fJass / 3yS~ Book. , /V ^L Copyright^ CflEOUGKT DEPOSIT. NDONJ85I Chicago, 1893 Th e Mms ^rttVpe- . Published fo* \l\e orlds Golumbian Exposition, ch icago. 1890. October 7th, 1890. TO THE PRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. ^ The undersigned has been elected to the position of Director General of the World's Fair, Chicago 1893, by the joint action of the National Commissioners and the Board of Directors. In accepting this important position, he accepts all of its responsibilities, and trusts that with the aid of the press of this country, this great International Exhibition may prove to be such a success as will be creditable to the American Nation. By act of Congress it is provided that the buildings for the World's Fair shall be dedicated on the 12th of October, 1892, and that the exhibition shall be open to visitors on the first day of May. 1893, and close not later than the 30th day of October there- after. Thus we have two years in which to arrange the grounds and erect the buildings, and seven months additional in which to receive and place the exhibits. So far as this country is concerned, the undersigned feels justified in the statement that the presentation of the agricultural and stock products will be in every respect superior to any previous exhibition, also that in manufactures and inventions the progress of the United States will be indicated in a most remarkable manner. There is also every reason to anticipate exhibits in large numbers from every nation on the globe, it being estimated by practical experts that the total number of exhibits will not be less than fifty thousand, divided equally between the United States and all foreign nations. It is proposed to make this exhibition specially interesting in all that relates to manufactures, by the presentation of the most important processes in active operation. In comparison with these will be pre- sented the methods used in other countries four hundred years since. Already there are indications that nearly every State and Territory in the Union will be fully represented, and that large appropriations will be made at the approaching sessions of the different State legislatures. Circulars and blank applications for space will be forwarded in due season to all intending exhibitors. The undersigned would -call upon the press of the United States to hold up his hands in this great International undertaking, which, if successful, will establish the United States of America as the first nation on the globe. Respectfully, (Signed) GEO. R. DAVIS, Director-General. I VI CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, 1492. WORLD'S FAIRS FROM London 1851 to Chicago 1893 BY C. B. NORTON ILLUSTRATED WITH VIEWS AND PORTRAITS .." /V- THE MAAS ARTTYPE PUBLISHED FOR THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1893. MILTON WESTON COMPANY. CHICAGO, 1890. Copyright. 1890, C. B. Norton \ - THE great importance of the coming event in Chicago, and the relation it will bear to previous International Exhibitions, has led to the preparation of this pamphlet, with a view that the importance of the undertaking may be recognized in season to secure its being a success. Every citizen of Chicago should fully appreciate the great advantages to be derived to this city from the knowledge of its progress that will be secured to the millions of visitors in 1893. Let the visitors see, in addition to the attractions of the Exhibition itself, a thoroughly well-governed, beautiful city; well policed, well drained, clean and in perfect order. Thus, the Columbian Exposition in 1893, and the city of Chicago, will be remembered with pleasure. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER 1. The World's Fair London 1851. CHAPTER II. World's Fair Dublin 1S53. New York 1853. Paris 1855. CHAPTER III. World's Fair London 1862. CHAPTER IV. World's Fair Paris 1867. CHAPTER V. World's Fair V : enna 1873. CHAPTER VI. World's Fair Philadelphia 1876. CHAPTER VII. World's Fair Paris 1878. Sydney 1879. Melbourne 1880. Foreign World's Fair Boston 1883. CHAPTER VIII. World's Fair Paris 1889. CHAPTER IX. World's Fair Chicago 1893. CHAPTER X. Chicago as it is in 1890. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Large Bird's-Eye View of Chicago, Portrait of Christopher Columbus, 1492, Crystal Palace, London, 1851, Portrait of Prince Albert, 1851, Portrait of Queen Victoria, 1851, World's Fair Dublin 1853.— Main Building, - World's Fair New York 1853. — Main Building, - World's Fair Paris 1855. — Main Building, World's Fair Munich 1854.— Main Building, World's Fair London 1863 Main Building, World's Fair Paris 1867.— Ground Plan, World's Fair Vienna 1873 — Ground Plan, World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Ground Plan, - World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Main Building, World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Art Building, - World's Fair Paris 1878— United States Building, World's Fair Melbourne 1S80. — Main Building, World's Fair Paris 1889. — General View, World's Fair Paris 1889.— Center Dome, - World's Fair Paris 1889.— Fountain, - World's Fair Paris 1889. — Palace of Fine Arts, - Facing title Facing Chap. I Facing page 12 Facing page 16 - Facing Chap II Facing page 18 Facing page 20 Facing page 22 Facing Chap. Ill Facing Chap. IV - Facing Chap. V Facing Chap. VI - Facing page 41 Facing page 43 Facing Chap. VII - Facing page 50 Facing Chap. VIII Facing page 57 - Facing page 55 Facing page 60 World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of Thomas W. Palmer, President World's Columbian Commission, 1893, Facing Chap. IX World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of George R. Davis, Director General Wold's Columbian Exposition, 1893, World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of Lyman Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago, 1890. — First National Bank, Chicago, 1890. — Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 1890- — Art Institute, Chicago, 1890.— Palmer House, Chicago, 1890. — Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, 1890. — The Auditorium, Chicago, 1890.— The Chicago, Chicago, 1890. — Rand-McNally Building, Chicago, 1890. — World's Fair Map, Facing page 64 J. Gage, President World's - Facing page 73 Facing Chap. X - Facing page 65 Facing page 67 - Facing page 78 Facing page 81 - Facing page 83 Facing page 85 - Facing page 87 End of book WORLD'S FAIRS. CHAPTER I. THE WORLD'S FAIR, LONDON, 1851. While in past years, previous to 1851, there have been gatherings of mer- chants from different nations for trade and commerce, yet the first well-defined World's Fair was the one held in London in 1851, and in a building known as the Crystal Palace. There can be no question but that the originator of this Inter- national Exhibition was Prince Albert, and to him is due the credit of one of the most important events of the present century, for from the starting point of 1851 have proceeded all other World's Fairs until now, when Chicago — a comparatively unknown factor at that date — will close the century with an exhibition worthy of itself and the American nation. So far as concerns National Exhibitions, we must bear in mind that the initial movement is due to the French who first undertook to offer prizes at public exhibitions for distinctive excellence. Later on, England followed in the same line, and the local exhibition at Birmingham was so complete and exhaustive, that it doubtless secured public attention when the International Exhibition of 1851 was suggested by Prince Albert. ARCHITECTURE. To secure a proper design for building, an invitation was addressed through the public prints to architects of all nations, to furnish designs for an edifice the roof of which was to cover 700,000 square feet, and the area of which, including the open spaces, was not to exceed 900,000 square feet. Other conditions were enumerated which indicated that the whole of the details had been carefully and judiciously considered. Although the time allowed for the preparation of the drawings was only a month, there were no fewer than 233 competitors, many of whom sent in designs of a highly elaborate character. Of these thirty-eight, or one-sixth of the whole, were from foreigners, one hundred and twenty-eight from London and its immediate vicinity, and fifty-one from the provincial towns of England. After long and serious consideration, the well-known plan of Mr. Paxton was adopted, and the building was properly entitled The Crystal Palace. The actual location of the Crystal Palace was not settled until late in 1849, when permission was secured for the use of Hyde Park, and the design, presented by Sir Joseph Paxton, was adopted. Sir Joseph being a landscape gardener, his ideas were quite in the line of his profession, for the form and shape of the Crystal Palace is based upon that of the gigantic leaf of the Victoria Regia, or African water lily. The contract for tnis building was made with Fox & Henderson, who bound them- selves to complete the building — 1,851 feet long, to correspond with the year, and 450 feet broad — in four months, using 900,000 square feet of glass, weighing more li 12 WORLD'S FAIRS. than 400 tons; 3,300 iron columns, varying from 15 to 20 feet in length, with 34 miles of guttering pipe joining all the columns together underground ; 2,225 girders ; 205 miles of sash bar; flooring for an area of 33,000,000 cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, louvre work and partition. To indicate the rapidity of construction, it may be stated that 18,392 pieces of glass were fixed in the roof in one week by eighty men, and 108 pieces, or 367 feet, 6 inches, of glazing being accomplished by one of the glaziers in a single clay, the total cost being estimated in round figures at $965,000. Prince Albert, the father of this enterprise, at a grand banquet given by the Lord Mayor of London, delivered an address, from which we extract the following remarks, fully as applicable to the present time, as when these noble sentiments were uttered : I conceive it to be the duty of every educated person closely to watch and study the time in which he lives, and, as far as in him lies, to add his humble mite of individual exertion, to fur- ther the accomplishment of what he believes Providence to have ordained. Nobody, however, who has paid any attention to the particular features of our present era, will doubt for a moment that we are living at a period of most wonderful transition, which tends rapidly to accomplish that great end — to which, indeed, all history points — the realization of the unity of mankind; not a unity which breaks down the limits and levels the peculiar characteristics of the different nations of the earth, but rather a unity, the results and product of these very national varieties and antagonistic qualities. The distances which separated the different nations and parts of the globe are gradually vanishing before the achievements of modern invention, and we can traverse them with incredible speed; the languages of all nations are known, and their acquirement placed within the reach of everybody; thought is communicated with the rapidity and even by the power of lightning. On the other hand, the great principle of the division of labor, which mav be called the moving power of civilization, is being extended to all branches of science, industry and art. Whilst formerly the greatest mental energies strove at universal knowledge, and that knowledge was confined to few, now they are directed to specialties, and in these again even to the minutest points. Moreover, the knowledge now acquired becomes the property of the community at large. Whilst formerly discovery was wrapt in secrecy, it results from the publicity of the present day, that no sooner is a discovery or invention made, than it is already improved upon and surpassed by competing efforts. The products of all quarters of the globe are placed at our disposal, and we have to devise which is the best and cheapest for our purposes, and the powers of production are contrasted to the stimulus of competition and capital. Thus man is approaching a more complete fulfillment of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world. His reason being created after the image of God, he has to use it to discover the laws by which the Almighty governs his creation, and by making these laws his standard of action, to conquer nature to his use — himself a divine instrument. Science discovers these laws of power, motion, and transformation ; industry applies them to the raw matter which the earth yields us in abundance, but which becomes valuable only by knowledge; art teaches us the immutable laws of beauty and symmetry, and gives to our productions forms in accord- ance with them. The exhibition of 1851 is to give us a true text and a living picture of the point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived in this great task, and a new starting point, from which all nations will be able to direct their future exertions. I confidently hope the first impression which the view of this vast collection will produce on the spectator will be that of deep thankfulness to the Almighty for the blessings which he has bestowed upon us already here below; and the second, the conviction that they can only be realized in propor- tion to the help which we are prepared to render to each other; therefore, only by peace, love and ready assistance, not only between individuals, but between the nations of the earth. This being my conviction, I must be highly gratified to see here assembled the magistrates of all important towns of this realm, sinking all their local, and possibly political differences — the representatives of the different political opinions of this country, and the representatives of the different foreign nations — to-day representing only one interest. When we bear in mind that to Prince Albert is due that influence which secured the inaction of Great Britain in our national conflict, we can more fully appreciate the wise and carefully thought out views of this far-seeing mind. PRINCE ALBERT, 1851. LONDON, 1851. 13 LABOR. The work connected with the construction of the Crystal Palace proceeded rapidly, and it is estimated that not fewer than ten thousand persons were engaged in one way or other in the service of the exhibition. One week, 2,260 workmen were actually engaged in and about the building itself; and it was in keeping with all the rest of the business details, that the system of payment was so admirably arranged with regard to exactitude and celerity, that out of this number 2,000 received their wages at the close of the day, in one hour, without confusion, noise or mistake of any kind. A press writer in 1851, in relation to foreign exhibitors, refers to the United States as follows: Of foreign lands America comes last. Follow the course of her rivers, examine her sea- board, track her footsteps across the prairies and Rocky mountains — follow her into the far west, amidst falling forests and flying Indians — cross her immense lakes, whirl with her through swamps and surroundings, or pause amid her rising and river cities, and ask what variety of man- ufacture exists which the enterprise, and toil, and acuteness of the United States cannot supply, with little to fear from the result of universal competition. OPENING OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE. As is well known, the Crystal Palace Exhibition was opened on the 1st of May by the Queen in person, Prince Albert in an address explaining the objects and purposes of the undertaking. The Duke of Wellington, Lord Palmerston, and the Marquis of Anglesea were present. The ceremonial was one it may be said without precedent or rival. " The homage paid by the sovereign of the widest empire in the world to the industry and genius of both hemispheres, will not fill a page in history as a mean and unsubstantial pageant. While the race of man exists, this solemn and magnificent occasion will not readily fade away from his memory like the baseless fabrics of a dream; it commences an era in which the sons of toil shall receive honor and reward ; and, in accordance with the spirit of the dav, it stimulates the energies of men to conquer " fresh domains " and discover new faculties of nature and her products, for the well-being and use of his fellow- creatures. Of itself as a passing display of state pomp and power, we cannot speak too highly; for even oriental gorgeousness fades in comparison with the glories of the unequaled temple which enshrines the exhibition of all nations at Hyde Park." A PROFITABLE UNDERTAKING. It must be borne in mind that with the Crystal Palace Exhibition everything had to be learned, and yet so admirable was its management that there is little change to be made after nearly a half century of experience. The expenses connected with the World's Fair 1851 are estimated as follows, approximating in our currency: Personal services, including staff, executive committee, jurors, and profess- ional assistance £ 71,965 or $360,000 Police 19,648 or 100,000 Office expenses, such as rent, furniture, stationery, printing, postage, advertising 8,869 or 45,000 General maintenance, including coal, lighting, water, implements and tools, repairs, accidents 4,878 or 25,000 Jury department, medals, photographs .- 6,717 or 35,000 Law Expenses - 10,508 or 52,000 £122,795 or $617,000 14 WORLD'S FAIRS. Its managers secured a profitable return to those who had placed confidence in their estimates and promises, and that has not been accomplished since, the surplus left being $930,000. Messrs. Spicer and Clowes paid £3,200 or $16,000 for the privilege of printing the catalogue. They sold 285,000 of the shilling catalogue. In the matter of refreshments, wine, spirits, beer, or intoxi- cating drinks were expressly forbidden, and yet the refreshment concession was sold for $27,500. As no cooking was allowed in the building, dinners were limited to cold meat and steamed potatoes. Some idea of the amount of food con- sumed may be formed by the following statistics: Of lemonade, soda water and ginger ale, 1,000,000 bottles; cakes and buns, 1,250,000; potatoes, 36 tons; pickles, 1,000 gallons; ham, 33 tons; ice, 363 tons; milk and cream, 65,000 quarts; coffee, 15,000 pounds; tea, 1,000 pounds; chocolate, 5,000 pounds; bread, 1,100,000 loaves. The estimated total amount expended for refreshments, $375,000. Several temporary eating houses were erected in the immediate vicinity with accommodations for thousands. ADMISSION CHARGES IN 1851. After much debate and consultation, a price of one shilling (twenty-five cents) was fixed for admission for four days in the week, on Fridays two shillings and sixpence (seventy-five cents), and on Saturdays five shillings ($1.25); season ticket for gentleman, 3 guineas ($15.75) ; season ticket for lady, 2 guineas ($10.50). No change was made at any of the entrances, but exchange offices were arranged in the vicinity. Of the money received at. the gates, which were opened at 10 a. m. and closed at 6 p. m., £275,000 ($1,375,000) was in silver and £81,000 ($405,000) in gold. There was about £500 of bad money taken, all silver coun- terfeits. This cash was attended to by eighteen collectors, assisted on special occasions by six aids. An estimate made at the time in 1851, fixed the increased income to the city of London at £4,000,000 ($20,000,000) for the six months only in which the exhibition was kept open, and without reference to the many perma- nent advantages which accrued at a later period. There was really very little interest taken by this country in the Great Exhibition, the total number of visitors to England from the United States being only 5,048, and yet considering the small number of exhibits (499), we secured a larger proportion of awards than any other nation. The number of jurors was 318, of whom the British claimed 161 and the foreign nations 157; of this last class the United States had 24. Special attention was attracted to our coaches, wagons, buggies and trotting sulkies, which at that time were almost unknown in Europe. Chickering's and Meyer's pianos were noticed, and due credit given to the cotton and woolen goods from Massachusetts and Rhode Island. McCormick's reaper carried off the gold medal at this great exhibition. The sight of Powers' Greek Slave in marble was a surprise to the English critics.- Joiners' tools, axes and shovels were mentioned by the jury as deserving medalso India rubber goods were for the first time on exhibition, and the yacht America and Francis' life boat were objects of special interest. THE UNITED STATES AS EXHIBITORS IN 1851. The total number of exhibitors was 13,937, of whom Great Britain contributed 6,861, the British Colonies 520, and the rest of the world 6,556. Persia furnished QUEEN VICTORIA, 1851. LONDON, 1851. 15 12, China 30, Greece 36, and Denmark 39, a small show in comparison with their exhibits in all subsequent exhibitions. The estimated value of the contents was equal to $9,000,000, exclusive of the priceless value of the Koh-i-noor diamond. The United States was represented by a commissioner, Edward Riddle, Esq., of Boston; secretaries, Messrs. Dodge and Morey; clerks, Messrs. Brewster and Walker, and three assistants. The National Institute, in conformity with tne wish of the government, appointed a central committee composed of the following gentlemen: Hon. Millard Fillmore, President of the United States; Col. Peter Force, Hon. Jas. A. Pearce, U. S. Senate; Hon. Levi Woodbury, Supreme Court; Commodore Lewis War- rington, U. S. N.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Vice-President Smithsonian Institute; Prof. Walter R. Johnson, Prof. Alexander D. Bache, Commander Charles Wilkes, Hon. W. W. Seaton, Mayor of Washington ; Hon. Jefferson Davis, U. S. Senate; Lieut. Matthew F. Maury, Chas. F. Stansbury, Esq.; Col. J. J. Clark, Gen. Jas. G. Totten, Thos. Ewbank, Ex-Commissioner of Patents; William Early, Esq.; Dr. Leonard D. Gale, J. C. G. Kennedy, Esq., Superintendent of Census; Ezra C. Seaman, Esq.; Abbott Lawrence, U. S. Minister to London. AWARDS. After giving the subject careful consideration, the committee decided to award a council medal ranking with a diploma of honor, the prize medal and a cer- tificate of honorable mention distributed as follows: Council medals, 171; prize medals, 2,954; and honorable mentions, 2,123. In the United States there was given the highest award, council medal to Gail Borden, Jr., for meat biscuit; D. Dick, engineers' tools and presses; C. H. McCormick, reaping machine; Wm. Bond & Son, invention of a new mode of observing astronomical phenomena; C. Goodyear, rubber goods. Total number of awards to the United States, 5 council medals, 102 prize medals, and 53 honorable mentions. It was while attending this exhibition that several citizens of the United States decided to present the subject of an international exhibition in New York for public consideration. A most interesting feature connected with the exhibition of 1851 was the arrangements made for the admission of schools and the inmates of charitable institutions, 493 schools with 35,540 scholars availing themselves of this oppor- tunitv. Through the influence of the Duke of Wellington, leave of absence was secured for a large number of regiments, so that both officers and privates could spend at least a day in the Crystal Palace. The police arrangements were very satisfactory, there being only twenty-three cases of arrest, twelve for picking pockets and eleven for theft. A few policemen were secured from other countries, and also a band of interpreters, at the expense of the commission. No smoking or matches allowed in the building, a well- drilled fire brigade always on guard, and plenty of water, with sixty feet pressure. There were 1,454 omnibuses and 3,429 cabs available in London during the World's Fair 1851. A series of lectures and essays by eminent scientific men were published during the world's fair, and they had a large circulation, doing much to improve the mind and taste of the public. J6 WORLD'S FAIRS. CLASSIFICATION. The classification was based upon the most simple plan possible, all exhibits being divided into four great sections, raw material and produce, machinery, manu- factures and fine arts. THE QUEEN OF ENGLAND. From its first inception the Queen took a warm personal interest in the success of the Crystal Palace. She not only opened it in person, but made several visits with her family. Her portrait presented herewith is a faithful likeness, as well as that of Prince Albert, representing them both as they appeared in 1S51. For the first and only time in the history of exhibitions the world's fair in London proved to be a financial success, there being in hand, after paying all expenses, not less than $750,000. There were over 17,000 exhibitors, of which about one-third were foreigners. It was at this exhibition that the wonderful diamond known as the Koh-i-noor was for the first time shown to the public. PRINCE ALBERT. There can be no question but that the success of this great world's fair is largely due to the support of Prince Albert, whose character is shown in these words delivered at the award of prizes: In now taking leave of all those who have so materially aided us in their respective char- acters of jurors and associates, foreign and local commissioners, members and secretaries of local and sectional committees, members of the Society of Arts, and exhibitors, I cannot refrain from remarking, with heartfelt pleasure, the singular harmony which has prevailed amongst the eminent men representing so many national interests— a harmony which cannot end with the event that produced it. Let us receive it as an auspicious omen for the future; and while we return our humble and heart}' thanks to Almighty God for the blessings he has vouchsafed to our labors, let us all earnestly pray that Divine Providence, which has so benignant]}' watched over and bhielded this illustration of Nature's productions conceived by human intellect, and fashioned by human skill, may still protect us, and may grant that the interchange of knowledge resulting from the meetings of enlightened people in friendly rivalry, may be dispersed far and wide over distant lands; and thus by throwing our mutual dependence upon each other, be a happy means of promoting unity among nations, and peace and good will among the various races of mankind. = ■»•• = *>* 'l!|\\# n in CO m D Q £ < IL (0 Q _l IE o 5 DUBLIN, 1853— NEW YORK, 1853. 