v V ^^* A* ./.•ass-. % /.•/•-:•>*- /•••- \^ 4* ^ ^ .<£. * ^ "oV T ^f*\o>* *Sl - ^6* ° N ° e • • . ^'L* " * v a. V «Z> » I 1 \* <0^ . > .-^^°- j?s$k-\ <*>*.*&>% *. «<. ** .* ^^ ... v-^V v^V lAwA'H.Xl o_ * ITn** ^0 °o *. a 5» * ^ Iberoes of tbe IRations EDITED BY Evelyn Bbbott, /ID.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD FACTA DUCI8 VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM. — OVID, IN LIVIAM 265. THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. HENRY V. HENRY V. HENRY V. THE TYPICAL MEDIEVAL HERO BY CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A. st. John's college, oxford G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND 3% Jbichcrboelur $hcss 1901 > )l [THE UBRARY O CONGRESS, TWU CurtES Hecetveo JAN. fg 1902 POTVWOHT ENTRY CLASS tf, XXa No. copy a Copyright, 1901 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Ube ftnicfcerbocfeer firess, flew gorft PREFACE THIS volume had its original in an article con- tributed to the Dictionary of National Bio- graphy, but is founded on a fresh study of the chief authorities. If I cannot claim to have ex- hausted all sources of information, I have neverthe- less sought throughout to base my narrative on chronicles and documents of contemporary, or nearly contemporary date. For few periods of our mediaeval history is there more abundant material. At least three lives of Henry V. were written within twenty years of his death. Of these the most valuable, so far as it ex- tends, is the Gesta Regis Henrici Quinti, which was the work of a chaplain in the royal service. Mr. Williams, in his edition of the Gesta, suggested that the author was one Jean Bordin, a native of Aqui- taine, who is known to have been present as one of Henry's chaplains in the campaign of Agincourt. This ascription is, however, purely conjectural, and Dr. Lenz has argued that in the Gesta we possess the genuine prose Life of Henry V. composed by Thomas Elmham, prior of Lenton. But we have no evidence that Elmham was ever in Henry's own serv- ice. Nor can any safe conclusion be drawn from points of similarity between the Gesta and the Liber vi Preface Metricus (Elmham's undoubted work); since the Gesta appears to be the original (down to 1416) of the principal narratives composed in England. A better claim might perhaps be made for Thomas Rudborn, afterwards bishop of St. David's, who was one of Henry's chaplains and is credited with a his- tory of his master's reign. Whilst the authorship of the Gesta is uncertain, of its value there can be no question. It is the vivid narrative of an eye-witness who had access to official records,* and is our best authority for the first four years of Henry's reign. Next in importance to the Gesta comes the prose Vita Henrici Quint i, which passes under the name of Thomas Elmham. This ascription is due to Hearne as editor of the only printed edition ; it is, however, almost certainly erroneous. Elmham him- self says expressly that his prose Life was written before the Liber Metricus, whilst the latter work appears to have been composed during Henry's life- time.*)- But the Vita published by Hearne, was probably not written till fifteen years later. From internal evidence it would appear that the author of the Vita had been in the service of the Earl of War- wick, whom he accompanied to Provins in March, 1419; that he wrote his narrative after the breach with Philip of Burgundy in 1435 ; and that he was a supporter in politics of Humphrey of Gloucester.*): * Gesta, pp. 10, 47, 51. f Liber Metricus, pp. 79, 80. \ Vita, pp. 215, 281, 283 ; cf. pp. 282, 312, 319 below. Note also the prominence given to Warwick and Duke Humphrey, and the long account of the latter's siege of Cherbourg. I have, however, for convenience quoted this Life as " Elmham, Vita." Preface vii From the last chapter of the Vita we learn that the author was an intimate friend of John Somerset, a court physician under Henry VI., and an adherent of Duke Humphrey. The Vita is marred by its grandiloquent and turgid style ; but after the Gesta fails us it becomes the leading authority on the Eng- lish side. In its earlier portion