay at this an- 
 chorage, they had a visit from one who consid- 
 ered himself at least an old friend. On the 
 morning of the 26th, two canoes came up from 
 the place where they met " the loving people," 
 
 was sent to explore and take soundings, went as far as the 
 site of the city of Albany. Other writers, however, disagree 
 with him. After examining carefully the journal of this voy- 
 age, calculating the distances run, with other circumstances, 
 and especially bearing in mind that the small yacht, the Half 
 Moon, was probably not so large as many of the sloops now 
 sailing on the North River, they seem fairly to conclude that 
 the Half Moon went nearly as high as the spot where Albany 
 DOW stands, while the boat passed up as far as Waterford. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 83 
 
 (Calskill Landing,) and in one of them was the 
 old chief who had been made drunk above, and 
 given so much alarm to his countrymen. The 
 friendship of this old man must have been strong, 
 for he seems to have followed them even to 
 the Catskill mountains. He brought now anoth- 
 er old chief with him, who presented strings of 
 beads to Hudson, and " showed him all the 
 country thereabout, as though it were at his 
 command." The old man's wife was along, 
 with three other Indian women. Hudson was very 
 kind to them, invited them all to dine with him, 
 after dinner gave them presents, and they de- 
 parted begging that he would visit them as 
 he passed by, for the place where they lived 
 was only two leagues off. 
 
 The wind being north on the morning of the 
 27th, they set sail and moved onward. As they 
 passed the old man's home, (Catskill Landing,) 
 he came off again, hoping they would cast anchor, 
 and go ashore and eat with him. The wind was 
 too fair and inviting for them to listen to his in- 
 vitation, and he left them, " being very sorrowful 
 for their departure." Toward night they reach- 
 ed the neighborhood of what is known as Red 
 Hook Landing, and there had fine fishing. For 
 the two next days his progress was very slow, 
 
84 HENKY HUDSON. 
 
 for on the morning of the 30th, we are told, his 
 ship was anchored off " the northernmost of the 
 mountains," meaning, I suppose, the head of the 
 highlands. Here again, the natives came on board 
 in a friendly manner. Detained for a day by head 
 winds, he observed the country closely. The 
 description of the land near them is very minute, 
 and the town of Newburgh has arisen, perhaps, 
 upon the very spot of which the journal speaks. 
 " This" (says the journal) " is a very pleasant 
 place to build a town on. The road is very near, 
 and very good for all v/inds, save an east-north- 
 east wind." Here, too, they were struck with 
 the strange appearance of some of the mountains. 
 " The mountains look as if some metal or min- 
 eral were in them. For the trees that grow on 
 them were all blasted, and some of them barren, 
 with few or no trees on them. The people brought 
 a stone aboard like to emery, (a stone used by 
 glaziers to cut glass ;) it would cut iron or Steele, 
 yet being bruised small and water put to it, it 
 made a color like black lead, glistering. It is 
 also good for painters' colors." On the 1st of 
 October, with a fair wind he sailed through the 
 highlands, and reached as far as the neighbor- 
 hood of Stony Point, when being becalmed he 
 cast anchor. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 85 
 
 No sooner had they anchored, than the natives 
 were crowding aboard, astonished at, and ad- 
 miring everything they saw. They came trading 
 with skins, but these could not procure all that 
 they desired. One poor fellow, therefore, was 
 prompted to steal. He swept his canoe lightly 
 under the stern, crawled up the rudder into the 
 cabin window, and stole a pillow with some 
 articles of clothing. The mate saw him as he 
 moved off with his canoe, shot at him and killed 
 him. The rest now fled in terror, some taking 
 to their canoes, and some plunging into the 
 stream. The ship's boat was manned at once, 
 and sent to secure the stolen articles. These were 
 easily obtained ; but as the boat came back, one 
 of the Indians who was swimming in the water 
 took hold of her, endeavoring to overturn her. 
 The cook now drew a sword, and with one 
 blow cut off his hand. The poor creature sank 
 to the bottom — never to rise again. They now 
 returned to the ship, got under way immediate- 
 ly, and passing down six miles farther, anchored, 
 near dark, off the mouth of Croton river, near 
 the entrance into Tappan Sea. 
 
 The next day, with a fair wind, they sailed 
 twenty-one miles, which must have brought 
 them somewhere near the head of Manhattan 
 8 
 
86 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Island. Here they soon found themselves in 
 trouble. The two Indians who had escaped from 
 the ship on their way up, angry and indignant 
 at their captivity, had roused a number of their 
 countrymen along the shores of the river, and 
 they were now assembled near this point to 
 attack Hudson on his return. A canoe ap- 
 peared, in which was one of those who had 
 escaped, and many others armed with bows and 
 arrows. Hudson suspected something from their 
 appearance, and none of them were allowed to 
 come on board. Presently, two canoes filled 
 with armed men dropped under the stern, and 
 the attack was commenced with their bow^s and 
 arrows — six muskets w^ere fired from the ship, 
 and three Indians fell dead. The Indians on the 
 land, marking what was done, w^ere now exas- 
 perated the more : they moved down to the 
 shore in a solid body, (" about one hundred of 
 them,") and made ready with their bows as the 
 ship passed slowly on. A cannon was now fired 
 from the ship upon them, and two more Indians 
 fell. The rest fled for the woods, with the excep- 
 tion of nine or ten desperate men, who were 
 resolved upon revenge. These jumped into a 
 canoe, and advanced to meet the ship. The 
 cannon was again discharged, the canoe " shot 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 87 
 
 through," and another man killed — at the same 
 time the men fired again with their muskets and 
 killed three or four men. Thus the fight ended with 
 the loss of nine Indians. The ship now moved 
 on her way, and at the distance of " two leagues" 
 dropped anchor under the shores of what is now 
 known as Hoboken. The next day was stormy ; 
 but the morning of the 4th dawned upon them 
 with a fair wind, Hudson again weighed an- 
 chor, passed through the bay, and with all sails 
 set, put out to sea once more.* 
 
 It is said, that Hudson's crew had more than 
 once been dissatisfied at the length of this voy- 
 age, and at one time even threatened an open 
 mutiny. He thought it best, therefore, to learn 
 of them now what they desired to do ; whether 
 to return to Holland, or steer north again. One 
 man (the mate) was in favor of wintering in 
 Newfoundland, and seeking a passage to the 
 East by Davis' Straits. But Hudson, perceiving 
 the mutinous spirit of the men, opposed this, giv- 
 ing as his reason, the privations and sorrow^s of 
 a northern winter in a strange land. He kept 
 his course, therefore, homeward, and on the 7th 
 
 * The author has followed Hudson very minutely in his 
 voyage on the River, because he supposed this part of his 
 career had more than an ordinary interest for his young coua- 
 trymen, and especially those of the State of New York. 
 
50 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 of November, after an absence of little more 
 than seven months from Amsterdam, he arrived 
 safely at Dartmouth in England. The crew, 
 you will remember, was composed partly of 
 English, partly of Dutch sailors; and when off 
 the coast of England, the English (it is said) 
 mutinied, and forced him to put into an English 
 harbor.* 
 
 The Dutch historians declare that Hudson 
 was not allowed to go over to Holland, the 
 English king being jealous of their bold mari- 
 time enterprises. Be this as it may, certain it is, 
 that he remembered his duty to his employers. 
 He sent them at once the journal and chart of 
 his discoveries, pointing them with pride to what 
 he called " the Great River of the Mountains, ^'-f 
 and the next year the Dutch were reaping the 
 fruits of his arduous enterprise. 
 
 The journal of this voyage J would seem to 
 cast two stains upon the fair character of Henry 
 Hudson : first, that of cruelty toward the Indians, 
 
 * Lainbrechtsen. 
 
 t The Indian names for the river were Cahohatatea, 
 Mahackaneghtue, and sometimes Shatemuck. It was early 
 called by the Dutch the North River, to distinguish it from 
 the Delaware or South River. 
 
 I The journal of this voyage in 1609, written by Robert 
 Juet, will be found in Purchas his Pilgrims. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 89 
 
 and secondly, that of want of principle in caus- 
 ing the general intoxication on the river. 
 
 As regards the first, it should be borne in mind 
 that Hudson had under his command a mutinous 
 body of men, and he may have found it impossi- 
 ble to control their refractory and ungovernable 
 tempers. He seems not even to have thought of 
 revenging the death of poor Colman, at Sandy 
 Hook : the mate was the man who shot the poor 
 Indian for the comparatively small crime of 
 stealing the pillow and clothing, and the death 
 of the nine Indians killed at the head of Man- 
 hattan Island, may be said to have been caused 
 in a war of self-defence. 
 
 In reference to the second, it can only be ac- 
 counted for, by supposing that Hudson was, like 
 his men, suspicious and alarmed, and therefore 
 determined to learn the honesty or treachery 
 of the Indians by any means whatsoever. 
 8* 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 Hudson starts on his fourth voyage^ having 
 command of the ship Discovery, in the service 
 once more of the London Company — His aim 
 is to find a JVorth-West Passage to India — 
 Reaches Iceland^ and witnesses an eruption of 
 Mount Hecla — Disturbance among his crew — 
 Steers westward^ encountering great quantities 
 of ice — Discovers and explores Hudson'' s Bay^ 
 and resolves to winter there. 
 
 It is said that Hudson made new proposals for 
 a farther voyage to the Dutch East India Com- 
 pany, and that these proposals were declined.* 
 His plan was to set sail (with a crew of twenty 
 men) from Dartmouth, on the first of March, 
 " spend the month of April and half of May in 
 killing whales and other creatures near the Isl- 
 and of Panar : after that, sail to the north-west 
 and stay there till the middle of September, and 
 at last return to Holland by the north-east of 
 Scotland." 
 
 * Forster's Northern Voyages. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 91 
 
 Whether this story be true or false, certain it 
 is that he was not long seeking employment. 
 Another voyage had given him a greater name, 
 and the story of his discoveries roused once more 
 the spirit of the London Company. His old 
 employers (who had sent him out in 1607 and 
 '8) now called him again into their own service. 
 They determined to make an effort for a north- 
 west passage by examining the inlets of the 
 American continent — and more especially Davis' 
 Straits, through which it was supposed a channel 
 might be found into the " Great South Sea." 
 Early in the spring of 1610, therefore, the ship 
 Discovery, of fifty-five tons, was equipped, manned 
 with twenty-three men, and the command given 
 to Henry Hudson. 
 
 One of these twenty-three was Robert Juet, 
 who had sailed with Hudson before, another, his 
 son John Hudson, and another, Henry Green, 
 whose history I will briefly relate to you, as he 
 is to act a conspicuous part in this voyage. 
 
 Henry Green was a young Englishman, born 
 of respectable parents, and had respectable con- 
 nexions — but by his extravagant and wicked 
 habits he had forced them to cast him off, and 
 was now almost a beggar. In this condition, 
 Hudson fell in with him ; and having pity for his 
 
92 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 youth, and a desire to reclaim him from his worth- 
 less ways, he clothed and fed him, hoping to gain 
 the young man's love and gratitude. The thought 
 now struck him that he would take Green out 
 on this voyage. His name was not entered as 
 one of the crew : he was only the companion 
 of the master. Yet to rouse his ambition and 
 prompt him to that which was good, Hudson 
 promised him wages : and to awaken his pride 
 the more, encouraged him to hope that he should 
 be made upon his return one of the " Prince's 
 Guards." Through Hudson's persuasion, a friend 
 went to the mother of Green, and asked for enough 
 money to purchase some clothes for the voyage. 
 Yet she knew the madness and profligacy of her son 
 so well, that she hesitated long before she would 
 advance even five pounds, and then it was bestow- 
 ed on the express condition that it should not be 
 given to the young man, but expended for him. 
 On the 17th of April, 1610, the Discovery 
 dropped down the Thames. It seems that the 
 London Company had insisted upon placing 
 aboard an experienced seaman by the name of 
 Coleburne to make this voyage with Hudson. 
 Whether he supposed that this cast a reflection 
 upon his own skill, or from some other cause, 
 Hudson was displeased with it ; and ere the ship 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 93 
 
 left the river, he put this man aboard another 
 vessel bound up to London and sent him back. 
 It is strange that we do not know his motives for 
 this, since he sent by the man a letter to his em- 
 ployers containing the reasons for his conduct. 
 
 He now kept on his voyage. On the 6th of 
 May, he passed the north of Scotland and the 
 Orkneys, which he says he found to be " not so 
 northerly as is commonly set down." On the 
 8th, he saw the Faroe Islands, and on the 11th 
 w^as upon the eastern shores of Iceland. Coast- 
 ing along its southern shore, he beheld in the dis- 
 tance Mount Hecla casting forth its flames of fire : 
 and after struggUng for more than a fortnight 
 against head winds and icebergs, at length, on the 
 30th, made a harbor in the western part of the 
 island. The natives of this island were poor 
 and miserable, but they treated him very kindly. 
 He found upon going ashore a hot spring, (Iceland 
 abounds in these springs,) so hot that " it would 
 scald a fowl" — yet we are told the men bathed 
 in the water freely. Here Hudson began to discov- 
 er that he unfortunately had about him some dis- 
 satisfied men. It was rumored that Juet the mate 
 had been speaking hghtly of the enterprise, dis- 
 couraging the men, and trying to destroy their 
 confidence in Hudson, calling up their fears by 
 
94 HENRY HUDSON, 
 
 telling them of the hazards of the voyage : that 
 he had even urged two of the men " to keep their 
 muskets charged and swords ready in their cabins, 
 for there would be blood shed before the voyage 
 ended," and had talked boldly about turning the 
 head of the ship homeward. While the ship lay 
 here at anchor, a circumstance occurred, which 
 gave Juet the chance of making new mischief. 
 The surgeon and Henry Green got into a quarrel, 
 and Juet took part in it. The whole story is told 
 by Habakkuk Pricket, one of the sailors and an 
 eye-witness, in the following words : " At Ice- 
 land, the surgeon and he (Henry Green) fell out 
 m Dutch, and he beat him ashore in English, 
 which set all the company in a rage, so that we 
 had much ado to get the surgeon aboard. I 
 told the master of it, but he bade me let it alone : 
 for, said he, the surgeon had a tongue that would 
 wrong the best friend he had. But Robert Juet, 
 the master's mate, would needs burn his finger in 
 the embers, and told the carpenter a long tale 
 when he was drunk, that our master had brought 
 in Green to crack his credit that should displease 
 him : which word was carried to the master's ears, 
 who w^hen he understood it, would have gone 
 back to Iceland, when he was forty leagues from 
 thence, to have sent home his mate Robert Juet 
 
HENRY HUBSON. 95 
 
 in a fisherman. But being otherwise persuaded, 
 all was well. So Henry Green stood upright 
 and very inward with the master, and was a ser- 
 viceable man every way for manhood : but for 
 religion he would say, he was clean paper where- 
 on he might WTite what he would."* 
 
 On the 1st of June, Hudson sailed from Ice- 
 land. Deceived by a fog-bank, he fancied that 
 he saw land in the west, but it was not till the 
 4th, that he beheld the coast of Greenland " rising 
 very mountainous, and full of round hills like to 
 sugar loaves covered with snow." The ice 
 lay so thick along the shore, that Hudson did 
 not attempt to make a landing, but stood imme- 
 diately for the south of Greenland. In his voy- 
 age now he met great numbers of whales. Some 
 came close alongside, and one passed directly 
 under the ship, but fortunately no harm was 
 done, for which they were very thankful. Doub- 
 hng the southern point of Greenland, he passed 
 in sight of Desolation Island, near which he saw 
 a " great island or mountain of ice," and kept 
 his course north-west, for the American conti- 
 nent. As he passed on, across Davis' Straits, he 
 continually met these floating ice mountains, al- 
 
 * It seems from this, that when Hudson left Iceland he was 
 ignorant of the extent of Juet's insolence. 
 
