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31 TIM MANHATTAN BEACH. 
 
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 C0*tKI0Hf(O PAIH'S iPtCTMH CO ll»j- 
 
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 PAIN'S PYROTECHNIC SPECTACLE, 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 From out the mists of time long past, 
 Two nations met in warlike strife . 
 
 The older, stronger, bites the dust ; 
 
 The younger, smaller, grows in might. 
 
 And of their struggles and their fate, 
 We now depict in mimic way 
 
 Fierce battles, fire and vicious hate, 
 How China fell 'neath Japan's sway. 
 
 When last year in Pain's Amphitheatre, at Manhattan Beach, was 
 told Moore's beautiful story of " Lalla Eookh," a story of love and 
 war, music and song, passion and pleasure, few of the thousands who 
 were stirred by the production of the principal incidents of the poet's 
 delightful work, thought that within a short twelve months the Orient 
 would again give forth a subject for a picture for the coming season. 
 
 But such is the case. History after a little more than two decades 
 has repeated itself. A proud and haughty nation has fallen, and a 
 weak and despised one has taken a position, if not in the first rank, far 
 enough in front to command the respect of the Continental and Ameri- 
 can powers. 
 
 It was in 1870 when France, haughty in its supposed security and 
 power, threw down the gauntlet to the little German states headed by 
 Prussia, and marched forward " to Berlin." It was still 1870 when 
 France, humiliated and betrayed, was under the heel of the Germans, 
 and in the palace of her Kings and Emperors at Versailles, William 
 III., King of Prussia, became William I., Emperor of German}'. A 
 great lesson had been taught. It demonstrated that tho time of peace 
 was the time to prepare for war. France had slept, dreamed of her 
 unassailable strength. When she awoke Germany was in her capital. 
 
This was history in Europe a little more than two decades ago. 
 Less than a year ago China, with her population of 450,000,000 of 
 people, was sleeping, and the whole world envied her her peace, wealth 
 and security. At an unfortunate hour there arose between her and 
 the little Empire of Japan a war cloud, which appeared no bigger than 
 a lady's handkerchief in the sky, but which grew and developed to 
 such an extent that after it had burst China was found in the dust 
 humiliated, disgraced, suing for peace at an} r terms which Japan, the 
 despised, might in its mercy dictate. Another great lesson had been 
 taught, and while China is still large and important in the eyes of the 
 
 world, Japan has 
 reached in less than a 
 year a position which 
 it has taken other na- 
 tions centuries to at- 
 tain. 
 
 More than a genera- 
 tion ago, largely 
 through American in- 
 fluence, Japan threw 
 open her ports to the 
 world, and extended a 
 hospitable welcome to 
 strangers who sought 
 her shores. Nay more, 
 she sent her youths and 
 her statesmen, her sol- 
 diers and her sailors 
 abroad to study and ob- 
 serve the ways and 
 methods of the ad- 
 vanced countries of the world. This they did, and carried back with 
 them to their native land vast stores of knowledge, from Avhich the 
 best was taken and grafted in the various branches of their govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Modern ideas and practices were engrafted on ancient customs or 
 supplanted them altogether. In this way the " Land of the Kising 
 Sun" came to be regarded as the most progressive of Eastern nations, 
 when looked upon from a Western standpoint. 
 
 2 
 
How differently was the course pursued by the great Empire of 
 China ; the old policy of exclusiveness was maintained ; the foreigner 
 was treated as an unwelcome visitor to her shores ; the wonderful 
 achievements in modern science, in the Western nations, received slight 
 recognition in the Flowery Kingdom ; in a word, China dreamed of 
 where she was centuries ago, and was lost — when she woke Japan was 
 her master. 
 
 A summary of the events of the war will enable those who visit 
 Pain's open-air theatre to form an idea for themselves of the manner 
 in which Japan prepared for this conflict, and recognize how thoroughly 
 unprepared China was to make successful resistance. 
 
