Class. Book. THE Ι- . RUDIMENTS OF GREEK GRAMMAR, AS USED IN THE ROYAL COLLEGE AT ETON, LITERALLY TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH. BY THE REV. H. J. TAYLER, B. D. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS'-HALL COURT. 1843., -?K^ LONDON : BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS WHtTKFKIARS. ADVERTISEMENT. The following translation of the Eton Greek Grammar has been prepared under the idea that in many Schools and Semina- ries, where the Eton system is adopted, such a work has long been considered desirable, in order to convey to the understanding of young boys the rules and principles of the Greek language in a simpler and easier manner, than through the medium of a foreign tongue. Keeping this design in view, the Translator has deemed it advisable to adhere as closely as possible to the Latin text. He is not aware of having in any instance materially deviated from it, or of having made any important insertion or alterationf^*/ either in the text or notes, which did not seem to be required by a regard to plainness and perspicuity. It is hoped, therefore, that, without at all interfering with the use of the original work, a literal translation may prove an unexceptionable companion to it, and be found to conduce to the speedier acquisition of the lan- guage. It has no other aim than to enable the pupil to obtain a readier insight into the chief rules and idioms of the Greek tongue, and to retain them more permanently in his memory. H. J. T. ■ - Brighton, Dec. 1831. CONTENTS. PAGE Letters 1 Accents 3 PARTS OP SPEECH . . 4 Article 5 Declensions of Substantives . ib. — of Contracted Nouns 14 Nouns Irregular 20 Heteroclites 21 Of Patronymics 23 Diminutives 24 Declensions of Adjectives . 25 Numerals 30 Comparison of Nouns ... 32 Pronouns 36 VERB 40 Participle 47 Kindred Tenses in the Active Voice 49 Formation of the Tenses . 52 The Verb ειμί 6*3 PAGB Paradigm of the Passive Voice 66 The Middle Voice .... 80 Circumflex Verbs .... 86 Verbs in μι 94 Verbals 114 Impersonal Verbs 115 Defective Verbs . . . .116 Irregular Verbs 11-8 Adverb 125 Conjunction 126 SYNTAX 128 Prepositions 140 Of Accents 171 Enclitic Words 179 Figures op Speech .... 181 PROSODY 183 Poetic Licence 196 Tables of the Dialects . . 198 Difference of the Dialects . 201 Abbreviations 224 The LETTERS of the Greek Alphabet are twenty-four. SHAPE. NAME. FORCE. A a "Αλφα Alpha a Ββζ Βήτα Beta b Tyi Τάμμα Gamma g Δ δ Αέλτα Delta d Ε € Έ ψίλον Epsilon e short Ad Ζήτα Zeta ζ Η η 9 Ητα Eta e loner ΘΒΘ Θτ^τα Theta th I t- Ίωτα Iota i K κ Κάττιτα Kappa kc Α λ Αάμβΰα Lambda 1 Μ μ Μυ Mu m Ν ν NS Nu η Ηέ Β? Xi X Οο Ό μικρόν Omicron ο little Π ZS 7Γ m Pi Ρ Ρ ?Ρ 'Ρώ : Rho r Σ c σ ? Σίγμα Sigma s Tr7 Ταυ Tau t Τυ 'Τ ψιλον Upsilon u Φ φ Φι Phi ph Χχ Χι Chi ch #γ Φ? Psi ps a λ 'ί2 ju,eya Omega ο great. The old Greeks had only sixteen letters : afterwards the aspirates φ, χ, θ were added, and the double consonants ζ, ξ, ψ, and the long vowels -η, ω, which were, previously to this time, expressed in the pronunciation : " Formerly," says Plato in his Cratjdus, " we did not use η, hut e ; nor ω, hut ο :" and instead of the diphthong ου they wrote o. Athenseus, 1. xi. c. 5. N.B. Homer was unacquainted with the letters ψ, χ, θ, ζ, ξ, ψ, η, ω. Et. Gr. Gr. β The Letters are divided into vowels and consonants. There are seven vowels, a, e, η, t, ο, ν, ω. The other seventeen are consonants. Vowels. Long vowels Short Doubtful . Changeable l . Unchangeable Prepositive 2 . Subjunctive η, ω. η, ι, ν, ω. α, €, η, ο, ω. Diphthongs. There are twelve diphthongs : Six proper, — at, av, ei, ev, ol, ov. Six improper, — a, ?/, ω, with iota marked underneath ; ην, vl, ων. Changeable 3 ,— at, av, ol. Unchangeable, — a, ev, ov. Consonants are of two kinds: mutes and semivowels. 1 The vowels a, e, ο are called Changeable, because they undergo a change in the augments of verbs : that is, a and e are changed into -η, and ο into ω. 8 The vowels a, e, η, ο, ω are called Prepositive, because they are always placed first in the formation of diphthongs : t and υ are called Subjunctive, because they are subjoined, except in the diphthong vl. 3 The changeable diphthongs follow the same rules as the changeable vowels. 3 1. The mutes are nine in number, and are divided into The smooth . . . . π, κ, τ. The middle . . . . /3, y, δ. The aspirate . . . . φ, χ, θ. (π, β 9 φ. There is an affinity between the letters < κ, y, χ. U δ, θ. 2. The semivowels are double 1 , £ f, ψ. The liquids, or unchangeable 2 consonants are, λ, μ, ν, p. The letter Σ stands alone, unconnected with any of the rest. Accents. There are three accents ; the acute [ ' ], the grave [ v ], the circumflex [~ ] 3 . 1. The acute is placed on the last syllable, the last but one, and the last but two. 2. The circumflex on the last, and the last but one. 3. The grave accent is only marked on the last syl- lable ; but it is understood in every syllable on which there is no accent 4 . Every word, of which the last syllable is acute, un- 1 The double consonants are resolved by rbs' and μη 'δικεΊν for μη a5me?u. Sometimes those vowels are joined together by erasis; as, iyw οΊδα, ty$5a• iyu> οϊμαι, έγψμαι. There are three Numbers : singular, dual, and plural. There are five Cases : the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative. There are three Genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The Article. „ The Article is, 6, ή, το, (in Latin) hie, hcec, hoc, and is thus declined *: Sing. Dual. m. f. n. Ν. 0, ? )> το, m. f. η. G. του, τψ, του, Ν. Α. τω, τα, τω, D. τω, T l• τω, G.D. τοΐν, ταΐν, τοΐν. Α. τον, την, το. Plural. m. f. η. m. f. η. Ν. 01, at, τα, D. τοις, rat?, roiV, G. των, των, των, Α. τους, τα», τα. V Declensions of Substantives. There are ten Declensions : 1 Grammarians call this the Prepositive article : the other, c os, $), %, which may be better called the relative, they term the subjunctive. b2 Five of simple, and five of contracted, nouns. The four first declensions of simple nouns are pari- syllabic, that is, they do not increase their syllables in the genitive. The fifth is imparisyllabic, that is, it increases its syllables in the genitive. The First Declension of Simple Nouns. The first declension has two terminations, ας and ης, of the masculine gender only: as, 6 ταμίας, a steward; 6 κριτής, a judge : but 6 and ή ληστής, a robber, is, in the opinion of some, of the common gender. Sing. Sing. X. G. D. ό ταμίας, του ταμίον, τω ταμία, Ν. G. D. 6 κριτής, τον κριτον, τω κριτΊ], A. V. τον ταμίαν, ω ταμία. Α. V. τον κριτην. ω κριτα. Dual. Dual. N. G. V. Α. τω ταμία, D. τοΐν ταμίαιν, ώ ταμία. Ν. Α. τω κριτα, G. D. τοΐν κριταΐν, V. ω κριτα. Plural. Plural. N. G. 1). A. V. oi ταμίαι, των ταμιών, τοις ταμίαις, τους ταμίας, ω τ α μία ι. Ν. G. D. Α. V. ot κριται, των κριτών, τοις κριταΐς, τους κριτας, ω κριταϊ. Of the Genitive. Every genitive plural ends in ων and in the first and second declension it usually takes the circumflex 1 accent on the last syllable. Some nouns of this declension, declined according to the Doric dialect, make the Genitive in a* as, ό ορεσι- βάτης, a wanderer on the mountains, Gen. του ορζσιβάτα' and proper names ending in as' as, 6 Βρασίλας, Gen. τον Βρασίλα. Of the Dative. The dative singular, in the four first declensions, has always l written underneath : thus, α, 77, ω. Of the Vocative. The vocative singular is formed from the nominative, by throwing away ?. The Exceptions are these : 1. Nouns ending in της* as, μηπετης, counsellor; 2. Nouns signifying a particular nation or country, as, Σκνθης, a Scythian ; 3. Poetic nouns ending in πης- as, κννώπης, impudent; 4. Nouns compounded of πωλώ, to sell; μετρώ, to measure ; τρίβω, to wear. All these make the vocative in α short: as, ω μητίζτά 2 , ώ Σκνθά. Noyns ending in στης have both terminations, a and ψ as, ό and ή λ-ρστης, a robber, ω λγατα or λ^στή. 1 See afterwards on the Accents, p. 172. 2 Μητίβτα — II. α. 175. Θύεστα — II. β. 107, &c. are not vocatives for nominatives ; but in fact nominatives of the iEolic language. — Hence the Latin words, poeta, athleta, cometa, &c. " For the Latin language very much resembles the iEolic." Quintil. Book i. C. 6. The Second Declension. The second declension has two terminations, α and 77, of the feminine gender : as, ή μούσα, muse ; η τιμή, honor. Sing. Ν. ?/ μούσα, G. της μούσης, D. rfj μούση, Α. την μούσαν, V. ώ μούσα. Dual. Ν. Α. τα μούσα, G. D. ταΐν μούσαιν, V. ώ μούσα. Plural. Ν. άι μοϋσαι, G. τών μουσών, D. ταΐς μούσαις, Α. τάς μούσας, V. ω μονσαι. Sing. Ν. ή φιλία, G. της φιλίας, D. τι] φιλία' In the rest of the cases, as μονσα. Sing. N. ?/ τιμή, G. της τιμής, D. Tjj τιμί], Α. την τιμήν, V. ώ τιμή. Dual. Ν. Α. τα τίμα, G. D. ταΐν τιμαΐν, V. ώ τίμα. Plural, at τιμαϊ, των τιμών, ταΐς τιμαΐς, τας τιμάς, ώ τιμαι. Words ending in δα, θα, pa, and α pure, make the genitive in ας, and the dative in a* thus, 'Αθηνά, Minerva ; Ναυσικά, Nausicaa ; μνά, a coin or loeight called mina ; these words are contracted from Άθηνάα, Ναυσικάα, μναα. A letter is called pure, when a vowel or diphthong goes immediately before it. ^^ 6 / The Third Declension. The third declension has two terminations, ος and os of the masculine, feminine, and common gender; as, υ λόγος, a discourse ; η νόσος, a disease ; 6 and η λίθος, a stone ; and ov of the neuter gender, as το ξύλον, wood. Sing. Ν. 6 Aoyos, G. του λόγου, D. τω λόγω, Α. τον λόγον, V. ώ λόγε. Dual. Ν. Α. τώ λόγω, G. D. τοΐν λόγοιν, V. ώ λόγω. Plural. Ν» οί λόγοι, G. των λόγοιν, D. τοις λόγοίς, Α. του? λογού?, V. ώ Xo'yot. Contracted nouns are of the third declension : 6 voos 9 vovs, the mind. Sing. N. 6 VOOS•, νους, G. του νόου, νου, D. τω νόω, νω, Α. τον νόον, νουν, V. ώ νός, νου. Ν. ot νόοι, νοΐ, G. τωζ^ ι*όωι>, νών, D. Tots ζ/0019, ζ>οΐ?, Dual. Ν. Α. τώ ζ/οω, νώ, with the acute accent. G. D. Τθΐν VOOLV, VOLV, V. ώ νόω, νώ. Plural. Α. τους νόους, vods, V. ώ νόοι, νοΐ. ν Si " g • Ν. τό ξύλον, G. του ξύλου, D. τω £υλω, Α. τό ξύλον, V. ώ ξύλον. Dual. Ν. Α. τώ £υλω, G. D. τοιζ> ξύλοιν, V. ώ ξύλω. Plural. τα ξύλα, των ξύλων, τοΐς ξύλθί$, τα ξύλα, jj ώ ξύλα. The Fourth Declension. ^ ^/ ^^ The fourth declension, which is peculiar to Attic writers, has two terminations, ω? and ων ω? of the mas- culine, feminine, and common gender; and ων of the neuter : as, ό λζώς, the people ; η άλως, a threshing-floor ; το άνώγζων, an upper chamber. Sing. Ν. 6 λβώ?, G. του λβώ, D. τω λ^ω, Α. τον λβώΐ', 10 Dual. Ν. Α. τω λεώ, G. D. τοΐν λ€ω%^~ V. ώ λεώ. Plural. Ν. οΐ λβω, G. των λζών, D. rots' λβω?, Α. τους λεώ?, V. ώ λβώ. Neuter nouns ending in ων are declined in the same manner, except that the vocative singular is like the nominative, and ends in ων, and the accusative with the vocative plural is like the nominative, and ends in ω. All of them have invariably ω in the last syllable. Certain nouns of this declension make the accusative in ω• as, "Αθως, "ΑΘω, mount Athos ; KeW, Keco, the island Ceos ; Ktys, Κω, the island Cos ; λαγως, λαγω, a hare 1 . The old Attics also rejected the final ν : as, άγήρω, for άγηρων, free from old age. There is only one noun of this declension ending in ω?, of the neuter gender, viz. το xpeW, a debt. . The Fifth Declension. The fifth declension, which is imparisyllabic, has eight 2 terminations: three vowels, a, t, v, of the neuter gender ; and five consonants, ν, ρ, σ, f, ψ, of all gen- ders. 1 But "Αθων and λαγών are found. 2 Formerly there eeems to have been only one termination of this de- clension, namely, the letter 2 after almost all the consonants, and many of the vowels : "which letter formed th.• Nominative, and υ put before it in the word formed the Genitive : thus σώμα was originally σωματς, μ4\ι μ€λ£Τϊ, yui /υ yovvrs or yovars, τιτά,ν riravs, μάρτυρ and μάρτυς μαρτνρς,νυξ viziers, ψλΣψ (\>Χίβ$. See more on this subject in Mark l a n d on the fifth Declension of the Greeks• 11 Sing. Sing. Ν. το σώμα, Ν. 6 τιταν, G. τον σώματος, G. του TLTCLVOS, D. τω σώματι, D. τω τιτανι, Α. το σώμα, Α. το> τίτο.να, V. ω σώμα. V. ω TLTCLV. Dual. Dual. Ν. Α. τώ σώματα, Ν. Α. τώ τίταζ/6, G. D. τοίζ; σωμάτοιν, G. D. τοΐι> τιτάνοιν, V. ω σώματα. V. ω TtTare. Plural. Plural. Ν. τα σώματα, Ν. ot urates, G. των σωμάτων, G. τώζ> τιτάνων, D. τοΓ? σώμασι, D. τοΓ? τιτασί, Α. τα σώματα, Α. τοί)ί τιτάνας, V. ω σώματα. V. ω TtTa^es 1 . y ^ λ/ //< Rules relating to Nouns Imparisyllabic. Of the Accusative singular. The accusative ends in a. The following are the Exceptions : 1. Nouns ending in is, and vs, aus, and ovs, which, when they are pure in the genitive, make the accusative in ν l as, 6 όφις, a serpent, τον δφιν' δ βο'τρνς, a cluster, τον βότρνν η ypavs, an old woman, την γρανν' δ and ?/ βονς, an οχ or cow, τον and την βονν. But Als, Jupiter, makes Αία' λάας, a stone, makes kaav. 2. Gravitones in is and vs, if impure in the oblique cases, retain both terminations in α and ν as, η epis, strife, την ίρώα and tpw δ v^Xvs> a stranger, τον veyjXvba and νέηλνν. iw£• /Jt ^ y 1 The Poets, however, use the accusative in a' as, βότρυα, βόα. 12 Of the Vocative singular. The vocative is like the nominative 1 . The following are the Exceptions : 1. Words declined with ν and tos in the genitive: and adjectives ending in ην, €ls, and as' which make the vocative in ν as, ό A'ias, Ajax, ω Atav 6 and ή τίρην, tender, ω ripev 6 yapUts, graceful, ω yapUv; and ώ yapUc 6 /xeAas", black, ω μάλαν. 2. Gravitones in ηρ, which form the vocative in tp' as, η μήτηρ, a mother, ω μήτζρ' and five oxytone nouns, δ πατήρ, a father ; 6 δαήρ, a hushancfs brother; 6 άνηρ, a man; 6 σωτηρ, a saviour ; ή γαστηρ, the belly : which make ω πάτ€ρ, baep, avep, σωτερ, γάστ^ρ. j£~ ~p^ 3. Nouns ending in evs and ovs, which throw away y as, 6 βασι,λςνς, a king, ω βασιλζν' except πους, a foot, which makes ω ttovs' and obovs, a tooth, which makes ώ obovs, to preserve the distinction between such words and the adverbs που, where, and ohov, by the way. 4. Nouns ending in is and vs, which make the voca- tive in l and v' as, δ βότρνς, a cluster, ω βότρν' δ δφις, a serpent, ω οφί' δ and ή παί?, to παΐ, boy or girl. Except oxytones ending in ls and vs, not contracted; as, ω Σαλαμϊς, Salamis. ω έλπϊς, hope, ώ χλαμνς, a cloak. / y |8 5. Nouns ending in ων and ωρ, which for the most part form the vocative from their genitives, by throwing away the termination : as, δ 'Αγαμέμνων, Agamemnon, voc. ώ Άγάμεμνον δ ελβήμων, merciful, VOC. ώ ζλέημον' δ "Εκτωρ, Hector, voc. ώ 'Έκτορ' δ ρήτωρ, a rhetorician, voc. ώ ρητορ. But δ Ποσ€ΐδώζ', ώνο$, Neptune, makes in the vocative ώ Ποσζώδν and δ 'Απόλλων, ωvos, Apollo, voc. ώ Άπόλλον. 1 Ή yvvrj, a teaman, which makes in the vocative ώ yvvat, and ύ άναξ, a king, which makes ώ άνα, are irregular. 13 Participles ending in ων, eis•, and as, have the vocative the same as the nominative : as, ό τύπτων, ovtos, voc. ω τνπτων' δ τνφθεϊς, £vtos, voc. ώ τνφθβϊς' ό ιστα?, άντος, voc. ώ ίστας. ~~Ζ7^ ^ Of the Dative plural. The dative plural is formed either from the dative singular by taking in σ before t, and throwing away δ, θ, ν,τ; or from the nominative singular, by adding t in nouns ending in ξ, ψ, or σ with a diphthong : as, "Αραψ, an Arabian* " Αραψι' βασιλβυ?, a king, βασιΧ^νσι' κόραζ, a craw, κόραζι. Except πους, afoot, dat. plur. ττοσϊ' and κτεϊς, a comb, κτεσϊ. When the penultimate of the dative singular is long by position, it becomes long in the dative plural, by adding ι after e, and ν after o• as, riQivri, τιθέίσι• λίονη, λέονσι. Nouns contracted by Syncope f make the dative plural in άσί' as, ττατηρ, πατράσι' vl'Cs, a son, Gen. vt'Cos' Sync, vtos' dat. plur. νίάσί. Jk*^y* 2 s The dative in use among the Poets is formed from the genitive singular by changing os into βσι or ζσσϊ as, rjpajos, ηρώ^σι and ήρω€σσί, to heroes ; eireos, επίεσσι, to words. Apocope also occurs in this declension, in all the cases of the singular number : as, 1. In the nominative, to σκέπα, for σκέπασμα, a cover- ing. C Z. In the genitive, του Mav, for Αϊαντος, of Ajax. 1 Πατήρ, μ-ητηρ, and γαστηρ, although in the other cases they are con- tracted, in the accusative singular have no contraction, because πάτρα signifies a native country, μήτρα, a womb, and γάστρα, the hollow of a vessel. Et. Gr. Gr. c 14 3. In the dative, rf] δα'!, for δα'ίδι, to the battle; ttj τταράκοιτι, for τταρακοιτιδι, to the wife ; τω ίδρω, for ιδρώπ, to sweat. %Uy -> . 4. In the accusative, τον Άπολλω, for 'Απόλλωνα, Apollo; τον ίδρώ, for ιδρώτα, sweat, 5. In the vocative, ώ Ααοδάμα, for Ααοδάμαν, Laoda- mas ; ω ΑΓα, for Αΐαν, Ajax. To datives plural, and to verbs ending in t or e, ν is added, if a vowel or a diphthong follow; as, λέονσιν έκείνοις, ft? Mos βασιλέων, D. tois βασιλςνο-ί, Sing, ο 7reAe/d)s, τοί) 7reAeKeoj, Τω 7Γ£λ€Κ€Ϊ, €1, TOy 7TeAeKW, Dual Ν. Α. τώ βασιλςς, ή 2 , G. D. τοίζ> βασιλίοιν, V. ώ βασιλέε, η 2 . Plural. Α. τοί)? /3aatAeas, el?, V. ώ fiaa-ikies, etj. V. ω 7reAe/a>. Dual. Ν. Α. τώ TreAeKee, ^ 2 , G. D. τοΓζ> 7reAe κίοιν, V. ώ TreAeKee, ^ 2 . *0 ι The genitive of masculine nouns in evs is generally made by the Attics to end in 4ωε ; and this ews is contracted into ovs, in those nouns whose nominative ends in evs pure ; as, δ xoevs, a gallon-measure, του χοεωί, xoovs, and in the accusative rbv χοεα, χοα. 2 This contraction seldom occurs. c 2 Ν. 0L 7Γ6λ6Κ66?, €tj, G. των πςλξκξων, D. rot? TreAeKeVt, Ν ' * Si " g ' JN. το άστυ, G. τον αστεος, D. τω άστα, ei, Α. το άστυ, V. ω άστυ. Ν. τα αστ€α, η, G. των άστέων, D. τοι? αστίσί, 18 Plural. Α. τους 7reAeKeaj, €ΐ?, V. ω 7reA6Kees, eis. Dual. Ν. Α. τω άστ€€, η ι , G. D. τοιζ; αστζοιν, V. ω αστίβ, ?/. Plural. Α. τα αστεα, ?7, V. ω άστςα, η. Certain Nouns of this declension also are by the Attics contracted into a in the accusative: as, 6 ITet- pattvs, the Pirceus, accus. τον Ylzipcaa. The Fourth Declension. The fourth declension has two terminations, ω? and ω, of the feminine gender only : as, ή φαδώ, parsimony ; η αιδώ?, modesty. Dual. Sing. Ν. η φζώω,• G. τήςφζώόος,ονς. D. tj] φβιδόΐ, οι, Α. την φεώόα, ώ, V. ω ψεώοΐ. Ν. Α. τα φξώω, G. D. ταϊν φςώοΐν, V. ώ φζ,ώω. Plural. Ν. at φξώοϊ, G. τώι» φζώών, D. ταΓ? ψέΐδοι?, Α. τά? φεώονς, V. ώ φξώοϊ.