96 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ways endangering and sometimes obstructmg his 
 progress. One of these overturned once near 
 the ship, and taught him to keep farther from 
 them : but while strugghng to avoid one, he 
 would meet another, and the farther he went they 
 seemed to him to grow more " numerous and ter- 
 rifying." Still, by perseverance and skill, he 
 managed to reach a bay, (supposed to be near 
 the great strait which now bears his name,) when 
 a storm overtook him. The ice was now driving 
 so rapidly against the ship, that Hudson was 
 forced as his only chance for escape, to run her 
 into the thickest of it, and there leave her. Some 
 of the men were now dismayed and sick, or, as 
 the journal says, " some of our men fell sick : I 
 will not say it was of fear, although I saw small 
 sign of other grief." When the storm ceased they 
 went to work to extricate themselves. It was 
 a sad prospect, for as far as the eye could see, 
 the waters were covered with the huge masses 
 of floating ice. They stood now for one clear 
 sea, and then for another, but were still hemmed 
 in by the ice in every direction. After trying to 
 make their way through north, north-west, west, 
 and south-west, they at last laid the ship's course 
 to the south. Yet the more they labored, the 
 worse their situation became, until at last they 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 97 
 
 could proceed no farther. Hudson's heart now 
 sickened, for as he cast his eyes again and again 
 upon the desolate scene, there seemed no possi- 
 bility of escape. Yet his courage failed not, al- 
 though he afterwards confessed to one of the 
 men that he feared he should never escape, but 
 was doomed to perish there in the ice. His 
 crew, however, saw no sign of fear in him, for 
 he carried a cheerful countenance, while they 
 were dismayed and broken spirited. 
 
 He now brought out his chart, and calling all 
 the men around him, shewed them that they had 
 passed three hundred miles farther than any 
 Englishman had been before, and gave them 
 their choice, whether they would proceed or turn 
 back. The men could come to no decision : 
 some were for proceeding, some for returning. 
 One man said that "if he had one hundred 
 pounds, he would give four score and ten to be 
 at home ;" — while the carpenter, who had some 
 courage, said " that if he had a hundred 
 he would not give ten upon any such condition : 
 but would think it to be as good money as any 
 he ever had, and to bring it as well home by the 
 leave of God." The great majority of them did 
 not care where they went, provided they were 
 only clear of the ice, and some spoke angry 
 9 
 
90 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 words against the master. This was precisely 
 what Hudson expected. He knew that he had 
 a mutinous set of men, and that they themselves 
 scarcely knew what they desired. Yet this was 
 no time to resent their words and punish them. 
 His object was to pacify them. He therefore 
 reasoned with them, trying to allay their fears, 
 rouse their hopes, and inspire them with courage, 
 until at length, they all again set resolutely at work 
 to bring the ship from the ice, and save them- 
 selves. After much labor they succeeded in 
 turning her round. They now worked their 
 way by little and little, until at length they found 
 themselves in a clear sea, and kept on their 
 course north-west. 
 
 There is no scene in the life of Hudson shew- 
 ing greater firmness and presence of mind than 
 this. With his little ship hemmed in by moun- 
 tains of ice, and a murmuring and desperate 
 crew on board, he might naturally have exhibit- 
 ed some symptoms of fear, both as to the dan- 
 gers without, and the danger within the ship. 
 There can be few situations more perilous, yet 
 he is calm. His mind rises with the occasion . 
 he brings around him these desperate sailors, 
 calms their fears, and inspires them with new^ 
 courage. Overcoming these, he now overcomes 
 the storm without, and presses on his voyage. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 99 
 
 On the 8th of July, he again saw the land 
 bearing south-west, but it was all covered with 
 snow, and he gave it the name of Desire Pi'O- 
 voked. Having now entered the straits which 
 bear his name, he kept his course west, and 
 spent nearly the whole month of July in passing 
 through them. This was a new world around 
 them, and as he passed on, he gave names to the 
 new bays, capes, and islands, which fell under 
 his observation. The main land he called 
 " Magna Britannia." To some rocky islands 
 near which he anchored as a shelter from a 
 storm, he gave the name of the " Isles of God's 
 Mercies,^' and to a high point of land which he 
 passed, the name of " Hold with Hope." To 
 other places he gave the names of Prince Hen- 
 ry^s Cape, King Jameses Cape, and Queen Ann's 
 Cape. They were still occasionally in the neigh- 
 borhood of ice, but the men seem now to have 
 become familiar with this sort of danger, and 
 even from time to time to have amused them- 
 selves by chasing bears that were seen upon the 
 floating pieces. The last point of land which 
 he seems to have marked upon this course, was 
 a bold headland upon the northern shore, to 
 which he gave the name of Salisbwy^s Fore^ 
 land. From this point, he stood south-west, and 
 
100 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 running about fourteen leagues, entered a strait 
 about two leagues broad. In honor of two of 
 the company that had employed him, he named 
 the cape on the south side of the strait, Cape 
 Worsenholme, and that on the north, Cape 
 Digges. This strait, you will find, was but the 
 passage way to the great bay, which now bears 
 his name. 
 
 Full of hope, now that the long-sought pas- 
 sage to the East was clear before him, he sent 
 a number of the men on shore at Cape Digges, 
 that they might climb the hills, and see the great 
 ocean beyond the straits. As the men wander- 
 ed on the land, which w^as covered with grass, 
 (among which was much sorrel and scurvy 
 grass,) they saw herds of deer : at one time as 
 many as sixteen in a herd, and abundance of 
 fowls flying over their heads. Still pressing to- 
 ward the hills, which seemed to grow^ farther as 
 they advanced, they met with strange piles of 
 stones. These they thought must be the work 
 of some civilized people, but on coming near 
 and lifting up one of the stones, they found the 
 piles were hollow, and filled inside with fowls 
 hung by the neck. A thunder storm now came 
 on, and prevented their exploring farther. With 
 some difficulty they reached the ship, for a fog 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 101 
 
 had risen upon the water, and Hudson found 
 it necessary to fire two guns, that they might 
 know where he was. They told of w^hat sup- 
 pUes they had found, and when the storm was 
 over, tried to persuade the master to remain here 
 a day or two, while they went ashore again, and 
 provisioned the ship. But Hudson would listen 
 to no such request. He could suffer no delay, 
 for he felt almost certain that his way was clear 
 before him, and he burned to press onward. He 
 weighed anchor immediately, and keeping the 
 main land on the left, touched the rocks among 
 the Sleepers, encountered a storm, and passing 
 south-east, soon discovered two points of land 
 before him. He now sent some of the men 
 ashore again, to notice if they could see the ocean 
 beyond. They returned, reporting that the sea 
 was open to the south. Pressing immediately 
 between these points he entered the sea, and 
 continuing his course south, (stopping only once 
 to take in ballast and water,) was ere long at the 
 southern extremity of it. It proved to be only 
 a part of the great inland sea (Hudson's Bay) 
 upon which he was voyaging ; and disappointed 
 that he could proceed no farther in this direction, 
 with a sad heart he prepared to retrace his 
 course northward. Here he began to hear once 
 9* 
 
102 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 more, the murmurings of his mutinous crew. He 
 had borne with their complaints patiently be- 
 fore, but now he would endure them no longer. 
 Robert Juet the mate, and Francis Clement the 
 boatswain, were suspected of making the trouble, 
 and Juet, like most guilty men, endeavored to 
 make a show of innocence by demanding that the 
 charges against him should be investigated. A 
 court of inquiry was therefore appointed to try 
 him. It was proved that before they reached 
 Iceland, Juet had tried to dishearten the men 
 and shake their confidence in the commander : 
 his insolence as regards the quarrel between 
 Green and the surgeon, and his wicked advice 
 to some of the men to keep their arms loaded by 
 them, were also sworn to : and there were wit- 
 nesses to shew that ever since the ship left Cape 
 Digges, he had been endeavoring to plot mis- 
 chief Hudson decided, therefore, that he should 
 no longer be the mate, and Robert Bylot was 
 appointed in his place. The boatswain was 
 found guilty of conduct almost as bad, and his 
 place was given to William Wilson. Hudson 
 seems to have felt sorry that he found these acts 
 necessary, for he admonished both Juet and 
 Clement kindly, and promised that if they 
 would behave well for the future he would not 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 103 
 
 only forget past injuries, but be the means of 
 doing them good. 
 
 It was now the 10th of September, and Hud- 
 son, moving north again, spent the whole of this 
 and the next month in exploring the great bay, 
 still longing for his eastern passage. From time 
 to time tempests would strike the ship, and he 
 would make a harbor where he could. During 
 one storm they were forced to cut their cable, 
 and thereby lost their anchor. At another time 
 the ship ran upon rocks, and stuck fast for 
 twelve hours, but fortunately got off without 
 much injury. At length, the end of October was 
 at hand ; *' the nights long and cold, the land 
 covered with snow" wherever it was seen, and 
 it was evident that the season for navigation was 
 well nigh past. Hudson now ran the ship into 
 a small bay, and sent Habakkuk Pricket, one 
 of the sailors, and Philip Staffe, the carpenter, 
 off in the boat, to search for a proper place 
 where they might shelter themselves for the win- 
 ter. In a little time they found what they 
 thought a suitable position, the ship was brought 
 there, and hauled aground. It was now the first 
 day of November ; and by the tenth they found 
 themselves shut up for the season : hard freezing 
 weather had set in, and the ship was completely 
 fastened in the ice. 
 
104 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 Some have found fault with this attempt of 
 the commander to winter in this northern bay. 
 It is said " that Hudson, on finding, instead of the 
 India passage, that he was embayed, became 
 distracted, and committed many errors, especially 
 in resolving to winter in that desolate region."* 
 It is easy to find fault with a man, when we do 
 not understand the difficulties of his position, 
 and especially when he proves in the end unfor- 
 tunate, lie had enough to distract him : but we 
 can hardly call him distracted, who bore him- 
 self again and again so firmly and calmly against 
 his mutinous crew, and met so resolutely tempest 
 after tempest in that great bay, which the jour- 
 nal speaks of as " a labyrinth without end." 
 
 * Purchas. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The dreary prospect of the winter — Disturbances 
 among the crew — Unexpected supply of wild 
 fowl and fish — Distress from hunger — Hud- 
 son sails from his winter quarters — Green, 
 Juet, and Wilson stir the crew up to mutiny 
 — Hudson is seized, hound, and thrown into 
 the shallop, with others — the shallop set adrift 
 — Fate of the mutineers — The ship arrives in 
 England. 
 
 A LONG and dreary winter was now set in. 
 Two harsdhips were distinctly before them, the 
 rigors of a northern winter, and a scanty supply 
 of provisions; for the ship had been victualled 
 only for six months. Their only hope, therefore, 
 was to take care of what they had, to get what 
 they could in the neighborhood, and have patience 
 till the spring, when they might reach Cape Dig- 
 ges, and then probably obtain supplies. 
 
 Hudson prudently commenced at once putting 
 the men on an allowance, and then, to encourage 
 
106 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 them to industry in procuring other provisions, 
 offered a reward to every man who should kill a 
 " Beast, Fish, or Fowl." In about a fortnight, 
 one of their number (John Williams, the gunner) 
 died :* and in addition to the sorrow of losing a 
 companion, another difficulty attended this mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 It seems it was customary, when a man died at 
 sea, after his burial, to bring his clothes to the 
 main-mast, and there sell them to the highest 
 bidder among the sailors. The poor gunner had, 
 among other garments, left an old gray cloth 
 gown, which Henry Green desired, and begged 
 the commander that he would favor him and al- 
 low him to have it. Upon his agreeing to pay 
 as much as any other man would, Hudson impru- 
 dently promised it should be his. This dissatis- 
 fied the crew, for it evidently showed that Green 
 was a favorite. 
 
 Finding his winter quarters not so comforta- 
 ble as they might be, he now ordered the car- 
 penter to go ashore and build a house, for the 
 better accommodation of the crew. The car- 
 penter refused to obey, saying, that the frost and 
 
 * Hudson is said to have treated this man cruelly, but no 
 word or action of his is brought forward to support this 
 charge. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 107 
 
 snow were such, that he could not do it, and 
 moreover that it was no work of his, for he was 
 only the ship carpenter. Hudson now became 
 angry, and driving him out of the cabin, followed 
 him with abusive words, and even threatened to 
 hang him. The carpenter, still insolent, rephed, 
 " that he knew what belonged to his place better 
 than Hudson, and that he was no house carpen- 
 ter.'^ The carpenter, though insolent, it would 
 seem, was right enough in one particular : it was 
 late to build the house now ; it should have been 
 attended to when they were first frozen in, and 
 he had then spoken to Hudson about it, but at 
 that time he refused to have it done. In this 
 quarrel, Henry Green sided with the carpenter, 
 and this displeased Hudson the more. The diffi- 
 culty being ended, the carpenter had time for 
 reflection, and thinking that obedience was best, 
 not only built the house, (which, however, prov- 
 ed of little advantage,) but was ever after one 
 of the warmest friends that Hudson had in the 
 ship. 
 
 The day after this, the carpenter went ashore 
 with his gun, taking Green along with him. 
 Green left contrary to orders, and the master was 
 again displeased with him. He now took the 
 cloth gown of the gunner that had been prom- 
 
08 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ised to Green, and gave it to Robert Bylot, the 
 mate. Upon Green's return, he was angry, and 
 reminded the master of his promise. Hudson 
 upon this spoke harshly to Green, telling him 
 " that all his friends would not trust him with 
 twenty shillings, and therefore why should he ? 
 As for his wages he had none, nor should have, 
 if he did not please him well." These words 
 were never forgotten by Green, but sank deeply 
 in his heart. He seems to have forgotten all 
 former kindness in the remembrance of them. 
 
