Eutered according to Act of Congress, 1878, 
 
 Bt THOMAS P. JANES, 
 
 In the offlce of the Librarian of Congregs, Washington. 
 
 ) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | 
 
 Chap. ^ F 211_.._,_.._. I 
 
 Shelf __ .&: 3 3.i._. I 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^^ 
 
 JaS. p. Ha1!R1S0N & Co., 
 Printers, Atlanta, Ga 
 
^' 
 
 Compliments of JOHN T. HENDERSON, 
 
 Cominissioner of Agriculture. 
 
F'^f / 
 
 ^ 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 On page 7, the 2d paragraph, coinmeiicing with the 
 words, "111 nothing regarding us," etc., is the beginning of 
 a cliapter on CLIMATE. This title was omitted by the 
 printer, and not observed by the proof-reader, till it was too 
 late to correct it. 
 
 On page 36, at the end of the 4th paragraph, the number 
 of students in the Atlanta University is left blank. This 
 should have been filled with 244 — the number attending 
 the late session. 
 
 On the same page, at the end of the 4th line, under the 
 title " Female Colleges," the words " in Georgia " should 
 be in the world. 
 
 To the list of newspapers in Oeorgia, (see page 52, 53 
 and c4) should l)e added — 
 
 Hinesville, (Liberty county) — Gazette., w^eekly. 
 
 Dupont, (Clinch county) — Ckeefinokian., weekly. 
 
 Cumming, (Forsyth county) — Baptist Banner^ weekly. 
 
 Macon — Very earnest, repeated and persistent efforts were, 
 made, but without success, to obtain recent reliable statistics of 
 the city of Macon, before putting this Manual to press ; in 
 consequence of which there are some errors in the same as 
 they appear on page 91. The population of the city by recent 
 census is, 9,535 white, and 8,730 black. The number of 
 grocery stores given as 6 is a typographical error. It was in- 
 tended to be'6(). This is probably below the actual number. 
 
 The law quoted on page 48 from our latest revised Code, 
 giving the conditions on which aliens and unnaturalized per- 
 sons may hold real estate, was repealed by a recent act of 
 the Legislature. The following is the present law of Geor- 
 gia on this subject : 
 
 " Aliens, the subjects of Governments at peace with the 
 " United States and this State, so long as their Governments 
 " remain at peace, shall be entitled to all the rights of citi- 
 " zens of other States resident in this State, and shall have 
 " the privilege of purchasing, holding, and conveying real 
 " estate in this State. 
 
 This gives to aliens or unnaturalized subjects of foreign 
 Governments, whether resident or not, so long as their Gov- 
 ernments continue at peace with the United States and this 
 State, all rights enjoyed by citizens of this State, except the 
 right to vote and hold office, and to perform such civil func- 
 tions as are confined by law to citizens of this State. 
 
 There are some typographical errors, but being of minor 
 importance, they are not specially noticed. 
 
MANUAL OF GEORGIA. ' 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ^ g 
 
 Georgia, although ix State of the American Uaiou since the year / 
 1776, when she united with her sister colonies in tiieir memorable 
 struggle for independence of the British Crown, is, perhaps, less 
 known in foreign lauds, and to their inhabitants M'ho have sought 
 homes in tlae Western World, than any other State which engaged 
 with her in the revolution. The cause is readily explained : She 
 lies geosrraphically remote from the old thoroughfares of in- 
 ternational commerce; no lines of steamships have connected her 
 directly with tlie ports of Europe and, as a consequence, but few 
 immigrants from the Old World have landed on her shores. She 
 has had no public lands to be distributed among railroad corpora- 
 tions and speculators, whose interest was to be advanced by their 
 speedy settlement with a new and industrious population. She 
 has had no Immigration Aid Societies, so abundant in the North- 
 ern States of the Union, and no Immigration Argents, who swarm 
 over Europe from the same section, to publish her unrivaled ad- 
 vantages to the world. Peaceful and prosperous until the late 
 civil war consumad her wealth and drenched the land with the 
 blood of her people; with labor abundant, its natural increase un- 
 exampled, and its rewards satisfactory, Georgia had no motive to 
 seek immigration from foreign lands. Her pro.sperity needed no 
 building up. She asked for no foreign capital for she had an 
 abundance of her own. 
 
 Still another reason is to be found in the peeular labor .sj'stem of 
 the Southern States, including Georgia, in former years. During 
 the existence of African slavery the people cultivated large farms 
 or plantations — in many instances thousands of acres under one 
 proprietorship— and as the number of slaves increased annually, 
 M'ith prosperous farmers, they preferred rather to add to, than to 
 part with any portion of their landed po.sssesions. Under the free 
 labor system, requiring a closer personal supervi.son from proprie- 
 tors, the latter have found it to their interest to cultivate small 
 farms in preference to large ones ; hence, land is in less demand, 
 larger quantities are on the market at greatly reduced prices, and 
 an increase of population has become desirable. 
 
 Such are some of the reasons why Georgia has been content here- 
 tofore to pursue the even tenor of her way, and to work out Jier 
 own destiny within herself. Unaided, she had come to acquire 
 the proud title of " Empire State of the South," which, of itself, is 
 
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— GEORGIA. [64] 
 
 an eloquent testimonial to her material wealth, her political and 
 moral standing, her intelligence and her energy, as compared 
 with her sister States of the southern <Hvision of the Union. 
 
 But the results of late, long and disastrous war, have sadly 
 changed this happy aspectof afitiirs. Her territory was desolated, 
 her better class of population reduced in numbers, her accumu- 
 lated wealth swept away, her social institutions revolutionized, 
 and for a time reversed, and her labor system broken up. Her na- 
 tural resources, her energy and her love of lil^erty, alone, remained 
 unimpaired. Her government has been restored to a healthful 
 condition, and law and justice obtain throughout her borders. But 
 her labor system is not well organized, and her capital seriously 
 reduced in amount; as a necessary consequence, a large portion of 
 her fertile fields is uncultivated, her exhaustless mines of the use- 
 ful and precious metals are but partially worked, and her noble 
 forests of timber are but partially' utilized. Never was a field for 
 both capital and labor more inviting. The resources of Georgia 
 have only to be known to attract to her the idle capital of other 
 countries as well as our own, and an industrious population to 
 utilize it in almost every known branch of human industry. 
 
 Animated by tliese considerations, although it may not be ex- 
 pressly laid down in the catalogue of my official duties contained 
 in the law creating the Department of Agriculture of the State of 
 Georgia, as Commissioner and executive head of that Department, 
 I feel it to be due to my State that this desideratum, the absence 
 of which is operating so injuriously to her best interest and pro- 
 gress, should be supplied, and perhaps, by no one more appro- 
 priately than myself. The representations of parties personally 
 interested are always regarded witli more or less distrust ; while 
 an official statement of facts, obtained from sources known to be 
 trustworthy, by a sworn, responsibible officer of the government, 
 is entitled to, and will generally command, the attention and con- 
 fidence of tlie public. 
 
 In the preparation of this Manual- the object of which is to 
 show the superior advantages which Georgia olfers to (he capital- 
 ist and the immigrant, I have sought to avoid all exaggeration, 
 and to exclude everything that was even doubtful. I have, there- 
 fore, confined its statements to facts, such as every intelligent and 
 well-informed citizen of the State will be willing to vouch for. If 
 the picture is not more glowing, it is simply because I am deter- 
 mined that no one shall be misled by its statements. 
 
 With this introduction, which is necessary to a correct under- 
 standing of the object in view in the preparation of the work, I 
 proceed to consider the State of Georgia in the various aspects in 
 which it is likely to interest the public, and especially the several 
 classes to which reference has been made. And, that the exposi- 
 tion may not be tiresome, the utmost brevity is promised. 
 
PART I. 
 
 "GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The State of Georgia lies in the southeastern portion of the 
 ^United States, and, witli Florida, constitutes the extreme portion 
 ■of the American Union in that direction. In the original settle- 
 ment, its chartered limits extended from the Atlantic ocean to the 
 Mississippi river, with the 35th parallel of north latitutude as its 
 northern boundary, and the 31st parallel and Florida as its bound- 
 ary on the South, Early in the present century, a very large 
 portion of this territory westward— nearly two-thirds— was ceded 
 to the United States, and out of it, in great part, have since been 
 formed the two new States of Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 From the above, it will be seen that the entire State lies within 
 the southern portion of the Temperate zone, and, as a consequence, 
 is exempt, alike, from the rigors and other discomforts and disad- 
 vantages of a cold climate and the debility and diseases incident 
 to tropical regions. It may be said, with perfect truth, that there 
 is no part of the known world where a greater degree of phj'sical 
 comfort can be secured the year round, or where a greater amount 
 of labor can be performed in the usual vocations within the 
 same period of time, than in Georgia. But these points will be 
 more fully treated under their appropriate heads. 
 
 The geograi^hical situation of Georgia is worthy of note in an- 
 other, the commercial view, of the question. The 32d parallel of 
 north latitude passes nearly through the centre of the State ; the 
 great southern trans-continental line of railway, to connect the 
 Atlantic and Pacifie oceans by a communication uninterrupted by 
 snows in winter, and open the year round, has been located on and 
 near that parallel. Savannah, Georgia's principal seaport, is but 
 15' north of that line, and is destined to become the eastern ter- 
 minus of this great highway of trade. It is 943 miles nearer to San 
 Diego, on the California coast, than New York— the eastern ter- 
 minus of the northern lines— is to San Francisco ^ the distance be- 
 tween the two latter cities being 3,456 miles, while the distance 
 hetween the two former is only 2,512 miles. This road will be com- 
 pleted in a very few years, and its beneficial eflects upon the trade 
 and general prosperity of Georgia are too obvious to require com- 
 ment. The facts stated show that this southern line is destined to 
 'become the favorite highway of the Pacific trade, including that 
 
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [66J 
 
 of China and Japan, with the ports of Georgia as its chief entrepots- 
 in the East. 
 
 Georgia, from her geographical relations, is also the natural 
 highway to the teeming products of the great agricultural heart of 
 the country — the Mississippi Valley. A straight hne from Bt. Louis,, 
 or the mouth of tlie Ohio,, shows that the Atlantic coast of Geor- 
 gia is much nearer and more accessible to tlie commerce of the 
 West than tliat of any other State in- the Union. Several lines of 
 railway between these two sections are already in successful ope- 
 ration; while a projected canal from the Tennessee river to the 
 head of navigation on the Altamaha tributaries in Georgia, will 
 afford ample v/ater transportation to the commerce of the West 
 seeking European markets, and, in point of time, speedier than that 
 hitherto employed — the circuitous route via the Mississippi river 
 and the Gulf of Mexico. This canal route has been surveyed by- 
 direction of Congress, its practi( ability and cheapness fully deter- 
 mined, and its construction made a simple question of time. 
 
 TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND CAPACITY FOR 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Georgia is ample in her domain. The State has an average 
 length (north and south) of about 300 miles, and an average breadth 
 (east and west) of about 200 miles, and is, with the exception of 
 Florida, the largest of the American States east of tlie Mississippi 
 River. The superficial area is 58,000 square miles, or, by land 
 measurement, 37,120,000 acres. Nearly the whole of this vast sur- 
 face is susceptible of profitable tillage ; those portions that are too 
 mountainous, and the irreclaimable swamps, including the salt 
 marshes along the coast, being estimated at only about one per 
 cent. There is no sterile land in Geoigia, and it may be safely 
 said that no portioxi of the globe of equal extent is capable of pro- 
 ducing more to satisfy the wants of man. 
 
 We have seen that the State has an area of 58,000 square miles. 
 Her population, occording to the last census, taken in 1870, was, in 
 round numbers, 1,184,000, or a fraction over 20 to the square mile. 
 Allowing her producing capacity to be only equal to that of other 
 nations, we may form some idea of the additional population she 
 is capable of sustaining, by a coaiparison of the above figures with 
 those of other countries. As we only wish to illustrate, we shall 
 name but a few that are well known to the civilized world : 
 
 England, with an area of 50,300 square miles, or less than that 
 of Georgia by nearly 8,000, supports a population of 21,290,000, or 
 over nineteen times greater than that of Georgia. 
 
 Ireland, with an area of 32,530 square miles, being a little over 
 
167] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
 half the size of Georgia, sustains a population of 5,412,000, or nearly 
 five times greater than that of Georgia. 
 
 Norway and Sweden, with an area of 294,000 square miles, or 
 about five times that of Georgia, have about the same population 
 to the square mile, witli, perhaps, not one tenth the same pro- 
 ductive capacity. 
 
 France, with an area of 204, OGO square miles, «r less than four 
 times as great as that of Georgia, supports a population of 36, 103,- 
 000, or over thirty times as great as that of Georgia. 
 
 Holland, with an area of 12,700 square miles, or a little more 
 than one-fifth that of Georgia,supports a population of 3,810,000, 
 or over three times that of Georgia. 
 
 Belgium, with an area of 11,370 square miles, or less than one- 
 .fifth that of Georgia, supports a population of 5,337,009, or nearly 
 five times that of Georgia. 
 
 Switzerland, with an area of 15,990 square miles, mostly moun- 
 tainous, or about three and a half times less than that of Georgia, 
 has a population of 2,6o0,000, or over double that of Georgia. 
 
 Prussia, with an area of 130,100 square miles, or about two and 
 a third times greater than that of Georgia, sustains a population 
 of 25,773,000, or about twenty-five times that of Georgia. 
 
 These comparisons — in some instances with countries whose cli- 
 mates and topographical conditions are unfavorable to production, 
 as for instance, Switzerland, and Norway and Sweden — will serve 
 -to show the vast reserved capabilities of Georgia, and what immense 
 additions might be ma<le to her present population without crowd- 
 ing to an extent where subsistence would be insufficient, or even 
 difficult. 
 
 FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 The nominal divisions of the State are three-fold, to-wit : Lower, 
 Middle, and Upper Georgia, These correspond, in the order stated, 
 with the three great natural divisions, viz: the low country, the 
 Hill country and the mountain region. 
 
 Lower Georgia lies below the line crossing the heads of naviga- 
 tion of the rivers, a p :rtion of which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and a portion into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest of the 
 three divisions, comprising about 35,000 sfiuare miles. It lies, for 
 the most part, below the level of 300 feet above the sea, the aver- 
 age elevation being about 250 feet. 
 
 Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the 
 -elevation of 1,000 er 1,100 feet, the avdrage being 750 feet. It has 
 .an area of 15,000 square miles. 
 
 Upper Georgia constitutes the northern portion of the State, and 
 ■ embraces all the mountains of any note, and much hill country. 
 .It has an area of about 10,000 square miles. The eastern half has 
 
6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [68U] 
 
 an average elevation of about 1,500 feet, whilst there are moun- 
 tain chains that rise to the height of 3,000 feet, and pealis to 4,800 
 feet. The western half is much lower, the general elevation be- 
 ing only 750feet, with mountains up to 2,000'feet, 
 
 The average elevation of the surface of the State is 650 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 These three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate, and, 
 to some extent, in productions, as we shall have occasion to note 
 more particularly hereafter, when we come to treat of those sev- 
 eral topics. 
 
 The mountaitts of Georgia constitute the southern terminus of 
 the great Appalachian chain, which, commencing at the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence, in the north, traverses that portion of America 
 lying east of the Mississippi river, conforming in general direc- 
 tion to the line of coast, until it finally loses itself in Georgia and. 
 Alabama, in the south. Its highest points are at either.extrem- 
 ity, some of the peaks in Georgia, as already stated; rising to an 
 elevation of near 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Connected 
 with this chain are the great ridges, or water-sheds, which divide 
 the waters of the Atlantic from those of the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 chief of these water-sheds, in this section of the country, is the 
 Chattahoochee ridge, which enters Georgia in the northeast from 
 North Carolina, and, after passing through the State, nearly divid- 
 ing it equally, extends to the capes of Florida. On the east of this 
 great ridge lies the Atlantic slope of Georgia, comprising about 
 30,000 square miles; on the west, the Gulf slope, with an area of 
 about 28,000 square miles. 
 
 Thouj,h mountainous, this Northern or Upper Georgia division 
 is interspersed with rich valleys and hill country, susceptible of 
 cultivation. 
 
 Middle Georgia is undulating throughout, without mountains, 
 or level plains to any great extent, and is a very i^roduetive portion 
 of the State. With the exception of a narrow belt on the coast, it 
 has been the longest settled. Nearly every acre of it is- susceptible- 
 of cultivation, the only exception being the- swamps that border 
 some of the water-courses, nearly all of which, however,^^ can be 
 reclaimed and made pi'oductive. 
 
 The remaining division, or Lower Georgia, is, for the most part, 
 a level country, the soil generally light and sandy, and the natural 
 growth, especially of t:ie uplands, is pine. It is said to be the 
 finest timber country on the continent. The yellow, or longleaf 
 pine still abounds, as it is the least cleared portion of the State ;, 
 and the rivers and railioads furnish convenient and cheap modes 
 of transportating it to market. The lands remote from the water- 
 courses, though generally not very fertile, are still valuable for. 
 agricultural purposeSj.and susceptible, perhaps, of a greater varietyy 
 
[G9] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 7 
 
 of productions than any other division of the State. Much of this 
 pine land is hilly, and the residents in such localities— which al- 
 most Invariably border the flat lands— have good water and enjoy 
 good health throughout the year. 
 
 Georgia has a sea-l'ront of about 200 miles, indented with some 
 of the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. Savannah, Darien, 
 Brunswicli and St. Mary's are her principal sea-ports, all of which 
 can communicate by inland navigation through ciiannels running 
 inside of a chain of islands which line the coast throughout its en- 
 ire length. 
 
 In nothing regarding us, is a greater mistake made abroad, and 
 indeed, in some parts of our own country, than in the climate, or 
 atmospheric conditions, of Georgia. The State being in the south- 
 ern portion of the Union, lying between parallels of latitude 30°, 
 39', 2^^ (average) and 35°, the stranger naturally concludes that 
 our climate is mild and delightful in winter; and in this he is cor- 
 rect. We have but little snow — in more tlian half the State none 
 at all for years together — we import or manufactui:^ all our ice, 
 and field work may be kept up at all periods of the year. 
 The difficulty with strangers is in determining the charac- 
 ter of our climate during the summer montlis. The winters 
 being pleasant and genial, they conclude, without further investi- 
 gation, that the summers must necessaril\' be hot and sultry. 
 This is a serious mistake, as all will testify who have any prac- 
 tical knowledge of the subject. No finer summer climate is to be 
 found on the continent, east of the Mississippi river, than that of 
 many parts of Georgia, and, as a whole, it will compare favorably 
 in this respect with that of the States of the north and northwest. 
 Carefully conducted observations, year after year, show that the 
 mean annual temperature of the city of Atlanta, our State Capital, 
 is the same with that of Washington City, Louisville, Kentucky, 
 and St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, which are from SOO to 8S0 
 miles further north. The mean annual temperature south of a 
 line drawn across the State from Augusta to Columbus, is between 
 61° and 68°; between the same line and another parallel to it, and 
 running twenty miles south of Atlanta, we have a mean annual 
 temperature between 60° and 64° ; in another strip of territory in- 
 cluding Atlanta, we have a mean temperature the year round of 
 between 56° and 60o. In what we have described as Upper Geor- 
 gia, it is between 52'j and .5(5<>, while in the mountains it is below 
 52". The mean of Gainesville, in Hall county, and of Clarksville 
 and Mount Airy, in Habersham county, corresponds with that of 
 Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Upper Missouri and Lower Ne- 
 braska. We refer to the map of the State for a better understand- 
 ing of the several localities above referred to, as well as the sig- 
 nificance of the figures given in this connection. We have the 
 winter climate of Rome, and the summer climate of Jerusalem. 
 
8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [70 1 
 
 In explanation of these facts, certain features in the geograph- 
 ical situation and physical conformation of the State must be taken 
 into consideration. In Lower Georgia we find the greatest de- 
 gree of heat in summer, the mercury sometimes ri.^ing as high as 
 96°, I'arely above that figure. It lies, however, between the At- 
 lantic Ocean and the Gulf of Merico, in close proximity to both, 
 and tlie temperature is greatly modified by the strong currents of 
 sea air which eontinual.ly pass from one of these great bodies of 
 water to the other. The mean temperature of Savannali, in the 
 southeastern portion of the State, during the months of June, July 
 and August, is 79° to 80° ; and in no part of Southern Georgia does 
 the mercury often rise above 90°, whilst in winter it seldom de- 
 scends to the freezing point. Sun-strokes, so eummon in the 
 Northern and Northwestern States, are almost wholly unknown 
 in Georgia. 
 
 Elevation affects temperture, on an average, 1° Fahrenheit for 
 every .>00 feet. This, alone, would make a differenc:> in Georgia 
 of 16° by reason of relative elevation between the shore level and 
 the highest summit. It is also aflected by latitude, and there 
 being a difference of about ^° betvveen the northern and the south- 
 ern limits of the State, the thermometer should show a difference 
 of about 9° in the temperature. 
 
 But latitude, without the aid of elevation, may not always mate- 
 rially alFect temperature. There are other natural causes that may 
 antagonize its influence The difTerence in the length of the days 
 may increase the summer range iu more nortliern latitudes. At 
 New York, for instance, in raid summer the days are nearly an 
 hour longer than they are at Savannah, and at Quebec, in Canada, 
 nearly one hour and a half longer, and the nights correspondingly 
 shorter; the consequence is, at New York there is one hour longer 
 for the heat to accumulate from the direct rays of the sun, and 
 one hour less time in the niglit for the heat thus accumulated to 
 be carried off by radiation. This is said to be the cause why north- 
 ern latitudes are hotter in summer than southern latitudes. 
 
 Finally, we have no hesitation in saying that, take it the year 
 round, the climate of Georgia is equal to any to be found on the 
 globe, whether we regard personal comfort in in-door and in out- 
 door work, or the production of crops for the support of man and 
 beast, both in the summer and the winter months. We may 
 raention a fact in this connection : The city of Atlanta is situated 
 within a few miles of the southern line of what is called Northern 
 or Upper Georgia, which et:»ntaii\i^ the mountainous region, and yet 
 we know many farmers in the immediate vicinity who have pas- 
 tured their stock throughout the past winter, and kept them in 
 excellent condition on the growing crops of wheat, rye and barley. 
 
[71] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 9 
 
 RAINFALL. 
 
 The amount of annual rainfall in Georgia varies in different 
 sections of the State, and als3 according to locality in the several 
 sections. It is greatest on the sea-coast, and, as a general rule, di- 
 nainishes as you advance toward the northern border. The aver- 
 age quantity at Savannah is al-)out57 inches, and the general aver- 
 age in the State is from 46 to 50 inches, or about 5,()00 tons weight 
 to the acre. The distribution of this amount of water— a most im- 
 portant consideration — is such as to secure a fair general average 
 of crops. There are "no periodical wet and dry seasons. Irriga- 
 tion on a large scale is Avholly unknown in Georgia, except on the 
 rice plantations, where occasional flows of water facilitate success- 
 ful cultivation, drops are sometimes cut short in some localities 
 from the want of a proper amount of moisture ; but we liave never 
 known a total failure of the crops from drought, or from any othei 
 cause, in Georgia. 
 
 .SOILS AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The soils of Georgia are among the very best of the older States; 
 in virgin fertility she surpassed them all, as is evidenced by her 
 rapid settlement from other States upon the extinguishment of tiie 
 Indian title to the lands. Injudicious cultivation, in tlie haste to 
 get rich, has done much, in past j'ears, to impair and waste their 
 strength ; but wiser views are now obtaining, and with systems of 
 culture greatly improved, production is steadily increasing without 
 material addition to the population 
 
 The soils of Georgia are as various as the elements of rocks and 
 vegetable and animal remains that compose them. 
 
 In Upper Georgia, or the northern-most division of the .^tate, the 
 soil is a mixture of clay and sand. In the western half of this sec- 
 tion, '^there is a large admixture of lime, and tlie clay is generally 
 reil, with here and there a yellowish brown or drab. In the 
 eastern half, the clay is altogether reddish, and the soil not calca- 
 reou.s. Tlie valley and coves of both are very rich and productive, 
 while the hill-sides yield generously to judiciou't cultivation. 
 There are many fine farms on the very summit of the Blue Ridge 
 and Lookout range of mountains. 
 
 The chief agricultural productions of Upper Georgia are Indian 
 corn or maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, sorghum, and all 
 the grasses, including clover. Its wheat, with that of Middle 
 Georgia, is considered the heaviest and best grown in the Union, 
 and always commands a premium in the Northern markets. All 
 the grains mentioned grow to great perfection, and the yield of hay, 
 where proper attention is given that crop, is very large. The 
 soil and climate are also admirably adapted to tobacco, though it 
 
10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [72] 
 
 has no», up to this time, received that attention as a crop that it 
 deserves. Many good judges consider Upper Georgia, in this res- 
 pect, sujjerior to either Virginia or North Carolina, as the soil is 
 not only su table, but the season for planting is much earlier, and 
 of growth longer, enabling the farmer to gather a second crop 
 from the same plants. Until a very recent d tte, this section of the 
 State was regarded as unsuited to the successful cultivation of cot- 
 ton, but the introduotion of commercial fertilizers, the effect of 
 which is to hasten growth and maturity and increase production, 
 has brought about quite a revolution as regards the great staple. 
 It is now being successfully grown, in considerable quantities, as 
 far north as the Tennessee line. As evidence of the rapid increase 
 in the production of cotton in this section, we may mention the 
 fact that the city of Atlanta, whose trade in that commodity ten 
 years ago was so inconsiderable as scarcely to have a place in the 
 local market reports, had received, up to the first of April of the 
 present year (1878), or in seven out of the twelve cotton months, 
 98,000 bales, grown almost exclusively in Upper Georgia. Hemp, 
 flax and jute may also be grown with profit. During a good part 
 of the year, the mountains atlord the finest range for cattle, sheep 
 and goats, whilst hogs keep fat in the fall and early winter months 
 on the masts of nuts and acorns. All the varieties of vegetables 
 flourish in this part of the State. The fruits that thrive best are 
 the apple, the pear, the cherry, the plum and the grape ; also the 
 raspberry and strawberry. The last mentioned may be said to 
 grow equally well in every part of the State. The spring and 
 well water of this section is unsurpassed in any part of the world. 
 The surface of Middle Georgia is rolling, and the soil generally 
 red, with here and there a liberal admixture of gray, and very 
 strong and productive. All things considered, this is regarded as 
 the most desirable portion of the State, if not ol the South. It is 
 the great cotton section, or the section where the soil will yield a 
 greater amount of fruit than a like area ot equal fertility, in 
 any other part of the State. Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye— in- 
 deed, all tlie cereal crops — are cultivated, and yield in their great- 
 est abundance. Even the oldest lands of this section recuperate 
 rapidly under good treatment, and are soon restored to their orig- 
 inal fertility. Impi'oved systems of culture are obtaining very 
 generally throughout this part of the State, which is the most pop- 
 ulous of the three great divisions, and, as a consequense, produc- 
 tion is progressive. Of fruits, the apple, pear, peach, fig, grape, 
 melons, and indeed every variety, other than tropical, are grown 
 with the greatest success. The finest peaches in the world grow 
 in this section and in the northern portion of Lower Georgia, and 
 large quantities are shipped annually to the northern cities. 
 Melons, also, are grown to great perfection, and constitute quite 
 in important item of the commerce of this section. The forests 
 
[73] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 11 
 
 and abandoned fields abound in nuts and berries in lai-ge variety, 
 fui'nislied by nature without care or cultivation. Dried fruits are 
 becoming an important item in the exports from this section. 
 
 It may be said with truth that no country in the world offers 
 greater natural advai;tages than this middle section of Georgia. 
 Embracing a territory about two hundred miles in length from 
 east to west, and one hundred broad from north to south, inter- 
 sected by numerous rivers and smaller water courses, the amount 
 of water power available for manufacturing purposes is incalcula- 
 ble. It constitutes the heart of the cotton region, and the mate- 
 rial is consequently at hand to be worked into the various fabrics. 
 Ten railroads cross it in various directions, so that transportation 
 is all that could be desired. Its drinking water is excellent, and its 
 health unterrupted throughout the year. 
 
 Southern, or Lower Georgia, consists chiefly of sandy, pine land, 
 with occasional belts of oak and hickory, and where these occur 
 the soil has a considerable mixture of reddish or light-brown clay, 
 and is very productive. The lands generally are light and easy of 
 cultivation, and while some portions, especially those on the water 
 courses of the southwest and the red lands above referred to, are 
 very rich, nearly the whole is tillable, and with occasional light 
 manuring, continue to produce good crops from year to year. It 
 is, as a general rule, sparsely settled, and the lands are the cheapest 
 in theState. The leading field products are cotton, sugar cane, corn, 
 I'ice, oats, potatoes and field peas. The country being open, and 
 the pasturage good throughout the year, large numbers of beef cat- 
 tle and sheep are raised annually for market, at a cost purely nom- 
 inal, as they require neither to be fed nor sheltered. Wool forms 
 quite an item in the list of its exports ; near 75,000 pounds were 
 cleared at the custom-house at Brunswick alone during the past 
 year. 
 
 Cotton is produced generally throughout the section, the sea- 
 island or long staple variety in the counties bordering on Florida 
 and along the coast. This class of cotton is used in the manufac- 
 ture of the finer fabrics, and in combination with silk, but is less 
 cultivated than in former years, the demand for it having been 
 lessened by the improvement in the staple and quality of the com- 
 mon cotton, and in the machinery for its manufacture. 
 
 The cotton crop of Georgia averages a little over 500,000 bales, 
 or about 225,000,000 pounds, worth, at ten cents per pound, 
 $22,500,000. 
 
 The rice lands lie chiefly on tide water, and are among the most 
 valuable and productive on the southern coast. Considerable 
 rice is also grown, chiefly for home consumption, on inland swamps 
 and low lands in Midtlle as well as in Lower Georgia, though the 
 rice that enters into commerce comes chiefly from the country 
 along the coast. 
 
12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA, [74] 
 
 Sugar cane is also an important crop of Southern Georgia, and 
 could be made among the most profitable. It grows luxuriantly, 
 and yields profitable returns in sugar and syruyj. Yet, but little 
 sugar is made for market, the planters usually confining themselves 
 to a suffieieney for home demand, and relying chiefly upon the 
 syrup as a marketable crop. To show the capacity of the soil 
 under high culture, we mention one instance among the many of 
 equal production tliat are well vouched for. In 1874, Mr. John J. 
 Parker, of Thomas county, produced, on one acre, 694^ gallons of 
 cane syrup, worth seventy-five cents per gallon, or $520.87. The 
 total cost of production was $77.50, leaving a net profit of $443.37. 
 
 This section of the State also produces an excellent quality of 
 iigbt tobacco, such as is manufactured into cigars, though the plant 
 will eventually run into the heavy leaf unless the seed are renewed 
 annually from the West Indies. 
 
 Notwithstanding the variety of soils and climates, vegetables of 
 every descri])tion do well in all parts of the State ; but it is chiefly in 
 the section along the coast that they are raised for distant markets. 
 Most of the varieties maturing here in early spring, before the 
 seeds are planted in the Northern States of the Union, they com- 
 mand a good price in consequence, and the producers realize 
 handsomely from tlieir business. In the spring of 1877, there were 
 shipped to the Northern markets, from the port of Savannah alone, 
 23,284 packages of fruit, 20,405 packages ol vegetables and 26,345 
 melons. 
 
 Of the fruits of this section, melons, strawberries, grapes and 
 some oranges are those chiefly cultivated for market. The fig and 
 grape grow to great perfection, and the orange, lemon, lime, banana, 
 pomegianate, of the tropical fruits, succeed well where attention 
 has been given to their cultivation. Some varieties of the pear 
 also thrive well in this section of the State. The' Scuppernong 
 grape grows in its greatest perfection ; the crops are very heavy 
 and the fruit sweeter than that grown in more northern latitudes. 
 
 Lower Geort'ia is said to resemble, in soil and climate, those 
 portions of Prussia that lie in the vicinity of the capital. The soil 
 is, however, in its natural state, far more productive, and conse- 
 quently requires less labor and expense to be Ivept in good planting 
 condition. Although generally sandy, it has a good clay founda- 
 tion, or subsoil, from six to twelve inches below the surface, which 
 enables it to retain fertilizers and hold them as plant food, 
 
 CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH 
 CULTURE. 
 
 The various agricultural products common to Georgia having 
 been given with some minuteness in the chapter on Soils and Pro- 
 ductions, we proceed to give the results of a number of experiments 
 
[75] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 13 
 
 ill the cultivation of those products, in each of those disvisions, con- 
 ducted with proper preparation and fertilization — such as are 
 given in the more densely settled portions of the world. As but 
 little is accomplished by inadequate means in any department of 
 human industry, the actual producing capacity of a country can 
 only be tested by the results of judicious culture. The crops, to 
 which we shall refer, were reported to the various State and county 
 fairs within the past few years, and both the culture and its results 
 were verified by the affidavits of disinterested parties. 
 
 In 1873, Mr. R. H. Hardaway produced, on upland, in Thomas 
 county, (Lower Georgiii) 119 bushels of Indhm corn, or maize, on 
 one acre, which yielded a net i^rofit of §;77 17. 
 
 In the same county, the same year, Mr. E. T. Davis produced 
 962 bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After the oats were har- 
 vested, he planted the same land in cotton, and in the fall gath- 
 ered 800 pounds of seed cotton. 
 
 Mr. John J. Parker, of the same county, produced, in 1874, on 
 one acre, 6942 gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup, 
 at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87— net 
 profit from one acre, !g443 37. 
 
 In 1874, Mr. Wiley W. Groover, of Brooks county, (Lower Geor- 
 gia) produced, with two horses, on a farm of 126.J acres, without the 
 aid of commercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas, sugar cane 
 and potatoes, to the value of $3,258.25. The total cost of produc- 
 tion was $1,045.00, leaving net proceeds of crop, $2,213.25. The 
 stock raised on the farm was not counted. 
 
 .losei)!) Hodges, of the same county, produced, on one acre, 2,700 
 pounds of seed cotton; Wm. Borden, 609 gallons of syrup; J. 
 Bower, 500 bushels of sweet potatoes ; J. O. Morton, 75 bushels 
 oats. Mr. T. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons, of syrup 
 on one acre, and saved enough cane for seed. 
 
 In Bulloch county, (Lower Georgia) 3,500 pounds seed cotton 
 were produced by Samuel Groover, and in the same county 21 
 barrels surgar at one time, and 700 gallons syrup at another, per 
 acre. 
 
 In Clay county, Mr. Hodge produced from one acre, a few 
 
 years ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton. 
 
 Mr. J. R. Respu.ss, of Schley county, gathered the present year 
 (1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from live acres. 
 
 Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, (Lower Georgia) in 1877, by 
 the use of fertilizers, grew on five acres of naturally poor land, 
 15,000 pounds of seed cotton, which netted him when sold $66.02 
 per acre. 
 
 Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien county, reports to this Department 
 a crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine 
 land. 
 
14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [76] 
 
 In 1876, Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) 
 produced 74 bushels of corn on one acre of land. 
 
 Mr. John Bonner, of Carroll county, made three bales of cotton 
 (500 pou)Kls each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of the same 
 county', produced nine bales from five acres, without manures, and 
 ninety-four b;des from 100 acres, by the use of fertilizers. 
 
 In 1873, Mr. S. W. Leak, of the same county, protluced on one 
 acre 40^ bushels of wheat, worth $80.50; cost $14.50— net profit 
 $66. 
 
 In Wilkes county 123 bushels corn was produced on one acre of 
 bottom land; also 42 bushels Irish jDotitoes on one tenth acre, the 
 second crop same year on same land ; the first crop vex"y fine, but 
 not so good. 
 
 Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, produced, in 1876, on 
 one acre, 137 bushels of oats. 
 
 Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington county, (on the line of Mid- 
 dle and Lower Georgia) produced, in 1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 
 pounds of seed cotton, equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each, 
 worth, at 17J cents per pound— Ihe average price of that year— 
 $403.37. The cast of culture was $148.58 ; net profit, $254.79, for a 
 very small fraction over one acre. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Jones, of Burke county, produced 480 gallons syrup on 
 one acre. Wesley Jones, of the same county, i3roduced three 
 bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, per acre. Jas. J. Davis, in same 
 county, made, in 1877, with two mules, thirty-four bales of cotton, 
 500 pounds each, GOO bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats. Wm. C. 
 Palmer, of same county, made, in 1877, with one mule, twenty- 
 five bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, and a fair crop of corn. 
 Henry Miller, of same county, produced, in 1877, sixty-five bushels 
 corn per acre, first year, on reclaimed swamp, without manures. 
 
 Mr. K. M. Brooks, of Pike countj', (Middle Georgia) produced, 
 in 1873, on five acres of bottom land, 500 bushels of rice. The total 
 cost was $75— net. profit, $300. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock county, (Middle Georgia) in 1872, 
 harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 jjounds of dry 
 clover hay per acre. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford county, gathered, from one acre 
 of Flint river bottom, 4,000 pounds seed cotton, and from another, 
 on same place, 115 bushels corn. 
 
 Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene county, (Middle Qeargia) produced, 
 in 1871, five tons of clover hay per acre, in one season, at two cut- 
 tings. 
 
 Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb county, (on the line of Middle and 
 Lower Georgia) harvested from one acre of land, from which he 
 had gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,646 
 pounds of native crab-grass hay. 
 
 Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) gathered, 
 
[77] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 15 
 
 in the fall of 1873, from one acre, from which he had harvested 
 forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,726 pounds of pea-vine hay. 
 Net profit from wheat, |66 ; from pea-vine hay, |233.08, makii.g, 
 in one year from a single acre, a net profit of $299.08. 
 
 Mr. William Smith, of Coweta county, (Middle Georgia) pro- 
 duced 2,200 pounds seed cotton per acre on ten acres. 
 
 Mr. Edward Camp, of the same county, produced 1,000 bushels 
 oats from ten acres. 
 
 Mr. J. T. Manley, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia) produced 
 115 bushels of oats from one acre. 
 
 Mr. S. W. Bloodworth, of the same county, gathered, in IST"), 137 
 bushels of cort:^ from one acre. 
 
 Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia) in .Tune, 
 1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, 
 and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the 
 forage alone lie received a profit of |159.22 per acre. 
 
 Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, 
 from one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda 
 grass hay; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209 29, net profit, 
 1196.42. 
 
 Mr. J. R Winters, of Cobb county, (Upper Georgia) produced, in 
 1873, from 1.15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first 
 cutting of the second year's crop. 
 
 Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, profhiced on one acre 105 
 bushels of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. 
 
 Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county, (Upper Georgia) harvested, 
 in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, four years old, fourteen tons 
 and 200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. 
 
 Capt. C. W. Howard produced, on Lookout Mountain, in Walker 
 county (Upper Georgia), in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, 
 which cost him twenty-live cents per acre, with one hoeing and 
 l^lowing, 108.} bushels of Irish potatoes, which he sold in Atlanta 
 at a net profit of $97.25. On land manured and better prepared 
 and worked, double that quantity could be produced. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Smith, of Cherokee county, produced 104 bushels 
 of corn from one acre. 
 
 Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb county, produced, in 1873, from one acre, 
 at a cost of $8.00, 393.7 bushels of sweet potatoes, which he sold at 
 a net profit of $290.92. 
 
 Mr. Haddon P. Redding, of Fulton county, in 1877, produced 
 from one acre 400 bushels of St. Domingo yam potatoes, which he 
 readily sold in Atlanta at an average price of $1.00 per bushel. 
 
 These instances of production are exceptional, and far beyond 
 the usual results of farming in our State ; but they serve to show 
 the capacity of our soil when properly fertilized, and cultivated 
 with intelligence under the guidance of science. It will not be 
 ueuieu, However, that what the parties named have accomplished 
 
16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [78] 
 
 on a limited scale, may be done by others on still larger areas, and 
 Avith correspouing results. 
 
