* «^'^v l^^*' <,^^\ "'Wis* ^•^'^v -^ 
 
 
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 CopyrigKted, 1910 
 
 By A. D. Linn 
 
 Grand Rapids. MicKigan 
 
 /d- 79' i. 
 
 J 
 
©CI.A259139 
 
Mr.. 
 
 T TPON receiving tKis book tlie recip- 
 ^"^ lent Kereby expressly agrees tnat it 
 sKall not be sold, loaned or transferred to 
 any person, firm or corporation, or otner 
 plants operated by tbe aforesaid person, 
 firm or corporation, or be used for any 
 otber purpose except to assist in carrying 
 out tbe conditions of a contract bearing 
 tbe same register number, for tbe install- 
 ment of a Vapor Process Dry Kiln. 
 
 No book autborized for use unless 
 signed by tbe publisber. 
 
 Publisber. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This hand book is written with the object of enabling 
 every manufacturer to train his employees in the method 
 of drying lumber by the Vapor Process, that he may have 
 the positive assurance that when the instructions are 
 carefully followed, the results will be as positively uni- 
 form. The tables and plates are from actual experience. 
 They are never exactly reproduced, even under similar 
 circumstances, but the results are very uniform. 
 
 The principal elements in the successful working of a 
 kiln are heated air and steam vapor. 
 
 The Ventilation is directly opposite to natural atmos- 
 pheric conditions ; in other words, cold air will rush into 
 a room, if there is an opportunity for the hot air to escape, 
 but in this process the cold air is taken into warm flues, 
 heated and delivered to the upper portion of the room. 
 
 The amount of warm air supplied is regulated by the 
 amount of cold, damp, vitiated air which is being removed 
 from the bottom of the kiln by the use of ducts connected 
 at the base of the stacks. 
 
 The force with which this circulation is produced de- 
 pends upon the expansion of the moisture coming from 
 the spray and the lumber, intensified by the use of heat- 
 ing pipes in the stacks, which become reservoirs of com- 
 pressed hot air by the use of the compression caps or 
 dampers. 
 
 Under this system of ventilation it is possible to 
 empty the entire cubic contents of air in any specified 
 time desired, depending upon the amount of moisture 
 contained in the lumber, and the time desired to dry it, 
 thus showing that the process of drying is reduced to 
 a problem in mathematics. 
 
 This process is not confined to use in new kilns, but 
 may be successfully applied in old kilns properly remod- 
 eled. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Pages 
 
 Introduction ^ 
 
 Progressive Kiln Photo 5 
 
 CHAPTER 1 
 
 Progressive Kiln Instructions 6-24 
 
 a — Steaming Chamber as Box Kiln 14 
 
 b— Record for 4-4 Oak 16-17 
 
 c — Record for Mixed Lumber 20-21 
 
 d — Record for Green Cypress and Pine 23-24 
 
 CHAPTER 2 
 
 Box Kiln Instructions 25-31 
 
 a — Record for 4-4 Oak, Beech and Mahogany 27 
 b— Record for 8-4 Bass, Cottonwood, Poplar. .28-29 
 c — Miscellaneous Instructions for operating 
 
 Kiln 20-31 
 
 CHAPTER 3 
 
 Dry Lumber Test Suggestions 32-54 
 
 a — Method of determining percentages 36-37 
 
 b — Report on samples 37-38 
 
 c — Dry Test gauge 43 
 
 d— Shoe Last and Hub Block 48 
 
 CHAPTER 4 
 Lloyd's Hygrodeik 55 
 
 CHAPTER 5 
 
 Humidograph 57 
 
 a — Humidity percentage table 
 
 b — Recording thermometer 67 
 
 c — Scales for testmg 69 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Presenting these Dry Kiln instructions for the dry- 
 ing of lumber, in the varied forms of manufacture, which 
 the great variety of woods from our forests are producing, 
 is no small task. It is a well known fact that the raw ma- 
 terial is cut into more than 100 thicknesses from 1" up 
 to square timber, which represent the full product of a 
 single log. It is also known that in air drying this stock 
 from the saw or cutting machine, it is subject to great loss 
 not only from contact with the atmosphere, but from 
 mould, bluing, sun checking and warping. It has been 
 our aim to arrest these destructive elements which de- 
 grade the quality of the lumber, and make a great amount 
 of extra handling. This in many cases produces great 
 losses from shrinkage of valuations, besides requiring a 
 vast amount of money being tied up in raw material. 
 
 The object in view was to get a process which would 
 be capable of handling the stock direct from the log and 
 drying it for immediate use, making it possible to elimin- 
 ate the lumber yards at the factories and mills. This 
 necessitated the remodeling of a kiln that was equipped 
 with Direct Radiation system of heating, requiring 20 to 
 30 days to dry 4-4 oak, with highly rarified air. 
 
 The construction of buildings for dry kiln purposes 
 varies as greatly as does the material to be dried, and the 
 arrangement of the mechanical apparatus is as varied 
 as the chemical results. During our experimental work, 
 it was found, after much time and mone}' had been spent, 
 that humidity was as essential as the heated air. 
 
 When the percentage of humidity was finally worked 
 out, to a tabulated system, there was no difftculty in dry- 
 ing 4-4 oak in seven days, with the same kiln building, 
 by a rearrangement of heating pipes and ventilation. 
 When kilns are especially designed for special work, the 
 results are even greater; the most phenominal being the 
 successful drying of air dried maple shoe last blocks in the 
 short time of 23 days, using low pressure exhaust steam 
 during working hours only, and no steam on Sundays. 
 
 We invite careful study of the Operating Instructions, 
 with accompanying tables, which show the variable con- 
 ditions in temperatures and humidities carried. In oper- 
 ating kilns equipped with this process, it is only necessary 
 to reproduce as nearly as possible the kiln record v/hich 
 applies the nearest to the kind of lumber desired to be 
 dried. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE KILN INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 For Drying 1" Hardwood Lumber 
 
 The drying of lumber by the progressive kiln process 
 consists of: 
 
 First Exposing the lumber to the direct action of 
 steam intermingling with the lumber ; 
 
 Second Gradually displacing the steam with dry 
 heat from the heating coil ; 
 
 Third Gradually or progressively moving the 
 lumber forward to the unloading end of the 
 kiln with the heat growing more intense 
 and the humidity growing less as the lum- 
 ber approaches the unloading end of the 
 kiln. 
 
 Fourth The removing of the damp or vitiated air 
 from the bottom of the kiln by a system 
 of ventilation flues. 
 
 SETTING BUNKS. To avoid friction and to pro- 
 duce easy running cars, set each bunk with the left- 
 hand flange of the wheels against the side of the Tee 
 rail. This will insure perfect alignment of each, and 
 the moment the car is started forward it will equalize 
 itself upon each rail. 
 
 PLANK BASE FOR LOAD. Place five 2" x 8" 
 planks, or their equivalent, on top of the several 
 bunks, as shown in Fig. 1, to provide a substantial 
 base on which to load lumber, and if these planks 
 become bent in service, always place the crowning 
 side up so that the load may bring them back to a 
 straight line. This will preserve the plank and 
 assist in producing a good flat foundation for carry- 
 ing a heavy load. 
 
 PILING STICKS. The piling sticks used should 
 be sized to an even thickness, ];';", 7 g", or \)/%"x\V2" 
 or 2", and when loads run over 10' high, the l^"x2" 
 piling sticks should be used. In placing the piling 
 sticks, be careful that they are located over the center 
 of each bunk, as in Fig. 2, and also that one 
 piling stick is placed between each bunk, and (5ne 
 
at each end of the load, each stick directly over the 
 other, except, when the lower plank bed is shorter 
 than the length of the load when the sticks should be 
 carried from the bunks upon an incline from the 
 perpendicular, as shown in Fig. 2. 
 
 LOADING THE LUMBER ON THE CAR. Place 
 the first five courses two-thirds lumber and one-third 
 open space to admit the heat to the center of the 
 load, gradually closing the spaces until they are 
 nearly closed at the top of the load. Pile the loads 
 up square at the ends to the full length of the longest 
 lumber, no matter how short the lumber comes, al- 
 ternating the even ends to each end of the car, as 
 shov/n in Fig. 2. When the load is finished put small 
 blocks where lumber may have been left out in piling. 
 These are readily procured from the cuttings at cut- 
 off saw. This form of piling is no more expensive 
 than the usual method and insures the lumber com- 
 ing out straight, and will pay handsome profits to the 
 manufacturer who insists upon it. 
 
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PLACING THE CARS IN THE KILN. Place test 
 sticks on each car. (See Dry Test suggestions, page 
 32). See that the inner curtain is down to place 
 tightly, before closing the kiln. If possible, put fresh 
 cars in the kiln in the morning, spraying with ex- 
 haust steam so that the spray may be turned off 
 during the night. When lumber enters the kiln it 
 is comparatively dry, and must be sprayed strongly 
 with steam at a temperature of about 140 deg. Fahr. 
 until the hygrodeik shows a relative humidity of 
 from 80' , to lOO'. , to complete saturation, or as 
 damp as possible without staining the lumber at the 
 piling sticks. Close all the outlet dampers and doors 
 of the kiln as tightly as possible. The heat on the 
 coils being continuous, (the usual temperature rang- 
 ing from 140 deg. at the loading end, to 165 deg. at 
 the unloading end,) it is necessary to immediately 
 turn on the full amount of steam spray, to moisten 
 the lumber before it can be made hot by the heat 
 from the coils, which will give from 80' , to lOO'v 
 humidity. See that the spray valve is set to main- 
 tain the volume of steam so that the humidity will 
 remain close to 100' , . The temperature on the 
 thermometer will show a quick rise, but keep the 
 spray on sufficiently to maintain the humidity. Dur- 
 ing the second twenty-four hours, the temperature 
 will free the moisture from the lumber itself, and this 
 will help to keep up the necessary humidity. It is 
 essential that the lumber produce as much of this 
 humidity as possible ; therefore, this quick high tem- 
 perature m.akes it necessary to carry great humidity 
 in the steaming chamber. 
 
 THE STEAMING CHAMBER. Never move all 
 of the cars forward unless they are cars of lumber 
 that will dry in one-half the time of hardwood, and 
 only demand 24 hrs. steaming. Thicker stock will 
 need a longer period of steaming, this to be in pro- 
 portion to the time it takes to dry this stock as com- 
 pared with seven day stock (i. e., 2" in 4 days and 
 3" in 6 days). 
 
 CAUTION! BEFORE MOVING THE LUMBER 
 FROM THE STEAMING CHAMBER. The oper- 
 ator should have a Test Gauge Stick on one board in 
 every car (see Dry Test Suggestions, pages 32-38), 
 to note the expansion in the steaming chamber, as 
 he can by this method bring all kinds of lumber 
 much closer to a uniform treatment than by any other 
 method. 
 
 STARTING THE CARS FORWARD. When the 
 car is ready to move forward and enter the main 
 body of the kiln, keep it close to the middle curtain, 
 
 11 
 
allowing it to go forward only as other cars, en- 
 tering from day to day, push it forward. Should 
 a car that is damp and steaming be sent directly to 
 the dry end of the kiln, it would case harden at once. 
 
 10. CARS COMING INTO MAIN KILN. As the cars 
 enter the main apartment of the kiln, it is necessary to 
 raise the humidity in this apartment to 40 per cent 
 or more, at the unloading end. and this should be 
 carefully attended to each time cars are sent forward. 
 When the kiln is nearly filled and cars are near the 
 unloading end, 30 or 40' , humidity should be main- 
 tained. 
 
 11. TO KNOW HOW TO SET DAMPERS AT ANY 
 TIME. Damper rods B, C and D, see Fig. 3, are 
 located at the unloading end of the kiln. Keep these 
 dampers closed until the kiln is half full of lumber, 
 
 when damper B should remain closed, C one-quarter 
 open and D one-half open. Should the humidity 
 become too great at the unloading end, open C. 
 Should the humidity drop too low, then reduce the 
 openings of the dampers. Damper rod B is operated 
 only when the stock is excessively moist. 
 
 12. STACK EQUALIZER. (See Plate XI). The 
 draught in the stacks should be controlled by the 
 amount of heat in the flues. To operate it to its full- 
 est capacity requires steam heating to pipes in the 
 stack, and open dampers ; and to retain the humidity, 
 the dampers should be partly closed, or the heat of 
 the pipes reduced — possibly both. When these are 
 both adjusted to the requirements of each kiln, there 
 is scarcely any further need of adjusting or opening 
 or closing of the dampers. Do not allow the draught 
 through the stacks to be strong enough to reduce 
 the temperature in the kiln. Keep the equalizers 
 hot — a dead stack lets cold air into the kiln and 
 checks the lumber. 
 
 13. DUCTS TO STACKS. (See Plate IX). Ducts are 
 placed at intervals on the bottom of the iciln to 
 remove the acids and vitiated air, and are controlled 
 by dampers. After a little experience in setting the 
 valves and dampers, the heat in the kiln will regu- 
 late the amount of discharge from the stacks, and 
 the operator will have complete control. 
 
 14. FRESH AJR INLETS. (See Plate VIII). Fresh 
 air flues should be so placed as to provide the neces- 
 sary fresh air for renovating the kiln. The operating 
 of the kiln being an eliminating or exhaust process, it 
 is necessary to allow a sufficient vent to keep the 
 stacks constantly drawing from the bottom of the 
 kiln. Occasionally when there is an excess of 
 
 12 
 
humidity in the kiln, the damp air will be ejected 
 through the fresh air supply. If this is caused by 
 putting in too much steam spray, reduce the open- 
 ing of the spray valve. (See Fig. 3, No. 6). If the 
 moisture is being expelled from the lumber, open the 
 stack dampers in the center of the kiln a trifle more, 
 and the stacks will draw this moisture from the bot- 
 tom of the kiln. 
 