 The first overt act of war between the two nations occurred on 
 July 25, 1894. Three Japanese iron-clads, cruising off Phungdo, came 
 in view of three Chinese warships, conveying troops on transports to 
 Corea, after Japan had requested her not to interfere in the affairs of that 
 state. The transports were overhauled and summoned to surrender, 
 which summons the Chinese commander ignored. The refusal was 
 the signal for fight. From the first the Japanese had the best of the 
 struggle. One, a Chinese gunboat, made a desperate resistance, but 
 she was finally driven ashore and destroyed. A protected Chinese 
 cruiser, deeming discretion the better part of valor, ran away early in 
 the fight, and the remaining vessel, a dispatch boat, fell into the hands 
 of the Japanese. Of the three Chinese transports, two made a port 
 in safety, but the third, the Koiv-Shink, was so badly used up by the 
 Japanese fire that she went down with all on board. 
 
 This, the first victory of the Mikado's forces on the water, was 
 quickly followed up by an equally determined blow struck on land 
 five days later. 
 
 The Japanese troops in Corea, July 29th, made an attack on a 
 Chinese force strongly intrenched at Sei-Kwan. The assault was 
 severe, and for five hours the fighting lasted with intensity on both sides. 
 Finally the Chinese were routed with a loss on their side of five 
 hundred killed and wounded. The Japanese are reported to have had 
 but seventy men killed and wounded. The Chinese force entrenched 
 at Sei-Kwan, was estimated at nearly three thousand men. 
 
 Following up this advantage the Japanese troops, operating in 
 Southern Corea, attacked the Chinese entrenched in the neighborhood 
 of Asan, and on July 30th the garrison fell. The Chinese troops, 
 thoroughly demoralized, beat a retreat northward leaving the victors 
 in full possession of the situation. The Japanese in securing possession 
 
 3 
 
of Asan obtained an important base of operations. How effectively 
 they turned it to account is shown by subsequent events. 
 
 With a calmness and deliberation, which marked all their opera- 
 tions, they began preparations for the capture of Ping Yang, the only 
 remaining stronghold of the Chinese on the peninsula. Ping Yang is 
 a walled city situated on the Tatung River, and on the direct road 
 from the Corean capital to the Manchurian frontier. Every position 
 outside the town was strongly fortified. Sheltering breastworks, with 
 Krupp and Gatling guns, mounted behind regular parapets, were 
 thrown up to cover the infantry, and, it is said, sixteen thousand men 
 were garrisoned there to defend it. Early in September the Japanese 
 advanced upon the place from the southeast and southwest, and by 
 the 13th the object of attack was at hand. On the 14th, after consid- 
 erable intermittent fighting, the forts in the east and southeast were 
 captured. The advancing column on the south and southwest stormed 
 and captured the first position, which was protected by a parapet. 
 Here the heaviest fighting on both sides occurred. The Japanese 
 were met bravely by the Manchurian troops under the command of 
 General Yeh. A stubborn resistance was made, but it proved in the 
 end of no avail. The Japanese column, advancing from the north, 
 which left its base at midnight on the 14th, found itself at sunrise 
 next morning in front of the Chinese intrenchments. The Japanese 
 advanced, but their task was an easy one, as they met with little or no 
 resistance, and all the outlying defences fell into their hands almost 
 without a blow. By noon, on the 15th of September, the day was 
 decided, and unconditional surrender was demanded, and the city 
 yielded. 
 
 About this time the Chinese authorities were becoming anxious 
 about the continued success and energetic campaign of the Japanese 
 land forces, as well as by the threatening demonstrations of their war 
 vessels. The operations in Corea, and the humiliating defeats of the 
 Chinese armies in that peninsula, seemed to awake the powers in con- 
 trol of the government to more resolute action. The surrender of 
 Ping Yang was a serious blow. 
 