 ' ' TIMBER. 
 
 The varied natural forest growth of Georgia is capable of fur- 
 nishing woods ample for all purposes. Our Geological cabinet 
 contains sijecimens o^ 130 varieties, and there are 100 others not 
 embraced in the collection. In the Northern division of the State, 
 we have cedar, poplar, hickory, beech, maple, chestnut, white, 
 red, black and post oaks; white, spruce, and sh»>rt-leaf pine ; 
 the latter ample for all demands of builders. In the Middle divi- 
 sion we have nearly all of the above-a:entioned, with the addition 
 of walnut, cherry, china, elm, and ash, all of which are valuable 
 for mechanical uses. In the Southern division, besides some of 
 those already enumerated, the long-leaf or yellow pine, the great 
 tree of commerce, abounds. For building and ship tember, this 
 wood stands without a rival in the markets of the world, and the 
 supply would seem to be inexhaustible. The section under consid- 
 eration embraces about 30,000 square miles, 24,000 of which our 
 State Geologist, who has special charge of that interest, estimates 
 is uncleared, and will produce, on an average, 30,000 feet of 
 first-class heart ti m ber per acre. Nor does its uses stop here. From 
 the pine is extracted the turpentine, rosin, tar and pitch of com- 
 merce, and vast fields of it are devoted to that purpose. The 
 curled pine of the coast country, iu beauty and susceptibility of 
 polish, is without a rival among the woods of any part of the vvorld. 
 For panel-work, and furniture of all kinds, it is admirably adapted. 
 Speeime IS of this cabinet variety of the pine have been sent to 
 the Paris Expositioa of 1878, and visitors curious in such matters 
 are invited to inspect it. The live-oak, remarkfvble for its weight 
 and toughness, and so largely used in the construction of those 
 parts of ships that are subject to the greatest strain, is found in 
 large quantities along the whole line of the Georgia coast, and on 
 the sea-islands. In the same localities, we have the bay and the 
 cedar, also useful for manufacturing purposes. In the river bot- 
 toms and swamps of the entire lower half of the State, the cypress 
 growes to an immense size,'and without limit as to quantity. This 
 is also a most durable wood, though soft in texture, and easily 
 worked. For shingles, weather-boarding, wood-ware, ship sides 
 tence posts, indeed for most purposes where exposure to the 
 weather is necessary, there are few woods that will answer a bet- 
 ter purpose or last longer. Our river bottoms all over the State 
 are well supplied with white-oak, which, for carriage and wagon 
 timber, and for barrel staves, is considered superior to all other 
 woods. Ash, also used largely in carriage factories, abounds in the 
 same localities. 
 
[79] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 17 
 
 These are but a few of the many woods of the State which might 
 be mentioned as both useful or ornamental. Of the supply, it need 
 only be said that full 60 per cent., at least, of the original forest 
 growth, or 22,200,000 out of the 37,000,000 acres, is still standing, 
 which, with the immense beds of coal for fuel, will be found ample 
 for all the wants of the State for hundreds of years to come. Tim- 
 ber and sawed lumber, including staves and shingles, constitute a 
 very important item of Georgia's foreign and coastwise trade. 
 Complete statistics of this trade for the year 1877— one of great 
 depression in this as well as other interests — have not yet come to 
 hand. It aggregates many millions of dollars, and with the ex- 
 ception stated, has been steadily increasing from year to year. We 
 annex a statement of the shipments for last year from the four 
 leading ports of the State. Tliere are other points of shipment, and 
 much of the lumber of the southwestern portion of the State finds 
 an outlet through the ports of Florida : 
 
 TIMBER AND LUMBER EXPORTS, 1877. 
 
 Si.varinah, superficial feet 51,381,973 
 
 Darien, " " 74,106,153 
 
 St. Mary's " " 18,116,000 
 
 Brunswick " " 19,093,410 
 
 Total 163,596,534 
 
 METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 It is conceded by all who have any adequate information on the 
 subject, that thcTnineral resources of Georgia, in extent and value, 
 are unsurpassed, if equalled, by those of any ®ther American State. 
 The variety and richness of her ores, and other natural jjroducts 
 of a kindred nature, are facts which, in their full force, have lain 
 buried beneath the earth's surface until recent scientific explora- 
 tions, under the direction of the State Government, brought them 
 to the light. It being impossible without too great elaboration, to 
 go through the long catalogue of specimens that lie ex2>osed to 
 view on the shelves of our Geological Museum, we shall confine 
 our observations to a few leading products, which will fully es- 
 tablish the position that, to the miner, no country on the glol^e 
 presents advantages superior to those of Georgia. 
 
 Gold.— It is impossible to estimate the true value of this inter- 
 est, and all calculations must be based upon the actual production 
 of the mines in the past, and indications of the presence of that 
 precious metal as they appear to tlie scientific eye. These are the 
 only reliable data, and we shall limit our remarks to what they 
 will fully justify. 
 
 Dr. George Little, State Geologist, after a thorough exploration 
 of the auriferous region, declares as his conviction, that, all things 
 
18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [80] 
 
 considered, Georgia, as a gold-mining region, offer? inducements 
 equal to those of California. We quote his remarks on this point, 
 as they are both full and interesting. He says : 
 
 " But you must remember that this is not the best point that ivS 
 offered by our North Georgia mines. You see it is not the quan- 
 tity of gold that makes a section valuable to miners. It is the fa- 
 cility with which the ore is mined ; it is the ease with which it 
 can be sent to market ; it is the clieapness of labor ; it is the near- 
 ness of timber and water courses; it is the henlthfulness of the 
 climate and the facility with which provisions may be procured. 
 In all these points Georgia excels. A ton of ore in the Black Hills, 
 of twice the richness, is not worth as much as a ton of ore in Geor- 
 gia. A mine of enormous richness is of little value if it is in the 
 heart of an impenetrable or dangerous or malarious region. Lumps 
 of gold might exist at the north pole without being of any practi- 
 cal value. There are scientists who believe that great masses of 
 this precious metal are to be found at the centre of the earth. Of 
 what account is it, however, to us? 
 
 " Now, the gold of North Georgia is in a perfectly accessible re- 
 gion. It is penetrated by first class railways, and by short and 
 reliable hack lines. Every part of it is civilized, and convenient 
 to cities. And, better than all, the gold lies near to the surface, 
 and is easily reached by the miner. The timber needed to run the 
 furnaces is right at hand, and procurable cheap. The climate is the 
 best in the world, and is a famous resort for invalids. The water- 
 courses that pour down the hills give the best possible power. It 
 is necesary to transportonly a short distance, while in California it 
 is frequently carried fifty and one hundred miles. ' Labor is cheap 
 and easily procurable. In fact, all the elements of cheap working 
 for gold appear to be united in this section. 
 
 "The greatest advantage, however, is in the fact that most of 
 the ore in North Georgia is partially decomposed, and is worked 
 with great facility. Where you would have to blast the quartz in 
 California, you can work it with a pick, or even a shovel. Conse- 
 quently, ore that is mucti poorer than the California ore can be 
 mined here at a profit, while there it would involve a loss. It does 
 look as if nature had consjiired to put the enormous amount of 
 gold in North Georgia in the hands of the miner. 
 
 "Besides the above advantages, it is very rich— as rich as any 
 ore to be found anywhere." 
 
 Such is the testimony of an intelligent and disinterested ofiicer 
 of the government, who owns not a foot of our gold territory, nor 
 a share in our mines. 
 
 The gold belt of Georgia is about one hundred miles in breadth, 
 with barren intervals here and there. It lies northeast and south- 
 west across the entire northern and part of the eastern section of 
 
f[81] ■MANUAI, OF GEO'RdA. 19 
 
 the State, and loses itself in the eastern portion of Alabama. It 
 extends through a large number of counties. It has been found as 
 low as Columbia county, in the eastern portion of Middle Georgia, 
 and as far north and west as Fannin county, which borders on the 
 State di Tennessee. But few mines have been developed in Col- 
 qimbia and Lincoln counties, but they are claimed to be among the 
 richest in the State. A vein near Goshen, in the latter county, is 
 «aid to be yielding at the present time, $1,000 per mouth at a cost 
 •of but $115. That portion of intermediate territory which is 
 •barren of gold, is comparatively small, being much less than 
 one-half of the whole. While naany verj^ rich and i^rofitable 
 mines have heeii opened in the lower portion of the belt, the 
 igreater proportion of the mining has been done in the northern or 
 smountainous section^ especially in the counties of Lumpkin, 
 White, Union, Dawson and Cherokee. 
 
 The gold occurs under three distiuct conditions : First, as sand 
 (dust), or pebbles (nuggets), forming integral portions of the de- 
 posits of sand and gravel along the streams, which sometimes ex- 
 tend as high as 100 feet or more, above the stream levels. Second: 
 -as grains, strings, or masses, forming integral portions of exten- 
 •sive beds of schists, which are sometimes accompanied by layers 
 of quartz of greater or less thickness, and are sometimes destitute 
 •of the least particle of quartz. Third ■: as a part or the whole, of 
 the mineral contents of quartz veins. 
 
 Much the greater portion of the gold heretofore mined in 
 'Georgia has been obtained from the stream deposits, and by rude 
 methods, such as washing in sluices, rockers, and toms, from 
 which a very large proportion of the smaller particles escape. In 
 fthis rough way, from $1.00 to |2.80 per day is usually obtained to 
 the hand, though many deposits have been worked which yielded 
 •as much as $3.00 and $5.00 per hand. The quartz veins vary in 
 thickness from a few inches to ten feet, or more, and have seldom 
 been worked below the water level, from want of capital to pur- 
 •chase the ne-cessary machinery. The ore, when obtained from 
 the veins, is pounded in mills run by water-power, and the yield 
 ^generally varies from |5,O0 to $50.00 per ton, the cost of handling 
 being about 50 cents per ton. There are, however, many instances 
 where the yield has been as high as $60.00, and even as high as 
 $100 00 per ton. The business is making steady progress in all the 
 mining districts, and we have returns to date of 34 mills with 337 
 ■stamps now in operation, though there are doubtless others not 
 yet brought to our knowledge. The stamps are of hardened iron, 
 and in weight range from 350 to 750 pounds. They reduce, each, 
 from one to two tons per day of twelve hours, the quantity de- 
 pending upon the weight of the stamp and the hardness of the 
 ore. These mills are located chiefly in Lumpkin and White 
 counties. 
 
20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— GEORGIA. [82]j 
 
 During the last few years- there has been quite a revival in the 
 business of gold-mining. Large amounts o f northern capital have 
 been attracted to Georgia, and there has been great progres& both 
 in the quantity and quality of the machinery used for that pur- 
 pose. Tlie chief agency in giving this new impulse to the gold 
 interest, is what is known as the Hand Canal, in Lumpkin, 
 county, the heart of the gold region. Its purpose is to utilize the 
 splendid water power of that section in the business of mining, 
 and vast sums liave been expended on the work already. This, 
 canal has opened up a newera in gold-digging. Wherever availa- 
 ble, it dispenses, in a great measare, with expensive transporta- 
 tion, with steam machinery in the mines and for elevating the. 
 ore, and reduces the amount of labor necessary for the attainment 
 of given results fully one-half, if not more. In addition to this, it 
 renders mining operations exliau-stive ; under the action of so 
 searching an agent, the eaith is compelled to yield up all itstreas 
 ures, no matter how carefully they may have been hidden away 
 from human sight. A brief description of this canal is necessary 
 for a proper understanding of the operations for gold in that im- 
 mediate section of the State. 
 
 In itself, the Hand Canal is worthy of note as a great work. It 
 originated in an enlightened perception of the real wants of a de- 
 clining industry, req.uired engineering skill of a high order, and a 
 vast expenditure of labor and capital for a single company. It is- 
 great, too, in the practical results it is now accomplishing. The 
 canal, as completed up to this tin^e (April, 187Sj) is about 26 miles 
 in length. The water is taken from Yahoola Creek, at tlie foot of 
 the Blue Kidge Mountains. It is six feet in width at the water 
 line, and four feet in depth; has a fall of five inches to the 10(K 
 feet, and velocity of 30 cubic feet to the second at low w ater. At^ 
 Dahlonega it has an elevation of 250 feet above the Yahoola at 
 the same point, and at Findley's Mine, a few miles below, it is 300^ 
 feet above the level of the Yahoola, which at this jioint has so en- 
 larged as to be dignified with the title of river. The reader will 
 form some idea of the power when he contemplates this large 
 body of water foaming along the mountain sides, and ready to he- 
 tapped and sent, in a resistless torrent, into the vast depths be- 
 low. Owing to the rugged nature of the country over which the 
 canal passes, it frequently becomes necessary to conduct this- 
 volume of water across imm^ense chasms in order to keep it in its 
 course. 'Jhis is done by means of large pipes, which are laid 
 down one mountain side, across the valley, and up the opposite 
 elevation until it reaches the desired height, and is discharged 
 into a new section. of the canal. There is a pipe near Dahlonega 
 2,000' feet in length and three feet in diameter. It is made of boiler, 
 iron, strong enough to bear the immense pressure. Tbere are also, 
 on the line of the canal 7,500 feet of wooden tubing, of a like di- 
 
'/[So] -MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 21 
 
 ameter, and secured by stroug wrought iron bands. Between 
 Dahlonega and the Pigeon Roost mines— the present terminus of 
 the canal — there is another iron tube 2,400 feet in length, and 22 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 The modes of utilizing this water in the operations for gold are 
 various. It is the motive power of the niills where the stamping 
 and washing are done. It sei*ves to carry the ores and gold-bear- 
 "ing earth from the mines to the mills, thus saving the greater part 
 of the cost of transportation. It is also largely used in an opera- 
 tion called "sluicing," where it is turned loose upon the hill-sides, 
 and of its own gravity bears away several feet of the surface earth. 
 For the same purpose a ho.se and nine-inch pipe is sometimes used, 
 and itspov/er in uprooting trees, bearing down mountains and fill- 
 ing up valleys, is truly wonderful. Often the full force of the canal 
 Is turned into a vein containing a day's work of the ore and its 
 rich surroundings, and the whole mass sent roaring down the 
 mountain -side into the mill some thousands of feet below. Im- 
 mense boulders of quartz are sent whirling like so many chips or 
 leaves. This operation not only tears away the earth to the depth 
 
 ■of several feet, but at the same time exposes every vein of ore and 
 prepares it for the pick. Every mill is prepared with a receptacle 
 for these washings, from which the water having been drained off, 
 the ores, gravel and sand are shoveled into the troughs and pounded 
 into powder by the immen.se iron stamps. The pounded contents 
 are then carried by a sti-eam of water over a copper surface upon 
 which there is a coating of quicksilver, with which the fine par- 
 ticles of gold form a mechanical union, and from which they are 
 
 •subsequently liberated by the application of heat, the amalgam 
 having been first scraped from the copper sheets and deposited in 
 a crucible. This is the usual process ; there are others, but, as they 
 
 ■differ only in details, it is unnecessary to mention them. 
 
 The Hand Canal is not only used by the mining company who 
 
 -constructed it, but by all the miners on the line, at a moderate rental 
 paid to the proprietors. It is said that in this and other improve- 
 ments, the Hand Company has invested upwards of a quarter 
 million dollars. 
 
 The project of a mint at Atlanta, the seat of government of the 
 State, and on the southern border of the gold belt, is now under 
 discussion in theTFnited States Congress, and should it be established 
 it is estimated that Georgia alone, will furnish a million of gold 
 
 'bullion annually, to aid in keeping it employed. 
 
 We might give rnstauces of immense yields of this metal, where 
 
 .parties made fortunes in a day, as it were ; but they are excep- 
 tional, and calculated to mislead. We prefer to say that the in- 
 
 <terest is a prosperous one in Georgia when controlled by men of 
 
 dntelligence and a fair share of information in. the art of mining. 
 
22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [84'^ 
 
 Silver has been found on the western slope of the Cohutta 
 mountains, and in Lincoln and some other counties, but not in such) 
 quantities as to justifj minin>g. 
 
 Copper.— This metal exivsts in large quantities in the eounties- 
 of Fannin, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Greene 
 and Fulton. It i& found in combination with iron and sulphur,, 
 and in many places constitutes 33 per cent, of the ore, which is 
 often valuable for all three of its component elem-ents. From 5- 
 to 33 per cent, of copper may be considered^ the extremes. The- 
 Fannin county mines- are an extension, of the celebrated Duck. 
 Town veins in the State of Tennesseej and are considered equally 
 ricli in that metal. 
 
 Iron. — Iron, o-res, eitlier hematite, limonite, or fos&iliferous, are- 
 abundant throughout the northern part of the State, and found; 
 to a considerable extent in the counties of Harris and Talbot, in. 
 Middle G-eorgia, and in Burke of the Southern division. In the- 
 counties of Dade, Walker, anrl Chattooga, it lies side by side with 
 large deposits of coal, thus affording ample facilities for smelting.. 
 In Bartow county we find the best broAvn hematite,, which, in; 
 oombinatioa with manganese,. also>abuiidant in that section, forms; 
 that beautiful, mirror-like iron, called bythe Germans Spegelci- 
 sen. The brown hematite is also abundant in Pblk county. At 
 the date of the last reiwrt, there were in the State 20 iron foun- 
 dries, with a producing capacity of 300 tons per day, or 100, 000'- 
 tons of pig-iron per annum^ worth., at the market price of |20 per 
 ton, .?2,000,000. 
 
 Coal.— The discoveries o.f this mineral have been confined to^ 
 the three counties of the extreme northwest, to-wit: Dade, Walker, 
 and Chattooga. The supply, though, is so abundant and accessi- 
 ble that it bids fair to be permanent, both for fuel and for mechan- 
 ical uses. An excellent quality of bituminous coal underlies, 
 almost the entire surface of Dade, whiiein Walker and Chattooga, 
 the deposit, though not so alxmdant, is ample. It is found in 
 largest quantities in Sand Moimtain, and in the Lookout range, 
 where two eompauies, alone, have in-vested a million ot dollars. 
 in the busine.ss,, which is found to be very profitable. One of these- 
 mines, belonging to a company of which Sx-Gov. Joseph Ec. 
 Brown, of Georgia, is President, is worked exclusively by convict 
 labor, at a cost of about 7.5.eents per day per hand, and yields 300> 
 tons per day. Railroads, with connections leading to all points j. 
 have been CGnstri>cted to the mouths of these mines. A saperior • 
 airti«.'le of colie is also prepared on the spot, aiKl shipped to the 
 smelting furnaces of this State and Tennessee. Large quantities- 
 of coal from one of these mines have been shipped, within the last. 
 two years,, to the United States coaling station at Port. Royal, ici. 
 
[85] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 23 
 
 South Carolina, where it is purchased by the Government for the 
 use of the Navy. 
 
 Sulphur, and Sulphuric Acid, can be obtained in any quantity 
 desired, from the copper and iron ores that contain the former in 
 combination. 
 
 Gems and Precious Stones.— Of these, the diamond is found 
 in Hall, White, Lumpkin and Dawson counties ; the opal— white, 
 yellow and gray— in Washington connty ; the beryl in Meriwether ; 
 the garnet' in Paulding and Cherokee ; corundum in Towns, Rabun 
 and Carroll, together with many others of more or less value. 
 
 Graphite, of which lead pencils are made, is found in Pickens, 
 Carroll and Elbert counties. 
 
 Chkome Iron, for the manufacture of paints, in Habersham and 
 Troup counties. 
 
 MiSPiCKLB, from which arsenic is obtained, in Floyd county. 
 
 RUTiLE, for coloring artificial teeth, in Lincoln and Habersham 
 counties. 
 
 BuHR rock, from which the best mill-stones are cut, exists, in 
 large quantities, in Burke county; also in Stewart, Decatur, and 
 other parts of the Tertiary formation. 
 
 AsBESTUs abounds in most of the northern counties, and is being 
 mined in the vicinity of Atlanta, Fulton county. Large quanti- 
 ties are regularly shipped to the Northern States, and there worked 
 up in the manufacture of iron safes, fire-proof paints and rooting, 
 lamp wicks, and, to some extent, into cloth. One of the largest 
 deposits of this mineral, and of the finest quality, is found in 
 Rabun, the extreme northeastern county of the State. It is being 
 mined with much success, the shipments readily commanding 
 $50.00 per ton. 
 
 Marble. — This mineral exists in exhaustless quantities and of 
 many varieties. It varies in quality from the fine statuary to the 
 coarse-grained used for building. The black marble is found at 
 Tunnel Hill, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad ; the red at Dal- 
 ton ; tbe pink at Varnell's Station, on the East Tennessee & Geor- 
 gia Railroad, and in Whitfield county. The white, of best quality 
 and in immense supply, near Jasper, Pickens county, on the line 
 of the Marietta & North Georgia Railroad, now in course of con- 
 struction ; also at Buchanan, in Haralson county, and at Van 
 Wert, Polk county. 
 
 Serpentine, of fine quality and very beautiful, has been re- 
 cently found in Rabun county. 
 
 Granite and Gneiss, of the best quality for building, abound 
 in the Northern and Middle divisions of the State, and are con- 
 venient to transportation. 
 
 Slate, admirably adapted to roofing, exists in large quantities, 
 and at points accessible- At Rockmart, Polk couuty, immense 
 shipments are made annually to the various cities and towns of 
 
24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [86] 
 
 Georgia and the adjoining States. A railroad connecting with 
 main trunks runs directly to the quarries. On Pine Log Moun- 
 tain, in Bartow county, about nine miles from the Western & 
 Atlantic Railroad, are other and large deposits, variegated in 
 color, and easily mined. Slate, of good quality, is also found in 
 Gordon county, at points convenient for shipment. 
 
 Limestone:— Immense beds exist throughout all the north- 
 western counties, and there is a fair distril)ution of it in nearly 
 every section of the State. Large quantities of it are annually 
 burned into lime for building and agi'icultural purposes, and much 
 of it is equal to the best to be found in the market. At Kingston, 
 Bartow count}', Mr. G. H. Warring is largely engaged, in connec- 
 tion witli his lime works, in the manufacture of Howard's Hy- 
 draulic Cement, an article that has come into extensive use, and 
 has won a deserved popularity. 
 
 Calcareous Maels, or marls composed of shells and other secre- 
 tions of marine animals, and which receive their value for agri- 
 cultural purposes from the lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, 
 with a certain proportion of soluble silica and organic matter 
 which they contain, are found, in immense beds, in many sections 
 of the State, and in localities wliere they can be readily utilized 
 for fertilizing purposes. All these deposits exist in the southern 
 half of the State, or below an elevation of 300 feet above the ocean. 
 They are found in Washington, Crawford and Houston, near the 
 centre; in Burke, Scriven and Effingham, in the east; in Charl- 
 ton, in the southeast; in Clay, Dougherty, Macon and Quitman, 
 in the southwest, and in Muscogee, Chattahoochee and Stewart, 
 in the west. Applied, in combination with a due amount of veg- 
 etable matter, these marls are more permanent in their effect upon 
 the lands than any otlier fertilizer know to the public. Tiie marls 
 of Houston, Stewart, and some other counties in tlie southwest, 
 contain from six to eight per cent of that valuable fertilizer known 
 as "Green Sand," or the silicate of potash in combination with 
 phosphoric acid. It exists in greatest quantities in the Chattahoo- 
 chee river deposits. 
 
 Clay. — Kaoline, of the finest quality for the manufacture of por- 
 celain ware, and in the preparation of wall paper, and for otlier 
 purposes, exists in large and convenient strata in Baldwin and 
 Washington counties, near the centre of the State, and in Chero- 
 kee, Pickens and Union, in the north. Another variety of white 
 clay, suitable for tlie manufiicture of fire-brick, furnace-lining and 
 water-pipes, is also found in Washington and Baldwin counties, and 
 a large deposit of the same in Richmond. The gray clay used in 
 making pottery, etc., abounds in Washington, Burke, and in many 
 counties in the south-eastern portion of the ttate. Red and yellow 
 clays, suitable for building-brick, are found in nearly every county 
 in the State, and in most of them without limit as to quantity. 
 
[87] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 25 
 
 MEDICINAL WATERS. 
 
 In this respect, Nature seems to have provided for the inhabit- 
 ants of Georgia a mitigation, if not a remedy, for nearlj^ every ill 
 to which human flesh is heir. Our mineral springs are innumer- 
 able, and, in variety, correspond with the multifarious ores of the 
 States. In many instances they possess remarkable curative vir- 
 tues, and are so distributed over the State as to be accessible to all 
 the people. In Butts county (Middle Georgia), convenient to those 
 who dwell in that section of the State wliich is most exposed to 
 malarial influence (Sonthern Georgia), we have the Indian Spring, 
 the waters of which are used with great benefit by those who suf- 
 fer from rheumatic, liver and cutaneous affections; while in the 
 western portion of the same section, in Meriwether county, there 
 is one of the finest warm springs on tlie continent. It is situated 
 on a spur of Pine Mountain, has a temperature of 90° Fahrenheit, 
 and the supply of water is immer)se, estimated at 1,400 gallons per 
 minute. There are six splendid baths, ten feet square each, and 
 the waters, which are classed as Carbonated Chalybeate, are highly 
 beneficial in cases of rheumatism, neuralgia, gout, dyspepsia, 
 and diseases of the urinary organs. There are, also, in the same 
 county, a white suphur and a chalybeate spring, both of which are 
 much resorted to. 
 
 The entire northern section of the State abounds in mineral 
 waters, a few sulphur, but, for the most part, iron, magnesia, and, 
 in the northwest, limestone. Very many of these springs have 
 been fitted up with elaborate improvements for the accommo- 
 dation of the public, and thousands resort to them annually 
 in^pursuit of health and amusement. Among the most note 
 may be mentioned Madison Springs, chalybeate, in Madison 
 county ; Ponce de Leon Spring, in Fulton county, said to afford 
 great relief in dyspepsia and kidney diseases; New Holland, 
 White Sulphur and Gower Springs, in Hall county ; Cohutta 
 Springs, in Murray county; Porter Springs, in Lumpkin county; 
 Catoosa Springs, in Catoosa county— our best improved watering 
 place, with twenty four different varieties of mii\eral water; Gor- 
 doii Springs, in Whitfield county, and Rowland Springs, in Bar- 
 tow county. Nearly all of these watering places are either on, or 
 within a short distance of, some one of our railroads, and c^n be 
 reached with but little fatigue of travel. 
 
 A freestone spring, about a half-mile southeast of Dahlonega, 
 Lumpkin county, registers a temperature of 55° Fahrenheit, which 
 is, probably, the lowest to be found in the State. 
 
 WATER POWERS. 
 
 In view of what has already been said of the face of the country 
 — the difference in elevation between the mouths and the sources 
 
26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [88] 
 
 of our rivers ranging from 1,000 to 8,000 feet— it is reasonable to 
 conclude, from such data alone, that the water-powers of Georgia, 
 if equaled, are not excelled by those of any other American State 
 And such is the fact, as will fully appear from the official measure 
 ments of the State Geologist : 
 
 " The principal water powers of Georgia are found north of a 
 line passing through Columbus, Macon and Augusta. The waters 
 of the branches, creeks and small rivers of this elevated region are 
 accumulated sevex'al hundred feet above the ocean level, and pre- 
 cipitated from the tough metamorphic rocks upon the lower Ter- 
 tiary country below, thus forming some of our most gigantic water 
 powers, at an elevation entirely free from malaria, and imme- 
 diately surrounded by the cotton-growing regions of Carolina, 
 Georgia and Alabama. 
 
 "The estimates given below are for the theoretical horse power 
 of the stream, without the accumulation of its waters in a reser- 
 voir. The horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds. 
 
 Chattahoochee river, Columbus 35,552 horse -power. 
 
 Chattahoochee river, Fulton county . . 2,448 " " 
 
 Ocmulgee river, Lloyd's shoals 3,970 " '* 
 
 Ocmulgee river. Seven Islands 2.040 '' " 
 
 Ocmulgee river, Capp's Shoals 508 ** " 
 
 Ocmulgee river. Glover's mill 1,368 '* " 
 
 Etowah river, Bartow county 2,2";0 " " 
 
 Etowah river, Franklin mines 1,029 " " 
 
 Etowah river, Lumpkin county 272 " " 
 
 Holt's Shoals, Bibb county 1,050 " " 
 
 South River, Butts county 350 " " 
 
 South lii ver, Clarke's Factory 247 " " 
 
 Snake creek, Carroll county 405 " " 
 
 Pataula creek. Clay county 601 " " 
 
 Armuchee creek, Floyd county 151 " " 
 
 Coosawattee, Carter's mill 3,085 " " 
 
 Oconee river, Long Shoals Factory 1,024 " " 
 
 Oconee river, Riley's shoals 2,054 " " 
 
 Oconee river, Oconee county 5,642 '• " 
 
 Oconee river, Jackson county 271 " " 
 
 Tallulah river, Habersham county 20,508 " " 
 
 Mulberry creek, Harris county 1,020 " " 
 
 Towaliga, High Falls 1,530 " " 
 
 Yellow River, Cedar Shoals 1,302 " " 
 
 Yellow River, Cedar and Henley shoals • . . . 2,000 " " 
 
 Little River, Eatonton Factory 155 " " 
 
 Nacoochee Gold Mining Co., White county 575 " " 
 
 Savannah river, Augusta canal 14,000 " " 
 
 These are only a few of the many which might be mentioned. 
 
[89] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 27 
 
 \ The immense water-power of Anthony's Shoals, Broad river, in 
 
 Wilkes and Elbert counties, has not been aceunitely estimated. 
 
 MANUFACTURES 
 
 A purely agricultural country, with slave labor as its main de- 
 pendence—as Georgia was until a very recent date— is unfavorable 
 to progress in manufactures and the mechanic arts. The cultiva- 
 tion of the soil yields such handsome returns, that the surplus 
 capital of the planter has no motive for seeking other investments. 
 It is, therefore, converted into new lands, which are abundant and 
 cheap, and more negroes to work them ; and under the system no 
 people ever attained to independence and wealth more rapidly. 
 Habit, too, is a hard master, and when combined with interest, an 
 absolute one. 
 
 Such was our condition as a people previous to the late civil war. 
 * Til at resulted in the freedom of the negro race, and in an entire 
 change in our system of labor, as well as the destruction of our 
 wealth and the desolation of our homes. With the great body 
 of our people, from a variety of causes not necessary to te 
 enumerated in this place, agriculture has not proved profitable 
 under the new system of free black lalwr. Capital and in- 
 dustry are, therefore, looking to other channels of employment, 
 especially since the production of cotton has attained to, if 
 it has not exceeded, the full measure of the world's demand. 
 Northern capital, too, which accumulated immensely during the 
 war while ours suffered and disappeared, has, of late years, sought 
 new fields ; and none have presented greater promise than the 
 utilization of the grand water-powers of Georgia, in the business 
 of manufacturing, especially of our great staple, cotton, and at 
 the very place of its production. This idea obtained some foot- 
 hold in Georgia many years ago, and gave rise to our earliest es- 
 says in the manufacture of cotton. The fii-st factory was built on 
 the Oconee river, four miles below Athens, in the year 1827. This 
 proved successful, and was soon followed by others in the same 
 county (Clark) and iu Greene, Richmond, and other counties. 
 From small beginnings these enterprises have developed into con- 
 siderable magnitude of late years, and with a pecuniary success 
 that points to them as the agents of a new and most prosperous 
 era in the history of our State. The splendid water-powers of the 
 Savannah, at Augusta, and the Chattahoochee, at Columbus, es- 
 pecially, could not long fail to attract the attention of a people 
 alive to their own interests, and to the general welfai'e. 
 
 Georgia has great advantages, in tliis respect, over the New Eng- 
 land States, which have heretofore manufactured most of the 
 American cotton and wool fabrics. We have the cotton at hand, 
 and can buy all we need at the mill, without the cost of transporta- 
 
28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [90] 
 
 tion and the profits of middle-men. Wages are lower here than 
 in New England. The cost of either water or steam power is less, 
 and also the cost of building materials of every kind. The ex- 
 pense of living is less. The climate is more favorable for the busi- 
 ness, and our machinery is never obstructed by ice. In addition 
 to these important advantages, the consumers of our manufactured 
 products are at our very doorF. For these reasons, the manufac- 
 ture of cotton, wool, iron and wood are obliged to constitute im- 
 . portant interests in our State, at no distant day. 
 
 We have already made greater progress in manufacturing than 
 any other Southern State, as will be seen from the following statis- 
 tics collected from reliable sources : 
 
 There are already organized and in operation in the State, 37 
 cotton factories ; 14 wool factories ; 7 paper factories (not including 
 an extensive one in South Carolina owned almost exclusively in 
 Georgia) ; 28 foundries and manufactories of iron ; 1,400 flour-mills, 
 with over 2,000 run of stones; 734 saw-mills; 34 gold quartz-mills, 
 with 337 stamps. In addition to these, we have railroad, locomo- 
 tive and car factories and work-shops; plough and cotton-gin fac- 
 tories; carriage and wagon factories; boot and shoe, and sash and 
 blind factories, in large numbers. Tliere are also tanneries, pot- 
 teries, liquor and turpentine distilleries in great number. In Bar- 
 tow county there is an extensive factory for the manufacture of 
 hydraulic cement; it is doing a large business, and turning out an 
 article of superior quality. Tliere are aLso extensive establi.sh- 
 ments for the manufacture of fertilizers at Savannali, Home, Bar- 
 tow county and Augusta, 
 
 These are the leading manufacturing interests of Georgia. Al- 
 though all industries are laboring under depression, to a greater 
 or less extent, at the present time, in any of those named a skil- 
 ful workman will seldom fail to procure employment, with remu- 
 nerative wages. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 There are few things of greater interest to the citizen than the 
 facilities for traveling, and getting the products of his industry to 
 market. No man is willing to live in a country where he can 
 leave home only at a great inconvenience and expense, or wliere 
 he is compelled to consume a great part of the value of his pro- 
 duce in finding a purchaser. 
 
 In. this particular, Georgia is peculiarly favored. Her natural 
 and her artificial channels of commerce are rarely surpassed in 
 any country. 
 
 RIVER NAVIGATION. 
 
 There is a good and safe inland navigation along the Georgia 
 coast, from Savannah to Florida, connecting with the river St. 
 John's, of the latter State, a distance of about 200 miles. 
 
[91] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 29 
 
 The river Savanuah is navigable by steamers the year round 
 from its mouth to Augusta, a distance of about 250 miles, and 
 thence, by flat or " keel " boats, to its confluence with the Broad, 
 about 100 miles further by water. 
 
 The Altamaha and its tributary, the Ocmulgee, are navigable 
 by steamers to Hawkinsville, in Pulaski county, a distance of 340 
 miles, and will soon be open to Macon, some 60 miles higher up. 
 The Uconee, another tributary of the Altamaha, is open to steam- 
 ers to the Central Railroad bridge, in Washington county, a dis- 
 tance of 340 miles from Darien. 
 
 The Chattahoochee, including the Apalachicola, is navigable 
 from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, a distance of 400 miles. 
 
 Th Flint is navigable 150 miles, to Albany, in Dougherty county, 
 and can be readily opened to a much liigher point. 
 
 The Coosa runs 40 miles in Georgia, and is open to Greensport, 
 Alabama. Its tributary, the Oostanaula, is navigable 105 miles 
 above Rome, and work is now progressing to open it 30 miles 
 further. 
 
 In addition to these, may be mentioned the Satilla, St. Mary's, 
 Ocholoehnee, Ohoopee and Ogeechee rivers, aggregating about 150 
 miles, making a total of about 2,000 miles of river navigation 
 within the State. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The State of Georgia is literally covered over with a net-work 
 of railroads. There are but a few portions of it where a loaded 
 wagon cannot reach the cars, discharge, and return home th© 
 same day, while to a very large proportion of our people the con- 
 venience of a railroad is carried to their very doors. 
 
 Georgia has 2,396 miles of railroad completed and in operation, 
 or about one mile of road to every 488 inhabitants. They pene- 
 trate every section of the State, except certain mountainous coun- 
 ties in the northern division, through which, however, a line has 
 been surveyed, and is nearly graded its entire length, from Ma- 
 rietta, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, to the town of Mur- 
 phey, in the State of North Carolina. If the roads in operation 
 were uniformly distributed, there would be 18 milea to the county ; 
 the average distance of every farm fiom a railroad would be six 
 miles, and the greatest distance twelve miles. 
 
 RAILROADS IN GEORGIA. 
 
 Western & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Cbattanooga, Tenn 138 miles. 
 
 Rome Branch, from Kingston to Rome 20 *' 
 
 Cherokee R. R, from Cartersville to Rnckmart 23 •' 
 
 A. & R. Air-Line, from Atlanta to Charlotte — in Ga 100 " 
 
 North-Eastern, from Athens to Lula City 40 " 
 
 Elberton Air-Line, from Elberton to Toccoa City 51 '* 
 
30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [92] 
 
 Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta 171 miles. 
 
 Washington Branch, from Barnett to Washington 18 " 
 
 Athens Branch, from Union Point to Aihens 39 " 
 
 Savannah* Augusta, from Augusta to Millen 53 " 
 
 Georgia Central, from Savannah to Atlanta 295 " 
 
 Sandersville Branch, from Tennille to Sandereville 3 " 
 
 Ealontou Branch, from Gordon to Eatonton 39 " 
 
 Thomaston Branch, from Barnesville to Thomaston 16 " 
 
 Savannah, Griffin and N. Ala., from Griffin to CarroUton 60 " 
 
 Savannah & Skidaw«y, from Savaunah to Isle of Hope 9 " 
 
 Montgomery Branch, from Isle of [Hope to Montgomery 4 " 
 
 Atlantic & Gulf, Irom Savannah to Bainbridge 237 " 
 
 Live Oak Branch, from Lawton to Live Oak, Fla 48 " 
 
 Albany Branch, from Tbomasville to Albany 60 " 
 
 Macon & Augusta, from Macon to Camak, Ga. R. R 74 " 
 
 Macon & Brunswick, from Macou to Brunswick 186 " 
 
 Hawkinsville Branch, from Cochran to Hawkinsville 10 '* 
 
 Brunswick & Albany, from Brunswick to Albany 172 " 
 
 South-Wehtern, from Macon to Eufanla, Ala 140 " 
 
 Muscogee Branch, from Fort Valley to Columbus 71 " 
 
 Perry Branch, from Fort Valley to Perry 11 " 
 
 Albany Branch, from Smithville to Albany 23^ " 
 
 Arlington Branch, fiom Albany to Arlington 35f " 
 
 Fort Gaines Branch, fn.m Cuthbert to Fort Gaines 22 " 
 
 North & South, from Columbus to Kingston 20 " 
 
 Selma, Rome & Dalton, from Dallon to Selma, Ala.— in Ga., 67 " 
 
 Atlanta & West Point, from Atlanta to West Point 86| " 
 
 East Tennessee, from Dalton to Bristol, Va. — in Ga 18 " 
 
 Chattanooga & Alabama, from Chattanooga to Selma, Ala. — 
 
 in Georgia 25 " 
 
 Dodge's R R., Irom Eastman, Dodge Co., to Ocmulgee R. 
 
 (completed) 10 " 
 
 Besides these railroads, in actual operation, there are upwards of 
 200 miles now under construction, all of which will be finished at 
 an early day, when Georgia's system of railroad transportation 
 will be comi>lete. It will be seen that through these agencies the 
 State is already in direct steam communication with every section 
 of the Union. 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 Until recent years, Georgia has geven very little attention to 
 this mode of transportation. Many years ago, a short canal of 
 sixteen miles was constructed from the Savannah river, at Savan- 
 nah, to the Ogeeehee river, and it is still in use, chiefly for the 
 transportion of timber and fire-wood, which are floated through 
 in the foriu of rafts, or on flat-boats. 
 