 15. KILN FILLED. Keep putting in the lumber and 
 steam.ing as directed. Keep in mind that the hu- 
 midity is what keeps the outside of the lumber soft, 
 while the moisture is being drawn from the center 
 of the lumber, and allowed to escape. Now, when 
 the lumber is soft, if there are plenty of piling sticks 
 of uniform thickness, it will straighten out and dry 
 straight. Whenever it is possible, allow the lumber 
 to cool on the cars 24 hrs. before unloading it. It 
 is better and it will pay to do so. 
 
 16. DEAD PILING. Lumber kept in storage should 
 always be tested before going to the factory, as 
 many times there is great difference between the 
 stock taken from the bottom and from the top of 
 the pile. 
 
 17. DELAYS. Should the kilns have to be cooled down 
 for Sunday, holidays or other causes, be sure and 
 increase the sprays of steam on both chambers until 
 the humidity is brought back to normal condition 
 throughout the kiln and adjust the sprays to keep 
 this percentage of humidity. As soon as the moist- 
 ure begins to evaporate from the lumber, causing 
 a rise in humidity faster than the stacks can carry 
 it off, open the dampers as much as possible without 
 lowering the temperature. 
 
 18. CARS REMAINING IN THE KILN. When dry 
 lumber is accumulating so that the cars cannot be 
 removed from the kiln when dry, reduce the temper- 
 ature, but retain the percentage of humidity or run 
 the kiln during the day only, beginning every morn- 
 ing by starting the sprays at both ends of the kiln, 
 the same as though the kilns had been opened for 
 moving the cars forward. If the kiln is sufficiently 
 tight, the humidity may be retained by partly clos- 
 ing the dampers, but do not shut off the discharging 
 of the foul air entirely, at any time. 
 
 19. THICK STOCK. When cars of thick stock are run 
 through the kiln with cars of thinner stock, arrange 
 the trucks or transfers so that the thick stock may 
 be run out, and allow the thinner stock to be re- 
 moved, and then return the thicker stock to the kiln. 
 In this manner the thicker stock may be dried with- 
 
 13 
 
out unloading or making any delay in getting out 
 the thinner stock. When there is only an occasional 
 car of thick stock, these cars may be loaded with a 
 few cars of thinner stock between them so that they 
 will not interfere with the daily supply of lumber. 
 (See kiln records for further illustrations). 
 
 The kinds of 1" lumber that may be in the steaming 
 chamber together and steam 24 hours. 
 
 .Ash, Basswood, Cherry, Elm (grey). Pine and Poplar. 
 
 Kinds requiring 48 hours steaming. 
 
 Beech, Birch, Chestnut, Elm (rock). Maple and Oak. 
 
 For White Maple and White Basswood, see kiln 
 record number five. 
 
 Chestnut or Oak should not be placed in the steam- 
 ing chamber with light colored woods, as they contain a 
 great amount of tanic acid, and this will darken the very 
 light woods, which is very damaging when white stock 
 is desired. 
 
 STEAMING CHAMBER 
 
 Operated as a Box Kiln 
 
 For a Hurry Up Job of Drying 
 
 When the Drying Chamber is full of lumber of var- 
 ious thicknesses, it often retards the work of entering 
 cars into the steaming chamber, and often there is great 
 need of drying some special stock that can be dried in 
 24 or 48 hours. 
 
 Under this method of operating progressive kilns, it 
 makes it an easy matter to put this special stock into the 
 steaming chamber and operate it as an independent box 
 kiln. This method of drying is fully explained in Chapter 
 II. 
 
 The accompanying kiln records are designed to show 
 as clearly as possible the great variety of work done ; the 
 way the valves and dampers are set, with the time, 
 showing the temperatures and the percentages of humid- 
 ity carried. 
 
 Record No. 1, is for 4-4 Oak 12 months stock, lumber 
 piled crosswise of the kiln. The time in the steaming 
 chamber and setting of valves and dampers is shown for 
 this time. Then the transfer to the drying chamber 
 commences and this record is kept independent of the 
 steaming chamber to the end of the time of drying the 
 stock. 
 
 14 
 
KILlf RECORD 
 
 Kind of Wood . O/MC 
 Thickness. 4- 
 
 Addr 
 
 Age. liMOAOLOEB 
 
 LOAOINO 
 
 END 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNLOA0IN9 
 
 ENO 
 
 
 S S J 1 
 
 P : » 1 
 
 >- 
 < 
 
 a. 
 J) 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 a. 
 Z 
 I 
 
 i. 
 
 t 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 3 t- 
 
 5 
 
 Q. 
 
 * 
 
 3 
 
 or 
 
 3 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 >- 
 
 
 Airt. 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 118 
 
 120 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 » 
 
 ' 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 130 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 '• 
 
 ' 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 13fl 
 
 140 
 
 9S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 " 
 
 
 1 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 II 
 
 ti 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 l2fl 
 
 145 
 
 50 
 
 
 cai 
 
 ■ 
 
 ad 
 
 /anc 
 
 ed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 139 
 
 II 
 
 9e 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 i;^^ 
 
 
 55 
 
 A.M. 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 140 
 
 142 
 
 93 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 la? 
 
 ISO 
 
 50 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 fi 
 
 140 
 
 100 
 
 
 " 
 
 h 
 
 130 
 
 iii2 
 
 52 
 
 A.M. 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 133 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 F 
 
 lad 
 
 155 
 
 45 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 142 
 
 145 
 
 92 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 ii 
 
 158 
 
 42 
 
 A.M. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 138 
 
 uc 
 
 5$ 
 
 
 F 
 
 M 
 
 
 16(5 
 
 40 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 " 
 
 .. 
 
 144 
 
 ]45 
 
 9f 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 •' 
 
 " 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 '• 
 
 " 
 
 143 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 " 
 
 1" 
 
 125 
 
 162 
 
 32. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 
 - 
 
 140 
 
 h;2 
 
 " 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 129 
 
 165 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kiln Record No. 1 
 
 15 
 
The following Recording Thermometer Record shows 
 seven day drying of 4-4 oak but by different fire than 
 above kiln record. 
 
 The above diagram compared with the foregoing kiln 
 record No. 1, shows the drying of 4-4 oak m seven days. 
 
 The lumber was placed in the steaming chamber at 
 9-00 A M on Wednesday and remained until Saturday 
 noon when it was passed into the drying chamber and re- 
 mained until 7 :00 A. M. the following Wednesday. 
 
 (This chart is read from Wednesday down and to the 
 right). 
 
 16 
 

 LOAI 
 
 PROaSB 
 KILN B 
 
 AJdreas 
 
 SSIVB 
 .ECOKD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kind .iwcca vVhiTE 0/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ThTKr..3a 2" 
 
 A<., 12 MO. 
 
 • ING END 
 
 
 liNIiOAOINC HMD 
 
 
 TIME 
 TEST 
 
 MADE 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 
 •< 
 
 ^3 
 
 en g 
 
 PI 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 «7 
 
 iJ.CD. 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 7.30 A.M. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 B-0 
 
 F 
 
 108 
 
 135 
 
 40 
 
 Car cnUv.a ROO 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 117 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 C-0 
 
 II 
 
 112 
 
 140 
 
 40 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 120 
 
 122 
 
 92 
 
 It 
 
 p-0 
 
 n 
 
 113 
 
 142 
 
 40 
 
 7 -30 A.M. 
 
 n 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 Tl 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 « 
 
 R-0 
 
 
 113 
 
 145 
 
 42 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 1 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 C-0 
 
 It 
 
 113 
 
 145 
 
 42 
 
 5.20 P.M. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 125 
 
 126 
 
 100 
 
 n 
 
 D-0 
 
 It 
 
 118 
 
 145 
 
 42 
 
 7.30 A.M. 
 
 ?.* 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 112 
 
 115 
 
 83 
 
 2 
 
 B-0 
 
 n 
 
 101 
 
 3.30 
 
 35 
 
 CarPcrwai-d e OC 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 rt 
 
 H 
 
 115 
 
 1,18 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 C-0 
 
 n 
 
 105 
 
 135 
 
 35 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 D-f 
 
 n 
 
 112 
 
 140 
 
 40 
 
 7.30 A.M. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 P5 
 
 1 25 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 B-0 
 
 It 
 
 112 
 
 140 
 
 40 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 1 P5 
 
 1 25 
 
 1,00 
 
 It 
 
 C-^ 
 
 It 
 
 120 
 
 145 
 
 45 
 
 5.30 p.k:. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 D-i 
 
 R 
 
 120 
 
 145 
 
 45 
 
 7.30 A.M. 
 
 2f 
 
 2i 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ^LZ 
 
 115 
 
 83 
 
 1-^ 
 
 B-0 
 
 It 
 
 105 
 
 135 
 
 35 
 
 Cai- U.\.„--dS.O& 
 
 tl 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 117 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 C-^ 
 
 rt 
 
 109 
 
 140 
 
 35 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 120 
 
 1?? 
 
 92 
 
 II 
 
 D-l 
 
 It 
 
 lis 
 
 l-i? 
 
 40 
 
 7.30 A.L!. 
 
 ■"IT 
 
 H 
 
 — IT 
 
 "in 
 
 123 
 
 125 
 
 IQO 
 
 h 
 
 B-0 
 
 It 
 
 120 
 
 145 
 
 45 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 127 
 
 ;27 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 
 It 
 
 115 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 100 
 
 It 
 
 D-i 
 
 It 
 
 140 
 
 145 
 
 43 
 
 7.50 A.M. 
 
 If 
 
 2i 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 B-0 
 
 It 
 
 100 
 
 128 
 
 35 
 
 C,a-)orwdrd S.CO 
 
 -Ttr- 
 
 TI 
 
 — rr 
 
 "Ti- 
 
 120 
 
 122 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 C-1^ 
 
 
 105 
 
 135 
 
 35 
 
 5.30 P.M-. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 lt 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 ^00 
 
 n 
 
 D-f 
 
 il 
 
 109 
 
 140 
 
 35 
 
 7.30 A.M. 
 
 -^ 
 
 h 
 
 11 
 
 It 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 tl 
 
 B-0 
 
 H 
 
 115 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 « 
 
 It 
 
 1,55 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 11 
 
 c-i 
 
 II 
 
 115 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 127 
 
 130 
 
 93 
 
 tl 
 
 D-i 
 
 H 
 
 120 
 
 145 
 
 45 
 
 7.30 A.?.:. 
 
 ?, 
 
 2^- 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 117 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 1* 
 
 B-0 
 
 It 
 
 U5 
 
 X33 
 
 38 
 
 Cai-C^i-wardeog 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Tt 
 
 H 
 
 120 
 
 123 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 C--i 
 
 « 
 
 112 
 
 1.40 
 
 40 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 
 n 
 
 h 
 
 « 
 
 "|125 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 tt 
 
 D-l 
 
 "III2 
 
 140 
 
 40 
 
 COITTIIIUE AS ABOVE MAKING TEST OCCASIONALLY UNTIL 
 IN HARMONY WITH DRY TEST. 
 
 EXPLANATORY. 
 Represents Valve or Damper Shut Off 
 C " Cracked Valve 
 
 F " Full Open Valve or Damper 
 
 i^, 1,2, 3, 4, Represents No. of turns valves are open 
 T»a»f»F, " ftiaoont Dampers are Open. 
 
 Kiln Record No. 2 
 
 Record No. 2, is for 8-4 Oak, showing a complete 
 record of the steaming and drying, progressively, the cars 
 going in and coming out regularly with readings taken 
 at 7:30 A. M. and P. M. and at noon, and the cars ad- 
 vanced every two days so that each car is steamed for 
 four days before going into the drying chamber, where 
 the same record is continued under the head of "Unload- 
 ing End." 
 
 17 
 
KILN 
 
 RECORD. 
 
 C.-R.V.^, 
 
 fwWdKKS 
 
 Piffi 
 
 >». 
 
 
 u n 
 
 E*> 
 
 a. 
 
 
 - o/toiNi; End. 
 
 
 
 Un uo^di Nft End 
 
 
 • 3 
 
 ft, X 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 E 
 
 ^ .If 
 V a 
 
 ,fi »c; 
 
 bl ns 
 
 t) a 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 0— < 
 ^i s 
 » :3 
 
 a. 
 
 09 
 
 • 
 
 
 < 
 
 X. 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CD 
 
 >> 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 ^-T9W 
 
 9/^7- A M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i.oOP M 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 54 
 
 3/2& 9.0OA M 
 4.^ OOP M 
 
 2^ 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 tt 
 
 n 
 It 
 
 100 
 
 T10 
 
 110 
 1?0 
 
 70 
 83 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 K 
 It 
 
 115 
 
 140 
 
 1 Tifi 
 
 45 
 50 
 
 )/29 9.30ALI 
 3.30P M 
 
 1^ 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 125 
 1 30 
 
 130 
 
 1 ,~ri 
 
 85 
 
 R4 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 11 
 tt 
 
 110 
 
 1 ?,Q 
 
 134 
 1^5 
 
 43 
 2 5 
 
 )/50 9=30A M 
 < . 30P M 
 
 2 
 
 7, 
 
 n 
 11 
 
 It 
 n 
 
 It 
 n 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 1 30 
 
 87 
 RTi 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 115 
 
 1 ■p.a 
 
 150 
 1 55 
 
 33 
 .'SB 
 
 LO/1 lO.OOA M 
 P M 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 r 
 
 115 
 
 150 
 
 33 
 
 LO/2 9.00A M 
 P M 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 115 
 
 150 
 
 33 
 
 LO/4 9.30A lil 
 4.30P U 
 
 3 
 
 It 
 n 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 1 ?r? 
 