 As the season now advanced, they suffered se- 
 verely from the cold : most of the men, from time 
 to time, having their feet frozen, and being ren- 
 dered thereby lame. But in the way of provis- 
 ions, they fared for a while much better than they 
 had even expected. For three months, they found 
 abundance of white partridges around them, and 
 killed of these more than one hundred dozen. 
 Other birds too, were sometimes shot. These 
 afforded supplies through " the extreme cold 
 weather," and when spring came, they were vis- 
 ited by other fowl, such as swan, geese, and 
 ducks. These, however, were taken with diffi- 
 culty. Hudson hoped, when they first made 
 their appearance, that they came to this region to 
 breed, and might be taken easily, but he found 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 109" 
 
 tliey went farther north for that purpose. Before 
 the ice broke up, these too began to fail, and 
 starvation now drove them to sad extremities. 
 They w^ent cUmbingover the hills, and wandering 
 through the valleys, in search of anything that 
 might satisfy hunger. They ate the moss on 
 the ground, and every frog that could be found. 
 It was a great comfort to them when Thomas 
 Woodhouse, one of their company, discovered 
 in his wanderings a tree bearing certain buds, full 
 of " turpentine substance." They now, from 
 time to time, would gather these, boil them, and 
 make a palatable drink. These buds, too, 
 answered another purpose. When steeped hot^ 
 and applied by the surgeon to their aching limbs,, 
 they gave great relief to the sick.* 
 
 About the time that the ice began to break up, 
 they were visited by a savage, (the only one 
 they had seen through the winter,) and they were 
 greatly cheered by his arrival. Hudson treated 
 him with great kindness, made him a present of 
 a knife, boking-glass, and some buttons, and 
 the man made signs that he would return again. 
 He was true to his promise this time, for he came 
 back before a great while, drawing his sled, load- 
 
 * This tree is supposed by Doctor Belknap to be the "Pop 
 ulus BalsamiferaP ^ 
 
 10 
 
110 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ed with deer and beaver-skins. He was receiv- 
 ed again very kindly, and when he strangely 
 returned the presents he had received, Hudson 
 immediately restored them to him again. He 
 then traded with him for one of his deer-skins, 
 and the savage, as he left them now, made 
 " many signs of people to the north and to the 
 south," and promised that after so many sleeps, 
 he would come again. Whether (as has been 
 said) Hudson's hard bargain for the deer-skin 
 displeased him, or whether some other cause 
 actuated him, certain it is that he came no more, 
 and now all hopes of obtaining provision through 
 him were at an end. 
 
 Fortunately, now the ice was so far broken 
 up, that they were enabled to make up a fishing 
 party, to try their skill with the net. On the first 
 day they were very successful : they took five 
 hundred fish. They now began to think their 
 sorrows at an end, so far as food was concerned, 
 but they were doomed to disappointment, for on 
 no day after did they take " a quarter of that 
 number." At this time, two of the men (Hen- 
 ry Green and William W^ilson) were so dissat- 
 isfied, that they plotted to steal the boat, push oflfj 
 and shift for themselves. But Hudson now called 
 for the boat himself, and their plot proved idle 
 
HENRY HUDSON. Ill 
 
 He had perceived the woods on fire at the south 
 for some time, and fancied that if he could reach 
 them, he might find some of the people and ob- 
 tain provisions. Accordingly he made ready the 
 boat, took in eight or nine days provisions, and 
 leaving orders that the crew should take in wood, 
 W'ater, and ballast, and have everything in 
 readiness by his return, he departed. His voy- 
 age too, proved profitless — ere long he came 
 back disappointed and tired, for though he could 
 come near enough to see the people setting the 
 woods on fire, he could never reach them.* 
 
 The men had obeyed his orders during his ab- 
 sence, and were now prepared to depart from 
 their cold winter quarters. Before he weighed 
 anchor, Hudson, with a sad heart, " distributed 
 among the crew the remnant of provisions," 
 
 * Hudson is said to have acted foolishly in leaving the men, 
 and not prosecuting the fishing. But this is evidently incor- 
 rect, for he took the boat when they were failing in this effort, 
 and went off with the earnest desire of doing good to them 
 all. 
 
 Purchas (in his pilgrimage) says, " at the opening of the 
 year there came to the ship's side abundance of fish of all 
 sorts, that they might therewith have fraught themselves for 
 their return, if Hudson had not too desperately pursued the 
 voyage, neglecting this opportunity of storing themselves 
 with fish, which he committed to the care of certain careless, 
 dissolute villains, which in his absence conspired against 
 him — in a few days the fish all forsook them." 
 
112 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 about a pound of bread to eacb man, " and 
 knowing their wretched condition, and the un- 
 certainty of what might befall them, he also gave 
 to every man a bill of return, which might be 
 showed at home, if it pleased God that they 
 came home, and he wept when he gave it to 
 them." 
 
 It was about the middle of June, when they 
 hoisted sail. Unfortunately, in three or four 
 days, they found themselves surrounded by ice, 
 and were forced to cast anchor. Here it was 
 discovered, that some of the men had already 
 ravenously ate up all their bread ; and now some 
 cheese was found, and divided among them, 
 '' about three pounds and a half to each person." 
 Some of the more prudent part of the crew re- 
 monstrated against this, saying, " that if all the 
 cheese was given out, some of the men would de- 
 vour their share at once, as they had their bread," 
 and they, therefore, advised that a part should be 
 kept back. But as some of the cheese was bad, 
 Hudson determines! to make an equal division 
 of all at once, and thereby prevent, as he hoped, 
 all complaints. 
 
 They were now detained at their anchorage 
 amid the ice for nearly a week, and it was dur- 
 ing this time that signs of open mutiny began to 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 113 
 
 appear among the crew. Hudson, it seems, said 
 to one of the men, (Nicholas Simmes,) that there 
 would be a breaking up of chests, and a search 
 for bread, and told him if he had any to bring 
 it to him. The man obeyed, and immediately 
 brought forward a bag, containing thirty cakes. 
 Others of the crew now became greatly exasper- 
 ated, and at once commenced their plot for the 
 destruction of their commander. 
 
 Green and Wilson now went at midnight to 
 Pricket, who was lame in his berth, and opened 
 the plan. This Pricket had been a servant of 
 Sir Dudley Digges, (one of the company who had 
 fitted out the ship,) and the mutineers hoped to 
 secure him as a friend, that he might intercede 
 for pardon in their behalf with his old master 
 when they should reach England. These men 
 complained to Pricket, that there was only four- 
 teen days provision in the ship, that the master 
 was irresolute, not knowing what to do, that 
 they had eaten nothing for three days, and. 
 " therefore, were determined either to mend or 
 end, and what they had begun they would go 
 through with it, or die." Declaring that they be- 
 lieved their only hope was in taking command 
 of the ship themselves, they expressed themselves 
 fully resolved to do so at all hazards. Their 
 10* 
 
114 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 plan was, to take the master and all the sick, 
 place them in the shallop, set it adrift, and then 
 shift for themselves. 
 
 In vain did Pricket plead with them of the 
 blackness of this intended crime. He reminded 
 them also, of their wives, their children, and their 
 country, from which they would cut themselves 
 off for ever by the deed, but all to no purpose ; 
 they were fully bent upon it. Green told him 
 " to hold his peace, for he knew the worst, which 
 was, to be hanged when he came home, and 
 therefore, of the two, he would rather be hanged 
 at home than starved abroad." He then com- 
 menced cursing, and threatened to have Pricket 
 put in the shallop v/ith the rest. Finding his 
 efforts useless. Pricket now begged that they 
 would delay the crime, but here again he was 
 unsuccessful, they declaring that, if they waited, 
 the plot would be discovered, and sorrow would 
 fall upon themselves. He begged for a delay 
 of three days, of two days, of even twelve 
 hours, but all without effect. He now upbraided 
 them, telling them that it was not their own 
 safety they sought, but blood, and that they were 
 actuated by feelings of revenge. Upon this, 
 Green seized a Bible before him, and swore 
 " he would do harm to no man, and what he did 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 115 
 
 was for the good of the voyage, and nothing 
 else." Wilson then took the same oath, after- 
 wards Juet, Thomas, Perce, Moter, and Bennet 
 came in and swore to the same purpose. The 
 precise words of their oath were as follows : 
 " You shall swear truth to God, your Prince, and 
 Country ; you shall do nothing but to the glory 
 of God, and the good of the actio7i in hand, and 
 harm to no man.^^ Pricket seems to have brought 
 them to this positive oath, as the only means left 
 for restraining them. How heartless they prov- 
 ed, and how utterly they forgot the oath, we 
 shall presently see. 
 
 Their plan was now arranged, to be executed 
 at day-light, and in the mean time, the wretch 
 Green hung around the master with pretended 
 love. Besides Hudson and the sick, they had 
 resolved to put into the shallop the carpenter 
 and Henry King. They pretended to be dissat- 
 isfied with these, because of some injustice 
 done about the provisions ; but the true cause 
 of their dislike of the carpenter was, that Hud- 
 son loved him, and after leaving their winter 
 quarters, had made him the mate in place of 
 Robert Bylot. Pricket, however, urged that 
 they could not do without the carpenter, and 
 they consented that he should remain. It hap- 
 
116 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 pened that King and the carpenter slept upon 
 deck that night, and at day-break, King was ob- 
 served to go down *' into the hold," as Bennet, 
 the cook, was going down for water. Some of 
 the mutineers now ran and closed down the 
 hatches on him, while others held the carpenter 
 in a talk, so that he did not notice what was 
 going on. Hudson now came up from his cabin, 
 and was immediately seized by Thomas and 
 Bennet, who held him fast, while Wilson bound 
 his arms behind him. " He asked them what 
 they meant? they told him he should know 
 when he was in the shallop." In the mean 
 time, Juet went into the hold to attack King. 
 Here there was a sharp conflict, for King had 
 got a sword, and not only kept him at bay, but 
 would have killed him, had not others who heard 
 the noise ran down to Juet's assistance. Hud- 
 son now called to the carpenter, telling him that 
 he was bound, but he could give him no help. 
 Lodlo and Bute reproached their shipmates, 
 telling them " their knavery would show itself." 
 The boat was now hastily hauled alongside, and 
 the sick and lame were called up from their 
 berths, to get into the shallop. Hudson now 
 called to Pricket to come to the hatch-way to 
 speak with him. Pricket crawled up, and on 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 117 
 
 his knees " besought them, for the love of God, 
 to remember themselves, and do as they would 
 be done unto." Their only answer was, to or- 
 der him back to his berth, and they would not 
 allow him one word with the commander. He 
 went back, Hudson still calling to him at " the 
 horn which gave light into his cabin, and telling 
 him that Juet would overthrow them all." 
 " Nay," replied Pricket, " it is that villain, 
 Henry Green." 
 
 Hudson, thus bound, was put into the shal- 
 lop, and his son John thrown in alongside of 
 him. Then came the sick and the lame, Arnold 
 Lodlo, Sidrack Faner, Thomas Wydhouse, Adam 
 Moore, Henry King, and Michael Bute. Two 
 others were to have been put in — Francis Clem- 
 ents, and the cooper; but John Thomas was a 
 friend to Clements, and Bennet to the cooper, and 
 while Henry Green swore they should go, they 
 swore they should not, and at last they were al- 
 lowed to remain. The carpenter was now free, 
 and they desired him to remain, but he declared 
 that he would not desert his commander, or stay 
 with such villains. He asked for his chest of 
 tools, and they placed it in the shallop. Before 
 leaving, he went below to talk with Pricket, who 
 begged him to remain and use his influence to 
 
118 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 have the others taken back. But the carpenter 
 refused, saying, that they would all be in the 
 ship again, for there was no one on board who 
 knew enough to carry her home. He thought 
 the boat would be kept in tow only for a time ; 
 but begged Pricket, if they should be parted, 
 that if it was his lot first to reach Cape Digges, 
 he would leave some token there, by which he 
 might know it. Promising in return that he 
 would do the same thing, if he had the good for- 
 tune to be first there, " with tears in their eyes," 
 they parted. The carpenter, now taking a gun, 
 some powder and shot, an iron pot, a small quan- 
 tity of meal, and some other provisions, leaped 
 into the shallop.* The anchor was now weigh- 
 ed, the sails hoisted, and with a fair wind 
 they stood eastward, dragging the shallop at the 
 
 * " But see what sincerity can do in the most desperate trials. 
 Phihp Staife, an Ipswich man, who, according to his name, had 
 been a principal staffe and stay to the weaker and more un- 
 settled courage of his companions in the whole action, light- 
 ening and enlightening their drooping, darkened spirits, with 
 sparks from his own resolution ; their best purveyor with his 
 piece on shore, and both a skilful carpenter and lusty mari- 
 ner on board, when he could by no persuasions, seasoned with 
 tears, divert them from their devilish designs, notwithstanding 
 they entreated him to stay with them, yet chose rather to 
 commit himself to God's mercy in the forlorn shallop, than 
 with such villains to accept of likelier hopes." — Purchas his 
 Filgrims. 
 
HENRY HXroSON. 119 
 
 stern. When they had nearly cleared the ice, 
 they cut the rope, and the boat was adrift. 
 
 Now they hoisted their topsails, and stood 
 away into a clear sea. In a little time they low- 
 ered their topsails, righted helm, and commenced 
 the work of ransacking the ship. Chests and 
 lockers were broken open, and every place was 
 pillaged. In the cabin they foimd some biscuit 
 and a but of beer ; and a few pieces of pork, 
 some meal, and a small quantity of peas were 
 found in the hold. While they were busy at 
 this work, some one cried out, that the shallop 
 was in sight. Pricket now besought them to 
 take their poor comrades on board again. But 
 this they refused to do. Although they had now 
 obtained all the provisions to themselves, and 
 might at least have taken the boat in tow as far 
 as Cape Digges, where Hudson and his compan- 
 ions might have found some relief, and perhaps 
 once more reached Europe — they positively re- 
 fused to aid them in any way. The truth is, 
 these mutineers did not desire that they should 
 live : so they again hoisted sail, and stood away 
 from the boat " as from an enemy." 
 
 A more outrageous and heartless crime than 
 this, committed by the mutineers, can hardly be 
 thought of. It wap i[iot only murder, but murder 
 
120 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 under the very worst circumstances. Green, the 
 ringleader in it, had been taken by Hudson, 
 when he was a castaway from his own mother, 
 and treated as his own son. He repaid the 
 love of his benefactor, by this act of base in- 
 gratitude ; and his conduct serves to show how 
 early profligacy and sin wall deaden the feelings 
 of the heart, and steel it against all that is good. 
 Juet, another conspirator, had sailed wdth the 
 commander on former voyages, and shared all 
 his glories and his perils. Wilson, another of 
 the set, had been selected by Hudson as a good 
 man, and appointed the boatswain. This was 
 the man W'ho, more than any other, refused to 
 hearken to the entreaty of Pricket, that the men 
 might be taken aboard — and these were the 
 three principal men who had plotted this mis- 
 chief. 
 