 September the 16th a number of transports with troops from 
 Talien Bay, close by Port Arthur, were sent to the Yalu. The trans- 
 ports were dispatched up the rivei*. The main body of the fleet 
 remained at anchor some ten miles to the westward. On the morning 
 of the 17th, the Japanese fleet, under Admiral Ito, was discovered 
 approaching. The Japanese fleet consisted of four very fast cruisers 
 
 4 
 
in line leading the way, followed by a second squadron of three coast 
 defenders, a belted cruiser, and a belt and battery-protected armorclad. 
 In addition to these were three other vessels— an armored corvette, a 
 gun vessel and an armed merchant ship. The Chinese fleet was made 
 up of ten armored warships. After some preliminary skirmishing 
 and manoeuvring for position, the battle of the Yalu began. The 
 Japanese admiral acted with caution and seemed satisfied to fight at 
 long range. The battle raged fiercely on both sides for a time. The 
 Chinese commanders displayed great bravery, except those in com- 
 mand of the Tsi Yuen and 
 the Kwang Ki, both of 
 which ironclads, at an early 
 stage of the fight, put about 
 ship and attempted to es- 
 cape, but they were out-ma- 
 noeuvred however by their 
 wily antagonists. The Jap- 
 anese fought at long range, 
 and kept up a regular tor- 
 nado of quick firing shell. 
 At length the Chick- Yuen was 
 struck in a vital spot and 
 went down with the flag of 
 China flying at her mast- 
 head ; then the Lai Yuen was 
 struck and set on fire ; later 
 still, and the King Yuen was 
 also set on fire. Embold- 
 ened by success, one of the 
 Japanese ironclads got into 
 
 closer quarters than was prudent, when one of the Chinese fleet 
 let drive a couple of large projectiles striking the Matsushima, 
 and causing serious injury on board. So much so in fact that 
 the damage to the two Chinese warships by fire, which, however, 
 w;is extinguished, was trifling by comparison. During the day the 
 battle of the ships continued until the shades of night began to full, 
 and the combatants had expended the greater portion of their ammu- 
 nition. It was a severe engagement throughout. The Chinese fleet 
 retired under the protection of Port Arthur, and the Japanese moved 
 off to the Latuug. It was with such seemingly indecisive results the 
 
sea battle of the Yalu was fought, but from the fact that a few days 
 later the Japanese cruisers were patrolling the Chinese coast, the 
 palm of victory rested once more on the victorious Japanese. 
 
 It now became a well-established fact in the struggle that the 
 fortunes of war were leading in the direction of the soldiers and 
 sailors from the land of the chrysanthemums. The celerity of the 
 Japanese movements, the determination with which they made their 
 attacks and followed up advantages gained, the evident preparation 
 which was everywhere and at all times observable was universally 
 conceded. On the other hand, the Chinese appeared at all times, 
 and in nearly every engagement, whether on land or sea, to be entirely 
 unprepared for the emergency. It seemed as if demoralization had set 
 in among the troops with the first blow that was struck in the conflict. 
 Scarcely a leading commander in the armies of China exhibited the 
 faintest trace of that ability which was likely under the most favor- 
 able conditions to stay the tide of success which accompanied the 
 march of the Japanese armies on the land and went hand in hand with 
 the Japanese flag on the sea and along the Chinese coast. 
 
 The fall of Port Arthur was the next achievement which rewarded 
 the valor of the Japanese armies. With that carefulness and delibera- 
 tion which distinguished the Japanese commanders throughout the 
 entire campaign, the preparations for the capture of Port Arthur, 
 situated on the Regent's Sword promontory, were made. Though 
 the activity of the troops in other directions was in no way lessened, 
 for nearly every day brought news of encouragement from the success- 
 ful invaders, it was not until November that the order for the advance 
 on Port Arthur was given. Early in that month it was made plain 
 that the investment and capture of that stronghold was the next great 
 move. For over a fortnight, commencing on the first of November, 
 the Japanese commanders began to close in upon the stronghold. 
 Two divisions of troops, marching so as to command completely both 
 sides of the peninsular on which Port Arthur is situated, began to 
 close in. At all times both divisions were in touch with the fleet in 
 the adjacent waters. It was in this attack, or series of attacks, in 
 approaching the citadel that the Chinese made a display of the fight- 
 ing qualities which they undoubtedly possess when commanded by 
 officers in whom they have faith. For days every rod of the ground 
 was pluckily disputed. The advance, under such circumstances, was 
 necessarily slow, but it was sure. So intent were the Chinese com- 
 manders on the movements of the advancing troops on land that they 
 