 135 
 
 1:^0 
 
 84 
 P. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 It 
 
 125 
 
 1 ?,o 
 
 160 
 
 1 55 
 
 35 
 
 LO/o 10. OCA M 
 4.30P M 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 tt 
 
 ( 
 
 130 
 125 
 
 135 
 1 30 
 
 84 
 S5 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 It 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 
 130 
 1?!5 
 
 165 
 IwO 
 
 36 
 
 3r? 
 
 LO/6 9. 30 A M 
 3.30P M 
 
 3 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 155 
 155 
 
 160 
 L60 
 
 87 
 87 
 
 11 
 It 
 
 n 
 ti 
 
 130 
 135 
 
 leo 
 
 160 
 
 42 
 42 
 
 .0/7 9.30A M 
 
 4. OOP M 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 1 r>ri 
 
 145 
 
 1 nO 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 It 
 
 It 
 It 
 
 125 
 1 ?fi 
 
 155 
 1 fiO 
 
 30 
 36 
 
 uO/8 8 . 30A M 
 
 4. SOP l: 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 tt 
 It 
 
 
 
 150 
 140 
 
 160 
 145 
 
 ■ 75 
 83 
 
 
 
 It 
 n 
 
 ti 
 
 130 
 
 1 ?,r-i 
 
 160 
 IfiO 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 .0/9 9.00A U 
 P.M 
 
 3 
 
 • n 
 
 
 , 
 
 130 
 
 L35 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 125 
 
 160 
 
 35 
 
 .0/110.0. OOA M 
 4.00P.M 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 i:,5 
 
 135 
 130 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 125 
 
 no 
 
 160 
 155 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 Above record dried 2" 18 mos.oak and ash In 12 days. Temp 
 and Hum. running very low as shov.-n by table. 
 
 2" Oak 
 Bone dry 
 Frcrn Kiln 
 Bone dry 
 After 2 mos . 
 
 7.4" 66 .7 grams 
 
 7.2" 2.77;^ shrink & evap 58.4" 14.21^ 
 7.25" 57.3" 
 
 7.02" .77- 
 
 54,17 
 
 v;e measured same piece aeain, and find on 
 return to normal conditJon, it stands 1.] expansion, and 
 absorption has reached 57.3 gra^j . showing evaportaticn of 
 Ivimber vfhen taken frcn^. kiln was O.K., but exjianoicn bei ftg 
 raised to 1.1 shov/s lumber was a little too dry \^4len re- 
 moved from kiln. 
 
 Ash 9.9" 97. grama 
 
 Bene dry _5liJ1 2^ shrink & evap , 86.8 " 
 
 Dry Ash 9.84" 94 .1 " 
 
 Bone Dry 9.75"9^ " " " 89. " 
 
 9 .2fo 
 
 4.8,", 
 
 This has alr.o been expanded just beyond the 1.2 and ab- 
 sorbed moisture to -94 grams, shcv.ir.tj; it is as near our 
 table as ^vossible. This we consider rrl^st excellant resi^ilts 
 for time of drying, temperature and humidity carried. 
 
 Kiln Record No. 3 
 
 Record No. 3 is for 8-4 Oak showing the resuhs when 
 the Dry Test suggestions are followed. 
 
 18 
 

 
 
 Kl LN 
 
 RECOR D. 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 Hour car 
 entei's kiln 
 
 END PtUIMG- 
 
 Sent 
 Forward. 
 
 
 Cdr 
 
 lumbers 
 
 Tracks 
 5-6 
 
 (/I 
 
 Kind or 
 Lumber. 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 Jan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ; 
 
 J6 
 
 4.30 
 
 B29 
 
 
 1" 
 
 Pop 
 
 27 
 
 7.30 
 
 
 tt 
 
 H 
 
 
 830 
 
 n 
 
 Ches. 
 
 . 
 
 a. 30 
 
 2 ; 
 
 ^7 
 
 7.30 
 
 834 
 
 
 n 
 
 Pop. 
 
 28 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 " 1 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 83o 
 
 n 
 
 Ches. 
 
 
 1.30 
 
 ? i 
 
 28 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 836 
 
 tt 
 
 Mapl. 
 
 28 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 ft 
 
 1.30 
 
 837 
 
 
 on 
 
 Pine 
 
 29 
 
 9.00 
 
 
 ti 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 838 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 4 , 
 
 ?9 
 
 9.00 
 
 839 
 
 
 1* 
 
 Ches. 
 
 30 
 
 9.00 
 
 
 n 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 840 
 
 tt 
 
 W.A. 
 
 2^1 
 
 4.30 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 9.00 
 
 841 
 
 
 n 
 
 Mah. 
 
 tt 
 
 H 
 
 
 tt 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 4.,?;n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 9.00 
 
 Sun 
 
 day 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 4. SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 9.30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 4.30 
 
 843 
 
 
 1" 
 
 Ches. 
 
 2/1 
 
 4.30 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 844 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 rt 
 
 tt 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 ; 
 
 .0.30 
 
 846 
 
 
 tt 
 
 Pop. 
 
 2/4 
 
 7.30 
 
 
 H 
 
 tf 
 
 
 349 
 
 n 
 
 fi 
 
 If 
 
 tt 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 7.30 
 
 850 
 
 
 n 
 
 Ches. 
 
 2/5 
 
 9.30 
 
 
 H 
 
 « 
 
 
 8 51 
 
 tt i 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 
 5 
 
 9,30 
 
 
 854 
 
 n 
 
 Mapl. 
 
 2/e 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 n 
 
 TT 
 
 855 
 
 
 T in 
 ■^9 
 
 Pop 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 8 56 
 
 1« 
 
 Ches, 
 
 2/8 
 
 9.00 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 857 
 
 
 1" 
 
 TT 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9.00 
 
 Sun 
 
 (iay 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 
 860 
 
 1« 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 8 61 
 
 
 1" 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When the change of cars is 
 made In the morning, end the 
 kiln- is tight enoug}i, the 
 
 Kiln Record No. 4 
 

 Lo/\ 
 
 DING End. 
 
 
 
 UnloaoimgEnd. 
 
 Q 
 
 w 
 
 •iH 
 
 • 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 p 
 
 < 
 
 <L) 
 
 i- 
 
 :i 
 CD 
 
 6 
 
 d 
 
 — < 
 Q 
 P 
 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2/1 
 
 lo30 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 55 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 4.30 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 H 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 «. 
 
 it 
 
 150 
 
 60 
 
 2/3 
 
 .8.30 
 
 ." 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 I! 
 
 It 
 
 
 It 
 
 145 
 
 55 
 
 "w 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 h , 
 
 VI 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 
 It 
 
 155 
 
 50 
 
 2/4 
 
 8.00 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 ir 
 
 150 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 
 tt 
 
 145 
 
 5^ 
 
 n 
 
 ft 
 
 ti 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 140 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 140 
 
 45 
 
 2/5 
 
 9.30 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 H 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 145 
 
 43 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 2/6 
 
 10.00 
 
 n 
 
 rt 
 
 tt 
 
 m-' 
 
 140 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 140 
 
 45 
 
 tt 
 
 
 'n 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 h 
 
 160 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 140 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 fl 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 150 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 14-0 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 1 50 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 It 
 
 140 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 150 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 ".J 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 150 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 140 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 158 
 
 42 
 
 2/3 
 
 9,.Q0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 165 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 165 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 160 
 
 lOQ 
 
 2 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 tt. 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 1 65 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 155 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 1! 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 ft 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 tt 
 
 tl 
 
 165 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 too 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 tt 
 
 1 50 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 u 
 
 ft 
 
 tt 
 
 1 55 
 
 4n 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 ft 
 
 160 
 
 9Q 
 
 II 
 
 ft 
 
 tt 
 
 J 60 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 1 60 
 
 160 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 M 
 
 125 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 tf 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 125 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 lEO 
 
 
 fi 
 
 tl 
 
 ft 
 
 155 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 ti 
 
 tt 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 ff 
 
 n 
 
 ft 
 
 185 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 140 
 
 80 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 ft 
 
 166 
 
 30 
 
 epr^ may be used day time 
 only, the cars being re&:iy to 
 go forward the following morning 
 
Record No. 4 is for mixed lumber, piled lengthwise of 
 the kiln, two tracks side. by side, the steaming chamber ar- 
 ranged for one car on each track. This record is still 
 more complete, showing the date of starting, the kind 
 and thickness of lumber and the date of the finishing at 
 the unloading end. The tracks and cars being numbered 
 throughout the battery, it makes it easy to keep the dry- 
 ing record of any desired car. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE 
 KILN RECORD 
 
 Kjnd*rVyb«a WMITCBAMA w I 
 
 ThickmM. .. . 4/4 
 
 Ag» tMCAovm 
 
 AMr*t4- 
 
 
 
 LOADING INO 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNLOADING END 
 
 
 DflTn 
 
 TIME 
 
 TEST 
 
 IS 
 
 MO or 
 
 ft 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 A 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 B.C.D 
 
 X 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 «0 
 
 1 
 
 
 Si 
 
 A\i s . 6 
 
 A.v 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 i- 
 
 F 
 
 140 
 
 L45 
 
 fift 
 
 Q 
 
 4 
 
 F 
 
 i??n 
 
 170 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 140 
 
 1 A5 
 
 ft? 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1P4 
 
 180 
 
 33 
 
 
 P,M 
 
 « 
 
 ? 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 14n 
 
 T 4K 
 
 aa 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 * 
 
 lj)n 
 
 Ifln 
 
 3P 
 
 7 
 
 A.^' 
 
 Ti 
 
 n 
 
 fl 
 
 « 
 
 14.8 
 
 1 fiO 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?i5 
 
 1 75 
 
 .-^.-^ 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 « 
 
 fl 
 
 II 
 
 14r> 
 
 loO 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 ]_-3;n 
 
 170 
 
 33 
 
 
 P.M 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ^n 
 
 i4.n 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?n 
 
 ■»«^5 
 
 ?;.'^ 
 
 Q 
 
 A.M 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 :^.^ 
 
 1 4..^ 
 
 75 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 1 P.R 
 
 1 f^5 
 
 3S 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 l?o 
 
 145 
 
 55 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 XZh 
 
 1 70 
 
 26 
 
 
 PiK 
 
 B 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1-^n 
 
 14^ 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ipn 
 
 1-^5 
 
 ?fl 
 
 in 
 
 A.M 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?if) 
 
 1 fiO 
 
 R5 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 li^n 
 
 170 
 
 3S 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1?if7 
 
 14Pi 
 
 75 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 r!5 
 
 lfi5 
 
 33 
 
 
 V.V. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 1 ?ifi 
 
 14fi 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 1 PO 
 
 1 fiO 
 
 sn 
 
 n 
 
 A.W 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ,"^0 
 
 145 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 :^o 
 
 1 70 
 
 33 
 
 Rn»:invf 
 
 'Rnnfl 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 T ?in 
 
 140 
 
 75 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?5 
 
 1 fi5 
 
 .■^:^ 
 
 
 ■p^v. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?in 
 
 1 40 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ;^5 
 
 1 n5 
 
 7,?k 
 
 ' 1? 
 
 A.T/ 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 l?;n 
 
 14n 
 
 7 5 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?0 
 
 100 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 i^a 
 
 1?5 
 
 S- 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 115 
 
 150 
 
 35 
 
 
 P-M 
 
 1* 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 Rn 
 
 1 ."in 
 
 7r-i 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 RO 
 
 1 50 
 
 30 
 
 1 ?, 
 
 A.M 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ."^n 
 
 140 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 p.n 
 
 1 ri5 
 
 P.fi 
 
 Rftry.pv* 
 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 :^o 
 
 140 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 ?0 
 
 1 -"5 
 
 9ft 
 
 
 P T/ 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 1 p.p. 
 
 1 .'^.'^ 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 11 5 
 
 1 50 
 
 Pft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXPLAITATORY • 
 
 Represents Shut Valve 
 C " Cracke^ Valve 
 
 F " Full Open Valve 
 
 ^,1,2,3,4 " Number^of Turns Valves are Open 
 
 7»E»§,F " Amount Danpers eui'e Open. 
 
 Bass to cone through In five days. 
 Kaple to come through In seven days. 
 
 Kiln Kecord Mr. 5 
 
 Record No. 5. This record runs low temperature 
 and humidity, while the circulation of air is much in 
 excess of Records Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 
 
 22 
 
The dr>ing of air dried Cypress 2" thick, by this 
 process, may be accomplished in seven days, with a kiln 
 constructed for drying one year old lumber. 
 
 1" Green Fine direct from the log, may be dried in 
 forty-eight to seventy-two hours. 
 
 Green Oak may be dried in ten days, direct from the 
 log. 
 
 Hickory squares 16 m_os. old, 2"x2", in seventeen 
 days; 3"x3", in twenty-three days. 
 
 V MONOav 
 
 PINE AND CYPRESS— DIRECT FROM THE SAW 
 These woods are very different in fiber and gums, but 
 are dried under the same general treatment and in the 
 same kilns, by the changing of the steam supply, the tem- 
 perature, humidity and ventilation. 
 