 To make the crime worse, with cold-blooded 
 cruelty, they took the sick and the lame, and 
 gave these sufl^ering men to the rough winds and 
 cold waters of the Northern Sea, with scarcely 
 a morsel to subsist upon. It would have been 
 mercy, indeed, to have killed them all at once, 
 but their cruelty preferred leaving them to a long, 
 lingering, and horrible death. And this horrible 
 death, even the young son of Hudson was to 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 121 
 
 share, though his tender years might have pleaded 
 in his behalf. 
 
 The mutineers now kept on their way under 
 Henry Green, who was appointed their com- 
 mander. Their aim was to reach Cape Digges, 
 but it was more than a month before this was 
 accomplished. Green was utterly ignorant and 
 unfit to command ; Robert Juet thought he was 
 wiser, and offered his counsels : but the truth 
 is, Robert Bylot was the most serviceable man 
 among them, and but for him, they would probably 
 have never reached the Capes at any time. Du- 
 ring this month, the ship seems to have been 
 tossed about at the mercy of the winds, and their 
 lives were more than once endangered. At one 
 time they were for a fortnight embayed with ice, 
 w^hich stretched for miles around them, and feared 
 they should never escape. Thrice did the ship 
 run upon rocks, and on one occasion remained 
 so for hours, until the flood tide floated her off. 
 Provisions, too, were scanty ; but they were able 
 to make landings sometimes, and catch a few 
 fish, shoot a few fowl, and gather the cockle- 
 grass which spread itself along the shores. 
 Guilt will make a coward of any man, and so 
 these men were all cowards : while they feared 
 the perils which surrounded them, they also 
 11 ' 
 
122 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 feared even the success of reaching England. 
 Cursing and swearing, they were continually 
 declaring that England was " no safe place for 
 them;" and Green swore that the ship should 
 keep the sea until he had the king's hand and 
 seal for his pardon. 
 
 At length, to their great comfort, they came 
 in sight of the Capes, where they hoped for sup- 
 plies. The boat was immediately sent ashore to 
 obtain provisions. As it approached, it w'as met 
 by seven canoes filled wnth the natives. The 
 savages w^ere at first alarmed, and drew back ; 
 but presently they became familiar, and hostages 
 were exchanged between the parties. After- 
 wards they all went ashore, and met in the tents 
 of the natives. There was great joy among 
 them. The savages danced, leaped, stroked 
 their breasts, and oflfered them many things, so 
 that the men returned to the ship greatly pleased, 
 thinking they had found a kind and hospitable 
 people. Some few of the mutineers w^ere sus- 
 picious of these savages ; but most of them, with 
 Henry Green at their head, had all confidence 
 in their kindness. 
 
 Accordingly, the next day. Green ordered 
 the boat to be made ready, and with Wilson, 
 Thomas, Perse, Moter, and Pricket, started for 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 123 
 
 the shore : the boat was laden with such articles 
 as they thought of trafficking, and Pricket, being 
 lame, was to remain in the boat, and guard the 
 articles while the others landed. Green foolishly 
 went unarmed, though some of his companions 
 advised him to the contrary. As they came 
 near, they saw the savages upon the hills, dancing 
 and leaping. The boat touched and was fast- 
 ened ; and while Green, Wilson, and Thomas 
 met the savages on the beach, who came down 
 displaying their articles of traffic, Perse and 
 Moter went up on the hills to pick sorrel ; Prick- 
 et, in the mean time, remained in the stern of 
 the boat. While matters were going on thus, 
 one of the savages stepped into the boat ; but 
 Pricket, being suspicious, ordered him out. In 
 the mean time, another stole behind Pricket, un- 
 observed, and stabbed him twice before he could 
 reach his own dagger and despatch him. Now 
 there was a general conflict on shore. Green, 
 Perse, Wilson, and Thomas came tumbling into 
 the boat, badly wounded. Moter, seeing the 
 fight from the hill, leaped from the rocks, plunged 
 into the sea, and held fast to the stern ; Perse 
 helped him in, seized a hatchet, laid one of the 
 savages dead, and pushed off the boat. They 
 were followed by clouds of arrows : Green was 
 
124 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 instantly killed, and Perse and Pricket again 
 wounded ; still, Perse with Moter rowed rapidly 
 towards the ship, until Perse fainted, and Moter 
 was left to manage the boat alone. Fortunately, 
 the savages did not follow them with their boats. 
 Moter now made signals to the ship, (for he 
 could not reach her,) and she came to his relief. 
 The body of Green was thrown into the sea, 
 Wilson and Thomas died the same day, cursing 
 and raving in the most awful manner ; and Perse 
 died two days afterward. 
 
 The wretched crew still needed supplies, and 
 it was necessary, even at the peril of their lives, 
 to obtain them. A party was therefore formed, 
 w^ho went along the shore and managed to kill 
 a quantity of fowl ; and now they hoisted sail 
 again, glad enough to depart from this inhos- 
 pitable region. By the time they reached the 
 inlet of Hudson's Straits, their provisions again 
 ran so low that they were obliged to live on 
 short allowances, and devour even the skins of 
 the fowls. Now they pressed toward the Deso- 
 lations, as well as they could. Robert Juet urged 
 them to steer for Newfoundland, stating that 
 there they would find relief from some of their 
 countrymen, or, if they failed in that, would at 
 least discover some supplies left behind by them. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 125 
 
 Accordingly they altered their course ; but, for- 
 tunately for them, as it turned out, the wind 
 changed, and they now determined to shape 
 their course for Ireland. It is hardly possible to 
 give any idea of the sufferings of these miserable 
 men, as they were tossed about upon the ocean. 
 Ignorant, discontented, and sad, they lived on, 
 with their sorrows increasing from day to day. 
 All their meat being gone, they were forced to 
 take salt broth for dinner, and half a fowl for 
 supper ; then, as provisions became more scanty, 
 they took the bones of the fowls, fried them in 
 tallow, and ate them gladly. Even the vinegar 
 and candles were now divided among them — 
 about a pound of candles to each man. Yet 
 they w^ere far from Ireland. Exhausted and 
 weakened, they became unable to stand at the 
 helm, but sat and steered the ship. Juet died in 
 agony, of starvation, and the rest were now 
 in despair : they had lost all hope of reaching 
 Ireland ; they cared not which way the vessel 
 went. The poor wretches " would sit and see 
 the foresail or mainsail fly up to the tops, the 
 sheets being either flown or broken, and would not 
 help it themselves, nor call to others for help." 
 At length it pleased God to bring them in sight 
 of land. They raised a joyful cry, and now 
 11* 
 
126 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 strived to reach the coast. This they could not 
 do, but now, by God's mercy, a still more joyful 
 cry was heard — " A sail ! a sail !" A fishing 
 bark on the coast had marked their distress, came 
 off to them, and took them safely into a harbor 
 in Ireland. Their wants were now supplied, 
 and through the kindness of the commander of 
 the bark, and the sympathy of a stranger, they 
 ■were enabled to reach Plymouth ; thence they 
 proceeded to Gravesend, and ere long were in 
 London. 
 
 Great was the astonishment of Sir Thomas 
 Smith (one of the company who had fitted out 
 this ship) when these men appeared before him. 
 He had not heard of the ship for nearly eighteen 
 months, and supposed, of course, that she was 
 lost. Great, too, was his sorrow and the sor- 
 row of all England, when the sad story of their 
 sufferings and sins was made known ; for Hud- 
 son had ever reflected honor upon his country, 
 and his countrymen loved him and grieved over 
 him. 
 
 Such was their love, that the London Com- 
 pany w^as not satisfied till it had made an effort 
 to save him. The next year, hoping that they 
 might learn something of the fate of Hudson, 
 and possibly relieve him, two ships (the Disco^ 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 127 
 
 very, in which Hudson had last sailed, and the 
 Resolutioii) were sent out, under the command 
 of Captain Thomas Button. Pricket w^as taken 
 along as a sort of guide ; and as the flood tide 
 near Cape Digges was represented by him as 
 coming from the west, a faint hope was enter- 
 tained that they might also find the Northwest 
 passage. 
 
 The ships returned the next year, having 
 failed in both objects. No tidings of Henry 
 Hudson were ever more received. Whether he 
 persevered until he reached Cape Digges, and 
 was there murdered by the savages ; whether he 
 perished in the ice, or died by famine, or was 
 swallowed by the waves, no man can tell. All 
 that is known is, that Hudson and his compan- 
 ions were never more heard of. 
 
 Whatever w^as his fate, however, he has left 
 behind him a bright and honorable name. His 
 reputation is this ; that with matchless fortitude 
 he lived amid the perils of the seas, still giving 
 names to strange and unknown regions. In 
 England they mourned for him, for he w^as their 
 countryman, and they felt his loss. Yet, though 
 he was no native of our land, his discoveries 
 make him ours. His daring adventures were 
 performed in this New World w^here we dwell j 
 
128 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 and therefore our country has not been un- 
 mindful of perpetuating his memory. She has 
 seized his name as something which belongs to 
 her ; written it upon one of her fairest streams ; 
 and graven it for ever upon the palisades and 
 the hills of the Hudson. His best monument is 
 indeed in this western world ; for here it is, upon 
 the continent of North America, that a bay, a 
 strait, a city, and a river, all bear the name of 
 Hudson.* 
 
 * The story of this last voyage is gathered from Hudson's 
 own journal, the journal of Habakkuk Pricket, and a note 
 discovered in the desk of Thomas Wydhouse, all of which 
 may be seen in " Purchas his Pilgrims." 
 
 The names of the crew, as far as they can be gathered, 
 were as follows: Henry Hudson, John Hudson, Robert Juet, 
 Henry Green, Habakkuk Pricket, Robert Bylot, William Wil- 
 son, John Thomas, Bennet the cook, Andrew Moter, Michael 
 Perse, Philip Staffe, Arnold Lodlo, Francis Clements, Michael 
 Bute, Thomas Wydhouse, Sidrack Faner, Adrian Moore, John 
 King, Nicholas Simmes, John Williams, Matthews, and the 
 cooper,— 23. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Claim of John and Sebastian Cabot, as having 
 seen what is now Xew York in 1497 5 together 
 with the claim of John de Verrazzano, to having 
 entered J^ew York Harbor in 1524. 
 
 We have now followed Henry Hudson in his 
 last adventure. The whole of his career is in- 
 teresting, but the story of his third voyage par- 
 ticularly so to the citizens of the State of New 
 York — as it sets him forth as the discoverer of 
 this portion of the New World ; the first Euro- 
 pean who trod upon our own soil. I am anxious, 
 however, to do him no more than justice, and 
 while I believe that he was thus the discoverer 
 of what is now New York, it is right that I 
 should tell you, that some have supposed that 
 the land which we tread was possibly seen, 
 and the harbor of New York probably entered, 
 before the days of Henry Hudson. When I 
 shall have told you by whom it is thought this 
 was done, then I shall have fairly finished. 
 
130 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 The names of John and Sebastian Cabot are, 
 I dare say, well known to many of you. If not, 
 you will remember now that they were experien- 
 ced navigators — natives of Venice, who lived in 
 England. In the year 1497, these men, under the 
 patronage of King Henry the Seventh, sailed 
 from England in search of a North-West passage 
 to India. It is said, they passed along the coast of 
 North America, from the 67th to the 26th degree 
 of north latitude. In this run, they must have 
 passed what is now known as the State of New 
 York, and it is supposed that they must have seen 
 the land. But if they did, certain it is, that they 
 did nothing more than see it, and even this is un- 
 certain. It is very remarkable, that these men 
 seem not even to have noticed the coasts along: 
 which they passed. At least, upon their return to 
 England, they had no satisfactory knowledge to 
 give farther than this, that there w^as a western 
 continent. Intent, probably, upon the main ob- 
 ject of their voyage, (a passage to the East,) and 
 not finding it, they lost sight of other things. But 
 at best, it is only claimed that they saw the land ; it 
 is not pretended that they landed on any part of it. 
 
 A stronger claim is set up in behalf of a Flor- 
 entine, John de Verrazzano, who was engaged in 
 the service of Francis First, king of France. It 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 131 
 
 seems that Verrazzano had been trusted by his 
 master, for some time, with the command of four 
 ships, to cruise against the Spaniards. These 
 ships being at one time overtaken by a storm 
 and separated, Verrazzano resolved now to keep 
 on his way alone, and undertake a voyage in 
 search of new regions. The world was then fill- 
 ed with the stories of maritime adventures and 
 new^ discoveries, and he seems to have thought 
 an effort this way more pleasant, and perhaps 
 more profitable, than chasing the Spaniards. It 
 was on the 7th day of January, in the year 1524, 
 that with these feelings, he set sail from the des- 
 olate rocks to the east of Madeira, (known by 
 the English as "the Deserters,") and kept his 
 course westerly. Nearly two months passed 
 aw^ay, before he came near the American coast. 
 He then reached it in the latitude of 34 degrees 
 north, and was of course off the coast of North 
 Carolina. He now sailed south until he came 
 (it is said) to the region of Palm-trees* From 
 this point he turned and sailed north, as far as 
 about the latitude of 41 degrees north, where he 
 
 * Rev. Dr. Miller, in his lecture before the New York Histor- 
 ical Society in 1809, thinks this must have been as far as the 
 southern part of the State of Georgia, as the Palm-tree is 
 not found north of that. 
 
132 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 entered a spacious harbor. Some suppose that 
 this was the harbor of New York. They reach 
 this conclusion, as they think, by noticing Ver- 
 razzano's description of the harbor which he en- 
 tered, together with some other circumstances. 
 His description is in the following words : " This 
 land is situated in the parallel of Rome, in for- 
 ty-one degrees and two terces; but somewhat 
 more cold by accidental causes. The mouth of 
 the haven lieth open to the south, half a league 
 broad, and being entered within it, between the 
 east and the north, it stretcheth twelve leagues, 
 where it weareth broader and broader, and 
 maketh a gulf about twenty leagues in compass, 
 wherein are five small islands, very fruitful and 
 pleasant, full of high and broad trees, among 
 the which islands, any great navy may ride safe, 
 without any fear of tempest or other danger."* 
 This has been thought a tolerably fair descrip- 
 tion of New York harbor by some ; while one 
 celebrated historianf has concluded that it " 7nust 
 be that of Mew York/' Others again have fan- 
 cied, that it agreed better with the harbor of 
 
 * Verrazzano's letter to Francis Frst, in Hakluyt's Collection 
 of Voyages. The letter will be given entire at the close of 
 this volume. 
 
 t Dr. Belknap. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 1^ 
 
 Newport, in Rhode Island. I believe, however, 
 that by looking closely to the description, it will 
 be found by most people, difficult to apply it to 
 either of those harbors.* 
 
 Verrazzano remained in this harbor about fif- 
 teen days. He with many of his men was 
 frequently on shore, trading with the natives, and 
 he describes both the country and natives fully. 
 Here again, his descriptions of the persons, dress, 
 and customs of the savages, are supposed to bring 
 before us the same people that were seen nearly 
 a century afterward by Hudson. It must be 
 confessed that he had time for observation, and 
 while his descriptions of the natives may be com- 
 plete, it is well known that they will apply to 
 the savages on other parts of the American con- 
 tinent, as well as to those found upon the soil of 
 what is now the State of New York. All that 
 can therefore be fairly claimed for Verrazzano 
 is the possibility, perhaps probability, of his hav- 
 ing been in New York harbor. 
 
