< < < < < * l c c< c C ICC < * c < c< c <« < c <«: CC(€ C C <*C (((€ <: cue ""7 < t^T c :.ti" 2-1 Sue 2.S Wright ami Re 26. Cgtonsmj 27 U.jIMv 2.1. XimfteE ?». Order 50 Eventualil.y 31. 1W S2. Time 5J. language .•JOHN IKHEESIIN .: 1 BRIDLE S1T.BKT I EDINBURGH : PETER BROWN, PRINTER, ST JAMES 1 SQUARE. A K E V TO PHRENOLOGY Phrenology is the name giren to that science which treats of the faculties of the human mind, not merely in an abstract manner, but viewing them in connection with the brain, and consequently as displayed 1>y the external aspect of the head, the casement in which the human brain is contained. The name is derived from two < trees; words — Phren, mind, and Logo*, discourse* It is andeniable that the mind consists oi* a variety of faculties ; and, as the eye is the organ of Bight, and the ear the organ of hearing, so Phrenology teaches that the brain is the organ or instrument by which the mind acts, and that each primitive faculty has a certain portion of the brain allotted to it, as its organ. Man is a being endowed with a threefold nature — animal, moral, and intellectual ; and the division, or numbering of the faculties, adopted by the phrenologists, commences with the animal propensities, which, by a beautiful harmony of nature, are found to lie at the base of the brain, and gradually to ascend to the moral sentiments, which are given to regulate and control his animal nature ; and lastly, in the forehead, lie the organs of the intellectual powers — thus confirming the old remark of Shakspeare, who talks contemptibly of those " with foreheads villanous !o\\.'* We shall now proceed with the different faculties in order : — FACULTIES <>I THE MINI). ]. Amativenkss, ok Physical Love. This, though, in one sense, it may be viewed as among the lowest of the animal propensities, is still one of the most important, and is the root from which springs the delightful emotions of love and domestic affection. The cerebellum, which is situated at the back of the neck, and constitutes a distinct and separate portion of the human brain, is the organ of this propensity; and, that this is the fact, is supported by such a mass of evidence, from medical authors and others, as to be quite irresistible.* In new-born children, the cere- bellum is, on an average, only as one in fifteen, to the rest of the brain, or in adults, as one to seven. It is generally larger in the male than in the female head. 2. Philoprogenitiveness. This faculty indicates a primitive feeling, or instinct, in the beings possessed of it, to take care of their offspring ; and, though it gives rise to a peculiar and ardent attachment to their own children, it also creates an affection for children in general. The organ is usually " Sec Dr Gall's large work on the brain. 4 A KEY TO PHRENOLOGY. larger in the female than in the male head ; when it is large, the individual takes a special delight in children, who, understanding the language of nature, instinctively draw near to those who are largely endowed with this faculty. It is situated immediately ahove the cerebellum. 3. CoNCENTRATIVENESS. This organ is now generally believed to indicate the power of co?i- centration of thought-; though formerly it was termed the organ of Inhabitivencss, and supposed to give the feeling of attachment to par- ticular places, and to lead to a dislike to change of residence. 4. Adhesiyeness. This name indicates a faculty which produces a tendency to attach ourselves to those around us ;— that binds us to each other, and leads to society. One of its modifications is friendship, ''sweefner of life, and solder of society." It is generally stronger in women than men. In children, it creates attachment even to the lower annuals— as dogs, Persons in whom the propensity is large, are particularly attached to the domestic circle, and cling to the objects of their affection. Ihose in whom it is weak, are inclined to lead a recluse life. The organ is situated on each side of Concentrativeness, a little higher than Philoprogenitiveness. 5. COMBATIYENESS. The use of this organ is, in the first place, for defence ; it gives rise to boldnesf of spirit, though much subdued and kept m check when the oro-an of Cautiousness is also large. Combativcness and Destructiveness are the principal ingredients in a fiery and quarrelsome disposition It is generally large in great warriors, prize-fighters, and pugilists A\ lien the organ is very large, the individual is in danger of constantly getting into quarrels, from his indomitable love of contention. ^ hen it is very small, he abhors strife and battling of every kind. The organ is situated behind and between the ears. 6. Destructiveness. The primary nature of this faculty is considered to bo a tendency to destroy. Satire, anger, and rage, emanate from it. A person ot a warm temper has generally a considerable developement ot the organ. Itcives, when large, an inclination to inflict pain, vexation and distress, if not controlled by a large Benevolence. A revengeful disposition unmitigated cruelty, and a savage and ferocious temper, are the results o averyfegedevelopemenl of the organ, when not governed by the mora and intellectual powers.. It is generally found large m the heads ot those wlio have committed deliberate murder. The organ lies immediately above the ear. Alimentivenebs. This Organ is supposed to give the instinct for food, and to be larg, ly developed in thOBe Who are Fond of good living. 