 6 
 
lost sight of the diversion that was being made by the fleet in their 
 rear. The Japanese admiral moved carefully and quietly, and while 
 the attacking army on land was energetically engaging the attention 
 of the land forces a flotilla of Japanese torpedo boats entered the 
 harbor in defiance of the forts and water-works and distracted atten- 
 
 tion seaward. This appeared to be the signal for a general assault 
 along the whole line. The plan was successfully carried into effect 
 and on the 21st day of November Port Arthur fell, notwithstanding 
 the gallant defence it made. The stronghold was defended by thirteen 
 thousand of the best Chinese troops, who, when they recognized that 
 
 7 
 
the inevitable was at hand, fled thoroughly demoralized. The Japan- 
 ese not wishing to be burdened with an army of prisoners equal 
 almost in point of numbers to their own left a road open for them to 
 secure flight. Through this signal victory the most important arsenal 
 and dockyard in China fell into the hands of the Japanese. It also 
 gave to them through its strategical situation the command of the 
 Gulf of Pechili. The loss of the Japanese in this campaign was 
 insignificant; their gain was great. Immense quantities of guns, 
 ammunition, and general stores fell into their possession. The Jap- 
 anese fleet, apart from the torpedo boats, took no part in the capture. 
 They lay outside in the offing, mere spectators, keeping watch but 
 ready for action if required. The Chinese fleet was noticeable only 
 by its inaction. Twelve of the fleet were seized in the harbor and the 
 rest got up steam and hastened across to the shelter of Wei-Hai-Wei. 
 
 Even in this hasty 
 flight ill luck 
 seemed to follow. 
 The most formid- 
 able ironclad o f 
 the fleet, the Chen "' 
 Yuen went ashore 
 entering the har- 
 bor. 
 
 This ended for 
 the year the 
 achievements o f 
 
 the victors, but it 
 did not by any 
 means lessen 
 their activity 
 either on land or 
 sea. Port Arthur 
 having been re- 
 duced the victors 
 now turned their 
 attention in the 
 direction of Wei- 
 Hai-Wei, the next 
 
 great naval stronghold of China, on the Gulf of Pechili. It is the 
 attack on this stronghold that forms the main feature for illustration 
 on the mimic stage and lake in Pain's outdoor theatre. Mr. Kirby, 
 the scenic artist, has taken pains to give an excellent stage picture 
 of the promontory on which the stronghold is situated, showing its 
 approaches by land and water and the location of the fleets of the 
 contending powers. 
 
 It was not until near the end of January that a landing of a large 
 force of Japanese troops was accomplished on the main land near 
 Wei-Hai-Wei. Two circumstances, it must be borne in mind, com- 
 bined to make the capture of this position much more difficult and 
 protracted than the operations around Port Arthur. A strong Chinese 
 fleet was in the harbor, and although during the war it was demon- 
 strated that the Chinese battle ships were indifferently handled, it 
 
 8 
 
was also shown that they were manned and commanded by men who 
 could and would do battle even under the most disheartening condi- 
 tions. This was proven in the sea fight of the Yalu. The island of 
 Lin-Kun-Tao, close by, had an independent fortress, which entailed 
 more extensive operations on the part of the Japanese. They under- 
 took to reduce the fortress and Wei-Hai-Wei at the same time. On 
 the 30th of January the Japanese effected a landing and secured some 
 advantages, but from 
 that day on it was fight s^^m 
 
 every day until the goal 
 was won. One by one 
 the fierce determination 
 of the invaders was 
 shown in the assaults, 
 the charges, the bom- 
 barding by the fleet and 
 the return fire of the 
 besieged. Flame swept 
 the promontory and 
 lighted up the sea. The 
 roar of the guns, the 
 rattle of the musketry, 
 the shouts of the in- 
 vaders, flushed by vic- 
 tory and encouraged by 
 success, made night and 
 day hideous. The bar- 
 renness of the soil, the 
 inhospitable aspect of 
 the surrounding country 
 and rocky coast served 
 to add to the dread pic- 
 ture of war which was 
 raging. At length nearly 
 all the inland defences fell into the hands of the invaders, an* 1 then 
 followed the battle of the ironclads, which makes one of thf. most 
 instructive and interesting pictures yet shown on the mimic stage. 
 