 The time in which one inch Fine and Cypress can be 
 dried varies in proportion to the temperature carried. 
 The higher the temperature is carried, the more rapid 
 becomes the evaporation, and in order to discharge the 
 great volume of water contained in these woods it be- 
 comes necessary to increase the proportions of the inlets 
 and outlets, for this class of kilns. For example, in the 
 drying of hardwoods about 12 months old the percentage 
 
 23 
 
of moisture runs between 15', and 35', of their weight, 
 while green soft woods run from 45', to 65', moisture 
 or about two pounds to the square foot for 1" lumber and 
 this volume must be disposed of in one-fourth the time 
 allowed for hardwoods. 
 
 A kiln 104' long, 21' 6" wide by 15' high from 
 ground to ceiling, equals 33,540 cu. ft. 14 stacks with 
 80 square inches of outlet equal 8 square feet, and if a 
 velocity of 500 feet per minute can be produced in these 
 stacks, there will be an exit of 4,000 cubic feet per minute ; 
 allowing one-third of the cubic contents to be lumber, this 
 deducted from the 33,540 cubic feet, leaves 23,360 cubic 
 feet ; discharging 4,000 cubic feet per minute, this would 
 change the air in the kiln every 5^ minutes. 
 
 Again, reversing the proposition, 40,000 feet of 1" 
 pine lumber containing 2 lbs. of water per square foot, 
 or 80,000 lbs., there being 7,000 grains to the lb., gives 
 560,000,000 grains of water to be evaporated and dis- 
 charged from the kiln, allowing 57 grains to the cubic 
 foot; discharging 4,000 cubic feet per minute, will dis- 
 charge 228,000 grains per minute. Dividing 560,000,000 
 by 228,000 will give 2,456 minutes or 41 hours, to remove 
 the moisture from the kiln, and produce dry lumber. 
 
 With these facts in mind it is an easy matter to under- 
 stand why the heat and circulation must be so intense. 
 When this class of lumber is being dried in a Progressive 
 Kiln, with the vapor system, the valves and dampers are 
 operated practically the same as in the previous instruc- 
 tions for Progressive Kilns and if the Box Kilns are in 
 use the operation is as shown in the Box Kiln instruc- 
 tions, (See Plate VII), but of much greater intensity and 
 shorter duration, finishing the spraying or steaming in 
 about 8 hours. (See Box Kiln Plate VII), Then the 
 steam begins to come from the lumber and is kept under 
 compression for about 6 hours, when the dampers are 
 opened up to full capacity and the moisture is drawn off 
 as rapidly as possible, varying from 48 hours to 96 hours, 
 depending upon the temperature carried and the amount 
 of water in the green lumber. With these general re- 
 marks and a careful study of foregoing records and in- 
 structions it makes the drying of soft green lumber a very 
 safe proposition. 
 
 This kiln chart from recording thermometer, shows 
 the time for drying 1%" Cypress sreen from the saw in 
 80 hours. 
 
 To be read the same as the diagram on page 15, be- 
 ginning at Friday and ending at Monday. 
 
 24 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 BOX KILN INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 1. The drying of lumber by the box kiln process con- 
 sists of: 
 
 First Exposing the lumber to the direct action of 
 steam intermingling with the lumber ; 
 
 Second Gradually displacing the steam with dry 
 heat from the heating coil ; 
 
 Third Removing the damp or vitiated air from the 
 bottom of the kiln by a system of ventila- 
 tion. 
 
 2. PLACING THE LUMBER IN THE KILNS. Great 
 care should be taken to see that there is a free space 
 of not less than 6" between the lumber and the side 
 of the kiln. The spaces between the boards in the 
 lower courses of lumber should be from 6" to 8" in 
 width, graduating to 1" as the pile approaches the 
 top. The last four or five courses at the top should 
 not have more than 1" between the edges of the 
 boards. Lumber piled in this manner allows for the 
 thorough circulation of the heat and moisture 
 through the pile, and equalizes the heat through the 
 entire load. Arrange Test Gauge Sticks as per our 
 Dry Test Suggestions! (See Chapter 3.) 
 
 3. STARTING THE KILN. After placing the lumber 
 in the kiln as described above, close the damp air 
 dampers and doors as tightly as possible. The fresh 
 air dampers should remain partly open all of the time, 
 but not enough to remove pressure from the kiln. 
 Turn on the steam spray three or four turns of the 
 valve, according to the pressure, and leave it from y^ 
 to 3 hrs., in order to fill the kiln with moisture. At the 
 same time turn the steam on in the coil sufficiently 
 strong to blow out the condensation. Then reduce 
 the opening of the coil valve, to keep the 
 coil warm, being careful that the rise of tempera- 
 ture is as gradual as possible. Now, the humidity 
 will soon be brought to 80' , or 90' , and the tempera- 
 ture to 140 or 150 deg. This temperature can be 
 quickly reached; sometimes in two or four hrs. After 
 this time it will rise more slowly, and may require 
 more heat from the coil and the steam spray, but do 
 not try to force the heat for 48 hrs., at which time 
 the temperature may be 165 or 170 deg. F., but it 
 
 25 
 
should come gradually. At 43 hrs. the temperature 
 should be gradually rising to 170 deg. The amount of 
 spray should now be gradually reduced, and if the 
 temperature and humidity will continue without de- 
 creasing, it is apparent that the moisture is coming 
 from the lumber sufficiently to produce the desired 
 humidity. As the temperature increases, the humid- 
 ity should increase, for the heat causes the moisture 
 to come from the lumber. When the moisture coming 
 from the lumber is 90 to 100 per cent., allow it to re- 
 main so for 24 hrs. (See page 55). Then draw the 
 dampers in the stacks one-fourth open. This will re- 
 move the air from the bottom of the kiln. Notice the 
 moisture this time, as the hygrodeik will show the 
 moisture gradually disappearing, but the humidity 
 should not be allowed to drop below 60' - for the fifth 
 day, while the temperature may be 165 to 170 deg. 
 
 5. TIME TO MAKE TEST. On the fourth or fifth 
 day, draw a test piece from the kiln through the open- 
 ing left for the hygrodeik, and if the shrinkage test 
 shows Ys" in 12", it will indicate that in 24 hours 
 or 48 hours the lumber will contain 4'< to 5', 
 moisture. (See Dry Test Suggestions, Chapter 3). 
 When this condition of the lumber is reached, shut 
 off the coil, open up the dam.pers to the stacks and 
 allow the kiln to cool, keeping the steam on the 
 equalizers in the stack, so that the humidity which 
 comes from the lumber may be drawn out of the kiln. 
 It is desirable to keep the lumber on slicks until it is 
 cool, to avoid possible warping or twisting. 
 
 6. DRYING THICK STOCK. For drying thicker and 
 greener stock, follow the same process, allowing 2" 
 stock twice the time in the steaming and 3" stock 
 three times the steaming that would be allowed for 
 1", being careful that the lime for raising the temper- 
 ature is extended in proportion to the thickness of the 
 stock. Fourteen days should be consumed for 2" and 
 twenty-one days for 3" stock for complete drying, 
 keeping the humidity as near 100' , as possible, with- 
 out staining the lumber, during the four or six days 
 of steaming. 
 
 The summary of the above for 1" hardwood is as fol- 
 lows: The first 48 hrs. is consumed in getting the 
 moisture to be self-produced by the heat from the 
 spray and the coil, the hygrodeik registering 150 deg. 
 on the dry bulb and not less than 90 or 100', humid- 
 ity. 
 
 The following tables are records kept during the 
 operating of kilns, and should be closely follov.^ed. 
 Fick out the table showing the stock to be dried, or 
 
 26 
 
the one nearest to what you want, and proceed on 
 low temperature table first. As the operator becomes 
 familiar with what the valves and dampers do, he will 
 soon be able to run higher temperatures. 
 Tables No. 1, 2 and 3 show the thickness and kinds of 
 lumber that may be dried by each, (the temperature 
 of the dry bulb being shown with the percentage of 
 humidity). (See Hygrodeik Instructions, Chapters 
 4 and 5). 
 
 Tables No. 4 and 5 show the time required for oak 
 particularly, and the time and amount of the changes 
 which are made with the valves and dampers. They 
 also show dry bulb readings and percentages of 
 humidity, morning and evening of each day. 
 No. 1. Kiln Record for drying various kinds and thick- 
 nesses of lumber. 4-4 Oak, Beech, Maple, African 
 Mahogany, Ash and Hickory. H for Humidity. 
 T for Temperature. 
 
 Days 
 
 1 
 T-H 
 
 
 2 
 T-H 
 
 3 
 T-H 
 
 4 
 T-H 
 
 A. M. 
 
 60-50 
 
 
 130-90 
 
 130-90 
 
 150-80 
 
 Noon 
 
 120-90 
 
 
 140-90 
 
 140-80 
 
 160-80 
 
 P. M. 
 
 120-90 
 
 
 140-90 
 
 150-80 
 
 160-80 
 
 Days 
 
 5 
 T-H 
 
 
 6 
 T-H 
 
 7 
 T-H 
 
 8 
 T-H 
 
 A. M. 
 
 150-80 
 
 
 150-60 
 
 150-50 
 
 150-40 
 
 Noon 
 
 160-70 
 
 
 160-60 
 
 160-40 
 
 150-35 
 
 P. M. 
 
 160-70 
 
 
 160-50 
 
 150-40 
 
 150-35 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Kiln Record 4-4 Gum, Cottonwood, Popl 
 
 ar. Pine 
 
 
 and Mexican 
 
 Mahogany. 
 
 
 
 Days 
 
 1 2 
 T-H T-H 
 
 3 
 T-H 
 
 4 
 T-H 
 
 5 
 T-H 
 
 
 60-60 130-90 
 
 150-80 
 
 150-50 
 
 150-40 
 
 Noon 
 
 130-99 140-80 
 
 160-70 
 
 150-40 
 
 150-35 
 
 P. M. 
 
 120-99 150-80 
 
 160-70 
 
 160-40 
 
 150-35 
 
 To dry White Maple and Basswood and keep them 
 white, keep the temperature 10 deg. below and the humid- 
 ity 20V( lower than shown in table No. 2 for the first 
 four days, cool down the 5th day. 
 
 No. 3. Kiln Record 8-4 Oak, Birch, Maple, Hickory, Ash, 
 African Mahogany. 
 
 Days 
 
 1 & 2 
 
 3 &4 
 
 4 & 6 
 
 7 &8 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 T-H 
 
 T-H 
 
 T-H 
 
 A. M. 
 
 60-60 
 
 130-95 
 
 130-95 
 
 140-80 
 
 Noon 
 
 120-90 
 
 140-95 
 
 140-95 
 
 150-80 
 
 P. M. 
 
 120-95 
 
 140-95 
 
 150-95 
 
 160-80 
 
 Days 
 
 9 & 10 
 
 
 11 & 12 
 
 13 & 14 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 T-H 
 
 A. M. 
 
 140-80 
 
 
 150-60 
 
 150-40 
 
 Noon 
 
 150-75 
 
 
 150-55 
 
 150-35 
 
 P. M. 
 
 160-70 
 
 
 150-45 
 
 145-30 
 
 27 
 
Begin to cool off on the 14th day, and leave the lumber 
 24 to 48 hrs. on the piling sticks. For 8-4 Bass, Poplar. 
 Cottonwood, Pine, Mahogany, run same way as 4-4 Hard- 
 wood, if necessary extend two days. 
 
 No. 4. Kiln Record 4-4, 12 month Oak. 
 
 .5 "^ a o n 
 
 H w U Q 
 
 Steam turned on at 7:00 a. m. First reading taken 
 at 9 :00 o' clock. 
 
 A. M. 9.00 4 150 90-100 
 
 Let temperature go as high as spray will take it. 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 
 8.30 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 90 
 
 
 Start to 
 
 open damp air 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 90 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 Start to 
 
 8.00 
 open coil 
 
 /2 
 
 2 
 
 /2 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 90 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 4.30 
 
 C 
 
 4 
 
 /2 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 90 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 
 8.30 
 
 c 
 
 6 
 
 /2 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 85 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 /2 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 90 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 
 7.30 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 70 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.30 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 ^ 
 
 170 
 
 60 
 
 
 Start to 
 
 open fresh air 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 Shut off 
 
 8.30 
 spray. 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 V^ 
 
 165 
 
 50 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 4.30 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 /2 
 
 165 
 
 40 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 Damper 
 
 8.30 
 open. 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 165 
 
 30 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.30 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 20 
 
 A. 
 
 M. 
 
 7.30 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 120 
 
 18 
 
 1" Maple requires five days for drying, the steam 
 spray being used lightly with 80' , humidity for 24 hours ; 
 then humidity gradually lowered to 20', in 5 days. 1" 
 Birch takes 6 days, and should be sprayed for 36 hours 
 with 80' , humidity. 
 
 No. 5 Box Kiln Record. 18 month 2^/^" Plain Oak. 
 12 months ly^." Birch. See plate III, test piece 1. 
 
 Explanation of Following Table 
 O represents damper or valve shut off. 
 C represents cracked valve. 
 F represents full open. 
 
 Yi, 1, 2, 3, 4, number turns valves are open. 
 Va, Vxs Va, F- Arrit., dampers are opened. ; 
 
 28 
 

 ■a 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 >> 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 
 < 
 
 o. 
 
 a 
 
 D 
 
 '< 
 
 >. 
 