[93} MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 31 
 
 About the same time, or at an earlier date, a canal was dug 
 from the Altamaha to Brunswick, but the soil was found too po- 
 rous to hold water, and after the expenditure of much money the 
 project was abandoned as a failure. 
 
 The Augusta canal, completed in 1875, is a great work. It was 
 constructed wholly at the expense of the corporation of Augusta, 
 for the purpose of utilizing the waters of the Savannah, on the 
 banks of which that city is built, for manufactures of the various 
 descriptions, and especially of cotton. It is supplied with water 
 fi-om the Savannah river, is nine miles in length, 150 feet wide at 
 at the top, and 106 wide at the bottom, with 11 feet depth of 
 water, the supply of which is inexhaustible. It has a minimum 
 of 14,000 horse power, and has an available fall of fiom 13 to 40 
 feet at various localities along the line. The city leases the 
 water-powers to such works as may be erected on or near its 
 banks, and extensive cotton and flour mills, machine works, 
 and fertilizer manufactories have already been established. This 
 power will, in time, make Augusta one of the leading manu- 
 facturing cities of the Union. Through this canal the river boats 
 from above are also admitted to the city, thus avoiding the diffi- 
 cult navigation through the shoals that obstruct the river just 
 above the city. 
 
 The project of connecting the waters of the Mississippi with those 
 of the Atlantic ocean, thus avoiding the long and costly land 
 transportation across the Northern States, on the one hand, and 
 the perilous navigation of the Mexican Gulf and West India 
 route, on the other, kas long occupied the attention of South- 
 ern and Western statesmen and political economists. Georgia ap- 
 proaches nearer to the great western rivers than any other State 
 on the Atlantic coast, and the idea of floating the immense trade 
 of the Mississippi and its tributaries across her territory and 
 through her seaporta, is certainly worthy of serious attention. 
 
 Of late years, this idea has crystalized into something practical, 
 and there is a good prospect that we shall realize its consumma- 
 tion at no distant day. The interest of the Federal Government 
 is enlisted in the enterprise, and, some two years ago. Con- 
 gress made an appropriation for the survey of a route for an " At- 
 lantic and Great Western Canal." This survey has been completed 
 by the government engineers, and they have made their report, 
 in which they declare a canal connecting the navigable waters of 
 the Tennessee river (a tributary of the Mississippi) with the head 
 of navigation on the Ocmulgee river (a tributary of the Altamaha 
 which empties into the Atlantic) " eminently practicable," and 
 at a "reasonable cost." Between the Tennessee and the Coosa 
 rivers, the distance is 51 miles, but 17 of which will be actual canal, 
 the rest slack- water. Between the Etowah (a branch of the Coosa) 
 
32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [94] 
 
 and the Yellow river (a tributary of the Ocmulgee which empties 
 into the Altamaha) there is a distance of 100 miles, only 20 miles 
 of which will be canal, the remaining 80 slack-water. Tlie govern- 
 ment engineers are now engaged in removing obstructions from, 
 and deepening, the channels of these several rivers, preparatory to 
 a commencement of work on the canal. This canal, when fin- 
 ished, will be the shortest and cheapest line of water communica- 
 tion between the Atlantic and the Mississippi valley ; it will be 
 open to navigation throughout the year, when Northern canals 
 are closed by ice, and Northern trains are obstructed by snows. 
 Through this canal, the exhaustless mines of copper, iron, man- 
 ganese and coal, of Georgia and Alabama, will be able to compete 
 with the rest of the world, whilst the planters of the West will no 
 longer have reason to complain that the profits of their grain are 
 consumed in the cost of transportation. It is estimated that a 
 bushel of wheat can be profitably carried through this canal,, when 
 finished, from the Mississippi to an Atlantic port, for 6j cents, 
 while it now requires 15 cents to land a bushel in New York. The 
 same difference will obtain in other fi'eights, and the reader may 
 calculate for himself the effect of such a work upon the general 
 prosperity of the South and West. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The population of Georgia, as stated in the census of 1870 — the 
 last taken— numbers 1,184,109. Of these 638,926 are white, and 
 595,192 black and mulatto. The white population of the coast 
 country are the descendants of original settlers iiom England, 
 Scotland and the German speaking nations of Europe, with a con- 
 siderable admixture of families from the Northern States of the 
 American Union. Middle Georgia was settled chiefly by immi- 
 grants from Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas, while in 
 Upper Georgia, whose settlement is of a very recent date, the in- 
 habitants came chiefly from Tennessee and North and South Car- 
 olina. 
 
 Of the character of the people, it may be said that they are in- 
 telligent, industrious, energetic, home-loving, and hospitable. 
 Strangers never fail to receive a hearty welcome in Gc;orgia, nor 
 to make friends, where their conduct is such as to commend them 
 to others. No part of our population ajjpears to feel more at home, 
 and to pursue their various callings with a stronger confidence 
 of success, than the natives of foreign lands who have crossed the 
 great water and cast their lots in this favored land. Their exam- 
 ples of industry,, economy, cheerfulness, and respect for law, have 
 made them useful members of society, and large contributors to 
 the energy and wealth of the State. Georgia al ways receives such 
 accessions to her population with open arms, and readily adopts 
 
[95] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 33 
 
 them as parts of her great repubican famly. In answer ot one of a 
 series of questions recently sent from this Department to intelli- 
 gent citizens in every county in the State, the almost unanimous 
 response was, that the people desire immigration, and are pre- 
 pared to extend a hearty welcome to all honest and industrious 
 settlers from other countries. 
 
 Georgians are, emphatically, a reading and thinking people, 
 especially in matters involving their own political government. 
 In no State in the Union do the people take a more lively interest 
 in public affairs. Few States have contributed more great men to 
 the national councils, and from the date of Indpendence till now, 
 her soldiers have always ranked among the first on the field of 
 battle. Our people are always equal to the occasion when it calls 
 for brave or virtuous deeds, for acts of duty, or of kindness, or for 
 personal sacrifice for the public good. No people ever turned their 
 backs upon the desolations of war, and began the battle of life 
 anew with stronger arms and stouter hearts than they ; and in no 
 other Southern State has such progress been made in the work of 
 recuperation. 
 
 The negro population is receiving, equally with the whites, the 
 benefits of the public school fund, are rapidly improving in intel- 
 ligence, and becoming more efficient as field laborers under wise 
 and just management and close supervision by employers. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 The idea obtains, among those who have not taken the trouble 
 to inform themselves on the subject, that Georgia, because she is 
 a Southern State, has an unwholesome atmosphere, making health 
 insecure within her borders. This objection we have somewhat 
 anticipated in our remarks on climate. There could be no greater 
 error, as a comparison of vital statistics will abundantly show. 
 The health of Georgia will average quite as well as that ot any 
 State in the Union. Our citizens of Northern nativity will sus- 
 tain us in this declaration. The great diversity of climate, result- 
 ing from a gradual elevation from the seacoast to the Piedmont 
 country, amounting to from 1,600 to 1,800 feet, precludes the idea 
 of a malarious country. In the low country, immediately along 
 the lines of rivers and swamps, it is conceded that the atmosphere 
 is impure, and that such districts are subject to remittent and in- 
 termittent fevers during the summer and fall months ; these, how- 
 ever, are generally of a mild type, and readily yield to proper med- 
 ical treatment. But, owing to the favorable face of the country 
 in this section of the State, being plentifully supplied with hills 
 and highlands, even those who cultivate the swamps and river 
 bottoms, can fix their residences in the vicinity where they will 
 
34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [96] 
 
 not be exposed to their malarial influences. And these influences 
 are being rapidly annihilated, year after year, by draining and i"e- 
 ducing to dry culture the swamps, which, when thus reclaimed, 
 become both harmless and among the most productive lands in 
 the State. There are large districts that wei'e considered next to 
 uninhabitable thirty years ago from this cause, but which are now 
 filled with a thriving population, who find no difficulty in residing 
 in them the year round. 
 
 These latter remarks apply exclusively to the Southern division 
 of the State; in Middle and Upper Georgia, the atmosphere is as 
 pure and wholesome, and the health of the inhabitants as perfect 
 and uninterrujited, as on any portion of the continent. Indeed, 
 these sections, especially the latter, are favox'ite resorts of invalids 
 and pleasure-seekers during the summer and early fall months, 
 from all parts of the South ; while the pine lands of Southern 
 Georgia are annually visited in winter by large numbers from the 
 Northern States suffering from pulmonary aflTeetions, rheumatism, 
 etc. Consumption is a disease almost unknown in Georgia, except 
 when imported from other States. lu Middle and Northern 
 Georgia are to be found all our medicinal springs and watering 
 places, and thousands annually throng to them in search of health 
 or recreation. Under a theory that has obtained much favor 
 among medical men of late years, that weak or diseased lungs 
 require light and pure, rather than warm, air, the direction of 
 pulmonary invalids has been considerably changed from the semi- 
 tropical to the Piedmont region, during the winter months. The 
 town of Marietta, in Cobb county, 1,132 feet above the sea, has for 
 years been resorted to by that class of invalids, while the hotel at 
 Mt. Airy, in Habersham county, 1,5SS feet above the sea, was well 
 patronised during the past winter by consumptives, and with 
 happy results. 
 
 For the information of those who object to Georgia on the score 
 of latitude and its supposed unhealthiness, we would institute a 
 single, but most striking, compari.son : The State of Michigan, in 
 the extreme northern portion of the Union, and bordering on 
 Canada, with an atmosphere purified by perpetual bretzes from 
 the surrounding lakes, is esteemed to be one of the healthiest 
 States in the Union. Her population and that of Georgia, accord- 
 ing to the last census, approximate so nearly that there is a differ- 
 ence of but justj^/i'^ souls, and the vital statisticsof the two States, 
 respectively, show tljat their death rates are about the same. It 
 is difficult to answer such facts and figures as these, and ignor- 
 ance and prejudice must give way to truth founded on actual 
 experience. 
 
[97] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 35 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Every man who has a proper regard for the welfare of his pos- 
 terity, in selecting a home for himself and family, will be influ- 
 enced, in a large measure, by the facilities which it offers for the 
 education of his children. In this respect, also, Georgia presents 
 pecular advantages, such as are enjoyed to a very limited extent 
 in newly-settled countries, and superior, in all respects, to those of 
 the other Southern States of the Union. To elaborate her system 
 would require a volume, and we shall only glance at its various 
 features. 
 
 The University of Georgia, located at Athens, in Clark 
 county, was incorporated and endowed by a donation of public 
 lands, 40,000 acres, in the year 1784, or soon after the province was 
 organized as a State. It has a permanent endowment of $370,552.17. 
 It has five Educational Departments, thirteen professors, and over 
 two hundred students. The curriculum of studies is thorough. It 
 admits "fifty meritorious young men of limited means," and 
 '•young men who design to enter the ministry, of any religious 
 denomination,'' free of charge for tuition. The college libraries 
 contain about 20,000 volumes. 
 
 Connected with the University is the State College of Agricul- 
 ture and the Mechanic Arts, with its Experimental Farm and 
 Workshops. It has three Departments, viz.: Agriculture, Engin- 
 eering, and Applied Chemistry, each with a regular course. The 
 tuition in this school is made free to as many young men of the 
 State as there are Representatives (175) and Senators (44) in the 
 Legislature, and the students of both the University proper and 
 the Agricultural and Mechanical Schools have, each, free admis- 
 sion to the instruction given in the other. 
 
 There are, also, a Law School, at Athens, and a Medical School, 
 at Augusta, connected with the State University. 
 
 The North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, Lump- 
 kin county, at which near three hundred students are now being 
 educated free of charge, is also attached to the State University 
 and governed by the same board of trustees. It is proposed to es- 
 tablish a similar school at a point more convenient than either 
 Athens or Dahlonega to pupils residing in the southern half of the 
 State, and it will no doubt be carried into effect at some future day. 
 Military tactics are taught both at Athens and Dahlonega as a part 
 of the regular course, and competent professors are provided in 
 that department. 
 
 Mekcek University is located at Macon, Bibb county, was 
 established by the Baptist church, and is wholly under the control 
 of that denomination of Christians. It has nine professors, and 
 the course of instruction is thorough. Attached to it are a Law 
 
36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [98] 
 
 and a Theological Department, at Macon, and Preparatory schools 
 at Penfield, in Greene county, and at Dalton, in Whitfield county. 
 Its libraries, contain about 12,000 volumes ; the buildings and 
 grounds cost $150,000 ; endowment, .$160,000. The institution enjoys 
 a large patronage, a considerable portion of which is received 
 from other denominations. 
 
 Emory College, at Oxford, Newton county, belongs to the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and is the joint property of 
 the North Georgia, South Georgia, and Florida Conferences. Like 
 the other colleges of the State, it is well supplied with apparatus, 
 has a good library, and is well patronized. 
 
 Pio NoNO College, at Macon, as its name imports, is a Roman 
 Catholic institution, but recently established. It is well supported 
 by our citizens of that religious faith, and bids fair to rank well 
 among Georgia's institutions of learning. 
 
 To the above may be added the Atlanta University, established 
 by northern donations for the education of the blacks, male and 
 female, and supported, in part, by appropriations from the State 
 Treasury. Its course of instruction, classical and mathematical, 
 is very thorough. It has 4 professors, 9 teachers, a good library, 
 and the classes of 1877-78 numbered, in the aggregate — 
 
 Female Colleges. — For the education of females in the higher 
 branches, we have a number of colleges, well distributed over the 
 State. We mention the Wesleyan Female JCollege, at Macon, 
 the first female colllege ever ever estabUshed iu Georgia ; 
 Cherokee Baptist Female College, at Rome ; Southern Masonic 
 Female College, at Covington ; Rome Female College, at 
 Rome ; Dalton Female College, at Dalton ; Houston Female Col- 
 leges, at Perry ; Conyers Female College ; Young Female College, 
 at Thomasville; Andrew Female College, at Cuthbert; Moni'oe 
 Female College, at Forsyth ; Gordon Institute, at Barnesville ; 
 Gainesville College, at Gainesville ; Le Vert Female College, at 
 Talbotlon ; La Grange Female College and Southern Female Col- 
 lege, at La Grange; Furlow Masonic Female College, at Americus, 
 and West Point Female College. Nearly all these institutions are 
 •flourishing, and turning out annually, in the aggregate, large num- 
 bers of well-educated and well-mannered young women to adorn 
 and elevate society. 
 
 Besides these, there are large numbers of high schools, both male 
 and female, very many of them ranking among the best institu- 
 tions of learning in the South. 
 
 jSor is Georgia unmindful of her unfortunate children whom 
 nature has stinted in the bestowment of her gifts; nor has she 
 been niggardly in providing for their wants in this respect, and 
 in making them useful to themselves and to others. Large and 
 costly edifices have been erected by the State for the care and 
 
[99] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 37 
 
 education of the blind, and of the deaf and dumb — for the former 
 at Macon, and for the latter at Cave Spring, in Floyd county. 
 Both these unfortunate classes are taught not only in the learning 
 of the schools, but also those useful occupations which render 
 them measurably independent. 
 
 There are, also, a goodly number of orphans' homes and schools 
 in the State, maintained by private or denominational benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 Public School System. — The Common Schools of Georgia 
 form, by far the most interesting feature of her educational sys- 
 tem. Recognizing the great moral and political truth that intelli- 
 gence and virtue form the basis of all good government, the peo- 
 ple of Georgia have inserted in their Constitution, or fundamental 
 law, a provision declaring that " there shall be a thorough system 
 of common schools for the education of children," which •' shall be 
 free to all the children of the State," the expenses of which " shall 
 be provided for by taxation, or otherwise." In accordance with 
 this constitutional provision, the necessary laws have been passed, 
 and the system referred to is now in successful and beneficent op- 
 eration, the whites and the blacks being educated in separate 
 schools. The State appropriates annually, for the support of these 
 free schools, about |300,000, and this sum is supplemented each 
 year by local city and county appropriations to the amount of be- 
 tween $140,000 and $150,000. The number of pupils in actual 
 attendance on these schools last year (1877), was in round num- 
 bers, 191,000, of whom 127,000 were whites and 64,000 blacks. The 
 progressive interest in, and usefulness of, the system are illustrated 
 by the statistics of attendance from year to year. In 1871, but 
 seven years ago, when it was put in operation, the number of 
 children taught was but 49,578—42,914 whites and 6,664 blacks. 
 In 1874 the number had increased to 145,541 , in 1876, to 179,405 ; 
 and in 1877, to upwards of 191,000. 
 
 The Common School organization extends to every county in the 
 State, and includes every district or subdivision of the counties 
 where the population is sufficiently numerous to admit of a school ; 
 so that there is scarcely a child in Georgia who is not within reach 
 of a school where a good education can be obtained free of ex- 
 pense. 
 
 In fine, it may be said with truth that, as respects educational 
 facilities and their adaptation to the public wants, the State of 
 Georgia is in advance of all her sister Southern States ; while, in 
 this respect, she is progressing year after year, and wiU soon stand 
 side bj'^ side with the older and more favored commonwealths of 
 the North. 
 
88 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA'. [100] 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 The laws of Georgia guarantee to the citizen perfect freedom of 
 religious opinion and worship, and there is no political or civil dis- 
 qualification on account of religious belief. Every denomination 
 is not only tolerated, but protected, in the free enjoyment of faith 
 and worship, As a necessary consequence, there is a complete 
 separation of Church and State, both by law and practically. Each 
 moves in itsapproDriatesj)hei'e, and neither is allowed to encroach 
 on the other. 
 
 The principal religious denominations in the State, with their 
 respective numbers, etc., are as follows : 
 
 Baptist Church. — This is the most numerous religious denom- 
 ination in the State. It has 114 Associations, 762 ordained minis- 
 ters, and 279 licentiates, 2,532 churches, 209,790 members— of whom 
 97,463 are blacks— 1 university, 3 high schools, 368 Sunday-schools 
 with 3,695 teachers and 18,674 scholars. (Six Associations not re- 
 ported.) 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South. — This church has two 
 Conferences — North Georgia and South Georgia — which, in the 
 aggregate, have 314 traveling preachers, 636 local preachers, 88,148 
 members, 907 Sunday-schools, 5,631 officers and teachers, 43,106 
 Sunday-school scholars, 1,033 churches with 279,853 sittings, and 
 church property valued $941,570. It has 1 male college, 5 female 
 colleges, several high schools for both sexes, and two orphan free 
 schools. 
 
 The negro members of this denomination, since emancipation, 
 have been formed into an independent organization, under the 
 auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, known 
 as the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church op America, 
 and number about 14,000. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church (iSTorth).— This Church has been 
 organized in Georgia since the war. It has 193 church buildings, 
 worth $119,000, 395 preachers, 200 Sunday-schools with 716 officers 
 and teachers and 8,800 scholars. The members number about 15,000, 
 12,000 of whom are colored. It has one university and five or six 
 schools for colored, and one high school for white pupils. 
 
 Protestant Methodist Church, has a membership of 2,500 
 persons. 
 
 African Methodist Episcopal Church, has 41,000 members 
 and about 100 colored ministers. 
 
 Presbyterian Church. — This Church has 5 presbyteries, 157 
 church organizations, 149 church edifices with 56,000 sittings, 75 
 ministers, 5 licentiates, 8,258 members, 88 Sabbath-schools with 
 4,669 scholars, and church property to the amount of $653,500 ; 
 annual contributions, $78,643. 
 
[101] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. -59 
 
 The Associate Reformed Presbyterians, have 6 churches with 
 2,000 sittings, 530 members, 5 ministers, and 6 Sunday-schools with 
 .^00 scholars. 
 
 The colored people of the State have organized a separate pres- 
 bytery, styled the Knox Presbytery, which has 6 churches, 6 min- 
 isters, and about 1,000 members. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Chuucu, whose flrst bishop was 
 elected in 1840, has 31 churches and stations, 33 clergymen, 4,305 
 communicants, 25 Sunday-schools with 349 teachers and 2,510 
 scholars; annual contributions, $70,425,34. 
 
 The Christian Church has 50 houses of worship, 40 minis- 
 ters and 5,000 members. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church. — The Diocese of Georgia was 
 organized and the first Bishop appointed in 1850. The rapid pro- 
 gress of the Church is eviden. ed by its statistics : It has now two 
 splendid cathedrals — in Savannah and Atlanta — 23 churches, 35 
 chapels, 24 priests and 27,500 members. It owns 1 college, 3 male 
 and 7 female schools, 1 orphan asylum, and church property to the 
 amount of $(500,000. 
 
 The Lutheran Church has 11 church organizations, 10 church 
 edifices, and ehureb property valued at ."^57,10J. We have been un- 
 able to ascertain the number of members. 
 
 The Congregationalists have 10 churches with 2,800 sittings, 
 and church property of the value of $16,550. 
 
 The Universalists have 5 chriirch organizations, 3 church edi- 
 fices witii 900 sittings ; church property valued at $900. 
 
 The Unitarians are few in number, and two churches are all 
 of which we have been able to obtain information. One is located 
 at Augusta, has a fine church edifice for public worship, and a large 
 and wealthy congregation ; the other is in Douglas county, but we 
 have no information of its membership or condition. 
 
 The Israelites. — From the be.st information obtainable, the 
 Jews in Georgia number about 4,500. They have 6 synagogues— 2 
 in Savannah, and 1 each, in Augusta, Atlanta, Macon and Co- 
 lumbus, some of them fine and costly edifices. There are also 
 congregations without synagogues or ministers in a number of the 
 smaller towns, who are supplied, from time to time, by ministers 
 from the five cities named above. Each congregation has its own 
 benevolent society for the aid of the needy and distressed. They 
 have Sabbath-schools, of their own, but for secular education, for 
 the most part, patronize the public and private schools of the State. 
 
 STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Georgia Academy for the Blind is located at Macon, 
 Bibb county, and is supported almost entirely by the State. Pupils 
 
40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [102] 
 
 of both sexes, between the ages of 7 and 25 years, are admitted, 
 though males over 25 are received for instruction in the various 
 trades. The pupils are taught all the elementary branches of an 
 English education, together with the Holy Scriptures, history and 
 music. They are also instructed in such mechanical ti-ades as can 
 be imparted to the sightless. The blind are thus redeemed from 
 ignorance through this public charity, and taught to be useful, 
 and even self-supporting. The number of pupils ranges from 60 
 to 75 ; number in 1877 — 62. The school is conducted by a Princi- 
 pal, 2 Professors, 3, assistants, and a Master of Workshops. 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Institute.— This school is located at Cave 
 Spring, in Floyd county, one of the most romantic and delightful 
 sections of the State. It is also supported by the State, and annu- 
 ally turns out quite a number of this truly unfortunate class, edu- 
 cated sufficiently to enable them to enjoy free intercourse with 
 others, and with occupations by which, with proper industry, they 
 have no difficulty in earning a support. The number of pupils 
 now in attendance is 70. The most approved system of instruc- 
 tion is adopted in this institution, as well as in the Academy for 
 the Blind. Besides the Principal, there are four male teachers, 
 one female teacher and a matron. 
 
 Lunatic AsYiiUM. — The State of Georgia, many years ago, 
 erected, at a heavy cost, near Milledgeville, then the seat of 
 government, an Asylum for the care of lunatics, and by 
 means of liberal appropriations, has enlarged the charity from 
 year to year until the inmates have come to number 845, of whom 
 there are whites 710 — 376 male, and 334 female. The blacks are 
 separately provided for, and number 135, of whom 69 are males, 
 and 66 females. The Asylum is both a home and a hospital. 
 Under skillful physicians and nurses, the patients receive the best 
 of attention, and large numbers are annually restored to health of 
 mind and body. About ten years ago, the Legislature passed an 
 act setting aside the Okeflnokee Swamp, containing about 500,000 
 acres of land — decided to be reclaimable at a small cost compared 
 with its value for timber and agricultural purposes — as a perma- 
 nent endowment for a State Orphans' Home ; owing however, to 
 the fall in the price of lands and general depression of the agricul- 
 tural interest, the humane intention of the Legislature has never 
 been carried into effect. 
 
 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 
 
 Associations for mutual aid in times of sickness and distress 
 are numerous in Geoi-gia, and to be found in nearly all the counties 
 of the State. The principal organizations are secret, and as fol- 
 lows: 
 
[103] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 41 
 
 The Free and Accepted Masons, the most ancient of orders 
 and by far the most numerous in the State, has over 280 lodges 
 and about 15,500 members. There are also eight chartered Com- 
 manderies, with 320 members. 
 
 The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 48 lodges, and 
 about 2,000 members. 
 
 The Knights op Pythias, Knights op Honor and Sons op Malta 
 have each lodges in all of the cities and some of the smaller towns 
 of the State, but we have failed to obtain definite information re- 
 garding them. 
 
 The Independent Order of Good Templars, a benevolent order, 
 with a pledge of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, has 300 
 working lodges and a membership numbering 10,000. 
 
 Besides these, nearly all the churches have relief societies, and 
 benevolent associations exist in all the cities of the State. A mer- 
 itorious claim to charity, or temporary aid, is seldom disregarded 
 in Georgia. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA. 
 The government of Georgia, in common with that of all the 
 States of the American Union, is a Representative Democ- 
 racy. All officers are chosen directly by the people, or by persons 
 to whom the people, from motives of public policy or convenience, 
 have delegated the power of election. 
 
 Qualification of Voters.— The Constitution of Georgia pro- 
 vides that every male citizen of the United States (except idiots, 
 lunatics, and persons convicted, in any court of competent juris- 
 diction, of treason against the State, embezzlement of public 
 funds, malfeasance in office, bribery, larceny, or of any crime pun- 
 ishable by imprisonment in the Penitentiary), who is twenty-one 
 years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next 
 preceding the election, and six months in the county in which he 
 offers to vote, and who shall have paid all taxes that have been 
 legally required of him, and which he has had an opportunity of 
 paying, except for the year of the election, shall be deemed an 
 elector, or person qualified to vote at all general elections. 
 
 The Legislature.— The Legislative, or law-making power of 
 the State, is vested in a General Assembly, consisting of two 
 houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, the members of 
 each being chosen once in every two years, on the first Wednes- 
 day in October, by the qualified voters of the State. Its sessions 
 are held biennially, commencing on the first Wednesday in No- 
 vember, and cannot be extended beyond the period of forty daysi 
 except by a vote of two-thirds of both houses. 
 
 The Senators are 44 in number, and chosen from districts com- 
 posed of contiguous counties for that purpose. 
 
42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA, [104] 
 
 The Representatives are 175 in number, and apportioned among 
 the counties as follows: The six counties having the largest popu- 
 lation are entitled to three members each ; the twenty-six coun- 
 ties having the next largest population, to two members each ; 
 and the remaining one hundred and five counties to one Repre- 
 sentative each. 
 
 Neither the Senators nor Representatives can be increased in 
 number. Senators must be twenty-five years of age, and four 
 years citizens of this State. Representatives must be twenty-one 
 years of age and two years residents of this State. 
 
 The Executive. — The chief Executive power of the State is 
 vested in a Governor, who is elected for two years by tlie qualified 
 voters of the State, and is ineligible after the expiration of a sec- 
 ond term, for the period of four years. He must have been a citi- 
 zen of the United States fifteen years, of the State six years, and 
 attained the age of thirty years. He has the revision of all bills 
 and resolutions passed by the General Assembly before they be- 
 come laws, and a two-thirds vote of each house is necessary to 
 override his negative. He has power to grant pardons and re- 
 prieves, to commute penalties, remit any part of a sentence, and 
 to remove disabilities imp: sed by law ; in every ease his action, 
 and the reasons therefor, to be reported to the General Assembly. 
 The appointing power of the Governor is confined to his own 
 Secretaries and Clerks, the Commissioner of Education, Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture, State Geologist, State Librarian, Principal 
 Keeper of the Penitentiary, Judge and Solicitor of the City Court 
 of Atlanta, .Judges and Solicitors of the County Courts, Commis- 
 sioners for Mcintosh county and city of Darien, Mayor and Alder- 
 men of St. Mary's, Trustees of the Lunatic Asylum, Trustees of 
 the Academy for the Deaf and Dumb, and Visitors to the State 
 University, Atlanta University, and to the Academies for the 
 Blind and for the Deaf and Dumb. He has also power to fill all 
 vacancies that may occur in other offices during the recess of the 
 Legislature, or until a new election can be held. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Comptroller General, Treasurer, and At- 
 torney General are elected by the people, at the same time, in the 
 same manner, and for the same term, with the Governor, 
 
 Judiciary,— The judicial x^ower of the State is vested in a Su- 
 preme Court for the correction of errors in the courts below, in 
 Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justices' Courts and in Nota- 
 ries Public, who are ex-otficio J ustiees of the Peace ; in some coun- 
 ties in County Courts, and in some cities in City Courts, 
 
 The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate 
 Justices, who are chosen by the General Assembly and hold their 
 offices for six years. There are two sessions of this court each 
 year, held at the Capital, 
 
[105] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 43 
 
 There are twenty Superior Court Circuits, in each of which there 
 are a Judge and a State Solicitor, elected by the General Assembly 
 every four years. The Superior Court meets in each county, not 
 less than twice in each and every year. It has exclusive jurisdic- 
 tion in cases of divorce, in criminal cases where the offender is 
 subject to death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, in cases in- 
 volving the title to lands, and in equity cases. It tries appeals 
 from inferior courts, and has concurrent jurisdiction with them in 
 cases of debt, etc. It may issue writs of habeas corpus, man- 
 damus, injunction, scire facias, and all other writs necessary for 
 carrying its powers into full etreet. 
 
 An Ordinary is elected by the people of each county, and holds 
 his office for four years. His jurisdiction embraces the pro- 
 bate of wills and the management of estates by executors, admin- 
 istrators and guardians. He has power over roads, bridges, 
 ferries, public buildings, paupers, county funds, county taxes, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 The County Court Judges and Solicitoi-s are appointed by the 
 Governor, and the jurisdiction of the former, in civil cases, extends 
 to contracts where the amount claimed as principal does not exceed 
 $200, and to torts where the damage alleged does not exceed $100 ; 
 to the eviction of intruders and tenants holding over, partition of 
 personalty, the issuing of possessory and distress warrants, attach- 
 ments of personalty, garnishments, the foreclosure of mortgages on 
 personalty, etc. His criminal jurisdiction embraces that of Jus- 
 tices of the Peace, and, in addition, the trial of offenses below the 
 grade of felony. There are, at present, but two city courts in the 
 State, viz : of Savannah and of Atlanta. The Judge and Solicitor 
 of the City Court of Savannah are elected every three years by the 
 Mayor and Aldermen of the city. The Judge and Solicitor of the 
 City Court of Atlanta are appointed by the Governor, and hold 
 their offices for four years. The jurisdiction of these courts is var- 
 iously limited by the several acts creating them. The civil juris- 
 diction in Savannah is limited to cases where the amount involved 
 is $1,000 or under, and is confined to the city ; whilst the criminal 
 jurisdiction embraces the county of Chatham, and extends to all 
 crimes not punishable by impri-sonment in the Penitentiary. In 
 Atlanta both the civil and the criminal jurisdiction of the court is 
 concurrent with that of the Superior Court, except in cases where 
 the Constitution vests exclusive powers in the latter; and em- 
 braces the county of Fulton . 
 
 Justices of the Peace are elected by the people, one for each 
 militia district in the State, and hold their offices for four years. 
 Their courts sit monthly, and have jurisdiction in all cases arising 
 under contracts, and in cases of injury to personal property, where 
 the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars. They have 
 
44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [1061 
 
 
 power to administer oaths, take affidavits, and issue attadhiments. 
 In criminal matters they are the conservators of the peace in their 
 respective districts and counties, may issue warrants for the arrest 
 of persons charged with crime, examine such persons when 
 brought before them, and commit, bind over, or discharge, 
 according to the law and the evidence. 
 
 Notaries Public, one for each militia district, are appointed by 
 the Judges of the Superior Courts upon the recommendation of the 
 grand juries of the respective counties. They hold office for four 
 years, and their jurisdiction and powers are the same with those 
 of Justices of the Peace. 
 
 All county officers are elected by the people, and (except the 
 Ordinary) hold their offices foi- two years. A county officer must 
 be a qualified voter, and must have been a resident of the county 
 for two years next preceding his election. 
 
 HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 
 
 The Constitution of Georgia exempts from levy and sale, by 
 virtue of any legal process whatever, (except in the eases named 
 below,) of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, 
 or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or 
 infirm person, or person having the care and support of 
 dependent females of any age, real or personal estate, or 
 both, to the value, in the aggregate, of sixteen hundred dollars. 
 Said property, however, is liable to levy and sale for taxes, for the 
 purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material 
 furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. 
 The exemption includes not only the property itself, but all im- 
 provements made thereon after it is set aside. A mortgage of 
 property by the father during his lifetime, cannot, after his death, 
 deprive his minor childred of a homestead, or exemption right in 
 the moitgaged premises. 
 
 LEGAL PROVISIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 
 
 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, ex- 
 cept by due process of law. 
 
 Every person has the right to prosecute, or defend, his own cause 
 in any of the courts, in person, by attorney, or both. 
 
 Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this 
 State, shall have the privilege and benflt of counsel ; shall be fur- 
 nished, on damand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the 
 witnesses on whose testimony the charge is founded ; shall have 
 compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses ; 
 shall be confronted by the witnesses testifying against him, and 
 shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. 
 
[107] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 45 
 
 Perfect freedom to worship God according to the dictates of his 
 own conscience, is guaranteed to every citizen. 
 
 No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person, or prop- 
 erty, or prohibited from holding any public ofHce or trust, on ac- 
 count of his religious belief 
 
 No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the liberty of 
 speech or of the press. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- 
 pers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
 not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable 
 cause, supported by oath, or aflfirmatipn, particularly describing 
 the place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be 
 seized. 
 
 The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legis- 
 lation. 
 
 There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 
 
 The right of the people peaceably to assemble, and, by petition, 
 or remonstrance, apply to the government for a redress of their 
 grievances, shall not be denied. 
 
 All citizens of the United States resident in this State are to be 
 considered citizens of this State, and the Legislature shall make 
 all necessary laws for their protection as such. 
 
 No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of 
 estate. • 
 
 Private property shall not be taken, nor damaged, for public pur- 
 poses without just and adequate compensation to the owner. 
 
 No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts, shall be passed. 
 
 No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent ver- 
 dicts of two juries, at different terms of the court. 
 
 Cases resi^ecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where 
 the land lies. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county 
 where the defendant resides, and all criminal cases in the county 
 where the crime was committed, except cases in the Superior 
 court, where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot 
 be obtained in the county. 
 
 Grand jurors are drawn from the body of the people, and must 
 be experienced, intelligent and upright men. Traverse jurors are 
 drawn in the same way, and must be intelligent and upright men. 
 
 Taxes can be imposed for the following purpoess onl^^ : For the 
 support of the State government and public institutions ; for edu- 
 cational purposes ; to pay the interest and the principal of the 
 public debt; to suj^press insurrection, repel invasion, defend the 
 State in time of war, and to supply soldiers who lost a limb or limbs 
 in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial 
 artificial limbs during life. Taxes must be uniform on the same 
 
46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [108] 
 
 class of subjects, and ad valorem on all property taxed. A poll 
 tax shall be levied for educational purposes only, and shall never 
 exceed one dollar pe/- annum. 
 
 The rate of taxation in Georgia, for State purposes, varies from 
 year to year, according to the wants of the government, from 70 
 cents to 100 cents on each $100 worth of property. The several 
 counties are authorized, in addition, to levy a tax for county pur- 
 poses, not to exceed fifty per cent, on the amount of State tax 
 levied for the same year. 
 
 The State shall contract no debt, except to supply casual defi- 
 ciences (not to exceed $200,000), to repel invasion, suppress insur- 
 rection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing 
 public debt. 
 
 The credit of the State shall not be loaned, or pledged, to any 
 individual, company, corporation, or association ; nor shall the 
 State become a joint owner, or stockholder, in any company, asso- 
 ciation, or corporation. 
 
 . No county, municipal corporation, or political division, shall 
 incur a debt to exceed seven per cent, of the assessed value of the 
 taxable property therein ; and loans by the same to supply casual 
 deficiencies, shall not exceed five per centum. 
 
 Any county, municipal corporation, or political division, which 
 shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the Constitution, shall, 
 at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and 
 collection of an annual tax, sufficient in amount to pay the prin- 
 cipal and interest of said debt within thirty years from the date 
 of the incurring of said indebtedness. 
 
 The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution, or order, 
 grant any donation or gratuity in favor of any person, corporation, 
 or association. 
 
 A wife, notwithstanding marriage, continues to be the legal 
 owner of the property she possessed at the time of marriage, and 
 of any that may accrue to her by gift, bequest, or her own acquisi- 
 tion, after marriage. 
 
 The law creates a lien upon property for taxes, for judgments or 
 decrees of courts, and in favor of laborers, landlords, mortgagees, 
 mechanics, contractors, innkeepers, merchants and factors for 
 furnishing supplies, and in some other cases. 
 
 Titles to land can be passed only by will or deed in writing duly 
 executed. The entailment of estates is prohibited by law. Gifts 
 or grants in tail convey an absolute title. 
 
 In making his will, a testaior may do what he chooses with his 
 property, except that he cannot prejudice his creditors ; and the 
 law considers his wife so far a creditor that he cannot deprive her 
 of dower, except with her consent. 
 
 Where a party dies intestate, the law requires his estate to be 
 
[109] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 47 
 
 distributed as follows: After payment of expenses of administra- 
 tion, of a year*s support to the family, and the debts of the intes- 
 tate, the remaining property goes : 1 . To the husband or husband's 
 children, if any, of a deceased wife ; 2, to the wife or wife's chil- 
 dren of a deceased husband, if any, the wife having one-flfth part 
 of the estate if there be more tlian four children ; 3, to the children ; 
 4, to the father, mother, brothers and sisters of the deceased. Chil- 
 dren or grand-children represent a deceased distributee, the rule 
 not extending, however, beyond the grand-children of a brother 
 or sister. 
 
 Upon the death of an intestate, his widow may elect to take a 
 dower, or one-third interest for life, in the lands of her deceased 
 husband, and share and share alike with the children in the per- 
 sonal property ; or, she may relinquish her right of dower, and 
 take a child's part, share and share alike, in all the property, to be 
 her own absolutely. 
 
 Females are not allowed the elective franchise, nor can they hold 
 any civil office, or perform any civil function, unless specially au- 
 thorized by law ; nor can any military, jury, police, patrol or road 
 duty be required of them. 
 
 The legal period of full age is 21 years. Persons between 21 and 
 45 years of age are liable to military duty ; and between 16 and 50 
 years, to road duty ; though the law makes certain exemptions 
 from both services. 
 
 LAWS OF FORCE IN GEORGIA. 
 
 The laws of force in Georgia are thus graduated with I'efereuce 
 to their obligation : 
 
 1. The Constitution of the United States, the laws of the United 
 States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the 
 
 • authorities of the United States, comprise the supreme law of the 
 State. 
 
 2. The Constitution of this State, 
 
 3. Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State, 
 including the Code, and the decisions of the Common Law and 
 and Equity Courts of England prior to May 14th, 1776, when con- 
 clusive as to the Common Law, except when changed or modified 
 by statute of the State. 
 
 RIGHTS AND EXEMPl'IONS OF ALIENS UNDER THE 
 LAWS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 While aliens are denied the right to vote, and hold office, by the 
 laws of Georgia, all other provisions with regard to them are most 
 liberal. So long as their governments are at peace with the 
 United States, and with this State, they are entitled to all the 
 
48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA, [HO] 
 
 rights of citizens of other States resident in this State. With cer- 
 tain conditions, they can purchase, hold, and convey real estate ; 
 they are protected in all their rights of person and of property ; 
 they can sue and give evidence in our courts so long as the same 
 comity is extended to our citizens by their governments. They 
 may receive and enforce leins, by mortgage or otherwise, on real 
 estate. They are exempt from military duty, except in the sup- 
 pression of insurrections and repelling local invasion, and also 
 from service in the courts as grand or traverse jurors. 
 