1. IB only Stated a. conjectural. 7. Secbrtivenbss. This organ gives the tendency to conceal ; and to penetrate into the thoughts and feelings of others. It i> an essential ingredient m the A KEY TO PHHKXol.rn.v. qualifications necessary for a good dramatic actor, combined with Imita- tion, as it bestows the power of suppressing and concealing the natural emotions of the other faculties of the mind. It enables us to check and keep at a distance the idle and intrusive, that we may not, to use the expressive language of Shakspeare — " Wear our hearts upon our slo For daws to peck at." Manoeuvring, mystery, dissimulation, and cunning, are the abuses of the faculty. When directed by the moral and intellectual powers, it contributes to prudent and circumspect conduct. The organ is situated immediately above Destructiveness. J!. A.CQUI8IT11 BNB88. This faculty gives the propensity to acquire and accumulate — alike money and every other species of property or knowledge. Covetousness, avarice, greed, are manifestations (.fits intensity. Asa 'ii, unregulated by Conscientiousness, it leads to many of t lie greatest crimes among mankind — plunder, robbery, and theft. Hence, its frequent and severe condemnation in the sacred writings, under the name of covetousness. Whilst it produces selfishness on the one hand, it 1< ads to prudence on the other, by teaching men to lay up in store for the future. i>. ( 'oNs | hi ( 1 I ■. . \ I This faculty leads to the di ODStruction of every kind — from the hut of the Esquimaux to the palace of the king — from the simplest piece of mechanism to the complex machinery of the steam-engine ; its direction being prompted by the other faculties which predominate in the mind. Boys, in whom it is large, are most suited for mechanical employments. The locality of the organ is anterior to the organ of Acquisitiveness. 10. Self-Esteem. This faculty leads to the feeling of self-love in general, and is one of the most prevalent and fundamental principles in the human constitution. It gives the mind confidence in it> own powers ; but when very largely developed, creates excessive self-complacency, arrogance, pride, ego- tism, overweening self-confidence and self-conceit ; and, in speaking and writing, leads to a constant use of the pronoun " I." To adopt a homely phrase, it makes a man on too good terms with himself— along with a large hove of Approbation, it is apt to bad to envy. A deficiency of it creates want of confidence. The organ lies at the crown of the head. 11. Love of Approbation. This faculty renders us desirous of the esteem of others — the right exercise of it leads to courtesy, politeness, and agreeable manners. It is the principle that gives an anxiety to have the praise and admiration of those around us, and, consequently, tends to create an obliging dispo- sition. It teaches us to suppress and restrain undue selfishness, or any peculiarity of character which might give offence to others. It leads, when not regulated by a sound judgment, to vanity and conceit — to shew in dress — and to an over-anxiety regarding what the world will say and think of us. This organ also creates bashfulness, indi- cating the fear of not gaining the approbation of others. The faculty is generally more largely developed in women than in men. a kky to piirknologv. 12. Cautiousness. This faculty produces fear — circumspection — anxiety to avoid dan- ger. It teaches a man to think before he acts, and creates prudence of character. All who are very narrow in this region of the head, are remarkable for rashness and thoughtlessness — plunging from one error into another ; whilst, on the other hand, those who have this organ very largely developed, are noted for prudence — looking always to the right and to the left — timid, and afraid to act — balancing every consi- deration — if Firmness is not large, wavering ; and when the organ of Hope is small — quite desponding in their character — and it is this latter combination that leads some to take the gloomy view of every thing in life. When diseased, it creates hypochondriacism. 13. Benevolence. This organ leads to compassion, sympathy, kind-heartedness, and charity. Its natural character is mildness and placidity of temper ; and it tends to make those in whom it is largely developed happy themselves and happy with those around them, and to look on their fellow-creatures with a kind and charitable eye; so that, altogether, it is a god-like attribute, given by the Creator to add richly to the happiness of man. It leads to much of the active goodness of life, especially when combined with religious principle. Benevolence makes us think of others — the want of it leads us to think only of ourselves. 