 Q 
 If 
 
 c •- 
 
 1 Noon 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90-100 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:30 
 
 • 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90-100 
 
 2 A. M. 
 
 8:00 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90-100 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 195 
 
 90-100 
 
 3 A.M. 
 
 7:30 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 195 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:30 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 195 
 
 90-100 
 
 4 A.M. 
 
 7:30 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 195 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:30 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90-100 
 
 5 P.M. 
 
 7:30 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:30 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 90-100 
 
 6 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:30 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 90-100 
 
 7 A.M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 I , ', 
 
 F 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 '4 
 
 F 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 90-100 
 
 8 A.M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 C 
 
 F 
 
 /2 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 90-100 
 
 9 A.M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 90-100 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 90-100 
 
 10 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 90-100 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 90-100 
 
 11 A.M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 '4 
 
 170 
 
 85 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 .'4 
 
 170 
 
 80 
 
 12 A.M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 ] / 
 
 170 
 
 75 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 /2 
 
 170 
 
 70 
 
 13 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 /2 
 
 170 
 
 60 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 ^4 
 
 170 
 
 50 
 
 14 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 40 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 30 
 
 15 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 20 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 20 
 
 16 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 19 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 17 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 P.M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 170 
 
 18 
 
 18 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 150 
 
 18 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5:00 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 145 
 
 15 
 
 19 A. M. 
 
 7:00 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 120 
 
 25 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Let Temperature go as high as it will, due to spray 
 only. 
 
 Start to open damp air stack the sixth day. 
 
 Spray off 12th day, shut off coil one day before lumber 
 is taken out, let air pass through ventilation to cool off 
 kilns. 2^" Oak should be dry. It may not be possible 
 to obtain these exact conditions of temperature and humi- 
 dity, but they are the ones to be tried for. ly^' Beech 
 requires 13 days, and is sprayed strongly three days and 
 then gradually reduced. 
 
 29 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS FOR OPER- 
 ATING KILNS 
 Fresh Air. 
 
 1. Under what conditions should fresh air dampers be 
 opened? Closed? 
 
 Ans. The kiln will not take in cold air through the 
 flues until the lumber ceases to produce all 
 the moisture that the stack can carry away. 
 When the inlet is lower than the tracks, they 
 can always be open. 
 WET END. The cold air will go in as long as the 
 spray is being condensed and stops when the lumber 
 becomes moist and hot, producing a comparison. 
 DRY END. When the lumber is not producing 
 moisture at the dry end then the cold air will flow in 
 and increase the moisture. 
 
 2. What results will be obtained if open? 
 
 Ans. The kiln will only draw the amount of air 
 necessary to carry off the moisture when 
 lumber is dry, but worked as a Pressure 
 Kiln, it is fairly balanced. 
 
 DAMP AIR 
 
 3. Under what conditions should damp air dampers be 
 opened or closed? 
 
 OPENED. Sufficient to draw off humidity without 
 reducing the temperature. 
 
 CLOSED. Close for holding the heat to dry, dur- 
 ing the night, without steam. 
 
 4. When should stacks be smothered? 
 
 Ans. When it is noticed that the lumber is not 
 
 producing sufficient moisture to make the 
 
 necessary pressure in the kiln to force the 
 
 humidity between the boards, as they are 
 piled on the cars. 
 
 5. What should be done if Temperature is high and 
 Humidity high at the dry end of the kilns? 
 
 Ans. Open up the dampers on all the stacks 
 
 7. What should be done if Temperature is high and 
 Humidity low in sweating chamber? 
 
 Ans. Smother the stacks or turn on spray. 
 
 8. What should be done if lumber is case hardened? 
 
 Ans. If severely case hardened, unload and steam 
 and dry again, but if slightly so, and there is 
 sufficient time to allow it, raise the humidity 
 to 80' < or 90', in the dry end, over night, 
 and allow the kiln to dry down to normal 
 before removing lumber. 
 
 30 
 
9. How should green lumber be handled from the mill? 
 
 Ans. Same as dry lumber, a small amount of 
 spray being necessary. The required humid- 
 ity is easily raised — the dampers in the 
 steaming chamber could be ^ opened in 
 about 14 hours, or after standing over night 
 with a good compression. 
 
 10. How should the kiln be adjusted to stand idle or at 
 rest for several days? 
 
 Ans. Smother half the stacks, turn off the steam 
 and let it all die down together. 
 
 SI 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 DRY LUMBER TEST SUGGESTIONS 
 
 The manufacturing and handling of lumber for the 
 different uses to which it is designed, bring us into a 
 very wide field and through many variable conditions. 
 
 Woods of different shapes and thicknesses are very 
 differently affected by the same treatment. In the case of 
 our native woods, for instance, summer cut lumber and 
 winter cut lumber show distinct tendencies in drying, and 
 the same is true in less degree of heart wood as contrasted 
 with sap wood. The medullary rays further complicate 
 the drying problem and the promiscuous use and combin- 
 ation, in glued up stock, of all these variable conditions 
 require the close attention of the manufacturer and the 
 operator. This variation of hard and soft stock, even in 
 the same quality of lumber compels each establishment 
 to become a law unto itself, and we can offer only our 
 suggestions for a general harmony in the matter of lum- 
 ber test, by measure and weight. 
 
 Plain oak, quartered oak and mahogany require dif- 
 ferent treatments when properly handled, but in the aver- 
 age drying process these different kinds of wood are all 
 placed in the same kiln and practically treated alike. 
 Hence the difficulty in knowing just when the stock is 
 ready for use. Therefore, we offer the following system 
 for making proper test of shrinkage and evaporation by 
 weight, that each manufacturer may use in his particular 
 business, to adjust the shrinkage to the requirements of 
 his own manufacture, and to specify what is meant by the 
 following terms: Shipping Dry, Factory Dry, Bone Dry 
 and Dust Dry. By the following method of testing 
 a very positive percentage of shrinkage and evaporation 
 may be easily ascertained by the use of the "Gauge 
 Test." 
 
 METHOD OF OBTAINING TEST PIECES. In 
 each and every car there should be placed one or two 
 boards in such a manner that they can be removed at any 
 time, so that a test piece can be cut therefrom. Procedure 
 for obtaining this test piece is as follows: Remove a board 
 from the car and cut a piece 1' long from the center, 
 (thereby getting away from the effects of drying at 
 the end). From this piece cut a strip 3,^", full 
 width of the board. This will be known as the 
 test piece. This should be carefully measured 
 
 sa 
 
and weighed as follows : Draw a straight line across 
 the face at the middle of this piece. This insures 
 measurements being taken at the same place at all times. 
 A rule divided into tenths should be used as we want 
 to get the measurements to decimals to simplify when 
 reducing to percentages. (See page 69). Each tenth should 
 be divided into tenths. Hence if we had a test 
 piece that measured tYz" and one-half of the next tenth 
 space it would be written thus: 6.55, above the line at 
 the left hand end of the piece, and the weight in grams, 
 above the line 2" from the right hand end. After measur- 
 ing and weighing carefully, place the test piece in a tem- 
 perature of 200 deg. (th'» best method of obtaining this is 
 to place the test piece on an iron plate laid on the top of 
 the engine cylinder or hot caul box), leaving it at this 
 temperature for 30 minutes or more to bring to bone dry, 
 which is the base from which we work out our percent- 
 ages. Now again measure and weigh, and place results 
 under previous figures and you will see that there has 
 been both shrinkage and evaporation. By subtracting 
 and dividing the remainder by the subtrahend you will 
 get the percentage of shrinkage and moisture, above bone 
 dry, which is equivalent to the amount of moisture in the 
 lumber at the time the test was taken. (See page 34). 
 
 SHIPPING DRY. To determine when lumber is 
 shipping dry, obtain a test piece, but do not weigh or 
 measure. Bring it to bone dry and then replace the test 
 piece on the board from which it was cut. If there has 
 been a shrinkage equivalent to ^" to Y^" in 12" it is safe 
 to call this shipping dry, when it is understood that the 
 shrinkage of most of our native woods green from the 
 log, runs from 3^" to \y^" in 12". 
 
 FACTORY DRY. Procure test piece and reduce re- 
 sults to percentage. For the average factory the shrink- 
 age will be about ^ of \' < to 1.25', and the evaporation 
 from 3 to 5', . To prove this and find the prevailing con- 
 ditions of lumber in your factory, make tests from each 
 floor and department, and you will soon know the condi- 
 tion i. e. (the amount of shrinkage and evaporation) the 
 lumber should show when coming from the kiln, to be 
 factory dry. So far as we have been able to learn, the pre- 
 vious percentages are as near general instructions as can 
 be given, but your own factory department tests must 
 establish prevailing conditions at your plant, as these 
 conditions will vary, greatly, with woods and locations. 
 We would advise that you bring the lumber from the kiln 
 slightly drier than the percentages established by your 
 factory tests so that it will absorb moisture from the air 
 during the progress of manufacture, thereby bringing 
 your lumber to a normal condition without straining or 
 warping. 
 
 33 
 
BONE DRY is generally understood to be stock 
 dried down to no shrinkage, and no evaporation, and 
 should be dead piled in dry storage for at least ten days 
 before using and if it is to be left in this storage for any 
 length of time, say more than three months, your storage 
 must be free from excessive moisture. When ready to 
 use this stock, tests should be made from top, middle and 
 bottom of the pile until you know how thoroughly the 
 dry storage is doing its work. These tests might show 
 that the bottom of the pile was carrying from 6' , to 10' , 
 of moisture and this would necessitate a warming up in 
 hot storage before the lumber was machined beyond the 
 cut-off saw. 
 
 ABSOLUTELY DRY OR DUST DRY is stock 
 that has been subjected to an extension of time and in- 
 tensity of heat. This test is made by taking a 1 ft. block 
 cut from the test board, but cut in the center, length- 
 wise of th^ grain instead of cross-wise as before. After 
 a few strokes of a plane to remove the marks of the saw, 
 the next few strokes choke the shavings in the mouth of 
 the plane until a handful is produced. If when these 
 shavings are rubbed together in the hand they do not wad 
 up, but turn to chips and dust, the stock is considered 
 absolutely dry or dust dry and must be dead piled before 
 using. 
 
 As a summary of this general description, we offer the 
 following memorandum, using 1" oak direct from the 
 kiln to convey the idea of the proportion of drying and 
 the classification of the different kinds of drying and 
 what it is that produces the distinctive types. 
 
 Time in Kiln ShrinkaKe Shown by Test Piece 
 
 Shipping dry, 4 to 6 days; Y^" to y^" in 12". 
 Factory dry, 6 to 8 days; y^" in 12" ready to use. 
 Bone dry, 8 to 10 days ; no shrinkage, return to storage 
 until y^"m 12" can be obtained. 
 
 Dust test, 10 to 14 days; no shrinkage, goes to storage 
 to become normal in atmosphere, to obtain J/g" in 12" 
 expansion. 
 
 The following is a memoranda of two tests which were 
 made to prove the changes due to atmospheric conditions. 
 The first test was made on 1" pine green from the log. 
 
 Green width . . 11.2' Green weight in grams 80 
 
 Bone dry .... 10.35" Bone dry weight " 46.2 
 
 .85-8.21% " 33.8-73% 
 
 Evaporation 
 
 Six months later (this piece having remained in the 
 normal factory atmosphere of 60' ; humidity and a tem- 
 perature of 75 deg.) we find an expansion and evaporation 
 as follows : 
 
 34 
 
Normal Width . . 10.50 Absorption in grams 50 
 
 Bone Dry .... 10.35 Bone Dry " 46.2 
 
 .15^=1'' Expansion 3.8— 8.4^c 
 
 The second test was made from a piece of 2" basswood 
 which was never in a dry kiln, but had been in a building 
 over 50 years. This was tested, as above, when removed 
 from the building, with the following results : 
 
 Width 6.15' Weight in grams . 41.7 
 
 Bone Dry Width . . 5.05" Bone dry " 39 
 
 1.10" = 1.6% 2.7-7'/ 
 
 Showing that there must be in the neighborhood of 
 I'/i shrinkage and from 5'/, to 8'a evaporation above the 
 bone dry test in the lumber when coming from the kiln 
 to be at rest in the normal atmospheric conditions in the 
 factory. 
 
 The following tests were made from samples gathered 
 from a wide range of territory, dried by different pro- 
 cesses and types of kilns. We do not know the exact 
 number of days required to dry or the time since they 
 were dried, but we offer these as samples of what we find 
 in the different factories and processes of manufacture. 
 No. 1 is O. K., No. 2 shows case hardening by the excess 
 of evaporation over the percentage of shrinkage. No. 3 
 shows that the evaporation is O. K., but to get the proper- 
 shrinkage, this should have remained in the kiln at least 
 24 hours more. 
 
 No. 1 1" Oak 4.65 "=2.1 W Evaporation 14.2=9.2% as used as inter- 
 4.55" 13.2 ior finish. 
 
 No. 2 1" Oak 6.43" =1.2 % Evaporation 23 =9.5''/ as used as inter- 
 6.34"=Bone dry 21 ior finish. 
 
 No. 3 1" Oak 8.1 "=3.26% Evaporation 31 =8. '>; 
 7.85" 28.7 
 
 No. 4 1" Oak 9.75"= .72% Slightly case 36.5=5. % furniture or cab- 
 9.68" hardened 34.5 inet work. 
 
 No. 5 1" Oak 6.63"= .75'/. Too dry for 39 =2.63% 
 6.68" immediate 38 
 
 use, should 
 
 remain in dry storage, shrinkage to scant. 
 No. 6 1" Oak 5.85"=2.27% Shrinkage 24 =4.3 % 
 5.72" dry down 23 
 
 nearly 1% 
 
 No. 7 1" Oak 12.8 "=1.1 % all right 62 =3.33% 
 12.65" 60 
 
 No. 8 1" Pop. 7.18"= .7 % This will 27 =6. % Clock Work 
 9.98" expand IS 25.5 
 
 No. 9 2"W.wood7.18" = 1.4 % O.K. 
 7.08" 
 
 43 =6.1 % 
 40.5 
 
 No. 10 2"W.Ash7.72"=1.3 % 0. K. 
 7.62" 
 
 50.08=4.3% 
 48 
 
 35 
 
The following shrinkage and evaporation percentages 
 were obtained from test pieces taken from the cars at the 
 unloading end of the kiln, and being in harmony with the 
 conditions of their process of manufacture are accepted 
 as dry stock and go direct to the machine room. The 
 Sy^" bass resawed into thin lumber without warping, also 
 the 2" elm, which we consider proof sufficient to accept 
 it as the normal condition of the factory. 
 