^ This contraction seldom occurs. 19 The Fifth Declension. The fifth declension has two terminations, ας pure, and pas, of the neuter gender : as, το κρέας, flesh, το κέρας, horn. Singular. Ν. το κέρας, G-. του κέρατος, by Syncope κέραος, by Crasis κέρως, D. τω κέρατι, κέραϊ, κέρα, Α. το κέρας, V. ω κέρας. Dual. Ν. Α. τω κέρατε, G. D. τοΐν κεράτοιν, κέραε, κεράοιν, κέρα, κερων, V. ω κέρατε, κέραε, Plural. κέρα. Ν. τα κέρατα, κέραα, κέρα, G. των κεράτων, D. rots κέρασι, κεράων, κερων, Α. τά κέρατα, κέραα, κέρα, V. ώ κέρατα, κέραα, κέρα. The article is often so conjoined with its noun as to form one syllable, when the former ends in a vowel, and the latter begins with a vowel : as, instead of 6 άνηρ, *άνηρ' του ανδρός, τάνδρος' τω avbpl, τάνδρϊ' τα εμά, τάμα. When the noun begins with an aspirate, the smooth τ in the article is changed into Θ' as, instead of τό Ιμάτίον, θοίμάτίον' 6 έτερος, άτερος' του ετέρου, θατέρου' τω έτέρω, θατερω. In the same way, καϊ είτα is made κατά' καϊ εκείνα, κακεϊνα' καϊ ύττο, χυττο. From this concurrence of short vowels the syllable is made long. 20 The Irregular Nouns, which are contracted, are, I. Those which are contracted in all the cases : as, 1. No'o?, vovs, the mind ; βόος, /5ου?, a stream ; πλοΌ?, πλου?, a voyage ; αττλόος, άπλοΰ?, simple ; διπλοΌ?, διπλού?, double; σάο?, safe, σό? in the Attic dialect, and in the accusative σων. 2. Χρυσούς, golden ; αργυρούς, made of silver ; χαλκοί?, brazen, from nouns ending in eo?. 3. Σιμόζις, Σιμούς' Σιμό^ντος, Σιμονντος, the Simdis ; 7Γλακο'α?, πλακου?• πλακΟ€ντος, πλακοΰντος, a cake. 4. Ό rtjurj?, τιμψτος, from τιμιμίς, honoured. 5. Nouns circumflexed in ijp : as, το κήρ, κήρος, from κίαρ, the heart ; 6 and ή παΐς, παίδο?, from παί?, a boy or girl. 6. Also, το όστέον, a bone, όστοΰν, Gen. όστέον, οστού, Dat. οστέω, όστω. ΊΗΣΟΤΣ is thus declined : Ν. ό Ίησου?, G. τον Ίησον, D. τω Ύησον, Α. τον Ίησονν, V. ω Ίησον. II. Those which are contracted only in a few of their cases; as, 1. Gravitone Substantives ending* in υ?, which are contracted in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural into υ?: as, 'Epivvves, 'EpLvvvs, Furies. 2. Imparisyllabic nouns ending in ου?, which are contracted in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, into οΰ?: as, /3o'e?, /3ου?, by the Doric dialect /3ώ?, oxen. 21 3. Adjectives ending in vs, of which the masculines in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusa- tive, and vocative plural, are contracted in the same manner as in the third declension of contracted nouns : as, Nom. fjbvs, Gen. fjbeos, Dat. ήδέϊ, ήδεϊ* Nom. and Voc. plur. f}b€€s, ^bels, Ace. fjbdas, fjbtfs. 4. Adjectives of the comparative degree, which are contracted in the accusative singular, and in the nomi- native, accusative, and vocative plural : as, Ace. μείζονα, by Syncope μείζοα, by Crasis μείζω' Nom. and Voc. μείζονες, μείζοες, μείζονς, and μείζονα, μείζοα, μείζω' Ace. μείζονας, μείζοας, μείζονς, and μείζονα, μείζοα, μείζω. Heteroclites. Heteroclites are words which differ from the usual manner of declining. 1. Heteroclites in genders. The following nouns, and a few others, are of the masculine gender in the singular number, and of the neuter gender in the plural : namely, 6 ερετμος, an oar, τα ερετμα' 6 λύχνος, a candle, τα, λνχνα' 6 μοχλός, a bolt, τα μοχλα* 6 τράχηλος *, the neck, τα τράχηλα. The following are feminine in the singular number, and neuter in the plural ; ή bieppos, a chariot, τα διφρα : ή κέλενθος, a way, τα κελενθα' to which may be added, ο and η τάρταρος 1 , plur. τα τάρταρα. 2. Heteroclites in Cases. I. Aptotes are, 1. Names of letters: as, άλφα, βήτα. 1 Formerly these nouns had two terminations, os and op : so in Latin, jocus, locus, &c. make in the plural joci and joca, loci and loca. 22 2. Words affected by the figure Apocope : as, δώ for δώμα, a house ; τρόφι for τρόφίμον, nourishment. 3. All numerals from four to a hundred. 4. Poetic nouns ending in φι and φιν as, θνργφι from θύρα' στρατόφι from στρατός' ναΰφι from vavs' στήθζσφι from στήθος. 5. In like manner, δέμα?, α body ; σέβας, reverence; ovap, a dream ; όφελος, advantage ; νώκαρ, torpor ; bm, a gift, &c. II. There is but one Monoptote, as, ώ ταν, Ο friend, or friends, from ςτης. III. The following are Diptotes, ol φθοΐζς, τους φθοΐας, cakes ; άττα and άσσα, for ατινα, certain things, Nom. and Ace. plur. IV. Triptotes, Gen. αλλήλων, λων, λων' Dat. άλλήλοις, αις, οις' Ace. άλλήλονς, λας, λα. Indefinite words, and interrogatives, have no vocative case. 3. Heteroclites in Number. The following nouns have no dual or plural : ή αλς \ the sea; ή γη, earth; 6 αήρ, air; τοττνρ, fire ; το ζλαων', oil. The following have no singular: άλφιτα, victuals; ' 'Αθήναι, Athens; όνείρατα, dreams; and the names of the festivals of the Gods, with many others. ' They want these numbers, when they signify the elements of air, fire, &c. otherwise these words have a plural : ai yal, Arist. Prob. Sect. 23.—&4pas s and αίρων, Plutarch τά πυρά, Homer, Herod. Thucyd. » "Ελαια occurs only once hi the plural number : Callim. in Apoll. v. 38. 23 4. Heteroclites in Declension. There are some neuters in p, which borrow their geni- tive from nouns in ας : as, φρέαρ, a well ; ήπαρ, the liver ; vhtup, water ; ημαρ, a day ; elbap, food ; σκωρ, dung : Gen. φρέατος, ήπατος, ύδατος, ήματος, έίδατος, σκατος, &e. To these may be added, γάλα, milk, γάλακτος' l γυνή, a woman, γυναικός- l which borrow their genitives from nominatives out of use, γάλαξ and γυναλξ. Of Patronymics. A Patronymic is a noun which is derived from the name either of a Father, or of any other person of his family. Masculine patronymics end, 1. In ίδης, which are formed from the genitive cases of the primitive words, by changing the termination into ίδης : as, ΥΙρίαμος, ου, Τίριαμίΰης' Νέστωρ, ορός, Νζστορ&ης* Αητω, όος, οίδης' from Πηλςως is made ΐΐηλείδης, by Epen- thesis Πηλέίάδης' and from the Ionic genitive Πηλήος, Πηληϊάδης. 2. In άδης, when the noun is either of the first declen- sion ; as, Bopea?, ου, Βορζάδης' *1ππότης, ου, Ίπποτάΰης' or when the primitive is of the third declension, and ends in ος pure : as, Ήλιο?, ου, *ΐίλίάΰης' Ναύπλίος, ου, Ναυπλίάδης. When the primitive is long in the penul- timate of the genitive case, of whatever declension it be, the patronymic generally ends in ιάδης' as, Ααέρτης, έρτου, Αα€ρτίάδης' "Ατλας, λαντος, Άτλαντιάδης• 'Αμφι- τρύων, ωνος, "Άμφίτρυωνίάδης. See the note at page 10. 24 Feminine Patronymics end, 1 . In t? or ας, which are formed from the masculines, by removing hy as, Χεστορίδης, Χέστορις' Ήλιάδ?/?, 'Ηλία?. 2. In ηϊς, from the nominative of the primitives: as, from Χρυσής, Χρνσηϊς' from Βρισης, Β/ησ?^'?• from Κάδμο?, Καδμηϊς. 3. In ίνη, or ώι^, which are formed from the genitive of the primitives, by changing the last syllable into ίνη, or ώνη' as, "Αδραστο?, 'Αδράστου, Άδράστίνη' Ίκάριο?, Ίκαρίου, Ίκαριώνη. Sometimes they are formed from the nominative in ων as, 'Her ίων, "Ή€τίωνη. Ionic Patronymics end in ίων, or €ΐων as, Κρονίων, ΤΙηλζίων, Άτρςίων l . Diminutive Nouns have various terminations; as, ίων, μωρίων, a little fool. I. Masc. in < a ^ λίθαξ, a little stone. a youth. j σκος, νεανίσκος, \λος, ναυτίλος, a nautilus. fis, κρηνϊς, a little fountain. II. Fem. in < σκη, παώίσκη, a little girl. [νη, πολίχνη, a little toicn. III. Neut. in ιον, Γ γνωμίοΊον, 1 πολίχνιον, a short sentence. a little town. Possessives end in 1. κος, as, μουσικός, musical, from μούσα. 2. los, as, ουράνως, heavenly, from ουρανός. 3. ios, as, ανθρώπινος, human, from άνθρωπος. 4. eto?, as, ανθρώπειος, human, from άνθρωπος. 5. ωδής, as, λιθώδης, stony, from λίθος. 6. ojos, as, πατρώος, paternal, from πατήρ. > Some are irregular ; as, Λαμ-πΈτίδη?, */*£ son of Lampus, II. Αευκαλίδης, the soft of Deucalion Τ' ν ν 307. Rut rw>rli:ms of these primitives w;is two-fold Δεύκαλο?. So also Οιδίπους and Οίδίποδη?. 11. v. v. 307. But perhaps tin- form Λάμποί and Αάμπ(το$, Αίυκαλίων and 25 Declensions of Adjectives. Adjectives follow the form and declensions of sub- stantives. Adjectives which end in os pure, and ρος, make the feminine in a, others in η, and the neuter in ov : as, άγιος, άγια, άγων, holy ; ανθηρός, ανθήρα, άνθη pbv, flowery. The following are excepted, όγδοος, 6η, oov, the eighth ; and contracted nouns ending in eos and οος' as, χρύσεος, golden; άπλόο?, simple, ,. Four adjectives make their neuter in ο and ov as, άλλος, τηλικοντος, τοσούτος, τοιούτος' and three pronouns, οντος, αυτός, 1 έκζΐνος, in ο. ^- Adjectives in νς Ί make the ίεΐα " the Γυ €ΐς > feminine^ βσσα >neuter< ev ους J in [_?/ J in [οώ ίόξνς, as, < χαρίεις, [^απλούς, οζύα, χαρίςσσα, απλή, οξύ χαρΐ€ν, απλούν, sharp. graceful. simple. Except πολύς, πολύ, Ace. πολνν, πολύ. In the Poetic Genitive πολέος, Dat. ττολέϊ. Plur. Nom. πολέ€ς, Gen. πολέων, Dat. πολέσι, Ace. πολέας. Adjectives ending in ας have the feminine in ασα, and the neuter in av as, πάς, πάσα, πάν, all : but Nom. μέγας, μέγα, Ace. μέγαν, μέγα. ., Πολύς borrows some of its cases from the obsolete word πολλος : so μέγας borrows some of its cases in the sin- gular, and all in the dual and plural, from the obsolete 1 Avrbs joined with the prepositive Article δ, η, rb, signifies " the same :" δ avrbs, by the Ionic Dialect, covrbs, the same $ and the neuter rb avrb in the Nom. and accus. is made ravrbv, having ν added to it. Et. Gr. Gr. d 26 word μεγάλος' μελά?, μέλανος, takes all its femininesfrom the obsolete word μέλαινος' as also τάλας, τάλανος, all its feminines from the obsolete word τάλαινος. Masc. Singular. Fem. Neut. Nom. O TTCLS ή πάσα το πάν Gen. παντός πάσης παντός Dat. Ace. Voc. τταντϊ πάντα ω πάς πάστ\ πάσαν πάσα Dual. παντϊ πάν πάν. N. A. V. πάντζ πάσα πάντε G. & D. πάντοιν πάσαιν Plural. πάντοιν Nom. πάντςς πάσαι πάντα Gen. Dat. πάντων πάσι πασών πάσαις πάντων πάσι Ace. πάντας πάσας πάντα Voc. πάντες πάσαι πάντα. Adjectives declined with three genders, and only two terminations, end in ης ις νς ονς ην ων ως ος { . {€$ and make the neuter in ■< ovv €V 1 Among the oldest Greeks, all adjectives derived from other words, and ending in os, were declined with three genders. Porson on Med. v. S22. 27 as, < r 6 καϊ η αληθής, καϊ το αληθές, true, 6 καϊ η εύχαρις, και το εύχαρι, graceful. 6 καϊ η αδακρυς, και το άδακρυ, tearless. δ καϊ ή πολύπους, καϊ το πολύπουν, many-footed. 6 καϊ η τερην, καϊ το τέρεν, tender. 6 καϊ ή ευδαίμων, καϊ το εύΰαιμον, fortunate. 6 καϊ 7] εύγε ως, καϊ το εύγεων, fertile. < 6 καϊ ή αθάνατος, καϊ το άθάνατον, immortal. Some are of three genders, (with only one termina- tion ;) as, ο, ή, το μάκαρ, blessed ; 6, η, το αρπαζ, rapa- cious ; 6, ή, το μανίας, mad. Singular. * Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. κάλος καλή καλόν Gen. κάλου καλής καλοΰ Oat. καλώ καλί} καλώ Ace. καλόν καλην καλόν Voc. κάλε καλή καλόν. Dual. Ν. Α. V. καλώ καλά καλώ G. & D. καλοΐν καλαϊν καλοΐν. Ν. V. καλοί Gen. καλών Dat. καλοΐς Ace. κάλους Plural. καλαϊ καλών καλαΐς καλας καλά καλών καλοΐς καλά. Singular. Nom. ό καϊ η αληθής, καϊ το αληθές, Gen. του, καϊ της, καϊ του άληθεος, ους, Dat. τω, καϊ τί}, καϊ τω άληθεϊ, εΐ, Ace. τον κα! την άληθεα, η, καϊ το αληθές, Voc. ω αληθές, and neut. αληθές. 28 Dual. Ν. & Α. τω, και τα, και τώ αληθές, ή, G. & D. τοΐν, καϊ ταΐν, καϊ τοΐν αληθίοιν, οΐν, Voc. ω άληθέζ, η. Plural. Nom. οί καϊ αϊ άληθέςς, ei?, καϊ τα άληθέα, η, Gen. των άληθέων, ων, Dat, rot?, καϊ rat?, καϊ rot? αληθέσί. Ace. roi>s και ra? άληθέας, ei?, και ra άληθέα, η, Voc. ώ aAryflee?, ei?, and neut. αληθία, ή. ν Gen Dat Singular. Nom. 6 και ?; €"υχαρι?, και ro ξνχαρι, τον, και r?7?, και τον ςνχάριτος, τω, καϊ τί}, και τω ενχάριτι, Ace. rw και την ζνχάριτα, and ζνχαριν, και ro e -υχαοι, Voc. ω ςνχαρι. Dual. Ν. Α. r&>, και ra, και rco €νχάριτ€, G. D. roty, και rati;, και rotz; ζνχαρίτοιν, Voc. ω ενχάριτζ. Plural. Nom. οι και αί €νχάριτ^ ) καϊ τα ζνχάριτα, Gen. r ευχαρίτων, Dat. roi?, και rats', και rot? βυχάρισι, Ace. roi/j και ra? ζνχάρι,τας, και ra ςνχάριτα, Voc. ω e^xapire?, and neut. ςυχάριτα. Thus also is declined the interrogative ri?, ιοΛσ, and ri?, indefinite, some one. Sing. Nom. ό και ?/ π'?, 1 και το ri, iclw, Gen. roi>, και tt\s 9 καϊ τον rtVo?, Dat. τω, και π} 9 και rθοξος, ενδοξότερος, εΐ'δοξότατος. 33 Those which have the penultimate short, change ο into ω in the comparative and superlative ; as, φρόνιμος, φρονιμότερος, φρονιμότατος, prudent, more prudent, most prudent. Except, κενός, κενότερος, κενότατος, empty; στενός, στενότερος, στενότατος, narrow. Other Adjectives form the comparative and super- lative by έστερος and έστατος' those which end in ας by άντερος and άντατος' those which end in νς often form them by ίων l and ιστός' as, Positive, Comparative, Superlative. In< 'ων. σώφρων, σωφρονεστερος, ας. μέλας, μελάντερος, εις. χαρίεις, χαριέστερος, ης. ευσεβής, ευσεβέστερος, ους. απλούς, απλούστερος, υς. ευρύς, ευρύτερος & ευ ρίων, αρ. μάκαρ, μακάρτερος, ην• τέρην } τερενέστερος, σωφρονέστατος, modest, μελάντατος, black, χαριέστατος, graceful, ευσεβέστατος, pious, απλούστατος, simple, ευρύτατος & εύριστος, wide, μακάρτατος, blessed, τερενέστατος, tender. Irregular Comparison. Pos. Κακός, bad, έλαχυς, small, Comp. Γ κακίων, and 1 κακώτερος, χειρών, χερείων, χερειότερος, γ ελάσσων, and 1 έλάττων, Superl. κάκιστος, and κακωτατος. χείριστος. V ελάχιστος. 1 In the comparatives ending in ίων, the Ionians make the ι short, the Attics long. 34 Pos. βραδύς, slow, μέγας, great, πλέΌς, and ττλεΐος, }full, Comp. με ίων, less, J ησσων, and \ ■, Ι ήττων, I βράσσων, [μείζων, andl Ι μάσσων, I [πλέων, and"! 1 ττλείων, J Superl. μεΐστος. ήκιστος. μεγι,στος. πλείστος. The Attics form many comparatives and superlatives by ίστερος and ίστατος' and some by εστερος and εστατος' and by αίτερος and αίτατος, from positives in os ; as, Αάλος, talkative, Αίδοΐος, venerable, 'Ολίγος, few, "Ισος, equal, Φίλος, friendly, λαλίστερος, λαλίστατος. αίδοιεστερος, αϊδοιεστατος. , χ / Γ όλυγ ίστατος, and ολίγ ίστερος, i ,ν / Ισ αίτερος, Ισ αίτατος. ίφίλαίτερος, Γ φιλαίτατος, < and •< φίλτατος, and [φιλτβρο?, [φίληστο^. From superlatives also are formed other comparatives and superlatives; as, ελάχιστο?, ελαχιστότερος, by much the least; κνΰίστος, κνδίστατος, by far the most glorious. The following words also have comparatives and superlatives formed from them. I. Substantives : as, "Εχθος 1 , hatred, εχθίων, εχθιστος. Αίσχος \ disgrace, αίσχίων, αίσχιστος. Οίκτος \ pity, ο'ίκτιστος. Κίδο?, glory, κνδίων, κνδιστος. ' The comparatives and superlatives of these words are in fact de- rived from έχΟρυς, alaxpbs, olicrphs ; but to avoid the harshness of sound, the letter ρ is omitted. 35 gain, beauty, pain, height, Mars, strength, a king, a dart, κερδιων, καλλίων, άλγιων, νψίΤΕρΟξ, ape ίων, βασιλεύτερος, Γ κρείσσων, ΟΓΊ 1 κρείττων, Ι ΐβέλτερος, or ι 1 βελτίων, Ι κέρΰιστος κάλλιστος. άλγιστος. ύψιστος. άριστος. κράτιστος. βασιλεύτατος. βέλτιστος. II. A Pronoun: as, himself, III. Verbs: ίλω'ιων, or Ί / wish, < λώων, or > [_λωιτερος, J λώστος. I carry, φερτερος, φερτατος, or φεριστος, or φερτιστος. IV. Adverbs: as, above, very, ανώτερος, μάλλον, ανώτατος. μάλιστα. below, κατώτερος, κατώτατος. afar, ■πορρώτερος, πορρώτατος. beyond, on the outside easily, ττεραίτερος, , εξώτερος, ράων, ττεραίτατος. εξώτατος. ραστος. near, γ εγγύτερος, \ εγγίων, or -ι εγγύτατος, or } εγγιστος. V. Prepositions: as, 'Ύπερ, above, υπέρτερος, υπέρτατος, by Syrf- cope ύπατος. Πρ6, befi e 9 πρότερος, πρότατος, by Syn- cope πρόατος, by Crasis πρώτος, and, as if the superlative were doubled, πρώτιστος. VI. Participles: as, 'Έ,ρρωμένος, strong, ερρωμενέστερος, έρρωμενέστατος. There are also some, to which no rule of analogy can be applied ; as, 'F 0\ ' ι 9°°d*i αμείνων, better. PRONOUNS. The primitive Pronouns are, Έγω, Ι; συ, thou ; ου, of himself. The Possessives are, Έμο?, mine ; Σφωιτερος, of you two ; Σος, or τεος, thine ; Ημέτερος, our; 'Eos, or ος, his own or her own; 'Υμέτερος, your ; Ν ωίτερ ο ς, of us two ; Σ φ έτερος, their. The rest are, Ούτος, this; εκείνος, that ; αυτός, himself; os, who, or which. The compound pronouns are, Έμαυτου, of myself; Σεαντοΰ, of thyself ; Έαυτοΰ, of himself. 37 Έ)/ώ, /. < Sing. Dual. Plur. Ν. G. D. eya>, Ζμον, \ Ν. Α. νώϊ, νω, Ν. ήμεΐς, G. ημών, έμοϊ, Α. €μϊ, and, by Aphseresis, G. D. νώϊν, νων. D. ήμΐν, μον,μοϊ,μξ. Α. ημάς. Συ, thou. Sing. Dual. Plur. Ν. and V. συ N. V. ύμεΐς, G. σου, N.A.V. σφώϊ, σφω, G. υμών, D. σοϊ, D. ύμΐν, Α. (Τ€. Οί G. D. σφώϊν, σφων. ), of himself, or of Mr Α. υμάς, n. Sing. Dual. Plur. Ν. Ν. σφςΐς, G. ου, Ν. Α. σφωζ, σφ€, G. σφών, D. οι, or eo?, D. σφίσι, Α. Τ he Ι G. D. σφωϊν, σφίν. telative lV Oy, who, or ? Α. σφάς. vhich. ' Sing. Dual. Plural. Ν. A A A OS, η, ο, Ν. οΐ, at, a, G. ου, ης, ου, Ν. Α. ω, a, &, G. a>r, ώ^, ώ^, D. ω, ή, ω, D. οϊς, αΐς, οΐς Α. ον, ην, δ. G. D. oXv, atv, olv. Α. ους, as, a. So όστις, ήτις, ο,τι' and οσττερ, ήπ€ρ 3 oirep. The rest also are declined with three genders, like adjectives, and nouns of the second and third declension. Et. Gr. Gr. ε 38 Μ. F. Ν. Έ /XOS, e /χτ), ^ (μον. νωιτ€ρος, νωϊτίρα, νωΐτ€ρον. ήμέτβρος, ήμςτέρα, ημ4τ€ρον. σος, or τ€ος, ση, or τετ), σον, or τ€ον. σφωίτζρος. σφωϊτέρα, σφωίτ€ρον. νμ<-Τ€ρος, νμζτέρα, νμέτζρον. eoj, or os, £ή, or ?7> kbv, or bv. vftrepos, * QVTOS, σφ^τίρα, αντη, σφέτβρον. τοντο. \£κ€Ϊνος, €Κ€ίνη, €K€lVO. αυτό?, αντη, αντο. ςμαντον, (μάντης, €μαντον. (Τξαντοϋ, σεαντής, σ€αντον. kavTov, ϊαντής, Οντος, this. kavTov. / Μ. F. Ν. Sing, Nom. οντος, αντη, τοίτο, Gen. τούτον, ταύτης, τούτον, Dat. τούτω, ταύτη, τούτω, Ace. τούτον, ταύτην, τοντο. Dual. Ν. Α. τούτω, ταύτα, τούτω, G.D. TOVTOLVy ταύταιν, τούτον. Plur. Nom. ούτοι, ανταί, ταντα, Gen. τούτων. τούτων, τούτων. Dat. τούτοι?, ταύταις, τούτοις, Ace. τούτου?, ταύτας, ταντα. So also is declined ϊκςϊνος. ι/ 39 The Compound Pronouns, which have no nominative, are, Gen. Dat. Ace. έμαντον, τω, rrj, τω, aeavrov, f της, του ϊαντοΰ* τον, την, το. and, by Crasis, σαυτοΰ, της, του' αντου, της, του, &c. Έμαυτοϋ and σεαυτου are only declined in the Singular number; but ζαυτοΰ is declined in the Plural. Gen. ξαυτων, των, των, Dat. εαυτοΐς, ταΐς, rot?, Acc. ζαντους, τας, τα. The Indefinite Pronoun beiva, a certain one, Nom. 6 bewa 1 , or bth, η btiva, το bdva, Gen. του betvosj and δςίνατος, της b€ΐvoς, του δεΐνο?, Dat. τω δειζη, and beivaTi, t{j belvi,, τω δεΓζΊ, Acc. τρι; δ€Ϊϊ>α, την belva, το beiva. 