it borrows much from the Gesta; afterwards the author had his own and his patrons' recollections to depend upon ; he may also have been acquainted with an early edition of Monstrelet. Very similar to " Elmham's" Vita in substance, though shorter and simpler in style, is the Life com- piled by Titus Livius de Frulovisiis, an Italian in the service of Humphrey of Gloucester. Titus Livius based his Life either on " Elmham," or on the same authorities as those made use of by that writer, but with occasional additions. An abbreviation— as it would seem— of " Elm- ham " was printed by Mr. Williams as a continuation of the Gesta. This last narrative is free from the faults of style, which disfigure the longer Vita, and curiously in one or two places contains certain small details which are given by Livius but not by " Elm- ham."* The exact relationship of these three narra- tives to one another and to the Gesta could perhaps be determined only by a minute comparison of the numerous manuscripts. Of altogether minor importance are Elmham s authentic Liber Metrieus, and the Versus Rhythmici (of uncertain authorship) two brief rhyming Latin *Cf. Gesta, p. 131, note - viii Preface chronicles contained in Cole's Memorials of Henry V. The Life by Robert Redmayne, which is printed in this same collection, belongs to a different cate- gory ; the writer lived in the reign of Henry VIIL, and as an authority this Life must be classed with the histories of Hall and Holinshed. Of general Latin chronicles, other than set bio- graphies, the chief on the English side are the His- toria Anglicana of Thomas Walsingham, and the Chronicle of Thomas Otterbourne, which though brief are occasionally useful. Of greater value and interest are the English Chronicles. For the first time in English history a narrative written in English speech for popular use takes rank as a leading contemporary authority. The English Chronicles of the reign of Henry V. fall into two classes. The first class comprises more or less varying versions of the Brut, or history of Britain, which in one form became as Caxto?is Chronicle, the earliest of English printed histories. The wide- spread popularity of this chronicle is shown by the great number of manuscripts which still exist. In one group of manuscripts the narrative ends with the capture of Rouen in January, 1419; and down to this point there seems to be no great variety in the different versions. This date no doubt marks the appearance of the original edition, to which con- tinuations were afterwards added by various hands. The Brut or English Chronicle is strictly contempo- rary ; much of the earlier narrative is derived from the Gesta, but the official account is supplemented by legends and stories adapted to the popular taste. Preface ix Again and again the prose chronicle paraphrases thinly some current ballad of the day, such as that which tells how King Henry played at tennis with his hard gunstones. It is by the happiest accident of all that some manuscripts have preserved at length John Page's tale in verse of how he lay at Rouen siege with the King ; with Page's rude but graphic account no more pretentious narrative can compete.* The second class of English Chronicles are those composed by or for London citizens, which give under each mayoralty a brief notice of the chief events of the year. The best-known of these are the Chronicle of London, edited by Sir N. Harris Nicolas in 1827, and the so-called Gregory s Chronicle published by Mr. James Gairdner in his Collections of a London Citizen. These two chronicles, with a good deal in common, present considerable varia- tions. To this same class belongs the Chronicle in Cotton. MS., Cleopatra, C. iv., which, however, for the two years 141 5 and 1416 is of altogether excep- tional importance. To it we owe the Ballad of Agincourt printed in Wright's Political Poems and Songs, ii., 123-127, and our most detailed account of the naval warfare and negotiations of the following year.f The early portion seems to be the work of a contemporary, but with Henry's second expedition the handwriting of the manuscript changes, and the latter