 Verrazzano left this harbor (whatever harbor 
 it was) on the fifth of May, and keeping a north- 
 easterly course, was ere long as high as the 56th 
 degree of north latitude — and probably some- 
 
 * This is the opinion of Rev. Dr. Miller 
 
 12 
 
134 henhy HUDSON. 
 
 where off the coast of Labrador. From this 
 point he sailed directly toward France, which he 
 reached in the month of July. A few days after 
 his arrival at the port of Dieppe, he wrote his 
 letter to the French King, giving the story of his 
 voyage. The story, it seems, caused no excite- 
 ment at home, nor did it serve as a guide to any 
 future navigator. Nearly a century passed 
 away before we hear anything farther of this 
 part of the American continent, and then we hear 
 of it through the voyage and discovery of Hen- 
 ry Hudson. Ignorant of the discovery of this 
 portion of the new world by any preceding nav- 
 igator, he sailed from England, and has left 
 among us the certain memorial of his adven- 
 tures.* 
 
 It may prove uninteresting to you now, but 
 
 * It is stated by Charlevoix, that Verrazzano, a short time 
 after his arrival in France, fitted out another expedition, with 
 the design of establishing a colony in America ; and that all 
 that is known of this enterprise is, that having embarked, 
 he was never seen more, and that it never has been ascertained 
 what became of him. 
 
 It is stated, however, by Ramusio, that when Verrazzano 
 landed, he and the people who went ashore with him 
 were cut to pieces and devoured by the savages, in the sight 
 of the rest of the crew, who had remained on board the ship, 
 and were unable to help them. This last story is believed 
 both by Dr. Forster and Dr. Belknap. 
 
HENHY HUDSON. 135 
 
 possibly interesting to older readers, and to your- 
 selves hereafter — and I therefore give, in an ap- 
 pendix, the entire letter of John de Verrazzano 
 to the King of France, that every one may judge 
 fairly for himself, who was the discoverer of what 
 is now the State of New York. The style and 
 spelling of the letter are quaint and old fashioned, 
 but I prefer publishing it precisely as it is written. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TO THE MOST CHRISTIAN KING OF FRANCE, 
 FRANCIS THE FIRST. 
 
 THE RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO, A FLOREN- 
 TINE, OF THE LAND BY HIM DISCOUERED IN THE 
 NAME OF HIS MAIESTIE. WRITTEN IN DIEPE, THE 
 EIGHT OF JULY, 1524.* 
 
 I -vs^oTE not to your Maiesty, most Christian 
 King, since the time we suffered the Tempest in 
 the North partes, of the successe of the foure 
 shippes, which your Maiestie sent forth to clis- 
 couer new lands by the Ocean, thinking your 
 Maiestie had bene already duely enformed 
 thereof Now by these presents I will give your 
 Maiestie to understand, how by the violence of 
 the Windes we were forced with the two shippes, 
 the Norman and the Dolphin, (in such euill case 
 as they were,) to land in Britaine. Where after 
 
 * Taken from Hakluyt's Voyages. 
 
 12* 
 
138 APPENDIX. 
 
 wee had repayred them in all poynts as was 
 needefull, and armed them very well, we took 
 our course along by the coast of Spaine, which 
 your Maiestie shall understand by the profite 
 that we receiued thereby. Afterwards with the 
 Dolphin alone we determined to make discouerie 
 of new Countries, to prosecute the Nauigation 
 we had already begun, which I purpose at this 
 present to recount unto your Maiestie, to make 
 manifest the whole proceeding of the matter. 
 
 The 17 of January, the yeere 1524, by the 
 Grace of God, we departed from the dishabited 
 rocke by the isle of Madeira, apperteining to the 
 King of Portugal, with 50 men, with victuals, 
 weapons, and other ship-munition very well pro- 
 uided and furnished for eight months ; and sail- 
 ing Westward with a faire Easterly winde, in 
 25 dayes we ran 500 leagues, and the 20 of 
 Februarie, we were ouertaken with as sharpe 
 and terrible a tempest as euer any saylers suf- 
 fered, whereof with the diuine helpe and merci- 
 full assistance of Almighty God, and the good- 
 nesse of our shippe, accompanied with the good 
 happe of her fortunate name, we were deliuered, 
 and with a prosperous winde followed our course 
 West and by North. And in other 25 dayes 
 we made aboue 400 leagues more, where we 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 139 
 
 discouered a new land, neuer before seene of any 
 man either ancient or moderne, and at the first 
 sight it seemed somewhat low, but being within 
 a quarter of a league of it, we perceiued by the 
 great fires that we saw by the sea-coast, that it 
 was inhabited ; and saw that the lande stretched 
 to the southwards. In seeking some conuenient 
 harborough, wherein to anchor and to have 
 knowledge of the place, we sayled fiftie leagues 
 in vaine, and seeing the lande to runne still to 
 the southwards, we resolved to returne backe 
 againe towards the north, where wee found our 
 selves troubled wdth the like difficultie. At 
 length, being in despaire to find any porte, wee 
 cast anchor upon the coast and sent our boate 
 to shore, where we saw great store of people 
 which came to the seaside ; and seeing us ap- 
 proch, they fled away, and sometimes would 
 stand still and looke backe, beholding us with 
 great admiration; but, afterwards, being animated 
 and assured with signes that we made them, 
 some of them came hard to the seaside, seeming 
 to reioyce very much at the sight of us, and 
 marvelling greatly at our apparel, shape and 
 whitenesse, shewed us by sundry signes, where 
 we might most commodiously come aland with 
 our boate, offering us also of their victuals to 
 
140 APPENDIX. 
 
 eat. Now I -will briefly declare to your Maies- 
 tie their life and maners, as farre as we could 
 have notice thereof: These people goe alto- 
 gether naked, except only that they couer their 
 loines with certain skins of beastes, like unto 
 marterns, which they fasten unto a narrow gir- 
 dle made of grasse very artificially wrought, 
 hanged about with tayles of divers other beastes, 
 w^hich, round about their bodies, hang dangling 
 down to their knees. Some of them weare gar- 
 lands of byrdes feathers. The people are of 
 colour russet, and not much unlike the Saracens ; 
 their hayre blacke, thicke, and not very long, 
 which they tye together in a knot behind, and 
 weare it like a little taile. They are well fea- 
 tured in their limbes, of meane stature, and com- 
 monly somewhat bigger than wee, broad breast- 
 ed, strong armed, their legs and other parts of 
 their bodies well fashioned, and they are dis- 
 figured in nothing, sauing that they haue some- 
 what broade visages, and yet not all of them, 
 for we saw many of them wel favoured, hauing 
 blacke and great eyes, with a cheerefull and 
 steady looke, not strong of body, yet sharpe wit- 
 ted, nimble and exceeding great runners, as farre 
 as we could learne by experience, and in those 
 two last qualities they are like to the people of 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 141 
 
 the east partes of the world, and especially to 
 them of the uttermost parts of China. We 
 could not learne of this people their manner of 
 lining, nor their particular customs, by reason of 
 the short abode we made on the shore, our com- 
 pany being but small, and our ship ryding farre 
 off in the sea. And not farre from these we 
 found another people, whose lining wee think 
 to be like unto theirs (as hereafter I will declare 
 unto your Maiestie) shewing at this present the 
 situation and nature of the foresayd land. The 
 shoare is all couered with small sand, and so 
 ascendeth upwards for the space of 15 foote, 
 rising in form of little hils, about 50 paces 
 broad. And sayhng forwards, we found cer- 
 taine small rivers and armes of the sea, that fall 
 downe by certaine creeks, washing the shoare on 
 both sides as the coast lyeth. And beyond this 
 we saw the open country rising in height above 
 the sandy shoare, with many faire fields and 
 plaines, full of mightie great woods, some very 
 thicke, and some thinne, replenished with diuers 
 sorts of trees as pleasant and delectable to be- 
 hold, as is possible to imagine. And your Ma- 
 iestie may not thinke that these are like the 
 woods of Hercynia or the wilde deserts of Tar- 
 tary, and the northerne coasts, full of fruitlesse 
 
142 APPENDIX. 
 
 trees; but they are full of palrae trees, bay 
 trees, and high cypresse trees, and many other 
 sorts of trees unknowen in Europe, which yeeld 
 most sweete sauours farre from the shoare, the 
 propertie whereof we could not learn for the 
 cause aforesaid, and not for any difficulty to passe 
 through the woods, seeing they are not so thicke 
 but that a man may passe through them, neither 
 doe we thinke that they partaking of the east 
 world round about them, are altogether voyd of 
 drugs or spicery, and other riches of golde, see- 
 ing the colour of the land doth so much argue 
 it. And the land is full of many beastes, as 
 stags, deere and hares, and likewise of lakes and 
 pooles of fresh water, with great plentie of 
 fowles, convenient for all kinde of pleasant 
 game. This land is in latitude 34 degrees, with 
 good and wholesome ayre, temperate, betweene 
 hot and colde ; no vehement windes doe blowe 
 in those regions, and those that doe commonly 
 reigne in those coasts, are the north west and 
 west windes in the summer season, (in the be- 
 ginning whereof we were there) the skie cleere 
 and faire with very little raine ; and if at any 
 time the ayre be cloudie and mistie with the 
 southerne winde, immediately it is dissolued and 
 wareth cleere and fayre againe. The sea is 
 
KELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 143 
 
 calme, not boysterous, the waues gentle, and 
 although all the shoare be somewhat sholde and 
 without harborough, yet it is not dangerous to 
 the saylers, being free from rocks and deepe, so 
 that within 4 or 5 foote of the shoare there is 20 
 foote deepe of water without ebbe or flood, the 
 depth still increasing in such uniform proportion, 
 i here is very good ryding at sea, for any ship 
 being shaken in a tempest, can neuer perish there 
 by breaking of her cables, which we have 
 proved by experience. For in the beginning of 
 March (as it is usual in all regions) being in the 
 sea oppressed with northerne windes, and ryding 
 there, we found our anchor broken before the 
 earth fayled or moved at all. We departed from 
 this place, still running along the coast, which 
 we found to trend toward the east, and we saw 
 every where very great fires, by reason of the 
 multitude of the inhabitants. While we rode 
 on that coast, partly because it had no harbo- 
 rough, and for that we wanted water, we sent 
 our boat ashoare with 25 men ; where, by rea- 
 son of great and continual waues that beat 
 against the shoare, being an open coast, without 
 succour, none of our men could possibly goe 
 ashoare without loosing our boate. We saw 
 there many people which came unto the shoare, 
 
144 APPENDIX. 
 
 making diuers signes of friendship, and shewing 
 that they were content we should come aland, 
 and by trial we found them to be very corteous 
 and gentle, as your Maiestie shall understand by 
 the successe. To the intent we might send them 
 of our things, which the Indians commonly de- 
 sire and esteeme, as sheetes of paper, glasses, 
 bels, and such like trifles, we sent a young man 
 one of our mariners ashoare, who swimming 
 towards them, and being within 3 or 4 yards of 
 the shoare, not trusting them, cast the things 
 upon the shoare ; but seeking afterwards to re- 
 turne, he was with such violence of the wanes 
 beaten upon the shoare, that he was so bruised 
 that he lay there almost dead ; which the In- 
 dians perceiuing, ranne to catch him, and draw- 
 ing him out, they caried him a litle way off 
 from the sea. The young man perceiuing they 
 caried him, being at the first dismaied, began 
 then greatly to feare, and cried out piteously ; 
 likewise did the Indians which did accompany 
 him, going about to cheere him and to giue him 
 courage, and then setting him on the ground at 
 the foote of a litle hil against the sunne, they 
 began to behold him with great admiration, 
 marueiling at the whitenesse of his flesh ; and 
 putting off his clothes, they made him warme at 
 
E ELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 145 
 
 a great fire, not without our great feare which 
 remained in the boate, that they w^ould have 
 rosted him at that fire, and have eaten him. 
 The young man hauing recouered his strength, 
 and hauing stayed a while w^ith them, shewed 
 them by signes that he was desirous to returne 
 to the ship, and they with great loue clapping 
 him fast about, with many embracings, accom- 
 panying him unto the sea, ami to put him in 
 more assurance, leaving him alone, went unto 
 a high ground, and stood there, beholding him 
 untiil he was enlred into the boate. This young 
 man obserued, as we did also, that these are of 
 colour inclining to blacke as the other were, with 
 their flesh A'ery shining, of meane stature, hand- 
 some visage, and delicate limnes, and of very 
 little strength, but of prompt wit, farther we 
 observed not. 
 
 Departing from hence, following the shore 
 which trended somewhat toward the north, in 50 
 leagues space we came to another land which 
 shewed much more faire and ful of w^oods, being 
 very great, where we rode at anker j and that 
 we might have some knowledge thereof, we sent 
 20 men aland, which entred into the country 
 about 2 leagues, and they found that the people 
 were fled to the woods for feare. They saw 
 13 
 
146 APPENDIX. 
 
 only one old woman, with a young maid of 18 
 or 20 yeeres old, which seeing our company, hid 
 themselves in the grasse for feare ; the olde 
 woman caried two infants on her shoulders, and 
 behind her necke a child of 8 yeeres olde. The 
 young woman was laden likewise with as many, 
 but when our men came unto them, the women 
 cried out, the olde woman made signes that the 
 men were fledde unto the woods. As soone as 
 they saw us to quiet them and to win their fa- 
 vour, our men gave them such victuals as they 
 had with them, to eate, which the olde woman 
 received thankfully, but the young woman dis- 
 dained them all, and threw them disdainfully on 
 the ground. They tooke a child from the olde 
 woman to bring into France, and going about 
 to take the young woman which was very beau- 
 tiful and of tall stature, they could not possibly 
 for the gre^t outcries that she made bring her to 
 the sea ; and especially having great w^oods to 
 passe thorow, and being farre from the ship, we 
 purposed to leaue her behind, beareing away the 
 child onely; we found those folkes to be more 
 white than those that we found before, being clad 
 w^ith certaine leaues that hang on boughs of 
 trees, which they sew together with threds of 
 wilde hempe ; their heads were trussed up after 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 147 
 
 the same maner as the former were, their ordi- 
 nary foode is of pulse, whereof they haue great 
 store, differing in colour and taste from ours ; of 
 good and pleasant taste. Moreover they live 
 by fishing and fowling, which they take with 
 ginnies, and bowes made of hard wood, the ar- 
 rowes of canes, being headed with the bones of 
 fish and other beastes. The beastes in these 
 partes are much wilder then in our Europe, by 
 reason they are continually chased and hunted. 
 We saw many of their boates, made of one tree 
 20 foote long and 4 foote broad, which are not 
 made with yron or stone, or any other kind of 
 metall (because that in all this country for the 
 space of 200 leagues which we ranne, we neuer 
 saw one stone of any sort :) they help them- 
 selues with fire, burning so much of the tree as 
 is sufficient for the hollownesse of the boate. 
 The like they doe in making the sterne and the 
 foreparte, until it be fit to saile upon the sea. 
 The land is in situation, goodness and fairnesse 
 like the other; it hath woods like the other, 
 thinne and full of diuers sorts of trees, but not 
 so sweete, because the country is more northerly 
 and colde. 
 