 3%" bass shrinkage .76'/ 
 
 2" elm shrinkage 1.47'/^ 
 
 1^" bass shrinkage .86' v 
 
 1%" bass shrinkage .60', 
 
 1%" sugar pine shrinkage .90', 
 
 1%" maple shrinkage 1.10', 
 
 iy>" maple shrinkage .95', 
 
 1%" maple shrinkage .95', 
 
 Memoranda showing expansion and absorption in 24 
 hours by measure and weight of the test piece. 
 
 TESTS 
 
 evaporation 4 % 
 
 evaporation 5.5% 
 
 evaporation 3.27,' 
 
 evaporation 3 '/, 
 
 evaporation 5 % 
 
 evaporation 5 % 
 
 evaporation 5 % 
 
 evaporation 4.5*^ 
 
 '; Birch 10 days in kiln 10.35' 
 
 10.25' 
 24 hours later 10.4 ' 
 
 = .97% 
 
 
 31.75g. 
 
 30.8 
 32. 
 
 = .3% Evapora 
 tion 
 
 ; Birch 10 days in kiln 5.3 ' 
 
 = 1.9 % 
 
 
 21.9 g. 
 
 =4.2 '/r 
 
 5.2 ' 
 24 hours later 5.3 
 
 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 
 t P. Oak 8 days in kiln 8. ' 
 
 =1.27''; 
 
 Shrink 
 
 ■ 19.4 g. 
 
 =4.8% 
 
 7.9 ' 
 
 24 hours later 8. ' 
 
 
 age 
 
 18.5 g. 
 
 19.6 g. 
 
 
 That a uniform method for figuring the percentage of 
 shrinkage and evaporation may be established, the fol- 
 lowing examples are worked out in full, No. 1 showing 
 the width of the board and the shrinkage to bone dry ; 
 No. 2 showing the weight in grams and weight of evap- 
 oration. 
 
 No. 1, from dry kiln 1" oak. 
 ]" Oak, 7.98" wide 
 Bone Dry 7.88", subtrahend. 
 
 7.88). 100000(. 0126 
 788 
 
 This answer being in decimals 
 
 2120 it must now be divided by 100 to 
 
 1576 make the reading as a percentage 
 
 Thus, .0126 divided by 100 equals 
 
 5440 1.26', shrinkage. Use the same 
 
 4728 method in testing expansion, us- 
 
 ing the bone dry dimensions as 
 
 712 the subtrahend. 
 
No. 2, the above piece of 1" oak. 
 Weighed 45.5 grams. 
 Bone Dry 43.5 grams. 
 
 43.5)2.00000(.0459 Read as 4.597o 
 1 740 
 
 2600 
 2175 
 
 4250 For ease of figuring the remain- 
 
 3915 der would be added and read 
 
 1.27 7r shrinkage, and 4.6% evap- 
 
 235 oration. 
 
 REPORT ON SAMPLES 
 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 We are in receipt of yours of the 5th, also the samples 
 of the lumber you have dried. We have made tests of the 
 samples with the following results : 
 
 2" Mahogany 6.26" Evaporation 36.0 grs. 
 
 Bone Dry 6.25 = .16^^ 35.0 =-2.25/^ 
 
 2 Qr. Oak 4.85" Evaporation 39.2 grs. 
 
 Bone Dry 4.82 = .6 '/c 37.9 =3.5 % 
 
 1" Qr. Oak 5.80" Evaporation 18.0 grs. 
 
 Bone Dry 6.85 = .7 % 17.3 =4. % 
 
 Test shows the samples are too dry for immediate use. 
 
 We are returning to you under separate cover, pieces 
 of the samples with the figures placed on them so that you 
 can see our method of testing lumber by measure and 
 weight. The usual percentage allowed is 1.25', shrink- 
 age and 4' r to 6', evaporation. In other words if you 
 dry a board to bone dry and then allow it to stand in 
 normal atmosphere for a time it will expand 1.25' r of 
 its width and absorb from 4' < to 6'; of its weight, moist- 
 ure from the air. 
 
 The quick way to test lumber is by the sliver test. 
 Take a board that you wish to test and cut it off near the 
 center and then cut a piece off of the fresh cut end, say 
 3" long. From this 3" piece cut a piece cross grain about 
 y%" length of grain. Place this on the steam chest of the 
 the engine or hot steam pipe and let it remain about 20 
 or 30 minutes. After this time, place the sliver on the 
 piece that it came off of. If this does not show any 
 shrinkage the lumber is bone dry. Now let the two 
 pieces remain in the normal atmosphere for 24 hours and 
 then replace the sliver on the 3" piece and note how 
 much wider the sliver is than the block. This will show 
 
 37 
 
you where the board will be when it has absorbed the 
 normal atmosphere. Should the sliver after a few hours 
 fail to come back to the width of the 3" block, the differ- 
 ence between them will show just how much the board 
 lacks of being dry. 
 
 You will note that the samples all show that they 
 were below normal when received and were drier when 
 they came from the kiln, showing the necessity of allow- 
 ing the lumber to stand a considerable length of time be- 
 fore being "worked" in order to avoid trouble with your 
 glue joints. We speak of this for the reason that it is 
 possible to have the lumber too dry when working so that 
 the ends of the lumber will absorb moisture faster than 
 the center, causing them to expand and split either the 
 joint or the lumber itself. It is our desire to gather in- 
 formation from all quarters and so far our experience is, 
 that there is as much, if not more, trouble from over dry- 
 ing than there is from not having the lumber dry enough. 
 We will be pleased to receive samples from you at any 
 time as it is our desire to keep in touch with our patrons 
 so as to be able to render any and all the assistance poss- 
 ible. Thanking you we are, 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
 38 
 
E 
 
 Q 
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THE DRY TEST GAUGE. 
 
 See Plates I and II. 
 
 This is a gauge (Fig. 1) that enables one to predeter- 
 mine the shrinkage of the lumber and to know when it 
 is dry. Also, with gauge stick applied, the different 
 changes of the lumber during the process can be noted. 
 
 To avoid confusion in making test pieces, it is fitting 
 here to call attention to the fact that it is necessary for 
 each firm to make several tests, and establish a percentage 
 for their own requirements and location. 
 
 It is only possible for us to offer suggestions along 
 this line, that a uniform method of testing may be estab- 
 lished. While percentages will be variable according to 
 location, percentages will also vary v/ith different kinds of 
 lumber and the thoroughness with which the lumber has 
 been steamed. If the steaming was insufficient to remove 
 the acids, then the test piece will show very nearly the 
 same percentage as the green test piece from the yard, 
 which was dried in the caul box or on the hot plate. 
 
 This piece does not go through the process of elimina- 
 tion, as in the Vapor process. It still contains the acids, 
 and when dried down to bone dry will show a greater 
 percentage of shrinkage than the test piece taken from 
 the same board after having been dried by the Vapor 
 process. 
 
 To predetermine the distance from the end of the 
 GAUGE STICK to the proper place for cutting the 
 shoulder for shrinkage, use the Bone Dry test piece cut 
 from the lumber before it enters the kiln, using 1" lum- 
 ber as standard. Then add to each different width the 
 following amount : 
 
 6" wide lumber, add iV " to the bone dry test. 
 8" wide lumber, add yk" to the bone dry' test. 
 10" wide lumber, add five-thir,ty-seconds of an inch to 
 the bone dry test. 
 
 12" wide lumber, add two-tenths of an inch to the 
 bone dry test. 
 
 Gauge test plate No. 1, Fig. 1, shows gauge stick 
 applied to board as it comes from the yard, and Fig. 2 
 shows the shrinkage when removed from the hot caul 
 box and brought down to bone dry. 
 
 Fig. 6 shows expansion beyond gauge stick during 
 the Vapor process period. Now this expansion is neces- 
 sary on stock from the yard in order to soften up the 
 lumber on the outside so that it may dry thoroughly 
 through and through. 
 
 It is a well known fact that the dryer the lumber is 
 
 43 
 
the greater the tendency to drink in the humidity of the 
 atmosphere. The fact has been estabHshed by many and 
 varied tests that 1.25 , shrinkage above bone dry is a 
 very safe percentage for drying lumber. The evaporation 
 in the steam process and the shrinkage in the drying 
 process can be readily noted from the start to the finish. 
 
 As soon as the test gauge shows shrinkages down to 
 the notch, a test from the board should be made. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows the test piece as taken from board after 
 it has gone through the dry kiln and shows that the 
 lumber has shrunk from 10 7-10" down to 10 4-10". 
 
 Now the piece shown in Fig. 3 when being tested in 
 hot caul box is brought down to bone dry as shown in 
 Fig. 4. Fig. 4 shows 10.25" making a 1.46" shrink- 
 age and an evaporation of 5',. This is about the aver- 
 age that the lumber would show coming from the kiln, to 
 produce stock that would remain at rest in Grand Rapids, 
 Mich. 
 
 Fig. 5 gauge stick shows shrinkage of the lumber 
 down to the notch or as shown in Fig. 3 and ready to be 
 removed from the kiln. This is not always uniform with 
 the evaporation and may require another 24 hours to reach 
 the four or five per cent evaporation. Should the operator 
 find that his factory test of stock in process of manufact- 
 ure requires a greater or less percentage of shrinkage 
 and evaporation, he should make the gauge stick to cor- 
 respond, but in all cases use the bone dry figures for the 
 base of expansion and evaporation. 
 
 As further proof that tests should be made to find the 
 condition the lumber should be in at your factory to come 
 to normal condition and to be at rest, we show Plates 
 III and IV, cuts of samples. 
 
 No. 1 shows 2^" white oak stock dried in 18 days. 
 This stock shows less than 1', shrinkage and 4.4' r 
 evaporation, and being plain oak sawed, it holds its full 
 size and does not indicate case hardening. 
 
 No. 2 represents 2" plain sawed oak and shows excess- 
 ive hardening, but is not honey-combed. It is thoroughtly 
 browned inside from the action of the retained acic". 
 
 No. 3 represents quarter sawed oak and is a fine speci- 
 men of drying. 
 
 No. 4 represents the end of the same board and 
 matches No. 3 on these exposed faces, and would show 
 exactly the same size, but No. 4 has never been in the dry 
 kiln and was Ya," larger than No. 3 when No. 3 was re- 
 moved from the kiln. After three years' exposure to the 
 atmosphere in an office. No. 4 is much narrower then No. 
 3, and also thinner. Now it appears that the acids re- 
 
 44 
 
i < 
 
 p?-: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dj. 
 
 ft 
 
 ; ! ! ! 
 
 ~8 
 
 9 
 
 Plate III 
 
") 
 
 ■^ 
 
 (M 
 
 
 12 ^^' 
 
 ' .'. ..■ ; - 
 
maining in the air dried lumber, such as in No. 4, still 
 continue to consume the fiber, shrinking it down smaller 
 and smaller as time passes, proving that these acids 
 should be removed from the lumber during the drying 
 process. This, it will be noticed, is working in harmony 
 with the difference in the shrinkage between our previous 
 test of lumber directly from the yard to the hot plate and 
 the test from the Vapor process lumber when dried on 
 the hot plate. (See Fig. 2, page 39). 
 
 No. 5 represents another extreme of drying lumber 
 without humidity, and shows one-inch quarter sawed oak 
 shrunk down to ^" thick, and very hard to manufacture. 
 
 No. 6 representing a test of 2" gum and shows that 
 the outside was case hardened while the center was only 
 half dry. This lumber would not have shrunk to the 
 size of the center piece, no matter how long it was in the 
 kiln under the old process, without steam saturation. 
 
 No. 7 represents a test piece nearly dry, but still show- 
 ing case hardening, the center shrunk down below the 
 outside. 
 
 No. 8 represents a test on 2" oak. This is in good con- 
 dition. 
 
 No. 9 represents 2" elm. While the whole plank was 
 slightly cupped, the stock was beautifully dried by the 
 steam process through and through, without case harden- 
 ing. 
 
 No. 10 represents 2" gum still better dried so that it 
 would split up into thin pieces without warping. These 
 tests will show very clearly why the evaporation tests 
 should be made, and when the operator becomes familiar 
 with his kiln and his lumber, these sample tests will con- 
 vey the idea of good and bad drying to such an extent that 
 it will not be necessary, in ordinary drying, to make the 
 same dry test on every car load of similar stock following. 
 
 No. 11 represents a piece of 2" quarter sawed oak, 
 showing 1.26'; shrinkage and 4.6' ; evaporation, without 
 the slightest sign of case hardening. 
 
 No. 12 represents a 2^^" piece of quartered oak dried 
 by the old process that shrunk down to V/s", and is case 
 hardened. 
 
 No. 13 represents a test piece from 4^" squares of 
 oak, and when this piece was exposed to the atmosphere 
 it showed a wet center, as indicated by the black line. 
 When exposed to the atmosphere a check was made as 
 shown in the cut. This proves that honey-combing in 
 lumber is produced by the outside being case hardened to 
 such an extent that construction in the center can not pull 
 the sides together as shown in No. 5. This also is proved 
 by the thick end of No. 5. 
 