 During the time that operations were in progress against Port 
 Arthur, and subsequently against Wei-Hai-Wei, and which ended, ub 
 already stated, in the capitulation of both strongholds, a Japanese 
 
 9 
 
army, in another direction, was marching in the direction of Ninchwang, 
 another very important seaport of the Chinese Empire. The march 
 was beset with difficulties. The enemy continually harassed the 
 advancing forces, but as in the past, these difficulties were surmounted, 
 
 and the Chinese soldiers showed, in almost every fight, how powerless 
 they were in opposing the Japanese invaders. The record of the First 
 Army of the Mikado, after they had crossed the Talu into Manchuria, 
 reflects the highest credit on the officers who conducted the campaign 
 
 JO 
 
and the soldiers who took part in it. The distance from their starting 
 point at Chemulpo to Ninchwang, situated on the Gulf of Lian-Tong, 
 is about four hundred miles. Every rod of this territory was dis- 
 puted by the Chinese. At length, on the 7th of March, Ninchwang 
 surrendered, and the Japanese once more found themselves in 
 possession of another important seaport, and their position on the 
 Northern Chinese mainland well secured. 
 
 This succession of victories was sufficient to inspire the invaders 
 with renewed confidence in their ability to subdue their ancient 
 enemy and to place themselves in such position as to dictate terms of 
 peace. Accordingly the eyes of those who were directing the general 
 campaign were directed in the direction of the rich and fruitful island 
 of Formosa. Now that the armies of Japan were firmly established 
 in Northern China and held possession of the three principal seaports 
 and fortresses, the scene of active operations changed towards For- 
 mosa, and the last active steps were begun before the conclusion of 
 the hostilities of the contending empires. 
 
 Little more remains to be added to this brief sketch describing 
 some of the most prominent events in the war between China and 
 Japan. From the time the first blow was struck until the suspension 
 of hostilities, it was plainly to be seen that the conflict was an unequal 
 one, inasmuch as Japan was thoroughly prepared. The great Chinese 
 empire was brought to bay by a power she affected to despise ; the 
 millions which the Chinese Emperor might call upon in time of need 
 were nowhere to be relied upon ; the leading generals and command- 
 ers of the laud and sea forces of the empire were found to be lacking 
 in all essentials calculated to inspire their followers with faith in their 
 ability to successfully cope with the invaders of the Flowery Land 
 and drive them from its shores. Years of fancied security hilled the 
 great ones of the empire into the belief that the powers they wielded 
 were invincible. Corruption, imbecility, luxury and selfishness among 
 the men of caste, and lack of patriotism, misery and indifference among 
 the teeming millions of the lower classes produced the natural results. 
 Is it to be Avoudered at then that the island empire of Japan, whose 
 inhabitants were fully imbued with a strong love of country, whose 
 scholars and statesmen, and soldiers and sailors, profiting by experi- 
 ence, learning by observation, studying in the great schools of the 
 world, cultivating the friendship of the civilized nations of the earth, 
 throwing wide open the doors of their rich and beautiful laud to all 
 who might seek the hospitality of its shores, should be prepared when 
 
 11 
 
the proper time arrived to step into position and assume a place 
 among the great nations of the earth ? After two ineffectual attempts 
 to secure an armistice, Li Hung Chang, in the character of China's 
 Plenipotentiary, proceeded to Japan to sue for peace. It was granted, 
 and the clash of arms ceased ; but who can tell how long the peace 
 that now exists will be maintained. The end is not yel. 
 
 12 
 
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