part is of inferior interest. * Down to 1419 I have used principally the Cotton. MS., Claudius, A. viii., and afterwards also Harley MS. 2256. The English Chronicle, edited by Mr. S. Davies for the Camden Society, belongs to this class. f See especially the curious passage quoted on page 171 below. x Preface To the class of London Chronicles belongs also the later work of Fabyan (d. 141 3), who, like Hall, Holinshed and other writers of the sixteenth century, may have preserved some legends and other material of which the originals have now perished. Amongst English writers of contemporary date re- ference must also be made to John Hardyng,the north- country champion of the Percies and Umfravilles. Foremost amongst the authorities on the French side is the great group of Burgundian chroniclers, Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Jean Le Fevre de St. Remy and Jehan Waurin, who wrote in a kind of collaboration, borrowing freely from one another. However, down to 1422 Monstrelet is entitled to be regarded as the original and principal of the three. St. Remy, writing after Monstrelet's death, supple- mented the material which he had furnished to his predecessor from his own recollections ; he had been present at Agincourt on the English side, and his narrative of the campaign of 141 5 ranks as the best account after that in the Gesta. Waurin's Chronicle has for our period no independent value. The Chronicle of Georges Chastelain, another Burgund- ian, is in its matter closely akin to that of Monstrelet ; but the writer's personality and political insight give it a peculiar importance. Of other French authorities, the Chronique du Re- ligieux de St. Denys presents the official view of the Court. Jean Juvenal des Ursins is interesting as one who was originally Burgundian but turned Ar- magnac after the Treaty of Troyes. Of more occa- sional value are the Gcstes des Nobles of Guillaume Preface xi Cousinot (who was a confidential servant of the Or- leanist princes), the Chronique Normande of Pierre Cochon (apparently a resident at Rouen during the English occupation), the Memoires of Pierre de Fenin (who was chamberlain to Charles VI.), the Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris and the anonymous Chron- ique de Normandie printed with the Gesta. No complete Calendars of the Patent Rolls of Henry V. have yet appeared. But the large number of state papers belonging to the reign, which are contained in Rymer's Foedera* go far to supply the deficiency. The Roll of Normandy for 14 17 is printed at length in Hardy's Rotuli Normannice. Calendars of the Norman Rolls and of the French Rolls are given in the Reports of the Deputy-Keeper of Public Records (Nos. 41, 42 and 44). The Rolls of Parliament and Nicolas' Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council complete the list of official records. Documents of a less formal character are to be found in Sir Henry Ellis' three series of Origi- nal Letters Illustrative of English History ', and in Delpit's Documents Francais en Angleterre. Letters written in native English instead of French or Latin now for a first time take a place amongst historical authorities and are of peculiar interest. The writers include not only Henry himself and other great per- sonages, but humble individuals, like Johan Ofort, who sent private news of the war to their friends in England.f *The whole of volume ix. and volume x., 1-257. fCf. Foedera, ix, 779, 911. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd ser., i 3 •7. See pages 281, 287 and 309 below. xii Preface In addition to original authorities I have used freely the works of modern writers. Mr. Wylie's History of England under Henry IV., and Sir James Ramsay's Lancaster and York have been of constant service. To Dr. Stubbs I owe, as I needs must, much more than my sub-title. Thomas Goodwin's History of the Reign of Henry the Fifth will always preserve its value as a storehouse of information. My obligations of a less general kind are all, I hope, acknowledged in their proper place. C. L. K. May, 1901. CONTENTS PREFACE DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES . CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II henry's boyhood, 1387-1399, CHAPTER III TROUBLES OF THE NEW REIGN, 1399-1402 CHAPTER IV THE PERCIES AND OWEN GLENDOWKR, 1403-1408 CHAPTER V THE PRINCE AND THE COUNCIL, I406-I413 PAGE V . XV11 . xxix 21 35 59 CHAPTER VI HENRY OF MONMOUTH AND POPULAR TRADITION . 