 We saw in this country many vines growing 
 naturally, which growing up, took holde of the 
 
148 APPENDIX. 
 
 trees as they doe in Lombardle, which, if by 
 husbandmen they were dressed in good order, 
 without all doubt they would yeeld excellent 
 wines; for hauing oftentimes seene the fruit 
 thereof dryed, which was sweete and pleasant, 
 and not differing from ours, we thinke that they 
 doe esteeme the same, because that in euery 
 place where they growe, they take away the un- 
 der branches growing round about, that the fruit 
 thereof may ripen the better. We found also 
 roses, violets, lilies, and many sortes of herbes, 
 and sweete and odoriferous flowers different from 
 ours. We knewe not their dwellings, because 
 they were farre up in the land, and we iudge by 
 many signes that we saw, that they are of wood 
 and of trees framed together. We doe belieue 
 also by many conjectures and signes, that many 
 of them sleeping in the fields, have no other 
 couert then the open sky. Farther knowledge 
 haue we not of them ; we think that all the rest 
 whose countreys we passed, line all after one 
 maner. Hauing made our aboade three days in 
 this country, and ryding on the coast for want of 
 harboroughs, we concluded to depart from thence 
 trending along the shore betweene the north 
 and the east, sayeling onely in the day time, and 
 ryding at anker by night. In the space of 100 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 149 
 
 leagues sayling we found a very pleasant place 
 situated among ceitaine little steape hils ; from 
 amidst the which hils there ranne downe into 
 the sea an exceeding great streme of water, 
 which within the mouth was very deepe, and 
 ii'om the sea to the mouth of the same with the 
 tide which we found to rise 8 foote, any great 
 ship laden may passe up. But because we rode 
 at anker in a place well fenced from the wind 
 we would not venture ourselues without know- 
 ledge of the place, and we passed up with our 
 boate onely into the sayd river, and saw the 
 countrey very well peopled. The people are 
 almost like unto the others, and are clade with 
 the feathers of fowles of diuers colours ; they 
 came towards us very cheerefully, making great 
 showts of admiration, shewing us where we 
 might come to land most safely with our boate.. 
 We entered up the said riuer into the land about 
 halfe a league, where it made a most pleasant 
 lake aboute 3 leagues in compasse, on the which 
 they rowed from the one side to the other, to 
 the number of 30 of their small boats, wherein 
 were many people which passed from one shore 
 to the other to come and see us. And, behold, 
 upon a sudden (as it is woont to fall out m sayl- 
 ing) a contrary flaw of winde comming from the 
 13* 
 
150 APPENDIX. 
 
 sea, we were inforced to returne to our ship, 
 leauing this land to our great discontentment, for 
 the great commodity and pleasantnesse thereof, 
 which we suppose is not without some riches, 
 all the hils shewing mineral matters in them. 
 We weyed anker and sayled toward the east, 
 for so the coast trended, and so alwayes for 50 
 leagues being in the sight thereof, we discouered 
 an island in forme of a triangle, distant from 
 the main land 10 leagues about the bignesse of 
 the island of the Rhodes j it was full of hils 
 covered with trees, well peopled, for we saw 
 fires all along the coast ; w^e gave it the name 
 of your Maiesties mother,* not staying there by 
 reason of the weather being contrary. 
 
 And we came to another land being 15 leagues 
 distant from the island, where we found a pass- 
 ing good hauen, wherein being entred, we found 
 about 20 small boats of the people, which with 
 diuers cries and wondrings came about our ship, 
 comming no neerer than 50 paces towards us ; 
 they stayed and beheld the artificialnesse of 
 our ship, our shape and apparel, they then all 
 made a loud showt together, declaring that they 
 reioyced. When we had something animated 
 
 * Claudian Island. Claudia was the mother of King 
 Francis. 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 151 
 
 them, using their gestures they came so neere us, 
 that we cast them certaine bels and glasses, and 
 many toyes, which when they had received, they 
 looked on them with laughing, and came with- 
 out feare a board our ship. There were amongst 
 these people 2 kings of so goodly stature and 
 shape as is possible to declare, the eldest was 
 about 40 yeeres of age, the seconde was a yong 
 man of 20 yeeres olde, their apparell was on 
 this manner, the elder had upon his naked body 
 a harts skin wrought artificially with diuers 
 branches like damaske, his head w^as bayre with 
 the hay re tyed up behind with diuers knots ; 
 about his necke he had a large chaine, garnish- 
 ed with diuers stones of sundry colours, the 
 young man was almost apparelled after the same 
 maner. This is the goodhest people, and of 
 the fairest conditions that we have found in this 
 our voyage. They exceed us in bigness, they 
 are of the colour of brasse, some of them inchne 
 more to whitenesse, others are of yellow colour, 
 of comely visage, with long and black hair, 
 which they are very careful to trim and decke 
 up ; they are black and quick eyed, and of sweete 
 and pleasant countenance, imitating much the 
 old fashion. I write not to your Maiestie of the 
 other parts of their body, hauing al such propor- 
 
152 APPENDIX. 
 
 tion as apperteeneth to any handsome man. The 
 women are of the like conformitie and beautie, 
 very handsome and wel favoured, of pleasant 
 countenance, and comely to behold ; they are as 
 wel manered and continent as any women, and 
 of good education, they are all naked saue their 
 loines, which they couer with a deeres skin 
 branched or embrodered as the men use, there 
 are also of them which weare on their armes 
 uery rich skins of Luzernes, they adorne their 
 heads with diuers ornaments made of their owne 
 hair, which hang downe before on both sides 
 their brestes, others use other kind of dressing 
 themselues like unto the women of Egypt and 
 Syria, these are of the elder sort ; and when 
 they are maried, they wear diuers toyes, accord- 
 ing to the usage of the people of the east, as 
 well men as women. 
 
 Among whom we saw many peices of wrought 
 copper, which they esteeme more than goolde, 
 which for the colour they make no account, for 
 that among all other it is counted the basest ; 
 they make most account of azure and red. The 
 things that they esteeme most of all those which 
 we gaue them, were bels, christal of azure colour, 
 and other toyes to hang at their eares or about 
 their necke. They did not desire clothe of silke 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 153 
 
 or of golde, much lesse of any other sort, nei- 
 ther cared they for thyngs made of Steele and 
 yron, which we often shewed them in our armour 
 which they made no wonder at ; and in behold- 
 ing them they onely asked the arte of making 
 them J the hke they did at our glasses, which, 
 w^hen they beheld, they suddenly laught, and 
 gave them us againe. They are very liberal, 
 for they give that which they haue ; we became 
 great friends with these, and one day we entred 
 into the haven wdth our ship, w^hereas before we 
 rode a league off at sea, by reason of the contrary 
 weather. They came in great companies of their 
 small boats unto the ship with their faces all 
 bepainted with diuers colours, shewing us that 
 it w^as a signe of ioy, bringing us of their vic- 
 tuals, they made signes unto us where we might 
 safest ride in the hauen for the safeguard of our 
 ship keeping still our company, and after we 
 were come to an anker, we bestowed 15 dayes in 
 prouiding ourselues many necessary things, 
 whither euery day the people repaired to see our 
 ship, bringing their wiues with them, whereof 
 they were very ielous ; and they themselves en- 
 tring a board the ship and staying there a good 
 space caused their wiues to stay in their boats, 
 and for all the entreatie we could make, offring 
 
154 APPENDIX. 
 
 to giue them diuers things, we could neuer ob- 
 taine that they would suffer them to comeaborde 
 cur ship. And oftentimes one of the two kings 
 comming with his queene, and many gentlemen 
 for their pleasure to see us, they all stayed on the 
 shore 200 paces from us, sending us a small boat 
 to giue us intelligence of their comming, saying 
 they w^ould come and see our ship ; this they did 
 in token of safety, and as soone as they had an- 
 swere from us, they came immediately, and hau- 
 ing staied a while to behold it, they wondred at 
 hearing the cries and noyses of the Mariners. 
 The Queene and her maids staied in a very light 
 boat, at an Hand a quarter of a league off, while 
 the King, abode a long space in our ship uttering 
 diuers conceits with gestures, viewing with great 
 admiration all the furniture of the Shippe, de- 
 manding the property of euery thing particularly. 
 He tooke likewise great pleasure in beholding 
 our apparell, and in tasting our meats, and so 
 courteously taking his leave departed. And 
 sometimes our men staying 2 or 3 daies on a little 
 Hand neere the Shippe for diuers necessaries, 
 (as it is the use of seamen,) he returned with 7 
 or 8 of his gentlemen to see what we did, and 
 asked of us oftentimes if we meant to make any 
 long abode there, offering us of their prouision ; 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 155 
 
 then the King drawing his bow and running up 
 and down with his gentlemen, made much sport 
 to gratifie our men : we were oftentimes wdthin 
 the land five or six leagues, which we found as 
 pleasant as is possible to declare, very apt for 
 any kindof husbandry, of Corne, Wine and Oyle : 
 for that there are plaines twentie-five or thirtie 
 leagues broad, open and without any impediment, 
 of trees of such fruitful nesse, that any seed being 
 sowen therein, wil bring forth most excellent 
 fruit. We entered afterwards into the woods, 
 which we found so great and thicke, that any 
 army were it neuer so great might have hid it 
 selfe therein, the trees whereof are okes, cipresse 
 trees, and other sortes unknowen in Europe. 
 We found Pome appil, damson trees, and nut 
 trees, and many other sortes of fruit differing 
 from ours ; there are beasts in great abundance, 
 as harts, deere, luzernes, and other kinds which 
 they take w^ith their nets and bowes which are 
 their chief weapons, the arrowes which they use 
 are made of great cunning, and instead of yron, 
 they head them with flint, with jasper stone and 
 hard marble, and other sharp stones which they 
 use instead of yron to cut trees, and to make 
 their boates of one whole piece of wood making 
 it hollow with great and wonderful art. wherein 
 
156 APPENDIX. 
 
 10 or 12 men may sit commodiously, their oares 
 are short and broad at the end, and they use 
 them in the sea without any danger, and by 
 maine force of armes, with as great speediness 
 as they hft themselves. We saw their Houses 
 made in circular or round forme 10 or 12 paces 
 in compasse, made with halfe circles of Timber, 
 separate one from another without any order of 
 buildino^, couered with mattes of Straw wrouo;ht 
 cunningly together, which saue them from the 
 winde and raine; and if they had the order of 
 building and perfect skill of workmanship as we 
 have, there were no doubt but that they would 
 also make eftsoons great and stately buiklings. 
 For all the sea coastes are ful of clear and glis- 
 tering stones and alabaster, and therefore it is 
 ful of good hauens and harboroughs for Shippes. 
 They moove the foresaid Houses from one place 
 to another, according to the commodity of the place 
 and season wherein they wil make their abode ; 
 and only taking off the mattes they haue other 
 Houses builded incontinent. The Father and 
 the whole Family dwell together in one house 
 in great number, in some of them we saw 25 or 
 30 persons. They feede as the other doe afore- 
 said, of pulse which grow in that Country, with 
 better order of husbandry than in the others. 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 157 
 
 They observe in their sowing the course of the 
 Moone and the rising of certaine Starres, and 
 divers other customs spoken of by antiquity. 
 Moreover they Hue by hunting and fishing. They 
 hve long and are seldom sicke, and if they 
 chance to fall sicke at any time, they heal 
 themselves with fire without any phisician, and 
 they say that they die for very age. They 
 are very pitlfull and charitable towards their 
 neighbours, they make great lamentations in 
 their ad^ersitie, and in their miserie, the kin- 
 red reckon up all their felicitie. At their de- 
 parture out of life, they use mourning mixt wath 
 singing, which continueth for a long space. 
 This is as much as we could learne of them. This 
 Land is situate in the Paralele of Rome in 41 
 degrees and 2 terces, but somewhat more cold 
 by accidentall causes and not of nature, (as I 
 will declare unto your highnesse elsewhere,) de- 
 scribing at this present the situation of the fore- 
 said country, w^hich lieth east and west. I say 
 that the mouth of the haven lieth open to the 
 south halfe a league broad, and being entred 
 within it betweene the east and the north it 
 stretcheth twelve leagues, where it wareth broad- 
 er and broader, and maketh a gulfe about 20 
 leagues in compasse, wherein are five small 
 14 
 
158 APPENDIX. 
 
 islands very fruitful and pleasant, full of hie and 
 broad trees among the which islandes any great 
 nauie may ride safe without any feare of tempest 
 or other danger. Afterwards turning towards 
 the south in the entring into the hauen, on both 
 sides there are most pleasant hils, with many 
 riuers of most cleare water falling into the sea. 
 In the middest of this entrance there is a rocke 
 of free stone, growing by nature, apt to build any 
 castle or fortresse there for the keeping of the 
 haven. The fift of May being furnished with 
 all things necessarie, we departed from the said 
 coaste, keeping along in the sight thereof, and wee 
 sailed 150 leagues, finding it alwayes after one 
 maner, but the land somewhat higher with cer- 
 taine mountaines, all which beare a shew of 
 minerall matter, wee sought not to land there in 
 any place, because the weather serued our turne 
 for sailing ; but wee suppose that it was like 
 the former, the coaste ranne eastward for the 
 space of fiftie leagues. And trending afterwards 
 to the north, wee found another land high full 
 of thicke woods, the trees whereof were firres, 
 cipresses, and such like as are wont to grow in 
 cold countreys. The people differ much from 
 the other, and looke howe much the former seem- 
 ed to be courteous and gentle, so much were 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 159 
 
 these full of rudenesse and ill maners, and so 
 barbarous that by no signes that euer we could 
 make, we could have any kind of traffic with 
 them. They clothe themselues with beares 
 skinnes and luzernes, and scales and other 
 beastes skinnes. Their foode, as farre as we 
 could perceiue, repairing often unto their dwell- 
 ings, we suppose to be by hunting and fishing, 
 and of certaine fruits, which are a kind of roots 
 which the earth yeeldeth of her own accord. 
 They haue no graine, neither saw we any kind 
 of signe of tillage, neither is the land for the bar- 
 rennesse thereof, apt to beare fruit or seed. If 
 at any time we desired by exchange to haue 
 any of their commodities, they used to come to 
 the sea shore upon certaine craggy rocks, and 
 we standing in our boats, they let downe with 
 a rope what it pleased them to give us, crying 
 continually that we should not approch to the 
 land, demanding immediately the exchange, tak- 
 ing nothing but kniues, fish-hooks, and tooles to 
 cut withall, neyther did they make any account 
 of our courtesie. And when we had nothing 
 left to exchange with them, when we departed 
 from them, the people shewed all signes of dis- 
 courtesie and disdaine, as were possible for any 
 creature to inuent. We were in despight of 
 