 The conditions on which an alien or unnaturalized person may 
 hold land in this State are thus set forth in our statute : 
 
 " An alien may be may be permitted to acquire title to, and hold, 
 lands within this State, upon taking an oath in writing, to be filed 
 in the Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the county in which 
 the land lies, tliat it is his intention 6ona _^de to improve the same ; 
 and if said alien shall fail, or neglect, within one year after the 
 purchase aforesaid, to begin such improvement, said land shall be- 
 come subject to an annual tax of fifty cents per acre for each and 
 every acre so held by him ; and, on failure to pay the same, it shall 
 be the duty of the tax collector of said county to set up and expose 
 to sale so much of said laud as may be necessary to pay such tax, 
 having first given sixty days notice of the time and place of sale, 
 in one or more of the public gazettes of this State ; the overplus, if 
 any there be, after the payment of the tax aforesaid, and the costs 
 accruing thereon, to be deposited with the Ordinary of said county, 
 to be api^lied to educational puri^oses, if not called for by the owner 
 thereof within two years after such sale : Provided, that no alien 
 shall hold or purchase more than one hundred and sixty acres of 
 land until he had declared on oath his intention to become a cit- 
 izen." 
 
 NATURALIZATION. 
 
 The acts of Congress provide that an alien may become a citizen 
 of the United States on the following conditions : 
 
 1. He shall declare on oath, before a Circuit or District Court of 
 the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, 
 or a court of record in any of the States having common law juris- 
 diction and a seal and clerk, two years, at least, prior to his ad- 
 mission, that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of 
 the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidel- 
 ity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and, 
 particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state or sovereignty 
 of which the alien may be at the time a citizen or subject. 
 
 2. At the time of making this application, he must take an oath 
 before the same court to support the Constitution of the United 
 
[Ill] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 49 
 
 States, and that he entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance 
 and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, etc. 
 
 3. At the time of admisMon, he must prove, to the satisfaction 
 of the court, by testimony other than his own, that he has resided 
 in the United States five years at least; that during that time he 
 has maintained a good moral character, and that he is attached to 
 the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well 
 disposed to the good order and preservation of the same. He must 
 also renounce any hereditary title, or order of nobility, that he may 
 have borne, if any, previous to his admission to citizenshin. 
 
 4. If the alien be undfer twenty-one years of age, and has re- 
 sided in the United States three yeai-s previous to his arrival at 
 that age, if he subsequently apply for admission, the three years of 
 his minority will be counted in estimating his five years of resi- 
 dence, and he will be allowed to make the foregoing declarations 
 and oath at the time of his admission. 
 
 5. The minor children, or those under twenty-one years of age, 
 of persons who have been duly naturalized, if dwelling in the 
 United States, are held and considered as citizens thereof. 
 
 6. By special act of Congress, passed July 17, 1862, any alien of 
 the age of twenty-one years, and upwards, who has enlisted, or 
 may enlist, in the armies of the United States, either the regular 
 or the volunteer forces, and has been, or may be hereafter, honor- 
 ably discharged, shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition, 
 without any previous declaration of his intention, and upon proof 
 of only one year's residence in the United States previous to his 
 application to become a citizen, of his good moral character, and 
 that such person has been honorably discharged from the service 
 of the United States. 
 
 7. Seamen who have served three years on any merchant vessel 
 of the United States, after making a declaration of their intention, 
 shall be entitled to become citizens upon application, and the pro- 
 duction of a certificate of discharge and good conduct during that 
 time, together with a certificate of their declaration of intention 
 to become citizens. 
 
 STATE AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 There are two State Agricultural Organizations, viz : the State 
 Agricultural Society and the State Grange. 
 
 The former was organized in 1846, and with the exception of 
 seven years during and after the late war, has continued its active 
 and efficient work to the present time. It is now a representative 
 body, composed of delegates elected annually by local organiza- 
 tions which exist in nearly every county in the State. 
 
 It holds semi-annual conventions, one in February, at sonae 
 4 
 
50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [112] 
 
 point lu the lower half of the State, aud one in August, in the 
 upper half. 
 
 It has accomplished great good to the agricultural interests of 
 the State by these semi-annual conventions, and by its Annual 
 Fairs. The transactions of this soeiet3\ all of which have been 
 published since 1872, constitute a valuable contribution to South- 
 ern agricultural literature. 
 
 THE STATE ORANGE. 
 
 This is a secret AgriculUu'al Organization, known as the Patrons 
 of Husbandry, composed of representatives, ladies and gentlemen, 
 from local granges. 
 
 Its general objects are the same as those of the State Society, 
 but attendance upon its meetings is confined to members of the 
 order of Patrons of Husbandry, while those of the Society are 
 open to the public. This organization, too, has rendered valuable 
 service to the agriculturists by securing concert of action and more 
 general co-operation among the farmers of the State. It is, how- 
 ever, less active at tljis time tlian it was a few years after its or- 
 ganization. 
 
 NORTH GEORGIA 8T0CK AND FAIR ASS OCCIATION. 
 
 Thi" isa jointslock Association recently organized with $40,000 
 stock. This is, financiall^'^, a very strong organization, the leading 
 object of which is the improvement of the live stock of the State. 
 
 I DISTRICT AND COUNTY ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 Besides the county Societies, neighborhood clubs and Granges 
 some of which are to be found in nearly every county in the State, 
 there are, especially in Middle and Southwestern Georgia, many 
 district and county Fair Associations, which are doing much to 
 stimulate progressive agriculture and horticulture. 
 
 THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 This society was chartered and organized as a joint stock associ- 
 ation in 1876. 
 
 It is devoted to the encouragement of profitable vegetable and 
 fruit production in the State, and, though now only about to com- 
 plete the second year of its existence, it has, by the concerted labors 
 of the most advanced and intelligent horticulturists of the State, 
 materially stimulated systematic fruit culture, which had previ- 
 ously been so sadly neglected. Partly as the result of the work of 
 this society, the planting of fruit trees during the last winter and 
 spring far exceeded that of any previous season in the history of 
 the state. 
 
[113] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 51 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 As the result of the persistent recomrnendations of the State 
 Agricultural Society and the State Grange, the Governor of the 
 State recommended in his annual message and the Legislature 
 established by law, a Department of Agriculture in 1874, the first 
 of its kind established in any State in the Union. It is presided 
 over by a Commissioner whose duties are elaborately defined by 
 law. 
 
 This Department now about to complete its fourth year has, by 
 its work, in promoting advanced agriculture, become firmly fixed 
 in the hearts of the people, who, somewhat indifferent towards it 
 when first established, now regard it as one of the most important 
 and useful branches of the State government, 
 
 Tlie Commissioner has the general supervision of the inspection 
 and anal^'sis of fertilizers and has, by systematic and vigilant ex- 
 ecution of the laws relating to the same, not only afforded ample 
 protection to the farmers against the sale of spurious or fraudulent 
 commercial fertilizers, but has caused to be paid into tbe treasury 
 of the State more than 122,000 after deducting the expenses of in- 
 spection and analysis and the annual appropriation of |13,200 to 
 the Department, the total income from that source during the 
 season just ended being about |45,000. 
 
 The publications issued from the Department and distributed 
 among tiie farmers of the State have been of an instructive char- 
 acter, and have been highly appreciated not only by the people of 
 Georgia, but have been eagerly sought by those of other States. 
 The " Manual of Sheep Husbandry in Georgia " has given an im- 
 petus to that industry never before known in the State, and is at- 
 tracting capital from other States for investment in the cheap 
 lands and perennial pastures so well adapted to this important in- 
 dustry. The " Manual on the Hog ", and other pamphlets issued 
 by the Commissioner, have attracted much attention, both in 
 Georgia and elsewhere. Those containing the analyses of fertil- 
 izers, formulse for composts and the results of the soil tests of 
 fertilizers, have been especially sought by the farmers of Georgia 
 and other Southern States. 
 
 A '• Hand Book of Georgia" was issued by the Commissioner in 
 1876, in which is given a full accountof the varied resources of the 
 State, its condition and institutions. This book supplies a want 
 long felt by the people of Georgia, and furnishes reliable informa- 
 tion to those in search of the most propitious field of immigration. 
 The demand for this work has been so great that the first and 
 second editions were speedily exhausted, and yet the demand con- 
 tinues. 
 
 These various publications have attracted the attention of the 
 
52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [114] 
 
 reading puhlic in the Northern States of the Union and many, 
 who were looking to the West as the most inviting field for emi- 
 grants, are now making inquiry in regard to Georgia preparatory 
 to seeking homes among us. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 The office of State Geologist was created in 1874, a Geologist ap- 
 pointed, and the active ^vork of making a "careful and complete 
 geological, mineralogical and physical survey of the State" 
 begun. 
 
 Some of the results of this survey hare already been given in 
 this work in the chapter on minei'al resources, water powers^ 
 woods, etc. 
 
 Its investigations have developed wealth before neither known 
 nor appi'eeiated by the people of the State, and, though but little 
 more than half completed, it is impossible to estimate the benefits 
 that have accrued to the State and its people. 
 
 The efleets of the labors of the State Geologist during the last 
 lour years will be felt by future generations. Capital, in large 
 amounts, has already sought investment in our rich mining lands, 
 and our water ])owers will attract still more. 
 
 The survey has developed the fact that Georgia is not only rich 
 in agricultural resources, but unsurpassed in mineral wealth and 
 manufacturing facilities. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS— 1878. 
 
 The following list comprises all the newspapers printed iu Georgia 
 at the present time, with their places of publication al*phabeticallj 
 arranged. It will be seen that there are 9 dailies, 2 tri-weeklies, and 
 114 weeklies — total, 125. Most of the dailies publish tri-weekUes, and 
 both dailies and tri-weeklies have weekly editions > 
 
 Alapaha (Berrien county) — News, weekly. 
 
 Albany — News, weekly ; Admrtiser, weekly. 
 
 Americus — Sumter Republiemt,- tri-weekly and weekly. 
 
 Athens — Southern Banner,, weekly ; Chronicle, weekJy ; TPate/tm<:my 
 weekly. 
 
 Atlanta — Constitution, daily ^ Independent, weekly ; Bepublican, week- 
 ly ; Sunny South, weekly ; Christian Index, weekly : Methodist 
 Advocate, weekly ; Planter and Grange, weekly; Southern En- 
 terprise, monthly ; Homemm-d Star, monthly. 
 
 Augusta — Chronicle and Constitutio net/list, daUy ; Evening News, daily. 
 
 Bainbridge— Democrat, weekly. 
 
 Barnesville — Gazette, weekly. 
 
 Blakely — Early County News, weekJy. 
 
[115] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 53 
 
 Brunswick — Appeal, weekly. 
 
 Buena Vista — Argus, weekly. 
 
 Butler — Herald, weekly. 
 
 Calhoim — Times, weekly. 
 
 Canton — Cherokee Georgian, weekly. 
 
 Q.?^Ynesv\\\G— Franklin County News, weekly. 
 
 Carrollton — Times, weekly. 
 
 Cartersville — Express, weekly ; Free Press, weekly. 
 
 Cave Spring — Enterprise, weekly. 
 
 Cedar Town— Record, weekly ; Express, weekly. 
 
 Columbus — Enquirer-Sun, daily ; Times, daily. 
 
 Conyers — Examiner, weekly ; Weekly, weekly. 
 
 Covington— 5'ter, weekly ; Enterprise, weekly, 
 
 Crawfordville — Democrat, weekly. 
 
 Cumming — Georgia Methodist, weekly. 
 
 QnWxhext— Appeal, weekly; True Southron, weekly. 
 
 Dahlonega — Signal, weekly. 
 
 Dalton — Enterprise, weekly ; North Georgia Citizen, weekly. 
 
 Darien — Timber Gazette, weekly. 
 
 Dawson — Journal, weekly. 
 
 Do\iglasville — Medium, weekly. 
 
 Dublin — Post, weekly ; Gazette, weekly. 
 
 Eastman — Times, weekly. 
 
 Yi'AXowton— Broad- Axe and Itemizer, weekly. 
 
 Elberton — Gazette, weekly. 
 
 Elijay — Courier, weekly. 
 
 Fairburn — Star, weekly. 
 
 Forsyth — Advertiser, weekly . 
 
 Fort Y?\\Qy— Mirror, weekly. 
 
 Franklin — Register, weekly. 
 
 Gainesville —j^a^fc, weekly; North Georgian,, weekly-, Southron, 
 
 weekly. 
 CTreensboro— jSbme Journal, weeklj- ; Herald, weekly. 
 Greenville — Vindicator, weekly. 
 Griffin — Daily News, daily ; Sun, weekly. 
 ihxmWion— Journal, weekly. 
 Hampton— Weekly, weekly. 
 Harmony Grove — Progress, weekly. 
 Hartwell — S>in, weekly. 
 Hawkinsville — Dispatch, weekly. 
 Indian ^•pv'mg— Argus, weekly. 
 IrwiTLion— Southerner and Appeal, weekly. 
 Jefferson — Forest Netos, weekly. 
 Jesup — Sentinel, weekly. 
 Jonesboro — Neics, weekly. 
 LaGrange — Repm-ter, weekly. 
 
54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [116] 
 
 Lawrenceville — Herald, weekly. 
 
 Lexington — Oglethorpe Echo, weekly. 
 
 Louisville — News and Farmer, weekly. 
 
 Lumpkin — Independent, weekly. 
 
 Macon — Telegraph and Messenger, daily ; Wesle.yan Christian Advocate, 
 
 weekly ; Central Oeorgian, weekly. 
 McVille (Telfair county) — Southern Oeorgian, weekly. 
 Madison — Home Journal, weekly. 
 
 Marietta — Journal, vfeaWy ; Field and Fireside, weekly. 
 Milledgeville — Union and Recorder, weekly ; Old Capital, weekly. 
 Montezuma — WeeJdy, weekly. 
 Perry — Home Journal, weekly. 
 Newnan — Herald, weekly. 
 
 Quitman — Reporter, weekly ; Free Press, weekly. 
 Ringgold — Catoosa Courier, weekly. 
 
 Rome — Bulletin, daily ; Tribune, tri-weekly ; Courier, weekly. 
 Sandersville— //^';v/M and Oeorgian, weekly ; Courier, weekly. 
 Savannah — Morning News, daily; Recorder, weekly; Telegram, weekly: 
 
 Times, weekly ; Abend Zeitung, weekly. 
 Social Q'\vc\Q—Vidette, weekly. 
 Sparta — Times and Planter, weekly. 
 
 Stone Mountain — DeKa>b County News, weekly; 8pid&r, weeekly. 
 ^\xa\uiQ\y\\\ti—Oazette, weekly. 
 Swainaboro — Herald, weekly. 
 Talbotton — Standard, weekly; Register, weekly. 
 Thomaston— ^/ite;'^?'i6'e, weekly. 
 Thomasville — Fnterprise, weekly ; Times, weekly. 
 Thomson — McDuffie Journal, weekly. 
 Toccoa — Herald, weekly. 
 Valdosta — Ti7nes, weekly. 
 Warrenton — Clipper, weekly. 
 Washington — Gazette, weekly. 
 
 Waynesboro — Expositor, weekly. , .^ 
 
 Wtst Point —/SV«ifc Line Press, weekly. 
 
PART 11. 
 
 Sectional Divisions and County Statistics. 
 
 Showing the Distinctive Features of the Various Portions of the State, 
 Arranged in Divisions with a view to More Intelligible Presenta- 
 tion, Together with Statistical Facts of Public Interest in Relation 
 to the Several Counties which Compose Them, Respectively. 
 
 The very full information respecting the various sections and counties of 
 the State, contained in the following pages, is condensed from answers 
 made by a number of intelligent and responsible citizens in each county to 
 a series of questions propounded by this Department, and designed to em- 
 brace every general and local characteristic that is of sufficient importance 
 to interest the public. Where correspondents in the same county differ, 
 the average of their answers is given. In order to observe greater pai'ticnlar- 
 ity of description in this part of the Manual, the State has been divid- 
 ed into six Divisions, or Sections, instead of three, as used in Part I. It 
 may be proper, also, to remark that the word ''irreclaimable" as applied to 
 the swamp lands of the State, is not to be received in its exact sense, but 
 only as indicating that such lands cannot be reclaimed except at a cotl 
 which our people are at present unable to pay. The proportion of " cleared " 
 lands, includes all that portion where the original forest has been removed, 
 much of which, after exhaustion and abandonment, has again grown up 
 with old field pines and other vegetation. 
 
 It is regretted that the statistics of a few of the towns are incomplete; 
 the Commissioner has made earnest and persistent efforts with the local au- 
 thorities, and others, to obtain them, but in vain. 
 
 NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. 
 
 This division embraces nineteen counties, stretching from the Savannah 
 and Tugalo rivers in the east, to the Cohutta range of mountains in the 
 west. It is that part of the State which possesses the greatest elevation, the 
 average being 1,500 feet above tlie level of the sea. while there are peaks 
 which rise to an elevation of near 5,000 feet. The region is metamorphici 
 or composed of rocks changed from their original condition hy heat and 
 pressure. The geological formations are granite, gneiss, mica, and horn- 
 blende schists; soils red and gray, resting on a basis of firm clay, usually 
 red but sometimes yellow, white, and blue mixed with gravel, the latter 
 chiefly on lowlands. The clay, or subsoil, is usually found from four to six 
 inches below the surface on uplands, from one to two feet in the valleys, 
 
56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [^18] 
 
 and from two to six feet in river bottoms. The original forest growth is, 
 chieHy, red, black, post, and white oaks; chestnut, black-jack, hickory, 
 short-leaf and spruce pine, cedar, dogwood, black-gum, walnut, with poplar 
 ash, elm, sycamore, birch, sweet-gum and white-oak on the lowlands. This is 
 the great auriferous region of the State, the net yield of gold being equal to 
 that of any section of the Union, California not excepted. Copper, lead, 
 magnetic iron ore, mica, asbestus, marble, ruby, serpentine, corundum, are 
 also found in considerable quantities, and may be mined with profit. 
 
 The lands are generally rich and productive, the yield depending wholly 
 on the skill used in their cultivation. The staple field products are Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, clover, the various grasses, and sorghum 
 cane, while in the southern portion of the division cotton is grown to a 
 considerable extent. The average yield per acre, under fair cultivation, is : 
 corn, 20 bushels; wheat 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; bar- 
 ley, 25 bushels, hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; cotton, 
 400 pounds in the seed. Under high culture, two, three, and sometimes 
 four times this production is realized. Tobacco, buckwheat, and German 
 millet can ylso be grown wi';h great success. The planting and harvest 
 times of the division are as follows : corn, planted 15th March to 15th May, 
 gathered in fall months; wheat and other small grain sowed in October, 
 harvested in June and July; cotton planted 15th April to 15th May, gath- 
 ered in fall months ; sorghum planted in April, cut in August. A very 
 large proportion of the laborei-s, both farm and mine, are white ; wages of 
 former. $8 to $10 per month ; of latter 75 cents to $1 per day ; ordinary me- 
 chanics, $1 to $2 per day. according to skill. 
 
 The fruits best adapted to the section are, the apple, cherry, pear, grape, 
 plum, in all its varieties, peach, gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry — the last 
 named producing equally well in ad parts of the State with like cultivation. 
 Almost every variety of vegetables attains to grent perfection. 
 
 The climate is unsurpassed on thecontinent for conifortand salubrity, dur- 
 ing nine months of the year. The mean temperature in summer is 70°, Fah- 
 renheit, in winter 35°; highest temperature 90°, lowest 8° — periods of greater 
 heat and cold being exceptional. Snow falls usually from two to three times 
 during the winter season, especially in the northernmost counties, to a dept.h 
 varying from two inches to six inches. In the southern tier of counties, 
 there are occasional winters without a fall of snow. 
 
 Sj^rings and running streams abound in all parts of the district; water 
 powers unsurpassed ; spring and well water freestone, and not excelled in 
 any country. Mineral springs — sulphur or chalybeate— abound in nearly 
 all the counties of the district. That portion of it— the eastern— to which 
 railroad transportation has been opened, is annually visited by thousands, 
 many of whom spend the entire summer and part of autumn at its water- 
 ing places and pleasant villages. It may be sai'J. of this, and indeed of all 
 other sections of the State, that the people are anxious for new settlers, and 
 are ready to give a cordial welcome to honest and industrious immigrants 
 from all countries, including our own. Lands can be bought at low prices 
 and on favorable terms, as regards the payments — in the mountains from $1 
 to $5 per acre, and in the valleys and lower portions of the district from $5 
 to $10 per acre. The average price of farm stock varies but little in the 
 
[119] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 57 
 
 State, and may be stated as follows : milch cows, $15 to $20 ; sheep $1.50 to 
 $2 ; brood sows. $5 to $8 ; horses and mules $75 to $100, 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Bank ■ — Population, in 1S70, the date of the last census, 4,973 — 4,052 white, 
 1V21 black. Two per cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, thirty 
 three per cent, of tillable land cleared, seventy-live per cent, field labor per- 
 formed by whites, twenty-nine public free schools for whites and four for 
 blacks. Baptist churches ten, Methodist eight, Presbyterian three. 
 
 Homer, the ciipital town, is 10 miles from Air-Line Railroad, has a popu- 
 lation of 110—100 whites 10 blacks — 20 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 
 1 school with 30 scholars, 2 drj'- goods stores, 1 grocerv store, 1 physician, 2 
 lawyers, 
 
 Dawson— Population in 1870, 4,369—4,032 white, 337 black. Ten per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for culture, of tillable land 30 per cent, 
 cleared, gold mined to considerable extent with good success, pounding mill 
 in county, copper and silver also discovered. 90 per cent, field labor done by 
 whites, public free schools 24 for whites, 2 for blacks, seve.al private schools. 
 Baptist churches 17, Methodist 14, Universalist 1. 
 
 DawsonviUe, the capital town, is 23 miles from Air-Liine Railroad, has a 
 population of 225 — 200 white, 25 black, 50 orivate dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
 churches, 1 school with 40 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 2 
 physicians, 1 lawyer. 
 
 Fannin — Population, in 1870, 5,429 — 5,285 white, 144 black; 20 percent, 
 of area too mountainous for cultivation, IV per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 
 40 per cent, of tillabk; land cleared. 99V per cent, of farm laborers white; 
 the minerals are gold, copper, iron, mica, marble, limestone; copper mines 
 in western part of county very rich, marble in great abundance and of 
 many varieties ; 34 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 16 Methodist 
 churches, 15 Baptist ; 1 iron furnace, 12 operatives ; 1 wool-carding ma- 
 chine, flour and lumber mills. 
 
 Morganton, the capital town, on line of survey Marietta & North Georgia 
 Railroad, has 107 inhabitants — 103 white, 4 black, 22 private dwellings, 1 
 hotel, 1 church, 1 school with 50 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 
 5 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Forsyth— Population, m 1870, 7,983-6,862 white, 1,121 black; 5 per 
 cent, too mountainous for tillage ; 50 per cent, tillable land cleared ; 90 per 
 cent, field labor performed by whites; minerals — gold, copper, iron ore, but 
 limited in extent ; public free schools 51 for whites, 9 for blacks; Baptist 
 churches 15, Methodist 10. 
 
 Gumming, the capital town, is 12 miles from Air-Line Railroad, 40 miles 
 from Atlanta, has population 400—385 white, 15 bl ick, sixty private dwell- 
 ings, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 1 school, 60 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 mixed 
 stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers, 
 
 Franklin— Population, in 1870, 7,893-6,034 white, 1,859 black; 5 per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for tillage; 40 | er cert, tillable land 
 cleared ; 75 per cent, field labor performed by whites ; public free schools 
 
58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [120] 
 
 36 for whites, 4 for blacks, besides private schools ; Baptist churches 20, 
 Methodist 15, Presbyterian 4 ; 5 wool-carding machines, 1 cotton factory. 
 
 Carnesville. the capital town, is 18 miles from Air-Line Eailroad, same 
 distance from market town, has population 730 — 700 white, 30 black, 165 
 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 76 pupils, 4 mixed 
 stores. 2 drug stores, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Gilmer— Population, in 1870, 6,644 -6,527 white, 117 black ; .33 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 33 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared; minerals — gold, copper, iron, marble, slate; mining limited in ex- 
 tent; large stratum of limestone running along sidoof iron belt; 35 public 
 free schools for whites, 1 for blacks, besides private schools; 23 Baptist 
 churches, 20 Methodist. 
 
 ElUjay, the capital town, is 40 miles from Western & Atlantic Railroad, 
 has a population 203—200 whites. 3 blacks, 35 private dwellings, 1 h'.itel. 3 
 churches, 1 high school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 mixed 
 stores, 3 physicians. 2 lawyers. 
 
 GwiNNKTT— Population, in 1870, 12,431 — 10,272 white, 2,159 black ; 5 per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for tillage ; of tillable land 58 per cent, 
 cleared ; some gold, but not mined of lat« years ; 75 per cent, tield labor 
 performed by whites ; public free schools, 52 for whites, 13 for blacks, be- 
 sides private schools; 20 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 Episcopal, seve- 
 ral Presbyterian. 
 
 Lawrenceoille, the capital town, is 8 miles from Air-Line Railroad. 130 
 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 600—400 white, 200 black, 175 pri- 
 vate dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 80 scholars, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
 
 H.^.BERSHAM— Population, in 1870,6,322—5,373 white, 949 black; 10 per 
 cent, of countj'^ too mountainous for cultivation ; 30 per cent, tillable land 
 cleared; minerals — gold, iron, asbestus ; 90 per cent, field laborers white; 
 30 public schools for whites, 3 for blacks; Baptist churches 24, Methodist 8, 
 Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1 
 
 Clarkesville, the capital town, is 7i miles from Air- Line Railroad, 87 from 
 Atlanta, has a populati.in of 290—218 white, 72 black, 71 private dwellings^ 
 
 2 hotels, 3 churches, 2 schools with 40 scholars, 8 dry goods stores, 4 grocery 
 stores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 Toccoa City, on Air-Line Railroad, 92 miles from Atlanta, has a popula- 
 tion of 900— 600 white, 300 black, 125 private dwellings, 2 hotels. 5 churches, 
 
 3 schools with 100 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 24 mixed stores, 3 physi- 
 cians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Mount Airy, on same road, 9 miles from Clarkesville, 80 miles from At- 
 lanta, bids fair to become a place of note; is most elevated town and rail- 
 road point in the South, being 1,610 feet above the sea, and 560 feet above 
 Atlanta; has now 86 inhabitants — 60 white, 2G black, 14 private dwellings, 
 1 large and splendid hotel, 2 churches. 1 school with 20 scholars, 4 mixed 
 stores, 1 physician. 
 
 Hall— Population, in 1870. 9,607— 8,317 white, 1,290 black ; 10 per cent. 
 of county too mouutamous for tillage ; 30 per cent, tillable land cleared ; 
 
[121] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 59 
 
 minerals — gold, (large amounts invested in working) copper, silver, iron, 
 lead, manganese, mica, asbestus, most of precious stones, including dia- 
 monds; 90 per cent, miners and field laborers white; public free schools, 57 
 for whites, 5 for blacks ; 6 Baptist churches. 7 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal. 
 
 Qainesville, the capital town, is on Air-Line Railroad, 54 miles from At- 
 lanta, has a population of 2,500—2,000 white, 500 black, 500 private dwell- 
 ings, 4 large hotels, 1 fa.ik 4 churches, 5 schools with 400 scholars, 3 
 weekly newspaper.*, 15 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 6 physicians, 
 15 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Hart— Population, in 1870, 6,783—4,841 white, 1,942 black; 30 per cent, 
 of tillable land cleared ; minerals— gold, copper, black lead; several mines 
 gold worked with great success before the war, no operations now ; 70 per 
 cent, field laborers white; public free schools, 29 for whites, G for blacks; 
 Baptist churches 11, Methodist 9, Presbyterian 2, Seceding Baptist •./, ; 1 fac- 
 tory for cotton yarns, 30 hands. 
 
 Earhoell, the capiVdl town, is oO miles from Air-Line Railroad at Toccoa 
 City, 40 miles from Athens, has a population of 350—300 white, 50 black, 
 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 75 scholars, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 7 I.iwyers, 1 
 dentist. 
 
 Jackson— Population, in 1870, 11,181—7,471 white, 3,710 black; whole 
 area tillable ; 44 per cent, cleared ; gold, silver, mica, copper found, but not 
 sufficient for mining ; 06 per cent, farm laborers white ; public free schools, 49 
 for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 17, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 5, 
 several Christian and Universalist ; furniture, wagons, buggies, manufac- 
 tured to some extent. 
 
 Jfffirson, the capital town, ,s 18 miles from Athens, the market town, 9 
 miles from North Western Railroad. (Further details not reported.) 
 
 Lumpkin— Population, in 1870, 5,161— 4,699 white, 462 black ; :lb per cent, 
 of area too mountainous for tillage; 60 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
 90 per cent, of farm laborers white; is leading gold mining county of State ; 
 has 20 pounding mills with 220 stamps— annual yield very large ; cop- 
 per, iron and mica also exist, but not mined ; larger part of population en- 
 gaged in mining; has .'.0 public free schools for whites. 4 for blacks; pre- 
 vailing religious denominations Methodist, Baptist. Presbyterian ; flour and 
 lumber mills abundant. 
 
 Bahlonega. the capital town, is 24 miles from Gainesville and Atlanta & 
 Charlotte Air-Line Railroad, has 600 inhabitants— 500 white, 100 black. 4 
 churches, is site of North Georgia Agricultural College, with 250 pupils, has 
 8 dry goods stores; 6 grocery stores, 100 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 2 physi- 
 cians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 MAmsoN— Population, in 1870, 5 227— 3,646 white, 1,581 black ; 5 per cent, 
 of county too broken for tillage: 1 per cent, too swampy ; 31 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared ; gold in deposit and iron ore exist, but not worked in 
 many years; 65 per cent, of farm laborers white; Baptist churches 10 
 Methodist 6, Presbyterian 3, Primitive Baptist 4. 
 
60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE- -GEORGIA. [122] 
 
 Danielsville, the capital town, is 15 miles distant from Athens, the market 
 town. (Further details not reported.) 
 
 Milton— Population, in 1870, 4,584— 3,118 white, 466 black; 10 per cent, 
 of county too broken, or too swampy, for successful tillage ; 40 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared; 75 per cent, of field labor performed by whites; 20 
 free public schools for whites, 4 for blacks; religious denominations almost 
 wholly Baptists and Meth dists. 
 
 Alpharetta, the capital town, is 14 miles from Air-Line Railroad and 30 
 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 285 — 275 white, 12 black; 30 private 
 dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school Vrith 45 scholar.^, 2 dr. goojs stc/res, 
 1 grocery store, 2 drug stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Pickens— Po//ulation, in 1870, 5,317— 5,188 white, 129 Mack ; 19 per cent, 
 of county too m untaino-s for cultivatio ,. ; 33 per cent, of tillable land 
 c'ear.'d; go'd, copper, iron, nickel, murble, exist i . considerable qu.^iivities, 
 butiiot mined at preseuv ; 90 per cent, of field laborers whit^ ; 25 public 
 free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; Bap ist thur.'hes 18, Methodist 3, Prrs- 
 byterian 1, some Bible Christians ; 1 cotton mill with 40 operatives. 
 
 Jasper, thecapi'al town, is 50 miles fro/i Air-Line Railroad imraedi- 
 diately on line of survey Marietta & North Georgia Railroad, an(i 60 miles 
 from A ..lanta, the market town. (Further details not reported ) 
 
 Rabon— Population, ir?. 1870, 3,256—3,137 whit", 119 black ; 81 per cent, of 
 c >un-.y to ' m urtainous for cultivation : 70 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
 mines of gold ar'd asbest-.:s being worked with success; copper and iror; ore 
 discovered; 92 per cent, farm labor perforrand by whitts; 22 public free 
 schools, all for whites ; Bapti.st chu, chrs 12, Methodist 7; 1 wool-carding 
 machine in operation. 
 
 Clayton, the capital town, is 27 miles from Air Line Railroad and T.ccoa 
 the mar--.e: town, has a population of 137 — 120 white, 17 black ; 30 private 
 dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 36 scholars, 4 mixed stores, no 
 lawyers, phj sicians, dentists, or bar-rooms. 
 
 Towns— Populatio. , in 1870, 2,780—2,623 white, 155 black; 50 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for culture ; 75 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
 gold and copper exist, but no great amount of mining; many of the p e- 
 cious stones in more or less quantities ; 98 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 
 public free schools, for w^.ites 13, for blacks 1; Baptist churches 10, Meth- 
 odist 4. 
 
 Eiawassee, the capital town, is 40 miles from a r lilroad, 54 from Gaines- 
 ville, 1< 8 trom Atlanta ; has a population of 60, all white ; 9 private dwell- 
 ings, 1 hotel, no eh isrch, 1 school, 2 mixed stores, 1 physician, 2 lawyers. 
 
 Union— Population, in 187r\ 5.267—5,153 white, 114 blick ; 25 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for tillage ; 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
 gold, copper, iron, red and brown hematite, coundum exist in consideiable 
 quantities, also mica; only gold being mined successfully; 95 per cent, of 
 miners pnd farm hands white; public free schools, 25 for whites, 1 for 
 blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 12, Presbytevian 2. 
 
 BlairsviUe, the capital town, is 52 miles from Gainesville, the market town, 
 106 f,om Atlawta, has a population of 131—120 white, 11 black, 1 hotel, 26 
 
[123] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. " 61 
 
 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school, 3 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 2 law- 
 yers. 
 
 White— Population, in 1870, 4,606— 4,042 white, 564 black ; 10 per cent, 
 too mountainous for cultivation ; 30 per cent, of tillable land cleared, gold 
 and iron exist to a large extent, the former mined with much success and 
 to considerable extent ; 99 per cent, of laborers white ; 21 free nublic schools 
 for whites, 3 for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Metho'ist, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Cbristiftn : gold mills and liquor distilleries the only manufactories. 
 
 Cleveland, the capital town, is 18 miles from the A/r-Line Railroad, 25 
 from Gainesville, the market town of fhe county, has a population of 175 — 
 150 white, 25 black, 1 hotel, 36 private dwellings, 3 churches, 1 school with 
 100 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physician?, 5 lawyers, 3 
 dentists. 
 
 NORTH-WEST GEORGIA. 
 
 This division embraces fourteen counties, and extends from the Cohutta 
 Mountains and Chattahoochee Ridge to the eastern boundary of Alabama. 
 It ditiers, in several important respects, from the North-eastern division. It 
 is less mountainous, and, consequently, a greater portion of its area is sus- 
 ceptible of cultivation. Its average elevation above the sea is only 
 750 feet, or about 50 per cent, less than that of Northeast Georgia. Its 
 geological ages are Silurian, Devonian (so called from their identity 
 with those of Wales and Devonshire), and, in the extreme northwest. Car- 
 boniferous. The characteristic minerals are limestone, slate, iron ores, coal, 
 manganese, sandstone, baryta, some gold, all of which, except the last, are 
 found in great quantities. Several valuable veins and gravelly deposits of 
 gold have been developed and worked, with handsome returns. 
 
 The immense coal beds described in the chapter on minerals lie in the 
 northwestern counties of this division, to-wit : Dade, Walker and Chat- 
 tooga. The supply seems to be inexhaustible ; the mines are reached by 
 railroads which connect witii main trunks, and in the immediate vicinity 
 are immense deposits of best iron ore. 
 
 The soils are calcareous and argillaceous ; clay, red and yellow. In all 
 other respects our description of the natural conditions and capabilities of 
 North-east Georgia will apply to this division, with the single exception of 
 temperature, the ditference in elevation being accompanied by the usual 
 variations of heat and cold. The productions are, in all respects, the 
 same. 
 
 In one or two respects, this division enjoys peculiar advantages over it? 
 eastern neighbor, It has not only a larger area of tillable land, but • much 
 greater proportion of valley and river bottom. Its facilities for transporta- 
 tion are also greater, the Western and Atlantic Railroad traversing its centre 
 from the northern to the southern boundary, while tributary roads supply n 
 good portion of the country to the right and left of the main line. 
 
 The whole of North Georgia is admirably adapted to stock-raising. The 
 mountains afford abundant pasturage for cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, etc., 
 which are required to be fed only a few months in the year, while the grains 
 and grasses are produced in the greatest abundance for that purpose. 
 
62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [124] 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 , Bartow— Population in 1870, 16,566—11,840 whites, 4,719 blacks; 25 per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, IV per cent, irreclaimable 
 swamp, 50 percent, of tillable land cleared ; minerals — gold, iron, manga- 
 nese, baryta, slate in abundance and of best quality ; gold mining confined 
 to surface washing and very profitable ; iron mined on a large scale, and 
 much ore shipped to Chattanooga and other points ; one furnace now turn- 
 ing out 70 tons pig per day ; 75 per cent, field labor performed by whites ; 
 67 public free schools for whites, 23 for blacks, besides two large private 
 schools; religious denominations chiefly Baptist. Methodist, and Episcopal; 
 manufactories— iron foundries, lime and cement works, carriage and wagon 
 factories, flour, corn and saw mills. 
 
 Cartersville, the capital town, is at junction of two railroads, 12 miles 
 from a navigable streanj, and 47 miles trom Atlanta; has a population of 
 4,000—2,500 whites, 1,500 blacks, 350 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 6 churches, 
 3 schools, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 13 
 physicians, 20 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
 
 Adairsville, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 20 miles from Cartersville, 
 67 miles from Atlanta, has a popula ion of 325 — 300 white, 25 black, 75 pri- 
 vate dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 school with 50 scholars, 6 dry goods 
 stores, 4 grocery stores. 2 physicians. 
 
 Kingston is on the Western and Atlantic Eailroad, at the terminus of the 
 Rome Railroad, 60 miles from Atlanta, 18 miles from Rome, has about 600 
 inhabitants— -400 white, 200 black; 4 mixed stores, 1 drug store; assessed 
 value of real estate, $75,000. 
 
 Catoosa— Population in 1870, 4,409—3,793 white, 616 black, 10 per cent. of 
 county too mountainous for cultivation, ot tillableland 43 percent, cleared ; 
 iron ores of besl quality abound, but not mined; 85 per cent, of held laborers 
 white ; 21 public free schools for whites, 2 for blacks ; B iptist churches 7, 
 Methodist 7, Presbyterian 1 ; manufactories of lime, fertilizers, 3 large mer- 
 chant flour mills, corn and saw mills. 
 
 Ringgold, the capital town, is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 114 
 miles from Atlanta, 24 from Chattanooga, (details not reported). 
 
 Chattooga- Population in 1870, 6,902—5,309 white, 1,503 black ; 21 per 
 cent, of area too mountainous for tillage, of tillable land 55 per cent, cleared ; 
 coal and iron ore abound in county and are of best quality ; 80 per cent, 
 field laborers white; 29 free public schools; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 
 8, Presbyterian 6, besides colored churches; 1 cotton mill 10,000 spindles 
 and 300 operatives, 12 tanyards, flour, corn and saw mills. 
 
 Summerville, the capital town, 25 miles from Wesern and Atlantic Rail- 
 road, and Dalton the market town, has a population of 400 — 300 white, 100 
 black, 97 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 2 schools with 50 scholars, L 
 weekly newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 3 physicians, 4 
 lawyers. 
 
 Cherokee— Population in 1870, 10,.399— 9,117 white, 1,281 black ; 16 per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation, 45 per cent of tillable land 
 cleared; gold, copper, iron principal metals — 3 large gold mines now worked 
 
[125] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 63 
 
 with good success, and a number of rich veins recently opened; Canton 
 copper mines worked with profit; silver and lead exist in small quantities ; 
 78 per cent, field laborers white; 56 public free schools for whites, 7 for 
 blacks, also private schools ; Methodist churches 25, Baptist 25, Presbyterian 
 2, Universalist 2 ; 2 cotton factories, 1 threshing machine factory, tanyards, 
 wagon factories, saw and grist mills. 
 