14. Veneration. This faculty produces respect and reverence in general, without indi- cating to what it may be specially directed ; its loftiest object is devotion to the Supreme Being — the Creator and Governor of the universe : and those who are endowed with great natural piety and fervour in prayer, always have this organ largely developed. It is the same faculty that gives veneration for moral worth, for rank, title, and ancestry — modified by the mental constitution of the individual. Sceptical persons are defi- cient in the organ, and its excessive developement gives a tendency to superstition. 15. Firmness. This organ gives constancy and determination of character. It leads to perseverance in any pursuit, and keeps one from hesitating and va- cillating about every matter. Its deficiency makes a person unsteady and changeable ; too great energy of the organ produces stubbornness and obstinacy, and prevents a man listening to the voice of reason ; but the particular kind of firmness or obstinacy displayed, is, of course, regulated by the other prevailing mental powers of the individual. 10. Conscientiousness. This faculty produces the desire of being just and equitable — to do to (tlurs as we would that thov should do to us— in short, it imparts the sense of right and wrong; and with the organ well developed, a man will regulate his actions and conduct more from a nature] sense of justice, than from :i mere obedience to law. The latter obviously involves a much lower principle than Conscientiousness — it is fear. When the organ is small, a difficulty is felt in perceiving the nature of justice, and the indi- vidual is apt to l)i> swayed by self-interest, of more unworthy motives. 17- Hope. This faculty produces in the mind the general sentiment of hope, and inspires the person who has it largely manifested with happy and agree- able emotions regarding the future ; it gives a tendency to H6W I A KEY TO PHRENOLOGY. 7 prospect on the bright side, and to believe in the possibility of attaining what he most desires : •■ Auspicious Hope ! in thy fwoet garden grow, Wreaths f<>r each toil, ■ charm for every wo." Religiously directed, it forms an important element in faith. St Paul in his epistle to the Hebrews, beautifully designates Faith, u the sub- stance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen." The writer of this knew intimately a clergyman of the Church of Scot- land, of great talent, who became exactly like Cowper the poet, and imagined he was doomed to eternal misery. The key to this was found in his developement; the organ of Cautiousness was rery large, and the organ of Hope almost a hollow in the head. A very large developement of this faculty is apt to lead to credulity, and to the most rash and sanguine expectations. 18. Wonder, or Mabvellousni Dr Spunsheim states, that "this feeling disposes man to admire, to be astonished, and to believe in supernatural agents, events, and con ceptions;" and that it is pleased with all sorts of marvellous notions. It gives a fondness for extraordinary narratives and mysteries ; and a large developement of the organ is apt to lead to a belief in the truth of dreams, phantom-, and inspirations, and, when very large, to spectra! illusions. l!>. Idkm.im Dr Gall, not altogether inappropriately, named this the organ of poetry; for no one v\ ho has not the organ considerably developed can either be a poet or very fond of poetry: Poeta nascihtr, iionfil* It is this faculty that inspires us with the love of all kinds of physical and moral beauty, and tills our minds with rapture in the contemplation of what is beautiful and sublime. It creates s desire after perfection, and leads to delight in viewing excellence of every kind. It originates zeal and enthusiasm — and " it is a good thing to be zealous in a good cause." It gives a taste for the fine arts iu every department, and is the source of much happiness to the person who is largely endowed with it. The heads of two celebrated individuals have been frequently contrasted, as illustrative of the effect of this faculty on the character — in Dr Chalmers, Ideality is very large, and it invests all his writings with the charm of that irresistible eloquence which has so rarely been equalled — in Joseph Hume, the member of parliament, the organ is small, and he is dis- tinguished as the mere dry matter-of-fact man ; though both have a large brain. When this organ is small, the individual is generally a plain, homely character, unsusceptible of the finer emotions of taste and beauty ; though, it may be, possessed of excellent judgment 20. Wit, or Mirth fulness. This faculty creates a disposition to regard every thing in an amusing or ludicrous point of view. Some of the definitions of the word " Wit," given in the English dictionary, are remarkably appropriate, even phren- ologically ; it is there stated to be " quickness of fancy — sentiments produced by quickness of fancy — a man of genius." Wit is a species of intuition ; it is, perhaps, the primary element of genius, and : — * A man is born a pcet ; not made one. O A KEY TO PHRENOLOGY. " What is genius ? 