1 The pronoun SeiVa is not declined ; therefore the Genitive and Dative cases are taken from the obsolete Nominative SeTs. 40 THE VERB. There are thirteen Conjugations; six of Gravitone, three of Contracted verbs, and four of verbs in μι. They are called Gravitone, because they have the grave tone or accent on the last syllable, which is not marked, but understood, so that the accent expressed is placed upon the penultimate. The conjugations of verbs are distinguished by certain characteristic letters, which are called figuratives, or indices. The characteristic letter is that which immediately precedes ω, or ομαι : but in 7rr, κτ, μν, the first letter is the characteristic. Characteristic Letters of the First Conjugation. Pres. π, τέρπω \ β, λζίβω ψ, γράφω 77Τ, τύτττω Fut. (τέρψω "\ . J λζίψω Ι ^ j γράψω Γ " {τύψω ) Pret. ίτέτβρφα, I delight. \ \4kei κα < ?7κα, / sz'fty. 7τλ?}σω J [_7re7r/\?7Ka, //ζ//„ Of the Fourth. }σω Γελάσω Ί or J ορυ^ω t £ω [_φράσω J κα f πέπλακα, I form. or ^ ώρνχα, I dig. γα [πέφρακα, I tell. Of the Fifth. λ, ψάλλω ' μ, re /χω ν, φαίνω ρ, σπείρω μν, τέμνω ) Λ (ψάλω Λ Ι νέμω | > ώ -Ι φανώ V ψάλω ν€μώ φανώ στιςρώ | re /χώ J ίί-ψαλκα, I sing. Ι ν^νέμηκα 1 , I distribute, κα -\ πεφάγκα, I show. Ι έσπαρκα, I sow. {τ€τέμηκα ι > I cut. Of the Sixth. Any vowel, or diphthong, which immediately precedes ω, or ομαι' as, τιω, Fut. τισω, Pret. rertKa, / honour. In the Active and Middle Voices there are eight Tenses : The Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First Aorist, Second Aorist, First Future, Second Future. See Note at ρ 59. 42 In the Passive Voice the Paulo-post-future is added. Moods. There are five Moods, as in Latin : The Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive. Optative, Rules. When the first person plural ends in μςν, the first person dual is wanting. When the third person plural ends in σι or rat, the third person dual is the same as the second. THE INDICATIVE MOOD, From which all the other Moods are derived. Present Tense. S. τύπτω, tvttt€Ls 9 tvttt^l* I strike. D. τνπτζτον, τυπτετον P. τνπτομςν, τύτττ€Τ€, τντττουσι. Imperfect. S. ςτυπτον, ξτνπτζς, ζτνπτζ' I was strikbig. D. έτνπτςτον, έτνπτέτην P. έτύπτομεν, ^tvttt€T€, Ζτνπτον 1 . 1 The Ionians form the Imperfect and both the Aorists in σκον, from the second person .singular, by throwing away the augment, and adding kqv : as, τΰπτ€ϊ, τύπτςσκον' ru\pas, τύψασκον' τύπε?, τύπςσκον. The termination ou is made όμην in the passive and middle voices. 43 First Future. S. τύψω, τ^ψ -ei?, τυψ -et 1, I shall strike, D. τύψ€ΤΟΡ 9 TV\f/€TOV' P. τνψομςν, τνψζτ€, τνψονσί. First Aorist. S. ςτυψα, ζτνψας, ζτνψς' I struck. D. , ετνψατον, έτνψάτην P. έτνψαμςν, €τνψατ€, έτυψαν. Perfect. S. τζτνφα,τίτνφας, τίτνφζ' I have struck. D. Τ€τνφατον, τζτύφατον' Ρ. Τζτνφαμεν, Τ€τνφατ€, τζτνφασί. Pluperfect. S. €Τζτνφ€ΐν, €Τ€τνφ€ίξ, ζτβτνφζι' I had struck. D. £τξτνφ€ίτον, €Τ€τυφξίτην Ρ. €Τ€Τυφ€ίμζν, €Τ€Τυφ€ίΤ€ 1 ζΤ€τνφ€ί(ταν. Second Aorist. , S. ί-τυπον, ζτνπςς, ζτνπς' I struck. D. €Tvtt€tov, ζτνπέτην' P. ξτνπομζν, Ιτνπζτς. ϊίτνπον. Second Future. S. τνττώ, τνττ€Ϊ9, TVTrd' I shall strike. D. τνπεΐτον, τνπζΐτον' P. τύπον μζν, τνπ€ΪΤ€, τνπονσι. 1 In the futures of the fifth conjugation the inflexion is thus : ω — us — et — έΐτον — e?Tov — ονμεν — elre — οΰσι. And also in certain Attic, and in all the Doric, futures of the other conjugations. 44. Imperative Mood. Present and Imperfect. S. τύπτξ, τυπτέτω' D. τύπτ€τον, τντττίτων* P. τνπτ£τ€, τνιττίτωσαν. First Aorist. S. τύψον, τνψάτω' D. τνψατον, τνψάτων' Ρ. τνψατξ, τνψάτωσαν. Second Aorist. Strike, Strike thou. Strike thou. S. Twe, τυττίτω' D. tv7T€tov, τνπέτων' P. rv7T€Te, τυπίτωσαν. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τίτυφζ, τ^τυφίτω' You must have struck. D. τ€τνφ€τον, τ€τνφ€των' P. τςτνφζτε, τβτνφετωσαν. Optative Mood. Present and Imperfect. S. τνπτοιμι, tvtttols, tvtttol' I icish I may be striking, D. τνΈτοιτον, τνητοίτην [or, would that I were P. TvirroLjieVy τντττοιτζ, tvtttol€v. [striking. First Future. S. τνψοιμί, τνψοις, τυψοι* D. τύψοίτον, τνψοίτην' P. τνψοιμςν, τυψοιτε, τύψοιςν. I may hereafter strike. 45 First Aorist. S. τνψαίμί) τύψαίς^ rv\jjcu' 1 may have struck, Σ). τνψαίτον, τνψαίτην' P. τνψαιμζν, τνψαιτ€, τνψαί€ν. 1 The iEolic Aorist. S. τνψ€(,α, τύψζίας 2 , τνψ€ί€ 2 ' I may have struck. D. τνψξίατον, τυ\Ι/€ίάτην P. τυψζίαμζν, τυψείατβ, τύψξίαν*. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τΕτυφοιμί, τςτνφοίς, τζτνφοί' I would have struck. D. τζτνφοίτον, τετνφοίτην' P. τςτνφοιμεν, τ€τύφοίΓ€, τςτύφαςν* Second Aorist. S. τνποιμι, τύποί$ τύπου' I may have struck. . D. τνποιτον, τνποίτην P. τύποίμεν, τύποιτζ, tvkolzv. Second Future. S. τνποϊμΐι τνποΐς, τυποΐ' I may hereafter strike. D. τυττοΐτον, τυποίτην P. τντοϊμζν, τύπο ire, τνποΐςν. 1 The JEolic Aorist is formed from the First Aorist of the Indicative by inserting ei before a, «and throwing away the augment : as, έτυψα, Tvipcia. 2 The second and third person singular, and the third plural, are the most in use among Attic writers : the rest scarcely anywhere occur. 46 Subjunctive Mood. Present and Imperfect. S. τνπτω, τνπττ}ς, τύπττ] 1 • If I should strike. D. τυπτητον, τντττητον P. τύπτωμζν, τυπτητ€, τύπτωσί*. First Ac-risk S. τύψω, Tv\jnj9 9 τνψτ]. If I should have struck. D. τνψητον, τνψητον' P. τνψωμζν, τύψητ€, τνψω&Ι. Second Aorist. S. τύπω, tvtttjs, Tvify' If I should have struck. Ό. τνττητον, τνπητον' P. τνπωμςν, τύπητ€, τνττωσι. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τςτύφω, T€Tv Ν. το τνπτον. τον τνπτοντος. striking. First Future. Μ. ό τνψων, τον τνψοντος, F. ?/ τνψονσα, της τνψονσης, Ν. το τνψον. τον τνψοντος.' going to strike. Μ. ό τνψας, F. η τνψαο-α, Ν. το τνψαν. First Aorist. τον τνψαντος, της τνψάσης, τοντνψαντος. having struck. Μ F. 7) reriN Ν. το τςτν Perfect and Pluperfect, τετιιφώ?, τον τετνφότος, who has or had been WLa, της τζτνφυιας, )os. τον τετνφότος 1 . [striking. 1 But Participles in αως, after the contraction into a>s, make the femi- nine in ώσα, and the neuter in eta : as, Nom. 4στώ$, ϊστώσα, ecrr&s. Gen. iarwros, έστώσης, τστώτος' and so through the rest of the cases they retain the ω. 48 Second Aorist. Nom. Gen. Μ. ό τνπων, του τνπόντος, having struok. F. η τνποΰσα, της τνπονσης, Ν. το τύπον. τον τνπόντος. Second Future. Μ. ό τνπών, τον τνπονντος, going to strike. F. Ν. η τυπονσα, το τνττονν. της τνττ ούσης, TOV TVTTOVVTOS. 49 k< •-" .8- [α 03 Oh 5Λ ft -, '3 Ι, μ μ μ μ μ. 03 --3 Λ ft o> >> ft ft 3 3 α ? ζΓ ^3 cs % < < < < < a «a a 1— 1 S S - -a. cS C S fc ^-^ μ fc= t3 μ μ ^μ μ μ μ a' a f— 1 ^ft ft ft ^ ^ c ft a 3 I a ^3 3 m 3 3 3 -* 3 << < < < cL Ο μ μ μ μ μ μ Ο 3. Ο Ο δ ^ Ο Ο 03 ρ- ε ^ Λ -Α. ^Ρ ^ ^ ^ t- μ μ μ "o3 Oh ft & ^ ο w \υ /< ^ < < a ►— 1 ν ?5 μ ^ μ ^vw μ μ ;> μ >^ μ >^ μ ^ >^, μ a ft 3 Ι 3^|~||<3 •< >^ ^< >^ /< -w >vw ^; « .•- « ο 3 ^S^^qj^aa ^ 1 3 Ο J^£ ^ ^ d λ S ο IS c5 C S C Ι-Η S 1 <- 5 Ί *<3 a. vd ζ3 b b *^3 -C3 CL *-« a. -θ- b CL 6G> — — S. ^ 3. δ 3. |- 3. δ ^ § 2_ 1. 1- « 3- c 3- "α- δ « v - 3- cJ a. *S, δ ΰ b b -a ο δ CL CO oo Ο ^ 3 «35 Ο to CL CL δ S S ί= t? £ "0- "Θ--Θ- Ρ "Θ--Θ- c3 Λ - ^ S< α» Ο e to α. to S Cl. &> b CL <50 S to ^ C£> J3 -3 cl CL -u, cl ι— ι fc= i? !? "^ "©* "θ- p -e- "7 ^-< Λ ^^ K» ο3 "5 2 3c§ ι g c3 X ί ϊ ο c3 *δ g § « ^ a ^ -β ο C3 CLi5 <3 ο^ ϊ b - 1= ^ c, <^> a b a ■tt-i'i U >to ^y> fc. Η φ S3 Ο. *e c^ ^ >VU % ^b *ε u •Xy->to "BJ!** — 00 ;_■ *J cc U *j" +J ο a -w Ο 3 Ο 3 is ϊ<^ υ ^^^ *j ο ■^ *Ε ττ T3 « ρ α> S ϊ c c ^ 3 Ο Ο ο ^2 £ α, « Ρ 5rt 3 ϋ Ξ ο to φ — < QJ α» Ρη ΗΗ Ο — ■ ι Q) Qj Οη^ Ph Ph Ch Oh gg c/2 U< Ph Oh Ph C^ 'Xt 51 1 c| § 1 -3 <3 b b b -2 b b ϊ 1— t 3 b b « ξ ,§ ^s -=s -ρ ρ ^3 c 3 ο ο ο ο ο ο a 3 ^ §■<§■ 1" §■§- b b b -£ b b S b b S cS b "vw b ο σ3 Ο 3 b * _ • ^ρ -ρ ^ρ 3 ο ο ο ο -8 -s «r- -« α, C b b b -S b b ο b b § 5-c3- ^p -5> "Ρ -ρ ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ϋ ^ χ. « ^ ϋ ο. J t= t= b t= b b >^ b S-H cu a. * b * » ρ ρ ^ ο ο ο c ϋ « S£ « >8 >C5 ^^ *δ ο ο β g I § £b£bbbb£ b >u/ b *vw ^u^ «^vu >\i> b '■a λ 3 s « S 3obbii:ii^ f0 οοοοοοοο -8 *S5fce >Sr->?r--?r->^-S . .2 +j c 3 Ο a Ο φ /• ' as, ζίκάζω, γκαζόν, I liken ; and ev into ην' as, ςνχομαι, ηυχόμην* I -pray ; and β'ιδω, / know, is made in the Plu- perfect dheiv, and by the Attics ?/Beo>, / had known. Exceptions. Four verbs, beginning with a, do not take η in the augmented tenses : as, αω, aov, I breathe ; άίω, αίον, I hear; άηθίσσω, άήθζσσον, I am unaccustomed ; αηοίζομαι, άφιζόμην, I have an aversion 2 . Some verbs, beginning with e, take t in the augmented tenses, as, "Εχω, είχον, I have ; Έάω, I suffer ; Γ Έλω, €Ϊλον } I take ; °Έω, I clothe ; Γ/ Ελκω, έλκΰω, / draw ; "Εω, I place ; 'Έρπω, ξρττύζω, I creep ; Έρΰω, I draw ; *Εστήκω, I stand ; Εθίζω, / accustom ; "Επομαι, I follow ; Εργάζομαι, I ivork ; 'Epeo), I say ; Ελίσσω, I roll ; Έστιάω, I entertain ; "Εττω, έιπον, I tell. This last verb keeps the augment in all the moods ; ίθω, 1 am accustomed, makes €Ϊωθα in the Perfect Middle, inserting ω. Ε before ο is not changed, but ο is changed into ω 3 ; as, εορτάζω, εώρταζον, I celebrate a festival. Some verbs also beginning with οι, have no augment: as, oibavoj, otbavov, I swell ; οικονρέω, I guard the house ; οινόω, I make wine; οίμάω, I rush on, &c. 1 That is, the changeable part of the diphthong is changed, which only takes place in those diphthongs which are commonly called change- able 2 The old Attics did not change a, long by nature, into η in the aug- mented tenses ; as, ανάκόω, ανάλωκα, Valckenaer on the Phoenisse/3yerea>, ενηργέτονν, I benefit : unless a consonant, or a change- able vowel, follow ; as, δυο-τυχεω, ζΰνστύγουν, I am un- fortunate. Some verbs take an augment both in the beginning and in the middle ; as, ένοχλέω, ήνώχλουν, I disturb ; άνορθόω, ψώρθουν, I correct: and some either in the beginning or in the middle ; as, either ανίωζα, or ηνοιξα, I opened. Prepositions, which, in compound verbs, are put before vowels, lose their own vowel in all the tenses; as, παρακονω, παρήκονον, I hear imperfectly. Except περί and προ, which never lose their vowel, and sometimes άμφϊ' but προ is often contracted ; as, προέχω, προνχω, 7 precede 1 . 1 Among the Poets all the prepositions retain their vowels. 56 If the verb begins with an aspirated vowel, the pre- position has its smooth mute changed into an aspirate: as, καθάπτομαι, /attain, from κατά and άπτομαι.. Rules. The Ionians throw away the augment from the aug- mented tenses 1 ; as, τύτττζ for ζτντττς-. First Future. The First Future is formed from the Present, by changing the last syllable, in conjugation The first, into ψ-ω. In the second, into ζω. In the third, into σω. In the fourth, by changing σσω, and ττω, into ζω, and in some verbs into σω : but ζω 3 generally into σω. In the fifth, by changing the last syllable into λώ, μώ, νώ, ρω, and ω circumflexed. In the sixth, into σω. 1 The Ionians throw away also the reduplication, as, Ιδεκτο ; and sometimes both the reduplicatiou and the augment, as, Micro for ISe'Se/cTo. 2 It was not allowable in the Attic language to throw away the aug- ment. Porson in his Preface to the, Hecuba. " Xprjv as well as Ζχρην occurs in the Attic Drama, even among the writers of Comedy. The Attics always say, civajya, never fivaiya, but they reserve the augment for the Pluperfect tense. The same rule is observable in the words καθεζόμην, καθήμην, καθςυδον, to which the Tragic writers do not prefix the augment. The Comic writers either prefix or reject it, at pleasure." Porson. Supplement to his Pre/ace to the Hecuba, p. 17. 3 Sonic verbs in ζω have £ar as, οιμώζω, I bewail, υιμώξω : and sonic others have both (Τω and £oc as, αρπάζω, I seize, αρπάσω und αρπάξω : some also take y before £• as, λίζω, πλάζω, κλάζω, σαλπίζω- flit, \ίγξω, π\άyξω, &C 57 Rules. The penultimate of the first future is generally ' long, except in the fifth Conjugation, where it is always short, either by striking out the second consonant, as τέμνω, τβμώ, i" cut ; or the second vowel of the diphthong, as φαίνω, φάνω, I show; or by shortening the doubtful vowel, as κρίνω, κρϊνώ, I judge. Some verbs transpose the breathing of the present tense ; as, θρέψω from τρέφω, I nourish ; θνψω, from τύφω, I raise a smoke ; θρέζω from τρέχω, I run ; and έζω from έχω, I have. From futures of the fourth and sixth Conjugations in άσω, έσω, όσω, the Ionians take away 9, and then the Attics contract the termination into ώ circumflexed; as, σκεδάσω, σκεδάω, Ionic, σκεδώ, Attic : so καλέσω, καλέω, καλώ' όμόσω, όμόω, όμω : which keep the termi- nation of circumflex verbs through all the persons. From futures of the fourth Conjugation in ίσω, the Attics take away s only, and place the circumflex accent on the ω* as κομίσω, κομίώ. In the present tense of the fourth Conjugation, the Dorians change ζω into σδω : as, κωμάσδω for κομάζω, I revel; and in the future, σω into ζω : as, βαδίζω, I go, βαδίσω, and in the Doric dialect, βαδίξω. Futures in λώ, and ρω, the iEolians lengthen so as to make them end in σω• as, κέλλω, I touch at a port; κελώ, iEol. κέλσω' ορω, I excite, ορώ, iEol. ορσω. From the future of the sixth Conjugation, the Poets often throw away σ• as, δ?/ω, / shall find, for δ?/σω, from δέω : κλειώ, 7 shall shut, for κλείσω : and κέω, or κζίω, I shall lie down, for κέσω, from κέω. 1 . Not always : for instance, αρκέσω, -γελάσω, ονόσω, ανύσω, &c. But in futures of the fourth Conjugation, ending in σω, the penultimate, unless 77 or ω precede, is always short : as, θαυμάσω, πιέσω, φροντίσω, αρμόσω, έρττύσω, &C. 58 The Aorists. The Aorists are tenses which convey a sense of uncertainty as to the time ; it being uncertain whether the action has passed a long time or a short time before. The First Aorist is formed from the First Future by changing ω into a, and prefixing the augment; as, τύψω, (■τνψα. Exceptions. There are five first aorists, which do not take the characteristic letter of the first future ; as, ΖΘηκα, I placed ; έ'δωκα, / gave ; ηκα, I sent ; etira, I told ; ήνβγκα, I brought. The penultimate of the first aorist is generally 1 long ; therefore in the fifth Conjugation a is changed into ??• as, ψάλω, €ψηλα, I sang ; and e into ei* as, (τπςρω, Ισ-πβιρα, I solved ; and a doubtful vowel is made long; as, κρίνω, 'έκρινα, I judged : but sometimes the long a is kept ; as, έδυσχέρανα, I was troubled ; iKtpbava, I gained; ςπέρανα, I completed. From some first aorists σ is excluded ; as, instead of Ιχβυσα, έ'χ€υα, βχεα, from χβω, I pour out ; ecrevcra, eaeva, from σεύω, I stir ; ήλευα from άλβΰω, / avoid ; and ήκζάμην from άκέομαι, I heal. The Preterite Perfect. The Preterite Perfect is formed from the First Future by changing, in conjugation The first, ψω into φα. The second, (ω into χα. The third, σω into κα. 1 Not always ; for instance, έβάσταπα, ir4\eΡ €στο^, 6στοζ% Imperfect. Dual. ήστον,ήστην, Pie. έτον, έτί^, Sys. εστον/εστην, Ρ. Ζαμίν, €στ€, eiVi. •t /χες, έϊ/7 -t, D. είμεν, είτε, εασί, Ι. έμεν, έΥε, εασσι, Ρ. Plur. ?)*>, Syn. ήμες, D. ε ατέ, Ι. ήσμεν,ήστε, Pleonas. εσαν^ Sys. εσσαν, Ρ. εσκον. Ρ. Pluperfect. Sing. Dual. Plur. "Ημ,ηυ 1 , ^σο, φ-ο, | ημςθον,ήσθον,ησθην, \ ημςθα,ήσθζ,ηντο. εατο, Ι. έίατο, Ρ. ν Η>ην and εσομαί are regularly formed from the obsolete verb ϊομαι. 64 Future. Sing. Dual. Plur. "Εσομαι, eV?/, €σ€ταί^όμ€θον,€σθον,ζ(τΘον,\όμζθα, ζσθζ,ονται. έσεϊ, Α. 'ίσται, Sync. έσοϋμαι, £ Present. Dual. ήτον, ητον, εητον, εητον, έίητον, ε'ίητον, Plur. εωμεν, εητε, εωσι, Ι. ώμες, D. aWt., 1 τν εϊωμεν* &C.P. έώνπ, J ιωμεν, ε'ίομεΡ) Syst. Pres. EiWh, εμεναι, ϊ εμμεννα,^. ήμεν, Λ ψς, I D ειμεν, j ημεναι, ) είμενοα, Ρ. Infinitive. Fut. 'Έσ€σ#α6. εσεϊσθαι, D. εσσε'ισθαι, D. and Ρ. εσσεσθαι, Ρ. Pres. Nom. Participle. Gen. *ί2ι>, ούσα, oV, εών, εονσα, εον, Ι. είσα, εοισα, ενσα, εασσα. ovros, ον<της, οντος. εοντος, έούσης, εοντος, Ι ευντος, &c. D. Fut. €σομ,€ΐ>θ:>, /;, ο ζ;. εσσόμενος, &c. Ρ. 66 PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative Mood. Present. S. τύτττομαι, 1 τΰτττ)/,- τνπτςταί' I am struck. D. τυτττόμςθον, τνπτ€σθον τντττζσθον' P. τνπτόμξθα, τύπτ€σθ€, τύτΐτονται. Imperfect. S. ετυπτόμην, έτνπτου, 3 erinrrero' 1 ivas in the habit of D. ςτνπτόμζθον, ζτύτττζσθον^ -ίσθην [being struck. P. eri>7rroju,€0a, ϊΓνπτεσθζ, hv -πτοντο. Second Aorist. S. έτνπην, έτνπης, Ζτνπη' I was struck. D. έτνπητον, Ζτνπήτην' P. έτνπημεν, Ζτνττητ€, έτνπησαν. 1 These four verbs, βούλομαι, ύψομαι, ο'ίομαι, ίομαι, and in the Attic dialect all verbs, form the second person in er as, βού\ςι, ttyet, οία, hi, and, by crasis, e?. 2 Among the old Greeks, the second person was τύπτςσαι, as in τίθεμαι, τίθεσαι, and so in the i*est, from the first person in μαι, the second w;is in σαι. The Ionians took away s, and then the Attics contracted ecu and ηαι into t}. 1 Among the ancients, the second person was in (σο. The Ionians took away «-, and then the Attics contracted eo into ου. So from the first person in άμηρ, the second was άσο, which the Ionians made ao, ami the Attics ω. 67 Second Future. S. τυπήσομαι, τυπήσΊ], τνπήσζται.' I shall be struck. D. τυπησόμ€θον, τνπήσζσθον, τνπήσςσθον' P. τυπησόμξθα, τν7ϊΎ\σ€σθζ, τνπήσονταί. Perfect. S. τέτνμμαι, reVm/mi, 1 τέτυτΐται' I have been struck. D. τςτνμμζθον, τέτυφθον, τίτυφθον' P. τςτνμμζθα, τίτνφθζ^ τ^τυμμένοί eiVt. Pluperfect. S. έτςτνμμην, Ιτίτνψο, έτέτυπτο' I had been struck. D. ζΤ€τνμμ€θον, €Τ€τνφθον } ΖτξτνφΘην' Ρ. €Τ€τνμμ€θα :ι ζτίτυφθς, τζτυμμένοί ήσαν. Paulopost-Future. S. τζτύψομαί) τζτνψτ], τζτύ\\τς.