80 CHAPTER VII THE RESTORATION OF DOMESTIC PEACE, I413-1414. 94 xiv Contents CHAPTER VIII PAGE THREATENINGS OF WAR, 1413-1415 . . . 109 CHAPTER IX THE FIRST INVASION OF FRANCE, 1415 . . . 126 CHAPTER X AGINCOURT, 25TH OCT., T415 144 CHAPTER XI HENRY V. AND SIGISMUND, 1415-1416 . . . l6l CHAPTER XII THE COMMAND OF THE SEA, 1416-1417 . . . 179 CHAPTER XIII MILITARY PREPARATIONS, 1417 .... 194 CHAPTER XIV THE CONQUEST OF LOWER NORMANDY, 1417-1418 . 212 CHAPTER XV THE SIEGE OF ROUEN, 141 8-1419 .... 234 CHAPTER XVI THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH, 1414-1418. . . 258 CHAPTER XVII THE BRIDGE OF MONTEREAU, 1419 .... 278 CHAPTER XVIII THE TREATY OF TROYES, I419-142O . . . 295 CHAPTER XIX THE HEIR OF FRANCE, 142O-142I .... 309 Contents xv CHAPTER XX PAGE THE STATE OF ENGLAND 323 CHAPTER XXI HENRY IN ENGLAND, 1421 343 CHAPTER XXII THE LAST CAMPAIGN, 1421-1422 .... 352 CHAPTER XXIII PLANS FOR THE FUTURE 363 CHAPTER XXIV BOIS DE VINCENNES, I422 377 CHAPTER XXV CONCLUSION 389 INDEX 403 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS i. henry v Frontispiece This portrait is after one in the royal collection at Wind- sor Castle, which appears to have belonged to the Crown as far back as the reign of Henry VIII. There are very similar portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, at Eton, and at Queen's College, Oxford. In essentials they agree well with the description on page 81. 2. HENRY OF MONMOUTH KNIGHTED BY KING RICHARD l6 This is from a miniature in Harley MS., 13 19, in the British Museum, which contains the account by Jean Creton of the last year of the reign of Richard II. Cre- ton was an eye-witness of the events which he describes ; his narrative was written in 1401, and the miniatures which illustrate the British Museum manuscript are per- haps of not much later date. Creton's description of the knighting of Henry of Monmouth is given in the text. 3. THE PARLIAMENT OF I399 18 This illustration comes from the same source as the pre- ceding one. The throne, covered with cloth of gold, is left unoccupied as described in the text. On the right hand are seated the spiritual lords ; on the left are the temporal lords, nearest of whom to the throne is Henry of Lancaster (wearing a tall fur cap). xviii Descriptive List of Illustrations PAGE 4. OWEN GLENDOWER, FROM HIS SEAL . . 32 5. THE BATTLE OF SHREWSBURY . . . .44 " Here shewes how at the batell of Shrewesbury, between kyng Henry the Fourth and Sir Henry Percy, erle Rich- ard there beyng on the kynges party ful notably and manly behaved hymself to his great laude and worship." * 6. A BATTLE WITH THE WELSH . . . .52 " Here shewes howe at theis daies appeared a blasyng sterre called Stella Comata, which after the seiyng of Clerkys, signyfied great deth and blodeshede ; and sone upon beganne the warre of Wales, by Owen of Glendour their chief capteyn ; whom amongs other erle Richard so sore sewed, that he had nere hande taken hym, and put hym to flyght, and toke his baner, and moche of his peple and his banerer." The comet is the one which appeared in the spring of 1402. 7. HENRY IV. 60 From his tomb in the Chapel of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. 8. CHIEF JUSTICE GASCOIGNE 90 From an altar tomb in Harwood Church, Yorkshire. His second wife Joan, daughter of Sir William Pickering, is there figured by his side. 9. CORONATION OF HENRY V. .... 94 From a bas-relief on the north side of the Chantry in Westminster Abbey. 