 Canton, the capital town, on located line of Marietta and North Georgia 
 Railroad, unfinished, is 22 miles from Marietta, on the Western and Atlantic 
 Kailroad, the market town, 40 miles rom Atlanta, has a population of 330 — 
 300 white, 30 black, 55 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 
 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 4 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 9 lawyers. 
 
 Cobb.— Population in 1S70, 13,814—10,593 white, 3,217 black; entire 
 county considered tillable, 65 per cent, cleared ; principal minerals, gold, 
 copper, iron ores of superior quality and abundant, sulphurets, asbestus ; 
 but little mining at present ; 60 percent, of farm labor done by whites , 59 
 public free schools for whites, 39 foi blacks, besides high schools ; Baptist 
 churches 23, Methodist 15, Presbyterian 6, Episcopal 1, Christian 1. Manu- 
 factories— Roswell Cotton Mills, 250 operatives ; Willeo Cotton Mills, 75 ; 
 Concord Woolen Mills, 31 ; Laurel Woolen Mills, 35; Marietta Paper Mills, 
 20 ; chair factory, 25 ; Withers' Iron Foundry, 5 ; also, 2 large Merchant 
 flouring mills, with numerous corn, flour and saw mills. 
 
 iWarit;«rt, the capital town, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 20 miles 
 from Atlanta, has a population of 2,512— 1,395 white, 1,117 black, 300 private 
 dv.-ellings, 1 first-class hotel, 1 bank, 6 churches, 8 schools with 250 scholars, 
 2 weekly Ur wspapers, 10 dry goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 14 
 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
 
 Dade— Population in 1870. 3,033—2,788 white, 245 black ; 20 per cent, of 
 county too mountainous for tillage, 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; of 
 minerals, iron and coal exist in exhaustless deposits and are extensively 
 worked — one company, the Dade Coal Company, getting out 15,000 bushels 
 per day; also, coke and iron furnaces, one of the latter, at Rising Fawn, 
 turning out 40 tons pig iron per day ; 80 per cent, of field laborers white ; 14 
 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 3 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 
 1 Presbyterian, 1 Christian, 1 Second Advent. 
 
 Trenton, the capital town, is on Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, IS 
 miles from Chattanooga, 15 miles from Tennessee River, has 125 inhabitants 
 — 115 white, 10 black, 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school 
 with 80 scholars, 2 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 3 
 lawyers. 
 
 Clover Dale has 50 whites, 10 blacks, 1 church, 1 school with 40 pupils, 1 
 dry goods store. 
 
 Floyd— Population in 1870, 17,2.30—11,473 white, 5,7.53 black ; 33 per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for tillage; of tillable land 65 percent, 
 cleared; iron ore, marble, slate, principal minerals; 53 per cent, of field 
 laborers white ; 72 free public schools for whites, 25 for blacks ; 20 Baptist 
 churches, 30 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian,! Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic; 
 manuficiories of iron, nails, car wheels, ploughs, staves, hollow ware, com- 
 m rcial fertilizers, numerous tlour, corn and saw mills. 
 
64 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [126] 
 
 Rome, the capital town, is on two railroads and navigable stream, is a 
 market town of county, and 78i miles from Atlanta by rail ; 4 banks; 
 (details not reported). 
 
 Cave Spring is a village-of 800 inhabitants — 650 white, 150 black, has 115 
 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 7 churches, 5 schools with 245 scholars, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 4 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 5 physicians, no lawyers nor 
 dentists ; is seat of State Deaf and Dumb Institute. 
 
 Gordon— Population in 1870, 9,268—7,726 while. 1,536 black ; 20 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for tillage, 3 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, of 
 tillable land 75 per cent, is cleared; iron ore, slate, tri poll the principal 
 minerals, but not worked to great extent; 70 per cent, of held laborers white; 
 43 free public schools fur whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist and Methodist prin- 
 cipal religious denominations. 
 
 Calhoun, the capital town, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 2 miles from 
 navigable stream, 80 miles from Atlanta, has a population of 1,000 —800 
 white, 200 black, 200 private dwelllings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 
 100 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 dry goods stores, 8 grocery store?, 4 phy- 
 sicians, 12 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Hesaca, on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 85 miles from Atlanta, on 
 Oostanaula River, village of 210 inhabitants — 200 white, 10 black, 25 private 
 dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 35 scholars, 5 dry goods stores, 
 1 grocery store, 2 physicians. 
 
 Haralson— Population in 1870, 4,004—3,685 white, 319 black ; 7^ per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for cultivation, 3 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 
 of tillable land 27 per cent, cleared; principal minerals, copper and gold ; 6 
 shaftsof copper now worked with success, gold washings to a limited ex- 
 tent ; Q2\ per cent, of farm laborers white ; 21 free public schools for 
 whites, 1 for blacks ; 10 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 6 Primitive Baptist, 1 
 Christian ; 1 wool factory. 
 
 Buchanan the capital town, is 20 miles from Cartersville and Van Wert 
 Railroad, 40 miles from Rome, 55 miles from Atlanta, (details not re- 
 ported). 
 
 Murray— Population in 1870, 6,500—5,743 white, 757 black ; 10 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for tillage ; 50 per cent of tillable land cleared ; 
 gold, silver, lead exist in small quantities but none worked ; also, slate and 
 soapstone, the latter being mined for lubricating purposes ; 80 per cent, of 
 farm laborers white; 30 free public schools for whites, 3 for blacks ; 14 Bap- 
 tist churc'aes, 12 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian ; flour, corn and saw mills only 
 manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Spring Place — the capital town, is 11 miks from Dalton, the market town, 
 on Western and Atlantic Railroad, 15 miles from a navigable sti'eam, has a 
 population of 259 — 250 white, 9 black, 42 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
 churches, 1 school with 30 scholars, 3 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 
 drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Paulding- Population in 1870, 7,639—7,083 white, 556 black ; 8 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous or rocky for cultivation, of tillable land, 53 per 
 cent, cleared ; minerals, gold, iron, copper, asbestus; little mining owing to 
 want of capital ; 90 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 38 free public schools. 
 
[127] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 65 
 
 all for whites ; Baptist churches 25, Methodist 24 ; 1 wool-carding machine, 
 1 shingle machine, only manufactories. 
 
 Dallas, the capital towri, 16 miles from Acworth, on Western & Atlantic 
 Railroad, market town ; 30 miles from Rome and navigable stream, has a 
 population of 177—165 white, 12 black, 30 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 
 churches, 1 school with 30 scholars. 2 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 
 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
 
 Polk— Population, in 1870, 7,822—5.244 white, 2,578 black ; 14 per cent, 
 of county too mou^ntainous for successful tillage ; 44 per cent, of tillable 
 land cleared; pine timber abundant, and of fine quality; principal min- 
 erals—slate, iron, limestone, marble, ochre, manganese; Rockmart slate 
 quarries yield 10 squares per day ; ^tna iron furnace 18 tons pig iron per 
 day, Cherokee furnace 25 tons ; 57i per cent, of field laborers white ; 30 
 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 
 11, Presbyterian 2, Christian 1 ; manufactories of slate 60 hands, iron 300 
 hands, lumber 50, shoes 10, leather 6. 
 
 Cedar Town, the capital town and market, is 7 miles from Selma, Rome 
 & Dalton Railroad, 20 miles from Coosa river at Rome, 10 miles from Cher- 
 okee Railroad, while 2 projected roads cross at the town ; population 900 — 600 
 white, 300 black, 130 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 
 237 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 8 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 
 drug stores, 8 physicians, 11 lawyers. 
 
 Walker— Population, in 1870, 9,925—8,396 white, 1,529 black ; 36J per 
 cent, of county too mountainous for cultivation ; 64 per cent, of tillable 
 land cleared ; principal minerals — coal and iron in great abundance in 
 western part of county, but not mined to any great extent for want of 
 transportation ; marble and limestone also exist in large quantities ; 87 per 
 cent, of farm laborers white ; 42 public free schools for whites, 4 for blacks ; 
 Baptist churches 23, Methodist 20, Presbyterian 2, Bible Christian 1, Second 
 Advent 1, Universalist 1 ; no manufactories worthy of note. 
 
 LaFayette, the capital town, is 20 miles from a railroad, 25 from Chatta- 
 nooga (the market town) and Tennessee river, 12 miles from Tryon Fac- 
 tory, usual market for cotton ; has a population of 200 whites and 60 blacks, 
 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel. 3 churche.«, 3 schools with 30 pupils, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 5 dry goods stores. 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 
 lawyers, and 1 dentist. 
 
 Whitefield— Population, in 1870, 10,117—8,606 while, 1,511 black ; 10 
 
 per cent, of the county too mountainous for tillage; 35 per cent of tillable 
 
 land cleared ; iron ore of various kinds abundant, also limestone ; tripoli, 
 
 a bituminous shale, exists in this and in Floyd, and some other counties, 
 
 which is combustible and yields oil, consequently sometimes mistaken for 
 
 coal ; 45 free public schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; 15 Baptist churches, 17 
 
 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Christian ; 
 
 manufactories — ot furniture 15 hands, iron foundry 5 hands, shoe factory 6f 
 
 tannery 8; 1 flouring mill 2-run stones, several lumber mills ; 82* per cent. 
 
 «f field laborers white. 
 
 Dalton, the capital town, on. Western & Atlantic Railroad, and termintu 
 5 
 
66 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [128] 
 
 of East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad and Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 
 100 miles from Atlanta, 38 from Chattanooga and Tennessee river, has a 
 population of 4,000—3,500 white, 500 black, 700 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 
 1 bank, 11 churches, 11 schools with 400 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers 10 
 dry goods stores. 15 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 9 physicians, 16 lawyers. 2 
 dentists. 
 
 Tunnel mil, on Western & Atlantic Railroad, 7 miles from Dalton, has 
 275 inhabitants — 250 white, 25 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, S 
 churches, 1 school with 75 scholars, 3 mixed stores. 2 drug stores, 3 physi- 
 cians, 2 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 MIDDLE GEORGIA. 
 
 This division embraces thirty-nine counties, and has an area of about 15,000 
 square miles. It extends across the State from the Savannah river in the east, 
 to the Chattahoochee river in the west. Its southern border may be described 
 with tolerable accuracy by a line from Augusta through Macon to Colum- 
 pus. It is marked by the head of navigation of the principal rivers. The 
 northern border may be described by a line running through Athens and 
 Atlanta. It is about one hundred miles in width. Its average elevation is 
 750 feet. The entire region is metamorphic ; its rocks, granite, gneiss, 
 mica, quartzites, hydro-mica schist, with some lim.estone and soapstone. 
 These rocks all extend from the northeast to the southwest, and are crossed 
 frequently at right angles by trap dykes. Its chief minerals are gold, cop- 
 per, lead, asbestus, graphite, chromic iron, serpentine and soapstone. Gold 
 is found in districts wide apart, and has been worked with satisfactory profit 
 in a few localities, more especially in McDuffie, Lincoln, Wilkes and Car- 
 roll. Asbestus is also mined to some extent. The original forest growth 
 consists of red, post, Spanish and white oaks, and black-jack, hickory, 
 short-leaf pine, with some long-leaf on its southern border ; poplar, dog- 
 wood, elm, chestnut, maple, beech, birch, ash, black locust, sweet and 
 black gums, walnut and some cedar. This division has three varieties 
 of soil — red or clay, gray and gravelly, and light and sandy, the last 
 named being limited in extent and confined to the long-leaf pine local- 
 ities on the southern border. The two former possess great produc- 
 tiveness and durability. After the coast country, they were the first 
 settled, and Middle Georgia has continued to be the most populous division 
 of the Stale. While the lowlands are of the best quality, the uplands are 
 unsurpassed in fertility and luxuriance of forest growth by those of any 
 country. A very large proportion of the lands has suffered temporary ex- 
 haustion by injadicious culture which claimed everything from the soil and 
 returned nothing. This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more en- 
 lightened and economical system. It has been ascertained that no soils on 
 the continent are more susceptible of recuperation and respond so bounti- 
 fully to generous (reatment The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted 
 pines, and for twenty or forty years considered useful only as pasturage, 
 have been restored to cultivation, and are now among the most productive 
 lands of the State. The staple field products are cotton, corn, oats and wheat, 
 while all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, may be grown success- 
 fully. The average yields with ordinary culture, are : Cotton,;550 pounds, in 
 
[129] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 67 
 
 seed, per acre ; corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bnshels ; oats, 25 bushels; bar- 
 ley, 30 bushels ; rye, 8 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels ; field peas with 
 corn, 5 bushels. Ground peas, chufas, pumpkins, and, indeed, almost every 
 field product, are successfully cultivated. Very nany farmer? double the 
 above avera2;es year after year, whilst under high culture the product is 
 multiplied four or five times, as will be seen in the chapter on that subject. 
 About 75 per cent, of the farm laborers of this division are negroes, and th« 
 average wages are $8.00 per month and rations. Wages of ordinary mechan- 
 ics vary from $1.50 to $3.00 per day, according to skill. The planting and 
 harvest periods of leading products are: Cotton, April, September to De- 
 cember; corn, March. October ;!wheat, October and November, May and 
 early June ; other fall grains harvested same time ; those sowed in Febru- 
 ary and March harvested in June. The fruits to which the section is best 
 adapted are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, melons of all 
 kinds. The peach attains here, and in South-west Georgia, its greatest per- 
 fection, and immense quantities are raised for export, both in their natural 
 and dried state; the same may be said of the apple and blackberry, though 
 the latter is a spontaneous growth and yields abundantly in a wild state. 
 Almost every other variety of fruit known in the Southern States thrives 
 well in this division. The table vegetables are all grown successfully, the 
 hardier varieties the year round. The climate is a happy medium between 
 those of Southern and Northern Georgia, and, inhealthfulness, equal to that 
 of any part of the world. There is much uniformity of temperature, sudden 
 rises and falls occurring but rarely. The mean annual temperature is 60° to 
 64°. Snow falls about once in three years, the depth varying from li to 4 inches 
 Every portion of the division abounds in running streams, while the spring 
 and well waters are excellent. The difference in elevation between the 
 Northern and the Southern portions of the division being from 650 to 700 
 feet, the water-powers are probably unequalled by those of any similar area 
 on the continent. It would be difficult to fix a limit to its manufacturing 
 facilities in this resoect. The society is good, and the people educated and 
 refined. Immigration is desired and good lands can be bought on liberal 
 terms at from $4.00 to $10.00 per acre. The mineral springs are few, but 
 for curative powers are unsurpassed in the Union. The Indian Spring, in 
 Butts county, and' the Warm and Sulphur Springs, in Meriwether, are 
 famous resorts of invalids, and enjoy a deserved popularity. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Baldwin— Population in 1870, 10,618—3.844 white, 6, 744 black ; 62 per 
 cent, of tillable land cleared, 90 per cent, of field laborers black ; 18 free 
 public schools for whites, 16 for blacks ; Baptist churches 4 Methodist 5, 
 Presbvterian 1, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 — all for whites ; blacks have 
 about same number ; one large cotton factory in county. 
 
 MilledgeviVe, the capital town, is on south bank of Oconee river, is mar- 
 ket town for the county, at crossing of two railroads; has a population of 
 4.000—1828 white, 2,172 black ; 500 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 9 
 churches. 7 schools with 145 scholars. 2 weekly newspapers, 9 dry goods 
 stores, 22 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 7 lawyers and 2 dentists. 
 
 Butts— Population in 1870, 6,941—3,496 white, 3,445 black ; 1 per cent, pf 
 
68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [130] 
 
 county too broken for cultivation, 2 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 45 
 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 50 per cent, of field laborers white ; 17 
 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 6, 
 Presbyterian, 1 ; flour and saw mills abundant, and only manufactories of 
 the county. The famous Indian Spring is in this county. 
 
 Jackson, the county site, is 20 miles from a railroad and market town, 45 
 from head of navigation on Ocmulgee river, has 400 inhabitants— 250 white, 
 150 black ; 40 private dwellings. 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 schol- 
 ars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 1 grocery store, 1 drug store, 4 
 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Campbell— Population in 1870, 9,175—6,589 white, 2.587 black; 63 per cent, 
 of tillable land cleared ; 24 free public schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Bap- 
 tist churches 18, Methodist 8, Lutheran 1, Protestant Methodist 2. Blacks 
 have 6 Baptist and 8 Methodist churches ; wagon and buggy factories, flour 
 and corn mills, the only manufacturing interests. 
 
 Fairhurn, the capital town, is on the Atlanta and West Poinf railroad. 19 
 miles from Atlanta, the market town ; has 550 inhabitants — 400 white, 150 
 black ; 100 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 1 school with 80 scholars, 7 
 dry goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 
 dentist. 
 
 Campbellton, the old capital has a population of 66 — 39 white, 27 black ; 
 15 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 school with 21 scholars, one dry 
 goods store, 2 gror'ery stores, l drug store, 3 physicians. 
 
 Carroll— Population in 1870, 11,782—10,473 white, 1,309 black ; only 15 
 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; entire under strata of county mineral, 
 several gold mines have been extensively and successfully worked, copper 
 and manganese also exist in quantities to justify mining ; 80 per cent, of 
 field labor performed by whites; 63 free public schools .for whites, 10 for 
 blacks, besides private schools ; Baptist churches 31, Methodist 35, Presby- 
 terian 3, Christian ■'; 1 cotton factory, 1 paper mill, numerous flour, corn 
 and lumber mills. 
 
 CarroUton, the capital town, on Savannah, Grifiin and North Alabama 
 Railroad, is market town for the county ; has 1,325 inhabitants — 950 white, 
 375 black ; 200 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 4 schools with 124 pu- 
 pils, 1 weekly newspaper, 12 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 
 6 physicians, 12 lawyers. 1 dentist. 
 
 Clarke— Population, in 1870, 12,941—6,488 white, 6,453 black ; 78 percent, 
 of original forest felled ; 33 per cent of it in cultivation ; 70 per cent, of farm 
 laborers black; State University located in the county; 2 female high 
 schools ; 19 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks ; 9 Baptist churches, 
 6 Methodist, 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish syn- 
 agogue ; the county has 3 cotton factories and 1 paper mill, employing 
 together 200 hands; 1 iron foundry and machine shop, 20 hands; 1 bob- 
 bin mill, 4 hands; 1 door, sash and blind factory, 20 hands; 1 planing mill, 
 besides flour, corn and saw mills in good number and well distributed. 
 
 Athens, the capital town, situated on Oconee river, is the terminus of two 
 rrdlroads connecting it with all parts of the State, is market town for the 
 couny, has a population of 5,979—2,884 white, 3,095 black, 1,200 private 
 
[131] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 69 
 
 dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 11 churches, 14 schools— including State Uni- 
 versity — with 700 scholars, 14 dry goods stores, 21 grocery stores, 2 drug 
 stores, 2 weekly newspapers, 9 physicians, 15 lawyers, 4 dentists. 
 
 Clayton — Population, in 1870, 5,477—3,734 white, 1,743 black; about 1 
 per cent, of county too hilly, and a like per cent, too swampy, for cultiva- 
 tion ; 75 per cent, of field laborers white ; 19 public free schools for whites, 
 6 for blacks; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 10, Presbyterians 1, 
 Lutherans 1 ; 10 flour and corn mills, 1 plough factory, 1 furniture factory, 
 1 carriage factory. 
 
 Jonesboro\ the capital town, is on Central Railroad, 20 miles from Atlanta, 
 the market town. (Details not reported.) 
 
 Columbia— Population, in 1870, 13,529—4,080 white, 9,449 black ; 1 per 
 cent, of county too broken for tillage ; 2i per cent, irreclaimable swamp ; 
 70 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 80 per cent, of field laborers black; 
 22 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks; Baptist churches 10, Method- 
 ist 11 ; Georgia Railroad runs through southern portion of county, and Sa- 
 vannah river forms its northeastern boundary. 
 
 Appling, the capital town, is 10 miles from Savannah river, 9 miles from 
 Georgia Railroad, 22 miles from Augusta, the market town ; has a popula- 
 tion of 114 — 38 whites, 76 blacks, 7 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 
 school with 25 scholars, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physician, 1 
 lawyer. 
 
 Co WKT A— Population, in 1870, 15,875—7,856 white, 8,019 black ; 1 percent, 
 of land too broken for tillage; 48 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 09 per 
 cent, of field laborers black : some gold discovered, but not mined to any 
 considerable extent ; 40 public free schools for whites, 26 for blacks : Bap- 
 tist churches 12, Methodist 15 ; Presbj terian 4, Lutheran 1, Christian 2 ; 1 
 cotton factory, with 50 operatives ; 1 shoe factory ; 1 furniture factory, with 
 5 operatives ; 1 foundry, with 20 operatives. 
 
 Newnan, the capital town, is located at the crossing of the Atlanta & West 
 Point and Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroads, 40 miles from 
 Atlanta, has a population of 2,000—1,200 white, 800 black, 350 private dwell- 
 ings, 2 hotels, 2 banks, 6 churches, 7 schools with 310 scholars, 2 weekly 
 newspapers, 15 dry goods and mixed stores, 13 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 
 9 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 DeKalb— Population, in 1870, 10,014—7,352 white, 2,662 black. Except 
 Stone Mountain and its rocky extensions — about 2,000 acres — the whole 
 county is tillable, and 25 per cent, cleared ; gold exists to a limited extent, 
 but is not mined ; 75 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 39 public free schools 
 for whites, 14 for blacks; Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, the prevailing 
 religious denominations ; 2 cotton factories propelled by water, with 120 
 operatives ; several wagon factories, and ample supply of lumber, flour and 
 corn mills. 
 
 Decatur, the capital town, eligibly situated on Georgia Railroad, 7 miles 
 from Atlanta,, and once a favorite resort in summer months, has 700 inhab- 
 itants — 400 white, 300 black ; 80 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 2 
 
70 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [132] 
 
 schools with 100 pupils, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4 
 lawyers. 
 
 Stone Mountain, situated at the base of the wonderful natural curiosity of 
 that name, and immediately on the Georgia Railroad, 16 miles from At- 
 lanta, has a population of 1,150 — 900 white, 250 black, 140 private dwellings, 
 
 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 weekly new^aper, 3 schools with 180 scholars, 14 
 •tores of mixed merchandize, 6 physicians, 1 lawyer. 
 
 DoDGLAs — Organized since last decennial census, (October 1870) out of parts 
 of Campbell and Carroll ; population not yet ascertained, but large propor- 
 tion white ; 10 oer cent, of county too broken for tillage ; 38 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared; 60 per cent, of field laborers white; no minerals now 
 mined — gold formerly paid well ; magnetic iron ore, copper, and asbestos 
 exist, but not worked for want of capital ; 14 public free schools for white* 
 8 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Christian, 1 Unitarian, 1 
 Lutheran. 
 
 JjouglasvlUe, the capital town, is 18 miles from an operating railroad, bat 
 on one in process of construction, 25 miles from the market town, has 850 
 inhabitants — 800 white, 50 black, 160 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 
 
 2 schools with 60 scholars, 6 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 2 physi- 
 cians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Elbket— Population, m 1870, 9,249 — i,386 white, 4,863 black ; nearly en- 
 tire county tillable ; 65 per cent, cleared , gold, black lead, iron ore have 
 been discovered, but neither mined ; 64 per cent, of farm laborers black 
 about 65 public free schools, very near equally divided between whites and 
 blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 11 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; flour, corn and 
 lumber mills and tanyards the only manufacturing establishments. 
 
 ElberiOH, the capital town, is 13 miles from Savannah river, 40 miles from 
 Athens, 75 from Augusta, 100 from Atlanta, 50 from Toccoa, with which 
 latter place a railroad connection will be formed during the present year — 
 1878; it has 600 inhabitants— 375 whita, 225 black; 74 private dwellings, 1 
 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 120 pupils 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry 
 goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drag store, 3 physicians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Fayette— Population, in 1870, 8,221—5,683 white, 2,538 black; all the 
 lands of the county believed to be tillable, and 50 per cent of them cleared ; 
 SO per cent, of farm laborers white; 21 public free schools for whites, 11 for 
 blacks ; Baptists have 10 churches, Methodists 10, Christians 1. 
 
 FayetieoUle, the capital town, is 9 miles from Jouesboro' on Central Rail- 
 road, 29 miles from Atlanta, the market town, has 130 inhabitants — 100 
 white, 30 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel. 2 churches, 1 school with 30 
 •cholars, 2 mixed stores, 2 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 Fulton— Population, in 1870,33,446—18,164 white, 15,282 lack, about 
 2i per cent, of land foo broken for tillage; 65 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared; 55 per cent, of farm laborerd white; gold, serpentine, asbestus, 
 iron pyrite, with some copper, gnei-s and soapstone, are the principal min- 
 erals ; there are 22 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks, besides many 
 private high schools; 12 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 4 
 Episcopal, 1 Congregational, 1 Christian, 1 Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 1 Hebrew . 
 
[133] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 71 
 
 1 cotton factory, 4 planing mills, 31 railroad car shops, 1 rolling mill, 6 iron 
 foundries, 2 door and sash factories, G merchant flour mills, 2 soap factories, 
 
 1 large brewery, 2 paper mills, 2 ice factories, 1 boot and shoe factory, 3 
 candy factories, 2 paper box and bag factories, 2 cracker factories, 2 cotton- 
 gin factories, 1 manufactory of agricultural implements. 
 
 Atlanta, the capital town, and seat of government of the State, may be 
 said to be the railroad center of the South. It has an altitude of 1,087 teet 
 above the sea, and is located on the wa.er shed which divides the waters of 
 the Atlantic from those of the Gulf of Mexico, in latitude 33°45'19.8", 
 longitude 84°23'29.7". Population, in 1877, 35,956, (now considerably in- 
 creased) about one-third black ; has 8 hotels, 44 churches, 1 medical college 
 with 100 students, 9 public free schools with 4,100 enrolled scholars— 2,500 
 white, 1,600 black — 56 teachers; private schools 5, pupils 350; Atlanta Uni- 
 versity, (colored) 125 students; Theological Seminary, (colored) 50 stu- 
 dents ; 1 daily paper, 8 weekly, 2 monthly, 2 periodicals, (monthly) 15 
 printing offices, 3 binderies, 9 banks, 50 dry goods stores, 9 shoe stores, 490 
 grocery stores, 36 drug stores, 27 fruit stores, 60 licensed physicians, 71 
 licensed lawyers, 8 dentists, 40 places of miscellaneous business. 
 
 Greene— Population, in 1870, 12,454—4,298 white, 8,156 bl/.ck ; the entire 
 county believed to be susceptible of tillage ; 58 per cent, o' It cleared ; 90 
 per cent of field laborers black ; 30 free public schools for whites, 20 for 
 blacks ; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 9, Presbyterians 4, Roman 
 Catholics 1 ; about same number of Baptist and Methodist churches for 
 blacks ; several cotton factories, all now suspended ; wagon and carriage 
 factories, flour, corn and lumber mills abundant — also tanj'ards. 
 
 Greensboro', the capital town, is situated on Georgia Railroad, 87 miles 
 from Augusta, the market town, has 1,200 inhabitants — 600 white. 600 
 black, 70 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 2 
 weekly newspapers, 6 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 
 physicians, 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Union Point is a thriving village situated at the junction of the Georgia 
 Railroad and the Athens branch of the same road ; it is 39 miles by rail 
 from Athens, 78 miles from Augusta and 93 from Atlanta ; population 525 
 — whites 275, blacks 250 ; 4 churches, 2 schools, 6 stores, 3 lawyers, 3 phy- 
 sicians, 1 hotel. 
 
 Hancock— Population, in 1870, 11,317—3,645 white, 7,672 black ; 56 per 
 cent, of tillable land cleared ; 80 per cent, of farm laborer.-^ black ; 34 free 
 public schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 9, Methodist 
 13, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 ; 1 cotton mill, out now 
 suspended ; 1 sash and blind factory ; several cotton-gin and carriage facto- 
 ries. 
 
 Sparta, the capital town, is situated o.i the Macon & Augusta Railroad, 
 50 miles from Macon and 70 from Augusta, the market town, though much 
 cotton sold at the place ; white population 570, black 250, private dwellingi 
 70, hotels 2, banks 1, churches 4, schools 2, pupils 80, 1 weekly .newspaper, 
 13 dry goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 7 physicians, 10 lawyers, 
 
 2 dentists. 
 
72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [l34] 
 
 Habhis— Population, in 1870, 13,284—5,791 white, 7,493 black ; 7 per cent, 
 of county too mountainous for successful tillage ; 75 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared ; 66 per cent, of farm laborers black; 47 public free schools for whites, 
 23 for blacks; Baptists have 11 churches, Primitive Baptists 3, Methodists 
 13, Presbyterians 1 ; 2 cotton factories in the county, one employing about 
 250 hands, the other not in operation ; flour, corn and saw mills abun- 
 dant, and all necessary workshops. 
 
 Hamilton, the capital town is romantically situated in a valley between 
 Pine and Oak mountains — peaks of a detached chain running through Up" 
 son, Talbot and Harris, to the Chattahoochee river. It is within two miles 
 of the present terminus of the North & South Railroad, 22 miles from Co- 
 lumbus, the market town, 20 from West Point, 22i from LaGrange; has 
 1,000 inhabitants— 700 white, 300 black, 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 
 chuiches, 1 female college with 4 professors and 75 students, 2private 
 schools. 1 weekly newspaper. 4 mixed stores, 2 grocery and liquor stores, 1 
 drug store, 3 physicians, 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Hkaed— Population, in 1870, 7,86r.— 5,218 white, 2,648 black ; about 2 per 
 cent, of county too broken for tillage ; same amount of irreclaimable swamp ; 
 50 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 62 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 
 gold, copper, iron and mica exist, but in small quantities; 32 public free 
 schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptists churches 23, Methodist 17. 
 
 Franklin, the capital town, is 15 miles from a railroad, 20 miles from La- 
 Grange, the market town of the county ; has 300 inhabitants— 250 white. 50 
 black, 30 private dwellings, 3 churches, 1 hotel, 1 school with 40 pupils, 11 
 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Hbney— Population, in 1870, 10,102—6,269 white, 3,833 black; about I'i 
 percent, of county too broken for tillage; 3 per cent, too swampy ; of tilla- 
 ble land 68 per cent, cleared ; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white ; some 
 gold and iron, not sufficient for mining ; public free schools for whites 35, 
 for blacks 26; Baptist churches 15, Methodist 10, Presbyterian 1, Bible 
 Christian 1; several wool-carding machines in county; also, wagon, car- 
 riage and lurniture factories. 
 
 McDonough, the capital town, is ten miles from the Central Railroad and 
 market town, 50 miles from Macon ; has 400 inhabitants — 275 white, 125 
 black; 46 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 school with 18 pupils, 4 
 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Jaspke.— Population in 1870, 10,439—3,884 white, 6,555 black ; about 34 
 per cent, of county too broken for proStable tillage, and 1§ per cent, too 
 swampy ; of tillable land 40 per cent, is cleared, 67 per cent, of farm labor- 
 ers black ; 23 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
 12, Methodist 10 ; Presbyterian 1 ; abundant water powers but no manufac- 
 tures except flour, corn and lumber mills, 
 
 Monticello, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Georgia Railroad, and 
 Madison the market town, (details not reported.) 
 
 Jones.— Population in 1870, 9,436—2,991 white, 6,445 black ; about two 
 per cent, of county too hilly for tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 62 
 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 84 per cent, of farm laborers black; 18 
 
[135] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 73 
 
 public free sctiools for whites, 19 for blacks ; Baptist churches 8, Methodist 9 ; 
 flour, corn arid lumber mills abundant. 
 
 Clinton, the capital town, is 6 miles from Macon and Augusta Railroad, 
 12 miles from Macon, the market town ; has a population of 250 — 100 white, 
 160 black, 32 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 2 schools with 70 schol- 
 ars, 2 dry -goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 Lincoln.— Population in 1870, 5,413—1.797 white, 3,G16 black ; about 2i 
 per cent, of county too broken for tillage, 37 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
 64 per cent of farm laborers black; gold, silver, copper, lead, rutile, man- 
 ganese and several precious stones exist ; gold mined extensively by several 
 companies with handsome profits, the mines paying as well as any in State; 
 with capital, gold is destined to become an immense interest ; Norman mine, 
 near Goshen, has yielded very handsomely in last 4 months County has 11 
 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 6, Methodist 
 8, Presbyterian 1; flour, corn and lumber mills, small wood and iron shops 
 the only manufacturing interests. 
 
 Lincolnton, the capital town, is 7 miles from Savannah river, 18 miles 
 from Washington, 20 miles from Thomscyi, on Georgia Railroad, and 45 
 miles from Augusta, the principal market town ; has 146 inhabitants — 106 
 white, 40 black ; 16 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 30 
 scholars, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 
 
 McDuFFiE. — Having been formed in 1871 out of parts of Warren and 
 Columbia, and since the date of the last census, population not ascer- 
 tained; 50 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 68 per cent, of farm laborers 
 black ; gold found in large deposits and veins in northern part of county 
 and worked successfully lor many years, mines still in operation and paying 
 handsomely: copper exists in same section, but is not mined; there are 19 
 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; only religious denominations 
 Baptist and Methodist, former has 5 churches, latter 6, besides churches for 
 blacks ; wagons, buggies, flour, lumber, leather, only articles manufactured 
 in county. 
 
 Thomson, the capital town is on Georgia Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta, 
 same distance from Savannah river ; (details not reported.) 
 
 Meriwether.— Population in 1870, 13,756— 6,387 white, 7,369 black ; 6 per 
 cent, of lands too mountainous or broken for successful tillage, 78i per cent, 
 of tillable land cleared, 80 per cent of farm laborers black ; gold mines in 
 northwestern portion of county been worked on considerable scale and with 
 good success for many years, there are 44 public free schools for whites, 15 
 for blacks; religious denominations, Methodist and Baptist chiefly and 
 about equal in number; some Presbyterians; county noted for its mineral 
 spring. 
 
 QreenviUe, the capital town, is 15 miles from the Atlanta and West Point 
 Railroad, 20 miles from LaGrange, 45 miles from Columbus, both being mar- 
 ket towns ; (details not reported). 
 
 Monroe.— Population in 1870, 17,213—6,409 white, 10,804 black , entire 
 county considered susceptible of cultivation, 85 per cent, of original forest 
 cleared ; 80 per cent, of farm laborers black; copper believed to exist, but 
 no mining ; 31 public free schools for whites, 23 for blacks ; has 10 Baptist 
 
74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA, [136] 
 
 charches, 15 Methodist, I Presbj'terian, 5 or 6 large merchant mills, with 
 many smaller mills. 
 
 Forsyth, the capital town, is situated on the Central Railroad, 26 miles 
 north of Macon, 77 from Atlanta, 12 from Ocmulgee river; has 2,300 inhab- 
 itants — 1,200 white, 1,100 black, 225 private dwellings, two hotels, 1 bank, 5 
 churches, 5 schools including a female college with an aggregate of 250 schol- 
 ars, 1 weekly newspaper, 12 dry -goods stores, 9 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 
 3 physicians, 11 lawyers, 4 dentists. 
 
 MoKQAN.— Population in 1870, 10,696—3,637 white. 7,058 black ; about 5 
 per cent, of county too broken or hilly for profitable cultivation, 2 per cent, 
 irreclaimable swamp, 62i per cent, of original forest cleared, 76 per cent, of 
 farm laborers black , gold mined to a small extent twenty-five years ago ; a 
 bed of mica recently discovered ; county has 34 public free schools for 
 whites, 17 for blacks ; religious denominations, Bjptist 9 churches, Metho- 
 dist 10, Presbyterian 1, Episcopal 1, Primitive Baptist 2 ; 1 cotton factory 
 with 300 operatives, carriage and wagon factories, flour, corn and lumber 
 mills ample for public wants. 
 
 Madison, the capital town, is on the Georgia Railroad 68 miles from At- 
 lanta, 103 from Augusta, and is the market town for the inhabitants gener- 
 ally, has a population of 2,700 — 1,400 white, 1,300 black, 171 private dwell- 
 ings, 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 hotels, 5 schools with 95 scholars. 1 weekly news- 
 paper, 15 dry-goods stores, 17 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 1 hardware store, 
 5 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Newton.— Population in 1870, 14,615—8,601 white, 6,014 black; 63 per 
 cent, of tillable land cleared, 55 per cent, of farm laborers black ; gold found 
 but never mined successfully ; 1 male college, 1 female college, 33 public 
 free schools for whites, 16 for blacks ; Baptists have 12 churches, Methodists 
 12, Presbyterians 3 ; 2 cotton mills now confined to yarns, 1 woolen mill, 
 flour, corn and lumber mills abundant. 
 
 Covington, the capital town and market for county, is on Georgia Railroad 
 41 miles from Atlanta, 130 from Augusta, has 1,250 inhabitants — 600 white, 
 650 black, 250 dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 5 churches, 1 female college, and 
 2 schools for whites, aggregating 200 scholars, 2 schools for blacks, 2 weekly 
 newspapers, 14 dry -goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 1 furniture store, 1 book 
 •tore, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 2 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
 
 Oxford, seat of Emory College, on Georgia Railroad, 1 mile from Coving- 
 ton, has 1,050 inhabitants — 800 white, 250 black, 75 private dwellings, 3 
 churches, 4 schools with 250 scholars, 2 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 2 lawyers. 
 
 Oconee. — County organized February, 1875, from a portion of Clarke, and 
 census not ascertained; of tillable land 58 per cent, cleared, 57 per cent, of 
 farm hands black ; has 19 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks, 8 
 Baptist Churches, 7 Methodist, 4 Christian ; 3 cotton factories on the county 
 line, manufactories of carriages, wagons, leather, shoes. 
 
 Waikinsville, the capital town, is 7 miles from Athens, the market town, 
 game distance from a railroad, has 344 inhabitants — 194 white, 150 black, 34 
 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, 2 schools with 85 scholars, 3 dry-goodf 
 •tores, 1 grocery store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 OoLETHOEPE. — Population in 1870, 11,782 — 4,641 white, 7,141 black ; 3 per 
 
[137] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 75 
 
 cent, of connty too broken for successful cultivation, 50 per cent, of tilla- 
 ble land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; gold and copper ex- 
 ist, a belt of former running through county northeast and southwest, 
 very rich at points and with capital to work it would pay well ; has 29 pub- 
 lic free schools for whites, 9 for blacks; 2 Baptist churches ; 15 Methodist, 
 2 Presbyterian ; no manufactories except the usual mills and shops. 
 
 Lexington, ihe capital town, is 3 miles from Athens branch Georgia Rail- 
 road, 16 miles from Athens, the market town of the county, has a popula- 
 tion of 600 — 225 whites, 375 blacks, 65 private residences, 3 churches, 3 
 schools with 90 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry -goods stores, 3 grocery 
 stores, 3 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Pike.— Population in 1870, 10,905—5,999 white, 4,906 black ; about 2 per 
 cent, of county too broken and same amount too swampy for successful till- 
 age ; of tillable land 70 per cent, cleared, 52 per cent of farm laborers white; 
 31 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks'; 24 Baptist churches, 22 
 Methodist ; 1 Presbyterian ; carriages, buggies, furniture only manufactures 
 of county. 
 
 Zebulon, the capital town, is 9 miles from Central Railroad, 8 and 12 miles 
 from the two market towns, 40 miles from Ocmulgee river; has 250 inhabi- 
 tants — 150 white, 100 black, 28 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school 
 with 50 pupils, 2 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Bamesville, on Central Railroad, 61 miles from Atlanta, 42 from Macon, 
 has 2,100 inhabitants— 1,500 white, 1,100 black, 400 private dwellings, 1 ho- 
 tel, 1 bank, 4 churches, 4 schools including 1 institute, 350 pupils, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 10 dry-goods stores, 12 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 4 physicians, 
 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Milner, on Central Railroad, 54 miles from Atlanta, 49 miles from Macon, 
 has 550 inhabitants— 350 white, 200 black; 75 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 
 churches, 1 school with 65 scholars, 9 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 
 lawyers, 3 physicians. 
 