ται' 1 shall be struck di- D. τξτυψόμζθον, τ^τυψεσθον, -βσθον' \rectly. Ρ. τ€τνψόμ€θα, Τ€τνψ€σθ€ 9 τ^τνψονταί. 1 The second person singular of the Perfect is formed from the first, by changing the consonants preceding cu into the characteristic letter of the first future active ; as, τετυμμαι, τέτυψαι, from -πίψω : but only μ after a liquid of the present tense, as, τ4τερμαι, τ4τ€ρψαι. : also after y, as ήΧε-γμαι, ηλεγξαι. In the fifth conjugation μ is always changed into σ, as εσπαρμαι, ζσπαρσαι. The third person singular is formed from the second, by changing s into τ• as, εσπαρσαι, ίσπαρταϊ τετυψαι, τ4τυπταΐ λελεξο», \4\ξκται. But if the first person ends in σμαι, the third person retains s before the termination ται : as τετέλεσμαι, rer4\eaaL, τετελεσται' ττ4φρασμαι } πέφρασαι, ■π4φρασται. The second and third dual, and the second plural, are formed from the third singular, by changing the smooth mutes into the corresponding aspirates ; as, τ4τνπται, τ4τυφθον, τ4τυφθ€ : also by taking s before θ pure ; as, κέκριται, κίκρισθον. 68 First Aorist. S. έτνφθην, έτνφθης, ϊτύφθη* I teas struck. D. έτύφθητον, έτυφθήτην P. έτνφθημςν, έτυφθητε, ζτνφθησαν. First Future. S. τυφθήσομαί, τυφθήστ}, τνφθήσζται' I shall be struck. D. τνφθησόμξ,θον, τνφθησ^σθον^ -ζσθον' P. τνφθησόμςθα, τνφθήσζσθς, -ονται. Imperative Mood. Present and Imperfect. S. τνπτου 1 , τνπτάσθω' Be thou struck. D. τνπτ€(τθον, τνπτέσθων' P. τνπτεσθίί, τνΐϊτίσθωσαν. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τέτυψο', τζτνφθω' Thou shouldst have been struck. D. τ€τνφθον, τζτνφθων P. τέτνφθε, τζτνφθωσαν. First Aorist. S. τύφθητί) τνφθητω' Be thou struck. D. τνφθητον, τυφθητων' P. τνφθητ€, τυφθητωσαν. 1 Among the ancients the Imperative was τύπτβσο. Here, therefore, the same occurs as in the second person of the Imperfect Indicative. Sec p. (>G. 69 Second Aorist. S. τυπηθι, τυπητω' Be thou struck, D. τνπητον, τνπήτων' P. τνπητς, τυπήτωσαν. Optative Mood. Present and Imperfect, ei#e. S. τνπτοίμην, τύπτοω, tvtttolto' I would Jain be Ό. τυπτοίμ€θον, τνπτοκτθον, τντττοίσθην [struck. P. τυπτοίμζθα, τύπτοισθ€, tvtttolvto. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τετνμμένος €Ϊψ, et???, dr\' Would that I had D. τζτυμμένω €Ϊητον, ζΐήτην' [been struck. P. Τζτνμμένοι ςϊημζν, ei^re, ζϊησαν. First Aorist. S. τνφθείην, τυφθ€ΐης, τνφθξίη' I may have been D. τυφθ€ίητον, τνφθζίήτην' [struck. P. τυφθςίημςν, τυφθξίητς, τυφθςίησαν. Second Aorist. S. τνπςίην, τνπ€ίη$, τνπ€ΐη' I may have been struck. D. τνττζίητον, τνπ€ίΊ]την P. τντΓ€ί7]μ€ν, τυττ€ίητ€, τυτζίησαν. First Future. S. τνφθησοίμην, τυφθησοιο^ τυφθησοιτο' I may be struck. D. τνφθησο(μ€θον, τυφθησοίσθον, -σοίσθην P. τνφθησοίμϊθα, τνφθήσοίσθζ, τνφθήσοίντο. 70 Second Future. S. τυπησοίμην, τνπήσοιο, τυττησοιτο' I may be struck. D. τνπησοίμεθον, τνπησοίσθον, -σοίσθην' P. τνπησοίμζθα, τνττήσοίσθε, τνπησοιντο. Paulo-post- Future. S. τετνψοίμην, τ€τυψοίο 3 τζτνψοίτο' I may be instantly D. τζτνψοίμςθον, τζτνψοίσθον, -ψοίσθην' [struck. Ρ. Τζτνψοίμζθα, τ€τύψοισθ€ 9 τζτνψοιντο. Subjunctive Mood. Present and Imperfect, kav. S. τντττωμαι, τυπτΎ], τντττηταί' I should be struck. D. τντττώμζθον, τύτττησθον, τντττησθον P. τνπτώμζθα, τνπτησθε, τντττωνται. Perfect and Pluperfect. S. τ€τνμμ{νος ω, 179, tJ* If I should have been struck. D. τζτνμμάνω ητον, ητον P. τζτνμμξνοί ωμζν, ?)re, ojctl. First Aorist. S. τνφθώ, τυφθτϊς, τνφθϊ)' If I shoidd, or shall D. τνφθήτον, τνφθήτον [have been struck. P. τνφθωμςν, τυφθήτς, τνφΟώσι. Second Aorist. S. τνττώ, Tvirfjsf rvirf]' if I shall have been strucl D. τνττητον, τνπήτον' P. τνπωμεν, τνττήτξ, τυπώσι. 71 Infinitive Mood. Present and Imperfect, τνπτεσθαι.. Perfect and Pluperfect, τζτνφθαι. First Aorist, τνφθψαι. Second Aorist, τνπηναι. First Future, τνφθήσ€σθαί. Second Future, τνΐϊήσζσθαί. Paulo-post-Future, τζτνψξσθαι. Μ. F. Ν. PARTICIPLE. Present and Imperfect. Norn. ο τυπτομενος, η τνπτομίνη, το τνπτόμζνον. Gen. τον τνπτομένον, της τνητομένης, τον τνπτομίνον. Who is struck. Μ. 6 τζτνμμζνος^ F. η τζτυμμένη, Ν. το τ^τνμμίνον, Perfect and Pluperfect. Having been struck. τον τβτνμμενον, της τζτυμμίνης, τον τζτυμμένον. First Aorist. Μ. 6 τυφθεϊς, τον τνφθίντος, F. η τνφθεΐσα, της τνφθζίσης, Ν. το τνφθζν. τον τνφθέντος. Having been struck. Μ. ό τνπεϊς, F. η τυπείσα, Ν. το τνπ\ν. Second Aorist. τον TVTrivios, της τυπασ?^, τον τντϊέντος. Having been struck. 72 First Future. Nom. Gen. M. 6 τυφθησόμζνος, τον τυφθησομένου, Going to be F. ?/ τυφθησομένη, της τυφθησομένης, [struck. Ν. το τυφθησόμςνον. του τυφθησομίνου. Second Future. Μ. 6 τνπησόμζνος, του τυπησομένου, Going to be F. η τυττησομένη^ της τυπησομένης, [struck. Ν. το τυπησόμζνον. του τνπησομένον. Paulo-post-Future. Μ. 6 τςτυψόμςνος, του τετυψομένου, On the point of F. η τςτυψομένη, της τζτνψομένης, [being struck. Ν. το τζτυψόμζνον. του τετυψομένου. 73 fc £ e e £ -Θ--Θ- t5 fc <^> -o b ^ « £ *« Λ b -^.cr-^r• £ "θ- "θ- Ρη vu R- vw viy <ϊ> Qi Ν ?^ Χ XXX S b cr-^r- Χ XX νδ- δ ^ §- ε -^, ^ R ο t- R- b =TvR--^-^> ^R" £ » Na £ t- \u t- n=> "Θ- ΊΡ > h ? > *- }" *- Ρ S V "C "Ό £ a. *- S cu a3 fe « § g «g g-H- . *» • *» ^OO^- 3" Ρ CO CO . S α» «υ a) -5 es .53 .53 Ph £ C/3 CO £h Ph Ι^Η fe plH £*. Gr. Gr. 74 .2" jo fa Οι Οι Ο) Ο Λ o> Ο Ο ft ^ S 3. 3. -oV2 b 3. ^ "P b b *u J=" ^ Φ ς§~ S S £ - s ε £ s ε s s d. 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R- vS- § v=^ ft "θ -f ν? b a. b to ε- g to R" Q_ Q.^ <3S to 53 53 fc b 53 53 b b b "to -to b b 2 Ο ft ft R" Ο R- I•"? r- S. ft a. v - fc ς ^ vi- -vw v2- to R- v5- ft p a. ο <ϊ> φ> ο ν? b b b b b R to R- ρ ρ R ?5 ο ο ο ο ο ο ο u κ: ^ « ^ * * r-s ^<3 '-a -R- -R-^a ^a ο- J2 _. -ο p C § ^ b R- § R- CL OS to ^53 ^ NS b b >vu b — J R - O <3i ο <Φ b b V R R- R V R ο -ο Ο Ο ϋ α ^ί ϋ ^a ^a *r- -a "οβ Β - -53 ^ ^ ΰ 53 a. 53s 3-s^s-fte ^ v5- ft Ρ g g~p R- b 5- § R-b a. a. b ς& -R• v3- \u ^53 Ο- 53 -53 -53 -53 Q. £bb£bbbb£ b "to -w b -u^ "to "to r to b "8 Β 3. aft l«ft>^ft fc a r- a. a g- a. r--r- v o-oftbbbbbb 5 R ^R-"R- R V R V R V R R oo v ooooooo >-a ^R--R--a ^r-"r- "R-^R-^a « § < £ | ^ -Ο Β CU g Β Β ο £ _; ^ ^ £ Β ο ο <^-Β 3 •Β .Β (-1 -W ^ %<^ J . Ο Β Oj^BSoj^ • ^ ^ 2 & 8 8 *S ^1 2 £ ι- Β cu a» OJ — ι ct.B.B 76 The Formation of the Tenses in the Passive Voice. There are nine Tenses in the Passive Voice, three of which are derived from the Active ; namely, the Present, Preterite, and Second Aorist. Present. The Present is formed from the Present Active, by changing ω into ομαι' as, τνπτω, τυπτομαι. Imperfect. The Imperfect is formed from the Present by chan- ging μαι into μην, and prefixing the augment ; as τνπτομαί, έτνπτόμ,ην. Second Aorist. The Second Aorist is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing ov into ην as, ςτνπον, ςτύπην. Second Future. The Second Future is formed from the third person singular of the Second Aorist, by adding σομαι, and throwing away the augment ; as, έτνπη, τυπήσομαι,. Preterite-perfect. The Preterite-perfect is formed from the Preterite Active, by changing, in Conjugation The first, φα pure into μμαι, with the μ doubled; as, τέτνφα, τίτνμμαϊ φα impure into μαι' as, Τ€Τ€ρφα, re- τ€ρμαι. The second, χα, into -/μαι' as, λί'λβχα, λίλζγμαί. The third, κα into σμαϊ as, π^πβίκα, ττεπζι,σμαί. 77 ΎΊι f 'fli JX a * nt0 yi JLaL ' as ? T ^ Ta X a i τζταγμαί. ' Ικα into σμχα* as, πζφρακα, πέφρασμαι. The fifth, κα into μαν as, Ζψαλκα, εψαλμαι,' but ττεφαγκα, πέφαμμαι. V/xat, if the penultimate of the preterite active be short ; as, rereAe/ca, τετε'λεσμαί,. μαι, if the penultimate of the preterite active be long ; as, ττ€7Τθίηκα, ττξττοίημαί. The sixth, κα into< The following are excepted, "Ηκονσμαυ, from ακούω, Ι Κε'κλείσμ,αί, from κλειώ, / Κεκρουσμ,αι, from κρούω, Ι Σ4σ€ίσμαι, from σείω, / &m£ ; shake ; ν Επταισμαι, from πταίω, Ι "Έ,γνωοτμαι,, from yz /οω, / dash against ; know ; Κεκε'λευσμαι, from κελεύω, / Τέθρανσμαι, from θραύω, I command; break, &c. Certain verbs also are excepted, which, although the penultimate of the preterite active be short, do not admit σ ; as ήρομαι, I have been ploughed, from ηροκα, 1 have ploughed ; ήλαμαι, 1 have been agitated, from ?]λακα, I have agitated ; and some others. The Attics make the preterite passive of verbs in νω to terminate in σμαϊ as, μιαίνω, J defile, μζμίασμαι' φαίνω, I show, πέφασμαι. In the penultimate of the preterite passive, some verbs throw away the ε from ευ, the penultimate of the prete- rite active ; as πε'φευχα, πέφνγμαϊ τε'τευχα, τέτυγμαι. So εσσυμ,αι, κέχυμαι, ττίιτνσμαι. Those which have ρε so combined with a consonant, that one syllable is made of them, change ε into a' as 5 Η 2 78 στρέφω, Ζστρςφα, έστραμμαι, I turn : except βέβρςγμαί, from βρέχω, I moisten. Pluperfect. The Pluperfect is formed from the Perfect, by chan- ging• μαι into μην, and prefixing e, if the verb begins with a consonant ; as τέτνμμαί, €Τ€τνμμην. When the third person singular of the Perfect or Pluperfect ends in rcu or το impure, the third person plural is made by circumlocution with the participle and elm.' as, τέτνπταί, τζτνμμένοί eicrt. But when rat or το is pure, the third person plural is formed from the third singular by adding ν before tcil or το' as, κίκριται, κίκρινται' ττζττοίητοΛ, ττ€ττοίηΐ'ταί. And sometimes the circumlocution by the Participle and ζΐμϊ does not take place in the Optative and Subjunctive Moods; as, εκταίμην, -αΐο, -αϊτό, Optat. and ίκτωμαι, -y, -ηται, Subjunct. from κτζίνω, I kill : especially in con- tracted verbs ; as, π€ποίήμην, -f]o, -jjto ' κςκλήμην, -fjo, -f)To, with iota under- written. The Ionians form the third person plural from the third singular, in certain tenses, by inserting α before ται or το' as, Ζψαλταυ, έψάλατοα. 1 But if a smooth mute goes before, it is changed into the corresponding aspi- rate ; and σ into Θ, and sometimes into δ* as, τέτυπται, τβτύφαται' Ίτίτίξίσται, ττ€7Τ€ίθαταί' έσκζνασται, ϊσκζνάδαταί. If a long vowel or diphthong goes before, it is generally made short ; as, κ€κόσμηται, κ€κοσμέαταί, they have been adorned: τίθζιται, τζθέαται, they have been placed. 1 Attic writers also use this third person plural in αται and aro. /Eschy- lus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, in various passages. 79 Paulo-post-Future. The Paulo-post-Future is formed from the second person of the Perfect, by changing at into ομαΐ' as, τέτυψαι,, τζτνψομαι. First Aorist. The First Aorist is formed from the third person sin- gular of the Perfect, by changing at into ην, the smooth mutes into aspirates, and taking away the letter of redu- plication ; as, τίτνττταί, ετνφθην. Exceptions. Ί if {ϊμνήσθην from μέμνηται, I remembered, Γ which * Ι* \ ίβρώνθην from ίρρωται, I was strengthened, I take σ. | ® [ίσώΑτ?!' from σίσωσται, I was preserved, which η eS [throws away σ. Those verbs, which in the Perfect had changed € into a, take again e in the First Aorist ; as, eVrpa /χμ,αι, έστρέφ- θην and those which had thrown away v, take it again in this tense, as used by the Poets ; as, Ικλίνθην, for ϊκλίθην, I incline. First Future. The First Future is formed from the third person singular of the First Aorist, by adding σομ,αι, and taking away the augment ; as, έτνφθη, τυφθήσομαι. The rest of the Moods are formed from the Indicative, and like tenses from like. 80 THE MIDDLE VOICE. The Middle voice is so called, because it has a middle inflexion* and a middle signification, partly passive, partly active. 1. Of middle verbs, some are merely deponent, and have an active signification, without any active voice ; as, δέχομαι, I receive, δέξομαι, I shall receive, ςδεξάμην, I received. 2. Some are neuter, and have a passive signification with an inflexion partly passive, and partly active ; as, τήκομαι, τίτηκα, I have pined away ; σήττομαι, σίσηττα, I have become putrid ; μαίνομαι, μ^μτ]να, I was mad. 3. Some have a truly middle sense, and may be called reciprocals ; as, λούομαι, I wash myself, or / am ivashed by myself; where the action is reflected upon the agent. 4. There are some, which, though they have an active voice in use, yet have an active sense in the mid- dle voice ; especially in the First Aorist and First Future. 81 ""■■■ "τ-, -lilt δ ^ d a ^ Λ b b Ι- μ μ μ μ 3 I sg fc -£- μ S" *=■ 5" ? - £> s> ρ ϊ> w μ μ μ μ μ Ρη >i μ μ ϊ> ^ μ ^vw μ μ .-Ay ~^ μ μ r-vy μ <•λ« S3 ..g Η «2 -d t3 fe <1 "g S-" Η Ο "~ i ^ ' — ' 3Λ? 3. =5. -ο ο -ο "ΰ \υ w \υ νι/ ^ ^ ^ ^ b c2 b b >» ^υ ^ ^ι ΰ Ο C3 3. 3 3, 4 3 fr• S- sr • Ρ- Ο Ο ο C3 χί %. %. % Ο ^ ^ Ο ρ AAJ, Ο ^< CU C £ u jj cu S XO Ο to » H* Sh ^ϋ U L• Ϊ ^ H .. j S H) QJ .S .i-H *o bo. ^a -a ^a -Α. -θ- -θ- -θ- Ρ α. Ο φ ο ο b b S Ρ ts £ £ £ £ .ο ο ο ρ ΰ -ΰ β « CJ C5 β -θ- Q- Q- CL. CL Ο. ϊ -θ- -θ- -θ- -θ- -θ- Ρ ο cp a - ^ ς§ c b g t^ t= Ρ Ρ α; Ο- ■Β ρ cp - « 4 ο ο g β •^y) ίο b ο» CL Q. Ο. -i^ -θ- -θ- -θ- Ρ ο φ s o ο ρ b S 2 £ ι- *= g £ £ ύ & ρ ~w -vt» ρ ρ *vu Ρ "viz ο 'δ ϊν ftk -Ο ^ Λ ,ο *^λ«ο ο ρ b a ο_ « & a" • 1 € OJ ^O ϋ £ £ in 3 t-i Ρ! Ο) α) •^ •^ Ο — . 2μ £ C/) Χ> fa pM &Η (^ ε |-g 8.E.S %a 83 03 Oh O, (J £λ Οι ο <" § ο ο .§- 3.^=^ -3 ir q. Q, q_ - ο vw S δ w i« b 1? fc= t= t= £ b b b b b b -vu .5" F-• Ph v> &, ο § ο ο» ο f» g -o ^.^s> b b £ s> -ο ο s> s> --3 ο ο ο ο ο ο α « * « * ϋ -ΰ »>β -$ *« "β- "?Τ a en s e a δ S β £ ^ c^ £ b § ^ ^ e 55 w ^ fc b b b b b -2 3* a 1— 1 a 2 a ^ ^ b ^Έ g a δ ο Ο Ο Ο Ο ο ϋ u: χ. « ^ ^ •*« «-ζ* "S "55 "55 "ST 3 3 I s 1 • ^ ^55 H/ b; Π 6 .S 3 1 1 i• ο ν ο ο -ο if Ο A ^ ^ a, Λ 1 lllll ^ ί δ H/ d; b- b b b b b -S o ft δ. ft R- ξ- Sr ft ft v =i.v3- δ ν3-ν3- b b 3- S> Ο Ο S> » ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο "Ο ϋ Jt; ^ is; a « 1β 41 # | U; 53 >j> fc; b b b >£ OS Q. a 1 — 1 » a ο cp b ο ο ©ο "55 "55 >55 >?-- q 1 1 ii ι! ^ |lii# 111 gjj 1 LIU -1-3 3 .ο Λ ^ 55 sr• 55 sr- a 55 3. 3. 3. 2. ^ 3. Ρ ^δ . ο -ο 4'? b b . S -S> ρ ^Ο Ο ^Ρ s> a \υ "55 "Sr-"?r-"53 "55 "ST ^Sr- -£r « O 3 . •2 « -g *g H3 -e fe < s «g s- g 0) φ .3 .3 , άω, οω : whence there are three conjugations of circumflex verbs. The first in io>, \ Futme Jf ™ Ί p reterite JVa I he second in αω, > . < ησω > • < ηκα The third in οω, J L^coJ [ωκα 1 Among the old Greeks the Pluperfect was thus inflected : Ionic. Attic. T?5ea, / had known, — $δη by contraction, 7jSees, — — ?;5eiS, f?5ee, — — r)5ii } and, with ν added, fjSeiv , and 17817. 87 Exceptions in the First Conjugation, Some verbs of the first conjugation make the Future both in ησω and eVw, and the Preterite both in ηκα and €κα 9 with η and e* as, καλέω, / call ; αϊνέω, I praise ; κορέω, I satiate , &c. Some also retain e only, the penultimate of the pre- sent ; as, reAeco, I perfect ; άρκέω, I keep off, &c. Verbs of two syllables in έω form the Future in βιίσω• for instance, χέω, I pour ; ρέω, I flow ; πνέω, Ι biota ; πλέω, / sail. 1 The following are excepted, δέω, δ^σω, / bind; τρέω, τρέσω, I tremble ; and ζέω, ζέσω, I boil. Exceptions in the Second Conjugation. Verbs which have e or t before άω ; as, έάω, I permit; κοτηάω, I labour ; 2 also verbs of three syllables, which have λ or p 3 before αω, provided that a vowel, and not a consonant, go immediately before; as, περάω, I pass ; γζλάω, I laugh ; and verbs of two syllables, which have λ or p 4 before άω' as, θλάω, I beat ; κλάω, I break ; δράω, i" do ; make the Future in άσω, and the Preterite in ακα. Exceptions in the Third Conjugation. Verbs in οω, which are not derived from a noun, form the Future by o' as, άρόω, I plough, άρόσω' όνόω, I blame, ονόσω. 1 But these Futures are more properly derived from the Present tenses in εύω, which are almost out of use. 2 So θεάομαι, I behold, θεάσομαι. 3 Also μ, ν : as, κρεμάω, κρεμάσω' "πεινάω, -πεινάσω. 4 Also π, θ : as, σπάω, σπάσω' φθάω, φθάσω' πάομαι also makes πάσομαι. 88 Observations. The Present and Imperfect only are contracted. In the other tenses they follow the form of verbs of the sixth conjugation. In verbs of two syllables of the first conjugation, the first person singular, and also the first and third plural, are not contracted ; as, πλέω, ττλίομ^ν, πλέονσι, not πλω, πλονμζν, irkovcn. So neither is the contraction used in the optatives or the subjunctives. In verbs of two syllables of the second conjugation all the persons are contracted. The simple and uncontracted form of these verbs is most in use among the Ionians ; the Attics, and nearly all the rest of the Greeks, more commonly use the 'con- tracted form. Circumflex verbs have, for the most part, no Second Aorist,, Second Future, or Preterite Middle. Exceptions. But those which end in ω impure after the contraction, in the first and second conjugation, have the Second Aorist, Second Future, and Preterite Middle ; as, δουπβω, δουπώ, ehovirov, δουπώ, bebovira, J sound ; μνκάω, μυκώ, ζμνκον, μνκώ, μίμνκα, I low. The Manner of Contracting. 1. In the first conjugation, ee is contracted into et, and €o into ov. If a long vowel, or a diphthong, follows e, the contrac- tion is made by taking away e. 2. In the second conjugation, if o, or ω, or cu, or ov, follows a, the contraction is made in ω. If any other vowel, or diphthong, follows a, the con- traction is made in a. 89 The Dorians contract aet,$ into fjs, aet into j), and aziv into rjv as, opazis opfjs, opaei opfj, opaeiv opf\v. The Attics too do the same in these four verbs, ζω, (jjs, ζρ, I live; πςινω, vfis, vrj, lam hungry; δη//-ώ, fjs 9 fj, lam thirsty ; χρώμαί, χρί}, χρήταί, χρήσθαι, I use. The iEolians change, in the infinitive, av into ah' as, yeAat? for γξλαν. The Poets, in this second conjugation, after the con- traction in ω, prefix Η Ti ο 93 Μ 94 Ο κ 0> > > a -ι W υ > Ι—Η Ρ Ο Η Ζ 4η U ΗΗ « s w .£ β Μ -w ^a -ο c GO β δ Ο β ο Ο) Ο) Οι .2 ώ 5? cS ου s « δ Οι 5Λ if » 3 ο a ο -ω a -ο ^ a '3 -j-il 3 u > a ο 91 'δ '3» 'δ ^w "δ -ο «3 ^ '3 3^ί 3 -oj -a -ο ε ι- 'ο ι 3»'δ δ ~2 δ >> 3_ 'ο 'S^'o δ" J δ ι. l5 .«e <3 ?? ί? s? ,3 '3 '3 S• 5" 55" b b b -5 S .5 Ο ^ — '3 IS "δ "3« δ rVU ί- t4 sT rt > > -«1 Η Ta w δ ο f> 3 Ρ S 3, 5 ft. ο Η Ρ ο g 2 ο '3*'o ^ β Ρ S δ ο ^w δ *© CO ^ l« f< ο '3- ! ο ι&'β-'δ ■Θ- si ο -w "δ -ο ^W δ ^O rjT ο. .