'Tis a flame Kindling all the human frame ; 'Tis a ray that lights the eye — Soft in love, in battle high ; 'Tis the lightning of the mind, Unsubdued and undefined ; 'Tis the flood that pours along The full, clear melody of song ; 'Tis the sacred boon of Heaven, To its choicest favourites given. They who feel, can paint it well. What is genius ? Byron, tell !" In short, Wit, accompanied with Ideality, is genius; and it is the loftiest genius when exalted by the other ennobling faculties of the mind ; such as Benevolence, Veneration, Conscientiousness, and Causality. A consider- able developement of the organ, along with a large Combativeness and Destructiveness, leads to sarcasm and satire. With a large Constructive- ness and Form, it makes the caricaturist. Mr Scott of Teviotbank, an able phrenological essayist, in an analysis of Humour, contained in the Transactions of the Phrenological Society, con- siders this quality as created by a combination of Wit with Secretiveness and Imitation. Jest, gaiety, laughter, ridicule, and irony, all emanate from this faculty of the mind. A considerable endowment of the organ of Comparison, powerfully aids Wit in suggesting analogies. Wit is an annoyance to those in whom the organ is weakly developed ; and its most brilliant corruscations are, to minds of this description, quite unintelligible, and appear impertinent and intrusive. 21. Imitation, This organ gives a tendency to imitate. It is generally active in children, who are not only constantly doing what they see done by others, but also repeating what they hear narrated by those around them. The faculty gives a talent for imitating voice and gesture, and leads to the easy acquisition of the accent, in studying foreign languages. It is an essential ingredient in the character of a great actor. It is of importance to artists, enabling them to excel in their profession. 22. Individuality. This organ gives the desire to know individual objects, and it takes cognizance of every existence in material nature, whether animate or inanimate. Dr Spurzheim describes it as the organ that knows objects in their individual capacities. It leads to observation, and is an essential element in a mind that is fond of botany, mineralogy, and the various branches of natural history. Mr Combe remarks, that, when aided by Comparison, it produces that sort of metaphorical writing which distin- guishes Bunyan ; and it is a striking corroboration of this observation, thai many who possess a large Ideality, and otherwise good developement, but have a small Individuality, have never been able to read through The Pilgrim's Progress. '2:5. Form, oh Configuration. This organ gives the power of distinguishing the form of objects. It is an essential element in a talent lor the imitative arts, and enables us to recollect persons and forms previously seen. It is said to be large. generally speaking, in the beads of the French and the Chinese. Child- ren in whom it is large have B natural talent foi cutting out figUTCS OH A KKY TO PHRENOLOGY. paper, and drawing. The organ is situated between the eye and the nose. 24. Size. This organ conveys to the mind the idea of the dimensions and size of objects ; it measure distance and space, and leads to the knowledge of proportion and perspective. The frontal sinus— an opening that frequently occurs between the inner and outer surfaces of the frontal bone at this part of the head— presents a difficulty in pronouncing on the developemcnt of this^ organ, and also regarding Xos. 22, 23, and 25. 25. AY eight or Resistance. This faculty gives the power of judging of the momentum weight or of bodies. Those w ho are good at pitching quoits, and such like exer- cises, have the organ large, and it is of great use in all mechanical science. It is also supposed to give the power of adapting our bodily movements to the laws of equilibrium. 2(>. Colouring. This organ bestows the knowledge of colours, and gives nicety of discrimination in judging of their various shades and harmonious arrangement. There are seme individuals and families who are almost destitute of this power. Di Spnnheun mentions a boy wh.. wished to be a tailor, but had to leave his trade, because he could not distinguish colours. A similar oeeurrenee. in another branch of trade, happened with Mr -James Milne, an eminent brassfbundei in Edinburgh, in whose head this part recedes. Numerous instances of the same description are well authenticated. This faculty is of essentia] use to painters, dyers, and all who are occupied with colours. The organ is placed in the middle of the arch of the eyebrows, 27. Locality. This faculty gives the power of conceiving and remembering the posi- tion and localities of , xtcrnal objects; it creates a fondness for travel- ling, and is important in prosecuting the study of astronomy, geographv, geology, geometry, and landscape-drawing. J)r Spurzheim at first denominated it. the organ of space. It is generally found large in the beads of great travellers. Those who have it large, will remember, after the interval of many years, the exact position of a stone, a tree, or any other external object, which they have once seen. 28. Number, or Calculation. Tb is organ bestows a knowledge of the relations of number, and is tialto those who wish to excel in the arithmetical and algebraic sciences. ( hildren in whom this organ is large, shew a great faculty for calculation, whilst they are perhaps quite defective in other mental powers, and will display the taste for enumerating, even when no useful purpose is served by it. 29. Order. This faculty gives method and order in all our arrangements of external objects. It creates a taste for neatness and order, in dress, furniture, buildings, and the like. Those in whom the organ is large, feel their minds annoyed and disturbed by any confusion or want of Arrangement in the objects around them, and are prompted instantly to put them right. Dr Spurzheim asks the question, Is cleanliness dependent on the same faculty as order ? There can be no doubt of it : cleanliness is meiely one branch or ramification of Order, and springs from the same source. Those who have the organ small are apt to become slovenly, 10 A KUY TO PHRENOLOGY. and to display a want of taste for symmetry, order, and the arrangement of physical objects. 30. Eventuality. This faculty leads to the knowledge of events, occurrences, and the active phenomena of life. Mr Combe remarks, that Individuality seeks the kinds of knowledge indicated by nouns ; while Eventuality is conver- sant with occurrences designated by verbs. Historical knowledge per- tains to this faculty, and everything that happens in the world around us, engages and arrests its attention. Mr Combe observes that the minute enumeration of things and occurrences, which communicates so pleasing an interest and air of truth to the fictitious narratives of Le Sage, De Foe, Swift, and Sir Walter Scott, is the result of the organs of Individuality and Eventuality being both large in these authors. 31. Time. The idea of succession and duration constitutes to the mind the notion of Time, and it is quite a separate faculty from that of Number or Calcu- lation. Order has the same relation to objects that Time has to events or facts. It is an essential element in music and dancing. 32. Tune, or Melody. Dr Spurzheim, with his usual acuteness, remarks that it is with the organ of Tune, in respect to the ears, as with the organ of Colour in rela- tion to the eye. The ear hears sounds, and is affected by them agreeably or disagreeably; but the ear has no recollection of Tones, nor does it judge of their relations. This, then 5 is the province of the organ of Tunc — it gives the perception of melody ; but Ideality, Tune, Secrctiveness, and Imitation, aliform important constituent elements in the dcvolopement of a great musician. 33. Language. This was one of the principal organs that led Dr Gall to the discovery of Phrenology, as is narrated in the subsequent brief history of the science. Dr Spurzheim remarks, that this faculty acquires the knowledge of artificial signs, and arranges them according to natural laws, in the same way as the power of Colouring, or of Melody, does colours or tones. We meet with many persons of first-rate judgment, whose minds are preg- nant with sagacious ideas, but who want words to express them. In such persons, it is invariably observed that the eyes appeal small, and, in con- versation, they are continually making misnomers, applying one word for another; and in relating a story or narrative, they are most perplexingly tiresome and tedious. 34. Comparison. Dr Gall at first named this the organ of Analogy, 08 it is the faculty that bestows the power of perceiving analogies, resemblances, and differ- ences. It produces acuteness of discrimination, and gives a tendency to compare one thing with another — and leads to figurative language. It is remarked as generally large in popular preachers, who choose their Similitudes from facts, and imitate the beautiful and impressive sivle of preaching adopted by <>nr Saviour, as displayed in his parables. Brery individual will choose his analogies from those faculties that most predo- minate in his own mental constitution. The organ is largely developed in the heads of Huike. lUutvan, Pitt, ami Raphael \ m:y to piiju:noi.o«.\ ] 1 35. Causality. This (acuity gives the idea of causation, or the connection between cause and effect. By it. the mind perceives that every event and object must have a cause and origin, and we are thus led by successive steps, even apart from Revelation, to the conviction of the existence of a Supreme Being. It is this faculty that leads us to look for the motives of actions, and that prompts children as well as adults, on all occasions, to ask Why ? l)r .Spurzheim remarks that Individuality makes us acquainted with objects and facts ; Comparison points out their identity, analogy, or difference ; and Causality desires to know the causes of all events: and that, consequently, these three faculties together form systems, draw conclusions, inductions, or corollaries, point out principles and laws, and constitute the true philosophical understanding. Those in whom this organ is larg.lv developed, are naturally fond of metaphysical disquisitions and abstract speculations. To those in whom the organ is small, metaphysics are a perfect annoy- ance. The organ appears large in the heads of Bacon, Burke. Dr Thomas Brown, Franklin, Locke, and Play fair. The Tbmpbbambnts. There are four principal temperaments in the human constitution, which greatly modify the activity of the brain, and require to he taken into account in judging of the developemenl of the individual. 