 Putnam.— Population in 1870, 10,461—3,016 white, 7,445 black ; i of 1 
 per cent, of lands too broken for successful tillage, 2i per cent, too swampy^ 
 50 percent of tillable land cleared, 82 per cent of farm laborers black ; iron 
 pyrite, only mineral of value known to exist; about 40 public free schools 
 with private high school at county site; 12 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, 
 1 Presbyterian ; leather, shoes, flour and lumber principal manufactures ; two 
 cotton factories destroyed during the war never rebuilt, sites among the best 
 in the State. 
 
 Eatonlon, the capital town and market of the county, is terminus of Eaton- 
 ton branch Central Railroad, 40 miles from Gordon, 50 miles from Macon 
 via railroad : 1,601 inhabitants — 600 white, 1,001 black — 100 private dwell- 
 ings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 5 schools including high school with 175 pupils, 1 
 weekly newspaper, 10 dry-goods stores ; 6 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 phy- 
 sician, 7 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Rockdale. — Laid off October, 1870, out of parts of Newton and Henry 
 and census not ascertained ; 4i per cent of lands too rocky for cultivation, 
 68 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 63 per cent, of farm laborers white ; 21 
 public free schools for whites. 11 for blacks ; Baptist churches 10, Methodist 
 
76 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [138] 
 
 10 ; Presbyterian 2 ; 1 large paper mill 30 operatives, 1 cotton factory, buggy 
 and chair factories, flour and lumber mills. 
 
 Conyerf, the capital town and market for the county, is on Georgia Rail- 
 road 31 miles from Atlanta and 140 from Augusta, (details not reported). 
 
 Spalding.— Population in 1870, 10,205—5,327 white, 4.878 black ; 2i per 
 cent, of lands too broken for successful tillage, 3 per cent, too swampy, 63 
 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 57 percent, of farm laborers ■ lack; no 
 minerals ; 22 public free schools for whites, 14 for blacks, besides pri- 
 vate schools ; 16 Baptist churches, 15 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 
 3 Christian, 1 Lutheran ; carriages, wagons, furniture, leather, flour and 
 lumber comprise the manufactures of county. 
 
 y^riffip, the capital town, is on the Central Railroad, 41 miles from At- 
 lanta,, 62miles from Macon, is market town of county ; has 2 banks, (details 
 not reported.) 
 
 Talbot.— Population in 1870, 11,913—4,761 white, 7,152 black ; 6 percent, 
 of lands too mountainous for tillage, 2| per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 71i 
 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; iron ore exists ; public free schools ample 
 for all purposes; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 14, Presbyterian 2, Episcopal 
 I ; 1 gin factory, carriage factories, tanneries, flour and lumber mills, and 1 
 rice mill. 
 
 Talbotton, the capital town, is 7 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 30 
 miles from Columbus, the market town, and from a navigable stream ; has 
 1,000 inhabitants— 600 white, 400 black, 150 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 
 churches, 4 schools with 150 scholars, 2 weekly newspapers, 1 steam flour 
 and corn mill, 4 dry-goods stores, 7 grocery stores. 1 hardware store, 2 drug 
 stores, 3 physicians, 10 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Geneva, on the Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles from Columbus, has 250 
 inhabitants — 175 white, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 
 2 schools with 60 pupils, 6 dry -goods stores, 5 grocery stores, 1 physician, 
 2 lawyers. 
 
 Taliaferro.- Population in 1870, 4,796—1,809 white, 2,987 black ; entire 
 area of county considered tillable, 50 per cent, of land cleared ; 70 per cent, 
 of farm laborers white ; 21 free public schools for whites, 9 for blacks ; 8 Bap- 
 tist churches, 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic ; furniture, 
 carriages, wagons, flour, lumber only manufactures. 
 
 6V< wfordtille, the capital town, is on the Georgia Railroad, 64 miles from 
 Augusta, 107 from Atlanta, has a population of 500 — 300 white, 200 black ; 
 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 3 churches, 1 weekly newspaper, 10 mixed 
 stores, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Teodp.— Population in 1870, 17,632—6,408 white, 11,224 black ; 3J per 
 cent, of land too broken for tillage, 5 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 77 per 
 cent, of tillable land cleared ; mica and asbestus exist in large beds ; 
 41 public free schools for whites, 32 for blacks; Baptist churches 13, 
 Methodist 13, Presbyterian 4; Troup cotton factory has 100 hands, Chatta- 
 hoochee cotton factory on State line 100 hands. 
 
 LaQrange, the capital town, situated on Atlanta and West-Point Railroad, 
 70 miles from Atlanta, 44 miles from Columbus, is market town of the 
 county, has 2,250 inhabitants— 875 white, 1,375 black; 475 private dwellings, 
 
[139] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 77 
 
 2 hotels, 5 churches, 6 schools with 702 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 9 dry- 
 goods stores, 20 grocery stores and confectionaries, 2 drug stores. 5 physi- 
 cians, 18 lawyers, 3 dentists. 
 
 West Point is situated on the Chattahoochee River, is the terminus of the 
 Atlanta and West Point Railroad, 87 miles from Atlanta, 17 miles trom 
 LaGrange, has 2,310 inhabitants— 1,370 white, 940 black; 207 private dwell, 
 ings, 3 hotels, 2 banks, 5 churches, 2 schools with 300 pupils, 2 weekly news- 
 papers, 10 dry-goods stores, 2 shoe stores, 18 grocery stores, 3 drug stores, 1 
 hardware store, 3 warehouses, 7 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Upson.— Population in 1870, 9,430—4.865 white, 4,565 black ; 2 per cent, 
 of county too broken for cultivation, of tillable land 50 per cent, cleared ; 
 minerals — gold, iron, the best of granite and sand stone for building; water- 
 powers unsurpassed; 57 per cent, of farm laborers white; 27 public free 
 schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; Baptist churches 12, Methodist 14, Presby- 
 terian 1, besides negro churches ; 3 cotton factories, 1 wood machine works, 
 flour and lumber mills abundant. 
 
 Tkomaston, the capital town, is the terminus of Thomaston branch of 
 Central Railroad, 17 miles from Barnesville, 78 miles from Atlanta, 60 from 
 Macon ; is the market town of county, has 900 inhabitants — 650 white, 250 
 black; 125 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 150 pupils, 
 1 weekly newspaper, 9 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 5 physicians, 7 
 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Walton.— Population in 1870, 11,038—6,876 white, 4,162 black; li per 
 cent, of county too broken for tillage, 13 irreclaimable swamp; of tillable 
 land 63 per cent, cleared ; 53 per cent, of farm laborers black; 39 public free 
 schools for whites. 10 for blacks ; Baptists have 14 churches, Methodists 9, 
 Presbyterians 1 ; negro churches 8 — all Baptist and Methodist ; 1 cotton 
 factory, 1 woollen mill, numerous flour and lumber mills. 
 
 Monroe, the capital town, is 10 miles from Social Circle, 22 miles from 
 Madison, 24 from Athens ; has 1,000 inhabitants— 700 white, 300 black ; 125 
 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, three schools, with 150 pupils, 6 dry 
 goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
 
 Social Circle, on Georgia Railroad, the market town of the county, 52 
 miles from Atlanta, 119 from Augusta, has a population of whites 550, blacks 
 320— total, 870; 18 private dwellings, 2 hotels 2, churches. 1 school with 65 
 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 2 drug stores, 5 physi- 
 cians, 2 lawyers and 2 dentists. 
 
 Warren.— Population in 1870.10,545—4,285 white, 6,260 black; whole 
 area considered tillable, 25 per cent, cleared and in cultivation. 66 per cent, 
 of farm laborers black ; gold formerly mined with profit, but no mining at 
 present ; 26 public free schools for whites, 10 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
 18, Methodist 20; Rock Mills Cotton Factory employs 175 hands, flour and 
 lumber mills ample. 
 
 Warrenton, the capital town, is on Macon and Augusta Railroad, 50 miles 
 from Augusta, the market town, by rail, 75 miles from Macon, (details not 
 reported), 
 
 Wilkes. —Population in 1870, 11,796—3,969 white, 7,827 black ; i of one 
 per cent, too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 
 
78 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [140] 
 
 63J per cent, in cultivation, 165 per cent, in original forest, 20 per cent, pine 
 old fields, 78 per cent, of farm laborers white ; gold, lead, copper, and iron 
 ores exist, but none mined except gold, to a limited extent; one mine in 
 southeastern portion of county being worked with handsome profit. There 
 are 22 public free schools for whites, 10 for blacks, besides private schools ; 
 14 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman 
 Catholic; carriages, wagons, leather, flour, lumber, and usual wood and 
 iron work, the only manufactures of county. 
 
 Wanhington, the capital town, is the northern terminus of Washington 
 branch Georgia Kailroad, 18 miles from the main line, 75 from Augusta by 
 rail, 52 by wagon road, 20 miles from pole-boat navigation on Savannah 
 river; it has 1,800 inhabitants — 600 white, 1, 200 black, 100 residences for 
 whites, 2 hotels, 1 bank. 3 schools with 130 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 
 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores. 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 10 lawyers, 1 
 dentist. This is the first place in the United States named in honor of the 
 Father of his country. 
 
 EAST GEORGIA. 
 
 This division of the State embraces the country lying between the heads 
 of tide water in the east, and the Ocmulgee River in the west, and south to 
 the corner of Liberty, Tattnall, and Appling, while the counties of Twiggs, 
 Wilkinson, Washington, Glascock, Jefferson and Richmond, indicate itsjlim 
 its in the North. It differs from Middle Georgia in several important respects : 
 its geological formations are tertiary instead of metamorphic; its average 
 elevation is only about 250 feet above the sea ; its surface is more level ; iia 
 soils, for the most part, loamy or sandy; subsoil clay, red and yellow, 4 to 
 6 inches below the surface in claj' lands, 8 to 12 inches in sandy lands ; its 
 forest growth is principally pine; it contains calcareous marls in consid- 
 able deposits. It is also the commencement of the section in which the 
 sugar cane can be profitably cultivated, while its rocks, which are few, are 
 of a sedimentary character, with iron ore and Buhr stono in several locali- 
 ties. Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay are found along its entire length 
 from east to west. Its water powers are less than those of Middle Georgia, 
 and its drinking water, while good, is less cool and pure. While pine is 
 the leading forest growth, and the chief timber for building and export; 
 there are also large bodies of oak and hickory. The soils in such localities 
 are either clayey or gray, mostly the latter, and admirably adapted to the 
 production of cotton and corn ; cypress abounds in the swamps and low- 
 lands. The county of Burke was. for many years, and until the late revolu- 
 tion in our system of labor, the leading cotton producing county of the State 
 The comparatively fresh lands of Decatur have, of late years, enabled her 
 to claim and hold the championship in this particular product. Cotton, 
 with corn, wheat, (the adaptation to which lessens as we proceed south- 
 ward into the pine lands,) oats, rye, barley, sugar cane, potatoes, consti- 
 tute the staple products of the section. The average yields per acre with 
 fair culture: are cotton, 650 lbs. ; corn, 14 bushels ; wheat, 12 bushels ; oats, 
 25 bushels ; cane syrup, 300 gallons; potatoes, 150 bushels ; barley 30 bushels. 
 There is much high culture in the district, and these results are often 
 quadrupled. The seasons for planting and harvesting are nearly the same 
 
[141] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 79 
 
 as those of Middle Georgia, perhaps from 10 to 14 days earlier. The district 
 is famous for its excellent fruit, especially peaches, strawberries aTid melons, 
 large quantities of which are exported annually to northern markets Rich- 
 mond, Burke and Washington being the principal counties engaged in the 
 trade. The fig. grape— especially scuppernong — pear, plum, are all grown 
 successfully. A.11 the vegetables thrive well. 
 
 The district is well watered, and water powers are ample for all purposes. 
 The climate is perceptibly milder in winter than that of Middle Georgia, 
 and the average temperature in summer higher ; snows light, and only fall 
 once in everv' tour or five years. The average price of wood-land in the oak 
 and hickory section is $7 to $10 per acre, and improved lands j64 to $6 ; 
 in the pine country uncleared lands can be b!>ught from $1 to $2 per acre ; 
 improved farms from $3 to $4. Both can be had on a liberal credit. In the 
 upper half of the district, the average wages of good field hands is $9 per 
 month, with rations ; in the pine lands, $7 ; ordinary mechanics, $1 to $2 
 per day. 
 
 The people are among the best in the State, and desire to fill up 
 their surplus lands with industrious and thrifty immigrants. 
 
 The Bermuda and sedge grasses of the old fields in the upper tier of coun- 
 ties, and the wire grass and cane of the southern tier, afford the finest ranges 
 for cattle and sheep the greater portion of the year. The southern countiea 
 abound in fish, deer, and nearly every species of wild game. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Bulloch.— Population, in 1870,5,610—3,866 white, 1,744 black ; county 
 has 6 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 21 per ceat of tillable land cleared, 
 prevailing forest growth pine and cypress, with some oak, hickory, magno- 
 lia, elm ; has 47 public free schools for whites, 5 for blacks; 15 Baotist 
 churches. 5 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic ; 64 per cent, of 
 farm laborers white. 
 
 Statesboro, the capital town, is 10 miles from Central Railroad, 40 miles 
 from Savannah River, 55 miles from Savannah, the market town ; (details 
 not reported). 
 
 Burke— Population in 1870, 17,679—3.866 white, 13,436 black ; 5 per cent, 
 of county irreclaimable swamp, 62 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 76 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; iron ore in abundance and worked with 
 profit during the late war ; Buhr stone of excellent quality, quarried to a 
 limited extent, marl in large and valuable deposits ; 20 public free schools 
 for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churches 13. Methodist 12. Presbyterian 
 2, all for whites ; negroes have about same number ; no manufacturing ex- 
 cept flour and lumber; county regarded as one of the richest and most pros- 
 perous in the State 
 
 Waynesboro, the capital town, is on the Waynesboro branch of the Cen 
 tral Railroad, 30 miles from Augusta, the market town, 100 miles from Sa- 
 vannah, 20 miles from Savannah river; has 800 inhabitants — 400 white, 400 
 black, 51 private residences, 1 hotel. 4 churches, 3 schools with 175 pupils. 1 
 weekly newspaper, 11 stores of mixed merchandise. 2 drug stores, 2 physi- 
 cians. 11 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
do DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [142] 
 
 Dodge. — Having been laid off from parts of Telfair, Pulaski, and Mont- 
 gomery, in 1870, population not given in census of that year; 5 per cent, of 
 county too swampy for cultivation, 15 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 95 
 per cent, of forest growth yellow pine, same per cent, of soil sandy or sandy 
 loam; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white; has 15 public free schools for 
 whites. 3 for blacks, besides private schools; 12 Baptist churches, 10 Meth- 
 odist, 1 Presbyterian ; naval stores and lumber leading manufactures, saw- 
 mills and turpentine distilleries numerous, 3 shingle factories. 
 
 Eastman, the capital town, on Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 56 miles 
 from Macon, 130 miles from Brunswick, 12 miles from Ocmulgee river; has 
 a population of 500—300 white, 200 black ; 1 splendid hotel — a favorite 
 winter resort for northern invalids, 30 private residences, some very elegant ! 
 no churches, 1 high school with 40 scholars, I weekly newspaper, 5 dry- 
 goods stores, 4 grocerj' stores, 3 physicians, 6 lawyers. 
 
 Emanuel.— Population in 1870, 6,134 — 4,431 white, 1,703 black; has 4 per 
 cent, irreclaimable swamp, 11 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 82 percent, 
 of farm laborers white ; 33 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks ; 22 
 Baptist churches, 8 Methodist ; 3 steam and 2 water lumber mills, 3 distil- 
 leries of turpentine, 2 carriage factories. 
 
 Swainsboro, the capital town, is 17 miles from Central Railroad, is the ter- 
 minus of a. projected branch road ; is 4 miles from Ohoopee river, 80 miles 
 from Savannah, the market town of county; has 420 inhabitants — 400 
 white, 20 black ; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 school with 40 
 scholars, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry-goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 3 physi- 
 cians. 4 lawyers. 
 
 Glascock.— Population in 1870, 2,736—1,917 white, 819 black ; about 1 
 per cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared ; 
 about 20 per cent, of soil clay, rest sandy; 66 per cent, of farm laborers 
 white ; 12 public free schools for whites, 4 for blacks ; 6 Baptist and 7 Meth- 
 odist churches. 
 
 Gibson, the capital town, is 14 miles from Augusta and Maccn Railroad, 
 15 miles from Central Railroad, 40 miles from Augusta, the market t©wn, 
 (details not reported). 
 
 Jefferson.— Population, in 1870, 12,190—4,247 white, 7,943 black ; 6 per 
 cent, of the county too swampy for cultivation, 70 per cent, of lands sandj', 
 same proportion originally pine forest ; of tillable land, 59 per cent, cleared ; 
 74 per cent, of farm laborers black ; a a quarry of superior Buhr stone in 
 south-eastern corner has been worked with profit, no other minerals re- 
 ported ; there are 32 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist 
 churches 10, Methodist 11, Presbyterian 3, Roman Catholic, 1 ; flour and 
 lumber mills the only manufactures of county. 
 
 Louisville, the capital town, and for many years the capital of the State, is 
 10 miles from the Central Railroad, 45 miles from Augusta. 110 miles from 
 Savannah, the market town of the county ; has 550 inhabitants — 300 white, 
 250 black ; 75 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 4 schools with 70 pupils, 
 1 weekly newspaper, 6 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 phy- 
 sicians, 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
p48] 
 
 MA"NUAL OF GEORGIA. "81 
 
 Johnson.— Population, in 1870, 2,964—2,049 white, 915 black; forest 
 growth chiefly pine, 16 per cent, cla}'- lands, with oak and hickory 
 growth, 5 percent, irreclaimable swamp; about 20 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared; 80 per cent, of farm laborers white; several deposits of marl, but 
 not utilized ; 14 //nbiic free schools, all for whites ; Baptist churches 6, 
 'Methodist 11; no manufacturing. 
 
 WriqliUvile. the capital town, is 15 miles from Central railroad, 120 frora 
 ■Savannah, principal market to-wn, 89 miles from Augusta, 70 miles from 
 Macon, (details not reported). 
 
 Laukens.— Population, in 1870, 7,834—4,180 white. 3,654 black; 2\ per 
 ■cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 29 
 per cent, clay lands, 80 per ceHt. sandy and sandy loam; 58 per cent, of 
 farm laborers black ; prevailing forest growth yellow pine of best quality 
 for lumber; 31 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches 
 18, Methodist 8 ; flour, lumber, wagons and leather the only mantifactures 
 ■of county. 
 
 Dublin,, the capital town, is on the Oconee River, 25 miles from Central 
 Railroad, 30 miles from Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 55 miles from 
 Macon. 160 from Savannah ; population 532— white 233, black 299; private 
 dwellings — of whites 46, blacks 34 ; hotels 2, churches— for v/hites 1, for 
 •blacks 1 ; schools— for whites 1 with 4:6 pupils, for blacks 1 with 40 pupils ; 
 weekly newspapers 2, dry goods stores 7, grocery stores 8, drug stores 1, 
 (physicians 2. lawyers 5, steam grist mills 2, steam saw mills 1, steam gins 2. 
 
 Montgomery. — Populat>ion in 1870, 3,576—2,488 white, 1,108 black ; 2 per 
 <!ent. ot lands too brok-en for successful tillage, 4 per cent, irreclaimable 
 swamps, 7 per cent, of tillable land cleared, forest growth chiefly lono-leaf 
 pine of best quality ; with hickory, cypress, maple, poplar, in low land; some 
 ismall deposits of marl, large ones of peat, neither utilized in farming ; 72 per 
 •cent, of farm laborers white; 20 public free schools, all for whites; Baptist 
 ■churches 10, Methodist 18, Presbyterian 2 ; wool-carding, flour, and 
 lumber mills in good supply; lumber and turpentine staple products. 
 
 Mt. Vernon^ the capital town, is situated on Oconee River, (navigable) Vl 
 miles from Macon and Brunswick R. R., 100 miles from Savannah, the 
 market town, though much produce sold at railroad stations; has 157 in- 
 habitants— 97 white, €0 black, 24 private dwellings, 2 hotels. 1 church 
 buikKng with two congregations, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 dry-o-oods 
 stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physicau, 5 lawyers. 
 
 Pulaski.— Population in 1870, 11,940—5,955 white, 5,984 black ; 4 per 
 •cent, of county irreclainiable. swamp, 4 5 per cent, of tillable lands cleared 
 73 per cent, of farm, laborers black , some calcareous marls, but not utilized • 
 29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptist churches 20, Meth- 
 •odist 15, Episcopal i, Presbyterian 1; 1 cotton factory, 3,000 spindles. 1 wooll- 
 ■carding machine, 5 carriage shops, flour and lumber mills, ordinary work 
 shops in good number ; I of forest timber pine and of superior quality. 
 
 Emokinaoilhe, the capital town, is on the west bank of Ocmug-ee River 
 and Mie terminus of a branch of Macon and Brunswick R. R., 53 miles from 
 Macon by rail; is principal market town of county ; has 1 bank, (details 
 not reported.) 
 6 
 
82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [144]" 
 
 Richmond— Population in 1871, 25,724—13,157 white, 12,567 black ; 5 per 
 cent, of county irreclaimable swamp, 70 per cent, of tillable land already 
 cleared; 75 per cent, of forest growtli long-leaf pine; rest oak, hickory, 
 poplar, gum, walnut; 65 per cent, of field laborers white; kaolin in large' 
 quantities is shipped to northern cities ; public free schools, (country) have 
 45 teachers, average number of pupils 1,102 ; Baptist churches 18, Methodist 
 18, Episcopal 3, Presbyterian 4, Roman Catholic 2, Lutlieran 1, Unitarian 1, 
 Christian 1, Hebrew 1 : 4 large cotton factories, 3' large merchant flour mills, 
 2 fertilizer manufactories. 
 
 Augusta, the capital town, is situated on the west bank of Savannah 
 River, 250 miles by water from its mouth, and is the terminus of 5 rail- 
 roads; popuiaiion, in 1877, 23,768—15,136 white, 8,632 black; has 500 pri- 
 vate dwellings, 4 hotels, 17 churches for whites, 12' for blacks; 4 high' 
 schools wl'.h 7 teachers, 166 average number of pupils; city common schools 
 with S'O teachers, average number of pupils 1,363 ; private sciiools with 14' 
 teachers and 300 pupils; 6 banks, 2 daily newspapers, 1 weekly newspaper, 
 1 medical college, 34 dry goods stores, 188 grocery stores, 17 drug stores, 52 
 lawyers, 42 physicians, 9 dentists. Manufactories : Augusta Factory, man- 
 ufactures sheeting, shirting and drilling ; has 24,000 spindles, BOGiooms, an- 
 nual production, 314,878 pieces, 14,777,337 yards, 4,646,108 pounds, capital 
 $600,000; Enterprise Manufacturing Company slieeting and drilling; has 
 7,300 spindles (to be increased to 12,800), capital $150',000 ; Richmond Fac- 
 tory, osnaburgs, stripes, thread and woolen goods, 3,506 spindles, capita! 
 $60,000; Globe Cotton Mills, bats, yarn and warp, 1,500 spindles ; Augusta Ca- 
 nal Manufacturing Comi>any, carpet yarn, twine, etc., 1,020 spindles. Three 
 large merchant flour mills — Paragon, Excelsior, Forest — stones and capacity 
 not ascertained ; Barry's Chemical Fertilizer Manufacturing Company, and 
 Georgia Chemical Works, capital, etc., not ascertained. 
 
 Screven— Population, in 1870, 9,175-4,287 white, 4,888 black ; 3i per 
 cent, of lands irreclaimable swamp, 12 i>er cent, of tillable land cleared ; 56 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 66 per cent, of soil sandy, same per Cent, 
 of forest growth pine; of minerals— limestone abundant in north-west part 
 of county and burned to considerable extent ; Buhr stone also quarried to 
 some extent, calcareous marls exist in good supply and are accessible ; there 
 are 29 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks ; Baptists have 30- 
 churches, Methodists 3, Christians 1; 2 turpentine distilleries with 100- 
 operatives in each, sfeveral wagon, carriage ani plough factories, flour and 
 lumber mills ; cattle and wool are large interests. 
 
 Sylvania, the capital town, is 12 miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
 from Savannah River, 60 miles by rail to Savannah, the market town ; has 
 300 inhabitants— 200 white, 100' black ; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2' 
 churches, 1 school with 35 pupils, 3 mixed stores, 1 physician, 6 lawyers. 
 
 Tatnall.— Population in 1S70, 4,860—3,580 white, 1,280 black ; the entire 
 area reported susceptible of cultivation, 4 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
 87i per cent, sandy pine land, 6S per cent, of farm laborers white, some 
 calcareous marls ; large quanties of peat available for agricultural purpos- 
 es.; 29 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; Baptists have 11 chur- 
 ches, Methodists 14; timber and lumber chief manufactures, large trade in, 
 both ; sheep and stock range excellent and perennial. 
 
[145] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 83 
 
 Reidsville, the capital town, is 40 miles from Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 
 S2 from Macon and Brunswick Railroad. 12 miles from Altamaha River, 2 
 miles from Great Ohoopoe, both navigable; has 85 white inhabitants, 12 
 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 bank, 1 school with 30 pupils, 2 dry goods 
 stores, 2 grocery stores. 1 physician. 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Telfair.— Population in 1870, 3,245 ; 2,100 white, 1,145 black ; has 8 per 
 cent, of irreclaimable swamp, 17 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 50 per 
 cent, stiff pebbly soil, rest sandy ; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white; long 
 leaf pine exclusive growth ot uplands, timber of superior quality ; 17 pub- 
 lic free schools for white , 3 for blacks; Baptists have 6 churches, Metho- 
 dists 10 ; 1 steam shingle and grist mill, 2 steam saw mills, 6 turpentine dis- 
 tilleries. 
 
 Mcllae, the capital town, on Macon and Brunswick Railroad, 8') miles 
 from Ma: on, 130 from Savannah, the market town, 17i miles from Ocraul- 
 gee river, has 350 inhabitants — 200 white, 150 black ; 25 private dwellings, 
 1 church. 1 school with 30 pupils, 3 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 
 lawyer, no physician. 
 
 Twiggs. — Population in 1870, 8,545 — 2,913 white, 5,632 black ; 5 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 per cent, of tillable land cleared, about 
 60 per cent, sandy pine land, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 1^" public 
 free schools for whites, 10 for blacks ; Baptists have 6 churches, Methodists 9 ; 
 flour and lumber only manufactures. 
 
 Jfffersonville, the capital town, is 12 miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
 from Ociiuilgee river, 23 miles from Macon, the mai-ket town; (details not 
 reported.) 
 
 Washington.— Population in 1870,15,842—7,530 white, 8,312 black; 3i 
 per cent, of area irreclaimalile swamp, 52i per cent, of tillable land cleared. 
 oO per cent, clay soil with oak and hickory growth, remainder sandy with 
 pine forest; 81 per cent, of field laborers black; of minerals — o^jal (while, 
 gray, yellov/,) extensive beds of calcareous marl, kaolin, potter's clay, 
 etc., etc. ; 46 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; Baptists and Meth- 
 odists have, each, about 20 churches, Roman Catholics 1, Bible Christians 
 4 ; 1 pottery, lumber and flour mills the only manufacturing interests. 
 
 Sandersville, the capital town, is the terminus of a short railroad connect- 
 ing with Central Railroad at Tennille, 60 miles from Augusta, 65 miles 
 from Macon, 135 miles from Savannah, the market town, 14 miles from 
 Oconee River; has 1,050 inhabitants — 700 white, 350 black, 125 private 
 d^vellings, 1 hotel, 6 churches, 3 schools with 200 pupils, 2 weeklj^ newspa- 
 pers, 14 dry goods stores, 7 grocery stores, 4 physicians, 13 lawyers, 1 
 dentist. 
 
 Tennille, on Central Railroad. 55 miles from Macon, 136 from Savannah; 
 (details not reported). 
 
 Wilkinson— Population in 1870, 9,383—4,684 white, 4,699 black ; U per 
 cent, of area too broken for profitable tillage, 21 per cent, irreclaimable 
 awamp, 60 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 50 per cent. sand\'^ pine land — 
 rest clay witn oak and hickory growth ; 57i per cent, of laborers black ; 42 
 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; Baptists have 20 churches, 
 Methodists 12, Ex)iscopalians 1, Roman Catholics 1 ; flour and lumber mills 
 are the only manufactures. 
 
84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [1^6] 
 
 Irwinion, tlie capital town, is 3i miles from the Central Railroad, 30 miles 
 from Macon, the market town of the county ; has 275 inhabitants — 225 
 white, 50 black; 35 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 union church ; 1 school 
 with 50 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 3 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 4 
 physicians, 8 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. 
 
 This division embraces 13 counties, and comprises the coast and tide-w^a- 
 ter section of the State. The entire region is terdary and mostly without 
 rocks. It is the last formed and first settled portion ot Georgia, and its area 
 of dry land is being gradually added to year after year through the action 
 of the tides. It is low and level, the average elevation being less than 100 
 feet. 
 
 It has three distinct soils : 1, light, sandy and poor; 2, dark sandy loam 
 containing a large amount of vegetable matter; 3, reddish and clayey. The 
 first is nutnraliy unproductive and covered with stunted pines and saw pal- 
 metto; but sw^amp muck being abundant, with a proper distribution of it 
 over the land, it may be cultivated with reasonable success. The second va- 
 riety is covered with a natural growth of yellow pine, magnolia, red bay, 
 live-oak, cedar, and cabbage palmetto, and in productiveness is v:xcelled by 
 no land in the State ; it has a yellow clay subsoil, varying from 10 inches to 
 3 feet; Sea-island cotton, corn, and sugar cane grow in the greatest luxuri- 
 ance. The third variety is also very productive, pine, oak, hickory and 
 gum being the prevailing forest growth ; subsoil clay, red and yellow ; av- 
 erage depth below the surface 8 to 12 inches. It is the great rice-producing 
 section of the State — the broad bottoms of the Savannah, the two Ogeechees. 
 the Altaniaha, and Saltilla, being devoted almost exclusively to that cereal. 
 It is also grown to a less extent on the St. Mary's, and considerable quanti- 
 ties on inland swamps, the irrigation in thelatter being effected by meansof 
 '"backwater," collected from rains and secured by dams. Sea island, or 
 long sta})le cotton, was the only variety formerly grown, but of late years 
 the short staple has been introduced and cultivated with fair success. Corn, 
 oats, pumpkins, potatoes, ground-peas all do well. The Se.i-islands are 
 devoted almost exclusively to cotton, com, cane, fruits and vegetables. Cy- 
 press and palmetto abound in the swamps and river bottoms. 
 
 Average yield, per acre, of staple crops, with fair cultivation : Sea-island 
 cotton, COO lbs. in seed ; corn, 15 bushels ; oats, 25 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; 
 cane syrup, 300 gallons ; potatoes, 200 bushels. On best lands — 1.500 lbs. 
 seed cotton, GO bushels lice, 600 gallons syrup, 50 bushels corn, 40 bushels 
 oats, 400 bushels potatoes — are often produced on one acre. Corn i)lanted 
 middle of February till 1st of June, gathered in August and September ; 
 cotton planted March and April, gathered in autumn months; rice planted 
 March to June, harvested last of August till 1st October; cane planted Feb- 
 ruary and March, cut in October and early in November; potatoes planted 
 March to June, gathered July to November; oats sowed in October, har- 
 vested in May. 
 
 Average wages of good farm hands, per month, with rations, $9 ; of ordi- 
 nary mechanics, $1.50 to $2.50 per day. 
 
[147] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 85 
 
 The fruits best adapted to the soil and climate, are the figs, melons of all 
 kinds, scap[)ernong grapes, pomegranates, sand or LeConte iiears, some 
 varieties of apples, strawberries; the orange, lemon, lime and banana, are 
 also grown successfully. 
 
 Tliis section exports, annually, large quantities of fruits, chiefly melons — 
 also vegetables ; nearly every variety of the latter attains to great per- 
 fection. 
 
 The climate is delightful in winter, the mean temperature being about 
 ■48" ; nor is the h^at oppressive in summer, 79'' being the mean tempera- 
 ture. The mercury seldom rises above 90*^ or falls below 32". The bracing 
 influences of the sea-breezes is felt throughout tliissection. Snow is rarely 
 seen, and never sufHcicnt to lie on the ground half a day. Along the coast 
 and off the fresh water rivers, the section is among the healtliicst in the 
 State. 
 
 The district is well watered by running streams, and all parts of it con- 
 venient to maricet. Drinking water, though not cold, is good and whole- 
 some. Railroads penetrate every county, except two, and they are well 
 supplied with navigable streams, connecting with inl.uid steantboat navi- 
 gation from Savannah to Florida. The pine lands of this section are 
 well timbered, and under good culture, produce tine crops. It may be 
 bought at from 50 cents to $2.00 per acre, and on a liberal credit ; improved 
 lands of the second quality mentioned, are worth from $5 to §10 per acre; 
 good river rice lands, from $25 to $30 per acre. 
 
 In Effingham, Camden, Wayne and Charlton, there are large dejiosits of 
 calcareous marl, where it can be utilized to the greatest advantage in agri- 
 <nilture. Our State Geologist, in commenting on this division of tiie State, 
 uses the following langrage: 
 
 " I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a 
 comfortable supjiiy of food with less effort, and can see no reason why the 
 whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section of 
 Prussia wliere Frederick tlie Great founded the city of Berlin from which 
 capital, within this decade, terms have been dictated to tiie continent ot 
 Europe. There is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the 
 two sections, and, should the tide of German emigration be turned hither, 
 there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the 
 Fatherland." 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Appling.— Population, in 1870, 5,030—4,110 white, 97G black; ten per 
 cent, of tillable land cleared, per cent irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent of 
 field laborers wliite ; public free schools for whites, 27; for blacks, 3; Bap- 
 tists have 5 churches; Metiiodist. 10; 300 persons engaged in the ma:iufac- 
 ture of turpentine, rosin, etc. 100 in lumber, 200 in timber; 1 bedstead fac- 
 tory, 1 chair factory. 
 
 Baxicy, the capital town, is on the Macon & BurnswickEailroad.OO miles 
 from Savannah, 70 miles from Brunswick, 10 miles from Altamaha River; 
 has 275 inhabitants— 200 white, 75 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 
 school with 25 pu[)i)s, G dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 physicians, 4 
 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
86 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [148] 
 
 Bryan, — Popalation, in 1870, 5.252 — 1,G47 white, 3,G0o blaclc ; has 15 per 
 cent, irn'clainiable swamp, 30 per cent of tillable land cleared ; 55 per cent, 
 of farm laborers white ; marls abundant ; public free schools for whites 12, 
 for black 2 ; Baptist churches 5, Methodist 6. The rice lands of Bryan are 
 among the most productive and valuable in the State. 
 
 Eden, the capital town, is a very small village, without business, and con- 
 taining little else than a court house; is about 8 miles from the Atlantic & 
 Gulf Railroad, and same distance from Central Railroad, 20 miles Irom Sa- 
 vannah, the market town, and 3 miles from the Cannouchee River, a navi- 
 gable stream. 
 
 Camden.— Population in 1870,4,615—1,458 white, 3,157 black; a small 
 proportion of county irreclaimable swamp, 25 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared, the rice lands not excelled anywhere in the South, and are quite ex- 
 tensive, the average product 60 bushels per acre; marl beds of best quality 
 exist on Satilla river; has 11 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks; 
 10 Baptist ciiurches, 10 Methodist, 1 Ei>iscopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Roman 
 Catholic; lumber the only manufacture of county, exjMjrted in large quan- 
 tities. 
 
 St. Mari/s, the capital town, is situated on St. Mary's River, in sight of 
 the ocean, 45 miles from a railroad, is the market town for the county ; has 
 1,200 inhabitants — 550 white, 650 black, 64 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 
 churches, 5 schools with 130 pupils, 9- mixed stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawj''ers, 
 several large steam lumber mills. 
 
 Charlton.— Population in 1870, 1,8&7— 1,496 white, 401 block ; 33 per cent, 
 of county, included in Okefinokee swamp, 5 per cent, of tillable land cleared 
 90 per cent, of farm laborers white; marls of best quality abound in the 
 county; public free schools 10: Methodist churches 6, Baptist 2;^ cotton gin 
 factories, shingle and stave works, and lumber mills the only manufactur. 
 ing establishments. 
 
 Trader's Hill, the capital town, is on the St. Mary's River, a navigable 
 stream, 45 miles from its mouth; has 65inbal>itauts — 25 white, 40 black 
 12 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 1 church, school with 25. puoils, 3 dry -goods 
 stores, 1 grocery store, 1 lawj'er, no physician. 
 
 Chatham.— Population in 1870 41,279— 16,760 white, 24,518 black; ha.s 
 about 10 per cent, irreclaimable swamp, 12 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
 90 per cent, of farm laborers black; chief products rice, vegetables, fruits; 
 about 100 public and private schools ; Methodist churches 12, Baptist 14, 
 Presbyterian 6, Episcopal 4, Roman Catholic 3, Congrogatianal 2, Lutheran 
 1, Jewish Synagogues 3; manufactories — rice mills for threshing 15, capital 
 invested $200,000, hands en)ployed 450; rice mills for cleaning 5, capital in- 
 vested $500,000, bands employed 40; agricultural implements 1, capital in- 
 vested $3,000, hands employed 12 ; barrel and cask factories 2, capital $5,000, 
 hands eniployedSO; flour and corn mills 5, capital $75,000, hands employed 
 40; wagon, carriage and dray factories 9, capital $75,000, hands employed 
 40; 1 paper mill, capital $80,000, hands employed 40; engine and car facto- 
 ries 2, capital $150,000, hands employed 507; 1 cotton lactory, 1 fertilizer 
 factory, 4 iron and brass foundries ; 4 lumber mills, capital $50,000, hand* 
 
C149I1 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 87 
 
 •employed 80; 4 manufactories of lumber, capital $G0,000, hands employed 
 120. 
 
 Savannah, the capital town and tirst capital of the State, is situated on the 
 bank of the river a£ that name, eighteen miles from its mouth, in lati- 
 '.tude 32° 04' 52", longitude 81° 05' 26". It is the terminus of three trunk 
 lines of railroad, and its ship tonnage, foreign and coastwise, amounted in 
 1877 to 1,176,562; men 31,504. It is the second cotton port in rank in the 
 .Southern States; has .-a population of about 28,000-15,000 white, 13,000 
 •black ; 5, GOO private dwellings, 8 hotels, 34 churches, 6 banks, 1 daily news- 
 paper, 5 weekly newspapers, 27 dry-goods stores, 217 grocery stores, 21 drug 
 stores, 40 physioins, 64 lawyers, 10 dentists. 
 
 Clinch.— Population, in 1870, 3,945—3,437 white, 507 black ; has 18 per 
 cent, of irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent of tillable land cleared ; soil sandy 
 "throughout; 75 per cent of farm laborers white; has 21 public free schools 
 for wbites, 1 for blacks; Baptist churches, 16; Methodist, 7; Second Ad- 
 ventists, 1 ; lumber business employs 150 hands, and naval stores 150, both 
 interests prospero'ds, 
 
 HoinervUle, the capital town, is on Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 122 miles 
 ■from Savannah, the market tov/n, 50 miles from navigation on Satilla River; 
 has 400 inhabitants— 250 white, 150 black ; 50 private dwellings, 2 churches, 
 1 hotel, 2 schools with 50 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 2 phy- 
 sicians, 2 lawyers. 
 