% } % ^ in "^~ g £ S? «ί» δ^2^ ^w δ c CJJ 3 U J" Ol -ug δ ^O ^ 3_ι- Ο α 'δ «3" ^ '3 ο on .Γ J =*- !3~ i3 - ϋ 3, 3. ρ * 3 a, φιλέοι τιμάοι χρυσό 3" 3 v g ^S -"δ | X SL Q_ -θ- ί X ι -t CM CO ι-Η (Μ CO -§ -§ i _5L -e- C X R" ?=" 5- r -H ■ ,- .S ** S? 2h ο 3 sT * * -r ^ .5* ε- Ι v g δ v s- -3 -δ | f< 3, b - 5- 5s -θ- ε ■©- ι. X ^ ω δ .2 gs^S Q β b £ g 1 S |Z| 1 Μ * J "§ 1 -° ■O- u X r g ^ λ * '3 > i3 '3 r, '43 „ ^ c3 a ί λ 3 "S *§ «1 § ο x 3- |_ - e- C X H(M W »I l i υ Ο > > ^w -a -o ο * ο &b' Si, ι» * β ο ^3 * -e- ι- χ - ί X ^§ § -θ- c χ l 3 '5 CD b ο J ο -« v 8 -ο CD 3. "ο v 3- ο 93 J3 csrcg ^S? ε- -a "ο w CD a. -3 -3 -3 <3 v 3 -3~ ο λ ο Φ b ■θ- Κ Χ ^3 vS ν 3 'ο «3-' ο ι 3« ο ^δ δ s ° *a*^ ..«Γ—Γ ο ο ο g 2 a § -e- ^ χ Η(ΜΜ 5 <5> 'δ" ( 3 £ R" S? -w ^ -ο > s e7cr0cu ασθοα οίσθαί • s-ja-'o ^w *a ο β ΐ•3 3 3^g - 3- <=- -Θ- £ Χ Ξ - a a β ^ b b -o 3 is ^ S X — t cq co ι— ι C JT"•»• ^ face • οω ι j οοω, οιδωμ,ι, 1 give. νω J {ζ^υγνύω, ζζνγννμι, I join." They are made Verbs in μι, 1. By changing ω, the last syllable, into μι. 2. By changing the vowel of the penultimate, if it be changeable, into the corresponding long one; and, 3. By prefixing the reduplication; as, θέω, τίθημι. The reduplication is twofold; 1. Proper, when the first consonant of the present tense is repeated with t" as, δοω, διδωμι' but the smooth mute is put for the aspirate ; as, 0eco, τίθημι. 2. Improper, when only ι aspirated is prefixed ; and this occurs, either when the verb begins with στ' as, στάω, ΐστημί' or with πτ' as, πτάω, ΐτττημί' or when the verb begins with a vowel ; as, έ'ω, ϊημι. The iEolians change η into e, and double μ' as, τίθεμμι, for τίθημί. The Boeotians change η into ci, and make the reduplication with e* as, πβφίλβιμι. In the fourth conjugation there is no reduplication, but only ω is changed into μι. 1 The Poets derive them from other verbs ; as, φέρημι, βρίθημι, δίζημι, ike. from φέρω, βρίθω, δίζω. - The verbs, from which the fourth conjugation is derived, ai'e com- monly also themselves derived from other verbs, by inserting vv or vvv as, Prom &7ω, α^νύω, 6^νυμί' υμύω, ομώ, υμνύω, ΰμνυμί' στορέω, στορζνρΰω, στυρίννυμι- Ike. So also (evyvvw is originally derived from (,^ύγω. 95 The Ionians, however, use the reduplication in the fourth conjugation ; as, κέκλυθι, for κλΰθι, hear: In some verbs, instead of the reduplication, the two first letters of the present tense are repeated ; as, άλαλη μι from άλάω, an obsolete word ; άκάχημι from άχέω. Many others also have no reduplication ; as, φημϊ, βημι, γνωμι, αλωμι, σβήμι, &C. Verbs in μι have no other tenses than the Present/ Imperfect, and Second Aorist. Many verbs of the fourth conjugation are not declined beyond the Imperfect. 1 They have also no Optative nor Subjunctive Mood. Paradigm of Verbs in μι. I. ACTIVE VOICE. Sing. τίθημι, ης. ΐστημι, ης, διδωμ.ι, ω?, ωσι ζζνγννμι, i>s, νσι Sing. €τίθην, 7]S, ΐστην, ης, εδιδω^, ω?, έζςνγννν, υς, Indicative Mood Present. Dual. €TOV, ατον. οτον. ντον, Imperfect. Dual, e e ησι ησι τον Plural. e el α a uei>, re, n σι. υ ' ' ου Plural. ' τον, , την μεν, re, σαν. 1 Some have the Second Aorist ; as, δΟμι• see the Ecymologicum Magnum on the words Δ0 and Avw — ycuav 4δντηι/. 11. Ζ. 19. 96 ίθην, ζθης, €θη €TOV, £την e/xez^, ere, €σαν. ίστην, ζστης, ΐστη ητον, ητην ημεν, ψ*, ήσαν. έ'δωζ;, έ'δω?, έ'δω οτον, ότην ομεν, 0Τ€, οσαν. The Attic Imperfect more in use. iriOeov — ovv^\ ϊσταον—ων >&c. like contracted verbs. ebiboov — ovvj Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. 1 2 3 The Second Aorist is declined, through all the persons, like the Imperfect; only that in the plural and dual it retains the long vowel ; except <ίθην 9 4'δωι>, and ην from the verb ϊημι, I send. Irregular tenses taken from verbs in ω. First Fut. 1. θησω. 2. στήσω. 3. First Aor. ]. ίθηκα. 2. ζστησα. 3. Pret. 1. τέθηκα 1 and > 2. ζστηκα. 3. τέθεικα. J Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. όωσω. έ'δωκα. hihooKa. 1 rt#eri, e e e € 4 2 3 ΐσταθί, ά biboOt, α ά τον. , των α ά re, ,τωσαν. 4 £e^yw0t, 2 υ ν ν] ν ν Imperative more in use among the Attics. 1 ri'0ee — ei Ί 2 ΐστα€ — a > &e. like contracted verbs. 3 διδοβ — ov J 1 And ίστιχσαν. Homer in various { ! For (evyvvdi is found ζ^ύ-γνυ. So for δΰκνυθι, delicvV for ύμνυθι> υμι>υ. 97 Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. 1 θες, 1 θέτω θέτον, θέτων, θέτε, θέτωσαν. 2 στήθι, στητω στητον, στητών στητέ, στητωσαν. 3 δό?, δότω ΰότον, δότων ο~ότε, δότωσαν. Optative. Present, είθε. Sing. Dual. Plur. 1 τιθείην \ ει 2 ίσταίην, ης, η ητον, ητην η μεν, ητε, ήσαν, and αϊ, εν S δώοίην ot Sing. Second Aorist. Dual. Plur. θείην, η9, η σταιην, ης, η οοίην, η$, η ητον, ητην ημεν, ητε, ήσαν. and Sing. Subjunctive. Present, εάν. Dual. Plur. 1 9, τιθώ, ης, fj Ιστώ, ας, a η α, τον, τον ω μεν, χ, re, ώσι. 3 διδώ, ως, ω ώ ώ Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plur. 1 2 3 θω } θης, θη στώ, στης, στη δώ, δω?, δώ θήτον, θήτον στητον, στητον δώτον, δώτον θώμεν, θήτε, θώσι. στώ μεν, στητέ, στώσι. Ιώμεν, δώτε, δώσ -t. 1 0es and Sbs, for βετζ and δό0ί, are irregular. So also are the Impe- ratives evicnres and σχ«. £Λ Gr. Gr. κ 98 Infinitive. Present. 1. τιθίναί, 2. ιστάναι, 8. bibovai. 4. ζζνγννναι. Second Aorist. 1. θςϊναι. 1 2. στηναι. 3. bovvai. 1 Participles. Present. Second Aorist. 1 2 8 4 πθζΐς, βίσα, iaras, άσα, bibovs, ούσα, (evyvvs, Όσα, iv. 1 Otis, #eura, Θ4ν. αν. 2 στας, στα,σα, στον. όν. 3 bovs, bovaa, bov. νν. Formation of the Tenses. Of the Present we have spoken already. Imperfect. The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing μι into v, and prefixing the augment ; as, τίθημι, ετίθην. Second Aorist. The Second Aorist is formed from the Present, by changing μι into v, throwing away the reduplication, and prefixing the augment ; as, τίθημι, Ζθην ϊστημι, €(ττην. If a verb does not admit the reduplication, the Imper- fect and Second Aorist are the same. II. Passive Voice. The Present is formed from the Present Active, by changing μι into μαι, and resuming the short vowel in the penultimate ; as, τίθημι, τίθεμαι' except αημαι, bίζημaι, with perhaps a few others. 1 These arc irregular for 0eW and δόναι. 99 σ3 ^ S Ο ρ H/ δ Ο 5 Οη is S 5Ρ Ρη S CO νμ -ς5 "Ο ^Ρ ΐ α -s s -β 3. β 2 β » 3- 3- ^ §L "S fcS ^ο C> ■) oq co ^ 2^ ^ r-3 .ο s Λ 2 S ^ s a !U i §t§ ° - 15 is 9 "£ S e 100 H ^ ^3 v O v ?> C-3 3 b Ph i. Οη ςΓ ^ ν δ ν ο "Φ ν 3 ε- φ b ν ϊ "β V o ο cu Ρη £ .•> -ή tJ Ρ^ 3. ν 3 be ζ/5 μ *2 βο Λ ^ cr: c £ b S* vu ρ Ο . C* U/ ^(1/ >Vf b «JO feJD >*w ^ *^ κ 2 102 CU v 3 *su l•- -o φ D ύΟ X 3 Φ ο b < 02 i—< ^ > ο ,_: ο t. c.3 Φ b Ο Γ-, O* CO 103 Infinitive. Second Aorist. Participle. Second Aorist. 2 στα, μ€νος, μ^νη, μ^νον. 3 δο Ει/χι, I go, I shall go. x ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. Et/xt, et? or et, 2 etcn, \ Χτον, ϊτον, | ϊμ^ν, tre, εισι and ίσι. είσθα iE. 'ίμες D. VWi Ι. Sing.^ Ειυ, eh, et, ήο*', ήε?, ήε P. Imperfect. Dual. ΐτοζ;, "ιτην, Plur. ϊμζν, ire, ϊσαν. ϊμες D. ε'Ίσαν P. 3 1 The Poets sometimes use it in the sense of time present, but with the Orators it has always the sense of the future. 2 Theocritus. — Whence &7ret, thou depariest, or wilt depart. 3 From the First Aorist ςϊσα, out of use, is formed in the third plural e!. First Aor. ήκα for τ/<τα. Att. %-ηκα. Pret. βϊ«α, and '4ωκα. Part, ei/ccbs, whence αψεικάς, having dismissed. 105 Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. r/ Ie#t, icVco, | ϊζτον, ίέτων, \ icTe, ιέτωσαν. Attic ui, &c. like contracted verbs. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plur. f/ E?, €τω, | ετον, ετών, ere, ζτωσαν. Optative. Present, eWe. Sing. Dual. Plur. 'letyviietysflety, | Ιβίητον, ιζίήτην, | ί€ίημ€ν^ΐ€ίητ€,ΐ€ίησαν. "Εοιμι, οις, ot, &c. is found. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plur. Εϊην, ζΐης, etr/j | εΐητον, ςίήτην, | €Ϊημζν, εΐητ€, έίησαν. Subjunctive. Present, eaz/. Sing. Dual. Plur. Ίώ, φ?, φ, t^ro^, ϊητον, ϊωμ€ν, ϊητ€, tWt. 106 Second Aorist, Sing. Dual. Plur. ^> fis> »/, ητον, ητον, ωμ€ν, ητ€, ωσι. εω, erjs, eg, &C. I. εί'ω, ε'ό;?, ε'ό/, &c. P. Infinitive. Present. Second Aor. ιέμεναι D. εμεναι A. D. . <ε'μεί> Ι. εμε*/ Ι. Participle. Present. Nom. Gen. f Iet?, Ulora, ikv, 'IeWo?, tetVr]?, teWos. Second Aorist. Nom. Gen. Ets, ίΓσα, ei>, 'Εζτό?, eio"???, kvrbs. Ίημι, I go, is declined exactly in the same manner. Only the Orators use απίασι in the Indicative, άττιώσι in the Subjunctive, άττιέναι in the Infinitive. II. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. "Iejutai, tWcu,ierai, | ίέμζθον,ϊζσθον,ΐεσθον, | U'/jie0a, iW0e, 107 Imperfect. Sing.' Dual. t/ Plur ' f/ '[έμην, ϊεσο, ΐετο, | Ιεμεθον/ίεσθον, ίεσθην, \ ίέμεθα,ΐεσθε, [i'euro. 1 Imperative. Sing. Dual. Plur. fl Ιεσο, Ιεσθω, | ΐεσθον, Ιέσθων, | ΐεσθε, ϊεσθωσαν. III. MIDDLE VOICE. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plur. "Εμην, έ'σο, ετο, | εμεθον, εσθον, εσθην, \ εμεθα, εσθε, εντο. εο Ι. ου Α. Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur, Έσο, εσθω, εσθον, εσθων^ £σθξ } ίσθωσαν. εο L ου Α. Optative. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plur. Έϊμην, εΐο, εϊτο, Ι εΐμεθον, εϊσθον, εΐσθην, \ είμεθα, είσθε, [εΐντο. 2 1 Perf. ef /χαι, third pi. έΐνται, whence αφέϊνται, ανέίνται. Att. αφέωνται, ανέωνται. First Αοι\ έίθην. 2 όϊντο occurs in the Compounds. 108 Subjunctive. Present, eav. Sing. Dual. Plur. "ίϊμαι, f], τ /rat, | ωμξθον, ησθον, ησθον, \ ωμζθα, ησθε, ωνται. Infinitive. Second Aorist. "Εσθαι. Participle. Second Aorist. Nom. Gen. " Ejievos, €μένη, <•μ€νον 9 | Ιμερου, €μ£νης 9 fyevov. "Ιεμαι, / desire, is declined in the same manner, but it is scarcely ever found beyond the Imperfect. " IcrffiL, I know. I. ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. "Ισημ^ ίσης, Ισησί, | trrarov, ΐσατον, \ ϊσαμ^ν,Ισατε^ΐσασι. ϊσαμι D. ϊσαπ Ώ.'ίστον Sync. ϊσμεν Sync, 'ίσαντι D. 'ίΰμεν D. 1 Sync. iWe. So in the Compounds, κάτίστε, ye know. 109 imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plur. "ίσην, ϊσης, ϊση, | ϊσατον, Ισάτην, \ ΐσαμζν, ϊσατε, ΐσασαν. Sync. 'ίσαν. Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. * Ισαθί, ισάΥω, \ ΐσατον ) ίσάτων, j Χσατζ, Ισάτωσαν. ϊσθι, ϊστω,&ο. 'ίστων Α. Infinitive. Present. ' λσαναι. Ισάμεναι and ίΰμεν D. "ισαμεν Ι. ϊσμεν Sync. Participle. *Ισοί, ϊσασα, ΐσαν. Π. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. v Ισαμαί & ΐσταμαυ, σαι, rat, | άμςθον, ασθον, ασθον, \ άμζθα, εττίσταμαί, σαι, &c. Comp. [ασ#6, az^rcu. επίστη Α. ζπίστηαι Ι. £/. Gr. Gr. l 110 Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plur. ' Ιστάμην, ϊστασο, ϊστατο, \ άμςθοι; ασθον, άσθην, \ άμ€θα, έπ ιστάμην, επίστασο, &c. Comp. [ασ#6, αντο. τ,χιστάμην Α. επίσταο Ι. έπίστω Α. Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. Ιστασο, ΙστάσΟω, | ϊστασθον, Ιστάσθων, \ ϊσταπ-θε, Ιστά- εττίστασυ, &c. Com ρ \σθωσαν. επίσταο Ι. επίστιυ Α. Infinitive. "Χστασθαι. The Compound έττίστασθαί. Compound Participle. Nom. Gen. Επισταμένος , αμένη, άμςνον, | αμένον, αμένης, αμίνον. Ill ΦημΙ, I say. Sing. Φημϊ, φψ, φησϊ, \ φαμι D. φατϊ D. ή μι, rjs, r / r Jl^. ησθα,ήσιΐ ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Dual. Plur. φατον, φατον, [ φαμ€ν, φατ€. φασύ φαν; i & ώατί Ό Imperfect Sing". Dual. Plur. "Εφηνιξφης,ζφη, \ ίφατον^ςφάτην, j , 4φαμξ.ν^ίφατζΛφασαν. εφαν D, εφα D, εφαν Β. ώάνΐ. & Β. Sing. Εφην^φης,εφη, | εφαν Ό. εφα Ό. εφησθα JE. ήν, 7]$, ή Ρ. Sing. Φά#ι, φάτω, Second Aorist. Dual. Plural. £φητον,€φ7]την 9 Ι €φημζν^€φητ€^€φησαι\ εφαν Β. φαν Ι. & Β. Imperative. Present. Dual. Plural. φάτον, φάτων, φάτε, φάτωσαν. 112 Optative. Present, eftfc. Sing. Dual. Piur. Φ 01671; > φαίης, φαιή, \ φαίητον, φαιητην, | φαίημζν, φαίητε, [φαίησαν. φάϊμεν Α. Subjunctive. Present, ear. Sing. Dual. Plur. Φώ, φτ/ί, φ?/, J φητον, φητον, \ φώμςν, φητ€, φώσι,. Infinitive. Φάναι. φάμςν Ι. Participle. Nom. Gen. Φα?, φάσα, φαν, φαντος, φάσης, φαντός. IIS II. MIDDLE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual Plur. Φάμ,αι, φάσαι, φάτα^ j φάμςθον, φάσθον, φάσθον, | φάμ^θα* [φάσ#6, φάνται. Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plur. ^Ειφάμην, Ιφασο, €φάτο, ] έφάμζθον, ζφασθον, εφάσθην | [ζφάμζθα, έ'φασ#ε, ίφαντο. Imperative. Sing. Dual. Plur. Φάσο, φάσθω, \ φάσθον, φάσθων, | φάσθε* φάσθωσαν, <ράο Ι. Infinitive. Φάσθαι, Participle. Nom. Gen. Φάμςνος, φαμένη, φάμζνον^ \ φαμίνον, φαμένης^ φαμένου. 114 VERBAL NOUNS. All Verbal Nouns are usually derived, by rejecting the reduplication or the augment, and changing- the termination ; I. From the first person of the Preterite Passive in (μα, as, γράμμα, a letter. J μη, as, γραμμή, a line. j μος, as, δεσμό?, a chain. Κμων, as, νοήμων, intelligent. II. From the second person of the Preterite Passive in (ia, as, δο/αμ,ασία, proof. J ις, as, ττοίησις, poetry. | Adjectives in σιος, as, θαυμάσιος, wonderful; and ^ in σιμός, as, χρήσιμος, useful. III. From the third person of the Preterite Passive are derived 1. Masculines in τηρ, as, χαράκτη p, character. της, as, ποιητής, a poet. τικος, as, κριτικός, judicial.' j τος, as, ακουστός, audible. Ι τωρ, as, κοσμήτωρ, a general, χτηριος, as, λυτήριος, expiatory. 2. Feminines in (τις, as, ττίστις, faith. τρα, as, ορχήστρα, orchestra ; that is, that part of -» the theatre in which the chorus danced, j τρις, as, όρχηστρίς, a female dancer. Vtu?, as, όρχηστνς, the art of dancing. 115 3. Neuters in (τηρών, as, ττοτηρων, a cup. Ι τρον, as, δίδακτρον, payment for instruction. | Adjectives of position in eo?, εα, εον' as, οΙστ4ο$, ^ οϊστία, οίστεον, to be borne. 4. From the Preterite Middle in fey?, as, τομενς, a cutter. I ?7, as, επιστολή, arc epistle. j ιόν, as, Aoyiov, aw oracle. loy, as, Ao'yos•, α discourse, Some few are formed from the Present tense, as, λευκός, white, from λβυσσω, I see ; and from the Second Aorist, as, φυγή, flight, from εφυγον. Some are derived from the Preterite Active, as διδαχή, instruction ; ταραχή, commotion ; άφη, touch ; and from the First Aorist, as, δόξα, opinion; θήκη, a sheath. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 'ANH'KEI, and προσήκει, it is Jit ; ανήκε, and προσήκε, it was fit. 'Αρέσκει, it pleases ; ηρεσκε, it did please ; αρέσει, it will please ; ηρεσε, it pleased. Αεΐ, it behoves; έδει, it did behove; δεήσει, it will behove; εδέησε, it behoved ; Infin. δεΐν, to behove. Par- ticip. δέον, that which behoves. Αοκεΐ, it seems ; εδόκει, it did seem ; δόξει, it will seem ; εδοξε, it seemed. 116 MeAet, it is a care ; e/xeAe, it icas a care ; μίλησα, it will be a care; £μ4\ησ•€, it was a care. Particip. μέλον, it being a care. Xpr), it behoves ; εχρην, and χρήν, it did behove ; χρήσ -eL, it will behove ; χρζίη, it may behove ; χρηναί, to behove. The Compound απόχρη, it suffices ; άπέχρη, it did suffice ; άτίοχρήσζι, it will suffice ; άπέχρησβ, it sufficed; Infin. άποχρήν, to suffice. Particip. αποχρων, sufficing. The following are Passive Impersonate, £νο£χαταί, it is possible ; έίμαρται or ς'ίμαρται, and πέπρωται, it is fated. DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs are those which are only conjugated in the usual way as far as the Imperfect ; and if they have any tenses besides, they borrow them from other verbs, the Present of which is not in use. Such are gravitone verbs in /3ω, of which the penul- timate either ends in e only, or has in it an immutable vowel ; as σ€/3ω, στίλβω, ρέμβο), φέρβω. Gravitones in άνω, as λαμβάνω, μανθάνω. Those which end in σκω, preceded by any vowel, as, γι,νώσκω. Those which end in άθω, as κοάθω' in έθω, as τζλέθω• in νθω, as, μιννθω' in 0ω, combined with a consonant, as, άχθω, ίσθω. Words of more than two syllables in α^ω, as, φαείνω, άλςςίνω, epeeit'co. 117 Also those which have two consonants before ω, one of which is a liquid, as δάκνω. Those which end in ω pure, the diphthong vl pre- ceding, as, άγνίω, όπυίω. Those which end in δω, if ν or λ go before, as, σττένΰω, μέλδω. Those also which end in αίω, as, κεδαιω, — and in είω, derived from the Present tense, or Future ; as, from τελέω, reAetco, ereAetou, / perfect ; γαμέω, I marry, γαμήσω, γαμησείω, I desire to many ; βρόω, I eat, βρώσω, βρωσςιω, I desire to eat; οπτω, I see, οψω, όψζίω, I desire to see ; πολεμάω, / wage roar, πολεμήσω, I shall wage war, πολεμησείω, I wish to ivage war. So also those which, from having been contracted, the Attics have made uncontracted ; as, ανλέω, ανλώ, αϋλω, ηνλον' aAefeo), άλςξώ, άλέξω' £ψέω, εψω, Ιψω* and these borrow the other tenses from the circumrlexed verbs from which they arise, as, αυλήσω, αλζξήσω, ξψήσω. In like manner those which on account of some con- sonant inserted have changed e into r as, μένω, μίμνω, €μι.μΐ'ον' τέκω, τίκτω' ένέττω, ένίσττω' γένομαι, γίγνομαι' but Ιπω, ΐσττω' ςπομαι, (ίστΐομαι, do not change e* now and then, however, they lose it, as, σπέτ€ for eWere, σπίσθαι for ίστϊζσβαι, σττόμςνος for ζσπόμζνος. There are many also, which have only one tense ; as, οϊσω, I shall carry, &c. 118 ANOMALOUS VERBS. Anomalous verbs are those which are not conjugated regularly, like the rest, but borrow from other verbs certain of their tenses. ν ΑΓΑΜΑΙ, / wonder, imperf. ήγάμην. The rest of the tenses from άγάζομαι. "Αγνυμι, I break) fut. άζω, aor. 1. '4αζα, [whence κατέ- αζα,~\ aor. 2. Zayov, aor. 2. pass. kayr\v, perf. m. eaya. These are all according to the Attic dialect. "Αγω, / lead, pret. Att. άγήοχα. Άνδάνω and "Αδω, / please, fut. άδ?/σω, pret. αδηκα. pret. m. rjba, and έ'αδα Att. evaha Poet, and iEol. Αιρέω, I take, aor. 2. €Ϊλον, m. ύλόμην, from Ιλω, out of use. Αισθάνομαι, I perceive, fut. m. αίσθήσομαι, aor. 2. ήσθό- μην, pret. pass. 7]σθημαί. Άλισκω, / taAe, fut. αλώσω, pret. ήλωκα, and Att. tci- λωκα, aor. 2. ήλων, whence partic. άλοι»9, as if from άλωμι. So αναλίσκω, I consume. Αμαρτάνω, I err, fut. αμαρτήσω, aor. 2. ήμαρτον, poet. ημβροτον. Αυξάνω, and Αΰ£ω, / increase, fut. αυξήσω, as if from αύζέω, from which also are formed all the tenses derived from the future. 