1. The LymphaHc, is accompanied with languid action and slow circulation of the blood. 2. The Sanguine, i> distinguished by quick circulation of the blood and fondness for animal exercise ; with active brain. .'*. The Bilious, is characterised by moderate fulness and firmness of flesh; a marked and decided countenance. Tt gives energy of action to the brain. 4. The Xcrrou.s\ is the most active temperament ; it is marked oy pale countenance, delicate health, quick muscular motion, and vivacity 01 sensation. The four temperaments are generally mixed, not pure and distinct. HISTORY OF PHRENOLOGY. Kven the ancients seem to have observed that a large and elevated forehead indicated talent and genius ; accordingly, we find that the heads of their Jupiters, and other great heathen deities, all present this appear- ance; but the honour was reserved to modern times, and for a German dis- ciple of the healing art, to discover that the external appearance of the head presents, as it were, an engraved map of the faculties of the human mind. Dr Gall, the discoverer of Phrenology, was born at Tiefenbrun in Buabia, on the 9th of March 1J">7- Prom an early period of life, he was of an observing turn of mind, and he remarked that his juvenile com- panions all possessed peculiarities of disposition and talent, and that, whilst one excelled in arithmetic or natural history, another was ad- dicted to drawing, or to the acquisition of languages. He was gradually led to observe that those who excelled in this latter branch — the learning with facility to repeat, or the acquirement of language — possessed pro- minent eyes ; and he was thus, after an extensive induction of facts, led to conclude, that, if a memory for words possessed an external sign, the other faculties of the mind were likely to be indicated in the same man ner. Thus was laid the foundation of this great discovery ; and, abandon- ing every old theory and system of mental philosophy, Dr Gall devoted himself entirely to the observation of nature, and was soon amply rewarded for his patient toils and labour, by the discovery of the external signs or 12 A KEY TO PHRENOLOGY. 07-gans of the different faculties of the mind. Whenever he heard of an individual remarkable in any way, he examined the developement of his head ; and courts, schools, lunatic asylums, and prisons, were the scenes of his laborious investigations. He soon perceived that Physiology, apart from Anatomy, was imperfect ; and he then devoted his attention to the anatomy of the brain, and was the first to discover its fibrous texture, after he had previously ascertained that the external tablets of the cranium constitute a correct index of the developement of the convolutions of the brain. In 1796, Dr Gall commenced a course of lectures on Phrenology, at Vienna, and continued lecturing till 1802, when he was interdicted by the Austrian government, which has unfortunately never yet been very favourable to the progress of knowledge. The name of Dr Spurzheim is indissolubly connected with that of Dr Gall, from his being the associate of his labours, and the discoveries he made in the science. He also was a German, and was born 31st December 1776. He was originally destined for the church ; but, on the French invasion of Germany in 1799, was sent to study medicine at Vienna, where his acquaintance with Dr Gall commenced. He joined with great zeal and ardour in the study of the new doctrine ; and in 1804 became the associate and colleague of Gall — from this period till 1807, they visited together the principal cities of Germany, Holland, and Switzer- land, where they delivered courses of lectures on the new system of mental philosophy, which was now rapidly gaining ground. They then settled in Paris, where they also delivered lectures; and, in 1814, Dr Spurzheim paid his first visit to Great Britain. He lectured in London, Bath, Bristol, Dublin, Cork, and Liverpool; and in 1816, for the first time, visited Edinburgh, where he and Dr Gordon, an eminent anatomist, made a public dissection of the brain, at which Spurzheim added many converts to the science. It was this visit of Dr Spurzheim's, that first excited the public attention in Edinburgh to phrenology ; and he immediately foresaw that the Modern Athens was to become the head-quarters of the science in this country. He remarked, rt This is the spot from which, as from a centre, the doctrines of Phrenology shall spread over Britain." The parent Phrenological Society was instituted at Edinburgh, 22d February 1820. The principal founders of it were the Rev. Dr Welsh, now Professor of Church History in the University of Edinburgh, one of the most acute metaphysicians of the present day; and another indi- vidual, whose name