17 CHAPTER II. DUBLIN WORLD'S FAIR, 1853— NEW YORK, 1853— PARIS, 1855. The next attempt at an international exhibition was made in Dublin, but it was in no sense of the word a success. It was undertaken at the cost of a private citizen, who advanced $400,000 for expenses. The building was only 425 feet long, 100 feet wide, 105 feet high, and with its annexes cost $240,000- We give herewith a view of this building, which had little to distinguish it in an architectural point. It was opened by the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, as the representative of Her Majesty, on May 12th, 1853, and remained open until October 29th. Advantage was taken of the fact that there were no paintings on exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851, to secure a most remarkable collection for Dublin in 1853, valued at $1,000,000, and it was without question the finest collection ever brought together for public exhibition up to that time. While the world's fair in Dublin was very largely attended, it was not a financial success. The number of visitors was esti- mated at 1,150,000, but there was not sufficient income to meet the expenses. NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR, 1853. It must be borne in mind that the government of the United States has never assumed the expense of an international exposition. The New York world's fair, like the one in Philadelphia in 1876, was the outcome of local and individual enter- prise. The treasury department made the building a bonded warehouse, and goods for exhibition were duty free. The lease of the ground corner Forty-second street and Sixth avenue was secured on January 1st, 1852, and the following March a state charter was granted, in spite of much local opposition on the ground that it was " hostile *o American industry." The charter of incorporation was entitled for the " Association for the Exhibition of the Industries of all Nations," with a capital of $200,000. The city government required that the building erected should be composed of iron, glass and wood, and that the entrance fee should not exceed fifty cents. The board of directors was composed of some of the best citizens of New York, as follows: Mortimer Livingston, Alfred Bell, August Belmont, Alexander Hamil- ton, Jr., George Schuyler, Albert J. Anderson, Henry R. Dunham, W. C. War- dell, Jacob A. Westervelt, James A. Hamilton, Samuel Nicholson, Philip Bur- rowes, Johnston Livingstone, Charles W. Porter, Theodore Sedgwick, William W. Stone, William Whetten, John Dunham, William Kent, Watts Sherman, J. W. Edmunds, Jef Roosvelt; Theodore Sedgwick being elected president and William Whetten secretary. 18 WORLD'S FAIRS. For the purpose of raising a fund for the necessary expenses, subscription to stock were solicited through the agency of the well-known banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Co. Proposals for architectural plans were published, and Sir Joseph Paxton, the architect of the London Crystal Palace, was one of the competing architects. The design selected, of which we give a plate heiewith, was prepared by Messrs. Carstensen and Gildermeister. Work was only com- menced the latter part of August, 1852, and on the 30th of October the governor of New York, with other dignitaries, witnessed the erection of the first column in the building, which was placed with appropriate ceremonies. This building was two stories high, the first being in the form of an octagon and the second that of a Greek cross. In the center was a dome 14-8 feet high. The four corners were octagon shaped and each front had two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall flagstaffs. The construction of iron girders, columns, etc., was on the same plan with that of the Crystal Palace in London, but the plan of the dome was original with the American architects. The main building covered 170, OuO square feet, and the annex 93,000 square feet. This latter building was composed of two stories, and was 21 feet broad and 450 feet long, lighted from above, the sides being closed. It was arranged for a gallery of paintings, and was connected with the main building by two one-story wings used as refreshment rooms. The ceilings of this building were of glass, sustained by iron pillars, there being 45,000 square feet each way, being sixteen by thirty-eight. The general style of architecture was Moorish, the decorations being Byzantine and the ceilings painted in red, white, blue and cream color, producing a very pleasing effect. There were three entrances 147 feet wide. The central aisle was 41 and the side aisles 54 feet in width. The dome was 100 feet across. FORMAL OPENING. The New York world's fair was formally opened on July 14th, 1853, but it was far from being ready. President Pierce, Jefferson Davis, then secretary of war; Salmon P. Chase, Gen. Winfield Scott, Caleb Cushing, attorney general; Commodores Stewart and Boorman, Horatio Seymour, governor of New York; George E. Post, governor of New Jersey; Howell Cobb, governor of Georgia; Archbishop Hughes, Bishop Wainwright, Judges Betts, Edmunds, Oakley, Roose- velt and others; Lord and Lady Ellesmere and daughters, Col. Almonte, Mexi- can minister; M. de Sartiges, French minister; Senor de Osma, Peruvian minister, and Mayor Westervelt were among the distinguished persons present on this occasion. The classification of articles adopted here was the same as at the London world's fair 1851, viz.: raw materials, machinery, manufactures and fine arts, a simple method of grouping very satisfactory to the public. It is a matter worthy of consideration whether the extreme of classification lately resorted to in public exhibitions is of real service to a large majority of the visitors and exhibitors. Prof. W. P. Blake, New Haven, Conn., prepared the mining exhibit. There were 4,100 exhibitors, more than one-half of whom were foreigners. The financial results were: Cost of building and other expenses, $640,000; total receipts, including admissions, concessions, sale of catalogues, etc., $340,000, leaving a loss of $300,000, which fell upon the stockholders. It may possibly be remembered that Horace Greelev, a director in the New York world's fair, was arrested while in Paris and locked up in Clichy prison, at PARIS, 1855. 19 the suit of a French exhibitor whose property had been damaged. One of the best letters ever written by Mr. Greeley was from his cell in Clichy prison. WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1855. This exhibition possessed one feature of great interest, which has been made quite prominent ever since in connection with world's fairs. That was the de- partment of fine arts. Louis Napoleon, emperor of the French, assisted by Prince Napoleon, president of the exhibition, did all in their power by awards of decora- tions and medals to place France in the front rank. BUILDINGS. The Palace of Industry, which formed the main building for the world's fair, still remains on the main avenue of the Champs Elysees, where it is made use of for many purposes connected with annual and other exhibitions. It is rectangular in shape, solidly constructed, and intended to be permanent. In it were exhibited the twenty industrial classes principally. Another building, called an Annex, some 4,000 feet long, was devoted specially to machinery. The third building, or Palace of Fine Arts, was located at quite a distance from the two others. Between the Palace of Industry and the Annex was a circular building known as the Rotunda, in which were displayed the crown jewels of France, valuable carpets, tapestries, etc. Outside and surrounding this Rotunda was a considerable space, partly covered and partly uncovered, in which ■ carriages and vehicles of all kinds, as well as agricultural machinery, were on exhibition. Thus the World's Fair Paris 1855 was held in three buildings, the Palace of Industry, Palace of Fine Arts and Machinery Hall. Although the preparation and erection of these buildings was set on foot and mainly carried out with the capital of a commercial company organized in Paris, yet it was the French govern- ment that really had the sole management of the exhibition, taking all risk in the enterprise, and guaranteeing to the company a certain 23ercentage of profit on their outlay. The emperor accordingly appointed imperial commissioners, with Prince Napoleon at their head, for the management of the exhibition. The total space occupied in these buildings by exhibitors, including passages, offices and all else used bv the public, was about 1,866,000 square feet. A view of the principal entrance to this world's fair is given herewith. EXHIBITORS. The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, divided as follows: French empire, 11,986; foreign states, 11,968. This closeness of the two numbers must be recognized as very curious. The United .States was only represented by 144 exhibitors, thirteen of these being in the department of fine arts. Fifty-three foreign states and twenty-two foreign colonies were represented in this exhibition without including France, the three provinces of Algeria, and eight French colonies. The classification of exhibits was arranged in eight groups and thirty-one classes. The total number of jurors was 398 — 208 being assigned to France and 190 to foreign countries. 20 WORLD'S FAIRS. AWARDS. The system of awards was as follows: 1. Gold medal — Grand medal of honor. 2. Gold medal — Medal of honor. 3. Silver medal — First class. 4. Bronze medal — Second class. 5. Honorable mention. There were 112 grand medals of honor, 252 medals of honor, 2,300 first class medals, 3,900 second class medals, 4,000 honorable mention. Of the above, a grand medal of honor was awarded to C. H. McCormick, of Chicago, United States. In fine arts there were forty artists personally decorated by the emperor, and in addition there were awarded J 6 medals of honor, 67 first class medals, 87 second class medals, 77 third class medals, 222 honorable mention. Messrs. Healy, Rossiter and May, American artists, were noticed favorably, Mr. Healy receiving a second class medal and Messrs. May and Rossiter each a third class medal. VISITORS. The World's Fair Paris 1855 was kept open exactly 200 days, Sundays included. The admission was by season tickets and cash paid at entrances. Season tickets for the entire exhibition cost $20. The general admission on most days was one franc, or twenty cents, but on Friday, a reserved clay, $1, and on Sundays eight cents only, it being the only day when the working classes, laborers, etc., could take advantage of this wonderful opportunity for recreation and study. All soldiers, military pensioners and pupils from military schools, were admitted free upon certain hours and days in each week. The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. Those holding season tickets entered 97,800 times; those who paid $1 or five francs, were in number 33,926; the total number at twenty cents was 2,103,535; and those at eight cents, 2,196,795. On the day of the opening ceremony and when the queen of England visited the exhibition, only season tickets were allowed. The largest number on any one day was on Sunday, Sept. 9, 1S55, when there were 123,017 persons. It is esti- mated that during the world's fair Paris was visited by 160,000 foreigners and 350,000 French people from the various departments. COST AND INCOME. The total cost of this exhibition may be put down in round numbers at $2,257,000 — or, adding cost of Palace of Industry, paid for by the French govern- ment, nearly $5,000,000. The total receipts reached the sum of 3,202,41)5 francs, or $644,100. While the financial results of this world's fair indicate a very serious loss, yet it is believed that in this instance, as in all other international exhibitions, that there was a very large financial advantage to the city of Paris. Allowing that the half million of visitors only averaged $20 each, certainly not an unreason- able estimate, we have at once the gross sum of $10,000,000 as probably left in Paris in 1 855. There was very considerable interest shown by Great Britain in the Paris World's Fair 1855. The British government at once appropriated $250,000 for the expenses of the national exhibit, and local committees were formed in all the PARIS, 1855. 21 principal cities and towns for the purpose of selecting the very best specimens of each class of manufactures. It was by this careful system of organization that the superiority of British manufactures was so often brought to the front. The result was, that the British section of the Paris World's Fair of 1855 was a more com- plete representation of the products and manufactures of the United Kingdom than the London World's Fair of 1851. The total number of packages was 6,420, the weight a little over 1,300 tons. Only about half of these amounts, both in value and weight, w§re returned to England; the balance were sold. Forty thousand British subjects visited Paris during this World's Fair, of whom 2,768 were workmen sent over free of expense. The Queen, Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales and % the Princess Royal crossed the British Channel and visited the exhibition. Much credit is due to M. Le Play, commissioner general, for the admirable manner in which all departments of this exhibition were managed. Mr. Cole, the able manager of the British section, makes these remarks in his report at the close of the World's Fair Paris 1855. The utility of the London and Paris universal exhibitions in teaching nations the compar- ative strength and weakness of their respective industries, and showing their mutual means for supplying each other's wants; in dissipating the prejudices of ignorance, and awakening desires for improvement, has been so manifest and generally admitted, that, notwithstanding the cost and trouble of them, and the great interruption they cause to ordinary trade, it is probable these exhibitions will extend and become periodical at least in some of the principal cities of Europe. The ultimate purpose of all industrial exhibitions is commercial. It is true that various motives, besides those of direct trade, induce some few exhibitors to display their productions, but the bulk of exhibitors will be always attracted by the hopes of extending commerce. It may be laid down as an axiom, that the chief and direct advantages of an exhibition are derived by the country which holds it. It cannot be doubted that England with its exhibition of 1851 and France with its exhibition of 1855, respectively derived a much greater proportionate benefit than any of their foreign contributors. London reaped a rich harvest from visitors to the metropolis, of which at least 70,000 were foreigners. It is estimated by M. Pietri, chief of police, that not less than 350,000 visitors came to the World's Fair Paris 1855, of which number there were 160,000 foreigners, of whom 40,000 were British subjects, and that at least $30,000,000 were expended in the city of Paris. From the World's Fair Paris 1855 to the World's Fair London 1862 there were several local exhibitions of considerable importance, all being the result of the impetus given in the start by Prince Albert. In 1854, Victoria held its first exhibition at Melbourne, in a palace of glass, erected on the site of the present mint. There were also interesting local industrial celebrations at Brussels in 1856; Lausanne in 1857, with 2,050 exhibitors; Turin in 1858, and Hanover in 1859; but we should pay special attention to the unequaled Fine Art Exhibition at Manchester in 1857. This may well be entitled a World's Fair of Art, for never before has such a mass of artistic wealth, both of old masters and the modern school, been congre- gated together; art, indeed, was everywhere prominent, even in the arrangement of the great hall with its statues and groups of armour separated and arranged in little islands of greenery. Heirlooms were contributed from all parts of the king- dom; the Royal Academv sent its diploma pictures, and there was arranged for the first time on public view the plan of a British portrait gallery, comprising the noted personages of Great Britain, commencing with Henry IV. and coming down 22 WORLD'S FAIRS. to the present time, comprising the works of Holbein, Van Dyke, Zucchero, Sir Peter Lely, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir Thomas Lawrence. Not only artistically, but financially it was a success, and Manchester may well be proud of the record of no less than 1,336,715 visitors, and receipts nearly $420,000. In 1859 Greece had her first exhibition at Athens, with 974 exhibitors. In 1861 there were national art exhibitions in Dublin, Edinburgh and Florence. WORLD'S FAIR MUNICH 1854. This exhibition was only open three months, owing to the approach of cholera. The building, of which we give an illustration, was built of iron and glass, 800 feet long, 260 feet wide, and 87 feet high, and cost $450,000. It recalls in many respects the Crystal Palace of 1851, the main difference between them being the substitution of a square towered transept for the well-known circular roof. This building was designed by Herr Wit, and still remains as a permanent building. The number of exhibitors was estimated at over 7,000, and the value of exhibits $7,500,U00. Illi ' ■ 3! r D 0) ■n > S c z o I 5 01 CM (0 CO z Q Z o < U. (0 _l cc o 5 LONDON, 1862. 23 CHAPTER III. WORLD'S FAIR LONDON 1862. It was fully intended and arranged to have a deccenial exhibition in London 1861, ten years after the first world's fair, but the great national loss in the death of Prince Albert occasioned its postponement to 1802. The main buildings of the World's Fair 1862 covered about seventeen acres of ground, exclusive of the two annexes on the east and west of the Horticultural Gardens, which may be estimated at seven acres, making the total area twenty-four acres. In shape, the ground was nearly rectangular, measuring about 1,200 feet from east to west and 560 feet from north to south. There were three grand entrances, on three .principal streets. The buildings were designed by Captain Fowke, royal engineer, assistant and engineer to the government department of science and art. The contractors for erecting it were Mr. Weld and Messrs. Lucas Brothers. The total area of covered space amounted to 1,291,800 square feet, of which 147,700 square feet were taken up by refreshment rooms, offices, entrances and staircases, leaving 1,144,100 square feet available for exhibition purposes. The total area roofed in was 988,000 square feet. In dividing this space, the royal commissioners adopted the rule of giving one-half the total space to foreign nations and retaining one-half for itself. As a matter of record, it is thought advisable to give the amount of space occupied by each country at the London World's Fair 1862: FLOOR SPACE. Square Feet. Great Britain and Colonies 229,759 France and Colonies 54,481 Germany 38,691 United States 3,242 Africa 158 South America 1,468 Austria 15,494 Belgium 12,473 China 534 Denmark 2,163 Egypt 746 Greece 242 Holland 2,912 Hayti 146 Italy 7,905 Japan ' 300 Siberia 95 Madagascar 34 24 WORLD'S FAIRS. Portugal 1,772 Rome 1,334 Russia 4,648 Spain 2,563 Sweden and Norway 4,556 Switzerland 4,029 Turkey 1,374 Total floor space 391,146 WALL SPACE. Square Feet. Great Britain and Colonies 146,229 France and Colonies 9,222 Belgium 13,176 Austria 13,195 Germany 25 425 Turkey and Egypt 6,568 Denmark 5,059 Holland and Colonies 4,281 Norway and Sweden , 3,061 Portugal 1,955 Russia 5,871 Spain 2,726 Switzerland 3,085 Other countries 44,707 Total wall space 284,670 In the department of fine arts the space was divided as follows: Wall Space. Floor Space. Great Britain and Colonies 34,773 3,728 Austria 5,179 210 Belgium 4,565 776 Brazil 60 Denmark 1,887 7 France 11,246 1,761 Germany 8,077 751 Greece 209 142 Holland 2,848 Italy 4,741 859 Norway and Sweden 2,873 142 Rome 1,132 1,267 Russia 1,333 30 Spain 1,743 Switzerland 1,972 Turkey 83 United States 404 56 83,126 9,729 EXHIBITORS, ETC. The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair of London 1862 was 28,653, including 2,305 artists, whose works were exhibited in the four classes of the fine arts department. As can easily be understood, the position of our country at that time was not such as could admit of much thought for exhibits, nevertheless with the small number sent in for competition, the United States received fifty-six medals and twenty-nine diplomas for articles on exhibition. LONDON, 1862. 25 The total cost of the buildings may be stated at $1,605,000, and the total cost of the World's Fair 1862, including all expenses, $2,300,000. This exhibition was opened on May 1, 1862, and closed November 15, there being 121 days during which the public were admitted. The exhibition was opened by the Duke of Cambridge, 30,000 people being present, with a choir of 2,000 voices and an orchestra of 400 musicians. A notable feature of the occasion was the Japanese embassy in full court costume. The arrangements for admittance were confined to season tickets and payments at the doors. On the day of opening only ticket holders were admitted. On the two next days the charge for admission was £1 or $5 ; from May 5th to 17th inclusive, 5 shillings or $1.25; after that date the prices varied on certain days in the week 1 shilling or 25 cents, to 5 shillings or $1.25; but the result shows very clearly that a uniform moderate price of admission produces the largest returns. The ordinary season tickets were fixed at 3 guineas or $15.00. The total receipts of tickets and cash were as follows: Two days at 20 shillings or $5.00 $ 2,530 One day at 10 shillings or $2.50 5,250 Sixteen days at 5 shillings or $1.25 89,105 Sixty-three days at 2 shillings 6 pence or 62 cents 480,330 Sixty-eight day s at 1 shilling or 25 cents 1,065,000 Approximating in our money $1,644,260 The total receipts, including tickets, payments at doors, concessions for cata- logue, refreshments, photographs, retiring rooms, umbrella stands, etc., amounted in round numbers to $1,298,150, the average returns on the shilling days being double that of the high-price days. . VISITORS. The total number of visitors amounted to nearly six millions and a quarter. The daily average attendance was 36,328, and the largest number on any one day was 67,891. There were issued to exhibitors 257,246 free passes; this includes all of the officers, attendants and staff of the exhibition. The average daily attend- ance was as follows: On Mondays, 44,307; Tuesdays, 45,936; Wednesdays, 43,988; Thursdays, 44,806 ; Fridays, 22,138; Saturdays, 19,594. The total number of jurors and associate jurors appointed by the exhibiting countries was 620, of which there were 331 British and Colonial, and 239 foreign. The United States had five of this number. There were no gradations of medals at the World's Fair 1862, one medal only being awarded by the juries. Certificates of honorable mention were also awarded. There were in all 8,141 medals and 5,2S2 certificates. The total number of jury awards was 13,423, or nearly one award for every two exhibitors. The United States was represented by 128 exhibitors, and received fifty-eight medals and thirty-one honorable mentions. This exhibition, managed upon former experience, possessed many advantages. A post-office was established, through which passed the first three months 211,500 letters, also a money-order office and a bank. Special arrangements were made to guard against fire, water being laid on at a high pressure in every part of the buildings, which were insured for 2,250,000. A special division of police was detailed by Sir Richard Mayne, consisting of 400 men, four inspectors, forty sergeants, and one general superintendent. A reading-room and telegraph office were established. 26 WORLD'S FAIRS. CATALOGUES. Much attention was given to this important subject in 1862, and at an early period arrangements were effected to publish a large illustrated catalogue in four volumes imperial 800, which is to-day a most creditable specimen of printing, paper and illustration. It was gotten up in a liberal spirit for the advantage of exhibitors, who paid at the rate of $25 per page for all space over and above two lines of description, one well-known manufacturer supplying over thirty pages of illustrations and text. There was also printed a small, compact shilling catalogue, and a separate fine arts catalogue for a shilling. During the last two months of the erection of the buildings about 39,000 mechanics and 50,000 laborers were employed, giving an average of between 1,300 and 1,400 per day. There were 9,862 applicants for space, of which a very large number were rejected. The letters received by the board of commissioners amounted to 44,000; letters posted, 84,000, and printed documents of all kinds, 250. For the first time in any exhibition were shown manufacturing processes at work, and the}' proved one of the most attractive sections of the World's Fair in 1862- The following were successfully introduced: needle machine, medal striking, litho- graphic printing, type casting, gold chain making, copper-plate printing, a potter's wheel, brick and tile making, type printing, wood carving. In the matter of refreshments, the commission decided to permit the sale of substantial food, including wines and malt liquors, and allowed a total amount of space amounting to 74,000 square feet. In the organization, the most careful steps were taken to insure general co-operation in Great Britain. Two hundred and ninety-seven district committees and 450 local committees were appointed, and also special traveling commissioners to perfect organization in all sections of the kingdom. N (0 CO rr < 0. < LL Q -J o 5 PARIS, 1867. 27 CHAPTER IV. WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1867. At no period in the history of France shall we find any greater record of splendor and display than was exhibited in Paris in 1867. Those Ameri- cans who were so fortunate as to have seen the court of France at that time have something to remember. The idea of a world's fair was worthy of an emperor who could bring to Paris as his guests the Czar of Russia, with his two sons, the Sultan of Turkey, the Prince of Wales, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Prussia with Bismarck, the kings of Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, etc. — a gorgeous scene of entertainment from start to finish. As is well known, the location selected for the World's Fair Paris 1867 was in the Champs de Mars, convenient to all parts of the city. The form of building was selected by Prince Napoleon, with the view of introducing a new system of classification, the results of which have given cause to debate and argument up to the present time. As will be seen from view of building given herewith, it is of an oval shape, thus facilitating the arrangement of exhibits, both by classes and countries, so that one desiring only to study one product could follow that class steadily through every producing nation until he arrived back at his starting point. On the other hand, should he desire information in reference to a single nation, he would simply confine himself to that section of the elliptic. This oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 feet wide, covering in all eleven acres, while smaller buildings connected with this main building increased the area to thirty-five acres. In addition was annexed the island of Billancourt, compris- ing fifty-two acres for agricultural purposes. In the construction of this building, up- wards of 370,000 cubic meters of soil had to be removed to make room for founda- tions, drains, air passages and water pipes. The outer circle was excavated so as to give a succession of vaulted cellars built of stone and concrete and lined with cement. The two interior galleries of the exhibition were built of stone, and the seven others of iron. The roof was formed of corrugated iron and supported by 176 iron pillars, each weighing 24,000 pounds, upon which the arches or ribs were placed. The supply of water for this enormous structure and for the park, its various buildings and fountains, was obtained from the river Seine, and was raised by powerful pumps to a reservoir with a capacity of 4,000 cubic yards of water, which was made water- tight by a lining of concrete. The balance of the territory comprising the Champs de Mars, in all some seventy acres, was laid out in gardens and fountains, and covered with buildings erected by different nations, such as Turkish mosques, Russian slobodas, Swiss chalets, Tunisian kiosks, Swedish cottages, English light house, Egyptian temples, caravansaries, etc. 28 WORLD'S FAIRS This exhibition opened on April 1st and closed on November 3d, being open 117 days, Sundays included. There were 50,226 exhibitors and 10,200,000 en- trances of visitors, and the receipts were about equal to $2,103,675. These exhibitors represented thirty different nations, Great Britain occupying 374,656 superficial feet, or about one-ninth of the entire space allotted to exhibitors. The United States was represented by 536 exhibitors, occupying 98,137 square feet. As in 1851 and 1862, it is satisfactory to state that the exhibitors from the United States secured the largest percentage of awards, excepting the awards to France herself. These prizes were as follows: Grand Prizes 5 Artists' Medal 1 Gold Medals". 