10. HENRY V. AND HIS COUNCIL .... IO4 " Here sheweth howe this victorious and noble kyng Henry the Fifth opened this matier [the Lollard insur- * This description and those for plates 6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 are quoted from the life of the Earl of Warwick by John Rous or Ross in Cotton. MS., Julius E., iv., from the drawings in which these illustrations are copied. Rous was chaplain of the chantry at Guy's Cliff near Warwick from 1445 to 1491. Descriptive List of Illustrations xix PAGE rection] to the lordes of his counseil, erle Richard being present, which for the accomplyshment of the kyng's entent and pleasir therin, dressed hymself into his har- neys, and ful coragiously, with good circumspeccion and forsight, avaunced hymself to the subdewyng of the said tray tours and heretiks." 11. HENRY V., FROM A CONTEMPORARY MINIATURE 120 This represents Jean de Galopes, dean of St. Lo in Nor- mandy, presenting his translation of St. Bonaventure's Life of Christ to the King. Henry wears a scarlet gown lined with ermine, and is seated under a blue canopy powdered with golden SS. (perhaps these stand for Soverayne, as on the tomb of Henry IV. at Canterbury). The volume is now at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; at the end in a hand of the sixteenth century is the note : " This wass sumtyme Kinge Henri the Fifeth his booke." 12. MICHAEL, EARL OF SUFFOLK .... 130 This is Michael de la Pole, second Earl of Suffolk, who died before Harfleur on 18th September, 141 5, and was buried at Wingfield, Suffolk. His eldest son Michael, the third Earl, was killed at Agincourt. William, his second son and the fourth Earl, who was Admiral of Normandy, was the noble Duke of Suffolk, who was so foully murdered in 1450. 13. MEN-AT-ARMS FIGHTING 152 From a miniature in a Hystoire des Roys de France, con- tained in Royal MS., 20 C, vii. in the British Museum, which was executed in the early part of the fifteenth cen- tury. 14. HALLAM AND THE EARL OF WARWICK SENT AMBASSADORS TO CONSTANCE . . . 166 " Here shewes howe kyng Henry the Fifth made erle Richard and Robert Halam, bishop of Salisbury, with other worshipful persones, his ambassiatours to the gen- eral counseil of Constance." xx Descriptive List of Illustrations PAGE 15. THE EARL OF WARWICK AND SIGISMUND . 168 " Howe the emperour for a special love made the erle to bear his swerde, and proferred to geve hym Seynte George hys Hert, Englishmennes avowry, to bryng intoEnglond; but Erie Richard heryng the emperour sey that he in his owne persone would come into Englond : he by endenture restored hit to hym agayne, saying the deliveryng of hit by his owne persone shulde be more acceptable, and nourisshyng of more love, and so he did ; for in shorte space after he come into Englond, and was made knyghte of the garter, and offered up the holy Hert hymself, which is worshipfully yet kept at Wyndesore ; and in his comyng and going at Caleys, erle Richard then beyng capteyn, he honourably resceived hym, and the emperour saide to the kyng that no prince cristen for wisdom, nor- ture and manhode, hadde such another knyght as he had of therle Warrewyk ; addyng thereto that if al curtesye were lost, yet myght hit be founde ageyn in hym ; and so ever after by the emperour's auctorite he was called the Fadre of Curteisy." 16. A FIGHT AT SEA 184 " Howe erle Richard in his comyng into Englond, wanne two greete carykes in the sea." Nothing is known about this incident. The illustration shows the Beauchamp arms on the sail, and the Earl's badge (the Bear and the Ragged Staff) with the St. George's cross on the pennant. The English ship has archers with longbows, the Genoese (or French) has crossbowmen. In the Heralds' Debate, p. 57, the naval success of the French at a later period of the war is thus explained : "You have solely archers on board, and an archer can only kill at sea when he is on the upper deck of the ship, and is in great danger to himself ; and so he cannot take good aim, in consequence both of his fear and of the motion of the vessel. This is different with the French, for they make use of the crossbow, and a crossbowman can shoot under cover from the forecastle or sterncastle Descriptive List of Illustrations xxi PAGE without danger or peril ; and even in his doublet and through a small hole he can kill or wound his enemy, since however great may be his fear or the motion of the vessel, the crossbow will give force to his arrow. Hence it is seen that a French ship at sea always defeats an English ship of the same size." The last sentence does not hold good for the reign of Henry V. But in the illustration the crossbowmen do appear to be better protected ; in naval engagements at close-quarters the superior range of the longbow was of no advantage. 