119 Β. Βαίνω, I go, fut. m. βησομαι, pret. βίβηκα, pret. m. /3e/3aa, aor. 2. ίβψ. Βάλλω, / throw, fut. βαλώ, βαλήσω, and βλήσω, pret. βέβληκα. Βλαστάνω, I bud, fut. βλαστήσω, aor. 2. ίβλαστον. Βονλομαι, I icish 9 fut. βονλήσομαι, pret. pass, βαβονλημαυ, aor. 1. έβονλήθην, pret. m. βέβονλα. Βρώσκω, βιβρώθω, and βιβρώσκω, I eat, fut. βρώσω, aor. 1. ζβρωσα, pret. βέβρωκα, aor. 2. ζβρων. Γαμέω, I marry, aor. 1. Ζγάμησα and ϊγημα, aor. 1. m. έγημάμην. Γηράσκω, I grow old, fut. γηράσω, part. aor. 1. γη pas. Τίνομαι, I am, I become, I am born, fut. γςνήσομαι, pret. p. γβγένημαί, pret. m. ykyova, yeyaa, aor. 2. m. eyez/o- μ^ aor. 1. m. έγζυνάμην, I begot, or / brought forth. Γινώσκω, I know, fut. m. γνώσομαι, aor. 1 . έγνωσα, pret. ίγνωκα, aor. 2. εγνων. Δαιω, / learn, fut. m. ΰαήσομαι, pret. δεΰάηκα, pret. m. 6e5aa. Δάκζ^ω, / fo'fe, fut. m. δήξομαι, aor. 2. εΰακον, aor. 1. p. €δτ7χ0?7ζ;. Ααρθάνο), I sleep, fut. m. δαρθήσομαι, aor. 2. tbapOov, εδραθον Poet. 120 Δείδω, I fear, fut. m. δβισομ,αι, pret. bihoiKa, δβιδοικα, and hkhoia. Ion. δεδ^α and δαδιά. Δ«υ, 7 am wanting, or 7 ?/;ατζ£, pret. δβδέηκα, aor. 1. Ζδέησα and £§ζύησα, fut. m. $€υσομαί, aor. 1. p. ibe -ηθην. Αώάσκω, 7 teach, fut. διδάξω and διδασκ>/σω, aor. 1. €διδα£α. Διδράσκω, 7^/??/, aor. 2. Ζΰρην. Αοκέω, I think, I seem, fut. δο£ω and δο/ο/σω, aor. 1. ebo^a, and έδόκησα. Αυναμαι, I am able, fut. ΰυνήσομαί, imperf. ζΰυνάμην, aor. 1. pass, έδννάσθην and £§ννήθην, aor. 1. m. ϊΰννησάμην. Ε. Έδω, ν Εσ0ω, or Έσ0ιω, 7 eai, pret. ?)κα, ςδηκα, and Att. βδ^δοκα, pret. p. 6δ?]δομαι and έδ?/δ€(ηυιαι, pret. m. ?)δα and Ιδηδα. ΈΟελω, or Θέλω, 7 zw's/i, fut. έθελήσω and θελήσω. Εί'δω, 7 se?, f. m. €Ϊσομαί, aor. 2. €ΐδοζ; and ίδοϊ>, p. m. οιδα. Έλαώ'ω, 7 dru'e away, fut. βλάσω, as if from £λαω, whence also all the tenses derived from the future ; pret. p. ηλαμαι and ηλασμαι, whence also the two aor. 1. ηλάθην and ήλάσθην. "Ελκομαι,, I hope, pret. m. ςολπα, pluperf. m. co/Weir and €ωλττ€ίν. "Ερχομαι, I come, fut. έλζύσομαί, aor. 2. ήλνθον, Sync. ήλθον, pret. m. ήλνθα. Ευρίσκω, Ifind, fut. ουρήσω, aor. 2. ξϋρον, pret. p. ζΰρημαι, aor. 1. p. ςυρέθην and ζυρηθην, aor. 1. m. ςύρησάμην and ϊύράμην, aor. 2. m. ζύρόμην. "Εχω, 7 Λανι, fut. efco, σχεσω, and σχ?/σω, pret. Ζσχηκα, aor. 2. Ζσχον, pret. p. Ζσχημαι,, aor. 1. p. ζσγέθην, aor. 2. m. εοτχόμην. 121 Θ. θιγγάνω, I touch, fut. θίξω, aor. 2. ίθιγον. Θνήσκω, I die, pret. τέθνηκα, τέθνζικα and τέθνςια, pret. m. τέθναα, aor. 2. ζθανον. Ι. ^Ικνέομαι, / come, fut. ϊζομαι, aor. 2. Ικόμην, pret. p. ty/xat. "Ίπταμαι, I fly, fut. πτήσομαι, aor. 2. επτάμην and Κ. Κα£ω, 7 £wrra, fut. κτ^σω and καιίσω, aor. 1. e/cT/a and 4'καυσα. Κλαίω, I weep, fut. κλαύσω, pret. κέκλανκα. Κραίνω and Κραιαιυω, I 'perform, aor. 1. €κρήτ]να, pret. p. κςκράαμαι, aor. 1. p. έκραάνθην. Ααγχάνω, I obtain by lot, aor. 2. ίλαγον, pret. m. λίλογχα. Λαμβάνω, 7 ta^e, fut. m. λήψομαι, aor. 2. ϊλαβον. Μ. Μαζ>#άζ;ω, 7 Ζ, I smell, f. οσω, ofeVco and ο0}σω, aor. 1. ωζζσα and ώζησα, pret. ωζηκα, pret. m. ωδα, Att. ό'δωδα, and Poet. ώδοδα. Οίομ,αι and Ol/xcu, 7 suppose, imperf. ωόμην and ωμη^, fut. οίησομαι, pret. p. ω /xai, aor. 1. p. ωήθην. θίγομαι, I go, fut. οΙγτ\σομαι, pret. p. ωχημαι. ''Ολισθαίνω, I fall, fut. ολισ#?ίσω, aor. 2. ωλισθον. 'Οφείλω and "Οφλω, / oii;e, fut. όφζλησ-ω and όφλησω, aor. 2. ωφελον, which is used as an adverb, either alone, or with the particles, at, aWe, el, eWe, and o>s, like όφβλον. Π. Πάσχω, 1 suffer, fut. m. ττςίσομαι, pret. πεπονθα, aor. &. βπα0οζ;. HerazWo) and Πβτάννυμι. 7 expand, fut. πετάσω, pret. 7Γ€7Γ€τακα and ττίτττακα. Πίνω, I drink, fut. πώσω, pret. ττέπωκα, aor. 2. ζπων, imper. 7ra#i, pret. p. πίπομαι and πέπωμαι, aor. 1. έπόθην. \\ι-ράσκω, I sell, fut. πράσω, pret. p. πέπραμαι, aor. 1. ίπράί^ζ;. 123 Πίπτω, I fall, fut. πτώσω, pret. π€πτωκα 9 aor. 1. έ'ττεσα, aor. 2. έ'πεσοζ/, fut. 1. or 2. m. ττζσουμαι. Πυνθάνομαι, I enquire, I hear, fut. πενσομαι, aor. 2. έπυθόμην, pret. p. πέπυσμαί. P. 'Pefo), I make, fut. pefco and epfco, aor. 1. ϊββςξα, [Poet. epe£a,] pret. m. topya for Zppoya. 'Peco, I flow, fut. βςύσω and ρυησω, pret. έββύηκα, aor. 2. p. έββύην. **Ρήσσω, I break, pret. m. ςββωγα. 'Ϋωνννω and 'Ρώννυμι, I strengthen, fut. ρώσω. Σβ€ννύω and Σβίννυμι, I extinguish, fut. σβζσω, and m. σβήσομα,ί, pret. Ζσβεκα and ίσβηκα, aor. 1. e'j/3e(ra, aor. 2. ίσβψ. Σπένδω, I make a libation, fut. σπεισω. Στορβνννω, Στορίνννμι, I strew, fut. στορέσω. — ΣηοωίΦυω, fut. στρώσω. Τ. ΤΥκτω, I bring forth, fut. refto, aor. 2. hexov. Ύιτράω and Ύιτραίνω, I perforate, fut. τρησω. Τρβχω, / nzra, pret. δβδράμ,^κα, aor. 2. ςδραμον. Τυγχάνω, I am, I obtain, fut. τυχ^σω, aor. &. hv\ov, fut. m. τζνζομαι. 124 Ύτησχνέομαι, I promise, fut. υττοσχήσομαι, aor. 2. νπε- σγόμην, pret. p. νπέσχημαί, aor. 1. p. νπεσχέθην, Φ. Φέρω, I carry, fut. οίσω, aor. 1. ήνεγκα and ήνζίκα, aor. 2. ήνζγκον, pret. m. ηνοχα, Att. α>?μ>οχα. Φ^άζ^ω, I prevent, fut. φθάσω, aor. 2. Ζφθην. Φύω, I beget, I am born, aor. 2. !φυζ>. X. Χά£ω and Χά^ομ,οα, / retire, aor. 2. κέκαδον — / taAe, €\abov, pret. m. K€\avba. Χαίρω, I rejoice, fut. χαίρ?7σω, pret. p. κ€χάρημαί. a. Ώθέω, I thrust, fut. ώσω, aor. 1. ωσα and ώθησα, pret. p. ωσμαι. 125 ADVERB. An Adverb is either primary, as, νυν, now, τότε, then ; or derived, ending in στϊ, as, Ελληνιστί, in the Greek language,' '¥ωμαϊστϊ, in the Latin language; also ending in bbv, as κυνηδον, like a dog ; in ην, as, κρνβδην, secretly; in ei, as, πανσυδξί, loith all vigour, strenuously ; and in αξ , as, οδαξ, 202*ίΛ ίΛ• and they two returned to the ships of the Greeks. near, along; as, βή δ' άκέων πάρα θΐνα' and he walked silently along the shore. through ; as, παρ' όλον τον βίον' through the whole of life. on the other side of; as, χωράν άπ€ν€ΐμ€ πάρα τον Άνίηνα ποταμόν he distributed the land on the other side of the river Anio. on account of; as, ol be €υέλπώ€ς ei\n πάρα την έμπζί- ρίαν they have good hope on account of their experience. beyond; as, oi πάρα bύvaμιv πρόθυμοι e$ τους Έλληνας' ivho have exerted ourselves for the Greeks beyond our strength. 1 It is used by grammarians in the sense of from ; as when they say " Δημοσθένης is a word παρά τ£> σθένος," meaning that it is derived from the word aduvos. 165 in comparison of; as, παρ 9 εαυτόν μηδενα επιτφειον ήγεΐτο' in comparison of himself he thought no one fitted, besides, or contrary to; as, πάρα τον νόμον κρίνων' judging contrary to the law. during ; as, παρά τον πλουν during the voyage, in the power of; as, το παρ' ημάς' what is in our power, below ; as, ηλάττωσας αυτόν βραχύ τι παρ 9 αγγέλους' thou didst degrade him somewhat below the angels, intermission of time ; x as, πάρα μήνα τρίτον every third month. In Composition it signifies, To ; as, παραλαμβάνω, I take to myself, erroneously ; as, παρακούω, I hear erroneously, or imperfectly. together; as, παραο^υναστεύω, I reign together. secretly ; as, παρεμβάλλω, I cast in secretly. rashly ; as, παρακινδυνεύω' I rashly incur danger. beyond; as, παρέρχομαι, I pass by; παραπλέω, I sail beyond. comparison; as, παράλληλα, things compared with each other. contrariety ; as, παράνομος, transgressing laws ; παρανθεω, I fade. diminution; as, πάρεγγυς, a little nearer. increase ; as, παραθαρσύνω, I increase confidence. 1 Ό παρ ημέραν πυρετός- a tertian fever. 166 10. Uepl is joined to a Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. When joined to a Genitive, it signifies, Concerning ; as, hrjptv έχον περί τητΐτόντων' they had a contest concerning the dead. for ; as, 7re/n πάτρης τεθνάμεν' to die for one's country. on account of; as, Tvpavvibos περί καλλίστου abiKtiv it is very honourable to act unjustly on account of tyranny. around; as, τετάννστο περί σπζίονς γλαφνροΐο ?//xepiV the vine stretched around the hollow grot. beyond ; as, όϊζνρος irepl πάντων εττλςο' you are mise- rable beyond all. When joined to a Dative, it signifies, Around; as, tvbvve ire pi στηθεσσι χιτώνα' he put on his corslet around his breast. concerning, or for ; as, ebeurtv be περί ξανθω Μενβλάω' he feared for the yellow -haired Menelaus. from ; as, ov irepl κήρι φιλώ' whom I love from my heart. in; 1 as, Trepl pobieaaiv ϋρση τήκεται' the dew melts in the roses. into, or on ; as, πίπτοντα πζρϊ σφίσι• falling on them- selves. 1 But in the more extensive sense of cireum, around, each of these senses seems included. 167 When joined to an Accusative, 1 it signifies. Around; as, tovtovs αγάπα, καϊ περί αντον εχεί' he loves these, and has them around him. about ; as, περί ϊβδομήκοντα νανς' about seventy ships, towards ; as, η περί τους θεονς ευσέβεια' piety towards the Gods, against ; as, περί tovs σαντον γονέας κακοεργεΐν to sin against your parents. In Composition it signifies, Around ; as, περιβάλλω, I throw around; περιπατάω, I walk around. increase ; as, περιτίω, I very much honour ; περί- λυπος, very sorrowful. excellence; as, περιγίγνομαι, I excel ; περίφρων, wise. 11. Ύπερ governs a Genitive and Dative. When joined to a Genitive, it signifies, For ; as, υπέρ σον λαλώ* I speak for you. of or concerning ; as, νπερ πασών γράψαι. ουκ εγχωρεΐ' there is no room to write of them all. over ; as, στη δ' αρ' νπερ κεφαλής* and it stood over my head. 1 Oi περί Πλάτωνα' Plato, or the Platonics ,• Oi irepl τ\\ν φύσιν physio- logists ; Oi 7rept tV ποίησιν poets ; τα irepl 4μ4• my affairs. 168 for the sake of; as, νπερ evbo£ias ήθζλον τοϊς heivols avrovs hihovai' for the sake of glory they were loilling to expose themselves to difficulties. by reason of; as, νπερ της tis τα κοινά φιλοτιμίας' by reason of your zeal for the public good. by, when used in beseeching ; as, λίσσομ 9 virep Ma- κάρων' I beseech you by the Gods. When joined to an Accusative, it signifies, Beyond, or over ; as, virep τα έσκαμμένα ττφας' you leap beyond the trench, above; as, virep ζξήκοντα ίτη γεγονώς' above sixty years old. beyond, or contrary to; as, νπςρ μόρον αλγε* Ιχουσι' they suffer afflictions beyond their due share. In Composition it signifies, For ; as, νπζρμάχομαι, I fight for. before, or beyond; as, νπςρθίω, I outrun ; -υπερβαίνω, I pass by, above ; as, υπερέχω, / rise above ; νπέρθνρον, a lintel over the door. increase; as, νττζρμαίνομαι, I am violently enraged; νττ€ρασθ€νψ, extremely weak. 169 12. Γ Τττο is joined to a Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. When joined to a Genitive, it signifies, By ; as, τνπτομαι νπ αντοϋ' I am struck by him. under ; as, τρνβλιον ωχςτο νπο μάλης ζχων' he went off, having the dish concealed under his arm-pit. by reason of; as, υπ 9 ivbeCas, ουκ έ'χω, ο, τι αν μοι χρησωμαι' by reason of my poverty^ I have no means of benefiting myself out of or from ; as, κνμα 0ofj kv vrj'i πίστ\<τι λάβρον viral νζφέων' a violent wave dashed from the clouds against the swift ship. because of; as, νπ 9 αντον oiht φρονεΐν ημΐν kyyiyvzrav because of this (or him) it is not even in our poiver to be wise. on account of; as, νφ 9 ης δοκοΰσι κννβς άπίχ^σθαι των διοβλήτων σωμάτων' on account of which (smell) dogs seem to abstain from bodies struck by light- ning. When joined to a Dative, it signifies, Under ; as, ύπο τύ} XeovTrj πίθηκος* an ape concealed under a lion's skin. with; as, ως νπ 9 ζνκλζια θάνγ that he may die with glory. by; as, ύπο Τρώβσσι ΰαμηναι* to be vanquished by the Trojans. from, or by ; as, η μιν υπ 9 Άγχίστι re/ce• who teas his mother by Anchises. by reason of; as, εκθανόντων αυτών ύπο κανματι' they having died hy reason of the heat. Et. Gr. Gr. q 170 on account of; as, ύπο rff ποιήσει έπτινςΐτο' he was praised on account of his poetry. in ; as, άλζίσα κατακρυψασ' ύπο κόλπω' having hidden the cups in her bosom. When joined to an Accusative, it signifies, Underneath, under; as, τον νπερ γης καϊ ύπο γήν χρνσόν the gold above the ground and under the ground. towards, denoting time ; as, νττο την καταλύσω του πολέμου' towards the conclusion of the war. to ; as, αισχιστο? δ£ άνηρ ύπο "Ιλιον ήλθε' he was the vilest man that came to Troy. In Composition it signifies, Under ; as, υποβάλλω, I cast undfr. backward; as, υποτροπή, a turning back. diminution; as, ύπobeίbω, I am somewhat afraid; ■υπέρυθρος, reddish. anything done secretly, and ivith fraud ; as, ύπζρ- χομαι' I assail clandestinely ; υπάγομαι, I am led on by stratagems. It introduces senses altogether different; as, υποκρί- νομαι, I dissemble, &c. πι Of Accents. Certain general Rules. 1. If the last syllable be long, the accent will be placed on the penultimate. The exceptions are as follow : Ionic cases in the first declension of simple nouns ; as, AiVeieco. Attic cases : l as, Μβζ/ελεω?, oreo>, δτζων 2 and words compounded with γελώ?• as, φιλόγζλως. 2. If the last syllable be short, the accent will be placed on the antepenultimate ; as, φιλάνθρωπος* The exceptions are as follow .• Participles of the preterite passive 3 ; as, oedey^eVos. Verbal adjectives in eos* as, οιστάος. Diminutives in ισκος, ιλος, and ιον 4 as, νεανίσκος, ναυτίλος, παώίον. Certain nouns ; as, παρθένος, ολίγος, αιγιαλός, αγαθός. 1 To this head may he referred ανώσεων, evyews, &c. 2 Unless the nominative is oxytone, and then they have the acute accent on the penultimate ; as, βασιλεύς, βασιλέως. 3 But if they are changed by a figure, the accent is thrown hack ; as, dey/xevos. See Etym. Mag. on the word ακαχημενος. 4 But some diminutives in ιον have the acute accent on the antepenul- timate ; as, ΎΡωμίδιον, πολ'ιχνιον. 172 Doric infinitives ; as, aeCbev for deibeLv* Ionic infinitives; as, τραφέμεν for τραφύν. Poetic words in οφι' as, αντόφι, δακρνόφι.. Also words compounded with a noun derived from the preterite middle, if the sense is active : as, μητρο- κτόνος, a murderer of his mother ; πρωτότοκος, she who has brought forth her first child ; but if the sense is passive, they follow the general rule ; as, μητρόκτονος, murdered hy one's mother ; πρωτότοκος, first-born. 3. A syllable long by nature before a short vowel at the end of a word, and also before one which is long by position, if it has any accent, is circumflexed; as, σώμα, κήρυξ, φοίνιξ. 4. The circumflex accent is formed from the acute and the grave, by contraction ; as, ttol^ls, ποιείς. The acute is formed from the grave and the acute ; as, ποίζέτω, ποιζίτω. Observation. The diphthongs at and ot, at the end of a word, are considered short with regard to accents ; as, μονσαι, άνθρωποι' except in contracted syllables; as, Λητοΐ- in the pronoun ol• in optatives ; as, ποι,ήσαι, et7ror and in adverbs ; as, olkol, at home ; ot, whither ; ποΐ, where, &c. Of the Accents of Nouns. In the three first declensions of simple nouns, if the acute accent be on the last syllable, the genitive and dative are circumflexed in all the numbers: as, 0eos, θξοϋ, 0eo3, θεών, θεοΐς. In the other cases the acute remains : as, Oebv, #eoi, θςονς. 173 Although the nominative singular be circumflexed, yet the nominative and accusative dual are never cir- cumflexed; as, Ό νους, in the dual number τω νώ' το όστουν, τω όστώ. If there be an accent on the penultimate, it will remain in all the cases : as, Αόγος, λόγου, λόγω. Except μία, from ds, which makes in the genitive μια?, in the dative μια, and also its compounds : likewise άμφω, and δτίω, which make in the genitive and dative άμφοΐν, and hvoXv. Nouns compounded with the particles a, ev, δι/?, and δι, for the most part throw back their accent ; as, άγαμος, ewau, δυσ€νρ€τος, bC\]/V)(OS. Nouns also compounded with the prepositions ύπο, αντί, συν, irtpl, and κατά• as, ϋπαυλος, αντίχριστος, σύν- ΰουλος, π€ρΐ€ργος, κατάσκοπος, &c. Or those compounded with nouns; as, φιλόσοφος. The genitive plural of the first and second declensions has the circumflex upon the last syllable, except in the case of genitives feminine of adjectives which are derived from masculine nouns of the third declension ; as, Μακάριο?, μακάριων. There are some few exceptions; as, δ χλούνης, a rustic, Gen. των χλούνων 6 χρήστης, an usurer, των χρηστών. In the Fifth Declension. 1. The acute accent upon the last syllable of the nominative will be on the penultimate of the oblique cases : as, Ύριας, τριάδος, τριάδι' except in γυναικός, γυναικί' ονδ€νός, ovbevl• and μη^νος, μφςνί* Q 2 174 but if the penultimate be long by nature, it is circum- flexed, whenever the last syllable is short or doubtful ; as, Σωτηρ, σωτήρος. These nouns, δαηρ,άνηρ, θυγάτηρ, πατήρ, βΐνάτηρ,σωτηρ, Δημήτηρ, throw back the accent in the vocative: as, 9 i2 5aep, avep, θνγατ€ρ η πάτςρ, etvarep, σώτ€ρ, Αήμητερ* and many words belonging to the first declension of contracted nouns do the same : as, c Ο "Άττολλοφανης, ω Άπολλόφανξς' 6 συγγ€νη^, ω (τύγ- "2. The nouns μητηρ and θνγάτηρ, throughout all their cases, except the vocative singular, have the acute accent on the penultimate : as, Μητέρος, μΐ]Τ€ρι 9 μητέρα' θυγατέρος, θνγατέρί, θνγα- τράσΐ' &c. unless they are syncopated ; in which case the accent, in the genitives and datives, will be on the last syllable : as, Μϊ /rpo?, μητρί' θνγατρος, θνγατρί. But in the nominatives, accusatives, and vocatives, of all the numbers, the accent is thrown back after syncope : as, Θνγατρα, θνγατρζ, &c. The accent also is thrown back in the poetic dative ποδίσσ-ι. 3. Monosyllables of the fifth declension have the acute accent on the last syllable in the genitive and dative singular, and the dative plural : as, Trjs χ^ιρυς, rf] χ€ίρϊ, ταϊ$ χ^ρ<η. In the genitive plural, and genitive and dative dual, the last syllable is circumflexed : as, Xeipotv, χειρών. In the accusative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative, both dual and plural, the penultimate, if it be long by nature, is circumflexed: as, Χ(ΐρα, χ€ψβ, xctpes•, χείρας. 1W Except participles of only one syllable ; as, 0ets•, θέντος, θίντϊ ων, ovtos, ovtl' also the genitives, πα'ώων, Ύρώων, πάντων, δφδωζ', δμώων, θωων, ωτων, φώτων (lights) : for circumflexed monosyllables keep the accent upon the first syllable. Thus πάσί from πάν so also tls interrogative has the accent on the first syllable in all its cases : but rls in- definite, and enclitic, has the accent always on the latter syllable, except where it loses it altogether by reason of the inclination. Vocatives in tv, and ot, are circumflexed : as, ώ βασιλζΰ, ω Λητοΐ, ω Γοργοΐ. 