is celebrated in connexion with phrenology, Mi- George Combe, and who, by his devotion to the science, has become the successor of Gall and Spurzheim. The first number of the Phreno- logical Journal and Misccllani/ was published at Edinburgh on the 20th November 1823, and it is now an established quarterly periodical. Dr Gall after this resided almost constantly in Paris till his death, which occurred ~~1 August 1828; and on that day is now held the anniversary public meeting of (he Phrenological Society of Paris — a society which comprises among its members some of the first medical men and philo- sophers in Prance. Dr Spurzheim had now taken up Ids residence in London, whence he visited various parts of Britain, and delivered successful eours lectures. In L828, he paid his second and last \isii to Edinburgh, a City in which Phrenology w;is now flourishing, and where he was attended l»v numerous audiences. In the following years, he lee- A Ki:v To PHRENOLOGY. 13 tared in Dublin and various other large cities. In 1830, be was much weighed down by domestic affliction, having lost Madame Spurz.- heim, an excellent and amiable woman; but, after an interval of re- pose, he decided on visiting America, that great and rising portion of tlo globe, which, freed from the prejudices and trammels of the old European system of the schools, evidently presents a wide field for the progress of Phrenology. He arrived at Now York, 4th August 1832, and, alter lecturing in that nourishing city, he proceeded to Boston, where, engaged in a most successful course of lectures, and after a short illness, ho was prematurely carried to another state of beino- on the 10th November 1832. b F.»r many years, Phrenology was the subject of ridicule and raillery ; all the wit and talent of Blackwood* Magazine were urged against it :• " < )i' all thfc wm B in the town, There's none like tin- Phrenologt They l><>;ist the bravest Length of ears, ( tf all the other codgers. n The Edinburgh Review thrice attacked it, and "thrice they slew the slain !" but still Phrenology rose like a phoenix from its ashes. Dr Thomas Brown wrote an article against it in the Edinburgh Review in April 1803, before it- doctrine- were properly known. In 1815, Dr Gordon tried to put it down, by another article in the same work; and in 1826, the most acute clitic of the age, Lord Jeffrey, wrote in the same work a third article, condemnatory of the science. This appeared as a criticism on Mr Combe's w System of Phrenology," who answered it in a most triumphant reply, which be wrote and published a few weeks after the appearance of the criticism. The learned and acute Dr Whately, the present Archbishop of Dublin, pronounced Mr Combe's answer a complete refutation of the Reviewer's objections. During the last ten years, the public mind has entirely changed in regard to Phrenology — ridicule has ceased — the Bcience is working its silent way — and now, numerous auditories are, season after season, listening to its doctrines and imbibing its truths, at public courses of lectures. Phrenological societies have been formed in almost every quarter of the globe, and it is evident that, in the progress of a few years, Phrenology will become the philosophy of the mind, throughout the civilized world. USES OF PHRENOLOGY. What clear ideas of the philosophy of the human mind Phrenology presents, compared with the systems of our metaphysical writers ! It was the universal complaint of students, after perusing the writings of Berkeley, Hume, Reia, and Stewart, that their minds were unconvinced, rf not actually mystified. Perception, Judgment, Imagination, and Memory — these were laid down as among the most important of the faculties of the mind, whereas Phrenology teaches that they are not faculties, but combinations of mental powers, and modes of their acting. For example, Memory is simply the mode in which the different faculties call up those emotions that pertain to their own sphere ; and Memory is therefore a memory for Time, Form, or Language, according as these dif- ferent faculties predominate in the mental constitution of the individual. Metaphysicians seemed to darken counsel with a multitude of words- Phrenology throws light over the whole mental horizon ; and its system, as was well remarked by the late celebrated surgeon, Mr Abernethy, is " not like others presented to us, which appear in comparison but as 14 A KEY TO PHRENOLOGY. mere diagrams, the result of study and imagination ; whilst this seems like a portrait from life by masterly hands." An important use of Phrenology is, that it gives a man the key to his own character, in a way that no other system could do, and enables him to regulate his conduct accordingly ; but for the truths revealed by Phrenology, many a self- conceited wight would never know that Self- esteem was a prominent faculty in the constitution of his mind ; and the knowledge of the fact enables a man of sense to subdue the over-weening self-conceit, which a large developement of this organ natur- ally gives him ; and in like manner with the other mental faculties. Dr Kidd, Professor of Medicine