17. A SHIP OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY . . 190 " Here showes how good provision made of English clothe and other thynges necessary and licence had of the Kynge, erle Richard sailed towards the Holy Lond ; and specially to the holy city of Jerusalem where our Lord Jhesus Criste wilfully suffered his bitter passion for the redemption of all mankynde." The illustration shows the high poop well, and also, though less clearly, the forecastle. Four guns can be seen in the waist of the ship. The sail and pennant are decorated with the Warwick arms and badge as in the previous illustration. It was in 1408 that Earl Richard went to Palestine, travelling through France and Lom- bardy to Venice, where he took ship. On his way home he visited Lithuania and Germany, and reached England in 1410. 18. THE SIEGE OF DOMFRONT .... 224 " How erle Richard in the warres of France toke Den- front, and entred first into Cane ; but inasmoche as he was there with and under lorde Thomas duke of Clarance, the kyng's next brother, he sette on the wallys the kyng's armys and the duke's, and made a crye, * a Clarance ! a Clarance ! ' And then entred the duke, and gave the erle many greet thankes. After the erle beseged Caubek on the water of Sayn, and they appoynted to stande undre the Fourme of Reone." The ship in the left-hand corner suggests that this illus- xxii Descriptive List of Illustrations trates the siege of Caudebec, as well as that of Domfront. The " trunk " on which the great gun is mounted (see p. 204) is well shown ; so also are the "pavises" used by the crossbowmen. 19. THE SIEGE OF ROUEN 246 " Howe erle Richard was atte the sege of Reon, there set first between the kyng's tent and Seynt Katheryns, and when Seynt Katheryns was wonne he was sette to kepe Port Martenvyle." The earl figures twice in this illustration. On the right hand he is leaving his tent ; on the left he is kneeling before Henry. Both earl and king wear surcoats, and both carry battle-axes. The cannon are shewn on their trunks in the fortified lines. The palisade drawn by the artist may be supposed to represent Sir Robert Bab- thorp's earthworks topped with a thorn hedge and row of stakes (see page 243). 20. THE EARL OF WARWICK AND ROBERT HALLAM RECEIVED BY POPE JOHN XXIII. . . . 260 44 Howe the pope and the clergy, the emperour Sygis- monde, and the temporalte honourably and honestly did receive them." The pope is seated under a canopy, with three cardinals on his right hand ; Sigismund stands on his left, wearing the triple crown of Hungary, as in Plate 15. 21. ARCHBISHOP CHICHELE 274 From his tomb in the choir at Canterbury Cathedral. 22. THE EARL OF WARWICK FIGHTS WITH THE FRENCH 282 44 Howe the dolphyn of Fraunce leide in the way 6000 men of armes, with the erles of Vandom and Lymosyn ; and both the French erles were slayn, and 2000 of his men taken and slayn ; all the other put to flight ; and erle Richard slewe oon the said erles with his owne handes." Neither Elmham (Vita, pp. 214, 215) nor Monstrelet (p. 451) make any reference to the two French earls — the Counts of Vendome and Limoges. Descriptive List of Ilhtstrations xxi 11 23. THE EARL OF WARWICK AT THE FRENCH COURT 302 " Howe erle Richard did his message to the kyng of Fraunce, and brought answers ageyn to kyng Harries greet pleasir." 24. THE MARRIAGE OF HENRY V 308 " Here shewes howe kyng Henry the V th was solempnely maried to dame Katheryn the kyng's daughter of Fraunce." 25. LONDON IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY . . 336 This comes from a copy of the poems of Charles of Orleans in the British Museum (Royal MS., 16 F. ii. f. 73). It is the oldest extant picture which shows London Bridge. Charles is looking out from the window of his prison in the Tower, within he is also seen writing at a table. 26. THOMAS, DUKE OF CLARENCE .... 