18 Silver Medals 76 Bronze Medals 98 Honorable Mentions ". ■ ... . 93 Total awards 291 A new order of recompense was established "for persons, establishments or localities, which, by organization or special institutions, have developed harmony among co-operators, and produced in. an eminent degree the material, moral and intellectual well-being of the workmen." Of this order, two came to this countrv; I. For the United States Agricultural Society of Vineland, N. J., and in addition an honorable mention. II. William C. Chapin, Lawrence, Mass., and in addition the grand prize, a gold medal of the value of 1,000 francs and 900 francs in gold. ARTISTS' MEDAL. F. E. Church, New York, and 500 francs in gold. GRAND PRIZES Were awarded to Cyrus W. Field, transatlantic cable; David E. Hughes, New York, printing telegraph; C. H. McCormick, Chicago, reaping machines. By a decree of the emperor, Mr. McCormick was created Chevalier of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor. Also to the United States Sanitary Commission. OPINION OF MR. BECKWITH. Hon. N. M. Beckwith, United States Commissioner General to the World's Fair Paris 1867, in his preface to a general survey of the exposition, remarks as follows: The high position conceded by the verdict of the juries to American industrial products is not due in general to graceful design, fertile combinations of pleasing colors, elegant forms, elaborate finish, or any of the artistic qualities which cultivate the taste and refine the feelings by awakening in the mind a higher sense of beauty, but it is owing to their skillful, direct and admirable adaptation to the great wants they are intended to supply, and to the originality and fertility of invention which converts the elements and natural forces to the commonest uses, multiplying results and diminishing toil. The peculiar and valuable qualities of our products will be adapted and reproduced in all parts of Europe, improving the mechanical and industrial arts, and it is reasonable to expect and gratifying to believe that the benefits will be reciprocal, that our products will in time acquire those tasteful and pleasing qualities which command more admiration and find a quicker and better market than the purely useful. PARIS, 1867 29 These remarks were uttered twenty years ago, and that is our position to-day. It is admitted by the whole world, as seen in the results of later world's fairs, that the progress of the United States in liberal and decorative arts has been unequaled by any other nation, and where we were once dependent upon France, England and Germany, we are now in a position to come successfully in competition with these nations in many branches of the liberal arts, as will doubtless be shown at the World's Fair Chicago 1893. VISITS OF WORKMEN. The British government, fully impressed with the value of this exposition as a school of instruction, made arrangements for the transportation and accommoda tion of a large number of workingmen, who were specially selected, and who at a later date made very full and interesting reports on all branches of industry. The estimated expense for trip to Paris and return, with one week's living in Paris, was fixed at .£.3, or $15. It was at this time that Thomas Cook, the well-known excursionist, established for himself and son that world-wide reputation so well deserved. He carried 20,000 visitors from England to Pans in 1867. From returns sent in by the principal railways, there was an evident increase of travel from England to France of 135,690 passengers over the previous year. The most important matter connected with the World's Fair Paris 1867 was the following official action taken at the close of the exhibition, at a meeting com- posed of the representatives of the most prominent nations : FUTURE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS. The undersigned, foreign commissioners, having considered the great importance of con- tinuing international exhibitions, and the necessity of increasing their practical utility to arts sciences and industry, have formed the following opinions,on the subject of the management of future international exhibitions, which they record unofficially, before leaving Paris. I. That as the usefulness of international exhibitions does not depend on their size, but on their selections and quality, so the tendency to increase the size of each succeeding exhibition should be discouraged. II. That it is desirable that future exhibitions should be held in rotation in various capitals. That the country inviting the exhibition to be held should provide at its own risk a suitable building completely finished in all respects, provided with all conveniences for unloading and loading, and supplied perhaps with sufficient glass cases. That before any code of general regulations for the management of exhibitions be promul- gated, the commissioners of each nation occupying a given amount of space be assembled to discuss them, each nation having one representative or an equal number of representatives, but that country inviting the exhibition should have a veto on the decisions, and the power of limiting the extent of the exhibition and the number of classes to be shown. That in order to promote the comparison of objects, the general principle of the arrange- ment be rather by classes than by nationalities. 30 WORLD'S FAIRS. VI. That no objects be removed out of the exhibition for the purposes of sale, and that means be taken to prevent its becoming a fair or bazaar. VII. That the number of classes adopted in the present Paris exhibition be greatly increased in future exhibitions. VIII. That no prizes of any kind be awarded, but that reports on every class be made and signed by an international jury, which reports should be published during the exhibition, and as soon as possible after the opening. IX. That each country, in every case in which it has exhibitors, be free to send one reporter for each class. [Signed] Henry Cole, Executive Commissioner for the United Kingdom. Schaeffer, Commissioner for Austria. Herzog, Commissioner for Prussia. R. De Thal, Commissioner for Russia. Chiavarina, Commissaire General d'ftalie. N. M. Beck with, Commissioner General for the United States. The great experience and high standing of all these gentlemen give this opinion great weight, and it has had serious influence in the general management of all subsequent exhibitions. In 1S65 an international exhibition was again held in Dublin, and, like the former one in 1853, owed its existence to the liberality of a private citizen, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness. The building of iron and glass was opened on May 9th by the Prince of Wales, in the presence of some 10,000 spectators, and was closed six months from that date, having been kept open 159 days and fifty-one evenings, the total number of admissions being nearly 1,000,000. As in 1853, this exhibition was specially noted for its collection of magnificent works of art, of which many were secured by the British government. VIENNA, 1873. 31 CHAPTER V. WORLD'S FAIR VIENNA 1873. The first proposition to hold an international exhibition in Vienna, 1873, is said to have originated with the Board of Trade of that city, a very wealthy and influential organization, of which Baron Weitheimer, manufacturer of soaps, was the president. A guarantee fund of 3,000,000 florins ($1,500,000) being raised principally through the Board of Trade, the government was induced to take an active part in the matter, and to announce, May 24, 1870, that an international exhibition would be held in Vienna in 1873, having for its object to represent the present state of modern civilization and the entire sphere of national economy, and to promote its further devolopment and progress. An imperial commission was named, consisting of 170 members, selected from the chief officers of the depart- ments of the government, and from the leading men of science, art and industry in the empire, especially of those who had taken part in former international exhibitions, and who had gained honor and distinction in their resjjective spheres of duty. The Arch Duke Charles Louis was named as the protector and the Arch Duke Regnier the president, and the general arrangement and direction of the whole work was placed in the hands of the Baron William von Schwarz-Senborn in January, 1871- The government advanced the sum of 6,000,000 florins ($3,000,000) as a loan without interest, to be returned out of the income. FOREIGN COMMISSIONERS. The importance attached to this, the first international exhibition in Austria and the fifth in the world by the principal nations, is well shown by the character of the commissioners appointed. In each of the European nations the most gifted and eminent men were selected to do honor to the occasion. At no previous exhi- bition had there been such an array of names of men distinguished as statesmen, philosophers or leaders in the industrial world. The Prince of Wales was at the head of the British commission, which comprised among its members Sir Andrew Buchanan, the Duke of Teck, the Marquis of Ripon, Baron Rothschild and others. It was during this world's fair that Mr. Owen, now Sir Philip Cunliffe Owen, won his first laurels as an efficient administrator in all that had to do with the world's fair, and whose reputation must certainly be recognized by those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance at the World's Fair Philadelphia 1876. LOCATION. The place selected for the Vienna World's Fair was the Prater, a park and the most popular place of resort in the city. Advantage was taken of this oppor- tunity to dredge the river Danube and use the gravel thus obtained for the exhibi- 32 WORLD'S FAIRS. tion site. Half a million cubic meters of gravel were thus used, employing 650 men and 350 carts. The total area of the ground enclosed bv the fence was nearly 280 acres. Prof. Win. P. Blake, in his most complete and exhaustive report of the Vienna World's Fair, corroborates the evidence and experience of previous exhibitions as regards size, and comments as follows: Great extent of an exhibition may be a positive blemish, and detract from its usefulness. If very large, they are unwieldly and distracting. These defects are particularly evidf nt when the classification and arrangement are faulty. The general criticism upon the Vienna exhibition was, " It is too large." It was inconveniently so, and the defect was increased by the want of system in placing the objects shown. Mr. Le Play, director general of the World's Fair Paris 1867, does not think there would be necessity for over 200 acres area. BUILDINGS. The main building consisted of a central nave 2,953 feet long, 83 feet 8 inches wide, and 73 feet 10 inches high, with sixteen intercepting transepts each 573 feet 6 inches long, 57 feet wide and 41 feet high, and a rotunda or dome in the center, 354 feet in diameter, being the largest in the world at that time. The nave where it met the rotunda, divided and formed a circular aisle about it; the great central transept intersecting the middle of this aisle was of the same height and width as the nave. The two transepts upon each end of the main building were connected by facades, thus forming inclosed courts or gardens. The plan adopted for the main building was entitled the "grid-iron form," as will be seen in the plate sub- mitted herewith. This arrangement was adopted partly on account of light and partly to facilitate the examination of exhibits, as visitors could easily find their way from one country to another, these countries being placed as nearly as possible to correspond with the jDOsitions occupied upon a mercatorial projection of the world. The chief architect was Mr. Charles Hasenaur. The rotunda was constructed from designs supplied by Mr. John Scott Russell, of England. The superstruc- ture of this building was supported upon piles capped with timber. The machinery hall was 2,625 feet long and 164 feet wide. Within this great building, which had a floor space of 40,000 square meters, or nearly ten acres, were collected many thousands of exhibits, embracing every known variety of machinery; the Vienna World's Fail" 1873 having brought together the most completely satisfactory exhibition of industrial processes, apparatus and products that had been attempted up to that date. The machinery hall was traversed from end to end by two aisles, dividing the machinery in motion, which was distributed along the middle line of the building from that which did not require motive power, and which was arranged on each side. The visitor walking through this, found on either side, for a distance of half a mile, an unbroken mass of machinery of every class, of all degrees of magnitude, and of every conceivable variety of style, material, workmanship and finish. It was estimated that to thoroughly examine the department of machinery alone would require more than forty days' work of ten hours each. The art building was east of the main building, 100 feet wide by 600 feet long, with a large corridor at the center of sides and ends for the exhibition of statuary. The building was of brick with stucco finish outside. The inside was VIENNA, 1873. 33 divided into suitable galleries and studios, and was well lighted from the roof. In addition to the art building proper, there were open wooden pavilions connecting either end of Art Hall, extending 400 feet, with circular return of 700 feet in length to the triumphal arch, which completed the eastern end of the series of principal buildings. The department of agriculture was confined to three large frame buildings, covering about six acres. Total area of Vienna World's Fair, 286 acres. The total cost of all the official buildings of the Vienna World's Fair 1873 was estimated by Prof. Blake at $7,850,000. One of the most attractive features of this exhibition were the various buildings erected by other nations in their different styles of architecture, comprising Persian, Turkish, Egyptian, Japanese, Roumanian, Styrian, Swiss, Russian, Kirgish, Sclav, Moorish, French, German, American, Bohemian, Italian, Polish and English, all scattered among woodland scenery and of a wonderful variety in character. EXHIBITORS. The exhibits were classified into twenty-six groups, following nearly the plan of the divisions in the great exhibitions of London and Paris. The industries of nearly all the world were represented. The total number of exhibitors was esti- mated at 70,000. Of this number the United States was represented by only 654, according to the official catalogue. The awards were as follows: I. Diplomas of Honor. II. Medals for Progress. III. Honorable Mention. IV. Medals of Merit. V. Medals for Good Taste. VI. Fine Arts Medal. VII. Medals Awarded to Workmen. The 654 exhibitors from the United States secured of these awards four hundred and forty-two, showing the average of former exhibits well kept up. These awards were distributed as follows: Diplomas of Honor 9 Medals of Progress 72 Honorable Mention 154 Medals of Merit 177 Medals for Good Taste 5 Fine Arts Medals 16 Medals for Co-operation 9 Workmen's Medals and Diplomas. 5 UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE COMMISSION. H. Garretson, Chief Commissioner. Thomas McElrath, New York. Lewis Seasongood, Ohio. Eben Brewer, Secretary. 34 WORLD'S FAIRS. Prof. R. H. Thurston, the able and efficient editor of the United States Reports on the Vienna Exhibition, in his preface remarks as follows: It is a subject of congratulation, and will be a source of real pleasure to every citizen of the United States, that foreign criticisms are so generally favorable. They are even, in fact, more favorable than they at first glance might appear. In reading them, it is to be remembered that the foreign writers, born and bred in distant countries, under influences with which the citizen of tie United States is unfamiliar, and from which he is fortunately free, accustomed to habits of thought, and familiar with methods which are equally strange to those whose works he criti- cises, viewing the subject of his criticism from an entirely different standpoint, and through a medium of very different hue, must necessarily be placed at some disadvantage. He cannot be expected to see the real value of American methods or of American productions taken apart from the peculiar circumstances which have brought them into existence. * * * It is to be remarked that the views of European reporters are generally favorable in tone. It seems evident that there exists among the influential classes of Europe, as well as among those less favored, a feeling of decidedly friendly prejudice which even the radical differences of circum- stances and training alluded to above has not seriously repressed. VISITORS. In reference to visitors, note should be taken of the report of Mr. Charles Hagen, Inspector Metropolitan Police, London, who remained in charge of the British department of the World's Fair Vienna 1873. Mr. Hagen states: The number of visitors who paid at the doors, exclusive of season-ticket holders, amounts d according to official returns, to 3,492 622, from which the sum of 1,983,439 florins was received in payment. The above numbers, averaging only 18,779 visitors for each of the 186 days of the exhibition, are certainly below what might have reasonably been expected. This was due, no doubt, to causes some of which are beyond the zone of my observation, but the fact is potent to everyone, that many causes were at work to seriously affect the number of visitors. I would point out chiefly the reckless rapacity with which, from the 1st of May, lodging houses and hotel keepers advanced their prices at least 100 per cent., a proceeding which, when exposed by the foreign press, not only deterred intending visitors from far-off countries, but, what was far more serious, prevented great numbers of the middle classes in Germany and Austria from under- taking the journey to which thousands had looked forward with pleasure. This is ever to be regretted, as the social success as well as the financial interests of the exhibition were thereby seriously damaged. The above cause for a diminished attendance lies at the door of Vienna and its inhabitants; but there was another cause attributable to the same motives. This was the system of handing over the lavatories, chairs and other conveniences for visitors to contractors, who, having to pay enormous sums for these concessions, naturally enough left no means untried to obtain as large a return as possible for their outlay ; hence, in the course of a visit of a family to the exhibition, the charges on this account during the day would sometimes amount to a total which would have to be taken into serious consideration before a second visit. Edward Everett Hale, one of the best practical thinkers of this century, thus gives his views in reference to the Vienna World's Fair: It is, however, clear that the great interest of such an exhibition is in the opportunity to compare the work of one country against that of another. Every effort should be made, there- fore, on the one hand to facilitate the arrival of foreign contributions, and on the other hand to restrict fairly mere multiplication of specimens by home exhibitors. To facilitate and encourage foreign exhibitors, the exhibiting nation can do much, and the foreign nations also. Our own government sent articles for the exhibition freight free to Trieste. So far all was made easy to contributors. The very freedom and ease of sending to Vienna tempted countless quacks to send their humbugs to the show, and in the same proportion the judicious have refrained. It becomes to a considerable extent an advertising display. The American exhibition at Vienna is full of quackeries, advertising themselves at the cost of the nation, and this cannot be avoided unless the collection of exhibits is made up on a system, as was so thoroughly done by the Japanese government. It is for such reasons that the Vienna exhibition is certainly too large VIENNA. 1873. 35 If it is a specimen of the world, one wants a smaller museum made which may be a specimen of the exhibition. The study of those who arrange any future international exhibition must be, not to make it large, for that will probably care for itself, but to keep it properly small. It must be so indexed and catalogued and so arranged, that the visitor can know what there is in it and how to turn to every object in the shortest time. This is not possible at Vienna, because the exhibition is too large. * * * Dr. Hale continues with the following suggestions bearing upon the Centennial Exhibition. He is writing in 1873 : It seems to be required that at the very outset it shall be determined how much space in the exhibition shall be given to the products of America. The experience of other countries seems to show that if one half of the building is devoted to our own products, the other half can be well filled with foreign products, and that the comparison then to be made of their work and ours will be as instructive as interesting. If some such rule is made at the beginning and held to, it will be possible to exclude w'ork w;hich after all will come under the category of patch- work bed quilt at a cattle show. It will be evident that there is an absolute limit, which cannot be passed over under any stress of fear or favor. More than this, it ought to be in the power of the directors to say how much of this space could be well devoted to the principal lines of product of the country. How much, for instance, to machinery, how much to other manufac- tures of iron, how much to leather manufactures, how much to textile fabrics, and so on. The first determination on this subject need not be so unyielding as the other, but still there must be a plan regarding it, and the public must from the beginning encourage the directors in holding sternly to their one plan in regard to it. The actual experiments in agriculture took place at a long distance from the exhibition buildings. Three hundred and five acres were appropriated for the trials of the reapers and mowers, 200 were reserved for steam plowing, and 110 acres for the trials of the ordinary plows. For testing mowing machines, there were available 80 acres of rye, 40 acres of wheat, 40 acres of barley, 12 acres of grass, and 90 acres of clover. For threshing and winnowing machines there were provided 64,000 sheaves of rye, 32,000 sheaves of wheat, and the same quantity of barlev. 