 47 
 
No. 14 represents a test piece from the 3" square oak, 
 with a heart in the corner, making it quarter sawed on the 
 line 4.35" and plain sawed on the line 4.25". It will be 
 noticed that the extreme difference between 4.35 and 4.15 
 which is bone dry test, is 5' , , showing the reason why it 
 is so difficult to dry squares and have them remain square. 
 The quarter sawed shrinks less than ^ the plain sawed. 
 This proves another fact, that in making gauge sticks for 
 quarter sawed lumber the allowance will be one-half the 
 amount shown on plates Nos. 1 and 2 on gauge test. 
 
 No. 15 represents a cutting from green elm block, 8" 
 in diameter, cut direct from the log and dried by vapor. 
 
 No. 16 represents a cutting from green beech block, 
 8" in diameter, cut direct from the log and dried as No. 
 15. 
 
 No. 17 represents a cutting from green maple block, 9" 
 in diameter, cut direct from the log and dried as 15-16. 
 
 No. 18 represents a cutting from green white oak block 
 10" in diameter, cut direct from the log and dried as 15, 
 16, 17. 
 
 No. 19 shows a cross cut piece, Ys" length of grain, 
 cut from No. 6 before it was ripped. This curls into the 
 form of the letter "S," showing the disposition of gum 
 lumber to get off from the straight line. 
 
 No. 20 shows the Humidograph as used while taking 
 a reading for the percentage of humidity in the kiln. 
 
 No. 21 shows a rubber bottle which is used for filling 
 the tall glass bottle which furnishes the water for cooling 
 the wet bulb. See Humidograph, on page 56. 
 
 SHOE LAST BLOCKS AND HUB BLOCKS. 
 
 Among the articles manufactured from wood, the shoe 
 last and the wagon hub rank as the most difficult to air 
 dry in storage sheds. Therefore there must be some arti- 
 ficial means of drying the blocks suitable for manufactur- 
 ing into the finished articles. The principal difficulty in 
 drying hubs is the tendency for the ends and sides to 
 check, on account of the great amount of surface on the 
 outside, or circumference of the block, as compared with 
 the center. This is relieved somewhat by the customary 
 practice of boring a hole in the center, but even then the 
 blocks check very badly in the open air. Now the shoe 
 last block is taken from the log around and free from the 
 center of the log and split into size suitable for the ease 
 of last desired. After being roughened out to form this 
 block, then it becomes a problem in drying, as it then has 
 a large heavy center, while either end is much smaller. 
 
 48 
 
The problem now is to keep the small ends from 
 checking because of over drying, and the middle from 
 checking on the outside while the inside is still damp 
 and moist. These difficulties have been overcome and the 
 time of drying greatly reduced, as shown by the Kiln 
 Record. 
 
 
 Plate V 
 
Photographs of different stages of finish, also the 
 method of testing for shrinkage and evaporation is shown 
 by the following cuts: 
 
 DRieO ml EXHAUST 
 2.3 ddys.^STCAnOHLr. 
 
 Vs. _ 
 
 Plate VI 
 
00 
 
 CO 
 
No. 22 represents a block that was dried in 23 days. 
 
 No. 23 represents a square end formed on the toe with 
 a piece cut therefrom ^" length of grain. This is thor- 
 oughly dried on a hot plate to test the shrinkage. 
 
 No. 24 represents a block partly shaped to the finished 
 form. 
 
 No. 25 represents a last fully formed as it comes from 
 the lathe. 
 
 No. 26 represents a section cut from the center of a 
 rough block. As a test piece notice that it is not dry. 
 See percentages, and form of the openings. 
 
 No. 2 7represents a section from the same block, but 
 is on the quarter cut of the loi;. 
 
 No. 28 represents stock that has been overdried. No- 
 tice the percentages of contraction. 
 
 No. 29 represents stock that has been overdried. No- 
 tice the percentages. 
 
 No. 30 represents still another dry section, showing 
 percentages. When these percentages are established as 
 correct for each different factory, then it is possible to 
 weigh rough block before going into the kiln, and it 
 should be placed where it can be removed at the time for 
 testing. Weigh and deduct from first weight and in this 
 manner the percentage of moisture remaining in the 
 block is readily determined. Thus it is possible at all 
 stages of the drying process to know just the amount of 
 moisture that has gone into the block during the steaming 
 and what percentage still remains above the desired per- 
 centage which has been previously ascertained by the 
 Section Tests of Measure and Weight. The exact condi- 
 tion of the blocks can then be obtained by weight and 
 measurement after exposure in the kiln, and reference to 
 the examples given on pages 36-37. 
 
 Nos. 31 and 32 show section from a last, 1" thick, with 
 the ^" tongue. There is no preceptable variation in the 
 length. 
 
 Nos. 33 and 34 are from the same block, sections of 
 the tongue cut ^" thick, these also show no change. 
 
 No. 31 and 34 are sawed on the quarter, while Nos. 32 
 and 33 are sawed plain, the two showing no difference in 
 shrinkage after being aclimated to the atmospheric con- 
 ditions. 
 
 No. 35 shows a piece of 4 x 14 mahogany. 
 
 No. 36 shows a piece of 8-4 quarter oak as was taken 
 from the yard. 
 
 No. 37 shows a piece of the same plank after drying. 
 Note the dimensions. 
 
 52 
 
No. 38 shows a piece of "glued up" top, which was, at 
 the time of gluing, the same width as the moulding on end 
 is long. 
 
 No. 39 shows the effect of air drying on round timber, 
 compare with Plate IV. 
 
 Box Kiln Record for the foregoing cuts of Shoe Last 
 Blocks, Dried by the use of exhaust steam during working 
 hours only. Time 23 days. Allowed to cool down 4 days 
 more before opening kiln. 
 
 Plate 8 
 
 .53 
 

 E 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 P 
 
 u. 
 
 01 
 
 O 
 
 (V, 
 
 A. M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 ^ 
 
 105 
 
 120 
 
 60 
 
 P. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 H 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. M. 
 
 2.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 K 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 90 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 v^ 
 
 120 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 ^ 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 % 
 
 v^ 
 
 F 
 
 y^ 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 /2 
 
 V^ 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 115 
 
 130 
 
 60 
 
 P. M. 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Va 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 60 
 
 P. M. 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 P. M. 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 P. M. 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 90 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 % 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 P. M. 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 70 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 70 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 110 
 
 130 
 
 50 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 60 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 A. M. 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 100. 
 
 .120. 
 
 .45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 94 
 
 120 
 
 37 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 .98 
 
 120 
 
 45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 85 
 
 115 
 
 45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 .85 
 
 115 
 
 45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 85 
 
 115 
 
 45 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 .95 
 
 110 
 
 45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 90 
 
 110 
 
 45 
 
 P. M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ya 
 
 .95 
 
 100 
 
 45 
 
 Box 
 xl2" Ion 
 blocks. 
 
 Kiln filled with air dried Maple blocks, 4" x 5" 
 g and operated as above produced perfectly dried 
 
 54 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 DIRECTIONS 
 FOR READING LLOYD'S HYGRODEIK 
 
 Hygrodeik 
 
 Catch the reading of the wet bulb first, and with this in 
 mind quickly catch the reading of the dry bulb. Swing 
 the arm towards the wet bulb, and set the sliding pointer 
 to the degree reading on the wet bulb. Then swing the 
 arm to the right until it intersects the lines running with 
 a downward curve from the reading on the dry bulb 
 scale, from the point of intersection. Notice the end of 
 the swinging bar passes along the lower set of figures. 
 This scale represents the humidity in percentages. 
 
 Should the reading of the wet bulb thermometer be 
 120 degrees and that of the dry bulb be 140 degrees, the 
 index hand will indicate relative humidity 53',, when 
 the pointer rests on the intersecting lines of 120 and 140 
 degrees. 
 
 DEW POINT is 100',, or FULL CAPACITY OF 
 AIR. 
 
 The curved column of figures represents the amount 
 of water in grains contained in a cubic foot of air at the 
 different temperatures. This is the full carrying capacity 
 of the air. and is termed the Dew Point. That is if the 
 Wet Bulb shows 140 degrees, and the Dry bulb 140 de- 
 grees, this would read 100', humidity, and carrying 57 
 grains to the cubic foot of air. 
 
 55 
 
^ 140 
 
 HumidoKraph 
 58 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 HUMIDOGRAPH 
 
 Instructions for Operating, 
 
 The HUMIDOGRAPH is a wet and dry bulb ther- 
 mometer, the wet bulb being connected with a water 
 bottle. 
 
 The HUMIDOGRAPH is a self registering instru- 
 ment, especially designed for getting percentages of hu- 
 midity, and it makes it possible to get the readings of the 
 inside of the kiln at any point desired. The instrument is 
 composed of two registering removable thermometers or 
 bulbs, and is so constructed that it registers the degree of 
 heat on one bulb, and the other bulb is arranged for reg- 
 istering humidity, by being inserted into a wick attached 
 to the bottle containing water in which one end of its 
 wick is immersed. 
 
 To operate this instrument, it is only necessary to re- 
 move the thermometer from the stand, and take it be- 
 tween the thumb and fore finger, and give it a sharp flirt 
 with the wrist, which will throw the mercury a few de- 
 grees below the supposed temperature of the kiln. The 
 instrument being very sensitive, it must not be shaken 
 severely. .To apply the Humidograph fill a bottle with 
 rain water and place the HUMIDOGRAPH in a place 
 where it is desired to learn the humidity and temperature. 
 As the place contains 100' , humidity, both of the ther- 
 mometers will register the same, and any percentages 
 below this will be shown as a difference between the 
 readings of the thermometers. 
 
 When the difference between the two thermometers is 
 learned, refer to the table and see column of differences 
 which runs from zero to sixty, inclusive. (See page 59j. 
 For example, if the wet bulb registers 140 deg. and the dry 
 bulb 180 deg. there is a difference of 40 degrees. Look 
 down the column of differences and find forty, and to the 
 right of 40 you will find 33' , (under 180), which indicates 
 that there is 33', of humidity. By this means any ', of 
 humidity may be ascertained. 
 
 It is very essential, in operating this instrument, to 
 keep a clean wick, and to use clean water — otherwise you 
 will get imperfect readings. 
 
 HUMIDITY TABLE. The following table will give 
 a fair idea of temperatures and humidities that work out 
 
 57 
 
the best average results in drying by the vapor process. 
 
 Green or Loading End 
 Temperature Humidity 
 
 120 deg 35/^ 
 
 130 deg 90 
 
 140 deg 95 
 
 150 deg 100 
 
 160 deg 100 
 
 Dry or Unloading End 
 Temperature Humidity 
 
 140 deg 30' < 
 
 150 deg 35 
 
 160 deg 35 
 
 170 deg 40 
 
 180 deg 40 
 
 High temperature and high humidity produce quick 
 drying, i. e., 160 deg., 100', loading end, 180 deg., 35 to 
 40 ■/ unloading end. 
 
 The following table shows the number of grains of 
 moisture that can be carried by one cubic foot of air at 
 the different degrees of temperature, (atmosphere at a 
 temperature of 80 deg. normal condition 50', carries 
 about 5 grains of moisture to the cubic foot.) and the 
 number of times greater power to dry than the atmos- 
 phere : 
 
 140 deg. car 
 150 deg. car 
 160 deg. car 
 170 deg. car 
 180 deg. car 
 
 s 57 gr. 30 'v hum. car's l7-]-or 40 more gr.= 8 times force 
 s 72 gr. 30'/c hum. car's 21--or 51 more gr. =10 times force 
 s 90 gr. 30% hum. car's 27--or 51 more gr. =12 times force 
 s 112 gr. 35% hum. car's 39-i-or 73 more gr. =14 times force 
 s 139 gr. 40% hum. car's 55-hor 83 more gr.=15 times force 
 
 Showing that the humidity on drying lumber can be 
 carried to 50', at 140 deg. and 80', at 180 deg. and still 
 have five times greater power than the atmosphere under 
 its best possible conditions. 
 
 68 
 
TIMF. TABLE FOR 
 
 Estimated pro^bable time 
 for drying -1" stockfrom 
 
 Weigh 
 M, fe 
 
 t per 
 et . 
 
 3n^oa. to 12 m.os. on sti 
 
 GKS , 
 
 f 
 
 bv the G .R'.V .W. Process 
 
 DA^. 
 
 GREEN 
 
 DRY 
 
 ASH (Black) 
 
 3-4 
 
 4,5 00 
 
 5,250 
 
 ASH (White) 
 
 5-'^ 
 
 4,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 BASSVvOOD 
 
 3-4 
 
 4:. 000 
 
 a, 4:00 
 
 BEECH 
 
 8-9 
 
 6 , 00.0 
 
 4,000 
 
 RTRCH 
 
 S-8 
 
 D ,500 
 
 4.000 
 
 BUTTERNUT 
 
 3-4 
 
 4,000 
 
 2, 500 
 
 CEDAR 
 
 
 
 
 6HERRY 
 
 5-Y 
 
 5, GOO 
 
 3,800 
 
 6HESTKUT 
 
 5-nf 
 
 0, ooo 
 
 2, aoo 
 
 CYPRESS 
 
 4-G 
 
 5, 000 
 
 3»0oc 
 
 COTTONWOOD 
 
 4-5 
 
 4,000 
 
 ^,800 
 
 ELM (Soft) 
 
 4-5 
 
 4, 500 
 
 ^,000 
 
 EUA (Rock) 
 
 6-7 
 
 D, 500 
 
 4,000 
 
 FIR 
 
 
 
 
 GUM (White) 
 
 
 4, 050 
 
 2, 3X0 
 
 GUM (Red) 
 
 j)6 
 
 D o500 
 
 3, 300 
 
 HEMLOCK 
 
 
 
 
 HICKORY (CutloSq Dim.) 
 