4. Substantives of the third and fourth declensions of contracted nouns have the accent on the last syllable; as, Λητώ, αιδώ?* βασιλευ?, Tvbevs. Of the Accents of Pronouns. The acute on the last syllable of the nominative will remain so in the dative and accusative singular ; as, Έγω, έμοϊ, e/xe* In the genitive singular, and throughout the whole of the plural number, it is changed into the circumflex: as, Έμοΰ, ?/μ€?9, 7]μών, ημΐν, ημάς. In the whole of the dual it is thrown back : as, Σφώϊ, νώϊ, νώϊν. The pronouns ovtos, clvtos, and ϊκ€Ϊνος, follow the form of nouns. When ye is added by the figure paragoge, the accent is thrown back ; as, *Εγωγ€, e/xoiye. In Attic words, where ι is added by paragoge, the acute accent is placed on the last syllable; as, οντοσί. Pronouns affected by both paragoge and syncope, have the acute accent on the penultimate ; as, Έμέθςν. 176 As also those which are changed by the Ionic dialect ; as, 'H/xeey, ημέας. In the dative plural ήμΐν, the circumflex is sometimes changed into the acute accent; as, ήμίν and the last syllable is made short. Of the Accents of Verbs. If the last syllable is short, the accent will be on the antepenultimate ; as, τύπτομαι. If long, on the penultimate ; as, τνπτέσθην. Exceptions. In the singular number of the second future active the last syllable is circumflexed, therefore the penulti- mate throughout the other numbers is circumflexed ; as, τνπζΐτον, τνττονμζν, &c. The same also takes place in the middle voice, when- ever the penultimate is long by nature before a short final syllable ; as, τυποΰμαι, τνπζΐταί. First futures of the fifth conjugation have the cir- cumflex on the last syllable : as, cnrepa- therefore in the middle the penultimate is circumflexed; as, σττερονμαι. And in the Doric dialect all first futures have the circumflex on the last syllable ; as, τύψω. But when σ is added by the iEolic dialect, the accent is thrown back; as, ορσω. The Participles of the Second Aorist Active, and of Preterites in ως, and those also which end in eis, have the accent on the last syllable : as, Ύυπων, τ€τνφως, τ^τυπως, τυφΟζϊς, τνπζί'ς. In the Second Future the last syllable is circumflexed ; as, τνττων. 177 When the acute accent is on the penultimate of participles in the masculine, it will be also on the penul- timate of the same words in the neuter ; as, Υίοιέων, ΤΐΟίίον, These three imperatives, eA0e, come, €vp€,find, and ewre, tell, have the accent on the last syllable : in the imperative of the second aorist middle the last syllable is circumflexed ; as, ΥΙιθον, τραπον. Monosyllables, if compounded, take the acute accent on the penultimate, in the imperative mood; as, ' Αποδο?. In the infinitive of both the passive aorists the penul- timate is circumflexed ; as, Ύνφθηνα^ τνπηναι. The last syllable of the second aorist, and second future active, is circumflexed ; as, τνπεΐν. In the singular number of the subjunctive mood, the last syllable is circumflexed : as, Τυφθώ, τνφθϊ]9, τνπω, tVTrrjs. In the dual and plural the penultimate is circumflexed : as, Ύνπήτον, τνπωμζν, &c. The infinitives of the first aorist active, of all prete- rites, of the second aorist middle, and of the present tense of verbs in μι, take the acute on the penultimate; as, ' Άναγκάσαι, τετυφέναι, τζτνφθαι^ Tervnivai, τνπέσθαι, τιθέναι' Unless the penultimate be long by nature, in which case it is circumflexed ; as, Τίζφίλήσθαί, άκουσαν In contracted verbs, the syllable formed by contrac- tion is circumflexed, unless some one of the foregoing rules forbids it. In the third person plural of the present tense of verbs in μι, the penultimate is circumflexed ; as Τίθεϊσι, διδοΰσι, ιστασι, ζ^υγνυσι ' except eiVl, from ei//i, / am. 178 Of the Accents of Prepositions. All prepositions, which admit an accent, take it on the last syllable, unless they are put after the cases they govern, and are not followed by an adjective, for in that case the accent is thrown back : as, Ειρήνης τΑρι, concerning peace. Tlept also, when used for περισσώς, throws back its accent. But the prepositions ava, and hia never throw back the accent, in order to preserve the distinction between them and the vocative ava from αναξ, a king, and the accusa- tive Δια from Αϊς, Jupiter. Of the Accents of Adverbs. Adverbs derived from the genitive plural of adjectives, retain the accent of their primitives : as, Αίσχρών, αίσχρώς' καλών, καλώς' βραδέων, βραδέως, &c. Adverbs in θεν, θι, ae, σι, retain the accent of the nouns from which they are derived : as, θεόθεν, from θεός' ονρανόθι, and ovpavoae, from ουρανός' οίκοθεν, and οίκοθι, from οίκος, a house. Attic adverbs take the accent on the last syllable ; as, Nvvl, ένθαδί. Of the Accents of Conjunctions. The conjunction apa, when it is interrogative, has the circumflex on the penultimate : when expressive of infe- rence, the acute ; as, apa, therefore. The following have no accent, 6, ?/, ol, at, ei?, e?, tv, e/c, e£, ου, ουκ, ονχ, el 9 ώς. But δ, ?}, οι, at, for ούτος, αντη, ovtol, αύται, and δ for τούτο, are accented ; and οΐ>, or 179 ουκ, when it concludes a sentence, or is a sentence of itself: so also ω? when used for ούτως, or when put after the substantive to which it refers ; as, Ot δε λύκοι ως. In declinable words, whenever the last syllable is thrown away by Apostrophe, the accent, which would have been on the last syllable, is thrown back on the penultimate : in indeclinable words, it is entirely lost ; as, Τέρπν ζπαθον' Άμφ' Όδυσηϊ. Enclitic Words. An enclitic word is that which transfers its accent to the final syllable of the word preceding, to which it gives the acute : as, "ΐΐκουσά τίνος. The enclitics are, in the first place, The indefinite τϊς, in all its cases : and the Attic words του, τω, used for twos, tlvC' but the interrogative tls has the acute accent on the first syllable. Secondly, The pronouns μου, μοϊ, μί' σου, σοϊ, σί' ου, ol, €" σφώ, σφωε, σφβ, σφίσϊ together with all those variations of them which are made by different dialects : as, Med, o~ed, vlv, μϊν, &c. — But after the conjunctions €ν€κα, or οϋνεκα, and some others, and the disjunctive rj, they seldom transfer their accent. Thirdly, The verbs βΐμϊ and φημί, in all the persons of the present indicative, except the second singular, and the Ionic Ιασι* as, * Ανθρωπος ύμι' Ύουτό εστί χςίρονος κάλλιον' Ή καλή, φασι, λαβέτω. Fourthly, The adverbs, ποτς, ποθζ, που, πώς, πω, πη, when used indefinitely, and having the accent on the last syllable. But if they are used interrogatively, they have the accent on the penultimate, and do not transfer it. ISO Fifthly, The two copulative conjunctions, κβ and re. And expletives without number, pa, ye, vv, wv, 7rep,ro6, &c. Enclitics incline, that is, transfer their accent to the preceding word, when the preceding word has either, 1. The acute on the antepenultimate: as, "Ανθρωπος rts" or 2. The circumflex on the penultimate, the last syllable being short : as, Σώμα rr or 3. When a monosyllable goes before, which has no accent of its own : as, Οϋ tl απόβλητα' Or when a preceding enclitic has lost its accent : as, 'Iarpeiai γάρ tlvIs eiVr Or when it has transferred it : as, Σήμα nvis φασί. Enclitics, however, lose their accent, when the pre- ceding word has either, 1. The acute on the penultimate : as, Λόγος σον or, 2. The circumflex on the last syllable : as, 'Ορώ σe• or, 3. The acute on the last syllable : as, 'Αγαθόν tl. But when they begin a sentence, they neither lose, nor transfer their accent : as, 2e τον σκνθρωπον, &c. The Verb Έστ -t, 1. Has the acute on the first syllable, when it begins a sentence, or is put immediately after the adverbs ονκ, ώί, καΙ, et, άλλα, and τοΰτο. 2. It loses its accent after a word which has either the acute, or the circumflex, on the last syllable : as, 'Ερμης €(TTL. 181 S. It retains its accent on the last syllable, when the preceding word has the acute on the penultimate, or the circumflex on the penultimate, the last syllable being long by position : as, Αόγος €στί' φοίνιξ Ιστι. 4. But it transfers its accent, if the preceding word has the circumflex on the penultimate, the last syllable being short : as, Φαϋλός icTTL' Or if the acute be on the antepenultimate : as, "Ανθρωπος εστί. The compounds of είμϊ throw back the accent : as, Γίάρειμι, πάρβστι, ττάρεσμεν, &c. Figures of Speech. 1 . Prothesis is the addition of a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word : as, Ύβταγων, for ταγών, from τάζω, I lay hold of; σμικρός, small, for μικρός. 2. Aphseresis is, when a letter or syllable is taken away from the beginning of a word : as, Ό /m), for εορτή, a festival. 3. Syncope takes away a letter or syllable from the middle of a word : as, Eyei>ro, for kyiveTo, he was born. 4. Epenthesis is, when a letter or syllable is inserted into the middle of a word : as, "Ελλαβ€, for e'Aa/3e, he received; δππότερος, for όπό- Ttpos, which of the two. 5. Apocope takes away from the end of a word : as, Δώ, for δώμ,α, a house ; Ποσβίδώ, for ΤΙοσ^ώωνα, Neptune ; Bpl, for βρίαροι. Et. Gr. Gr. R 182 6. Paragoge is, when something is added to the last syllable : as, Ήσ^α, for ης, thou least ; Έτντττ€σκ€, for €τυπτ€, he did strike. 7. Metaplasmus is the change of the last syllable in the same case : as, Κλαδί, for κλάδω, to a branch. But a Metaplasm generally speaking is any change in a word, by poetic licence. 8. Antithesis (which some call αντίστοιχος) is a change of a letter : as, Πορσω, for πόρρω, at a distance, θάλαττα, for θάλασσα, the sea. 9. Metathesis is a change in the position of the letters'? as, ν Ερ£ω, for ρίζω, / will do ; "Έπραθον, for Ζπαρθον, from πέρθω, I lay waste ; "Εδρακον, for ihapKov, from ο~£ρκω, I see ; Kaprepo?,for κρατερός, strong ; Κάρτος, for κράτος, strength. 10. Synalsepha is a certain cutting off of one vowel before another in different words : as, Τάμα, for τά έμα, mine ; Ύοννομα, for το όνομα, the name ; ΘοιμάΥιοζ', for το ίμάτων, the clothing ; 7 i2Vay, for ω etav, Ο friend, or friends. 11. Anadiplosis (that is, reduplication) is the repetition of the first and second syllables : as, Κζκάμοισί, for κάμωσί' ' λταρτηρος, for άτηρός' Έτητνμον, for Ζτνμον. 183 PROSODY, oa THE RULES OF VERSIFICATION. It seems unnecessary to explain what is a foot, what is time, what a syllable, and what scanning. These we pass over, conceiving them to be already known to the learner from the prosody of the Latin language. In this place, let youths only bear in mind that e and ο are short ; that 77, and ω, with all diphthongs, are long by nature ; and that a, t, and ν are doubtful. To scanning, among the Greeks, belong Apostrophus, Synecphonesis, Diaeresis, and Caesura. 1. Apostrophus is, when a, e, t, o, cll, ol are cut off, the following word beginning with a vowel or diphthong. But this the Greeks either omit or observe, according to the nature of the verse ; as, '12 yvvai, η μάλα τοϋτο £ttos νημ€ρτ€$ letires" Homer. Ο lady, most true indeed is this which thou hast spoken. Frequently, too, vowels and diphthongs are cut off before consonants : as, Τίαρ μίν ol ωριά κείται, οσα bpvbs άκρα φέρονται,' Near him are all the fruits, which the trees bear in their season. Sometimes the first vowel of the following word is cut off: as, τ ί2 'γαθς, Ο good man ; 9 ί2 "ναζ, Ο king ; τ ί2 "νθρωπς, Ο man ; For ω άγαθ€, ω αναξ, ω άνθρωπζ. 184 2. Συνίζησι.?! Synecphonesis * is the contraction of Σνζευ&ς J two syllables into one : as, Χρυσ4ω ava σκήπτρω, και kkiaaero πάντα? 'Αχαιούς' With a golden sceptre, and besought all the Greeks. Homer. 3. Diaeresis is, when two syllables are formed from the division of one : as, Flats, for παις* ένφρων, for εΰφρων, benevolent. 4. Caesura is when, after a complete foot, at the end of a word, a short syllable is made long : and this in Greek verse takes place after the first, second, third, fourth, and even the fifth foot. QUANTITY. The quantity of doubtful vowels is determined in ten ways : 1. By Position: 6. By Derivation : 2. By one vowel coming 7. By Composition : before another : 8. By Increase : 3. By Accent: 9. By Rule: 4. By Contraction : 10. By Example or Autho- 5. By Dialect: rity. 1 Or Synseresis ; as, τ^ίχςϊ, τβίχβι — Crasis τείχεα, τείχη. 18ο 1. Position. A short vowel before two consonants, or a double one, either in the same word, or in different words, is long by position. Sometimes however Σ is cut off, and the rule relating to position is not carried into effect ; as, "Ωρη €σττ€ρίϊ} κρώζζί πολνφωνο[ς] κορώνη* At eventide the loud raven croaks. Aratus. This is sometimes found in Latin poetry: as, in a line quoted by Cicero from Aratus : Delphinus jacet haud nimio lustratu[s] nitore. A short vowel before a mute, followed by a liquid, is made common. 2. One vowel before another. Long vowels, and diphthongs, may be made short at pleasure, provided that the following word begins with a vowel or diphthong. A short vowel before a long one, or before a diphthong, is short, unless it be made long by poetic licence. 3. Accent. The last syllable is short, when the penultimate is circumflexed : as, μούσα. If the penultimate, being long by nature, has the acute accent, the doubtful vowel in the last syllable is made long : as, ή ωρά, the hour. R 2 186 When a masculine noun, ending in pos, or os pure, has the accent on the antepenultimate, the feminine of it is long in the last syllable : as, άγως, ayid. Every circumflexed syllable is long by nature : as, 4. Contraction. Every syllable, made from a contraction, is long ; as, έβόα€, έβόά. 5. Dialect Doric, changed from η, is long : as, Ύομά for τομή, a cutting. iEolic is short : as, Ννμφά for ννμφη. A{ Ionic is short in the penultimates of the preterite, and in the third person plural of verbs passive : as, Τέγάα for γέγηκα' And τ€τνφάταί for τζτυμμένοί «σι. But α, when inserted by the Ionic dialect into verbs in αω, and preceded by a long syllable, is made long ; as also in the Ionic third person of verbs in μι' as, τιθίάσί. 6. Derivation. Words derived from others have generally the same quality as their primitives : as, Νικάω, I conquer ; NtK-j/, victory ; '( ) ιΊκητης, a conqueror. 187 7. Composition. Compound words generally keep the quantity of the simple ones : as, "Η τΐμη, honour; Ό καϊ ή ατϊμος, dishonoured. A, the privative particle, is made short in composi- tion : as, "Ατιμος, dishonoured ; Άκλβή?, inglorious. But it is often made long by reason of two short sylla- bles immediately following : as, Δαίε ol €κ κόρνθός re, καϊ ασπιδο? ακάματου πίρ, She lighted up the unwearied fire from his helmet, and his shield. II. e. 4. — II. o. 598. The particles also δα, ζα, apt, ept, βρΐ, hvs, when found in composition, are made short. 8. The Increase of Nouns. A, in the increasing syllable of the fifth declension, is short. 1. In neuter nouns in a, a?, and ap' as, Σώμα, a body ; Kpea?, flesh ; Νέκταρ, nectar. 2. In feminine, and masculine nouns, in as* as, Ή Παλλα?, Pallas ; 'Ο μύλας, black. 188 3. In nouns in ψ• as, "Αραψ, — βος' and in many in ξ' as, Κόλα£, — κος, a flatterer. 4. In masculine, and feminine nouns, in ap and λς' as, c O μάκαρ, blessed ; Ή αλ?, the sea. Except ψαρ, ψαροί, a starling. The genitive in ανος is long, as is evident from the accent : as, Ύιταν, τιτανος' except rakavos and μέλανος. The penultimate of the dative plural in syncopated nouns is short : as, Πατρασι, avhpaai, μητράσι. I, in the increasing syllable, is short, 1. In nouns of the neuter gender : as, To μελί, μέλιτος. 2. In barytone nouns, both masculine and feminine, in los, ώος, and tros* as, epts, eplbos. 3. In oxytone nouns feminine in ώος' as, Ή πατρίς, πατρίδος. I, in the increasing syllable, is long : 1. In nouns feminine and masculine, which have two terminations in the nominative : as, Αξλφϊς and ΟΕλφϊν, ΰβλφΐνος' άκτίς, and άκτϊν, άκτΐνος. 2. In monosyllables : as, Ό or η θϊν, θινος, the shore ; Ή piv n the nose ; Ή \v, or tj, a string ; c O λΐ?, or λΐν, Gen. λίος, a lion ; Ais, λιτός, a linen cloth.. 