3G WORLD'S FAIRS. CHAPTER VI. WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. The approach of the Centennial Anniversary of our independence as a nation, naturally suggested to many minds some proper method of celebration. Historians, authors, statesmen each had their ideas upon this important subject. It was sug- gested that orations and poems should be delivered in every city, town, village and hamlet in the United States; others proposed that there should be a great display of our military power, including the United States troops and the State Militia all over the country ; again it was suggested that the day should be devoted to athletic games, regattas, ball games, horse racing, etc., etc., closing with a grand displav of pyrotechnics. Some counsellors advised that each State should have, at some cen- tral point, an exhibition of its own products and manufactures. It is a satisfaction to the compiler of this work that eleven years jDrior to the World's Fair in Phila- delphia, he proposed the organization of an International Exhibition, with a view of comparing our own national progress in arts, manufactures and products, with the advance of other nations in these same lines. This suggestion appeared in print in 1866, and was at once combatted by some of the leading minds of our country; such men as Charles Sumner, John Jay and John Bigelow, strange as it may seem, agreed unanimously in the belief that the monarchical governments of Europe would not consent to take any part in an exhibition which was to be the celebration of our own rebellion from the authority of Great Britain. In an interview with the writer, Chas. Sumner made the statement that there was no more likelihood of Great Britain sending an exhibit at that time than there would be of the writer flying out of the window. Unfortunately, Mr. Sumner's death prevented his wit- nessing the action on the part of Great Britain, which insured the largest and most attractive section of the foreign department of the Centennial. Notwithstanding the influence and power of many of these prominent men, and a steady objection on the part of a large section of the press of this country, it was at last decided that the best method of celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of our Indepen- dence should be the following out of the suggestion of the writer, to have an Inter- national exhibition of products, arts and manufacturers in this country. Naturally there was a claim on the part of many cities for the location of this great enterprise. Boston relied upon its Puritan ancestry and the battles of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill, and felt that she was entitled to the honor of the cele- bration. New York with its great power, its central position and its able statesmen, claimed for itself this privilege, but Philadelphia, the birth-place of Inde- pendence, where those men who in the days of trial and trouble prepared that grand document which is to-day our charter and the keystone of our prosperity, had but to set forth her claims, when public acclamation from all sections of the United PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 37 States agreed that the Quaker city was the only place that justly could be selected for the proper commemoration of the great work which originated within its lines. In 1S71 Congress passed the following resolution: THE ACT CREATING THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. An Act to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. Whereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the City of Philadel- phia; and whereas it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate cere- monies, the centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the fourth day of July, Anno Domini, seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation ; and whereas it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their devel- opment, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations; and whereas no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occured the event it is designed to commemorate, and whereas as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the santion of the Congress of the United States: therefore, Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures shall be held, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the City of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. Section 2. That a Commission, to consist of not more than one delegate from each State, and from each Territory of the United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execu- tion of a plan for holding the exhibition ; and after conference with the authorities of the City of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the said city, where the exhibition shall be held. Section 3. The said Commissioners shall be appointed within one year from the passage of this Act, by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of the States and Territories respectively. Section 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one Commissioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of such Commissioner and Commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the Commission. Section 5. That the Commission shall hold its meetings in the City of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power to make all needful rules for its government. Section 6. That the Commission shall report to Congress, at the first session after its ap- pointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing the exhibition; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating the same ; a plan or plans of the buildings ; a complete plan for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition ; the requisite custom-house regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition ; and such other matters as in their judgment may be important. Section 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the Commissioners or other officers provided by this Act from the Treasury of the United States; and the United States shall not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same. Section 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the pur- pose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed WORLDS FAIRS. exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, to- gether with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commissioners, for publication in their respective countries. Approved March jrd, iSyi. This bill was approved by the President of the United States Government; and it became a law. During the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners, provided for by Act of Congress, as follows: ALABAMA JAMES L. COOPER. ARIZONA j RICHARD C. McCORMICK, j JOHN WASSON. ARKANSAS i GEO. W. LAWRENCE, I GEO. E. DODGE. CALIFORNIA. .... j JOHN DUNBAR CREIGH, | BENJ. P. KOOSER. COLORADO \ J.MARSHALL PAUL, | N. C. MEEKER. CONNECTICUT \ JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, ( WM. PHIPS BLAKE. DAKOTA I J. A. BURBANK, ( SOLOMON L. SPINK. DELAWARE 1 HENRY F. ASKEW, ( JOHN H. RODNEY. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA i J A] ^ES E DKXTER, ( LAWRENCE A. GOBRIGHT. FLORIDA \ J° HN s - ADAMS, " ' | J. T. BERNARD. GEORGIA 3 GEORGE HILLYER, GEORGIA { RICHARD PET ERS,Jr. TDAPrn * THOMAS DONALDSON, IDAHO JC.W. MOORE. lTTTMC>T s m r CO c 30 z m oo oo o MELBOURNE, 1883. 51 Exhibitors. Exhibits. Japan 168 420 Netherlands 79 IDT Switzerland 52 155 United States 366 915 United Kingdom 1,379 3,447 British India 1,172 2,950 Ceylon 818 2,045 Mauritius 98 245 Straits Settlement 97 252 New South Wales 419 1,047 Formosa 258 645 Western Australia 149 372 South Australia 330 820 New Zealand 629 1,562 Queensland 5S7 Fiji 285 Victoria 2,130 China 20 Denmark 8 Norway 7 Russia 1 South Africa 24 South Sea Islands 1 Spain, Portugal & Colonies, 5 Sweden 10 Turkey 3 Total 12,792 1,407 612 5,325 50 18 17 O u 60 25 13 25 8 31,856 VISITORS. Although the exhibition was closed at night, and no extraneous attractions offered, the total atttendance was: Adults 853,655 Children 116,132 Season Tickets 16,061 Miscellaneous 344,431 Total 1,330,279 Of above in round numbers 1,000,000 paid for admission, -which is considerably more than the whole population of the Colony. These numbers will compare very favorably with the result of any previous World's Fair held either in Europe or America at none of which was there an attendance so large in proportion to the population. Patent machines were used for registering the admissions which worked very well. The public school children were admitted free on certain selected days. It will be borne in mind the United States had 366 exhibitors; then- exhibits were awarded prizes as follows: First Class 172 Second Class 73 Third Class 33 Fourth Class 13 Fifth Class 308 Honorable Mention 2 Gold Medal 30 Silver Medal , . 89 Bronze Medal 53 The medals being awarded to those in each class who seemed specially de- serving. The total number of awards was 9,671 and of medals 3,008. The large in- crease in our trade with Australia, due first to the World's Fair Philadelphia, has been still further added to by the results of the Melbourne Exhibition, so that to-day our exports of manufactured goods to Australia are larger than ever before. FOREIGN WORLD'S FAIR BOSTON 1883. While this important exhibition was confined to other nations than our own, it is interesting from the fact that a larger number of foreign countries was repre- sented than ever before or since. It was entirely in the hands of a private organi- 52 WORLD'S FAIRS. zation, comprising some of the best known and most prominent citizens of Boston. Its title was, " The American Exhibition of the Products, Arts and Manufactures of Foreign Nations." It had the support of the United States government to this extent: Through the courtesy of the State Department, all circulars, notices and official documents were forwarded free of charge to all United States ministers, consuls general and consuls, together with an official letter from the State Depart- ment, as per the following: Gen. C. B. Norton, Secretary Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass. : Sir: — The members of the Massachusetts Congressional delegation have visited me asking the countenance of the government in furtherance of the proposed Exhibition of Foreign Manufacturing, Artistic and Industrial Productions, which it is proposed to hold in Boston during September, October and November of the present year. This project had already been brought to the attention of this government, and will be supported by it so far as may comport with the fact that it is local rather than a national enterprise. To this end I have instructed the diplo- matic representatives of the United States abroad to bring the subject suitably to the notice of foreign governments, and I have also prepared a circular of instructions to our consuls directing them to give publicity to the circulars issued by your association, and to furnish intending exhibitors with all needful information. It gives me pleasure to acquaint you with this action, and to lequest that you send me, with as little delay as possible, 5,000 copies of your descrip- tive circular, for distribution through the ministers and consuls. Your obedient servant, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary of State. By an act of the Congress of the United States, approved by the President June 28, 1882, all goods intended for this exhibition were admitted to remain in bond free of duty while on exhibition. OFFICERS OF THE FOREIGN WORLD'S FAIR BOSTON 1883. President Nathaniel J. Bradlee. Secretary C. B. Norton. Treasurer F. W. Lincoln. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Nathaniel J. Bradlee, President Massachu- Henry W. Peabody, Henry W. Peabody & setts Charitable Mechanics' Association. Co., Shipping Merchants to Australia Frederick W. Lincoln, Ex-Mayor of Boston. and South America. Frederick O. Prince, Ex-Mayor of Boston. S. D. Sargeant, Treasurer Heliotype Printing Lansing Millis, Manager Central Vermont Co. Railroad. J. W. Wolcott, Hotel Vendome. James H. Wilson, President New York & Nathan Appleton, Representative U. S. New England Railroad. Panama Canal Co. Francis A. Walker, President Mass. Institute Theo. N. Vail, General Manager American of Technology. Bell Telephone Co. William A. Hovey, Vice-President American Jas. B. Thomas, Jr., Standard Sugar Refinery. Electric Light Co. Edward C. Ellis, E. C. Ellis & Co. Hartley Lord, H. & G. W. Lord, Merchants. Chas. D. Barry, Henry W. Peabody & Co. OFFICERS. Assistant Secretary — Miss Nellie Brightman. Bureau of Art — Chief, H. R. Burdick. Assistant Treasurer — L. S. Richards. Bureau of Health — Medical Director, P. Ben- Bureau of Installation — Chief, John Pearce. der, M. D. Bureau of Publicity — Chief, Geo. CHevalier. Bureau of Music — Chief, Geo. A. Jones. Bureau of Police — Chief, Capt.C. A. Hackett. Bureau of Customs— Chief, F. G. Bixby. BOSTON, 1883. 53 The building in which this World's Fair was held was erected at the expense of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, at a cost of over half a million of dollars, and it is utilized for their triennial exhibitions. It is centrally located and of easy access from all sections of Boston. It is supplied completely with electric lights, steam power, water, gas and every possible convenience. To secure prompt and immediate attention to the official communication of the United States government, special commissioners were sent abroad, with the result that all of the following nations were represented: Algeria. Cuba. Holland. San Salvador. Australasia. Denmark. Ireland. Scotland. Austria. East Indies. Italy. Siam. Belgium. Egypt- Japan. Spain. Brazil. England. Mexico. Sweden. Canada. Fiji Islands. Morocco. Switzerland. Ceylon. France. Norway. Turkey. China. Germany. Persia. Venezuela. Colombia. Guatemala. Portugal. West Indies. Corea. Hawaiian Islands. Russia. Western Islands EXHIBITS. There were in all at this Foreign World's Fair 680 exhibits, comprising not less than 100,000 articles of great cost, the total value being estimated at over half a million dollars. The Japanese section and the Chinese department were specially interesting. VISITORS. The total number of visitors, in round numbers, was 300,000, naturally con- fined to the city of Boston and vicinity. While this exhibition paid no profit in itself, there is a general admission on the part of the merchants of Boston that not only did it bring a large amount of money to that city, but that it led to a demand, still existing and increasing, for many varieties of products never before called for. 54 WORLD'S FAIRS. CHAPTER VIII. WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1889. With the usual sagacity of the French nation, ample time was secured in which to carry through the most successful international exhibition that has as yet taken place. In June, 1883, the matter was first taken into consideration by some members of the Corps Legislatif. Public discussion in the press and elsewhere followed, with the result that it was considered best to hold a universal exhibition in Paris in 1889, the centenary of the French Revolution, 1779. On November 8, 1887, M. Jules Grevy, President of the Republic, signed, upon the recommendation of M. Rouvier, Minister of Commerce, a decree that a universal exhibition should be opened in Paris on May 5, 1889, and should be closed on October 31, the same year. For the purpose of successfully carrying through this great enterprise, the government pronounced in favor of a system of organization by the state in alliance with a guarantee society, which had been found to work well in 1867. This society guaranteed the state 18,000,000 francs, or $3,600,000, and gave certain pledges in the event of the expenses exceeding the amount calculated. This society or syndicate acted by means of a board of control, composed of eight municipal councillors, seventeen senators, deputies and state representatives and eighteen subscribers to the guarantee fund, each commissioner representing 1,000,000 francs. Thus the state had control of the exhibition, the city of Paris had a voice in the control, and the guarantee society did not lose sight of its capital. The state was reimbursed to a certain extent by the greater circulation of money and greater surplus from indirect taxes, the city of Paris was secured through its increased receipts in active duties, and the guarantee syndicate by its control of the receipts of the exhibition. A law dated July 6, 1886, sanctioned this combination, and on the 28th of July a decree regulated the organization of the service as follows- ORGANIZATION. M. Edward Lockroy, Minister of Commerce, Commissioner General. M, Alphand, Director General of the Works. M. Georges Berger, Director General of Exploitation, M. Grison, Director General of Finance. M. Bartet, Engineer in Chief. A ministerial order was issued, dated August 26, 1886, appointing a consulta- tive committee of 300 persons, under the title of the Grand Council of the Universal Exhibition of 1889, and this was subdivided into twenty-two consulting committees to watch over various departments of the exposition. The govern- ment issued 30,000,000 tickets to the guarantee company, which, sold at one franc each, would realize $6,000,000. It also authorized a lottery with 200,000 PARIS, 1889. 55 bonds of twenty-five francs good for twenty-five tickets, the bonds bearing interest. Thev soon sold at thirt" francs and over, thus paying the syndicate well on its investment. EXPENSES. The original estimate for buildings and grounds for the World's Fair Paris 1889 was 32,664,518 francs; in our money about $6,500,000. This included every item chargeable to buildings and grounds, and the result, it will be admitted by every visitor, indicated a good return on the investment, especially when, in closing up the account, the actual cost was found to be $646,490 less than the above estimate. The total estimate made for the entire cost of the World's Fair Paris 1889 was 43,000,000 francs, but the result shows an outlay of only 41,500,000, the gross total being as follows: Receipts 49,500,000 francs Expenses 41,500,000 francs Showing an excess in receipts of 8,000,000 francs Or $1,600,000. This wonderful result, exceeding that of any previous exhi- tion, was due almost entirely to the admirable organization of the whole affair from its smallest detail, and the fact that nearly all the officials connected with it were men of experience. EXHIBITORS. There were in all 55,000 exhibitors, more than at any previous world's fair. Of this number about l',750 were from the United States, the commission from this country being organized as follows: THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. Commissioner General — William B. Franklin, Hartford, Conn. Assistant Commissioner General — Somerville Pinkney Tuck, New York, N. Y. Lieut. Benjamin H. Buckingham, U. S. N., Aide-de-Camp, Naval Commissioner. Capt. David A. Lyle, Ordnance Department U. S. A., Aide-de-Camp, Military Commissioner. Capt. Henry Clay Cochrane, U. S. Marine Corps, Commanding Detachment of Marines. Lieut. Paul St. Clair Murphy, U. S. Marine Corps. SUPERINTENDENTS OF DIVISIONS. Fine Arts— J. H. Thieriot. Agriculture— F. T. Bickford. Education — C. Wellman Parks. Electricity — Carl Hering. Industrial — W. L. Bailie. Minerals — George F. Kunz. Machinery — T. R. Pickering. The total number of awards to American exhibitors was 941, as follows: Grand Prizes 52 Gold Medals 189 Silver Medals 273 Bronze Medals ' 220 Honorable Mentions 207 56 WORLD'S FAIRS. This being the last of the World's Fairs, it has been thought best to present a list of such exhibitors from the United States as received the grand prize or gold medal. GRAND PRIZE. J. Melchers, Detroit, Mich. Boston Public Schools. Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, Washington, D. C. Bureau of Ethnography, Washington, D. C. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Geological Commission, Washington, D. C. War Department, Washington, D. C. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. Meteorological Service, Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. University of the State of New York, N. Y. The Century Company, New York, N. Y. Leroy W. Fairchild, New York, N, Y. United States Geological Survey, Washing- ton, D. C. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. U. S. Signal Service, Washington, D. C. Corps of Engineers, United States Army. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. United States Signal Service, War Depart- ment. United States Geological Survey. T. G. Hawkes, Corning, N. Y. Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn. GOLD Butler Harrison, Philadelphia, Pa. Eugene L Vail. E. L. Weeks, Boston, Mass. E. Abbey, Philadelphia, Pa. C, S. Reinhart, Pittsburgh, Pa. Elbridge Kingsley, New York, N. Y. C. W. Bardeen & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, N. Y. Public Library, Chicago, 111. National College for Deaf Mutes, Washing- ton, D. C. Industrial School for Indian Children, Car- lisle, Pa. Sockanosset School for Boys, Howard, R. I. Education and the Common School Educa- tor. Public Schools of Elizabeth, N. J. Bureau of Public Instruction, Sacramento, Cal. Department of Public Instruction, Des Moines, la. Department of Public Instruction, Harris- burg, Pa. Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y. John B. Stetson & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Collective Exhibit of Ores and Minerals of the United States, prepared by Prof. W. P. Blake. Agricultural Department. Garner & Co., New York, N. Y. R G Solomon, Newark, N. J. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. International Button Hole Co. Hale Sewing Machine Co., Boston, Mass. Wheeler & Wilson, Bridgeport, Conn. J. A. Fay & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Healey & Co., New York, N. Y. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Altoona, Pa. American Bell Telephone Co., Boston, Mass. Thomas A. Edison, Llewellyn Park, N. J. Elisha Gray, Highland Park, 111. Elihu Thomson, Lynn, Mass. U. S. Engineer Bureau, Washington, D. C. Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. Bergner & Engel, Philadelphia, Pa. McCormick Harvester, Chicago, 111. Walter A. Wood, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. MEDAL. Commissioner of Schools, Columbus, Ohio. Bureau of Education, Madison, Wis. Perkins Institute for the Blind, Boston, Mass. Ivison, Blakeman & Co., ]STew York, N. Y. Journal of Education and the American Teacher. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. G. & C. Merriam & Co., Springfield, Mass. National Bureau of Education, Washington, D.C. Public Schools of the City of Pitttburgh, Pa. Popular Educator. Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston, Mass. The Chatauqua Circle, Syracuse, N. Y. Public Schools of the City of Buffalo, N. Y. Public Schools of Moline, 111. Department of Public Instruction, Iowa. Department of Public Instruction, Massa- chusetts. Public Schools of Galveston, Texas. Department of Public Instruction, California. Department of Public Instruction, Wisconsin. Public Schools of Boston. CENTRAL DOME, WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889. CHICAGO, 1893. 57 Public Schools of Pittsburg Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. E. D. Cope. U. S. Navai School. American Natural History Museum, New- York. University of Virginia. Eastman College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Manual Training School, Philadelphia, Pa. Manual Training School, St. Louis, Mo. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bos- ton. D. Appleton & Co , New York, N. Y. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. J. B. Lippincott & Co., New York, N. Y. G. C. Merriam & Co., Springfield, Mass. New York Bank Note Co., New York, N. Y. L. L. Brown Paper Co., Adams, Mass. S. & D. Warren & Co., Boston, Mass. Prang & Co., Boston, Mass. Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y. George Barker, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Eastman Dry Plate Co., Rochester, N. Y. University of California. Darling, Brown & Sharpe, Providence, R. I. H. Holleritt, Washington, D. C. J. P. Lesley, Harrisburgh, Pa Heywood Bros. & Co., New York, N. Y. Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, Ohio. Gorham Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. Colgate & Co., New York, N. Y. Ladd & Coffin, New York, N. Y. W. Demuth & Co., New York, N. Y. Garner & Co., New York, N Y Mayer, Strouse & Co , New York, N. Y. Reneke Bros., New York. R. Dunlap & Co., New York, N Y. N. J. Schloss & Co., New York, N. Y. Colts Firearms Co , Hartford, Conn. Smith & Wesson, Springfield, Mass. Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Boston India Rubber Shoe Co. Marks Adjustable Chair Co , New York, N Y Anaconda Mining Co. Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., New York, N. Y. State of Nevada. The Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum Co., Lockport, N. Y. Yale Manufacturing Co. Drake Co., Sioux Falls, South Dakota. J B. Randal, San Francisco, Cal. Arthur C. Jackson, Sanford, Fla. Korbel & Bros., San Francisco, Cal. Agricultural Department, Washington, D.C. Cotton Oil Product Co., New York, X. Y F. W. Devoe & Co., New York, N. Y. Revere Rubber Co , Boston, Mass. Seabury & Johnson, New York, N. Y Cheseborough Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. F S. Pease, Buffalo, N. Y. Valentine & Co., New York, N. Y. Fairchild Bros., New York, N. Y. George Upton, Boston, Mass. J. S. Barnet & Bro., New York, N. Y. Blanchard Bros., Newark, N.J. Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Simeon Howes, Silver Creek, N. Y. American Elevator Co., New York. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. Straight Line Engine Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Armington & Sims, Providence, R I. Otis Bros. & Co., New York, N. Y. American Screw Co., Providence, R. I. G. F. Simonds, Fitchburg, Mass. National Cordage Co., New York, N. Y. Davis Sewing Machine Co. ,Watertown, N Y. Paine Shoe Lasting Machine Co., Rochester, N. Y. New Home Sewing Machine Co., New York, N. Y. Singer Sewing Machine Co., New York, N Y Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan Co., Philadel- phia, Pa. American Writing Machine Co., Hartford, Conn. Hammond Type Writer Co., New York, N.Y. Cobb Vulcanite Wire Co., Wilmington, Del. Heisler Electric Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. Okonite Co., New York, N. Y. Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111 Herring & Co., New York, N. Y. Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn. Board of Trade, Chicago, 111. Glen Cove Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y C. A. Pillsbury & Co., Minneapolis, Minn. J. H. Michener, Philadelphia, Pa. Armour & Co., Chicago, 111. G. Coward & Co., Baltimore, Md. Morris & Co., Chicago, 111. Curtise Bros., Rochester, N, Y. Swift & Co., Chicago, 111. A. G. Chouche, California. G Megliavalla, Napa, Cal. C A. Wetmore, Livermore, Cal. State of California. John Osborn, Son & Co., New York, N. Y Beadleston & Woerz, New York, N. Y. Joseph Kunz, New York, N. Y. S. R. & T. C. Mott, New York, N. Y. State of Kansas. E. D. Fernew, Washington, D. C. William Saunders, Washington, D. C. 58 WORLD'S FAIRS. Batchellor tV Sons Co., Wallingford, Vt. Universal Peace Union, Philadelphia, Pa. Johnston Harvester Co., Brockport, N. Y. Department of Labor, Massachusetts. Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. Department of Labor, New York. Enterprise Mfg. Co., Columbiana, Ohio. Young Men's Christian Association, New Richmond Cedar Works, New York, N. Y. York, N. Y. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Women's Temperance Union, United States. Carroll D. Wright, Washington, D. C. As no official report of the United States Commission to World's Fair Paris 1889 has yet been made, the above list is made up from the best attainable sources. The Scripps League of American Newspapers paid the expenses of fifty American working men and women to the Paris Exposition. POLICE SE'RVICE. For the proper charge of this important service during the day, the following were required from May 5 to November 5, six months: 4 chiefs, 4 brigadiers, 52 sous brigadiers, 800 policemen. For the night service : 2 lieutenants, 4 non-com- missioned officers, 8 brigadiers, and 125 men of the Republican Guard, equivalent to our state troops. In addition, 62 secret service agents were employed, under the command of a chief and two assistants. The total number of arrests during the entire period of the World's Fair was only 198, which were divided as follows: 139 French, 9 Italians, 5 English, 7 Belgians, 5 Austrians, 9 Swiss, 6 Germans, 3 Spanish, 4 Russians, 1 Hollander, 2 Irish, 1 Egyptian, 1 Brazilian, 1 American, 1 Turk, 1 Algerian, 2 Luxembourgians. These were mostlv arrested for theft and pocket picking. MEDICAL SERVICE. A central post or hospital was established, controlled by a medical director and nine assistants. There were also five sub-medical stations in different parts of the grounds, with telephone connection with the city ambulance stations. The largest number of medical calls were due to accidents to workmen prior to the opening of the exposition. It is a most remarkable fact that during the World's Fair 1889, Paris was exceptionally healthy, statistics indicating a diminution in the rate of mortality as compared with former years. Philosophers have said for centuries past that "one does not think of dying when happy," and perhaps this may explain the incon- gruity. One thing is certain, that neither the Parisians themselves nor their visitors had time to think of getting: ill. NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD. The trains on this great accommodation to visitors started from the monu- mental gate at the Quay d'Orsay, and, making several turns and three stops, arrived at the machinery hall. The fifteen engines used were run by steam, com- pressed air and electricity, carrying 100 carriages of different plans. A uniform price of twenty-five centimes, or five cents, was made for the entire trip or any PARIS, 1889. 59 portion thereof. These trains commenced running at 9 a. m. till midnight at intervals of ten minutes. There were carried on this railroad 6,342,670 visitors, being an average per day of 35,238 persons in 3, 70S trains, and during the six months of active work only one accident has been noted. Rolling chairs were largely used by invalids and others during the exposition. VISITORS. The regular entrance fee was one franc,but, owing to the lottery system, a very large number entered at half that price. The total number of admissions by ticket between May 6 and November 6, was 28,149,353, or more than three times the num- ber of entrances to the Centennial, thus carrying out the steady rule of progression in increased numbers which all exhibitions indicate, the daily average being 137,289. It is estimated that 400,000 people visited the fair on the last day, which makes it the largest single day in world's fairs. Paris has one advantage so far as statistics are con- cerned. The police of that city can form some data fairly reliable as to the number of arrivals into the city of Paris, as every hotel and apartment house is obliged by law to keep a register. These show that about 1,500,000 came into the city, and upon that basis that there were not less than 5,000,000 separate visitors to the Woi-ld's Fair, which would allow a trifle over five entries to each person. It is the judg- ment of the writer, from pretty careful examination, that the average entrances into the Paris exposition would be more nearly ten to each person, the admission being only one franc, in which case (if correct) there were less than 3,000,000 visitors. However that may be, there was an increase of 12,000,000 entries over Paris, 1878, and 18,000,000 over Philadelphia, 1876. For the evening or for Sunday, an extra ticket was required ; and the wonder- ful fountains, electric colored lights and splendid bands of music brought together a very much increased attendance. It has been estimated by a regular visitor that to see the entire exhibition one would walk at least fifteen miles. Foreign com- mittees, established at the request of the French government, were each invited to be represented by a delegate charged to deal with questions interesting to the nation he represented. SITE AND BUILDINGS. As is well known, the Champ de Mars was again selected as the site for the World's Fair Paris 1889. The total space occupied was 173 acres. The largest building on the ground was the Machinery Palace, 1,378 feet long, 406 feet wide and 166 feet high. This building cost $1,500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of Arts cost $1,350,000, and the Palace of the French Section cost $1,150,000, while $500,000 were expended on the parks and gar- dens. Among these parks were interspersed that marvelous collection of dwell- ings representing an Indian dwelling, a street in Algiers, houses of New Caledonia, the Tunisian minaret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, etc. There is no question but that the Eiffel Tower was the principal attrac- tion in Paris, 1889, as it is now, the writer having received a postal card from its top within the past few days. This structure, 984 feet high, is named after its inventor, a French engineer, who, however, has given credit to this country as having furnished the idea; possibly the Sawyer Observatory at the 60 WORLD'S FAIRS. Centennial may have suggested it. Its base forms a gigantic archway over a main path leading from the bridge into the central grounds of the exposition. The tower is of very simple construction, built entirely of iron girders and pillars, with four great shafts consisting of four columns each, starting from the four corners of the base and merging into the single shaft, which forms the main part of the tower. This shaft ends in a great cupola or Alpine reception room, which in turn is surmounted by a still higher lantern or observatory, the platform of which is over 800 feet above the ground. The total weight has been estimated at 15,000,000 pounds, or 7,500 tons, and the cost at about $1,000,000, the French o-overnment assuming one-third the expense. To all who visited the Eiffel Tower from this country, it must have been some satisfaction to know that the only safe and rapid means of reaching the top was by the Otis elevator, an American inven- tion and manufacture. On the first platform of the Eiffel Tower restaurants have been established, where visitors can rest and refresh themselves and enjoy a mag- nificent view of Paris and its suburbs. There are four elevators leading to the first platform, two of the Otis American pattern, carrying fifty passengers each and moving at the rate of two meters a second ; and two of French design, carrying 100 passengers each and traveling one meter a second. The results of the World's Fair Paris 1889 were most satisfactory. The gold reserve or balance in the Bank of France was enormously increased. It was estimated that Americans brought over and spent 350,000,000 francs in gold. By careful police estimates the total number of strangers in France during the expo- sition was fixed at 1,500,000, of which the majority were thus divided: Swedes and Norwegeans 3 500 Greeks, Roumanians and Turks .... 5 000 Africans, principally Algerians .... 13.000 North Americans 90,000 South Americans 35,000 Oceanica, Java, etc 3 000 Belgians 335,000 English : 380,000 Germans 160,000 Swiss 53,000 Spaniards 56,000 Italians 38.000 Russians 7,000 The various railroad companies admit an increase in numbers over the six months of the preceding year of 1,878,747, and in receipts of over 66,000,000 francs, and the City of Paris Omnibus Company of 4,000,000. The Cab Compaq' transported 29,097,112 persons from January 1 to November 1, 1889; the same period in the previous year, only 12,000,000, with an increase in revenue of 1 558,000 francs. The Louvre, a large dry goods store, ran four free stages to the exhibition, carrying 1,320,000 passengers gratis. There were some 300 open wao-ons or spring wagons in use, run by private parties, making as high as $50 per day. The tramways, from May 6 to October 31, carried 6,342,670 people, o-iving over 1,500,000 francs receipts, sometimes carrying 10,000 per hour. The Belt Line carried an average of 30,000 per day during the fair, and a total of not less than 16,215,825 individuals, and the small steamboats on the Seine, 13,527,125. It was estimated that the increase in the consumption of meat amounted to 3,278,871 pounds, and of wine 3,162,227 gallons. The theaters all showed large gains, the total excess of receipts over previous years being 10,867,555 francs. The restaurants were great o- a iners, the increased receipts being at the Champ de Mars alone 1,640,000 franc's more than in the previous year. The World's Fair Paris 1889 showed a profit of 8,000,000 francs, the loss in 1878 at the Paris Exposition being 31,704,890 francs. CHICAGO, 1893. 61 Adding together the increase of the bank balances, of the receipts of railroads and of the revenue, a total gain of not far short of 500,000,000 francs will appear; to this must be added the strictly private receipts. Allowing 1,500,000 of foreign visitors, spending an average of 500 francs or $100 each while in Paris, and 6,000,000 from the provinces of France, spending say 100 francs or $20 each, are 1,250,000,000 more, giving a total direct of 1,750,000,000 francs; or about $350,000,000. Thus the heavy outlays made by the French government and the city of Paris were returned tenfold. 62 WORLD'S FAIRS. CHAPTER IX. WORLD'S FAIR CHICAGO 1893. For some years past it has been a question for discussion in the columns of the press and in Congress, as to the proper manner in which to celebrate the dis- covery of America by Christopher Columbus. When at last it was decided to have an International Exhibition, several of our cities made claim to the honor of having it held within their borders, and as is well known, after much discussion in and out of Congress, it was settled that the City of Chicago should be the accepted location. So much time had elapsed however that it was found impossible to have so large an undertaking complete and in running order in season to celebrate the proposed anniversary, therefore it was decided to inaugurate the buildings in 1892, and have the World's Fair in 1893. Long prior to any action on the part of Congress, His Honor, the Mayor of Chicago, Hon. DeWitt C. Cregier, officially brought the subject to the attention of her citizens and at their request, in company with Mr. Thos. B. Bryan and Mr. Edward T. Jeffery, he appeared before the Congressional Committee in Washington, with the result that their able management, together with the practical good sense of a majority of the Senate and House, settled the question of a proper site for the World's Fair 1893. It is a curious fact that, while the general public, all our manu- facturers and producers, and men of science and experience, have proved over and over again the great money value of these International Exhibitions to the United States, Congresss has shown a steady and determined opposition to any appropri- ations for such purposes. It has practically done nothing. The money loaned by the government to the Board of Finance, Philadelphia, was recalled dollar for dollar, although it has been proved beyond question that the duties received on in- creased importations would have paid the loan ten times over, and still more important that the improvements in our own manufactures had added so largely to our increased sales abroad as to make a difference of millions of dollars. A care- ful consideration of this subject at the present time should insure the most liberal action on the part of Congress toward the World's Fair Chicago 1893. There is no probability that there will be another in this country, certainly not for the next twenty years. Great Britain proposes to have one in 1895 and France in 1900, and in all probability the advanced views of the Emperor of Germany will insure a World's Fair in Berlin in the meantime. Every nation, except our own, has made liberal appropriation for such exhibi- tion, increasing the amounts on the assurance thus received of their great value and profit to the nations where such World's Fairs were held. The appropriation for the exhibits of the different departments of government is all very well as showing the value of a working administration; but an appropriation of $1,000,000 to be THOMAS W. PALMER. CHICAGO, 1893. 63 entirely expended in showing processes of manufacture, from the raw product to the completed fabric, would not only prove of practical money value to the nation, but would prove to be a source of interest, instruction and information such as this world has never before witnessed. Cotton in the boll on the plant, carried through all processes of ginning, weaving, dyeing, etc., until the completed goods shown ready for delivery ; wool on the back of the Merino sheep, and so on through all the steps necessary to present a manufactured roll of cloth. Treatment in the same way of glass, pottery, silk, ribbons, paper, tobacco, ice, brick, methods of printing, litho- graphing, plants for the manufacture of iron, steel, tinware, copper; all these are legitimate objects for presentation to the millions of our own people and foreigners visiting us in 1893, and no money appropriation would receive such united adhesion by the constituents of our representatives in Congress. To secure the proper organization of such a plan, immediate action is necessary, and there can be no question but that the leading manufacturers in these important branches, as well as many others, would co-operate to the general public advantage. The result of the action of Congress was the passage of the following bill : THE ACT OF CONGRESS CREATING THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manu- factures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the state of Illinois. Whereas, It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary c$ the discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the United States of America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World; and Whereas, Such an exhibition should be of a national and international character, so that not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations as well, can participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; Therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of arts, industries and manufactures, and products of the soil, mine and sea shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the city of Chicago, in the state of Illinois, as hereinafter provided. Sec 2. That a commission, to consist of two commissioners from each state and territory of the United States and from the District of Columbia and eight commissioners at large, is herebv constituted to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission. Sec. 3. That said commissioners, two from each state and territory, shall be appointed within thirty days from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of the states and territories, respectively, and by the President eight commissioners at large and two from the District of Columbia; and in the same manner and within the same time there shall be appointed two alternate commissioners from each state and territory of the United States and the District of Columbia and eight alternate commissioners at large, who shall assume and perform the duties of such commissioner or commissioners as ma} - be unable to attend the meetings of the said commission ; and in such nominations and appointments each of the two leading political parties shall be equally represented. Vacancies in the commission nominated by the governors of the several states and territories, respectively, and rlso vacancies in the commission at large and from the District of Columbia, may be filled in the same manner and under the same conditions as provided herein for their original appointment. Sec. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, immediately after the passage of this act, notify the governors of the several states and territories, respectively, thereof, and request such nominations to be made. The commissioners so appointed shall be 64 WORLD'S FAIRS. called together by the Secretary of State of the United States in the city of Chicago, by notice to the commissioners, as soon as convenient after the appointment of said commissioners, and within thirty days thereafter. The said commissioners, at said first meeting, shall organize by the election of such officers and the appointment of such committees as they may deem expedient, and for this purpose the commissioners present at said meeting shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 5. That said commission be empowered in its discretion to accept for the purposes of the World's Columbian Exposition such site as may be selected and offered, and such plans and specifications of buildings to be erected for such purpose, at the expense of and tendered by the corporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois, known as "The World's Exposition of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two," Provided, That said site so tendered and the buildings proposed to be erected thereon shall be deemed by said commission adequate to the purposes of said exposition; And provided, That said commission shall be satisfied that the said corporation has an actual bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock, which will secure the payment of at least five millions of dollars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars shall have been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars, will be provided by said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prose- cution of the work for the complete preparation for said exposition. Sec. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classification for exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the exposition, and shall appoint all judges and examiners for the exposition, award all premiums, if any, and generally have charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. And said commission is authorized and required to appoint a board of lady managers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said commission. Said board may appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits, which may be produced in whole or in part by female labor. Sec. 7. That after the plans for said exposition shall be prepared by said corporation and approved by said commission, the rules and regulations of said corporation governing rates for entrance and admission fees, or otherwise affecting the rights, privileges or interests of the exhibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or established by said corporation, subject, however, to such modification, if any, as may be imposed by a majority of said commissioners. Sec. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a naval review in New York Harbor, in April, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hampdon Roads and proceed thence to said review. Sec. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition in said city of Chicago on the twelfth day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said exposition shall be open to visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and shall be closed at such time as the commission may determine, but not later than the thirtieth day of October thereafter. Sec. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the com- mission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation known as "The World's Exposition of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two," satisfactory proof that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall be authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition and appoint representatives thereto. Sec. 11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole pur- pose of exhibition at said exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall be COL. GEORGE R. DAVIS. BOARD OF TRADE, CHICAGO, 1890. CHICAGO, 1893. 65 admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: but it shall be lawful at any time during the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the exposition any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or withdrawn for consump- tion in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and against the persons who ma}' be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal. Sec. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the remainder of the present fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury for purposes connected with the admission of foreign goods to said exhibition. Sec. 18. That it shall be the duty of the commission to make report from time to time to the President of the United States of the progress of the work, and, in a final report, present a full exhibit of the results of the exposition. Sec. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer than until the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninet3'-eight. Sec. 15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings proceedings or representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants, or employes, or any of them, or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages, or obligations of any kind issued by said <_oi poration, or for any debts, liabilities, or expenses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. Sec. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition, by the government of the United States, from its Executive Department, the Smithsonian Institution, the United States Fish Commission and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such a government exhibit, a board shall be created to be charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement, safe-keeping and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and the directors of the Smithsonian Institute and National Museum may respectively decide shall be embraced in said government exhibit. The President may also designate additional articles for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person to be named by the head of each executive department, and one by the directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and one by the Fish Commission, such selections to be approved by the President of the Unitsd States. The President shall name the chairman of said board, and the board itself shall select such other officers as it ma}' deem necessary. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhi- bition upon such grounds as shall be allotted for the purpose, one of the life-saving stations authorized to be constructed on the coast of the United States by existing law, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use in all life- saving stations in the United States, said building and apparatus to be removed at the close of the exhibition and re-erected at the place now authorized by law. Sec. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable building or buildings to be erected on the site selected for the World's Columbian Exposition for the government exhibits, as provided in this act, and he is hereby authorized and directed to contract therefor, in the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public buildings of the United States; but the contract for said building or buildings shall not exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, and for the remainder of the fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June WORLD'S FAIRS. thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, there is hereby appropriated for said building or buildings, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The Secretary of the Treasury shall cause the said building or buildings to be constructed as far as possible of iron, steel and glass, or of such other material as may be taken out and sold to the best advantage; and he is authorized and required to dispose of such building or buildings, or the material composing the same, at the close of the exposition, giving preference to the city of Chicago, or to the said World's Exposition of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two, to purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as he may determine. Sec. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transportation, care and custody of exhibits by the government and the maintenance of the building or buildings hereinbefore provided for, and the safe return of articles belonging to the said government exhibit, and for the expenses of the commission created by this act, and other contingent expenses, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized accounts and vouchers, there is hereby appropriated for the remainder of this fiscal year, and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary; Provided, That the United States shall not be liable, on account of the erection of buildings, expenses of the commission or any of its officers or employes, or on account of any expenses incident to or growing out of said exposition for a sum exceeding in the aggregate one million five hundred thousand dollars. Sec. 19. That the Commissioners and alternate Commissioners appointed under this act shall not be entitled to any compensation for their services out of the treasury of the United States, except their actual expenses for transportation and the sum of six dollars per day for subsistence for each day they are necessarily absent from their homes on the business of said commission. The officers of said commission shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by said commission, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be paid out of the sums appropriated by Congress in aid of such exposition. Sec. 20. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligation created by said commission in excess of appropriations made by Congress therefor. Sec. 21. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override or interfere with the laws of any state, and all contracts made in any state for the purposes of the exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof. Sec. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or otherwise, shall be personally liable for any debt or obligation which may be created or incurred by the said commission. Approved April .25, iSgo. In compliance with this act of Congress, the governors of the various states and territories nominated commissioners and alternates, and these gentlemen, together with the commissioners at large, as follows, met in Chicago, June 26, 1890. COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE. COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Maine. Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, New York. Louis Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. John W- Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. Richard C. Kerens, St. Louis, Mo. R. W. Furnas, Brownsville, Neb. William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky. P. J. Walsh, Atlanta, Ga. Henry Exall, Dallas, Texas. H. L. King, San Antonio, Texas. Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. o at co 6 <3 < q i o ui h D h H z \- < CHICAGO, 1893. 67 COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATES. ALABAMA. COMMISSIONERS. Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile. Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. John D. Adams, Little Rock. Lafayette Gregg, Fayetteville. Michel H. de Young, San Francisco. William Forsyth, Fresno. Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville. Frederick J. V. Skiff, Denver. Leverett Brainard, Hartford. Thomas M.Waller, New London. George V. Massey, Dover. Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. Joseph Hirst, Tampa. Richard Turnbull, Monticello. Lafayette McLaws, Savannah. Charlton H. Way, Savannah. George A. Manning, Post Falls. John E. Stearns, Nampa. ALTERNATES. Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery. William S. Hull, Sheffield. ARKANSAS. J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock. Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. CALIFORNIA. George Hazleton, San Francisco. Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. COLORADO. Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen. O. C. French, New Windsor. CON NBC TIC UT. Charles F. Brooker, Torrington. Charles R. Baldwin, Waterburv. DEL A WARE. Chas. F. Richards, Georgetown. William Saulsbury, Dover. FLORIDA. Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine. Jesse T. Bernard, Tallahassee. GEORGIA. • James Longstreet, Gainesville. John W. Clark, Augusta. IDAHO. A. J. Crook, Hailey. John M. Burke, Wardner. ILLINOIS. Charles H. Deere, Moline. La Fayette Funk, Shirley. Adlai T. Ewing, 38 Montauk Blk., Chicago. De Witt Smith, Springfield. INDIANA. Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville. Elijah B. Martindale, Indianapolis. William I. Buchanan, Sioux City. William F. King, Mt. Vernon. Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka. Reese R. Price, Hutchinson. John Bennett, Richmond. James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. Davidson B. Penn, Newellton. Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. William E. McLean, Terre Haute. Charles M. Trevis, Crawfordsville. IOWA. Joseph Eiboeck, Des Moines. John Hayes, Red Oak. KANSAS. J- F. Thompson, Sabetha. Frank W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. KENTUCKT. David N. Comingore, Covingtor., John S. Morris, Louisville. LOUISIANA. Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans. P. O. McMahon, Janjipahoal. 68 WORLD'S FAIRS. COMMISSIONERS. Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan. William G. Davis, Portland. James Hodges, Baltimore. Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. Francis W. Breed, Lynn. Thomas E. Proctor, Boston. M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo. Charles H. Richmond, Ann Arbor. Matthew B. Harrison, Duluth. Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi. Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City. Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. MAINE. ALTERNATES. James A. Boardman, Bangor. Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. MARYLAND. George M. Upshur, Snow Hill. Daniel E. Conkling, Baltimore. MASSACHUSETTS. George P. Ladd, Spencer. Albert C. Houghton, North Adams. MICHIGAN. George H. Barbour, Detroit. Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids. MINNESOTA. Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorhead. T L. Hunt, Mankato. MISSISSIPPI. Fred W. Collins, Summit. Joseph H. Brinker, West Point. MISSOURI. O. H. Piecher, Joplin. R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. MONTANA. Benjamin F. White, Dillon. Lewis H. Hershfield, Helena. Armistead H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls. NEBRASKA, William L. May, Fremont. John Lauterbach, Fairbury. NE VADA. Enoch Strother, Virginia City. Richard Ryland, Reno. NEW HAMPSHIRE. George Van Dyke, Lancaster. Frank E. Kaley, Milrord. Euclid Martin, Omaha. Albert G. Scott, Kearney. John W. Haines, Genoa. George Russell, Elko. Walter Aiken, Franklin. Charles D. McDuffie, Manchester. William J. Sewell, Camden. Thomas Smith, Newark. Chauncey M. Depew, New York. John Boyd Thacher, Albany. Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh. Thomas B. Keogh, Greensboro. H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks. Martin Ryan, Fargo. NEW JERSEY. Frederick S. Fish, Newark. Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken. NEW YORK. James H. Breslin, New York. James Roosevelt, Hyde Park. NORTH CAROLINA. Elias Can-, Old Sparta. G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. NORTH DAKOTA. Charles H. Stanley, Steele. Peter Cameron, Tyner. CHICAGO, 1893. 69 OHIO. COMMISSIONERS. Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo. William Ritchie, Hamilton. Henry Klippel, Jacksonville. Martin Wilk'ins, Eugene City. William McClelland, Pittsburgh. John W. Woodside, Philadelphia. Lyman B. Goff, Pawtucket. Gardner C. Sims, Providence. A. P. Butler, Columbia. John R. Cochran, AndeFson. Merritt H. Day, Rapid City. William Mclntvre, Watertown. Louis T. Baxter, Nashville. Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas. John T. Dickinson, Austin. Henry H. Mclntvre, West Randolph. Bradley B. Smaller, Burlington. Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk. John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. Henry Drum, Tacoma. Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry. J. W. St. Clair, Fayettville. Phillip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point. John L. Mitchell, Milwaukee. Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston. Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. ALTERNATES. Lucius C. Cron, Piqua. Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. OREGON. J. L. Morrow, Heppner. W. T. Wright, Union. PENNSTL VAN I A. R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkesbarre. John K. Hallock, Erie. RHODE ISLAND. Jeffrey Hazard, Providence. Lorillard Spencer, Newport. SOUTH CAROLINA. E. L. Roche, Charlston. J. W. Tindell, Sumter. SOUTH DAKOTA. S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket. L. S. Bullard, Pierre. TENNESSEE. Rush Strong, Knoxville. A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. TEXAS. Lock McDaniel, Anderson. Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. VERMONT. Aldace F. Walker, Rutland. Hiram Atkins, Montpelier. VIRGINIA. Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg. Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg. WASHING TON. William Bingham, Cheney. Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. WEST VIRGINIA. M.J. Finley, Wheeling. Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg. WISCONSIN. Gustavus E. Gordon, Koshkonong. Myron Reed, Superior. WYOMING. Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne. John J. McCormick, Sheridan. WORLD'S FAIRS. TERRITORIES. ARIZONA. COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. George F. Coats, Phoenix. W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff. William Zeckendorf, Tucson. Herbert H. Logan, Phoenix. NEW MEXICO. Thomas C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. Charles B. Eddy, Eddy. Richard Mansfield White, Hermosa, Sierra Co. Louis C. Tetard, East Las Vegas. OKLAHOMA. Othniel Beeson, Reno City. Joseph W. McNiel, Guthrie. John D. Miles, Kingfisher. John Wallace, Oklahoma City. UTAH. Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden. William M. Ferry, Park City. Patrick H. Lannan, Salt Lake City. Charles Crane, Kanosh. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Alexander T. Britton, Washington. E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington. Albert A. Wilson, Washington. Dorsey Claggett, Washington. The first meeting was called to order by Commissioner Adlai T. Ewing, of Illinois, at the request of the Department of State, on Friday, June 27. Thomas W. Palmer, from Michigan, was unanimously elected president. THE PRESIDENT. Hon. Thomas Witherell Palmer, the President of the World's Columbian Commission, was born in Detroit, Mich., June 25, 1830, being now in the prime of life. He comes from New England by descent, his father, Thomas Palmer, having been born in the town of Ashford, Windham county, Conn., in 1789. Thomas Palmer emigrated to the west, and in 1809 was carrying on a lucrative trading business in the town of Detroit, with the Indians on the frontier. The mother of the subject of our sketch was born in Rhode Island, and a direct descendent from Roger Williams. Her father was a native of Mansfield, Mass., and served as a private at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was appointed by President Jefferson judge of the territory of Michigan, and in his official capacity became acquainted with the celebrated Chief Tecumseh, for whose good qualities he had the highest appreciation. Judge Witherell was more intimately associated with the early history of Detroit than any other man. Thus has been secured the very best class of ability to preside over and direct the World's Fair Commission for 1893. Senator Palmer has every right to feel proud of such an ancestry. He received his education at St. Clair College and the University of Michigan, graduating at the latter institution. He made with some friends a pedestrian tour through Spain, and thus became familiar with a people and country to which he was later accredited as minister from the United States. On his return he entered into mercantile life in Wisconsin and later in Detroit, where he has since resided, securing to himself the universal good will and esteem of his fellow citizens, of both city and state. He became active in state politics, serving as a member of the board of estimates and also as state senator. He was elected United States senator from Michigan and served for six years, to the great advantage of his native state and the interests of the great west. Senator Palmer was elected president of the water-ways convention held in Sault Sainte Marie, under the auspices of the CHICAGO, 1893. 71 Duluth Chamber of Commerce, in August, 1887, to consider the condition of affair resulting from the increase of commerce between Lake Superior and the lower lakes, an important position, which he filled with much credit. In 1889 he received his appointment as minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the court of Spain, connected to him with memories of his youth, and now for the third time brought so closely to his attention as presiding officer in the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by a Spanish citizen. At the first meeting of the World's Columbian Commission, held in Chicago, Tune 26, 1890, Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, was unanimously elected president and at once took the chair and its duties, presiding at tile first meeting. Senator Palmer has taken hold of this great enterprise with his usual energy and a conviction of success, which nothing can shake and no obstacle deter, and his fellow citizens all over tins continent look to the labors of himself and his associates as the means of making the World's Fair Chicago 1893 an era in this world's history. The following extracts are taken from the eloquent address of President Palmer at the banquet given to the Columbian Commission by the States Associa- tion, on June 26th, at the Palmer House, Chicago: * * * Education is the chief safeguard for the future, not education through books alone, but through the commingling of our people from East, West, North and South, from farm and factory. Such great convocations as that of our projected fair are the schools wherein our people shall touch elbows, and the men and women from Maine and Texas, from Wash- ington and South Carolina, learn to realize that all are of one blood, speak the same language, worship one God, and salute the same flag. If we are to remain a free people, if the States are to retain their autonomy, if we are to take a common pride in the name of American, if we are to avoid the catastrophe of former years Americans must commingle, be brought in contact and acquire that mutual S3 r mpathy that is essential in a harmonious family. Isolated, independent travel may do this, but not to any such extent as will be accomplished by gatherings like this, where millions will concentrate to consult and compare the achievements of each other and of those from across the sea. All must have observed the effect of the Centennial Exhibition in educating even what are called educated people, and in the impetus derived therefrom. It gave to all a larger outlook, it repressed egotism, quickened sympathies, and set us to thinking. It has been well said that " Industrial expositions are the mile stones of progress, the measure of the dimensions of the productive activity of the human race. They cultivate taste, they bring nations closer to one another, and thus promote civilization, they awaken new wants and lead to an increased demand, they contribute to a taste for art and thus encourage the genius of artists." And this is civilization — a process by which the citizens of each State, foreign as well as domestic, will learn their inter-dependence upon each other. Many will come from selfish motives, possibly, but the social atmosphere they will here breathe; that undefinable influence which pervades and affects people who come together in masses with a common purpose, will broaden them and teach them that discussion and not violence is the proper way to adjust differences or promote objects — and thus prepare humanity for that good time so long coming. The world will come to us, by its representatives if not en masse, and our own people should be drawn to this great school of the citizen by every device which can be imagined and afforded, while it remains for all connected with this management to see that no just expectation shall be disappointed. In other times there were convocations where the spirit of rivalry and comparison appeared, but in them few were invited to participate and only a limited number of spectators could afford to attend. In those tournaments muscle was of more importance than mind. Those exhibitions taught how to destroy, and not how to create. The rivalry now is in methods to create and not to destroy, and the knights who participate are those of the active brain and 72 WORLD'S FAIRS. cunning hand, whose spectators and judges are the better behaved and better educated citizens of to-day. This exposition — on a new site, in a new world — assumes greater dimensions than a market for merchandise or than figures of finance. We should make it a Congress of the nations wherein agriculture, manufactures and commerce should be the handmaids of ideas — where art should paint the allegory of peace and chisel the statue fraternity — where music should play a dirge to dead hates and an epithalamium on the marriage of the nations. Our country has led the advance in peaceful arbitration. The Geneva Commission, the Fisheries Commission in the settlement of difficulties already existing — the Pan-American Congress has opened the way for the peaceful settlement of questions that may arise hereafter to the people of the hemisphere. I regard these three great achievements of our capital govern- ment as more illustrious than any act of any government since our great Civil War. Let the Exposition be fruitful in profit, not only to the exhibitors, but to all comers, and that they shall carry away a higher conception of the duty of the citizen and the mission of the State. Our material power is very great, too great for us to act on any other plane than the highest. Our resources and capacity to meet our financial obligations are a wonder to the powers of the old world. It should be our aim to make our moral altitude on all public questions, national or inter-national, as unassailable as our monetary credit. Our bonds are higher in the markets of the world than any other — our opinions and acts should, relatively, hold as high a place. The first 400 years have passed — they have been illuminated by the heroic deeds of men and women, and shaded by crimes national and individual. The descendants of the Puritai and Cavalier, of the Huguenot and the Catholic, of the slave and the Indian, together with those from other continents and the isles of the sea, meet in peaceful rivalry where the forest fades away and the prairie expands. At last we are a nation with common inheritance. Lexington and Yorktown, Bunker Hill and Eutaw Springs, Saratoga and Guildford Court House, New Orleans and Plattsburg are our common glory. We have people to the North and South who can be linked to us with hooks of steel if we continue to retain their respect and confidence. I want no forcible additions to our territory, were it practicable. I want them to come as a bride comes to her husband — in love and confi- dence — and because they wish to link their fortunes with ours, to make their daily walk by our side. To bring about this consummation, will be the work of time, of forbearance, of rigid observance of their rights, of due regard for their prejudices, of an unselfish desire for well- fare — wherein all the amenities of life shall be cultivated. We must enforce their respect by order at our own home and show them that our composite civilization — wherein we select all that is good from abroad and retain all that is good in our own, is calculated to make them also happier and greater. Should this occasion, this National Exposition, promote such a purpose as if we are rightly inspired — this meeting of all peoples would be more than a financial success — more than a vain commercial triumph. It would emphasize the new era which I hope is dawning and take the initiative in what may result in the federation of this hemisphere. John T. Dickinson, commissioner from Texas, was elected permanent secretary. THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. Colonel George R. Davis, unanimously selected as Director-General of the World's Fair Chicago 1893, has in every way a national reputation, having served in the councils of the nation as well as on the battle field. He was born at Three Rivers, Palmer, Mass., in 1840; received his education first in the public schools of Ware, Mass., where his father and grandfather had lived for over 100 years, and graduated at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., in 1860. At the com- mencement of the war, young Davis volunteered and served in the Army of the Potomac and Army of the Gulf, being promoted to the rank of major in 1863, with command of his regiment. His services in connection with the important LYMAN J. GAGE. CHICAGO, 1893. 73 business of transportation were so valuable that he was placed in charge of that department, and when Gen. Sheridan changed his station from the command of the Department of the Gulf to that of the Missouri, Col. Davis jjroceeded with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and later he moved with headquarters to Chicago. His record in the army in connection with the difficult duties of the Quartermaster's Department of the Army is much to his credit, as he indicated a natural aptitude for rapid and thorough organization, which has specially fitted him for his present important position. Col. Davis resigned from the service in 1871, and went into business in Chicago in connection with the financial management of some of the largest insurance companies in the United States, with great success to their several interests. In 1878 Col. Davis was elected to Congress, was re-elected in 1S80 and 1882, and served in the XL Vlth, XLVIIth and XLVIIIth Congresses. In the fall of 1886 he was elected treasurer of Cook county by nearly 10,000 majority, which office he now holds, his term of service expiring December 1st. It was largely through the unremitting labors of Col. Davis that the success of the World's Fair in Chicago has been so far insured, and his present position and its consequent responsibilities are fully appreciated by one whose experience and reputation are a guarantee of the most favorable results. On Saturday, June 28, the organization of the World's Columbian Commission was completed, with the following result: THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. President Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan. Director-General George R. Davis, of Illinois. First Vice-President Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut. . Second Vice-President M. H. De Young, of California. Third Vice-President Davidson B. Penn, of Louisiana. Fourth Vice-President Gorton W. Allen, of New York. Fifth Vice-President Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina. Secretary John T. Dickinson, of Texas. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. President T. W. Palmer, Chairman. M. B. Harrison, Minnesota. M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-Large. James D. Butt, West Virginia. R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. Adlai T. Ewing, Illinois. Henry Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. William F. King, Iowa. P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at-Large. H. P. Piatt, Ohio. John T. Harris, Virginia. L. McLaws, Georgia. William J. Sewell, New Jersey. T. L. Williams, Tennessee. B. B. Smalley, Vermont. Joseph Hirst, Florida. E. B. Martindale, Indiana. R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. John Boyd Thatcher, New York. L. H. Hershfield, Montana. Francis W. Breed, Massachusetts. R. E. Goodell, Colorado. Euclid Martin, Nebraska. A. T. Britton, District of Columbia. Reese R. Price, Kansas. James A. McKenzie, Kentuckj'. COMMITTEE ON JUDICIARY, RULES AND BY-LAWS. William Lindsay, Commissioner-at-Large, B. B. Smalley, Vermont. Chairman. L. Gregg, Arkansas. G. V. Massey, Delaware. O. R. Hundley, Alabama. J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia. P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin, William J. Sewell, New Jersey. 74 WORLD'S FAIRS. COMMITTEE ON TARIFFS AND TRANSPORTATION. V. D. Groner, Virginia, Chairman. W. Aiken, New Hampshire. C. M. Depew, New York. W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. M. H. Lane, Michigan. J. D. Adams, Arkansas. L. Brainard, Connecticut. A. B. Andrews, North Carolina. L. Lowndes, Maryland. O. R. Hundley, Alabama. J. W. Haines, Nevada. G. C. Sims, Rhode Island. II. H. Mclntyre, Vermont. T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico. H. P. Rucker, North Dakota. E. Martin, Nebraska. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS. C. M. Depew, New York, Chairman. Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut. G. V. Massey, Delaware. A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. C. H. Way, Georgia. M. H. Lane, Michigan. D. B. Penn, Louisiana. COMMITTEE ON FINE ARTS. A. G. Bullock, Commissioner-at-Large, Chairman. C. M. Depew, New York. A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. O. V. Tousley, Minnesota. W. I. Buchanan, Iowa. M. H. de Young, California. James Hodges, Maryland. T.J. Woodward, Louisiana. COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, HISTORY, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION. O. V. Tousley, Minnesota, Chairman. T. J. Woodward, Louisiana. A. C. Beck with, Wyoming. F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. C. H.Jones, Missouri. A. G. Bullock, Commissioner-at-Large. W. F. King, Iowa. J. A. McKenzie, Kentucky. COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE. W. I. Buchanan, Iowa, Chairman. L. T. Baxter, Tennessee. R. Turnbull, Florida. A. M. Cochran, Texas. J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin. J. W. Haines, Nevada. D. B. Penn, Louisiana. J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. A. P. Butler, South Carolina. A. G. Scott, Nebraska. O. Beeson, Oklahoma. H. H. Mclntyre, Vermont. J. D. Adams, Arkansas. M. Wilkins, Oregon. William Forsyth, California. F. J. V. Skiff,' Colorado. COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin, Chairman. John Bennett, Kentucky. T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. G. A. Manning, Idaho. G. Russell, Nevada. E. B. Martindale, Indiana. II. Drum, Washington. J. D. Miles, Oklahoma. T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico. H. P. Rucker, North Dakota. II. Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. L. T. Baxter, Tennessee. A. H. Mitchell, Montana. W. Mclntyre, South Dakota. A. T. Ewing, Illinois. H. G. Hay, Wyoming. COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. W. Forsyth, California, Chairman. G. A. Manning, Idaho. W. H. Porter, Delaware. C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire. R. Turnbull, Florida. J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania. C. II. Richmond, Michigan. J. R. Cochran, South Carolina. CHICAGO, 1898. T. E. Garvin, Indiana. F. J. V. Skiff, Colorado. W. Zeckendorf, Arizona. A. R. Bixbv, Maine. J. Hodges, Maryland. C. H. Deere, Illinois. F. J. Kiesel, Utah. P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. Charles H. Jones, Missouri, Chairman. L. H. Hershfield, Montana. James Hodges, Maryland. H. H. Mclntvre, Vermont. A. B. Andrews, North Carolina. A. R. Bixby, Maine. J. T. Harris, Virginia. P. H. Lannan, Utah. COMMITTEE ON AUDITING. T. E. Garvin, Indiana, Chairman. P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. C. K. Holliday, Jr., Kansas. J. D. Butt, West Virginia. COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. J. D. Adams, Arkansas, Chairman. P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at- Large. William Lindsay, Commissioner-at Large. V. D. Groner, Virginia. C. H. Richmond, Michigan. G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-Large. M. B. Harrison, Minnesota. R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION. C. H. Deere, Illinois, Chairman. W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. M. Ryan, North Dakota. M. H. de Young, California. T. L. Williams, Tennessee. A. M. Cochran, Texas. T. Smith, New Jersey. T. B. Keogh, North Carolina. C. H. Way, Georgia. J. D. Miles, Oklahoma. H. P. Piatt, Ohio. G. F. Coates, Arizona. A. C. Beckwith, Wyoming. J. Hirst, Florida. T. E. Garvin, Indiana. COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES. L. Brainard, Connecticut, Chairman. T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. T. E. Bullene, Missouri. W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. R. M. White, New Mexico. W. H. Porter, Delaware. C. H. Deere, Illinois. T. Smith, New Jersey. W. Ritchie, Ohio. G. C. Sims, Rhode Island. L. McLaws, Georgia. W. Aiken, New Hampshire. J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. F.J. Kiesel, Utah. Wm. Mclntyre, South Dakota. W. Zeckendorf, Arizona. COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE. L. Lowndes, Maryland, Chairman. J. B. Thacher, New York. J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. T. M. Waller, Connecticut. L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. • 1. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. M. Wilkins, Oregon. R. Turnbull, Florida. George V. Massey, Delaware. H. Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. J. R. Cochran, South Carolina. H. P. Piatt, Ohio. T. J. Woodward, Louisiana. H. Drum, Washington. C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire. C. H. Way, Georgia. 76 WORLD'S FAIRS. COMMITTEE ON MINES AND MINING. F.J. V. Skiff, Colorado, Chairman. M. H. Day, South Dakota. L T. Baxter, Tennessee. J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia. J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania. A. H. Mitchell, Montana. L. Lowndes, Maryland. G. Russell, Nevada. F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. J. E. Stearns, Idaho. G. F. Coats, Arizona. C. H. Richmond, Michigan. P. H. Lannan, Utah. H. Drum, Washington. R. M. White, New Mexico. M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-Large. COMMITTEE ON FISHERIES AND FISH CULTURE. A. R. Bixby, Maine, Chairman. A. P. Butler, South Carolina. W.J. Sewell, New Jersey. R. E. Goodell, Colorado. C. B. Hopkins, Washington. R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. M. H. Lane, Michigan. H. Klippel, Oregon. COMMITTEE ON ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES. G. C. Sims, Rhode Island, Chairman. C. B. Hopkins, Washington. M. Ryan, North Dakota. G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-Large. W. G. Davis, Maine. F. W. Breed, Massachusetts. O. R. Hundley, Alabama. R. R. Price, Kansas. COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY AND LUMBER. J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia, Chairman. R. M. White, New Mexico W. G. Davis, Maine. A. G. Scott, Nebraska. H. Klippel, Oregon. L. Gregg, Arkansas. R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. H. G. Hay, Wyoming. COMMITTEE ON MACHINERY. William Ritchie, Ohio, Chairman. W. H. Porter, Delaware. John Bennett, Kentucky. W. Forsyth, California. L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. M. H. Day, South Dakota. T. B. Bullene, Missouri. O. Beeson, Oklahoma. COMMITTEE ON WORLD'S CONGRESSES. J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania, Chairman. C. H. Jones, Missouri. John Bennett, Kentucky. A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. J. B. Thacher, New York. O. V. Tousley, Minnesota. B. B. Smalley, Vermont. C. K. Holliday, Jr , Kansas, Chairman. T. B. Keogh, North Carolina. J. T. Harris, Virginia. COMMITTEE ON PRINTING. P. H. Lannan, Utah. J. E. Stearns, Idaho. T. B. Bullene, Missouri. LADY MANAGERS AND THEIR ALTERNATES. APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT. Mrs. Potter Palmer; Alternate, Miss Sara T. Hallowell. Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham ; Alternate, Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. Mrs. J. S. Lewis; Alternate, Miss Julia B. Shattuck. Mrs. M. A. Mulligan; Alternate, Mrs. Annie C. Meyers. Miss Frances Dickinson, M. D.; Alternate, Mrs. A. H. Ten Eyck. CHICAGO, 1893. 77 Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace; Alternate, Mrs. M.J. Sandes. Mrs. Myron B. Bradwell; Alternate, Mrs. Leander Stone. Mrs. Clara M. Doolittle; Mrs. Gen. Arthur H. Chetlain. Mrs. Matilda R. Carse; Alternate, Miss Frances Willard. APPOINTED AT LAKGE. California — Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York City. Kentucky — Mrs. James Edwards Cantrill, Georgetown; Alternate, Mrs. Nancy Houston Banks, Morganfield. Massachusetts — Miss Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C. Michigan — Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit. Missouri — Miss Ellen Ford, New York City. Ne-Jj York — Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, Washington, D. C; Alternate, Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y. Pennsylvania — Mrs. Sidney F. Taylor, Philadelphia; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. R. Yarrow, Phil- adelphia. Texas — Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin; Alternate, Mrs. L. C. Baxter, Novasoto. APPOINTED FROM THE STATES. Alabama — tf Arkansas — Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock; Alternate, Mrs. John H. Rogers, Fort Smith. Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Little Rock. California — Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue; Alternate, Mrs. Theresa Fair, San Francisco. Mrs. James R. Deane; Alternate, Mrs. Walter Turnbull. Colorado — Miss Mary A. Samson, Pueblo; Altertiate, Mrs. Robert J. Colman, Buena Vista. Mrs. E. M. Ashley, Denver; Alternate, Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. Connecticut — Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker. Delaware — Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford; Alternate, Mrs. Mary E. Torbert, Milford. Miss Ida M. Ball, Wilmington ; Alternate, Mrs. Amelia E. Armstrong, Newark. Florida— -Mrs. M. C. Bell, Gainesville; Alternate, Mrs. Chloe M. Reed, South Jacksonville. Miss E. Nellie Beck, Tampa; Alternate, Mrs. H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. Georgia — Mrs. W. H. Felton, Centerville; Alternate, Miss Meta T. McLaws, Augusta. Mrs. Chas. H. Olmstead, Savannah; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. W. La Mar, Savannah. Idaho — Mrs. Geo. L. Shoup, Boise City ; Alternate, Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Post Falls. Mrs. Jos. C. Strough, Boise City ; Alternate, Mrs. Joseph B. Miller, Blackfoot. Illinois— Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart; Alternate, Mrs. Frank W. Gould, Moline. Mrs. Henry M. Shepard, Chicago; Alternate, Mrs. Isaac N. Phillips, Bloomington. Indiana — Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, Evansville; Alternate, Miss Sue Ball, Terre Haute. Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, Cambridge City; Alternate, Miss Mary H. Krout, Crawfordsville. Iowa — Mrs. Whitney S. Clark, Des Moines; Alternate, Mrs. Ira D. Hendricks, Council Bluffs. Kansas — Hester A. Hanback, Osborne. Louisiana — Miss Kate Minor, Houma, Terre Bonne Parish; Alternate, Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, New Orleans. Miss Josephine Shakspeare, New Orleans; Alternate, Mrs. Belle M. Per- kins, New Orleans. Maine — Maryland — Mrs. Emily McKim Reed, Baltimore; Alternate, Mrs. Mary M. Brichead, Baltimore Mrs. E. S. Thomson, Mt. Savage. Massachusetts — Michigan — Mrs. Eliza J. Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. Sarah C. Angell, Ann Arbor; Alternate Miss Anna M. Cutcheon, Detroit. Minnesota — Mrs. Mary Allen Aulbert, Duluth; Alternate, Mrs. Francis B. Clarke, St Paul. Mrs. Susan F. Brown, Minneapolis; Alternate, Mrs. Florence Williams, Little Falls. Mississippi — Mrs. Morgia R. Lee, Aberdeen; Alternate, Mrs. B. Buchanan, Holly Springs. Mrs. Mary Stone, Iuka; Alternate, Miss Varina Davis, Beauvoir. Missouri — Miss Phcebe Cousins, St. Louis; Alternate, Miss Patti Moore, Kansas City. Montana — Mrs. Conrad Kohrs, Deer Lodge City; Alternate, Mrs. Frank L. Worden, Missoula. Mrs. J. K. Toole, Helena; Alternate, Mrs. Walter Cooper, Bozeman. 78 WORLD'S FAIRS. Nebraska — Mrs. J. S. Briggs, Omaha; Alternate, Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Broken Bow. Mrs. S. C. Langworthy, Seward; Alternate, Mrs. Laura A. Bates, Aurora. Nevada — Lida M. Russell, Elko; Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa. Mrs. Ellen M. Stevenson. Carson City; Alternate, Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. New Hampshire — Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover; Alternate, Mrs. William S. Ladd. Lancaster. New Jersey — Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, Hoboken; Alternate, Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, Newark. Nexv York — Mrs. Lloyd Brice, New York City; Alternate, Mrs. Bourke Cochran, New York City. North Carolina — Mrs. George W. Kidder, Wilmington; Alternate, Mrs. R. R. Cotton, Falk- land, Pitt County. Mrs. Charles Price, Salisbury; Alternate, Miss Stella Divine, Wilming- ton. North Dakota — Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks; Alternate, Mrs. W. D. Brown, Lisbon. Mrs. W. B. McConnell, Fargo; Alternate, Mrs. Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. Ohio — Oregon — Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland; Alternate, Mrs Anna R. Riggs, Portland. Mrs. Mary Payton, Salem ; Alternate, Mrs. S. P. Sladden, Eugene City. Pennsylvania — Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburgh; Alternate, Mrs. Nellie B. Plumer, Franklin. Mrs. J. Lucas, Philadelphia; Alternate, Mrs. Mouise Elkins, Philadelphia. Rhode Island — Mrs. Amy M. Starkweather, Pawtucket; Mrs. Charlotte F. Dailey, Providence; Alternate, Loraine T. Bucklin, Providence. South Carolina — Mrs. Mary Preston Darby ^ Alternate, Mrs. J. S. R. Thompson. South Dakota — Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood; Alternate, Mrs. E. C. Daniels, Watertown. Mrs. H. M. Barker, Huron; Alternate, Mrs. Marie Gaston, Rapid City. Tennessee — Mrs. Laura C. Gillespie, Nashville; Alternate, Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis. Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville; Alternate, Mrs. Bessie Bowen McClung, Knoxville. Texas — Mary A. Cochran, Dallas; Alternate, Mrs. Lock McDaniel, Anderson. Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth ; Alternate, Miss Hattie Harrison, Waco. Vermont — Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. W. Hooker, Brattleboro. Virginia — Miss Mildred Lee, Lexington; Alternate, Mrs. John Sergeant Wise, Richmond; Mrs. Kate Paul, Harrisonburg; Alternate, Miss Mattie P. Harris, Staunton. Washington — Mrs. M. D. Owings, Olympia; Alternate, Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma. Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane Falls; Alternate, Miss Helen Josephine Stinson, Colfax. West Virginia— Mrs. W. Newton Lunch, Martinsburg; Alternate, Mrs. G. W. Z. Black, Hall- town. Miss Lillie June Jackson ; Alternate, Miss A. M. Mahon. Wisconsin — Mrs. George C. Ginty, Chippewa Falls; Alternate, Mrs. S. S. Fifield, Ashland. Mrs. William P. Lynde, Milwaukee; Alternate, Mrs. J. M. Smith, Mineral Point. Wyoming — Mrs. Francis Hale, Cheyenne; Alternate, Miss Gertrude M. Huntington. Arizona — Mrs. T. J. Butler, Prescott; Alternate, Mrs. Martha Hoxworth, Flagstaff. Miss Laurette Lovell, Tucson ; Alternate, Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. New Mexico — Mrs. J. G. Allbright, Albuquerque; Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett; Alternate, Mrs. Franklin G. Campbell. Oaklahoma — Mrs. A. P. Beeson, Reno City; Alternate, Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oaklahoma City. Mrs. Lucy Davis Miles, Kingfisher; Alternate, Mrs. Mary S. McNeal, Guthrie. Utha — Mrs. Thomas Whalen, Ogden; Alternate, Mrs. A. B. Emory, Park City. Mrs. O.J. Salisbury, Salt Lake City; Alternate, Mrs. Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake City. District of Columbia — Mrs. Mary S. Logan, Washington; Alternate, Mrs. Emma Dean Powell, Washington. Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, Washington; Alternate, Miss Emma Winesatt, Wash- ington. BOARD OF MANAGEMENT OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the Department of Agricul- ture, Chairman. Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to represent that Department. Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, to represent the Treasury Department. Maj. Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to represent the War Department. > r 2 m x c 0) ;n o I o > p 00 (0 o CHICAGO, 1893. 79 Capt. R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represent the Navy Department. A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, to represent the Postoffice Department. Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the Department of the Interior. Elijah C. Fotter, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent that Department. Prof. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institute, to represent that Institution and the National Museum. J. W. Collins, Assistant-in-charge Division of Fisheries, to represent the United States Fish Commission. F. T. Bickford, Secretary. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The World's Columbian Exposition was organized under the general statutes of the state of Illinois, upon the following application, which was filed with the secretary of state on August 15, 1889. It states the name of the proposed corpora- tion as " The World's Exposition of 1892," the object for its formation as " the holding of an International Exhibition or World's Fair in the city of Chicago and state of Illinois, to commemorate on its four hundredth anniversary the discovery of America." The capital stock is $5,000,000, the amount of each share is $10, and the number of shares is 500,000; the location of the principal office at Chicago, Cook county, Illinois, and the duration of the corporation ninety-nine years. This application was signed by the following well-known and responsible citizens of Chi- cago: DeWitt C. Cregier, Ferd. W. Peck, Geo. Schneider, Anthony F. Seeberger, William C. Seipp, John R. Walsh and E. Nelson Blake. The license to the above named parties to open subscription books is dated August 14, 1889, and the entire amount of $5,000,000 was subscribed by March 23, 1890, on which date notices were issued for a meeting of the subscribers, to be held in Battery D, in the city of Chicago, 111., on April 4, 1890, at 10 o'clock a. m. This meeting was held accord- ingly, and the following named persons were elected directors: Owen F. Aldis. Andrew McNally. Samuel W. Allerton. Joseph Medill. William T. Baker. Adolph Nathan. Thomas B. Bryan. Robert Nelson. Edward B. Butler. John J. P. Odell. Mark L. Crawford. Potter Palmer. W. H. Colvin. James C. Peasley. De Witt C. Cregier. Ferd. W. Peck. George R. Davis. Erskine M. Phelps. James W. Ellsworth. Eugene S. Pike. John V. Farwell, Jr. Martin A. Ryerson. Stuyvesant Fish. Charles H. Schwab. Lyman J. Gage. Anthony F. Seeberger. Harlow N.Higinbotham. William E. Strong. Charles L. Hutchinson. Charles H. Wacker. Edward T. Jeffrey. Robert A. Waller. Elbridge G. Keith. Edwin Walker. Rollin A. Keyes. John R. Walsh. Marshall M. Kirkman. Charles C. Wheeler. Herman H. Kohlsaat. Frederick S. Winston. Edward F. Lawrence. Charles T. Yerkes. Thies J. Lefens. Otto Young. Cyrus H. McCormick 80 WORLD'S FAIRS. All of the above remain in office with the following exceptions: Mr. W. H. Colvin resigned and succeeded by Mr. Robert C. Clowry; Mr. Stuyvesant Fish resigned and succeeded by Mr. William Borner; Mr. T ohn R. Walsh resigned and succeeded by Mr. William J. Chalmers. At a special meeting of stockholders held June 12, 1890, the name of the corporation was changed to "The World's Columbian Exposition," and the capital stock increased to $10,000,000. OFFICERS. President Lyman J. Gage. First Vice-President Thomas B. Bryan. Second Vice-President Potter Palmer. Treasurer Anthony F. Seeberger. Secretary Benjamin Botterworth. Assistant Secretary J. H. Kingwill. Auditor William K. Ackerman. THE PRESIDENT. Lyman Judson Gage, President of the World's Columbian Exposition, was born June 28, 1836, in Madison county, N. Y., his father being one of the early settlers of that county. Mr. Gage commenced his long and successful career in banking by entering the Oneida Central Bank, at Rome, N. Y. Two years later he came to Chicago, and connected himself with Mr. Cobb in the lumber business. In 1856 he became bookkeeper of the Merchants' Loan & Trust Co.; in 1863 he was promoted to the position of assistant cashier, and in a few months was offered the position of cashier of the First National Bank. Working with a board of directors capable, progressive and at the same time wisely conservative, Mr. Gage found all the conditions and elements necessary for the growth and development of his own abilities, the result being the material development and success of one of the most prominent banking institutions in the world. The best evidence of the high esteem in which Mr. Gage is held by his fellow citizens is the following list of some of the official positions held by him since his residence in Chicago: Vice- President of Chicago Citizens' League, 1885; Director Union Stock Yards National Bank, President Commercial Club, Vice-President Union Club, Treasurer Young Men's Christian Association, Treasurer Art Institute, President American Bankers' Association, Chairman Committee on Finance Seventh Republican Convention, 1880; Manager Chicago Clearing House Association, Vice-President First National Bank. THE SITE OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Chicago, unique in almost everything, possesses four practically available sites, each presenting many and good reasons for favorable selection. The Directors of the Exposition in whose hands was placed the duty of selection have given such time and attention to the matter as few business men in other cities would have been likely to have done. Working steadily with competent architects, engineers and experts in sanitary matters and giving the entire summer to this important and arduous undertaking, they have arrived at a result which must be absolutely satis- factory to the visitor to the World's Fair in whose interest this great undertaking is to be carried throusrh. o 0) CO O o < o X o W h o I o < Q. Q z < IT (5 .__. CHICAGO, 1893. 81 The first decision of the Board of Directors comprised a dual site and was accepted by the National Commission, but, to make the matter more certain, an additional term of some eight or ten weeks was given to a complete and special study of all the locations suggested, resulting in the unanimous decision that the original preference was based on the very best advantages. This dual site, as it is termed, presents in its duality opportunities such as no city in the world can compete with. While the World's Fair proper will be held at Washington Park, a location offering the use of at least 400 acres of a satisfac- tory character for all the general purposes of this great International Exhibition and supplying ample space for a complete representation of the most important of the resources and manufactures of our own and foreign nations in the most effective manner. Connected with this territory through Jackson Park both by water and land, an additional tract has been secured through the courtesy and good will of the city authorities. This is known as the Lake Front, and which, when completed carried out upon the present plans of the most competent engineers and architects, will furnish an additional area of from fifty to one hundred acres. Having in view the comfort and convenience of the hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and those from foreign lands, this dual site affords advantages which upon reflection must be clearly understood by the practical mind. As already stated by the writer, his estimate of the total attendance at the World's Fair 1893, will be, including the present population of Chicago, not less than 4,000,000 of persons, with an average of five entrances to each person, this means 20,000,000 of people entering the exhibition grounds within a period of six months from May 1, 1893. To this large number must be added the daily visits and of not less than 5,000 or more officers, exhibitors and attendants of all classes, which is fully equivalent to another 1,000,000. Under these favorable circumstances, the visitor can either commence the day at the Lake Front and proceed to Washington Park, or spend his day at the Park and his evening at the Lake Front. Under any circumstances, this relieves the World's Fair of one of its greatest possible difficulties, an uncontrollable crowd. While naturally through the day much the largest proportion of these visitors will be at Washington Park, yet a sufficient number will be absorbed by the Lake Front to make the total space ample for the largest number, say 500,000, ever likely to be in Chicago on any one day. Another and very important feature in the dual site is, that during the evening the Lake Front section can be kept open, thus affording amusement and instruction at a time when heretofore all World's Fairs have been strictly closed. Of course it cannot be expected that the large body of exhibitors and em- ployes at Washington Park, the principal seat of the exhibition, should remain later than seven o'clock, the hour at which all exhibitions have generally closed. Our visitors informed in advance of this opportunity to spend their evenings, are therefore likelv to increase the length of their visit and remain at least two days in place of one. 82 WORLD'S FAIRS. CHAPTER X. CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. LOCATION. The city of Chicago is situated on the west shore of the great inland sea known as Lake Michigan, 850 miles from the city of Baltimore, the nearest point on the Atlantic, and 2,41"7 miles from San Francisco on the Pacific. Its mean elevation is twenty-five feet above Lake Michigan, or 591 feet above mean sea level, SIZE. The area of the city of Chicago is 111,360 acres, or 169 square miles, divided by the Chicago river and its branches into three sections, known as the North, South and West Divisions, or more properly sides. These are connected by sixty-three swing bridges and two tunnels. In 1888 there were 651 miles of streets, with a total area of 5,200 acres, and fifty-one miles of drives within the city limits. The Park and Boulevard system of Chicago, occupying 2,000 acres, is the most extensive of any city in the world and is alone worthy of a visit; when completed it will surround the city on three sides, forming a series of drives almost unrivalled; the cost of the Michigan Avenue drive alone was $200,000 per mile, and one can drive for over twenty miles. There are 2,040. "71 miles of side- walks in the city, of which 286.21 were laid during the past year. The total number of miles of streets is, 2,047.28, of which 5*78. 15 miles are improved; 107.68 miles were improved during the past year. Chicago has a river frontage of forty-one miles. WORLD'S FAIR. The selection of Chicago as the location for the World's Fair 1893, by a majority of both Houses of Congress, is indicative of the strong impression made upon representatives from all sections of the United States as to its perfect fitness for this vast undertaking. The interior commerce of the United States is more than double in amount and value that of all the foreign commerce of the world. Chicago already commands a large proportion of this immense trade, with a fair prospect of a steady annual increase. There is no other city in the Union which for position alone could compare with Chicago; centrally located, with thousands of miles of direct railroad connections, it is equi-distant to Spain and Japan, London and Canton, Buenos Ayres and St. Petersburgh. Mexico and Montreal are brought to its gates, and, as will be seen from map at the end of this book, it is in every respect unique in its advantages so far as distances are concerned. Still farther, Chicago is entitled to the World's Fair from its rank as a cosmopolitan city, being the second city on this continent in population and the seventh in the world and such a population. Outside of London it is doubtful if any citv in the world can show a larger and FIRST NATIONAL BANK, CHICAGO, 1890. o a> oo O (5 < I o s D IE o H O D < X 1- CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 83 as varied a foreign population as the city of Chicago. Through the courtesy of Mr. G. F. Stone, the able Secretary of the Board of Trade, the following statistics, together with much other official matter relating to Chicago, has been kindly supplied: ESTIMATE OF NATIONALITIES COMPRISING THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO, 1890. American 292,463 German 384,958 Irish 215,534 Bohemian 54,209 Polish 52,756 Swedish 45,877 Norwegian 44,615 English 33,785 French 12,963 Scotch 11,927 Welsh 2,966 Russian 9,977 Danes 9,891 Italians ... 9,921 Hollanders 4,912 Hungarians 4,827 Swiss 2,735 Roumanians 4,350 Canadians 6,989 Belgians 682 Greeks 698 Spanish 297 Portugese 34 East Indians 28 West Indians 37 Sandwich Islands 31 Mongolians 1.217 1,208,669 HEALTH. Thus it will be seen that there are few nations in the world that are not repre- sented in Chicago, and certain sections of this great city are almost entirely given up to special nationalities, so that in 1893 every foreigner will be sure to receive a hearty welcome in his own language. One would suppose that in so large a body of representatives of all nations that there would be an increased tendency to mortality, but, as indicated below, Chicago is an exceptionally healthy city, com- paring most favorably with the three cities in Europe in which Worlds' Fairs have been held. The annual mortality per 1,000 is, in London 21.92 Paris '. 27.02 Vienna 27.29 Chicago 17.49 Statistics for 1888 show: New York Boston 26.27 25.18 Philadelphia 31.19 Brooklyn 22.05 This fact alone is a strong assurance of safety to visitors in 1893. The number of births for the year 1889 was 20,995, and the number of marriages for the same period, 12,500. THE BOARD OF TRADE. In some respects this organization represents the largest volume of trade of any citv in the world. Its new building is a unique granite structure covering an area of 200 by 174 feet, surmounted by a tower tapering into a pinnacle 322 feet above the pavement. Illustrated opposite page 65. This tower is a very prominent object and one of the city's most prominent landmarks, being visible to vessels bound for the port of Chicago from a great distance out in Lake Michigan. The interior of 84 WORLD'S FAIRS. the Board of Trade is very elaborate, especially the decorations of the large trading hall of the Board, which occupies a square of 174 feet by 155 feet, is 80 feet high, with a ceiling of glass 70 feet by 80 feet. This important organization was founded 1848 and incorporated in 1850, with thirteen subscribers, the present membership in being nearly 2,000. The business done on the Board is confined to farm products and has reached most extraordinary proportions, the statement for 1888 showing clearings of $105,758,106. The rule regarding business does not permit transactions of less than 1,000 bushels of grain or 250 barrels of pork. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. President Wm. T. Baker. First Vice-President E. W. Bailey. Second Vice-President J. G. Steever. Secretary , G. F. Stone. Treasurer E. A. Hamill. Counsel A. W. Green. RECEIPTS OF THE PORT OF CHICAGO, 1889-1890. FOR SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30. Flour, brls. Wheat, bu. Corn, bu. Oats, bu. Rye, bu. Barley, t Grass Seeds bu. lbs. Flax Seed, bu. 1890 1889 2,046,205 1,651,652 3,494,762 2,938,203 45,978,056 32,393,895 30,804,639 20,193,970 1,384,083 570,436 5,381,649 36,433,770 4,664,103 37,717,061 859,43S 570,964 Broom Corn, lbs. Cured Meats, lbs. Canned Meats, cases. Dressed Beef, lbs. Pork, brls. Lard, lbs. Cheese, ' Butter, lbs. lbs. 1890 2,363,376 3,636,036 163,609,373 123,438,686 7,507 9,070 65,129,745 26,684,026 42,635 35,814 72,384,684 49,315,203 21,719,283166,316,519 1889 18,430,820'62,714,494 1890. 1889. Hides, lbs. 51,375,898 50,351,271 Wool, lbs. 6,173,029 10.257,573 Coal, tons. 1,847,420 1,842,018 Lumber, M. 615,382 701,165 Shingles, M. 193,307 231,781 Salt, brls. 655,673 612,569 SHIPMENTS FROM THE PORT OF CHICAGO, 1889-1890. FOR SIX MONTHS ENDING JLINE 30. Flour, brls. Wheat, bu. Corn, bu. Oats, bu. Rye, bu. Barlev, bu.' Grass Seeds bu. Flax Seed, bu. 1890 1,817,997 1,396,191 4 278,845 4,440,471 48,725,179 34,124,722 37,927,482 20,71S,770 1,886,423 919,541 3,639,976 3,181,405 41,198,667 49,439,809 1,266,655 1889 525,984 1890. 1889. Broom Corn, lbs. 6,009,271 6,246,788 Cured Meats. lbs. 3S0,532,547 306,600,090 Canned Meats, 612,281 533,736 Dressed Beef, lbs. 500,546,484 455,732,460 Pork, brls. 171,766 190,866 Lard, lbs. Cheese, i Butter, lbs. lbs. 222,111,385 18,424,980 168,490,042116,352,341 77,328,936 68,033,424 Hides, lbs. Wool, Coal, lbs. tons. Lumber, M. Shingles, M. Salt, brls. 1890 . 1889. 