 €.-5 
 
 G, 000 
 
 4.500 
 
 MAHOGANY 
 
 5-6 
 
 ^, 500 
 
 3,500 
 
 MAHOGANY (African) 
 
 
 
 
 MAPLE 
 
 5-1 
 
 5,500 
 
 4, OCX) 
 
 MAPLE (White) 
 
 5-1 
 
 0,500 
 
 4, 000 
 
 OAK (Plain) 
 
 6-9 
 
 5,500 
 
 4, 000 
 
 OAK (Quartered) 
 
 G-r 
 
 5 ,^00 
 
 4,00c 
 
 PINE 
 
 
 
 
 PINE V/hite Norway 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 PINE Lon^ Leaf 
 
 5-4 
 
 4,2)00 
 
 3^2.00 
 
 PINE Short Leaf 
 
 
 
 
 PINE Su^ar 
 
 
 
 
 POPLAR 
 
 0-7 
 
 2),800 
 
 £.800 
 
 SPRUCE 
 
 
 
 
 SYCAMORE 
 
 
 4^7 50 
 
 3.0 00 
 
 VERMILLION 
 
 10-12 
 
 4 ,800 
 
 
 WALNUT 
 
 
 4;800 
 
 3,60O 
 
 VJHITEWOOD 
 
 5-7 
 
 3,800 
 
 2,800 
 
 We'desire to fill in the remainder 
 comes to hand. 
 
DRYING LUMBER 
 
 
 
 Time of drying 3 mos.on Time of 
 12rao. stock by sticks drying green 
 our patrons r \ from saw 
 
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These cuts show conditions often found in Lumber as it comes from the lumber yard 
 
 The above cut shows a section taken from a table top 
 in which a piece of air dried white oak was placed be- 
 tween two pieces of properly kiln dried white oak, all 1^" 
 thick, faced on both sides with ,',/' basswood, veneered 
 and mahogany faced. The shrinkage shown in the cen- 
 ter was the result of about ten months exposure to the at- 
 mosphere in a closed room, showing, conclusively, that 
 properly kiln dried lumber retains its exact proportions 
 under all conditions, v/hile air dried or improperly kiln 
 dried lumber is not at rest, but is continually changing 
 its form and proportions. This center piece would have 
 been as thick as the edge pieces had it been through the 
 vapor process. 
 
 2 inch Quartered Oak 
 
 T^TW^^nn'm 
 
 U 
 
 2 inch Plain Oak 
 63 
 
h u 
 
 o a 
 
 £ ^ 
 
^\w» Oovn\ IPxauf «Tn 
 
 Si^ 1. '^*yiv»**'citm wKitt KawsxiK o»K»tv \«.XTiVi«r \B mot drjg 
 rnouAV, J|etvc« Wv* ioxtvt is VroVen ■['roY»\ itoS vrvcKes at «acK 
 end. J^nda' Vawe sHrunK.. 
 
 xiph. ^KottiS Sij^at ttJ0u.l4 b* VvVei^ "Co Vxaupen, and does 
 ■TrKi uenV\p VapuevL »nd vt \« sut)^o0«d ^'hat the \um\>»v \s V\ot 
 dro e-nou-qn , «nd ■il >« ^vv(.i\ «r».otV\e« warnwaqun \rv.t\\e Vlttv , 
 iwHereas tK# r«o1 d\ffvcu\tia ■iv; tV.« lumber is ^3o i>efy Arp ^Ka\ 
 it it; abfco-rVxTi^ nVthe moVstMrs "fronrv U\e- a\r and expaxxAxna 
 uiUk tfetnsindo'Msf or ce , so mvccVi bo, IKat if a ^ lenytK of 
 rtraitv tfe-re cut off ?»C*'OSe t'hxc'board ^3o^■H■ " ■jVovrv "tVie. ewd_, 
 xt 'OlouVct \TrvTY\^<i».>te\E j uiTvp ou.t beuoMd t\\e wvdtK f\»0\t\ t»3l\«rv«» 
 
 vl was c^t— ty^ vj— . IJIotxce the. Voard spUts tlwoualx fhe- 
 joint wVivX* fh.* ends r e-iT\a\tv ^X-ued, or tKere i.s « "bveaX, x-n 
 \'Ke ssoKd "board ne-avXp \Vb lex^atla. ^\\ov»\x\Q nf eaY 
 Aanoev \rt ovkt Aic»\x\a — - Potv't "do— \^ . 
 
 rig.i 
 
 <Hed 
 
 65 
 
RECORDING THERMOMETER 
 
 The Recorder notes upon its dial the slightest change 
 in temperature. These dials are arranged for making a 
 run for 7 days to the full circuit of the dial, and are de- 
 signed to be changed weekly, making a continuous read- 
 ing. These records are valuable as sentinels guarding 
 the interests of the manufacturer, day and night. 
 
 The Weather Bureau, in forecasting the weather, em- 
 ploys certain instruments for specific purposes, among 
 which are the recording thermometer, Humidograph, 
 Hygrodeik, Anemometer and Barometer. 
 
 66 
 
The Recording Thermometer records the changes in 
 the temperature. The Humidograph has a dry bulb which 
 registers the highest degree of temperature, and a wet 
 bulb registering a different reading indicating the humid- 
 ity in the atmosphere. (See Humidograph. page 57). The 
 Hygrodeik indicates the highest degree of temperature, 
 and the wet bulb registers the difference in degrees — this 
 difference is readily reduced to percentage. (See Hygro- 
 deik, page 55). 
 
 The Anemometer denotes the velocity of the air or wind 
 currents in feet per minute or miles per hour, thus indi- 
 cating pressure in pounds per square foot. 
 
 68 
 
The Barometer indicates the atmospheric pressure 
 produced by conflicting or opposing currents of air, 
 and is not apparent to the sense of sight or touch, but is 
 observed by the action of the pointer as it traverses the 
 scale, indicating inches of pressure. It seldom remains 
 at rest more than a few hours at a time, thus showing the 
 great need of a reserve of power on a ventilating system 
 in order to produce uniform results. With these facts 
 and instruments in mind, it will be apparent that these 
 same instruments are equally indispensable to the suc- 
 cessful operating of a Dry Kiln. 
 
 The cut below represents a pair of balance scales used 
 for weighing the test pieces, which is particularly nice in 
 the adjustment of the weight along the bar, weighing to 
 the one-tenth of a gram, doing away with exceedingly 
 small weights, and is a great relief to the operator, while 
 engaged in working out the percentages by weight. 
 
 This cut also shows a 2" boxwood rule with celluloid 
 facing with rulings of tenths and fiftieths to the inch. 
 These celluloid facings are set upon the angular edges of 
 the rule, making it possible to get very close readings 
 for working out the percentages of shrinkage. 
 
 . Jltf LWo l,l.;;wOa vJ»J 
 
 pxcces oi tne same plank dried under diil'erent processes. 
 JNJotice the dimensions. 
 
 69 
 
Oattt- 
 
 From 
 
 Mtnugt ; SuptrinlcndenI - 
 
 Describe aa thU theel the dcw dry kill yoa detire, or your kiln to be remodeled to improTe iti ootpat, fillin g in 
 repUe> to tbe foUowiog tut of queitioiu, ANSWERING THEM CORREaLY AND FULLY. 
 
 aVE NUMBER AND SIZE OF KJLNS TO BE BUILT OR REMODELED. 
 
 1 No Length ft iniide of end walk Width ... h. between walli. Height ft. from top of rail to ceilil( 
 
 2 No •' ■• 
 
 3 No. •• . ' •• •• ■• " ■* 
 
 4 Wlul i> name of kilo ; When buill : Who inrtalled il 
 
 5 l> loading end North ; Eait ; Soudi ; ot WeH :.... 
 
 _ 6 What il louodabco owtaial ; How thick ; Depth below railline 
 
 9 J 7 I, building briik : WalU tolid oc hollow ; If walls have Sue. in thero 
 
 8 U buildine cemeol : Walls lolid, hollow oi blocb : sketch same on back of this iheel 
 
 D J 9 Is building wood ; Size of studs ; C. loC ; Lining ; Siding 
 
 1 Stoiies high If mofe than one describe fully 
 
 1 1 Is ceiling wood : No. of layers ; Thickness ; Condition , . 
 
 12 Is roof coocrete ; How thick : How buill and covered , 
 
 t 3 Are doors wood ; How hung Opeiung, Up or Sideways * 
 
 1 4 Are doors canvas ; Weight per yard : Single or double 
 
 (I 5 How many loaded cars can stand at loading end ; Unloading end 
 i 6 Is there a transfer track at loading end ; Unloadicg end 
 
 ^ ] I 7 How many cars does kiln hold ; How loog are bunks ; Whose make 
 
 ' 1 8 How much lumber oo each car ; Height of load from track to top of load ; Wide 
 
 1 9 How many cars do you dry daily ; How many do you want to dry 
 
 20 Docs lumber enter kiln aosapiled ; or endwise ; No. stickers used 
 
 2 I When kilo u full, how much space hom end cars to doors ; Between cars to adewalls 
 
 I 22 Give AMOUNT OF EACH KIND OF LUMBER you wish to dry daily 
 
 I 23 Give thickness of the abo 
 
 '^ 24 How Icng air dried Or fresh from. saw ; What is the longest length 
 
 ! [ 25 What ar; the rail supports, piers or posts ; What distance from Center to C. : Height ... 
 
 !< I 26 How many rails : Weight per yard . . . . ; What distance from Center to C Grade oi track m 10 ft 
 
 . I 2 7 Distance bottom of rail to bottom of kiln at loading end : Unloading end 
 
 y 28 Distance bottom of rail to top of coil : Distance from coil to sidewalls 
 
 129 Distance from header to wall at loading end ; Distance from end cl coil to wall at unloadmg end • 
 
 J )30 GIVE NUMBER of PIPES IN COIL : SIZE ; LENGTH : Toul lineal ft 
 
 I 3 1 Are headers cast or pipe Diameter ; Length : Horizontal or verbcal 
 
 [ 32 Are headers lor 1-2-3 or 4 layers of pipe ; Distance Center to Center of pipe m headers 
 
 \ 33 Are holes in dnp header threaded left hand ; Or unions in coil Where located 
 
 / 34 Size of supply pipe at header ; Size of drip mains from headers ... 
 
 1 I 35 Do you use exhaust steam . ; What back pressure ; Uve steam. ; Pressure 
 
 1 1 36 Give size of exhaust pipe ; Distance engine to kiln : Size live steam pipe 
 
 »- I 37 Give temperature now ca.neJ loading end ; Unloading end 
 
 • < 38 Have you a recording thermometer ; What make ; Pressure regulator ; What make 
 
 K j 39 Size engine cylinder ; Rev. per minute ; Point of cut-oS : H. P 
 
 ■^MO Size and H. P of boilers ; Pressure carried ; Fuel used 
 
 a 4 I What boiler compound used ; What feed water heater ; Open or closed 
 
 42 Does all exhaust pass ihrougli heater before going to kiln ; If not, what portico does 
 
 I*'. 3 Name of vacuum system ■ : Size of pump ; Name ; Vacuum carried 
 44 Do dr IS return to a branch tee header at the pump ; If rot, how connected 
 45 Do any bve steam drips return direct to pump ; Or through trap to pump 
 46 Does your factory require the greater pirt of your exhaust during winter monlfis ; iGivc proportion 
 
 2 J 47 Number o( traps now used on your kilns ; Capaaty : Name 
 
 '^ [ 40 How high are Itiln dnps above pump or trap: : or how far below 
 
 \ 49 If oo vacuum system, how aie dnps provided for 
 
 50 
 
 PENCIL on outline PLAN of Kihi and Buildings adjoining or near by, approximate distance between and height or number oi 
 stones high of these surrounding buildings on BACK of this sh-et. Scale is not necessary, but dimensions and distances are. 
 
 If you have drawings of kf1n, send thrm to us and we will return them promptly. If you have no plans, send us a tketch showing 
 plan, end and side elevations, coils and location o' mains and dnps. Tlui will enable us to maU accurate drawings of yoar kiln and 
 estimates on the cost of the equipment. 
 
 Give Us Plain Answers to All QuzUions, Written in Ink. 
 
 SlKn?lu:e, - 
 
 70 
 
Plate VII 
 
 The kiln represented above dries Ya," Poplar Veneers, 
 direct from the log, edge piled in finger racks, as indicated 
 using 15 pounds pressure of live steam from 6:00 P. M. 
 to 5 :00 A. M., the spray being used heavy for the first 
 two hours only, with the coil on and dampers closed. At 
 this point, open the bottom dampers half way until 5 :00 
 o'clock in the morning, then shut the steam off from the 
 coil, but allow it to remain on the stack equalizer at the 
 same time open the dampers in the top flues so as to draw 
 off the humidity from the top of the kiln — thus removing 
 the surface moisture and allowing the veneers to cool 
 down before exposing them to the atmosphere. 
 
 71 
 

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 ProKressive Kiln Plate IX 
 
tiW fiHWI'TlH 
 
Plate X 
 
mu U JLMBtMt^l 
 
 I, V'tJga^g 
 
trCADINfr EMnaecTicN 
 
 BOX KILN 
 
W*R 'V 'WTO 
 
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36 91 
 

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 HECKMAN 
 
 BINDERY INC. 
 
 # DEC 90 
 N. MANCHESTER, 
 INDIANA 46962