189 Also όρνις, όρνιθος, a bird, has the penultimate long, and ενκνήμ'ώζς, a word of frequent occurrence in Homer: but in Αϊς, Αϊος, Jupiter, it is short. I, in the increasing syllable of nouns in if, and ιψ, is very frequently short : as, f Η θρϊξ, τρϊχος, hair ; 1 Η χέρνιψ, χίρνϊβος, a vessel to tvash the hands in. T, in the increasing syllable, is short : 1. In nouns of one syllable in vs° as, Ό μνς, a mouse, μυός. 2. In neuter nouns in ν as, to γόνν, γόννος, the knee, 3. In paroxytone, oxytone, and circumflexed nouns, in vs and vp : as, 6 νέκνς, νέκνος, a dead body ; ό μάρτνρ, μάρτυρος, a ivitness. Nouns in vv, which also end in vs, are long : as, Φόρκνς, and Φόρκνν, Φόρκϋνος, Phorcys. Nouns ending in ξ and ψ have generally the increas- ing syllable short : as, "Οννζ, οννχος, a talon ; Χ,άλνψ, χάλυβος, steel. Except Τρνψ, γρυπός, a griffin ; Τνψ, γϋπος, a vulture. The Quantity of Verbs. An unchangeable vowel will have the same quantity in the imperfect, both in the active and passive voice, in all the moods, and also in the participles, which it has in the present tense : as, Κρίνω, I judge, ίκρϊνον, κρίνομαι, Ικρϊνόμην, κρινόμενος' where the syllable κρι is long. 190 Verbs in ύνω have the penultimate long in the present and imperfect: as, Μολϋζ»ω, I defile. Verbs in άνω have the penultimate short, except Ικάνω, and κιγάνω. Verbs in νω and ίω may be considered to have the penultimate common. Quantity in Futures and Aorists. The quantity in the futures and aorists is sufficiently evident from the formation of the verbs. It is observed, however, that the first aorist in the third and fourth conjugation has the penultimates, a, ι, or v, short, whenever they are short in the future. The same is observed in verbs in άω, unless p, or a vowel, precedes a, in which case a is long. Quantity in the Preterites. If a doubtful vowel be short in the first future, or first aorist, it is also short in the preterite, both active and passive, and in the first aorist, and first future pas- sive, through all the moods: as, Γίλάω, γελάσω, yeyeAa/ca, / laugh. The third person plural of the preterite in ασ* is always long: as, Ουκ αγαθόν' Kijpes δ€ παρ€(ττήκάσι, μέλαιναν It is not good ; but the black Fates stand near. The feminine participle of the first aorist in άσα is long. 191 Quantity of Verbs in μι. The reduplication peculiar to verbs in μι, unless posi- tion requires it to be otherwise, is short. A, of the second conjugation, is everywhere short, except in the third person of the present indicative, the subjunctive, and the participles of the active voice. T, of the fourth conjugation, is made long in the sin- gular number of the active voice. In the dual and plural, except in the third person plural, and in all the passive and middle voice, it is short. In the singular of the imperative mood, in words of more than two syllables, the ν is short : as, Κέκλνθι, νυν καϊ e/xeto* hear now me also. Horn. In dissyllables it is long : as, Κλυθί μζν, Άργνρότοζζ' hear me, god of the silver how. Horn. 9. Rule. Of the first and middle syllables of Nouns. A doubtful vowel coming before another, whether short or long, is not necessarily short, as in Latin. A in a superlative is always short : as, Σοφώτάτος. Oxytone nouns in ta, which have the last syllable long, have the penultimate short: as, Σοφϊα. Except ανία, sorrow; κονία^ dust; καλία, a nest; δρμία, a fishing-line ; αεργία, sloth ; στια, a pebble : which more frequently have the penultimate long. 192 I is short, 1. In diminutives in lov as, Κοράσων, a little boy. 2. In neuter comparatives used by Ionic writers: as, ήοΊον, sweeter: but in the Attic dialect it is long: as, Ένν ανΰράσιν κάλλϊον, η tcevrjs, κρατ€Ϊν' It is more honourable to rule a populous, than an empty, country. Soph. GEdip. Tyr. 55. 3. In many adjectives in to?• as, "Αζϊος, worthy. 4. In many nouns in or as, Bios, Btoro?, life. 5. In adjectives signifying possession, and matter, ending in lvos' as, ανθρώπινος, belonging to man; λίθινος, made of stone. 6. In those also which signify the seasons : as, Eiaplvbs, belonging to the spring ; Qtplvbs, belonging to the summer : but in the Ionic dialect it is made long : as, ν Ήματ όπωρϊνω, ore λαβρότατον χ€€ΐ ίίδωρ Zevr In the autumnal season, xohen Jupiter pours down the violent rain. 11. π. 385. Τ in pronouns is long: as, 'Τμ,β??, νμών, νμΐν, νμάς. In nouns of more than two syllables in vvr\, and ντης, ν is short: as, Γηθοσννη,βφ ; Βραδΰττ??, slowness ; Γλνκϋτης, sweetness.^ 193 10. Example, or Authority. The last way of determining the quantity of a syllable is Example, or Authority, and that is the best, the surest, and the easiest; which the reading of the Poets will furnish much more readily than any number of rules. Of final syllables. Words ending in α are short; as, η τράπεζα, a table ; Also, μαία, μοΐρά, τνψασά, τίτνφά, Ινα. The following are long : I. 1. Nouns in ea* as, Qkd, a spectacle. 2. in δα and θα' and commonly in pa. 3. in eta, derived from verbs in ενω' as, Προφητεία. 4. in La' except Αία, μία, πότνιά. II. Words of more than two syllables in aia' as, Σεληναίά, the moon. III. Nouns in pa, when a diphthong does not go before : as, Xapa, joy. IV. Articles, in the dual number, and feminine gender : as, τα. V. The vocative of nouns in as, of the first declension : as, 9 i2 AiVeid. VI. The dual of the first and second declension. VII. Vocatives as used by the Poets : as, 9 ί2 Πολυ- δάμ,α. VIII. The Doric A in the genitive case: as, Ύου Aiveid, for Alveiov, and wherever it is put for η. Words ending in av are short : as, Ύράπςζάν, ετνψάν, μίλάν. Et. Gr. Gr. s 194 The exceptions are as follow: 1. πάν, unless it is compounded : masculine nouns in av as, Ύιτάν and adverbs ; as, περάν, beyond ; λίαν, very. 2. Av in the first declension ; as, Alv€lclv' and in the second declension, if it has the acute accent on the penultimate : as, Φιλίάν and av for ων as, Ννμφάν. Words ending in ap are short : as, Νέκταρ, ονάρ, αντάρ (but), άφάρ. The monosyllables κάρ and ψάρ are long. Words ending in as are long : as, Alvtias, rds, μούσας, 6 Aids', τνψάς. The exceptions are as follow: 1. Sometimes accusa- tives plural, which in Doric writers are found short: as, 9 Η καλας άμμζ ποών Ζλζλήθξί βώκος άοώάς' Truly ice knew not what fine songs the shepherd could compose. Theoc. Idyl. 10, 38. 2. Feminine nouns in as' as, λαμπάς. 3. Masculines : as, 6 /xeAaj, /xeyas. 4. Neuters : as, το creAas•, light. 5. Also adverbs : as, ' Εκά?, arpe/xas\ 6. Accusatives plural of the fifth declension of simple nouns : as, TLrdvas. 7. Also the second person singular of the first aorist, and of the preterite, active : as, "Ετνψάς, τέτνφάς Words ending in t are short : as, MeA£, οτϊ, βί]]φϊ. The following are long: 1. Adverbs and pronouns which receive an additional syllable by the figure Paragoge : as, Νννϊ, υντοσϊ. 195 2. Also the Attic ι used in the place of e or a* as, 'Obi for obi' ΎαντΙ for ταντά. 3. Also κρΖ• and the names of letters : as, Si, πΐ. Words ending in iv are short : as, YiaKLv, ίρίν, μϊν, νϊν, τϊν, re'iv and those syllables to which ν is added : as, τύπτονσϊν, ζστϊν. Πρϊν is common : as, To πρϊν €τγ' είρήνης, πρϊν kXOelv vlas Άχαίωνί Formerly in time of -peace, before the sons of the Greeks came. II. χ, 156. Nouns of two terminations : as, 'Pti;, λΐν, δβλφ^, ακτϊν, are long. Words ending in ls are short : as, ΤΙόλϊς, epts <-pt,bos, rvpavvls rvpavvibos, res, bis, rpts, with adverbs of that kind. When the increasing syllable in the oblique cases is long, the same is long in the nominative : as, pis, bekcfrls, opvls, κνημ^ 9 for ζαν and for ef as, κοσμίων for κοσμςϊν. ω for ου" as, μώσα for μούσα, song ; ωνεκα for oiW/ca, at for er as, ai^e for ei#e, Ο ίΛαί / would that ! ei> for ov as, άλζυμαι for αλουμαι, I shall leap. ol for of as, τύπτοισα for η/πτουσα. ο for ου' as, λύκο? for λύκους. Of the consonants, they use σδ for ζ' as, συρίσΐω for συρι^ω. σ for θ' as, σεό? for 0eo'j. κ for r as, 7τόκα, οκκα, for πότβ, and ore, once upon a time. And on the contrary, τ for κ* as, ttjios for κήνος, he. 4. The iEolians use, ω for o* as, κώρος for κόρος, α #σ?/ : and on the contrary, ο for ω' as, epos for epcos, /owe. e for a' as, θίρσος for 0άρ c os, boldness, αις for a?' as, καλαΐς for καλας, ^oo, το iv. ra, r, rots, ra. ro7o I τόΐ'ιν I. Γάων iE. Γώ Ί n - rot σι I. A. 202 Subjunctive Article. Masc. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G. D.A. NA.GD. N. G. D. A. Com. 09, ον, ώ, ον. ο P. οτον, οτω A. orevD.orfoP. ότέω I. οττεο JE. τον, τω, τον Ι ω, οΐν, I.D. Fem. 1 °£> ων, oh, ovs. ότέων,ότέοισίϊ οτωνΑϋ. Com. Sing. v> ψ, f\, ην. τής,τη,τήνΐ. α, τας,τφ,τάνΌ. Dual. α, αΐν, | at Plur. ων, ah, as. rjs I. First Declension of Substantives. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G.D.A. V. NAV.GD. N. G. D. A. V. Com. q, av, a. Ψ, ^ U, ην, η. ης, έω, τ), ην&εα, as, α, α, αν, α, αο JE. ω by Crasis from εω P. αι, ων 9 ais, as, αι. έων,ης& ησι,εάςΐ. aVD. αϊσιΑ.αΊςΑ άων JE. Second Declension. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G. D. A. V. NAV.GD. N. G. D. A. V. Com Γ a, av, a. L ih ψ, η- η, 7/s, η, ην I. α, ar, a, av D. at, ων, ats, as, at. ίων, ης&ησιΐ. Α. αν, αϊσι 1). άων JE*. . 203 Third Declension Sing. N. G. D. A. V. Dual. NAV.GD. Plur. Ν. G. D. A.V. Com. Γ OS, €. < ov 9 ω, ov, ω, olv. ΟΙ, OVS, 0L. ων, οΐς, |_ ov, ov, OLO I. ω D. οΤιν Ι. α, α, α. αώ>Ρ.οισιΙ.Α. ω$& osD. Fourth Declension. Sing. N. G. D. A. V. Dual. NAV.GD Plur. N.G.D. Α. V. Com.- ίως, ως. Ι ω, ω, ων, ω, ων. ω, ως, ω. ων, ως, [ων, ων. ωο, ωο Ρ. ω Ό. ω, ω, ω. Fifth Declension. Sing. Dual. Plur. N.&V. G. D.A. NAV.GD. N. G. D. A. V. L, V, Com.•^ ω, ν, ρ, ος, ι, a. σ, ζ, ψ, ν. ej, ων, σι, ας, 69. α, ξι, α, α. εσσι^ εσιΡ. First Declension of Contracted Nouns. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G. D. A. V. NA.GD.V. N. G. D. A. V. (Φ* €09, e'i, ea, 69. €€, eOLV, €€. ξζς,εων 6 σι €ας,ζ€ς Com.J €J ' η, 69. €ίς, ων, €ίς, 619. ) ους, 6i, η, οΐν, η. ea, ea, ea. 1ος, 09, 09. ν> τ], V- ενς JE. ην Α. as Α. &D. η* εις μ. εσσι Ι.Ρ. 204 Com. Second Declension. Sing•. Dual. Plur. N. G. D. A. V. NAV.GD. N. G. D. A. V. ta, ia. LS, €cos, et, LV, L. ee, €olv. eis, €ωι>, €σι, LOS, t, I. t€j LOIV. tes, ιωζ;, ισι. tar EOS, ε'ί, εε?, εα?, ηος, ill•. 1- •, ιέ?, Ί I. ,εε?, J Third Declension. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G. D. A. V. NAV.GD. N.G. D. A. V. feu?, eos, et, ea, ev. I ee, eoiz;. jees, έων,ςϋσί, eas, e'es. ComJ υ?1 „ Λ Λ f eo?, et, tjta υ. eis, eis, eis. εϋϊ^.ϊ/ί,^αΐ. ijcl.'rjou'. *τ7εί,ϊ/ω^,//εσσι,^αί•^ε?Ι. ε'ω$•& ?) P. 17 s " A-"tt. τ;σι I. ovs A. 770s & α Α. εα, έσι P. εα, εα. εΤο? Ι. έσσι I. P. εο?Β. 770? & BIOS JEt. Fourth Declension. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. G. D. A. V. NA.GD.V. N. G. D. A. V. ώ, OLVf ώ. Ι οι, ων, oi9, ovs, οι. γλ Γ ω, oos\ οι, οα, οι. L ω s, OLis, οι, ω. ώ Α. ών ΑΙ. οϋν Ι. 205 Fifth Declension. Sing. Dual. N. G. D.A. V. N.A.G.D. V. Plur. N. G. D.A.V. Com . α?, ατός, απ., as, a?. | are, άτοιν, are. | ατα, άτων 7 ασι, ατα. Sync, αος, at, αε, άοιν, αε. αα, άων, αα. Cras. ως, α, α, ων, α. α, ών, α. Dialects of Pronouns. Έγώ. Singular. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Com. eyco, ΐψον, Ιμον, Γ e/xcn, L/xoi, Att. £γωγ€, e/xotye. ίέγώνη, Dor. < έγων, [ζγωνγα, e/xeS, e/xty & JEiOl. £γων, έμ€ν. Ιμίνζ. Ion. €μοΐο. e/xeo. εμοΰθζν έμέοθεν , Parag. Sync. Poet. ejueib. ίίώγα, Γ 7 ^ Boeot.-< l(uvya y « γωι ', ~ {ίων. [_£ών Et. Gr. Gr. τ 206 Nom. Ace. Com. νω, Dor. αμμ€. JEo\. άμμ€. Poet. νώϊ, Dual. Gen. Dat. Plural. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Com . ?;/xe?j, ημών, ημΐν, ή /xas. Dor. &π, I a/x/jtes, J άμών, Χ αμίων, άμΐν, άμα?. 7Εθ\. άμμες, Γ άμμων, 1 αμ,μέων, Γ άμμιν, Ι αμμι, ι άμμας. Ion. ήμέεν, ημίων, ήμέας. Poet. ημζίων, ημίν. Σύ. Singular. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Com. συ, σον, σοι, (T€. Dor. < riiya, f, eiroi>, | οΰμζν, eire, οίσί. οϋμες, οϋντι, ενντι D. εω, έευ, ε'εί, έειτον, &c. Ion. Imperative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. 6, eVa>, erov, έτων, ere, έτωσαν. όντων Att. seepe. First Aorist. ov, άτω, aroy, άΥωζ;, are, άτωσαν. άντων Α. Second Aorist. e, eroj, | eroi', ercoz>, | €re, ίτωσαι^. οιτων Α. 211 Optative. Present, Pret. Sec. Aor. and First and Sec. Fut. Sing. Dual. Piur. Oi/Xi, ois. °h \ οίτον, οιτην, First Aorist. Οίμ€ν, OLT€, OL€l>, οιμες D. αιμι, at?, εια, ειας at, , ειε, &c. αίτον, αίτην, Μ. Subjunctive. In all the tenses at/xez^, cure, aL€V. αιμες Dor. Sing. Dual. Plur. ω > ys> yai 1. ητον, ητον, Infinitive. ωμ€ν, ητζ, ωσί. ομεν P. Pres. Imp. an d First Fut. Perf. and Pluperf. ειν. έμεν Ion. έμεναι I. D. A. έμμεναι Μ. P. έναι. έμεν I. έμεναι I. D. Α. First Aor. Sec. Aor. & Sec. Fut. at. έμενα I. D. A. ε~ιν. εν D. έειν Ι. Pres. ων, ούσα, ον. οϊσα D. νσα D. Μ. Participles. Perf. m, νια, 6s. Gen. otos, νιας, οτος, ων Μ. as, είρηκών for ειρηκώς. ωσα } ως Α. Gen. ωτος, ώστ/9, ώτο?. 212 First Aor. First Fut. as, ασα, αν. ων, ονσα, ον. ats, αισα, αιν iEol. οΐσα D. Second Aor. Second Fut. ώ^, ονσα, όν. ων, ονσα, ονν. Α. οΐσα D. εων, έουσα, εον Ι. ενσα JE. DIALECTS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. ομαι, r\, erai, \ όμεθον, ςσθον, ζσθον, | όμζθα, ζσθξ, ονται. εαι Ι. όμεσθα Α. D. Ι. ηαι Α. Ρ. όμεθεν Μθ\. ει Att. Imperfect. όμην, ον, €το, | 6μ€0ον, €σθον, έσθην, | όμβθα, €σθζ, οντο. εο Ι. όμεσθα Α. evD. σκαν, σκέτο Ι. Ρ. Second Aorist. ην, ης, η, \ ητον, ήτην, ημ^ν, ητ€, ήσαν. εν Β. and Ion. Second Future, and Paulo-post-Future. ομαι, ?/, erat, | όμζθον, ςσθον, ςσθον, \ όμςθα, ζσθζ, ovrau εαι Ι. όμεσθα Α. V atV. 213 Preterite Perfect. Sing. Dual. Plur. μαι, -at, rat, ] μζθον, θον, θον, \ μ€θα, 0e, νται or μίνοι €l, €Ϊτον, \ ονμζν, etre, ονσι. ενμεε, ενντι, & ονντι Dor. ευ σι Μ, 216 Present 2. αω — ω, as, a, ο'ω, d^ts•^ op, ε'ω, εει?, ε'εί, &c. Ion aroz,•, ατον, ήτον, &c. Dor. ωμζν, are, ωσι. όωμεν, &c. Poet. Present 3. ο'ω — ώ, otj, οι, | οίτορ, ούτοι», | ονμεν, oCre, οΰσί. ονμες, οννπΌοτ. Imperfect 1. ονν, eis, et, etroy, etrr;^, εσκον, &c. Poet, Ion. ειν Att. ονμζν, eire, ουϊ>. εΰν Dor. Imperfect 2. aw, as, a, aroi', άτην, ώμεν, are, ων. τ /s, r/, Tjrov, ?7Γϊ/ν Dor. ευν Ion. ασκό ν , &c. Ion. aa Poet. Imperfect 3. ow, ows, ου, οΰτου, ούτην, ονμεν, ovre, ovv. σκον, &c. Ion. οσαν Β. Sing. Imperative. Present 1. Dual. Plur. et, €ίτω, | etroi», €ΐτωι\ ες, &c. Ion. eire, €ΐτωσαζ/. οΰντων Att. 217 Present 2. α, άτω, α α Poet. ατον. ατών, are, ατωσαν. άντων & ωντων Att. Sing. Optative. Present 1. Dual. οιμ,ι, oty, οι, oltou, οιτην, ο'ιην, οίης, οίη, &C. Att. ωην*, ωης, ωη,' &C. Dor. Plur. οΐμςν, oire, οΐζν Present 2. ωμ,ι, ω$, ω, ωτον, ωτην, ωην, ωης, ωη, &C. Dor. ωμεζΛ, core, ω«\ Present 3. οΐμ,ι, ois, οι, οίτοζ;, οίτην, οίην, οίης, οίη, &C Att. ωην, ωη5, ωη, &C. Dor. οιμςν, oire, ol€V. Sing. Subjunctive. Present 1. Dual. Plur. η σι Ion. ωμ€ν, ητ€, ωσι. ώντι Dor. ω, α?, α, jk> Ι?) 2?ί. Gr. Gr. Present 2. aroz;, aroz;, «Sjiiez', are, ώσι. ητον, &c. Dor. 218 Infinitive. Present 1. €Ϊν. έμεν Ion. εμεναι Att. εν Dor. ην & εις iEol. ημεναι Poet. Present 2. αν. άμεναι Att. ην Dor. ais i£ol. aav Poet, ημεναι Poet. Present 3. ow. όμεναι Att. οΐς & οϊν JEol. ενν Dor. όμμεναι Poet. The Passive and Middle Voices are here omitted. Dialects of Verbs in μι. Indicative. Present 1 Conjug. Sing. Dual. Plur. ?7/u.t, 779, ησί, ζτον, €Τον, εμςν, ere, elat. έντι Dor. έαμεν, έασι Ion. ητι, ητον, ητον, τ,μεν, ητε, ηντι Dor. Present 2. ημι, η?, ησι, ατοζ;, ατοι^, αμ -er, are, ασ&. art Dor. άντι Dor. ε α σι Ion. Present 3. ωμι. ω?, ωσι, οτοι>, οτον, ομ€ν, οτ€, ovat. ωτι Dor. ωντι Dor. οασι Ion. Present 4. i>/ju, υ$, υσι, ντον, ντον, νμ^ν, irre, ί>σι. vvtl Dor. ύασί Ion. 219 Imperfect, and Second Aorist 1. ην, η 9, η, €τον, ίτην, eμe^', ere, ζσαν. ea Ion. εε Ion. εν Bosot. ovv, εις, ει, &c. Att. σκον,σκες,σκε Poet. Ion. Imperfect 2. ην, ???, η, ατον, άτην, αμ€ν, are, ασαν, ων, ας, a, &c. Att. αν Bceot. σκον, σκες, σκε Poet. Ion. Second Aorist 2. ίστην, r;?, η, | ητον, ητην, W* v t V T€ i W av * ασαν I. στασκον Ion. ατον, ατην, &c. Poet. εσταν Boeot. Imperfect, and Second Aorist 3. ων, ω?, ω, οτον, ότην, ομ€ν, ore, οσαν. ουν, ους, ου, &c. Att. ον Bceot. σκον, σκες, σκε Poet. Ion. Imperfect 4. υν, vs, ν, ντον, ντην, νμζν, irre, υσαν. νσκον, &c. Ion. Imperative. Present 1. Sing. Dual. Plur. en, έτω, erov, έτων, ere, έτωσαν. a Dor. η JEol. Poet. εε-ει, είτω, &c. Att. Present 2. a0i, άΥω, ατον, άτων, are, άτωσαν, η Μοϊ. a Dor. Att. 220 Present 3. ο0ι, orco, &c. (ου Att. contract.) ωθι Poet, ol Dor. Optative. Present 1. Sing. Dual. Plur. ξίην, etys, €U], | ξίητον, ςιήτην, \ ζίημεν, €ίητ€, €ΐησαν. εϊμεν, είτε, εΊεν Syn. Present 2. αίην, αίης, αίη, \ αίητον, αίήτην, | αίημζν, αιητε, αίησαν. ην, ήης, ηη Poet, άΐμεν, αϊτέ, αίεν Syn. Present 3. οίην, οίης, οίη, \ οίητον, οιήτην, \ οίημν, otr/T6, οίησαν. ωην, ωης, ω η Att. οιμεν, οϊτε, οιεν Syn. Subjunctive. Present 1. Sing. Dual. Plur. ώ, f;?, rj, ητον, ητον, ώμ€ν, ητ€, ώσι. έω, ετ/ς, έησι, &c. Ion. έωμεν Ion. ^IPoet.' ctu, ^nPoet. ηω J ειομεν ) Present 2. ώ, α?, α, aror, άτον, ωμζν, άτ€, ώσι. £ / w jPoe-t. ηω J Present 3. ώ, ώ?, ω, ωτοΓ, coror, ωμ€ν, core, ώσι. ώσι Ion. ωω, ώ>/$•, ώ// Poet. 221 Infinitive. Present 1. Second Aorist 1. kvai. εμεναι, & ημεναι εμεν Ion. LP. ςιναι. εμεναι Dor. ε/χεν Ion. έναι Poet. Present 2. Second Aorist 2. αναι. άμεναι Dor. άμεν Ion. ?yz;cu. ημεναι Dor. τ)μει/ Ion. Present 3. Second Aorist 3. όναι. όμεναι Att. Dor. όμεν Ion. owat. όμεναι Att. Dor. όμεν Ion. όναι Poet. Present 4. vvai. ν μένα l Att. Dor. ύμευ ' Ion. Dialects of the Passive Voice of Verbs in μι. Indicative. Present 1 Conjug. e/xat, βσαί, crat. εαι Ion. 77 Att. Present 2. Sing, αμ,αι, ασαι, αται, εαι Ion. j! Att. Dual. Plural. | άμςθον,ασ-θον,ασθον, | άμ€θα,ασθ€,ανταί. 222 Imperfect 1. ξ μην, €σο, €ΤΟ. ή μην, &C. Α. εο Ion. ου Ion. ευ Dor. Imperfect 2. αμήν, ασο, ατο. αο Ion. 3 Plural εστίατο Ion. ω Att. Imperfect 3. o'/xr /υ, οσο, or ο. ov Att. Imperative. Present 1. €σο, έσθω. εο Ion. ου Att. ευ Dor. Present 2. Present 3. ασο, άσθω. οσο, όσ0ω. an Ion. οο Ion. ω Att. ου Att. ot Dor. Dialects of the Middle Voice of Verbs in μι. Indicative. Second Aorist 3. Second Aorist 1. έμην, €σο, €To. εο Ion. ου Att. ευ Dor. ομην, οσο, οτο. οο Ion. ου Att. 223 Imperative. Second Aorist 1. Second Aorist 3. 4σο, έσθω. όσο, όσθω. εο Ion. οο Ion. ου Att. . ου Att. ευ Dor. In the terminations of the Adverb and Conjunction few variations of dialect occur ; for instance, σθςν and σθ€ are put for Otv and 0e, and the contrary in adverbs signifying place or situation : as, οπιθζν for όπισθεν, behind ; μό -yis for μολι j, scarcely ; βαβαιαζ for βαβαί, Ο brj, Attic, for be, but ; strange ! ενθαΰτα for ένταϋθα, here ; άληθέως, Ionic, for αληθώς, evbe for evbov, within ; truly ; κάλως for καλώς, well ; πόκα for πότε, formerly ; εϊκα for είκεν, if; οκα and όκκα for ore, when; ε μπροθ εν for έμπροσθεν, before; μες, for μεν, indeed ; άλλοτα, Doric, for άλλοτε, ales for αΐεΐ, always ; otherwise. Among the Prepositions are found, άμπϊ for άμφϊ, around ; ενϊ for εν άπαϊ for από' καταϊ for κατά' dial for bia' παραϊ for παρά' ζα for δίά in composition : παρ for πάρα, Dor. as, ζαβάλλειν for δια/3άλ- ^rort for 7r/)oV Aeo>, ίο calumniate, JEo\. ΰπαι for ko, Poetic. etV for εν ως for ets, Attic. 224 Combinations and Abbreviations of Letters. <»f at A, άλ (W άν lino από n>r& αυτοί) β 7 άρ tfu ■yey Ϊ δε 2/fit δια « et 4 et % είναι 8 ελ ov ei/ « S ί έρ Λ ei> fo, ήν % καί δ και Α μαρ ^ μ*& <4> μεν /" μεν Λ<Γ μετά § οίον mrQf. πάρα Ό% περ Έ%< περί *7? πρ τ&€9 προ es° ρω < σαν (θ σθ <Φ σθαι OTT σπ W σσ 3 1? Τ ^ στα στι σ Χ ται rats τάς την της το το τον του του τον τρ τρ των των vc ;; LONDON : HIIADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, W IIITEFR1AR3. Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: July 2006 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Dnve Cranberry Township. PA 16066 (724)779-2111