160 APPENDIX. 
 
 them 2 or 3 leagues within the land, beino- in 
 number twenty-five armed men of us: And 
 when we went on shore they shot at us with 
 their bowes, making great outcries, and after- 
 wards fled into the woods. We found not in 
 this land any thing notable or of importance, 
 sauing very great wood and certaine hills, they 
 may haue some mineral matter in them, because 
 wee saw many of them haue headstones of copper 
 hanging at their eares. We departed from 
 thence, keeping our course north east along the 
 coaste, which we found more pleasant champion 
 and without woods, with high mountains within 
 the land ; continuing directly along the coast for 
 the space of fiftie leagues, we discouered 32 
 islands, lying al neere the land, being small and 
 pleasant to the view, high, and having many 
 turnings and windings between them, making 
 many fair harboroughs and chanels as they doe 
 in the gulf of Venice, in Sclauonia and Bal- 
 matia, we had no knowledge or acquaintance 
 with the people : we suppose they are of the 
 same maners and nature as the others are. Sayl- 
 ing north east for the space of 150 leagues, we 
 approched the land that was in times past dis- 
 couered by the Britons, which is in fiftie de- 
 grees. Hauing now spent all our prouision and 
 
RELATION OF JOHN DE YERRAZZANO. 161 
 
 victuals, and hauing discouered about 700 leagues 
 and more of new countreys, and being furnished 
 with water and wood, we concluded to returne 
 into France. Touching the religion of this peo- 
 ple which we have found, for want of their lan- 
 guage we could not understand, neither by signes 
 nor gestures, that they had any rehgion or laws 
 at all, or that they did acknowledge any first 
 cause or mouer, neither that they worship the 
 heauen or starres, the sunne or moone, or other 
 planets, and much lesse whether they be idola- 
 ters, neither could we learne whether that they 
 used any kind of sacrifices or other adorations, 
 neither in their villages haue they any temples 
 or houses of prayer; we suppose that they haue 
 no religion at all, and that they Hue at their 
 owne libertie. And, that all this proceedeth of 
 ignorance, for that they are very easie to be per- 
 suaded ; and all that they see us Christians doe 
 in our diuine service, they did the same with the 
 like imitation as they saw us to doe it. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 14* 
 
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 This work is already inirodnc^d into upwards of one tliousand different schools, aud pr»« 
 nounced lo be one oltlie best works published. 
 
 CRUDEN'S CONCORDANCE; 
 
 Containing all the Words to be found in the large work relating to the 
 New-Testament. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 THE POLYMICRIAN N EW TESTAM ENT. 
 
 Numerous References, Maps, &c. 1 vol. 18mo, 
 
 JEWSBURY'S (MariaJa\e) LETTERS TO THE YOUNG. 
 
 12ino. cloth. 
 
Works Published by D. Appleton <5f Co. 5 
 
 CARLYLE ON HISTORY AND HERO-WCRSmP. 
 
 Heroes. Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in Histoiy. 
 
 ix Lecnires, reported with emendations and additions, by Thomas 
 Carlyle, author of "The French Revolution." " Sartor Resartus,'' &c. 
 Deautifullv printed on fine white paper. 1 vol. 12mo. Second edition. 
 Contents. — The flero as Divinity, Odin, Paganism, Scandinavian Mythology: Th« 
 [ero as Pvopliel, Mahomet, Islam; The Hero as Poet, Dante, Sliakspeare ; The Hero su 
 riest, l.uilier, Reformation, Knox, Puritanism; The Hero as Man of Letters, JohiUion, 
 X)SBeau, Burns; The Hero as King, Cromwell, Napoleon, Modern Revolulionia 
 
 SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTCH; 
 
 OR, THE WESTERN CIRCUIT. 
 
 \j Catherine Sinclair, author of Modern Accomplishments, Modem 
 Society, &c. &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 SHETLAND AND THE SHETLANDERS; 
 
 OR, THE NORTHERN CIRCUIT. 
 
 \y Catherine Sinclair, author of Scotland and the Scotch, Holiday 
 House, &c. &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 SCRIPTURE AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 ►n the Relation between the Holy Scriptures and some parts of Geolo- 
 gical Science, by .John Pye Smith, D. D., author of the Scripture 
 Testimony of the Messiah, &c. &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 THOUGHTS IN AFFLICTION. 
 
 ty the Rev. A. S. Thelwall, A. M. To which is added Bereaved Parentf 
 Consoled, by John Thornton, with Sacred Poetry. 1 vol. 32mo. 
 
 WORKS BY REV. ROBT. PHILIP. 
 
 THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF DR. MILNE, 
 
 MISSIONARY TO CHINA. 
 
 Ilustrated by Biographical Annals of Asiatic Missions from Primitive to 
 Protestant Times, intended as a Guide to Missionary Spirit. By Robert 
 Philip. 1 vol. 12ino. 
 
 THE LIFE AND TIMES OP JOHN BUNYAN, 
 
 lather of the Pilgrim's Progress. By Robert Philip. With a fine por* 
 
 trait. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 LADY'S CLOSET LIBRARY, 
 
 AS FOLLOWS : 
 
 THE MARYS; 
 Or, B«auty of Female Holiness. By Robert Philip. I Tol. ISmo 
 
6 Works Published by D. Appleton <^ Co, 
 
 THE MARTHAS ) 
 
 Or, Varieties of Female Piety, By Robert Philip. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 THE LYDIAS; 
 
 Or, Development of Female Character. By Robert Philip. 1 vol. ISmo 
 
 DEVOTIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL GUIDES. 
 
 By Robert Philip. With an Introductoj-y Essay by Rev. Albert Barnes 
 2 vols. 12mo. Containing 
 Guide to the Perplexed. 
 Do. do. Devotional. 
 Do. do. Thoughtful. 
 Do. do. Doubting. 
 Do. do. Conscientious. 
 Do. do. Redemption. 
 
 YOUNG MAN'S CLOSET LIBRARY. 
 
 By Robert Philip. With an Introductory Essay by Rev. Albert Barnes. 
 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 LOVE OF THE SPIRIT, 
 
 Traced in his Work: a Companion to the Experimental Guides. By 
 Robert Philip. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 WORKS BY THE REV. J. A. JAMES. 
 
 PASTORAL ADDRESSES : 
 
 By Rev. John Angell James. With an Introduction by the Rev. Wm. 
 
 Adams. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 Contents.— The increased Holiness of the Churcn. Spirituality of Mind. Heavenly 
 
 Mindedness. Assurance of Hope. Practical Religion wisest in every thing. How to spend 
 ft profitable Sabbath. Christian Obligations Life of Faith. Influence of Older ChrisUans. 
 The Spirit of Prayer. Private Prayer. Self-Examination. 
 
 THE YOUNG WAN FROM HOME. 
 
 In a series of Letters, especially directed for the Moral Advancement of 
 Youth. By the Rev. John Angell James. Fifth edition. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 THE ANXIOUS ENQUIRER AFTER SALVATION 
 
 Directed and Encouraged. By Rev. John Angell James. I vol. ISmo 
 
 THE CHRISTAN PROFESSOR, 
 
 Addressed in a series of Counsels and Cautions to the Members of Chris 
 tian Churches. By Rev John Angell James. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
WORKS PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON AND CO. 7 
 
 Happiness, its Nature and Sources 
 By Rev. John Angell James. 
 
 THE WIDOW DIHEOTED 
 
 To the Widow's God. By Rev. John Angell James. 
 WORKS BY THE REV. DR. SPRAGUE. 
 
 True and false Religion. 
 
 Lectures illustrating the Contrast, between True Christianity and 
 various other systems. By Wilham B. Sprague, D. D. 1 vol 
 12mo. 
 
 Lectures on Revivals 
 
 In Religion. By W. B. Sprague, D. D. With an Introductory Es 
 say by Leonard Woods, D. 1). 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 fietters to a Daughter, 
 
 On Practical Subjects. By W. B. Sprague, D. D. Fourth edition 
 revised and enlarged. 1 vol. l-2mo. 
 
 Lectures to Young People. 
 
 By W. B. Sprague, D- D. With an Intro luctory Address by Sam- 
 uel Miller, D. D. Fourth edition. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 The ]M[etropolitan Fulpit ; 
 
 Or Sketches of the most Popular Preachers in London. By the au- 
 tlior of Random Recollections, The Great Metropolis, etc. etc. 1 
 vol. L2nK). 
 
 WttLIAMS^S MISSIOMM MTERPRISES. 
 
 A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises and Triumphs in the Sonth 
 Seas, with Remarks upon the Natural History of the Islands, Ori- 
 gin, Language, Tradition and Usages of the Inhabitants. By the 
 Rev. John Williams, of the London Missionary Society. Numer- 
 ous plates. 1 vol. large 12mo. 
 
 TOUR THROUGH TURKEY and PERSIA. 
 
 Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Me- 
 sopotamia, with an Introduction and Occasional Observations 
 upon the Condition of Mohammedanism and Christianity in those 
 countiies. By the Rev. Hora io t^outhgate, Missionary of the 
 American Episcopal Church. 2 vols. 12mo. plates. 
 
 Itlagee on Atonement and Sacrifice. 
 
 Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atone- 
 ment and Sacrifice, and on the Principal Arguments advanced, 
 and the Mode of Reasoning employed by the Opponents of those 
 Doctrines, as hold by the Established Church. By the late Most 
 Rev. William Magee,D. D.j Archbi&liop of Dubhn. 2 vols, royal 
 8vo., beautifully printed. 
 
8 WORKS PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON AND CO. 
 
 SOUTHEYS POETICAL WORKS. * 
 
 The complete collected edition of the Poetical Wurka of Robert 
 Soathey, Esq., LL. D. edited by himself. Printed verbatim from 
 the ten volume Lomlon edition. Illustrated with a fine portrait 
 and vignette. 1 vol. loyal 8vo. 
 
 "The beauties of Mr. Southey'a Poetry are such that this col- 
 lected edition can hardly fail to find a place in the Library of every 
 person fond of elegant literature" — Eclectic Review. 
 
 "Southey's principal Poems have been long before the vforld, 
 extensively read, and highly appreciated. Their appearing in a 
 uniform edition, with the author's final corrections, will atford un- 
 feigned pi asure to those who are married to immortal verse." — 
 Literary Gazette. 
 
 "This edition of the works of Southey is a credit to the press of 
 our country." — N. A. Review. 
 
 guizot's history of civilization. 
 
 General History of Civilization in Europe, from the Fall of the Ro- 
 man Empire to the French Revolution. Translated from the 
 French of M. Guizol, Professor of History to la Faculte des Let- 
 tres of Paris, and Minister of Public Instruction. 3d American, 
 from the last London ediiion. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 BIOKEUSTETH'S COMPLETE WORKS 
 
 The Works of the Rev. Edward Bickersteth. Rect ir of Manton 
 Hertfordshire, containing Scripture, Help, Treatise on Prayer, 
 the Christian Hearer, the Chief concerns of Man, for Time and 
 Eternity, Treatise on the Lord's Supper, and t)ie Christian Stu- 
 dent. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 SPIRITUAL CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 Lectures on Spiritual Christianity, by Isaac Taylor, author of Spi. 
 ritual Despotism, etc. etc 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 Physical Theory of Another Life 
 
 By Isaac Taylor, author of Natural History of Enthusiasm. Thir 
 edition. 1 voL 12mo. 
 
 By Isaac Taylor, author cf Natural History of Enthusiasm, etc. et 
 Second edition. 1 vol. J2mo. 
 
 BJ'FrancisWftyland, D.D* Second edition, 1 vol. ISmo. 
 
WORKS PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON AND CO. 9 
 
 ' THE FLAG SHIP: ' 
 
 OK A VOYAGK ROUND THE WORLD, 
 In the United States Frigate Columbia, aitended by hor con^=ort,the 
 Sloop o; War John Adams, and bearing ilie oroad pennant of 
 Couimodoie George C. Redd. By Fitch W. Taylor, Chaplain to 
 the Squadron. 2. vols. r2mo. plates. 
 
 ELLA 
 
 Or the July Tour. By one of the Party. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 "He can form a moral on a glass of champagne."— Le Roy. 
 
 missionary's farewell. 
 
 By the Rev. .lohn Williams, author of Missionary Enterprises, etc- 
 1 vol. ISmo. 
 
 A. Collection of Church Music. Edited by George Kingsley, au- 
 thor of Social Choir, etc. 
 "This collection is pronounced by the most eminent professors 
 
 ,0 be superior to any published in the country." 
 
 MY SON'S MANUAL. 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments, 
 and l^rinciples of Conduct, best .suited for Prom 'tii.g Respecta- 
 bility and Success in Life. Elegantly ei. graved fi'oiitispiece. 1 
 vol. Ibnio. 
 
 My Danghter's Manual. 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of Femali' Studies. Accomplishments 
 dijd Principles of Conduct, lieautilul frontispiece. 1 vol. 18mo, 
 
 GRIFFIN'-S REMAINS. 
 
 Remains of the Rev. Edmund D. Griffin Compiled by Francis 
 Griffin. With a Memoir by Rev. Dr. Mc Vicar. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 PALMER'S TREATISE ON THE CHURCH. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE CHURCH OF CHRIST, 
 Designed chiefly for the use of Students iu Theology. By the Rev. 
 William Palmer, M. A., of Worcester College, Oxford. Edited, 
 with Notes, by the Right Rev Vv'. R. Wliittinghain, D. D . Bisbof" 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Marylwid. 
 2 vols. 8vo , haudsomely printed on fine paper. 
 
10 
 WORKS PUBLISHED IN 
 APPLETON'S 
 DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY. 
 
 The greatest care is taken in selecting the works of which thl 
 collection is composed. Each volume is printed on the finest pa- 
 per, elegantly ornamented, and bound in a superior manner, and 
 uniform in size. Bishop Doane says of this collection, " I write to 
 express my thanks to you for reprints of the Oxford Books ; first, 
 for such books, and secondly, in such a style. I sincerely hope 
 >ou may be encouraged to go on, and give them all to us. You 
 will dignify the art of printing, and you will do great service to the 
 best interest of the country." In a letter received froja Bishop 
 Whittingham, he says, "I had forgotten to express my very great 
 satisfaction at your commencement of a series of Devotional 
 Works, lately republished in Oxford." The publishers beg to state 
 while in so short a time tliis library has increased to so many vol- 
 um s, they are encouraged to make yet larger additions, and ear- 
 nestly hope it may receive all the encouragement it deserves. 
 
 MEDITATIONS ON THE SACRAMENT. 
 