in theUniversity of Oxford, remarks,, in his recent Bridgewater Treatise, that, " with respect to ourselves indeed, the study of the system may be attended sometimes with the happiest consequences ; for if, from the contemplation of it, we can be strength- ened in our conviction of the fact, which both reason and revelation teaches us, that each individual is liable to particular temptations de- pending on his specific temperament, we shall thus have one additional memento of our frailty, one additional incentive to watch over and com- bat ( the sin which doth so easily beset us.' " Again, an important practical use of Phrenology is in choosing ser- vants, apprentices, and clerks ; and, what is of still more consequence, the choice of a companion for life. In all these cases, the general aspect of the head conveys much valuable information to one skilled in Phrenology, even without manipulating the cranium. To the unini- tiated, the very talking of such a mode of judging of character, is apt to appear ludicrous ; and the writer of this sketch was one of those who, when he first heard of such a mode of predicating the leading disposi- tions, laughed at it as absurd. i>ut, perhaps, the most important of all the practical uses of Phre- nology, is the power it affords of directing the education of every individual, according to the mental developement, as indicated by the head. It were worse than waste of time to make a boy spend many years at school, in the study of languages, if the organ of Language is very moderately developed; and, without this knowledge in the prac- tical part of education, how many a poor girl is kept for years labouring at her piano-forte in vain, when a phrenologist could at one-. 4 have told, from her developement, that her natural deficiency in Tune and Time would for ever incapacitate her from the acquisition of musical skill. It were easy to follow this through all the various brandies of education ; but it is incompatible with the limits of a short treatise like the present, to pursue the subject at any length, as its practical bearings would soon extend to a volume. Again, when you come to send the youth to a profession, Phrenology presents an important and infallible guide. To attempt to train ..- a mechanician one who is totally deficient in ConstniCtiveneSS, or to edu- cate t<» i lie profession of a painter a youth with the organs of Form, Colouring, and Ideality small, would be as absurd as tin 1 conduct of the Egyptian taskmasters in requiring the Israelites to make bricks with- out straw ; and, in the same way, it is essentially important to ascertain thai a young man who is lo follow the profession o\' a clergyman 18 well endowed with the organs of Conscientiousness and Veneration, and that his general morale :md intellect qualify him to direct the devotion and improve the understanding of others, and guide them in those things that pertain to their everlasting welfare. PHRENOLOGICAL WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN ANDERSON, Jdn., B BRIDGE - i BEE I . BDINBl BOH. TRANSACTIONS of the PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. "With = containing a varietj of interesting Phrenological Es Bvo pp. i »•;. 1 la Mb. bis work is the produce ot i Societ} formed si Edinburgh, and i>i«K fair to do liononr equallj t.» the w ien< c and to the institution." — London ' u Weclo8t i of tliis volume 1 >ur readers thai il will maki Phrenologist proud, that H will probably i n\ unbelievers, and highlj ' those who remain in their unbelief." — Medico Chirurgical Rev THE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL and MISCELLANY. 2a 6d. per N amber. Tliis Journal is published Quarterly ; ii commenced upwards of tweh «• j ears ago • and copies of most ol the earli Numbers can stall be had. OUTLINES of PHRENOLOGY. By George Combe. 5th Edition, enlarged and illustrated b} Engrai prio la \ KEY to PHRENOLOGY. Containing a brief Statement oi the Faculties of the Mind, 1 1 1 « - History of Phrenology, and its Practical Uses. With a Plate. 8vo, 6d. A LETTER from GEORGE COMBE to FRANCIS JEFFREY, Esq. in answer to his Criticisms on Phrenology, in th< 88th Number of the Edinburgh Review. Second Edition. o'\<>, la 84 ■• Moved by the sound, the kiiu -r< w rain; It all lii> battU B o\ r .main ; And tkria he routed all lii-* fo« a, and thi slain! !" LETTER on the PREJUDK ES of the GREAT in SCIENCE and PHILOSOPHY against PHRENOLOGY. Bj Gborob Combb. 8vo, Bd. CORRESPONDENCE relative to PHRENOLOGY, between Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON, Bart., Di SPURZHEIM, and Mr GEORGE COMBE, in January, February, and March, 1828. 8vo, la 6d. THE CONSTITUTION of MAX considered in relation to Ex- ternal Objects. I ' I mbb. ">th Edition, Revised, Corrected, and En- larged. l2mo, bda, la < heap Edition, double columns, r.>\; ( l Jivn, ad. La 6d. TESTIMONIALS on behalf of GEORGE COMBE, as a Candi- date for the CHAIR of LOGIC in the Universttj of Edinburgh. 8vo, pp. 131. Price 8a <>\l. This Pamphlet shews, in a striking manner, the progress made l>v Phrenology. 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