348 From his monument in St. Michael's Chapel at Canter- bury Cathedral. The tomb is of grey Sussex marble, with recumbent figures in alabaster of Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, and her two husbands (1) John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and (2) Thomas, Duke of Clarence. 27. THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, EARL OF SALISBURY 352 This represents John Lydgate presenting a copy of his book, The Pilgrim, to the Earl. Lydgate is dressed as a Benedictine monk and accompanied by a pilgrim em- blematical of the book. The Pilgrim is a translation of the PUerinage de VAme of Guillaume de Deguilleville and is contained in Harley MS. 4826 at the British Museum, from which the illustration is copied. The Pilgrim was translated, and the miniature executed in 1426. Alice, Countess of Salisbury, who was Lydgate's patroness, was a daughter of Thomas Chaucer, and in all likelihood grand-daughter of the poet ; after Salisbury's death she married William, Earl of Suffolk, by whom she was ancestress of the later Poles. xxiv Descriptive List of 'Illustrations 28. THE MONUMENT OF THE EARL OF WARWICK . 360 This monument in the collegiate church of St. Mary at Warwick is one of the most magnificent examples of fif- teenth-century art in England. The tomb is of grey marble ; the effigy and the protecting hearse of hoops are of brass gilt. Round the base of the tomb are niches with figures of copper gilt, representing nobles and ladies of Earl Richard's family ; the arms of each are enamelled on a plate below. The chapel and monument cost ,£2481 3.5-. yd., and took twenty-one years to complete. The metal work was supplied by William Austen, citizen and founder of London, and Bartholomew Lambespring, Dutchman and goldsmith of London. 29. CHANTRY OF HENRY V 384 This plate gives an architectural representation of the Chantry in Westminster Abbey, detached from the sur- rounding building and monuments. 30. BADGES, SHIELD, HELMET, AND SADDLE OF HENRY V. 386 (1) The Badges. From a cornice in Henry's Chantry in Westminster Abbey. In the centre a beacon or cresset ; on the left an antelope, one of the royal supporters ; on the right a swan, the badge of the Earls of Hereford, in reference to Henry's mother, Mary de Bohun. (2) The Shield, showing the inside, lined with damask sem/e de fleur-de-lis. (3) The Helmet or Basnet. Not the helmet worn at Agincourt, but the funeral appurtenance for which Thomas Daunt was paid £\ 13J. ^d. in 1422 (Fcedera, x., 257). (4) The Saddle, anciently covered with blue velvet semie de fleur-de-lis. It is 27 inches long, 15 high before, and 13 behind. The Shield, Helmet, and Saddle are still fixed to a bar above the Chantry, where they were placed nearly five hundred years ago. Descriptive List of Illustrations xxv 31. JOHN OF BEDFORD This, which is the only extant portrait of John of Bed- ford, comes from a missal presented by his duchess, Anne of Burgundy, to the young King Henry VI., on Christmas Day, 1430. It is probably the work of a French or Flemish artist. John is kneeling before St. George, who is habited in the Order of the Garter. The motto, A vous entier, which appears again and again in the de- corations, was justly adopted by the loyal guardian and Regent. Of the above illustrations numbers 5, 6, 10, 14-20, 22- 24, are reproduced from Strutt's Manners and Customs ; numbers 11 and 27 from Strutt's Regal Antiquities ; num- bers 7-9, 21, 26, and 28-31 from Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. ii. ; number 12 from Stothard's Monu- mental Effigies; number 13 from Hewitt's Ancient Armour ; and numbers 1 and 4 from Tyler's Memorials of Henry V. 39 6 MAPS AND PLANS, 1. NORTHERN FRANCE . 2. WALES AND THE MARCHES 3. THE MARCH TO AGINCOURT 4. BATTLE OF AGINCOURT 5. THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1418-I42O 6. ROUEN IN 1418 . I 36 138 146 234 242 ^2 o « P •O 3>< W o 5^ ffi £ u T3 3 > JJ o IL >. V c o 3 a £1- •—14, — U_ pa oJ — £ « a g HH >, — fr — s — & r; « Hi I- c o 3—. 6 « — . rt C * 0) o OS "SO ba -a * o u i s ™ ,. rt i_, e £ o -c « ^ « £ td rt « w O 3 "O u ^ c S3 - i J-s ►h rt