91,850.968 89,621,105 13,142.018 13,902,709 216,710 197,074 331,015 314,665 46,281 107,838 467,793 508,710 . . ^1 THE CHICAGO, 1892. CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 85 The commerce of Chicago is best indicated bv the following table for 1889: Chicago. Number of vessels entered 10,804 Number of vessels cleared 10,984 It is an important fact to be noted in connection with Chicago, that the largest manufacturing concern in the world is in this city, the Illinois Steel Company having a business of $60,000,000 last year; also that the largest business carried on by a single individual in the zvorld is in Chicago, namely, Philip D. Armour, whose business last year was $75,000,000. CHICAGO POST OFFICE. The city of Chicago has an area of 174 square miles, within which limits there are fifty-two separate and distinct post offices presided over by postmasters, each independent of the other in the appointment and management of their respective offices. Although these post offices are in Chicago, they take the name of the suburb in which the}- are located. The limits or jurisdiction of the postmaster of the Chicago post office covers less than one-third of the area of the city proper. The central or main office is located in the business portion of the cil,y. It has eleven carrier stations, and twenty-two sub-postal stations, distributed at various points within said jurisdiction. The force employed consists of 618 regular carriers, 200 substitute carriers, 687 regular clerks and sixty substitute clerks, making a total of 1,565 employes. Of this force eighty carriers, thirty-six horses and thirty-six wagons are employed in the collection of the mail from the street letter-boxes. CITY DELIVERIES. In the business part six deliveries are made during the day; the first commenc- ing at 7 :00 a. m. and the last at 4 :00 p. m. In the same territory thirteen collections are made during the da}- ; the first commencing at 5 :30 a. m. and the last at 7 :30 p. m. Three additional deliveries and collections are made to the principal hotels and newspaper offices, viz.: at 7:00, 9:00 and 11:00 p. m. respectively. From 2 to 5 deliveries, and 3 to 9 collections are made in the other parts of the Chicago office jurisdiction; the number of deliveries and collections depending upon the relative business importance of the localities served. The mails in transit between the main office and its stations, and to and from the various railroad depots, are conveyed by horses and wagons, under a con- tract with private persons, subject, however, to the control of the postmaster. In the performance of this service there are employed by the contractor fifty men, ninety-two horses and forty-four wagons. RECEIPTS AND REVENUE. The receipts of the Chicago office and stations ( this does not include the receipts of the other fifty-one post offices in the city) for the fiscal vear ending June 30th, 1890, amounted to $3,126,840.68, and the expenses to $1,131,474.24, showing a net income of $1,995,366.44, or profit of nearly $2,000,000 for the year. During the same period the mail matter delivered and despatched from the Chicago office amounted to 35,500,641 pounds, or 519,414,681 pieces, while the 86 WORLD'S FAIRS. number of registered articles handled and not included in the above amounts to 3,097,986 pieces. In addition to this the number of money order transactions reached 1,8*79,292, aggregating a sum of $19,288,947.54, in that department of the office alone. The amount of mail in transit through the city of Chicago and transferred from incoming to outgoing trains is estimated to have reached the enormous bulk of 27, 375 tons for the year. MAIL TRAINS TO AND FROM CHICAGO. There are 220 mail trains arriving and departing from the city daily, excepting Sunday; of these trains 118 have railway post offices attached, in which 300 clerks are daily employed in the distribution of the mails while in transit. In addition to this number of railway clerks, a force of thirty-three clerks employed by the Chicago post office is sent out on the night trains to the meeting point of incoming railway post office trains, on which they return to distribute and make up the mail for the main office and stations, for immediate delivery by carriers upon arrival. This system of quick delivery of incoming mails was instituted by the present postmaster, Col. James A. Sexton. By this method sixty-five to seventy per centum of the mails received during the twenty-four hours is placed upon the counters o,f banks and business houses in the business portion by 9 o'clock in the morning. There are 110 separate mails closed daily for despatch, the first " close being made at 3:20 a. m. and the last at 10:30 p m. A corresponding number of mails is received daily. There are also used daily 1,014 bags (leather) and 2,930 bags (canvas) in conveying the mails to and from the post office and railway trains. The weight of the empty bags alone amounted to 3,249,253 pounds for the year. The headquarters of the 6th Division Railway Mail Service, comprising the States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Wyoming Territory, are located in Chicago. In this division 856 railway clerks are employed in the distribution of the mails on the cars. During the year ending June 30, 1890, these clerks traveled 33,330,704 miles. The Division of Post Office Inspectors, comprising the States of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, and the two Dakotas, have their head- quarters here. The Inspector in charge has fifteen Inspectors under his supervision with 10,000 postmasters and their innumerable employees to look after. POST OFFICE BUILDING. The erection of the present Post Office building was commenced in 1871, immediately after the great fire, being completed and occupied by the Post Office in May, 1880. It was thought at that time to be sufficiently large to accommodate the wants of the postal service for the next fifty or seventy-five years. Scarcely ten years have passed, and it is found wholly inadequate to accommodate the enor- mous amount of its present daily business. In the past ten years the population has more than doubled, while the business of the Post Office has quadrupled. It is not an extravagant statement to estimate the increased volume of postal business during the year of the World's Columbian Exposition to be nearly, if not quite, double its present amount. The local postal authorities are confronted with the startling fact that immediate preparation must be made in the way of securing adequate room for the proper handling of so colossal a business during the year of the Exposition. A separate building should be erected upon the Exposition RAND-MCNALLY BUILDING, CHICAGO, 1890. CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 87 grounds for the handling of the mail for exhibitors and others. This will bring up the question of supervision of the postal service in the Exposition. FOREIGN VISITORS. Foreign visitors will naturally form their estimate of the postal system of the United States by the character of the service in operation at Chicago. While they are invited to bring hither for exhibition the products of the ingenuity and skill of their countrymen, in honest rivalry with like products of the United States, patri- otic effort should be made to make the postal service during the World's Columbian Exposition compare as favorably as possible with the postal service in operation in Europe. FOREIGN MAILS. The foreign mails will be largely increased during the year 1893. To facili- tate the distribution and delivery of these mails, Foreign Exchange Offices should be established on the lines of the New York & Chicago and Chicago & Burlington Fast Mail Trains, thus avoiding delay, which would otherwise occur at the Exchange Offices of New York, Boston and San Francisco. Under the present system of sending out city distributing clerks to meeting points of incoming trains, the mails for the Exposition and Chicago office would be made up separately for the carriers and sent direct to the respective points for immediate delivery. This system should be extended to other mail trains, and the force for this work largely augmented preparatory for 1893. NEWSPAPERS, ETC. Of the newspapers published in Chicago there are 24 dailies, 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 192 monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies, and 14 quarterlies, making a total of 531 newspapers. By reference to the Postmaster General's report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, the astonishing fact is disclosed that the quantity of newspapers mailed by the publishers at the Chicago Post Office equalled the amount mailed at Boston, Cincinnati, New Orleans, Buffalo and Baltimore com- bined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore combined, and also at Philadelphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati com- bined, or in the entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amounting to 20,000,000 pounds of serial matter. It was remarked recently by a well informed official of the Philadelphia Post Office, that " it was no wonder the amount of business and receipts of the Chicago Office was so much greater than that of the Philadelphia Post Office, for the statistics showed that Chicago was the greatest grain market, the greatest lumber market, and the greatest manufacturing center in the world, and what was still more astonishing, that its live stock market was greater than all three combined. It is simply a marvelous city." ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES BY STEAM RAILROADS, DAILY. Arrivals. Departures. Chicago & Erie 300 300 Chicago.Burlington&Quincy 4,250 4,250 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis 600 600 Lake Shore Illinois Central Chicago & Grand Trunk . . Chicago & North-Western. Chicago & Alton 516 Arrivals. Departures. 532 474 8,500 8,500 750 700 2,500 12,500 516 536 WORLD'S FAIRS. STREET RAILWAYS. Chicago, according to the new census, stands third in length of street railways, as per following statement: Miles. Chicago 185 Miles. Philadelphia 283 Boston 201 New York 177 But when we take miles of track, including sidings and switches, the ratio is changed as follows: Miles. Miles. New York 369 Chicago 366 Boston 329 Philadelphia 324 As some evidence of the wonderful progress of Chicago and its present financial standing, the following may prove of interest in reference to the FIRST NATIONAL BANK. This bank was organized May 1st, 1863, with a capital of $100,000. The great fire partially destroyed the bank building, and, after a temporary removal, on January 1, 1873, the management occupied their rebuilt structure, corner of Washington and State streets. The safes and vaults of the building had been quite unharmed ; not a security or valuable was lost and the business proceeded unin- terruptedly after the week of the fire. The First National Bank passed successfully through the trials brought on by the fire of 1871, and the panic of 1873. From 1868 to 1882 its capital was $1,000,000, and upon the expiration of its charter during the latter year, its reserve or surplus fund over dividends was found to be $1,800,000. In May, 1882, a new organization was effected under the same designation, with a cash capital of $3,000,000. Lyman J. Gage then became Vice-President and general manager, and executive officer. At this time also the magnificent new building, illustrated opposite page 67, at the northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe streets was erected. STATEMENT OF CONDITION JULY 1, 1890. ASSETS. Loans and Discounts $17,376,413.94 Bank Building 500,000.00 United States Bonds, (par value) 63,700.00 Other Bonds 1,084,330.00 Cash Resources. Due from Banks, (Eastern Exch.) $3,724,457.72 Checks for Clearing House 1,452,975.31 Cash on Hand 7,902,075.84 Due from U. S. Treasurer 8,750.00 13,088,258.87 $32,112,702.81 LIABILITIES. Capital Stock Paid in $ 3,000,000.00 Surplus Fund 2,000,000.00 Other Undivided Profits 414,149.72 Dividend No. 33 90,000.00 Deposits 26,608,553.09 $32,112,702.81 CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 89 THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO. While this city has its reputation for business activity and energy, the interests of art and literature have not been neglected, and we find in the Art Institute a nucleus where the many treasures to be secured at the World's Fair 1893 will find a suitable home. This building, illustrated, page 69, will be recognized at once as a model of good taste in architecture and specially suited for its intended purposes. There are six well lighted galleries for painting, with a capacity for hanging 550 paintings. In other rooms are collections of Greek vases and antiquities, a metal and bronze collection and a special collection of arts. There is a good founda- tion for an art library and a suitable lecture room for discourses on art and kindred subjects. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, many special exhibitions are held at different periods. There are in the private galleries of Chicago so many specimens of the most noted modern artists, as well as rare examples of the old masters, that it is not difficult at any time to secure a loan collection of as attractive a character as in any city in the United States. Many special donations have been made to the Art Institute, and the recent appropriation of a large sum of money for the purpose of securing valuable old paintings, is sure to result in the securing of many important original paintings by the old masters. The attendance at the annual receptions has been most encouraging, there having been nearly 5,000 guests at the last reception. One of the most important of the loan collections is that of Mr. James W. Ellsworth, of Chicago, and includes in addition to Rembrandt's well-known painting, " Portrait of a Man," 116 works of American artists, twenty-seven Greek vases and an extensive collection of antique Chinese porce- lains and objects of bronze, ivory bouquet, etc., making 369 numbers. A com- plete set of the valuable publications of the Arundel Society has also been donated, together with many other valuable objects of art. VISITORS TO THE ART INSTITUTE. The following statement as regards admissions indicates a preponderance ; n attendance on Sunday ; this is another evidence of the great benefit arising from such opportunities offered to our laboring classes, through which their love for art and home become more certain. FROM JUNE 4, 1889, TO JUNE 3, 1890. (Museum opens only six months.) Number of visitors paid admissions 5,344 Number of visitors, on free days 45,915 Number of visitors, admitted free on membership tickets on other days 12,667 Number of visitors, students, artists, etc., admitted free, on other days, estimated 3,000 66,926 Average number of visitors on Saturdays, free all day 669 Average number of visitors on Sundays, open 1 to 5, free 855 Average number of paying visitors on other days 41 OFFICERS OF THE ART INSTITUTE. President Charles L. Hutchinson. Vicc-Presideii/ Edson Keith. Treasurer Lyman J. Gage. Secretary N. H. Carpenter. Director W. M. R. French. 90 WORLD'S FAIRS. BOOKS. As a book publishing center, Chicago stands prominent. The production of bound books in 1888 aggregated 8,000,000 copies, and in paper 2,500,000, which is at the rate of about 35,000 volumes a day. Her largest bindery has a capacity for binding 15,000 volumes a day, and there are more atlases and maps manufactured here than in any other city. The value of books manufactured in 1888 is estimated at $4,700,000, a large advance on previous years, with sales at $9,300,000. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. With all the rush of business and trade in this great city it must be a surprise to many to know that there is a larger public distribution of books here than in any other city in the United States. The Public Library for the present is located on the upper floor of the City Hall, where it occupies all the space which can be spared. Its establishment dates from 1872, when in commemoration of the great fire of October, 1871, a large number of European authors and publishers generously contributed copies of their works. The nucleus thus formed has grown into a magnificent collection of 121,000 volumes, the majority of which belong to the Circulating Department. During the past year the number of volumes added to the Library has been 10,908, making a total of 156,243 volumes, with a total circu- lation of 1,220,479; 843,971 volumes of which were taken for home reading. The number of visitors to the Reading Room was 436,412, and of those to the several Reference Departments, not including the Reading Room, was 113,531, being a large increase over the corresponding figures of the previous year. The eighteen branch or delivery stations, located in distant parts of the city, reached an aggregate issue during the year of 201,257 volumes. The number of visitors to the Reading Room during the past year was 436,412, an increase of 94,588 over the preceding year. The average Sunday attendance rose from 496 to 638, indicating the great value and importance of such opportunities to those who have no other chance to avail themselves of good literature. The issues of periodicals numbered 389,192. The number of serials on file is 587, of which 390 are classed as periodicals, seventy-one daily newspapers, and 126 special newspapers. The admirable management of this Public Library, through the care and attention of the Librarian and Secretary, and the able Assistant Librarian, Mr. Gauss, is best evinced by the unique distinction of an award of the gold medal by the commissioners of the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889. Arrangements are are now being made for the erection of a suitable Public Library, the land having already been secured, and it is hoped that visitors from foreign lands in 1893 will find a more handsome casket for the literary treasures so kindly donated. INCREASE IN BUILDING. The number of buildings constructed in Chicago during the year 1889 is 7,590, with a frontage of 181,126 feet, or 34.3 miles, costing $31,576,000. From 1876 to 1889 there were erected in the city 37,042 buildings, on a frontage of 172 miles, costing $176,460,779. The number of new buildings erected within the limits of the city in the first six months of 1890, including those in process of erection, is 5,839. Of these 4,385 are residences, and the remainder factories, business blocks, etc. The total estimated cost is $21,445,250. CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 91 Among' the building permits issued there are a few for structures of more than ordinary importance. The Masonic Building, at the corner of Randolph and State streets, is one of the most important, the number of cubic feet to be inclosed by the projected structure being exactly 4,000,000. The building is to have eighteen stories, to be 240 feet high, 170 feet long and 113 feet deep. The sixteen-story Bartlett office building, to be erected at 265 to 271 Dearborn street, will be 192 feet high and measure 73 by 72 feet. The fourteen-story hotel building, The Chicago, at the corner of Jackson and Dearborn streets, is estimated to enclose 2,524,000 cubic feet. It will be 17(3 feet high. The " Women's Temple," to be erected by the W. C. T. U. at the southwest corner of Monroe and La Salle streets, although but twelve stories high, will be larger, however, for it will be 172 feet high, 189 feet long and 96 feet deep, making a cubic measurement of 3,120,000 feet. All these, however, will be overtopped in every sense, so far as dimensions go, by the new Fair Building, sixteen stories high (210 feet), and measuring 351 feet in length and ISO feet in depth, giving a cubic measurement of 14,000,000 feet. This immense pile, which the architects say will require five years to put up, will represent an outlay of $3,000,000 for the building alone. It 'will enclose more space than any existing structure in America, the Auditorium not excepted. It is intended by the architects to have the lower stories of the new Fair Building ready for use, so far as the purchasing public is concerned, by 1893, in time for the World's Fair. The remaining stories will be added to it without interfering with the business below. THEATRES. There are twenty-four theatres in Chicago, with an estimated average gross attendance daily of from 12,000 to 15,000 persons. CHURCHES. There are 465 places of public worship, of all denominations, in Chicago, with an estimated gross attendance on each and every Sunday of not less than 120,000 persons. ACCOMMODATIONS. It is a cause of great satisfaction to all interested in the success of the World's Fair, 1893, that Chicago stands unrivalled in the world for its accommodations for visitors; from the most carefully selected statistics there is unquestioned evidence that it will absorb, without inconvenience, double the number of transient visitors of any other city on this continent. There are at the present writing over four- teen hundred hotels, large and small, with a united capacity sufficient to care com- fortably for at least one hundred thousand extra guests; this is entirely outside of the enormous number of boarding and private houses, which, in an emergency, would probably double this estimate. It is quite within reason to look forward to an increase of at least one-fourth more in these accommodations within the next three years. In addition to the above large number of hotels, there are in Chicago at the present time over six hundred restaurants and cafes, with a feeding capacity of at least one hundred thousand persons daily, one restaurant alone having supplied eight thousand meals in one day. 92 WORLD'S FAIRS. THE PALMER HOUSE. The best evidence of the ability of Chicago to care for her guests in 1893, is the present admirable system of hotels. The hotel illustrated page 78 is a model house of entertainment, conducted on both the American and European plan and, having accommodations for a larger number of guests than any other hotel in the world, will present to the foreigners visiting Chicago many points of interest. In the first place it is believed to be absolutely fire-proof, the mate- rials used in its construction being brick, stone, iron, marble and cement. The graded system of rates first introduced by this hotel is now the popular rule all over the world, and the most acceptable to the traveling public. The Palmer House covers 76,550 square feet, and, being on three wide streets, the majority of the rooms are well lighted and ventilated. There are 708 rooms in the hotel and it accommodates continually from 600 to 1,000 guests, over 2,400 having been cared for on one occasion. The grand rotunda, 64 feet wide, 106 feet long and over 36 feet in height, is the evening business exchange for Chicago and is nightly crowded. Railroad ticket and telegraph offices are to be found in the main entrance hall and a complete system of Russian, Turkish and medicated baths has been recently introduced. Copeland Townsend, managing partner. THE AUDITORIUM BUILDING. This is one of the latest of the large and magnificent structures erected in Chicago. It combines in itself theater, hotel, offices, stores, lecture room and observatory. Admirably located, facing the lake front, it is at once one of the most striking and popular places of resort in the city. The Auditorium is adapted for all purposes requiring a large audience and has been used for concerts and dramatic performances, with a permanent seating capacity of over 4,000. For conventions, by utilizing the stage, nearly 8,000 can be accommodated. The hotel has 400 guest rooms, with large dining room and kitchen, being on the top floor. The magnificent banquet hall is built of steel on trusses spanning 120 feet over the Auditorium. The total area covered by this building is about one and a half acres, with a street frontage of 710 feet. The height of the main building, ten stories, 145 feet. Total height, 270 feet. Weight of entire building, 110,000 tons. The cost net, including land, about $3,200,000. Illustrated on page 83. THE GRAND PACIFIC. Another evidence of the energy and determination of the Chicago citizen is seen in this immense building, situated in the heart of the business portion of the city, with 500 rooms and accommodations for 800 guests, and specially adapted to the convenience of the business public. Destroyed by the fire of 1871, it was at once rebuilt, at an expense of $1,500,000, and opened for guests in June, 1873; and a fire-proof addition of 100 rooms has recently been added. The Grand Pacific is noted for having been the headquarters of many leading politicians. The cuisine of the Grand Pacific has long been noted for its superior excellence In the cafe alone between 1,500 and 2,000 people eat daily. The lease of this house has been valued at $600,000 and the furniture $360,000. It is centrally located, opposite the postoffice and near the railroad depot. Proprietors, Drake, Parsons & Co. Illus- tration of Grand Pacific Hotel page 81. CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 93 THE CHICAGO. This immense building of which an illustration is given page 85, is not yet commenced, but as its completion will be in season for the World's Fair 1893, it should properly find a place in these pages. It will be constructed largely of iron and steel. Its cost, with furnishings, $1,250,000. The rotunda will be seventy- five feet square, with marble balcony and promenade, lighted by dome of glass. This hotel covers an area of 100 x 165 feet, and will be fourteen stories in height. The stairways and wainscotting all over the house will be of the best and purest marble. There will be 200 private bath rooms, with porcelain baths and marble floors. Comfortable accommodations for 1,000 guests, kept on the European plan, with all bedrooms lighted by incandescent lights. Proprietors: Hulbert, Eden, Howe & Chassaing. As an evidence of the public spirit of the residents of Chicago in the erection of suitable Dermanent buildings, the attention of the reader is called to the THE RAND, McNALLY & CO. BUILDING. This building is shown as a model for size, convenience and durability, being positively fire-proof. The frame work is entirely of steel, firmly bolted and riveted and so proportioned that the stresses are evenly distributed. It has ten stories and a basement, with a frontage of 150 feet on Adams street, extending back 165 feet to Quincy street. The two fronts are fire-proofed with dark red terra cotta in handsome designs and the interior with hard burnt fire-clay, no part of the steel being exposed. In the center of the building is left a court 60 x 66 feet, having its outer walls faced with English white enameled bricks. Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co. are printers, publishers and map makers, and pride themselves on having the finest and most complete building of its kind in the world. As an illustration of its vastness and solidity, it may be stated that this building contains fifteen miles of steel railway iron, sixty-five pound rails in the foundation, besides the twelve-inch and twenty-inch steel beams. In the building itself there are twelve miles of fifteen-inch steel beams and channels, two and a half miles of ties and angles in roof, seven miles of tie rods and ten miles of Z steel in the columns, twelve miles of steam-pipe, 350,000 rivets and bolts, with seven acres of floors, the boards of which would reach 250 miles if laid end to end. There is a total of 3,700 tons of steel in this immense structure. Illustrated oa^e 87. LAKE FRONT. SITE Ol WASHINGTON PARK. SITE Copyrighted 1890. WORLD'S FAIR MAP, CHICAGO, 1893. By Chas. D. Stone & Co., Chicago. LAKE FRONT. SITE Op WORLD'S FAIR n WASHINGTON PARK. SITE OF WORLD'S FAIR. In Press • • • •• • THE World's Fair Popular Guide TO THE United States and Canada, FULL INFORMATION REGARDING THE International Exhibition, CHICAGO, 1893 MILTON WESTON CO., 1-5:© 6z 151 ^Ciclilg-an Avenue, CHICAGO. IN PRESS. The Old World * 4 The New OR FOREIGN NATIONS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, 1595 COMPRISING A COMPLETE POPULAR SKETCH OF EACH NATION. By C. B. NORTON, ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS OF THE POWERS THAT BE, ALSO OF OUR REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. TO BE PUBLISHED BY MILTON WESTON COMPANY, CHICAGO.