 Godly Meditations upon the most Holy Sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper. By Christopher Sutton, D. D , late Prebend of West- 
 minster. 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly ornamented. 
 
 " This very handsome vnlmne forms one nnd a higrhly favrmrable speciuieii 
 of that valiiabl' series of religious works wiih wliicli .essrs. Appieloii & Co. ol 
 this city have favoured the public. Of the work iiself it is difficult lo speak too 
 highly, and of the puljlishers' part, it is only necessary lo s:\y that it is got up 
 In the same fine slyle that characterizes, almost without exception, every publi- 
 cation that comes from their iiands."'— 2V. Y- Courier and Enquirer. 
 
 "We announced in our last niimher '.he n-publicaiion in this country, n« 
 Sutton's ' Medit-nions on the Lord's Supper,' and haviuj? since read the work 
 ^re prepared to recommend it warmly and wiihout qualification to tnc peruoai ci 
 our readers. It is purely*praciical ; the doctrine of the Eucharist being icuciie^ 
 upon only in so far as was necessary to guard against error. Its standnrd of 
 piety is very high, and the helps which it affords lo a devout participation of 
 tlie holy sacrament of which it treats, should make il the inseparable companion 
 of every communicant. We know indeed of no work on the snbj>;ct that can in all 
 respects be compared with it; and tor its agency in promoting that advancement in 
 holiness after which every Christian should strive, have no hesitation in classing it with 
 the 'lYeatise on ' Holy Living and Dying,' of Bithop Taylor, and the ' Sacra Privata,' 
 of Bishop Wilson. The period at which the book was written yvill acconnl for, and 
 excuse what in the present age would be regarded as defects of style ; but these are 
 fewer than might have been expected, and aie soon lost sight of in the contemplation 
 of the many and great excellencies with which it abounds. The publishers have done 
 good service to the country in the publication of this work, which is a lieauliful reprint 
 of the Oxford edition, and we are glad to learn (hat it will be speedily followed by tli« 
 'Dijce Vivere ' <ind ' Disce Mori ' of the same author."— £onn«r ofUie Cross. 
 
 SACRA PRIVATA: 
 
 THE 
 
 Prirate meditations, llevotions, and Prayers 
 
 Of the Right Rev. T. Wilson. D. D., Lo d Bishop of Soder and Man 
 First complete edition. 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly ornamentett 
 
 "The Messrs. Appletcn have brought out, in elegant style, Wilson'i' Saorai 
 Privata' entire Tlie reprint is an honour to the American press. The work itseW 
 if, perhaps, oii the whole, the best d-voiional ireatiso in the language, and it uo\f 
 
APPLETON'S DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY. 1 1 
 
 nppears in a dress worthy of iis chanicler. Ii has never before ir. tliis country 
 been prijited entire. We shall say more arinther time, hut for tlie present will only 
 nrge npon every reader from moliv. s of duty and interest, for private benefit and 
 joublic good, to go to Applfiuii's aril buy the book- Buy good books, sliun the 
 aoablful, au(i burn tiie had." — New-York Churchman. 
 
 HEART'S EASE, 
 
 OR A REMEDY AGAINST ALL TROUBLES; 
 
 WITH A CONSOL.\TORY DISCOURSE, 
 
 Particularly addressetl to those who have lost iheir friends and dear 
 
 relations. By Symon Patrick, D. D , sometime Lord Bisliop o( 
 
 Ely. 1 vol. royal 16ino., elegantly ornanjeiited. 
 
 A DISCOURSE CONCEPuNING PRAYER 
 
 /Ind the Frei|nenting Daily Public Prayers. By Svtnon Patrick, 
 D. D , someiiine Lord Bishop of Ely. Edited by Francis E Pa- 
 get, M. A Ctiaplaiii to the Lord Bishop of Oxford. 1 vol. royal 
 16mo., elegantly ornamented. 
 
 '1 would su:;gesl, whntlier ther • can be a more u-efnl present than a gooU 
 »ook 7 And to tliMse who think wi'h me in this matter, I would ref.ommend two 
 rery pre'ty volumes in e terjial appL-arance, whilst they are most excellent in their 
 cor. tents They arc both by the same author. Bishop I' .trick, ilie one ' On Pray- 
 er,' and the ol\er entitled ' Heart's Kase ; era Remedy against all Troiibles.* It 
 was ohservfd by the dis'inguishi'd ecil, thai he had a hell in his Ijiok case upon 
 which he was aci-ust.imed to place ' tried authors ;' that is, aruhors whose opi- 
 nioiis he hiid I'xaniiired a- fl judired to W w >'-thy uf confi lence. 'I'hese volumes are 
 of such a character ; arrd rf ih s article th.ill be read by one who is willing to give 
 tls friends some u-eful insruclion with regtrd to tire nature duty, and advanlag. s 
 of prayer, in all its litai.clii-;-, he uirl fiinl it in the first named volume ; or if tli8 
 reailer has a frijrrd in affliction, he m ly per haps relieve the sorrows of ilie op nil g 
 y.'.ir hv piiii-iiig Ml the hands of that friend the volume entitled ' Heart's biase' " — 
 Ifev-York American. 
 
 Disce Mori, Learn to Die, a Religions Discourse, moving every 
 Cliristian man to enter into a serious rem- ntbiance of his end. 
 By Christopher Sutton, D D sometime Prebend of Westmin- 
 ster. 1 vol. 16mo, elegautlv printed. 
 
 THOUGHTS IN PAST YEARS. 
 
 A beautiful collection of Poetry, chietly DevotitMial. By the author 
 of "The Cathedral." I vol. royal Iti'mo., elegantly printed. 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH; 
 
 Or Christian Hi ^lorv of rinuland in early British, Saxon, and Norman 
 Times. By the Rev E.lward Chiiilon, M. A. Printed uni- 
 form in size and binding with this library. 
 
 HAREMS PAROCHIAL SERMOIS. 
 
 Sermons to a Country Congregation By Augustus William Hare 
 A. M., la'e Fellow of New College and Rector of Alton Barnes. I 
 vol. royal 8vo. 
 
 " Anv one w ho can l^e pleased with delicacy of though' expressed in the moBl 
 simple Ui etiaj- —.my one who can feel the charm of finding practic .1 duties elu- 
 cidated >ini\ enfiTced by apt and varied illustrations— wil he delighted with 'ilia 
 voluiire. which presents us w ith the workings of a pious and highly gifted mifad." 
 —fiuartcrly Renew. 
 
12 
 
 VALUABLE WORKS 
 ron THIS Yovmori 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 
 
 . OC?" Parents may with entire safety place in the 
 hands of their Children any of these cheap, yet 
 elegant Publications. 
 
 TALES FOR THE PEOPLE AND THEIR CHILDREN. 
 
 ITJ" The greatest care is taken in selecting che works of this popu- 
 lar series. Each volume is illustrated with an elegant frontis- 
 piece, and bound in superior style. 
 
 The following are now ready — to be had separately, or m uniform 
 sets : 
 
 THE POPLAR GROVE ; or, Little Harry and his 
 
 Uncle Benjamin, By Mrs. Copley. 
 EARLY FRIENDSHIPS ; by Mrs. Capley. 
 THE PEASANT AND THE PRINCE ; by Har- 
 
 riet Martineau. 
 NORWAY AND THE NpR WEGIANS ; or, Feats 
 
 of ihe Fiord. By Harriet Martineau. 
 MASTERMAN READY; or, the Wreck of the 
 
 Pacific. Written for Young People, by Captain 
 
 MarryaU 
 
VALUABLE WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. ]3 
 
 THE LOOKING-GLASS FOR THE MIND ; or. 
 
 Intellectual Mirror. An elegant collection of 
 
 Delightful Stories and Tales : many plates. 
 HOPE ON, HOPE EVER ; or, the Boyhood of Fe- 
 lix Law. By Mary Howitt. 
 STRIVE AND THRIVE; a Tale. By Mary 
 
 Howitt. 
 SOWING AND REAPING ; or, What will Come 
 
 of It ? By Mary Howitt. 
 WHO SHALL BE GREATEST ? a Tale. By 
 
 Mary Howitt. 
 WHICH IS THE WISER? or, People Abroad. 
 
 By Mary Howitt. 
 THE DANGERS OF DINING OUT ; or, Hints to 
 
 those who would make Home Happy. To which 
 
 is added the Confessions of a Maniac. By Mrs. 
 
 Ellis. 
 SOMERVILLE HALL ; or, Hints lo those who 
 
 would make Home Happy. To which is added 
 
 the Rising Tide. By Mrs. Ellis. 
 THE TWIN SISTERS : a Tale. By Mrs. Sandham. 
 THE TWO DEFAULTERS : a Tale. By Mrs. 
 
 Griffith, of New York. 
 
 Several other popular works are in preparation. 
 
 SPRING AND SUMMER. 
 
 The Juvenile Naturalist, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev. 
 B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with fifty plates. 1 vol. 
 square, handsomely bound. 
 
 AUTUMN AND WINTER. 
 
 The Juvenile Naturallot, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev. 
 B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with many plates, uniform 
 with " Spring and Summer." 
 
14 VALUABLE WOEKS FOR THE YOUNG. 
 
 PICTORIAL LIFE OF NAPOLEON. 
 
 History of Napoleon Bonaparte, translated from the French of M 
 Laurent de L'Ardeche, with five hundred spirited illustrations 
 after designs by Horace Vernet, and twenty original Portraits 
 engraved in the best style Complete in two handsome volumes, 
 octavo, about five hundred pages each. 
 
 PICTORIAL ROBINSON CRUSOE. 
 
 The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. By Daniel De Foe 
 With a Memoir of the Author, and an Essay on his Writings, il- 
 lustrated with nearly five hundred spirited Engravings by the 
 celebrated French artist, Grandville, forming one elegant volume 
 octavo, of 500 pages. 
 
 PICTORIAL VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 
 
 The Vicar of Wakefield. By Oliver Goldsmith. Elegantly illus- 
 trated with nearly two hundred Engravings, making a beautiful 
 Tolume octavo, of about 300 pages. 
 
 THE STORY OF JOAN OF ARC; 
 
 By R M. Evans. One elegant volume, with many plates. A truly 
 interesting Historical Juvenile. 
 
 EVENINGS WITH THE CHRONICLERS; 
 
 OR, UNCLE RUPERT'S TALES OF CHIVALRY. 
 By R. M. Evans. Many Llustrations, uniform with Joan of Arc 
 
 GEMS FROM TRAVELLERS; 
 
 Illustrative of various passages in Holy Scripture, with nearly one 
 hundred Engravings. Among the authorities quoted will be 
 found the following distinguished names : Harmer, Labnrde, 
 Lane, Madden, Clarke, Ponocke, Chandler, Malcolm, Hartley, 
 Russell, Jowitt, Came, Shawe, Morier, Niebuhr, Bruce, Calmet, 
 H. Blunt, Belzoni, Lord Lindsay, &c. 1 vol. 12ino. 
 
 MY SON'S MANUAL ; 
 
 Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments, 
 and Principles of Conduct best suited for promoting Respecta- 
 bility and Success in Life. Elegantly engraved Frontispiece. 
 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 MY DAUGHTER'S MANUAL ; 
 
 Cdmprising a Summary View of Female Studies, Accomplish 
 ments, and Principles of Conduct. Beautiful Frontispiece. ] 
 ToL ISmo. 
 
VALITABLS WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. 15 
 
 A GIFT FROM FAIRY LAND; 
 
 By the late Secretary of the Navy. Illustrated by 100 unique 
 original plates, by Chapman, elegantly bound. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME; 
 
 In a series of Letters, especially directed for the moral advance- 
 ment of Youth. By the Rev. John AngeU James. Fifth edi- 
 tion. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 
 MINIATURE CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Great pains has been bestowed in the selection of this unique Li- 
 brary. It will comprise the best works of our venerated au- 
 thors ; published in an elegant form, with a beautiful frontis- 
 piece, tastefully ornamented. The following are now ready : 
 
 GOLDSMITH. — Essay. By Ouvee Goldsmith. 
 
 GOLDSMITH ^The Vicar of Wakefield. By OUVER 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 JOHNSON — The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, 
 
 a Tale. By Samuel Johnson, LL. D. 
 COTTIN — Elizabeth, or the Eziles of Siberia. By Madame 
 
 CoTTiN. The extensive popularity of this little Tale is 
 
 well known. 
 ST. PIERKE Paul and Virginia ; From the French of J 
 
 B. H. De St. Pierre. 
 PURE GOLD from the Rivers of Wisdom — A collectioa 
 
 of short extracts on religious subjects from the older writers — 
 
 Bishop Hall, Sherlock, Barrow, Paley, Jeremy Taylor, Ac. 
 
 TOKEN OF REMEMBRANCE. 
 
 TOKEN OF AFFECTION. TOKEN OP 
 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 Bach Tolume consists of appropriate Poetical extracts from tht 
 principal writers of the day. 
 
16 Works Puhlis^ea by 1). Apptelon 4- Co. 
 
 A LIBRARY FOR MY YOUNG COUNTRYMEN. 
 
 A series of instructive works adapted to the youthful mind, o 
 a character associated with the annals of our country, has lon^ 
 been wanted. This Library is intended to comprise sketcne. 
 of the Lives, Adventures and Discoveries of the early founders 
 of America ; also the lives of distinguished men connected 
 with American history of more modern date : it is likewise 
 intended to include some approved works of English authors, 
 re-edited with additions and explanatory notes. The whole 
 charge of the Library is confided to the hands of the popular 
 author of " Uncle Philip's" " Whale Fishery," " Lost Green- 
 land," ^c <fc. 
 
 The following commence the Series : 
 
 THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON 
 
 By the author of " Uncle Philip's," " Virginia," «&c. 
 
 ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH; 
 
 Founder of Virginia. By the author of " Henry Hudson," <&c 
 III. 
 
 DAWNINGS OF GENIUS ; 
 
 By Anne Pratt, author of " Flowers and their Associations," &c 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURE? OF HERMAN CORTES; 
 
 By the author of the '• Adventures of Captain John Smith," <fec 
 
 THE CROFTON BOYS; 
 
 A Tale for Youth. By Harriet Martineau, author of" The Peasant 
 and the Prince," " Norway and the Norwegians," &c. 
 
 This truly interesting and instructive work forms the sixteenth vo- 
 lume of the popular series of " Tales for the People and their 
 Children." 
 
 THE OLD OAK TREE; 
 
 A most interesting little volume of practical instruction for youth ; 
 illustrated with nearly fifty plates. 
 
 "This volume comprises a series of twelve familiar discourses or conversations 
 which took place on as many Sabbath afternoons, a pious old blind man being the chief 
 Bp«aker. It is by the author of ' John Hardy,' ' The Footman,' &c., and is published 
 under the direction of the Society for the promotion of Christian Knowledge. Th« 
 Brecept8 conveyed are altogether unexceptionable, and the whole volume ia well cak«- 
 kted to prove attractive with children."— <S'(M. Chronicle.