 Coffee.— Population in 1870, 3,192— 2,514 white, 678 black; 25 percent, of 
 area irreclaimable swamp, 25 percent, of tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, 
 of field labor performed by wliites; there are 20 public free schools for 
 whites, 1 for blacks ; the Baptists have IG churches, Methodists 15, Roman 
 Cathcilics 1 ; lumber and grist mills the only manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Donglan, the capital town, is 20 miles from a railroad, 15 from a navigable 
 stream and 20 from the market town of the county (other details not re- 
 ported.) 
 
 Echols. — Population in 1870, 1,972 — 1.513 white, 405 black ; 33 per cent, 
 ■of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent of tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, 
 ■of farm laborers white; large beds of limestone on Alapaha River; has 13 
 public freeschools far whites, 1 for blacks; Baptists have 7 churelies, Meth- 
 odists 4, Christians 1; no manufactories.; county abounds in Unest pine 
 .timber. 
 
 Sla'.euvillp, the capital town, is Q\ miles from the Florida branch of the At- 
 lantic & Gulf Railroad, and 20 miles from the market town; has 195 in- 
 habitants — 165 whites, 30 blacks ; 10 private dwellings, 1 church, 1 hotel, 1 
 school with 30 pupils, 2 dry goods stores, no physicians or lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Effingk.\m.— Population in 1870, 4,214—2,507 white, 1,704 black; about 
 10 per cent, of the county irreclaimable swamp, but 5 per cent, of tillable 
 land cleared, all sandy with deep clay subsoil ; abundant beds of excellent 
 •calcareous marl on Savannah river; 57 per cent, of field labor performed 
 by whites; 10 public free scliools well distributed, besides private schools; 
 :7 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist, 5 Lutheran. 
 
 Sipring field, the capital to.wu, is six miles from Central Railroad, 12 miles 
 
X 
 
 J 
 
 ^ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [150|! 
 
 from Savannah river; has 33 inhabitants — 25 white, 8 black; 10 private- 
 dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry -goods store, 1 grocery 
 store, 1 physician. 1 lawyen 
 
 Glynn.— Population in 1870, 5,376— 1,02G. white, 3,450 black ; 20 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 10 per cent of tillable land cleared; marl of 
 excellent quality exists ; f>8 per cent, of farm laborers wiiites ; public free 
 school system is imperfectly organized; Baptist churches 4, Methodist 6,- 
 Presbyterians 1, Episcopal 1, Roman Catholic 1 ; lumber and naval stores 
 are the important interests of tlie county, and large exports are annually 
 made of each. 
 
 ^•unawick, the capital town is situated on St. Simon's Sound, opposite the- 
 tuoutli of Turtle river, and is the terminus of two tnink lines of railway , i' 
 has 2,700 inhaljitants—l\500 white, 1,200 black ; 700 private dwellings, 2 ho- 
 tels, 9 churches, 2 banks, G schools with 300 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 
 dry -goods stores, 20 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 6 physicians, 8~ lawyers, 3- 
 dentists. 
 
 Liberty.— Population in 1870, 7,688—2,428 white, 5,2G0 black ; has much 
 swamp land, bui nearly all considered reelaimable ; of tillable land only 10- 
 per cent, is cleared ; large deposits of marl on North Newport river near- 
 Dorchester; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black; 29 public free schools for? 
 whites, 24 for blacks; Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian the prevailing, 
 religious sects. 
 
 Walthourville, the capital town, is situated ou tha Atlantic and Gult Rail- 
 road, 38 miles from Savannah, the maiket town of the county ; ha& 395 in- 
 habitants — 195 white, 200 black ; 34 private dwellings, no hotel, 3 churches, 
 3 schools with 30 pupils, 4 mixed stores, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 MclNTOSH..—Populati.on in 1870,- 4,484—1,196 white, 3,288 black,; 15 per- 
 cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 30 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 95' 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; lumber mills the only manufacturing in- 
 terest of the county — rice its chief agricultural product ; 5 public free- 
 schools for whites, 6 for.blacks ; 6. Baptist churches, 5- Methodist, 2 Presby- 
 terians, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Gatholic. 
 
 Darien, the capital town, is situated on the Altamaha river, 4r.miles from 
 its mouth, 30 miles irom Atlantic &. Gulf Railroad, GO nules from Savan- 
 nah ; has 7 large steam saw mills, employing 125hands, and is the largest 
 lumber port on- the South- Atlantic coast ; has 1,500 inhabitants — 500 white, 
 1,000 black ; 400 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6' churches, 1 weekly newspa- 
 per, 2 schools, Wfth 150 pupils, 10 dry goods stores, 15 grocery stores, 4. 
 physicians, 5 lawyers 
 
 Pierce.— Population in 1870-, 2.788—1,964 V7.hite; 814 black ; 7i per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent, of tillable lanjl cleared, 83 per 
 cent, of farm, laborers white ; lands all sandy, but swamp muck abundant 
 and convenient ; has 17 public free schools for whites, 3 for blacks ; 7 Bap— 
 fcist churches, 3 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 4< steam lumber mills, employ- 
 ing 40 hands each, 5- turpentine distilleries, from 40 to 60- hands each. 
 
 Blackxliear, the capital town, is on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 8G miles 
 from Savannah, the market town, has 800 inhabitants— 425 white, 375 black; 
 125 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 5 churches, 5 schools with 147 pupils, 1 
 
[15.1"} MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 89 
 
 weekly newspaper, 7 dry g;oods stores, (> grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 phy- 
 sicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Wabb— Pr.pnlatian in 1870,2,286—1,834 white. 452 black; about 33 per 
 cent, of county included in Okefinokee Swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable land 
 cleared, lands all sandy with clay subsol ; large deposits of marl of excellent 
 quality on S'ltilla river. 75 per cent, of farm laborers white; 18 public free 
 schools for whites, 3- for black; 3 Baptist churches, G Methodist; 6- steam 
 lumber mills and 1 turpentine distillery, employing 210 bands. 
 
 Waycrosfs, the capital town, is situated at the intersection of the Atlantic 
 and Gulf and the Brunswick and Albany Railroads, D&nwles from Savan- 
 nah, 57 miles from Brunswick, 2 miles from Satilla river, a navigable stream, 
 has 345 inhabitants— 30O white, 45^ black; 30 private dwellings. 2 hotels, 1 
 eburch, 3 schools with 40 pupils, 2 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stc^res, 2 phy- 
 sicians. 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Wayne.— Population in 1870, 2, 177-1. 7&8 white, 379 black ; 10 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp; 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 75 per 
 cent, of farnv laborers white; large deposits of marl of superior quality on 
 Altamaha and Satilla Rivers, easily obtained; 25 public free schools for 
 whites, 3 for blacks; 12 Bai>tist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian; about 
 250 hands employed in lumber mills, 150 in manufacture of naval stores. 
 
 Jesup, the capital town, is situated at the intersection of the Atlantic and 
 €rulf and the Macon and Brunswick Railroads, 5-7 mils from Savannah 40 
 miles from Brunswick ;. has 850 inbabitants— 400 white, 450 black ; 75 pri- 
 vate dwellings, 2 hotels, 4 churches, 2 schools with 75. pupils, 1 weekly news- 
 paper, 7 mixed stores, 1 drug store, 3- physicians, 1 lawyer. 
 
 Waynesville^ the former county site, has 125- inhabitants— 75 white, 50 
 black; 15 private residences, 2 churches, 2 stares of general merchandise. 
 
 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA. 
 
 This division is composed of thirty-three counties, and embraces all that 
 country lying between the Ocmulgee end Alilapaha Rivers in the easti 
 and the Chattahoochee River in the west; the northern boundary 
 being a line from Macon to Columbus, and the S-tale of Florida its 
 boundary in the south. Like Southeast Georgia, the entire region is- 
 tertiary. It is more broken, or rolling, than Southeast Georgia, and, with 
 the exception of marl, bulir and limestone, is, in a great measure, destitute 
 of rocks. It has also a greater proportion of clay lands and oak and hick- 
 ory forest growth, although much the larger part of it is a light sandy soil, 
 and was originally covered with yellow, or long-leaf pine. 
 
 The clay lands are. generally, very rich, and their fertility lasting; the 
 pine lands produce freely, are easily worked, but are less durable, though, 
 with reasonable fertilization they last for many years. The district contains 
 very little waste land, or lands too ixvor or too swami>y for cultivation, 
 while the alluvial lands of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and of 
 many of the creeks, have made the section lamousas the best cotton regjoa 
 of the State. Co:n, oats, wheat,, rye, ani sugar cane grow welL 
 
90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [152] 
 
 Tlie depth of the subsoil beneath the surface, on clay lands, is 6 to 10 
 inches; on sandy lands, from 12 inches to 3 feet. The prep"'nderating for- 
 est growth is long-leaf, or yellow pnie, furnishing the best of lumber, large 
 ■quantities of which are prepared annually for export a^d domestic use. 
 The snppiy would seem to be almost inexhaustible. Spirits of turpentine, 
 rosin, pitch, and tar — all the products of this tree — are made in considera- 
 ble quantities, and the interest is on the increase. In theswainps and river 
 bottoms tliere are cypress, cotton-wood, poplar, ash, maple, beach, birch, 
 red-bay, magnolia, sweet-gum, and water oak ; while the growth of the 
 clay belts is red and post oaks, black jack, hickory, walnut, black-gum, 
 dogwood, and buck-eye. 
 
 Cotton is the leading market crop of this division, and previous to the 
 derangement of plantation labor by emancipation, its crop of the staple 
 probably equalled the production of all the rest of the State. Corn and 
 oats grow to great perfection, but none far export since the war; sugar cane 
 is a successful crop throughout the section ; tobacco, in considerable quan- 
 tities, is grown in the soiathern counties. 
 
 The average yields, per acre, with good cultivation, are: cotton, 500 lbs. 
 in seed ; corn. 10 bushels.; oats, 15 bushels; syrup, 200 gallons; sweet po- 
 tatoes, 150 bushels ; ground peas, 50 bushels. On best lands, without man- 
 ure, 1,500 to 2.000 lbs. cotton in seed, 50 to 75 bushels corn, 50 to 65 bushels 
 oats, 400 gallons ot syrup, and 400 bushels sweet potatoes, are often pro- 
 duced. It is reliably reported that a Berrien county farmer produced 800 
 bushels of sweet potatoes on one acre, under high cultivation. Over 900 
 gallons of syrup, per acre, has been made in Thomas county. 
 
 Cotton is planted early in April, picking commences in August; corn 
 planted in P'ebruary and March, matures in August; oat« sowed usually in 
 November, harvested last of May to last of Jane ; sugar cane planted Feb- 
 Tuary and March, cut October and November. 
 
 Average wages of good farm hands, $9 per month ; of ordinary me- 
 chanics, $1.25 to $2 per day. 
 
 The fruits best adapted to the section, are the peach, pear, melon, grape 
 (especially the scuppernong), fig, .pomegranate, some varieties of apple, 
 strawberry ; in the southern tier of counties, tlie orange, lemon and banana 
 are successfully grown. There is no country where all the vegetables grow 
 to greater perfection when cultivated with ordiiiary skill. The tea-planj 
 and the olive have also been successfully grown in this and other southern 
 divisions of tlie State. 
 
 The climaie varies but little from that of Southeast Georgia, the average 
 mean temperature being, iu summer, 85° ; in winter, 65° ; extremes. 94° and 
 32°. Snow falls about once in 10 or 15 years, never sufficient to completely 
 cover the ground. The health of tlie hill country and pine lands is good 
 the year round, but fevers, generally of a mild type, are common along the 
 lines of rivers and swamps in late summer and early fall months. 
 
 The country is well watered, and good water powers are found where the 
 streams break through the marl beds, with which many of the counties 
 abound. Several railroads traverse the section, while the Ocmulgee, Flint, 
 and Chattahoochee Bivers furnish transportation nearly the entire year. 
 
 The poorer, unimproved pine lands, well timbered, may be bought at 50 
 
[153] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 91 
 
 cents per acre; good at $1 to $2.50; best lands at from $4 to $10— all on a 
 liberal credit. 
 
 The drinking water in the hill country is good, though not very cold ; in 
 the fiat lands not so goorl, and generally impregnated with lime. The waters 
 abound with fish, and the forests furnish game, large and small, in any 
 quantitjf desired. 
 
 The large bodies of unimproved land, to be found in nearly every county 
 of the district, furnish excellent pasturage the year round for cattle and 
 sheep, and are free to ail. Little or no feeding or siieltering is required, and 
 beef and mutton are taken directly from the range to market. 
 
 , COUNTIES. 
 
 Baker. — Population in 1870, 0,843—1,888 white, 4.955 black ; 7 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 45 percent of tillable land cleared, 75 percent. 
 of field laborers black ; limestone, composed chiefly of shells, abundant ; 10 
 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; Baptist churches, 5; Methodist, 
 3; Presbyterian, 1 ; flour and lumber mills the only manufactories. 
 
 Netoion, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, 8 miles from South 
 Ga., & Florida Railroad, and 20 miles from Albany, the market town of the 
 county (other details not reported). 
 
 Berrien.- Population in 1870, 4,518—4,057 white. 400 !dack ; 15 per cent, 
 of its area is irreclaimable swamp, 10 per cent. ®f tillable land cleared, soil 
 all sandj' with yellowish clay subsoil 6 to 10 inches below surface, original 
 forest all pine ; 87 percent, of field laborers white ; has 29 public free schools, 
 all for whites ; Baptist churches 11, Methodist 6, Roman Catholic 1 ; 1 buggy, 
 wagon and furniture factory, employing 50 hands; flour and lumber mills 
 are the other manufactures. 
 
 JVashmlle, the capital town, is 12 miles from the Brnnsw'ck and Albany 
 Railroad, 40 miles from a navigable stream, 12 miles from the market town 
 of the county ; has 203 inhabitants — 200 white, 3 black, 30 private dwellings, 
 1 hotel, 2 churches. 2 schools with 40 pupils, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery 
 store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist- 
 
 Bibb.— Population in 1870, 21.255—9,831 white, 11,424 black ; 10 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 per cent, ot tillable land cleared, 70 per 
 cent, sandy soil ; 90 per cent, of farm laborers black ; has 38 public free 
 schools, with nearly 1,600 white pupils and about the same of black, 2 male 
 colleges, 1 female college, numerous private schools; G Baptist churches, 8 
 Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, 4 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Jewish syna- 
 gogue ; 2 cotton factories; 3 railroad car factories, 7 iron foundries, 1 brass 
 foundry, 3 cotton gin factories, with numerous flour and lumber mills. 
 
 Macon, the capital town, is situated at the head of navigation on the Oc- 
 mulgee river, is the market town of a large district of country ; has, with 
 the suburb of Vineville, 12,000 inhabitants— 8,000 white, 4,000 black; 4 
 banks, 2,000 private dwellings, 4 hotels, 21 churches, 2 male colleges, 1 fe- 
 male college, 1 high school, G public grammar schools, 1 academy for the 
 blind, 1 medical college, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, 2 cotton factories, 
 7 iron foundries, 2 cotton gin factories, 3 railroad car factories, about 30 
 dry goods stores, 6 grocery stores, 7 shoe stores, 3 hardware stores, 2 crockery 
 stores, 10 drug stores, 27 physicians, 42 lawyers, 5 dentists. 
 
92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [154] 
 
 Brooks.— Population in 1S70, 8,342—4,111 white, 4,231 black ; 10 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 37 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 80 per 
 cent, sandy soil, G2 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 2G public free schools 
 for whites, 13 for blacks; Baptist churches 14, jNlethodist 10, Presbyterian 2, 
 Episcopal 1 ; 1 cotton factory with 40 operatives, 2 turpentine distilleries, 
 flour and lumber mills in sufficient number. 
 
 QidUnnn, the capital town, is on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 175 miles 
 from Savannah, and is the market town of county; has 2,000 inhabitants — 
 1,200 white, 800 black ; 400 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 5 churches, 2 schools 
 with 150 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, 20 dry goods stores, 3 groceiy stores, 2 
 drug stores, 2 physicians, 6 lawyers, 2 dentists, 1 cotton factory. 
 
 CALHOUN.— Population in 1870, 5,503—2,026 white, 3,477 black ; 5 per cent, 
 of area is irreclaimable swamp, 58 per cent, sandy soil with pine forest 
 growth, 42 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 78 per cent, of farni labor per- 
 formed by blacks; has 12 public free schools for whi es, 9 for blacks ; Bap- 
 tists have 11 churches, Methodists 8, Presbyterians 1: county well supplied 
 with railroad transportation; flour and lumber are the only manufactures. 
 
 Morgan, the capital town, is 4-^ miles f'om a railroad, 25 miles from a nav- 
 igable str^-am, 30 miles from Albany, the market town of the section, though 
 much produce is sold in the county; has 119 inhabitants — 84 white, 35 
 black ; 22 private dwellings, 2 churches, 1 school with 20 pupils, 1 hotel, 
 2 dry-goods stores, 1 groceiy store, 1 physician, 4 lawyers. 
 
 Ch.'VTTAhoochee.— Population in 1370, 6,059—2,054 white, 3,504 black ; 
 entire area considered tillable, 75 per cent, sandy pine land, 60 per cent, 
 cleared, 66 per cent, of farm laborers black; several large deposits of marl 
 of best quality, containing over 30 per cent, of lime; has 14 public free 
 sciiools, all for whites; 5 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist; no manufactures 
 except flour and lumber; Chattahoochee river, navigable, forms the western 
 boundary. 
 
 Gusseia, the capital town, is 20 miles from Columbus, the market town 
 of the county ; has 175 inhabitants— 110 white, 65 black, 32 private dwell- 
 ings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 60 scholars, 2 mixed stores, 1 phy- 
 sician, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Clay.— Population, in 1870, 5,493—2,614 white, 2,849 black; no waste 
 land in county, 60 per cent, sandy with pine lorest growth, 38 per cewt. 
 cleared, 60 per cent, of farm laborers black; large and valuable marl beds 
 on the Chattahoochee River and tributaries: has 14 public free schools for 
 whites, 2 for blacks; 9 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 10 
 Baptist and Methodist churches for negroes; no manufactures except flour 
 and lumber. 
 
 Fort Gainefs, the capital town, is situated on the Chattahoochee River, and 
 is the terminus of a railroad and market townof county ; has 1,000 inhabit- 
 ants— 600 white, 400 black; 174 private dwellings. 2 hotel-= 5 churches, 3 
 schools with 110 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 16 grocery 
 stores, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Colquitt— Population in 1870, 1,654—1,517 white, 137 black; 1 percent, 
 of county irreclaimable swamp, 66 per cent, sandy pine land, only 7 per 
 
[155] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 93 
 
 land cleared; 06 per cent, of farm laborere white; large and valuat>le depos- 
 its of marl on Oclockonee River, which runs through cor.nfy; has 13 public 
 free schools, all for whites; 15 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Episcopal ; no manufactures. 
 
 Moultrie, the capital town, is '.15 miles from a railroad, 35 miles from a 
 navigable stream, 28 miles from Thomasville ; 38 miles from Albany, the 
 market towns; has 27 inhabitants— all white, 5 private dwellings, no hotels 
 or churches, 1 school with 15 pupils, 1 dry goods store, 1 grocery store. 
 
 Crawford— Population, in 1870,7,557—3,284 white, 4,273 black; nearly 
 whole area reported tillable; 70 per cent, clay soil, 40 per ctnt. cleared , GO 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; considerable deposits of marl in southern 
 portion of county, 5 miles from county site; has 22 public free schools for 
 whites, 8 for blacks; 8 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, about 15 churches for 
 blacks ; water-powers excellent, and flour and lumber mills abundant ; 3 
 potteries employ 11 hands. 
 
 Knoxville, the capital town, is 13 miles from Southwestern Railroad. 25 
 miles from Macon, the market town and a navigable stream ; has 155 in- 
 habitants — 115 white', 40 black ; 25 private dwellings, 1 liotel, 2 churches, 
 1 school with 20 pupils 4 stores of mixed merchandise, 1 drugstore, 2 phy- 
 sicians, 3 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Decatur. — Is the extreme southwestern county of the State, and banner 
 cotton county, her crop in 1869 — the last reported — being I'^.GOO bales ; pop- 
 ulation in 1870, 15,183 — 7,475 white, 7,718 black; 1 per cent, of area ir- 
 reclaimable swamp, 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 50 per cent, clay 
 soil, rest sandy with good clay subsoil and heavily timbered with pine; 75 
 per cent, of farm laborers black; large deposits of marl in the county, and 
 limestone of good quality abundant; has 37 public free schools for whites, 
 21 for blacks; 15 Ba|)tist churches, 15 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal ; 1 large cotton factory (now suspended) ; flour and lumber mills abund- 
 ant. 
 
 Bainbridge, the capital town, is situated on the Flint river, 20 miles from 
 its mouth ; is the terminus of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 237 miles 
 from Savannah ; has 2,000 inhabitants — 1,200 white, 800 black, 300 private 
 dwellings, 2 hotels, churches, 1 bank, 3 .schools with 125 scholars, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 12 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
 13 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Dooly.— Population in 1870, 9,790—4,935 white, 4,855 black; 2i per 
 cent, of area iriejlaimable swamp, only 3i percent, clay soil, rest sandy, 
 28 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black ; large 
 deposits of marl convenient for agricultural purposes ; has 37 public free 
 schools for whites, 7 for blacks; IS Baptist churches, 8 Methodist, 1 Uni" 
 versalist; corn, flour and lumber mills sufficient. 
 
 Vienna, tiie capital town, is 22 miles from a railroad, 25 miles from a navi- 
 gable stream, 25 miles from the market town; has 294 inhabitants — 175 
 white, 119 black, 59 private residences, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 1 school with 
 60 scholars. 4 dry-goo'ls stores, 5 grocery stores, 3 physicians, 9 lawyers. 
 
 Dougherty.— Population in 1870, 11,517— 2,093 white, 9,424 black; about 
 
94 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [156] 
 
 10 percent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 40 per cent, claysoil of best quality, 
 rest sandy with pine forest; 75 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 95 per cent, 
 of farm laborers black ; large deposits of marl valuable for agricultural pur- 
 poses, has 8 public free schools for whites, 25 for blacks, 1,G15 pupils, also 
 private schools at county site; Baptist churches 8, Methodist 3, Presbyterian 
 1, Roman Catholic 1, Jewish synagogue 1. Dougherty ranks among the 
 best planting counties of the State. 
 
 Albany, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, at the bead of navi- 
 gation, and is the terminus of four railroads; is 104 miles from Macon, and 
 the market town of a large district of surrounding country ; has 3,300 inhab- 
 itants— 1,700 white, 1,()00 black, 270 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 8 churches, 
 1 bank, 9 schools with 480 pupils, 2 weekly newspapers, G7 stores of mixed 
 merchandise, 7 physicians, 11 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Early.— Population in 1870, 6,998—2,829 white, 4,172 black ; 5 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp; 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 74 per 
 cent, sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; extensive depos- 
 its of marl of excellent quality and available for agricultural purposes ; has 
 25 public free schools for whites, 17 for blacks ; 12 Baptist and 12 Methodist 
 churches ; 1 cotton factory for spinning yarns with 40 operatives, (lour and 
 lumber mills sufficient; timber of best quality. 
 
 Blakely, the capital town, is on a line of located railroad completed to a 
 point only 9 miles distant, 9 miles from the Chattahoochee River, and is 
 the market town of the county ; has 700 inhabitants— 400 white, 300 black ; 
 60 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 3 schools with 125 scholars, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3 
 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Houston.— Population in 1870, 20,406—5,071 white, 15,332 black ; 2 per 
 cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 50 per cent, of clay soil, 64 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; a high limestone 
 ridge, i mile to 2 miles wide, extending across county from theOcmulgee to 
 the Flint Rivers contains immense beds of calcareous marl which has been 
 used with good effect on lands; also, several deposits of green sand, very 
 valuable as a fertilizer; 33 public free schools for whites, 27 for blacks; 20 Bap- 
 tist churches, 25 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 5 Primitive Baptists, also Lu- 
 theran and Bible Christian congregations; 1 cotton factory with 75 opera- 
 tives near Perry ; large agricultural works at Fort Valley ; 1 cotton gin fac- 
 tory, together with dour and saw mills well distributed over country. 
 
 Perry, the capital to-vn, is the terminus of a branch railroad from the 
 Southwestern Railroad at Fort Valley, 11 miles long, about midway (15 
 miles) between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers ; 28 miles from Macon, the 
 market town of county ; has 1,700 inhabitants — 1,000 white, 700 black; 80 
 private dwellings, 1 iiotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 7 dry goods stores, 10 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
 9 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Fort Valley, on Southwestern Railroad, 25 miles from Macon, has 1,800 
 inhabitants — 1,000 white, 800 black ; 140 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 6 
 churches, 7 schools with 175 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 1 bank, 13 dry 
 
[157] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA, 95 
 
 goods stores, 8 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 5 physicians, 5 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Irwin— Population, in 1870, 1,837—1,541 white, 296 black; about 15 per 
 cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, anly ;;« per cent, of tillable land cleared, 
 whole county sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of farm laborers white; has 13 
 public free schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 8 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist 
 stock range excellent, and much attention is given to cattle and sheep, 
 
 Irwinville, the capital town, is a small village, 20 miles from the Bruns- 
 wick and Albany Railroad, same distance from a navigable stream ; has 12 
 inhabitants — G white, G black ; 2 private dwelling one of which is used as a 
 hotel, no church, 1 school, with 13 pupils, 1 dry goods store. 
 
 Lee— Population, in 1870, 9,567—1,924 white, 7,643 black; 90 per cent, of 
 area sandy, with heavy pine forest growth, but very little irreclaimable 
 swamp, about 50 per cent of the county cleared ; 95 per cent, of farm labor- 
 ers black; has one large deposit of marl, which has been used with good 
 effect in agriculture ; has 17 public free schools for whites, 12 for blacks ; 7 
 Baptist churches, 6 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; no manufactures except flour 
 and lumber. 
 
 Lee.-ibiu-g, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 10 miles from 
 Albany, the market town, 94 miles from Macon ; other details not reported, 
 
 Lowndes— Population, in 1870-, 8,321—4,276 white, 4,045 black , about 1 
 per cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 96 per cent, sandy soil, 90 per cent, 
 of farm laborerg black ; has 16 public free sch jols for whites, 10 for blacks ;. 
 18 Baptist churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; no manufactures. 
 
 Valdosta, the capital town, is situated on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad,^ 
 164 miles from Savannah, the market town of the county ; has 2,000 inhab- 
 itants — 1,200 white, 800 black ^ 8 churches, 2 hotels, 2 schools with 185 pu- 
 pils, 1 weekly newspaper, 15 dry goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 
 o physicians, 6 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Macon— Popvilation, in 1870, 11,458—3,975 white, 7,483 bhick ; 10 per 
 cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, sandy soil, 52 per cent, 
 cleared ; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; has 28 public free schools for 
 whites, 17 for blacks ; 13 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Lutheran ; no 
 manufactures except flour and lumber. 
 
 Ogltthorpe, the capital town, is situated on Flint River, and on the line of 
 Southwestern Railroad 50 miles ,'rom Macon ; has 290 inhabitants — 150 
 white. 1*0 black, 50 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 4 churches, 2 schools with 
 50 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 3 
 lawyers. 
 
 Montezuma, also on line of Southwestern Railroad and Flint River, 49 
 miles from Macon ; is a place of considerable trade ; has 2 banks , 350 in- 
 habitants — 200 white, 150 black ; 70 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 churches^ 
 2 schools with 55 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 8 drj' goods stores, 4 grocery 
 stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 4 lawyers. 
 
 ^ars/ioWui/te is also on line of Southwestern Railroad, 32 miles from Macon; 
 has 400 inhabitants— 200 white, 250 black, 35 private dwellings, 3 schools with 
 65 pupils, 3 dry-goods stores, 2 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 3 physicians, 'A 
 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA, [158] 
 
 Marion.— Population in 1870, 8,000—4,169 white, 3,831 i^lack; 5 percent, 
 •cent, of area too hilly for successful cultivation, 1 per cent, irreclaimable 
 swaniy, 50 per cent, clay, the remainder sandy soil, 75 per cent, of tillable 
 land cleared, 78 per cent, of farm laborers black ; raarl exists in two consider- 
 able deposits ; has 22 public free schools for whites, 6 for blacks; 8 Methodist 
 churciies, 5 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian • flour and lumber are the manufac' 
 tures of county. 
 
 Buena Visift, the capital town, is 20 miles from the Muscogee Railroad, 30 
 miles from Columbus, the market town of the county, 28 miles from South- 
 western Railroad; has 650 inhabitants — 350 white, 300 black, 65 private 
 ■dwellings, 1 hotel, 5 churches, 2 schools with 120 pupils, 1 weeklj'^ newspa- 
 per, 4 dry-goods and mixed stores, 1 grocery store, 1 drug store, 4 physicians, 
 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 MiLT.ER— Population in 1870, 3,001—2,135 white, i)5G black ; 5 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, sandy pine land, 15 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers white ; has 14 public 
 free scliools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 7 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist; flour 
 and lumber mills; timber large and of best quality; some beds of marl 
 exist. 
 
 Colquitt, the capital town, is 20 miles from Bainbridge (the market town) 
 and Flint River, 20 miles from Chattahoochee River; the Bainbridge and 
 Cuthbert Railroad graded to the town ; population 130 — white 110, black 20 ; 
 22 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 cliurches, 1 school, 4 dry-goods stores, 2 
 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 3 lawyers. 
 
 Mitchell.- Population in 1870, G,G33— 3,GS3 white, 2,050 black ; 3 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 80 per cent, sandy pine land, 33 per cent, 
 cleared, remainder heavily timbered; 75 per cent, of farm laborei-s black; 
 has 23 public free schools for whites, 8 for blacks ; 9 Baptist churches, G Meth- 
 odist, 1 Presbyterian ; range for cattle and sheep unsurpassed. 
 
 Camilla, the capital town, is on the Albany branch of the Atlantic and 
 Gulf Railroad, 24 miles from Albany, the market town of the county, and 
 36 miles from Bainbridge; has 1,000 inhabitants— GOO white, 400 black, 150 
 private dwellings, 4 churches, 2 hotels, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 1 weekly 
 newspaper, 11 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 3 physicians; 
 8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Muscogee.— Population in 1870, 10,663-7,441 white, 9,220 black; i of 
 one per cent, too hilly for successful tillage; no irreclaimable swamp, 49 
 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy ; 85 per cent, of farm laborers black ; 
 marl abundant on Chattahoochee River in the southwestern part of the 
 county ; has 14 free public schools for whites, and 12 for blacks outside city 
 of Columbus; 10 Baptist churches, 17 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 pal, 1 Roman Catholic ; 6 large cotton factories. 1 bagging factory, 1 trunk 
 factory, 1 clothing factory, several large merchant flour mills, and lumber 
 and corn mills, 
 
 Colimth'is^ the capital town, is situated at the head of navig tion on the 
 Chattahoochee River, and is the terminus of 4 ralroads; has about 10,000 
 inhabitants— 5,500 white, 4,500 black; 1,000 private dwellings, 3 hotels, 4 
 banks, 12 schools with about 1,500 pupils, 2 daily newspapers, 25 dry goods 
 
[159] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 97 
 
 stores, 125 grocery and variety stores, 5 drug stores, 15 physicians, 24 law- 
 yers, 5 dentists. 
 
 The principal manufacturing establishments of the city are as follows : 
 
 Eagle and Phcenix Manufacturing Company, manufactures woollen and 
 cotton goods; has 43,812 spindles, 1,600 looms, 1,800 operatives; capital 
 $1,250,000— power, water.' 
 
 Columbus Manufacturing Company— sheetings and brown domestics; 
 4,156 spindles, 116 looms, 135 operatives; capital $263,000— power, water. 
 
 Muscogee Manufacturing Company— cottonades, rope and domestics ; 
 4,000 spindles, 80 looms, 130 operatives ; capital $157,000— power, water. 
 
 A. Clegg & Co. — checks and stripes; 36 looms, 25 operatives; capital 
 $10,000— power, steam. 
 
 Steam Cotton Mills -yarns and thread; 2,200 spindles, 75 operatives; 
 capital $30,000— power, steam. 
 
 Hind & Freer- jute bagging; 15 looms, 50 operatives; capital $30,000 — 
 power, steam. 
 
 Empire Flour Mills— flour and meal ; 6 Buhr runners ; capacity, 250 bar- 
 rels flour, 1,200 bushels meal per day ; 15 operatives; capital $50,000— power, 
 steam. 
 
 City Mills— flour and meal ; capacity, 150 barrels flour, 800 bushels meal 
 per day ; 8 operatives ; capital $95,000— power, water. 
 
 Columbus Iron Works— engines, boilers, castings and machinery ; 250 
 operatives ; capital $100,000— power, steam. 
 
 Peacock's Clothing Factory ; 25 operatives ; capital $5,000. 
 
 Southern Plough Company— ploughs, etc. ; employs 18 hands ; capital 
 $20,000 — power, steam. 
 
 Quitman— Population, in 1870, 4,150—1,773 white, 2,337 black ; about h 
 of 1 per cent., of area irreclaimable swamp, 38 percent, clay soil, remainder 
 sandy, 64 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 78 per cent, of farm laborers 
 black ; blue marl of excellent quality abounds on the water courses, also a 
 black muck, both valuable as fertilizers; has 7 public free schools for whites, 
 4 for blacks ; 7 Baptist churches, 7 Methodist ; flour and lumber are the only 
 manufactures. 
 
 Georgetown, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad and Cliat- 
 tahoochee River, two miles from Eufaula, Ala., the market town of the 
 county ; has 350 inhabitants — 150 white, 200 black , 40 private dwellings, 1 
 hotel, 1 bank, 3 churches, 3 schools with 100 pupils, 5 dry goods stores, 7 
 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 1 physician, 4 lawyers. 
 
 Randolph. — Population in 1870, 10,561 — 5,084 white, 5,477 black ; 8 per 
 cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 60 per cent, clay soil, 60 per cent, ot till- 
 able land cleared, 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; several deposits of 
 marl exist; has 27 public free schools for whites, 15 for blacks, 4 Baptist 
 churches, 9 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Primitive Baptist. 
 
 Cuthbert. the capital town is on the Southwestern Railroad, 20 miles from 
 the Chattahoochee River ; has 3,000 inhabitants — 2,000 white, 1,000 black- 
 625 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 1 bank, 6 churches, 6 schools with 250 pu- 
 pils, 2 weekly newspapers, 10 dry -goods stores ; 8 grocery stores, 3 drug stores 
 6 physician, lOlawvers, 2 dentists. 
 7 
 
98 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [160] 
 
 ScHLKY.— Population in 1870, 5,129—2,278 white, 2,851 black ; J of one per 
 cent, too hilly for saccessfal tillage, same quantity irreclaimable swamp, 60 
 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy, 72 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 63 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; marl beds in northern part of the county ; 
 has 11 public free schools for whites. 9 for blacks; 6 Methodist churches, 5 
 Baptist, 1 Universalist, flour and lumber are the manufactures. 
 
 Ellaville, the capital town, is 11 miles from Southwestern Railroad, and 
 from Americus, the market town of the county, 40 miles from the head of 
 navigation on Flint River; has 132 inhabitants— 87 white, 45 black, 20 pri- 
 vate dwellings, 2 churches, 2 schools with 40 pupils, 1 hotel, 1 dry-goods 
 store, 3 grocery stores, 1 drug store, 2 physicians, 6 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Stewaet.— Population in 1870, 14,204—5,104 white, 9,100 black; 2i per 
 cent, of area too broken for successful tillage, 1 per cent, irreclaimable 
 swamp, 28 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy pine land, 75 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared, 70 per cent, of farm laborers black; has large marl 
 deposits, and two beds of green sand ; 27 public free schools for whites, 19 
 for blacks; 11 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Primitive 
 Baptist, 1 Bible Christian ; 1 carriage factory, and Hour and lumber mills. 
 
 iMj7)pA;in, the capital town, is 22 miles from the Southwestern Railroad, 
 15 miles from the Chattahoochee River, 25 from Eufaula, Ala., 3G from 
 Columbus, and 22 from Cuthbert, all of which are market towns of the 
 county; has 800 inhabitants — 400 white, 400 black; 150 private residences, 
 1 hotel, 1 weekly newspaper, 5 churches, 1 school with 50 pupils, 3 dry 
 goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 4 physicians, 8 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Sumter.— Population in 1870, 16,559-5,920 white, 10.639 black ; 3 per 
 cent, of area irreclaimable swamp, 27 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy 
 with original forest of pine ; 46 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 82 percent, 
 of farm laborers black; large deposits of marl on Flint River and Line 
 Creek- has 31 public free schools for whites, 19 for blacks; 12 Baptist 
 churches, 11 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 5 Primitive Baptist, 
 30 churches for blacks; 1 boot and shoe factory 20 operatives; 1 door, sash 
 and blind factory, 15 operative; several carriage factories, and flour and 
 lumber mills. 
 
 Americus the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, and is the 
 market town of the county; is 72 miles from Macon, 40 miles from a navi- 
 aable stream ; has 6,000 inhabitants— 3,000 white, 3,000 black, 700 private 
 dwellings 2 hotels, 3 banks, 7 churches, 10 schools with 200 pupils, 1 tri- 
 weekly and weekly newspaper, 11 dry-goods stores, 21 grocery stores, 4 drug 
 stores, 11 .physicians, 21 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Taylor— Population, in 1870, 7,143—4,181 white, 2,962 black; 1 per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, soil all sandy with yellow pine and blackjack 
 forest growth, 10 per cent, of tillable land cleared; 50 per cent, of farm la- 
 borers white ; has 24 public free schools for whites, 7 for blacks ; 8 Baptist 
 churches, 13 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 1 cotton factory with wool-carding 
 machine attached, 50 operatives. 
 
 Butler the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 50 miles from 
 Macon, same distance from Columbus; is the principal market town of the 
 county; has 700 inhabitants— 500 white, 200 black; 150 private dwellings. 
 
[161] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 99 
 
 1 hotel, 4 churches, 4 schools with 150 pupils, 5 dry goods stores, 3 grocery- 
 stores, 1 drugstore. 2 physicians, 4 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Terrell— Population, in 1870, 9,053—3,769 white, 5,284 black ; 4 percent 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, soil half clay, half sandy, 32i per cent, of tilla- 
 ble land cleared, 80 per cent, of ftirm laborers black ; limestone abundant 
 and used by planters with good effect ; ha*? 28 public free schools for whites, 
 8 for blacks; 12 Baptist churches, 10 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian ; 1 railroad 
 car factory with 100 hands, wagon and barrel factories and flour and lumber 
 mills. 
 
 Dawson, the capital town, is on the Southwestern Railroad, 40 miles from 
 Eufaula, Ala., and is the market town for most of the county products; has 
 1,150 inhabitants— 750 white, 400 black ; 200 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 
 banks, 4 churches, 6 schools with 225 pupils, 1 weekly newspaper, 11 dry 
 goods stores, 9 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, 2 hardware stores, 6 piiysicians, 
 7 lawyers, 1 dentist. 
 
 Thom.^s— Population in 1870, 14,523—6,160 white, 8, .363 black; about 2 
 per cent of area irreclaimable swamp, 75 per cent, clay soil, 33 per cent, of 
 tillable land cleared ; 75 per cent, of farm laborers black ; several lime de- 
 posits that might be utilized for agricultural purposes; has 33 free public 
 schools for whites, 19 for blacks; 13 Baptist churches, 14 Methodist, 3 Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Episcopal; 1 cigar factory, 1 iron foundry, many lumber and 
 flour mills ; is one of the most productive and prosperous counties of the 
 State. 
 
 ThomasviUe, the capital town, is on the Atlantic and Gulf Kailroad, 200 
 miles from Savannah, 37 from Bainbridge, and 60 from Albany, and is the 
 market town ofThoma.s and adjoining counties; has about 3,500 inhabit- 
 ants — 2,333 white, 1,167 black ; about 600 private dwellings, 2 hotels, 2 
 banks, 6 churches, 4 schools, 2 weekly newspapers, about 60 stores of mixed 
 merchandise, 3 drugstores, 7 physicians, 17 lawyers, 2 dentists. 
 
 Webster— Population in 1870. 4,677—2,439 white, 2,238 black ; 4 per cent, 
 of its area irreclaimable swamp, 26 percent, clay soil, remainder sandy soil 
 with red and yellow clay subsoil ; 60 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 58 
 per cent, of farm laborers black ; has 15 public free schools for whites, 4 for 
 blacks ; 5 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Primitive Bap- 
 tist ; tanneries, shoe shops, flour and lumber mills constitute the manufac- 
 turing interests. 
 
 Preston, the capital town, is 18 miles from Southwestern railroad and 
 
 Americus, the market town; 40 miles from the Chattahoochee River ; has 131 
 
 inhabitants— 72 white, 59 black; 24 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 churches, 1 
 
 . school with 18 pupils, 4 dry goods stores, 3 grocery stores, 1 physician, 2 
 
 lawyers, 
 
 Wilcox— Population in 1870, 2,439—1,902 white, 537 black ; 2\ per cent, 
 of its area too broken for successful cultivation, 8 per cent, irreclaimable 
 swamp, 25 per cent, clay soil, remainder sandy pine laud, 15 per cent of til- 
 lable land cleared; 50 per cent, of farm laborers white ; has 18 public free 
 schools for whites, 1 for blacks ; 10 Baptist churches, 5 Methodist; no man- 
 ufactures except flour and lumber. 
 
 Abbeville, the capital town, is on tiaeOcmulgee River, 18 miles from Macon 
 
100 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. 
 
 [162] 
 
 and Brunswick Railroad, 25 miles from Hawkinsville, the market town ; 
 has 75 inhabitants— 50 white, 25 black; 25 private dwellings, 1 hotel, 2 
 churches, 1 school with 25 scholars, 3 dry-goods stores, 4 grocery stores, 1 
 drug store, 1 physician, 1 lawyer, 1 dentist. 
 
 Worth.— Population in 1870, 3,778— 2,673 white, 1,105 black ; U per cent, 
 of area irreclaimable swamp, 15 per cent clay soil— reinainder sandy with 
 original pine forest, 20 per cent, of tillable land cleared, 58 per cent, of farm 
 laborers white; extensive deposits of marl; has 24 public free schools for 
 whites, 3 for blacks;. 12 Baptist churches, 4 Methodist; naval stores— tur- 
 pentine and rosin — the chief manufacures, flour and lumber mills equal 
 to the densand. 
 
 Isabella, the capital town, is 2i miles from the Brunswick and Albany 
 Railroad, 18 miles from Flint River and Albany, the market town; has 
 115 inhabitants— 100 white, 15 black, 25 private dwellings, 1 church, 1 
 hotel, 1 school with 25 pupils, 1 dry-goods store, 1 grocery store, 1 physicians 
 S lawyers. 
 
 VALUABLE MINERALS. 
 
 Georgia is rich in mineral wealth, and theseriches have been but partially 
 explored. Almost every county has some valuable mineral deposit. The 
 following list, showing the counties in which they are found, is furnished 
 by Dr. George Little, the State Geologist. It is, therefore, ofBcial and re- 
 liable : 
 
 Gold— is found in the following counties, viz : 
 
 Banks, 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 Meriwether, 
 
 Rabun, 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 Elbert, 
 
 Haralson, 
 
 Milton, 
 
 Rockdale, 
 
 Bibb, 
 
 Fannin, 
 
 Harris, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Spalding, 
 
 Butts, 
 
 Forsyth, 
 
 Hart, 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 Taliaferro, 
 
 Campbell, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Heard, 
 
 Murray, 
 
 Towns, 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Newton, 
 
 Troup, 
 
 Cherokee, 
 
 Gilmer, 
 
 Jasper, 
 
 Oconee, 
 
 Union, 
 
 Clarke, 
 
 Glascock, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Oglethorpe, 
 
 Upson, 
 
 Cobb, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Lumpkin, 
 
 Paulding, 
 
 Walton, 
 
 Coweta, 
 
 Gwinnett, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Pike, 
 
 White, 
 
 Dawson, 
 
 Habersham, 
 
 McDuflSe, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Wilkes. 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper — is 
 
 found in the following counties : 
 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 Fannin, 
 
 Haralson, 
 
 Milton, 
 
 Paalding, 
 
 Cherokee, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Murray, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Cobb, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Lumpkin, 
 
 
 
 M.A.NG.\HES1 
 
 :— is found in the following 
 
 counties : 
 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 
 Polk, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 ASBESTUS— 
 
 is found in the following counties : 
 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 Paulding, 
 
 Towns, 
 
 Coweta, 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Heard, 
 
 Kabun, 
 
 Troup. 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 Habersham 
 
 
 
 
[163] 
 
 MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 
 
 101 
 
 Slate — is found in the following counties 
 
 
 
 Baxtow, 
 
 
 Gordon, 
 
 
 Polk. 
 
 Iron — is found in the following counties : 
 
 
 
 Banks, 
 
 Dade, 
 
 Habersham, 
 
 Miltou (mag- 
 
 Troup, 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 netic), 
 
 Upson, 
 
 Burke, 
 
 Elbert, 
 
 Haralson, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Walker, 
 
 Catoosa (red 
 
 Fannin, 
 
 Harris, 
 
 Oconee, 
 
 Walton, 
 
 and brown 
 
 Floyd (red 
 
 Hart, 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Warren, » 
 
 hematite), 
 
 and brown 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Polk, 
 
 Webster, 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 hematite). 
 
 Jasper, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 White, 
 
 Chattooga, 
 
 Gilmer, 
 
 Lumpkin, 
 
 Spalding, 
 
 Whitefield(red 
 
 Cherokee, 
 
 Gordon, 
 
 McDuffie, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 and brown 
 
 Cobb, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Meriwether, 
 
 Talbot, 
 
 hematite). 
 
 Mica — is found in the following counties : 
 Carroll, Hall, Jasper, Pickens, 
 
 Cherokee, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Dlamonds, Precious Stoxes, Gems, etc., are found in the following 
 counties : 
 
 Hall, Diamond, 
 Henry, Tourmaline, 
 Lincoln, Rutile, 
 Lowndes, Chalcedony, 
 Madison, Tourmaline, 
 Meriwether, Beryl, 
 Xewton, Beryl, 
 Oconee f Tourmaline, 
 j Beryl. 
 
 Berrien, Chalcedony, 
 Bullock, Opal, 
 Carroll, Corundum, 
 Cobb, Amethyst, 
 DeKalb, Tourmaline, 
 Douglas, Corundum, 
 Forsyth, Amethyst, 
 Franklin, Tourmaline, 
 Fulton, Tourmaline, 
 
 Pickens, Amethyst, 
 Rabun [ Corundum, 
 
 1 An^thyst, 
 Towns I Corundum, 
 
 1 Ruby, 
 Troup, Tourmaline, 
 Union, Corundum, 
 Upson, Tourmaline, 
 Washington, Opal, 
 White, Diamond. 
 
 Gwinnett I Sm'ky Qu'rtz,Oglethorpe, Amethyst, 
 ( Tourmaline, 
 
 Galena— is found in the following counties: 
 
 Catoosa, Habersham, Lincoln, Union. 
 
 Floyd, Hall, Murray, 
 
 Silver is found in the following counties, and perhaps in some othersi 
 though it is not known that it exists in paying quantities: 
 Hall, Murray. Union. 
 
 Graphite — is found in — 
 
 Carroll, 
 Cherokee, 
 
 Clarke, 
 Douglas, 
 
 Elbert, 
 Habersham, 
 
 Hart, 
 Heard. 
 
 Meriwether. 
 
 Kaolin — is found in— 
 Cherokee, Columbia, Pickens, Richmond. 
 
 Fire Clay — is found in — 
 Baldwin, McDuffie, Richmond. 
 
 Limestone— is found in the following counties : where it exists in the 
 form of calcite, it is so designated : 
 
102 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. 
 
 [164] 
 
 IJaker, 
 
 Dade{calcite), 
 
 , Gwinnett, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 Decatur, 
 
 Habersham, 
 
 Lowndes, 
 
 Thomas, 
 
 ]?rooks, 
 
 Dooly, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 Mitchell, 
 
 Twiggs (cal.), 
 
 Calhoun, 
 
 Dougherty, 
 
 Houston, 
 
 Macon, 
 
 Walker (cal.), 
 
 Catoosa, 
 
 Floyd, 
 
 Irwin, 
 
 Polk, 
 
 Wilcox, 
 
 CJiattooga, 
 
 Gordon, 
 
 Jefferson(cal.),Randolph(ca 
 
 lj,Whitefield(cal.) 
 
 ( 'lay, 
 
 
 
 
 
 BUHRSTONE- 
 
 —is found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Appling, 
 
 Decatur, 
 
 Laurens, 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Terrell, 
 
 l>aker, 
 
 Dooly, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 Screven, 
 
 Twiggs, 
 
 ]?ibb, 
 
 Dougherty, 
 
 Miller, 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 Webster, 
 
 Bulloch, 
 
 Early, 
 
 Pulaski, 
 
 Tat nail. 
 
 Wilkinson, 
 
 Burke, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Quitman, 
 
 Telfair, 
 
 Worth. 
 
 ( 'olquitt. 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 
 
 
 Marl— is found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Bibb, 
 
 Clay, 
 
 Emanuel, 
 
 Pulaski, 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 Bulloch, 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 Houston, 
 
 Quitman, 
 
 Thomas, 
 
 Burke, 
 
 Dodge, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 Twiggs, 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 Dougherty, 
 
 Laurens, 
 
 Schley, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 ('hath am. 
 
 Early, 
 
 Marion, 
 
 Screven, 
 
 Wilkinson. 
 
 Chattahoochee,Efflngham, 
 
 Muscogee, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 
 Gree;-; Sani 
 
 » — is found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Houston, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 Wilkinson, 
 
 Twiggs. 
 
 Marble — is 
 
 found in — 
 
 
 
 
 ( iatoosa, 
 
 Fannin, 
 
 Gilmer, 
 
 Haralson, 
 
 Walker, 
 
 ( 'hattooga. 
 
 Floyd, 
 
 (white and va- 
 riegated. ) 
 
 Pickens, 
 
 (black marble.) 
 Whitefield. 
 
 Coal— is foi 
 
 Lind in — 
 
 
 
 
 vJhattoga, 
 
 
 Dade, 
 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Baryta— is 
 
 found ill- 
 
 
 
 
 liartow. 
 
 Murray. 
 
 
 
 Serpentine- 
 
 — is found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Fulton, 
 
 Rabun, 
 
 Taylor, 
 
 Troup, 
 
 Union. 
 
 (iwinnett, 
 
 Talbot, 
 
 Towns, 
 
 
 
 Soapstone- 
 
 -is found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Baldwin, 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Heard, 
 
 Towns, 
 
 Bartow, 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 Gilmer, 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 Troup, 
 
 ('layton, 
 
 Elbert, 
 
 Gwinnett, 
 
 Murray, 
 
 Union, 
 
 (^obb, 
 
 Fannin, 
 
 Habersham, 
 
 Paulding, 
 
 White. 
 
 Coweta ' 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 
 
 Granite— it 
 
 i found in — 
 
 
 
 
 Baldwin, 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 Gwinnett, 
 
 Jones, 
 
 Rockdale, 
 
 Butts, 
 
 Dawson, 
 
 Habersham, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Spalding, 
 
 Campbell, 
 
 DeKalb, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 Meriwether, 
 
 Talbot, 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Taliaferro, 
 
 < Uarke, 
 
 Elbert, 
 
 Harris, 
 
 Muscogee, 
 
 Troup, 
 
 Clayton, 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 Hart, 
 
 Oglethorpe, 
 
 Upson, 
 
[165] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 103 
 
 Cobb, Fulton, Heard, Pike, Walton, 
 
 Columbia, Glascock, Henry, Putnam, Warren, 
 
 Coweta, Greene, Jasper. Richmond, Wilkes. 
 
 Granite is found in a number of counties not named in this list. In the 
 above named it can be quarried and used for building purposes. 
 
 Sandstone — is found in — 
 Bartow, Chattooga, Floyd, Houston, Walker. 
 
 Catoosa, Dade, Gordon, Jefferson, 
 
 Flexible Sandstone — usually regarded as the matrix of the diamond — 
 is fou.-.d in Hall, Harris, Heard, Meriwether. 
 
 Lithographic Stone is found in Walker. 
 
 Polishing Sandstone is found in Bartow, Murray, Whitfield. 
 
 Ferruginous Sandstone is found in Berrien, Washington. 
 
 SiLiciFiED Coral is found in Berrien, Lowndes, Screven, Thomas. 
 
 StauroliteIs found in Fannin— also in a few other counties. 
 
 Chlorite is found in Troup. 
 
 Kyanite is found in Carroll, Cherokee, Habersham, Lincoln. 
 
 Novaculite. is found in Lincoln, McDuffie, Oglethorpe. 
 
 Pyrophyllite is found in Lincoln. 
 
 Pyrite is found in Carroll, Cherokee. Fulton, Hai-alson, Paulding, Lump- 
 kin, Towns. 
 
 Ar-.enical Pyrites is found in Floyd, Gwinnett, Heard. 
 
 Lazulite is found in Lincoln. 
 
 Muck, for agricultural purposes, is found in Charlton, Clinch, Ware. 
 
 Tetradymite is found in Lumpkin, Paulding. 
 
 Wavellite is found in Polk. 
 
 The counties of Bryan, Camden, Coffee, Echols, Glynn, Liberty, Mont- 
 gomery, Pierce and Wayne have not yet been examined by the State Geol- 
 ogist. 
 
 FISH A^D GAME. 
 
 Georgia, extending, as it does, from the Atlantic Ocean to Ten 
 nessee, having more than 100 miles of ocean coast, and a multitude of 
 rivers, some flowing into the Atlantic and others into the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, affords ample field for fish in great variety. Salt water fish are 
 supplied throughout the j'ear to the interior towns, at reasonable prices. 
 Oysters and other edible shell fish are also supplied in abundance from 
 the coast during the proper season. 
 
 The interior streams furnish migratory fish in spring, and fresh wa- 
 ter varieties in limited quantity throughout the year. But little has yet 
 
104 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [160] 
 
 been done towards restocking the rivers of the State with food fish, but 
 the public mind is being directed to this point, and the necessary laws 
 will probably soon be enacted. 
 
 Game in great variety is found in those portions of the State in which 
 a large part of the forest remains. The principal are quail, duck, 
 woOd-cock, pheasant, wild turkey, squirrel, hare, opossum and deer. 
 
 There are no general laws of force in the State for the protection of 
 game, and though some have been enacted for the protection of fish, 
 they are practically inoperative. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbeville 99 
 
 Acres — Number of, in Georgia 4, 5 
 
 Adairsville ^^ 
 
 Agi'iculture — Department of 51 
 
 AgTiculture — Conducted by Slave Labor 27 
 
 Agricultural College and School 35 
 
 Agricultural Organizations and Societies 49, 50 
 
 Agricultural Productions ..9, 10, 11, 12, 56, 66, 67, 78, 84 
 
 Agricultural Productions — Yield per Acre 56, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
 Albany 94 
 
 Aliens — Eights and Exemptions of 47, 4S 
 
 Alpbaretta -60 
 
 Americus 98 
 
 Appling 6^ 
 
 Appling County 8^ 
 
 Atlanta 71 
 
 Atlanta University— (See Errata . ) 36 
 
 Atlantic Slope 6- 
 
 Athens 69' 
 
 Asl>estus — (See Cobb, Douglas, Habeksham, Hall, Paulding, 
 Troup and Rabun Counties, and Valuabi^e Minerals.) 
 
 Augusta 82 
 
 Augusta Canal - 31 
 
 B 
 
 t 
 
 Baker County 91 
 
 Baldwin County 67 
 
 Banks County 57 
 
 Baptist Church— (See the several counties.) 38^ 
 
 Baptist College and Schools 35, 36 
 
 Bartow County 63 
 
 Barnesville 75 
 
 Baryta — (See Valuable Minerals.) 
 
 Bainbridge 93 
 
 Baxley 85 
 
 Benevolent Societies , 40 
 
106 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [168] 
 
 Berrien County 91 
 
 Beryl — (See Valuable Minerals ) 
 
 Bibb County 91 
 
 Bill of Rights 44, 4.') 
 
 Black Lead — (See Valuable Minerals.) 
 
 Blackshear 88 
 
 Blakely 94 
 
 Blairsville 61 
 
 Blind— Academy for 36, 37, 39, 40 
 
 Brooks County , 92 
 
 Brunswick 88 
 
 Bryan County 86 
 
 Buchanan 64 
 
 Buhr Stone— (See Valuable Minerals .) 23, 79, 80 
 
 Buena Vista 96 
 
 Bulloch County 79 
 
 Burke County 79 
 
 Butler 98 
 
 Butts County 67 
 
 c 
 
 Calhoun 64 
 
 Calhoun County 92 
 
 Camden County 86 
 
 Camilla 96 
 
 Campbell County 68 
 
 Cmnpbellton. . . 68 
 
 Canals 30, 31 
 
 Canal— Great Western 4, 31, 32 
 
 Canal — Hand, for Mining Purposes 20, 21 
 
 Canton 63 
 
 Carroll County 68 
 
 Carrollton 68 
 
 Carnesville 58 
 
 Cartersville 62 
 
 Catoosa County 02 
 
 Catholic Church— (See the scTcral counties.) .39 
 
 Catholic College 2Q 
 
 Cave Spring 64 
 
 Cedar Town 65 
 
 Cement, Hydraulic 24, 28 
 
 Chatham County .86 
 
 Chattahoochee County 93 
 
 Chattahoochee Ridge 6 
 
 Charitable Institutions 39, 40 
 
[169] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 107 
 
 Charlton County 86 
 
 Chattooga County 62 
 
 Cherokee County 62 
 
 Clarke County 68 
 
 Clarkesville .58 
 
 Clay 24 
 
 Clay County 93 
 
 Clayton 60 
 
 Clayton County 69 
 
 Climate— (See Ekrata.) 7, 8, 56, 79, 85, 90 
 
 Clinch County 87 
 
 Clinton 73 
 
 Cleveland , 61 
 
 Clover Dale 63 
 
 Coal— (See CnATTOOGA,DADE and Walker Countie?.) 2, 31, 22, 61, 62, 63 
 
 Cobb County 62 
 
 Coffee County 87 
 
 Colleges 35, 36 
 
 Columbia County 69 
 
 Columbus 96 
 
 Colquitt 96 
 
 Colquitt County 92 
 
 Commercial Situation of Georgia 3 
 
 Congregationalists 39 
 
 Consumption 34 
 
 Conyers , 76 
 
 Copper — (See Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Hall, Hart, 
 jAcksoN, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun Towns, Union, Cherokee, 
 Cobb, Haralson, Paulding, Carroll, Douglas, Stewart, 
 Lincoln, McDuffie, Monroe, Oglethorpe and Wilkes Coun- 
 ties; see, also. Valuable Minerals ) 22, 62, 63, 64 
 
 Corundum — (See Valuable Minerals.) 
 
 Cotton 10, 11 
 
 Cotton Crop of Georgia 11 
 
 Cotton Port — (See Savannah.) 
 
 Cotton Factories.... 27, 28, 63, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82 
 
 91, 97 
 
 Cotton, Sea Island 84 
 
 County Courts 43 
 
 County OtKcers 44 
 
 County Agricultural Societies and Fairs .50 
 
 County Statistics — (See the several Counties.) 
 
 Country — Face of the 5 
 
 Courts of Justice 42, 43 
 
 Covington 74 
 
 Coweta County 69 
 
108 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [170] 
 
 Crawford County 93 
 
 Crawford ville 76 
 
 Cumming 57 
 
 Cusseta 92 
 
 Cuthbert 97 
 
 D 
 
 Dade County 63 
 
 Dalilonega ... .57 
 
 Dallas 65 
 
 Dalton 65 
 
 Danielsville 60 
 
 Darien 88 
 
 Dawson 99 
 
 Dawson County 57 
 
 Dawsonville 57 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Institute 36, 37, 39, 40, 64 
 
 Debt of State, Cities and Counties — Constitutional limit on 46 
 
 Decatur 69 
 
 Decatur County 93 
 
 DeKalb County .69 
 
 Dentist— (See tbe several Cities and Towns.) 
 
 Department of Agriculture 51 
 
 Diamonds— (See Valuable Minerals.) 
 
 Distilleries for Turpentine 16, 80 
 
 Divisions of Georgia — Sectional 5, 55, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89 
 
 Divorces 45 
 
 Doctors — (See the several Cities and Towns.) 
 
 Dodge County 80 
 
 Dooly County 98 
 
 Dougherty County 93 
 
 Douglas County 70 
 
 Douglasville 70 
 
 Dublin 81 
 
 E 
 
 Early County 94 
 
 East Georgia. , 78 
 
 Eastman 80 
 
 Eatonton 75 
 
 Echols County 87 
 
 Eden 86 
 
 Education 35 
 
[171] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 109 
 
 Effingham County 87 
 
 Elberton 71 
 
 Elbert County 70 
 
 Elevations 6, 34, 55, 67, 78, 84 
 
 Ellaville 98 
 
 Ellijay 58 
 
 Emanuel County 80 
 
 Emory College 36 
 
 Episcopal Church 39 
 
 Errata '. Facing page 1 
 
 Exejnptions from Levy and Sale 44 
 
 Face of the Country 5, 10 
 
 Fairburn G8 
 
 Fairs — Agricultural 49, 50 
 
 Fannin County 57 
 
 Farming with Slave Labor 27 
 
 Farm Stock— Price of 56, 57 
 
 Farm Laborers — White and Black — (See the several Counties.). . .56, 57 
 
 Fayette County 70 
 
 Fayetteville 70 
 
 Female Colleges — (See Errata.) 36 
 
 Fertilizer Manufactories 28, 82, 86 
 
 Fish and Game 108 
 
 Floyd County 63 
 
 Forest Growth and Forest Trees 56, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
 Forsyth 74 
 
 Forsyth County , . . . 57 
 
 Fort Gaines 92 
 
 Fort Valley 94 
 
 Franklin 72 
 
 Franklin County 57 
 
 Free-Masons 41 
 
 Fruits 10, 12, 50, 67, 78, 85, 90 
 
 Fruits— Shipping 13 
 
 Fulton County 70 
 
 G 
 
 Gainesville 59 
 
 Game 70, 103 
 
 Gems— (See Valuable Minerals.) 23 
 
 Geneva 76 
 
110 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [172] 
 
 Geological Survey 52 
 
 Georgia — Commercial and Geographical Situation 3 
 
 Georgia — Capacity for Population 4, 32 
 
 Georgia — Compared to Michigan, as to Health and Vital Statistics. .34 
 
 Georgia Soil— Capacity under High Culture 12, 13, 14, 15, 56, 67 
 
 78, 90 
 
 Georgia — Government of 42 to 49 
 
 Georgia State Agricultural Society 49, 50 
 
 Georgia — Sectional Divisions of 5, 55, 61, GO, 78, 84, 89 
 
 Georgia State Horticultural Society 50 
 
 Georgia State Grange 50 
 
 Georgia —Territorial Extent of 4 
 
 Georgians — Characteristics of 32, 33 
 
 Georgetown 97 
 
 Gibson 80 
 
 Gilmer County 58 
 
 Glynn County 88 
 
 Glascock County 80 
 
 Gneiss 23 
 
 Gold and Gold Mining— (See Baktow^, Carroll, Cherokee, Cobb, 
 Coweta, Dawson, DeKalb, Douglas, Elbert, Fannin, For- 
 syth, FoLTON, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hart, 
 Haralson, Heard, Henry, Jackson, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Madi- 
 son, McDufpie, Meriwether, Murray, Morgan, Newton, 
 Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pickens, Rabun, Towns, Union, Up- 
 son, Warren, White and Wilkes Counties ; see, also. Valu- 
 able Minerals.) 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 
 
 Gold — Mills for crushing ore 28 
 
 Good Templars — Order of 44 
 
 Gordon County 64 
 
 Governor 43 
 
 Government of Georgia 42 to 49 
 
 Granite — (See Valuable Minerals . ) 23 
 
 Grange — Georgia State 50 
 
 Grapes 12, 79 
 
 Graphite— (See Valuable Minerals.) 23, 59, 66, 70 
 
 Grasses and Grazing 79, 91 
 
 Great Western Canal , 4, 31, 32 
 
 Greene County 71 
 
 Green Sand — (See Valuable Minerals.) '. 94 
 
 Greenesboro 71 
 
 Greenville 73 
 
 Griffin 76 
 
 Gwinnett County 58 
 
[173] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. Ill 
 
 H 
 
 Habersham County 58 
 
 Hall County 58 
 
 Hamilton • 72 
 
 Hancock County 71 
 
 Hand Book of Georgia 51 
 
 Haralson County 64 
 
 Harris County 72 
 
 Harbors 7 
 
 Hart County 59 
 
 Hartwell 59 
 
 Harvesting— Time of 56, 67, 78, 90 
 
 Hawkinsville 81 
 
 Health 33, 34, 90 
 
 Heard County 72 
 
 Hebrews 39 
 
 Henry County 72 
 
 High Culture— Capacity of Georgia Soil, Under 12, 13, 14, 15 
 
 Hiwassee 60 
 
 Hj-draulic Cement 24, 28 
 
 Hog Manual 51 
 
 Homer 57 
 
 Hornerville 87 
 
 Homestead 44 
 
 Hotels — (See the several Cities and Towns) 
 
 Horticultural Society — Georgia State 50 
 
 Houston County 94 
 
 Immigration— Desired by the People of Georgia 32, 33, 56, 67, 79 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Iron -(See Valuable Minerals.) 22, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 
 
 Iron Furnaces, Foundries, etc 28, 63, 65 
 
 Irwin County 95 
 
 Irwinton 84 
 
 Irwinville 95 
 
 Isabella ' 100 
 
 Israelites 39 
 
 J 
 
 Jackson 68 
 
 Jackson County 59 
 
112 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [174] 
 
 Jasper 60 
 
 Jasper County 73 
 
 Jefferson 50 
 
 Jefferson County >.» 80 
 
 Jeffersonville ,, 83 
 
 Jesup 89 
 
 Jews 39 
 
 Johnson County ^ 81 
 
 Jonesboro . , 69 
 
 Jones County 72 
 
 Judiciary 43 
 
 Justices of the Peace 43 
 
 Jurors -. 45 
 
 K 
 
 Kaolin— (See Valuable Minerals.) .24, 78 
 
 Kingston 62 
 
 Knights of Honor 41 
 
 Knights of Pythias 41 
 
 Knoxville • -93 
 
 L 
 
 Labor — Slave 37 
 
 Labor— White and Black— (Sec the several Counties.). .50, 67, 79, 64, 90 
 
 Laborers— Farm, Wages of 56, 67. 79, 90 
 
 LaFayette 65 
 
 LaGrange 76 
 
 Land Cleared — (See the several Counties.) 
 
 Land— per cent, of tillable— (See the several Counties ) 
 
 Land— Price, of 56, 67, 79, 85, 91 
 
 Land— Too Mountainous for Culture— (See the several counties.) 
 
 Land Titles 45, 46 
 
 Land — Swampy — (See the several Counties ) 
 
 Latitude of Georgia 7, 8 
 
 Laurens County • •, 81 
 
 Law School 35 
 
 Lawrenceville 58 
 
 Lawyers — (Seethe several Counties.) 
 
 Lead— (See Murray County; see, also, Valuable Minerals.) 66, 73, 78 
 
 Lee County 95 
 
 Leesburg 95 
 
 Legislature 41 
 
 Lexington - 75 
 
[175] MANUAL OF^GEORGIA. 113 
 
 Liberty County 88 
 
 Liens 46 
 
 Limestone — (See Baktow, Fannin, Gilmer, Polk, Walker, and 
 
 ; Whitepield Counties; see, also, Valuable Minerals.) 24, 66 
 
 Lincoln County 73 
 
 Lincolnton 73 
 
 Lowndes County 95 
 
 Louisville ' 80 
 
 Lumber — (See the several Counties.) 88, 90 
 
 Lumpkin 98 
 
 Lumpkin County 59 
 
 Lunatic Asylum 40 
 
 Lutherans 39 
 
 M 
 
 Macon 91 
 
 Macon County 95 
 
 Madison 79 
 
 Madison County 59 
 
 Malaria 83,34 
 
 Malta — Sons of 41 
 
 Manufactures — Advantages for over Eastern States 27 
 
 Manufactures — (See Augusta Canal, Richmond County, and Co- 
 lumbus.) 27,28 
 
 Manufacturing Establishments 63, 71 
 
 Manganese — (See Bartovt, Carroll, Hall, Lincoln, and Polk 
 
 Counties; also. Valuable Minerals.) .61, 62, 65 
 
 Marble — (See Fannin, Floyd, Gilmer, Pickens, Polk and 
 
 Walker Counties; also, Valuable Minerals.) 23, 63, 65 
 
 Marls — (See the several counties in East Georgia, Southeast Geor- 
 gia and Southwest Georgia; also. Valuable Minerals,) .24, 81, 85 
 
 90, 94, 96, 97, 98 
 
 Marietta 63 
 
 Marion County 96 
 
 Marshallville 95 
 
 Masons 41 
 
 McDonough 72 
 
 McDuffie County 73 
 
 Mcintosh County 88 
 
 McRae 83 
 
 Mechanics' Liens 46 
 
 Mechanics' Wages 56, 67, 79, 84 
 
 Medical Colleges 35 
 
 Melons 79 
 
114 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA. [176] 
 
 Mercer University 35 
 
 Meriwether County 73 
 
 Metals and Minerals — (See Valuable Minerals.) 17, 56, 66, 100 
 
 Methodist College 36 
 
 Methodist Church 38 
 
 Mica — (See Fannin, Hall Heakd, Jackson, Lumpkin, Morgan, 
 Troup, and Union Counties; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 
 
 Michigan, compared with Georgia 34 
 
 Middle Georgia 5, 10, 11, 66 
 
 Miller County 96 
 
 Mills — (See the several Counties.) 28 
 
 Milledgeville 67 
 
 Milton County , 60 
 
 Milner 75 
 
 Mineral Waters and Springs 25, 67, 68 
 
 Mississippi Valley — Trade of, its best Outlet through Georgia 3 
 
 Mispickel 23 
 
 Mitchell County 96 
 
 Monroe 77 
 
 Monroe County 73 
 
 Montezuma 95 
 
 Monticello 72 
 
 Montgomery County 81 
 
 Morgan 92 
 
 Morgan County 74 
 
 Morganton 57 
 
 Mt. Airy 58 
 
 Moultrie 93 
 
 Mount Vernon 81 
 
 Muck — (See Valuable Minerals.) 84 
 
 Murray County 64 
 
 Muscogee County 96 
 
 N 
 
 Nashville 91 
 
 Naturalization — (See Aliens) 48, 49 
 
 Navigation of Rivers 28, 29 
 
 Negroes — Education of ... 33, 36 
 
 Negro Population 33 
 
 Newnan 69 
 
 Newspapers in Georgia — (See Errata; see, also, the several Coun- 
 ties and Towns.) 52,53,54 
 
 Newton 91 
 
 Newton County 74 
 
 Nickel — (See Pickens County.) 
 
[177] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 115 
 
 North Georgia 5 
 
 Northeast Georgia 55 
 
 Northwest Georgia 61 
 
 North Georgia Stock and Fair Association 50 
 
 Notaries Public 44 
 
 o 
 
 Ochre 65 
 
 Oconee County 74 
 
 Odd Fellows 41 
 
 Officers of the State, appointed by the Governor 42 
 
 Oglethorpe 95 
 
 Oglethorpe County 74 
 
 Olive 90 
 
 Opal — (See Valuable Minerals. ) 23 
 
 Ordinary — Court of 44 
 
 Oxford 74 
 
 Pacific Railroad Company — Terminus on Georgia Coast 3 
 
 Paper Mills 28, 63, 68, 71, 76, 86 
 
 Paulding County 64 
 
 Peaches 10, 67, 79 
 
 Perry 94 
 
 Physicians — (Seethe several Cities and Towns.) 
 
 Pickens County 60 
 
 Pierce County 88 
 
 Pike County 75 
 
 PioNono College 36 
 
 Planting — Farming with Slave Labor 27 
 
 Planting— Time of '. 56, 67, 78, 84, 90 
 
 Plumbago — (See Graphite.) 
 
 Polk County 65 
 
 Population, and Capacity for — of Georgia — (See several counties, 
 
 cities and towns. ) 4, 32 
 
 Precious Stones — (See Valuable Minerals.) 23 
 
 Presbyterians 38, 39 
 
 Preston 99 
 
 Productions ... 9, 10, 11, 12, 56, 66, 67, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
 Production, under high Culture 12, 13, 14, 15, 56, 67, 78. 90 
 
 Productions — Yield per Acre of various Crops 56, 66, 78, 84, 90 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church 39 
 
 Public Schools — (See the several counties.) 37 
 
 I*ulaski County 81 
 
116 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA. [178] 
 
 Putnam County 75 
 
 Quitman 93 
 
 Quitman County 97 
 
 K 
 
 Rabun County 60 
 
 Railroads 11, 29, 30 
 
 Rain-fall 9 
 
 Randolph County 97 
 
 Reidsville 83 
 
 Religion and Religious Denominations— (See the several coun- 
 ties.) 38, 39 
 
 Resaca 64 
 
 Resorts — Summer 34 
 
 Rice 9, 11, 84 
 
 Rice Mills 76,86 
 
 Richmond County 82 
 
 Ringgold 62 
 
 Rivers— Navigable 28, 29 
 
 Rockdale County 75 
 
 Roman Catholic Church 39 
 
 Roman Catholic College 36 
 
 Rome 64 
 
 Rutile — (See Valuable Minerals.) 23, 73 
 
 s 
 
 Sandersville , 88 
 
 Savannah 87 
 
 Schools — (See Education) — (See the several Counties.) 35, 37 
 
 Schley County 98 
 
 Screven County 82 
 
 Sea Coast 7 
 
 Sea Island Cotton 84 
 
 Serpentine — (See Valuable Minerals.) 23 
 
 Sheep Husbandry — Manual of 51 
 
 Shipping Fruit 12 
 
 Silver — (See Dawson, Hall, Jackson, Lincoln and Murray 
 
 Counties; see, also. Valuable Minerals. ) . . .22 
 
 Slate— (See Bartow, Floyd, Gilmer, Gordon and Polk Coun- 
 ties; see, also. Valuable Minerals.) 23, 61, 63, 65 
 
[179] MANUAL OF GEORGIA. 117 
 
 Slave Labor — in Agriculture 27 
 
 Slopes, Atlantic and Gulf 6 
 
 Snow ..6, 7, 56, 85, 90 
 
 Soap Stone— (See Valuable Minekals.) 64, 66 
 
 Social Circle 77 
 
 Soils and Subsoils 9, 13, 55, 56, 61, 66, 78, 84, 89, 90 
 
 Sons of Malta 41 
 
 Southeast Georgia 84 
 
 Southeast Georgia, Compared with the Country near Berlin, 
 
 Prussia . 84 
 
 Southwest Georgia 89 
 
 South (Lower) Georgia 5, 11, 12 
 
 Southern Pacific Railroad — Terminus on Georgia Coast. 3 
 
 Sparta 71 
 
 Spalding County 76 
 
 Springfield 87 
 
 Spring Place 64 
 
 State Agricultural Society 49, 50 
 
 State Grange 50 
 
 State Horticultural Society 50 
 
 State — Sectional Divisions of 5, 55 
 
 Statenville 87 
 
 Statesboro 79 
 
 Stewart Countj'^ 98 
 
 St. Mary's * 86 
 
 Stock — Grazing in Winter 8 
 
 Stock— Range for 10, 11, 61, 91 
 
 Stock and Fair Association, North Georgia 50 
 
 Stock Raising 61, 95, 96 
 
 Stock— Price of 55, 57 
 
 Stone Mountain 70 
 
 Sugar Cane — (See the several Counties in East Georgia, Southeast 
 
 Georgia and Southwest Georgia. ) 11, 12, 78 
 
 Sulphur 23 
 
 Summer Resorts 34, 56 
 
 Summerville 62 
 
 Sumter County 98 
 
 Superior Court 43 
 
 Supreme Court 42 
 
 Swainsboro 80 
 
 Swamp Lands — (See the several Counties). 
 
 Sylvania 82 
 
 Talbot County 76 
 
 Talbotton 76 
 
118 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — GEORGIA, [1^0] 
 
 Taliaferro County 76 
 
 Tatnall County 82 
 
 Taxes 45, 46 
 
 Tea Plant 90 
 
 Telfair County 83 
 
 Temperature 7, 8, 56, 67, 79, 85, 90 
 
 Tennille .83 
 
 Terrell County 99 
 
 Thomas County 99 
 
 Thomaston 77 
 
 Thomasville 99 
 
 Thomson 73 
 
 Timber 6, 16, 17, 66 
 
 Titles to Land 45, 46 
 
 Toccoa 58 
 
 Tobacco 12, 90 
 
 Towns County 60 
 
 Trader's Hill 86 
 
 Transportation 28 
 
 Trenton 63 
 
 Tripoli — (See Valuable Minerals. ) 64, 65 
 
 Troup County 76 
 
 Tunnel Hill 66 
 
 Turpentine Distilleries, Rosin, Naval Stores, etc ...16, 80. 81, 82, 83 
 
 85, 87, 88, H9, 92, 100 
 Twiggs County 83 
 
 u 
 
 Union County 60 
 
 Union Point 71 
 
 Unitarians 39 
 
 Universalists 39 
 
 University — Atlanta — (See Errata. ) 36 
 
 University of Georgia 35 
 
 University — Mercer 35 
 
 Y 
 
 Valdosta 95 
 
 Valuable Minerals 100 
 
 Vegetables 12, 67 
 
 Vienna 93 
 
 Voters — Qualification of 41 
 
[181] MANUAL OF GEORGIA, 119 
 
 w 
 
 Wages of Laborers and Mechanics 56, 67, 79, 84, 90 
 
 Walker County 65 
 
 Walthourville 88 
 
 Walton County 77 
 
 Ware County 89 
 
 Warren County 77 
 
 Warrenton 77 
 
 Washington , 78 
 
 Washington County . .* 83 
 
 Water, of Springs and Wells 10, 25, 56, 78, 85, 90, 91 
 
 Water Powers 11, 25, 20, 67, 90 
 
 Water-Sheds. 6 
 
 Waters— Mineral and Medicinal 25, 67, 68 
 
 Watkinsville 74 
 
 Waycross 89 
 
 Wayne County. . , 89 
 
 Waynesboro 79 
 
 Waynesville 89 
 
 Webster County 99 
 
 Wells 46, 47 
 
 Wesleyan Female College — (See Errata.) 36 
 
 West Point 77 
 
 White County 61 
 
 Whitefield County 65 
 
 Wilcox County 99 
 
 Wilkinson County 83 
 
 Wilkes County 77 
 
 Wool 11 
 
 Woolen Factories 28 
 
 Woods, of Georgia 16, 17, 56, 60, 78 
 
 W orth County 100 
 
 Wrightsville 81 
 
 Yield Per Acre of Agricultural Products. . . . 56, 66, 78, 84, 90 
 
 z 
 
 Zebulon 75 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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